Research, Development, and Technology

Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center

6300 Georgetown Pike

McLean, VA 22101-2296

Step Frequency Ground Penetrating

Radar Characterization and Federal

Evaluation Tests

Publication No. FHWA-HRT-10-037 october 2010
FOREWORD

The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive emissions characterization and 

evaluation of a step frequency ground penetrating radar (SF GPR) system. These study results 

will help officials determine whether SF GPR can be operated safely, that is, without interfering 

with other tools, in a proposed configuration that may include frequency notching in specific 

frequency bands. The final system configuration results present evidence that the SF GPR system 

will work without interfering with other systems. This report provides detail and raw data for all 

the tests so that decisionmakers may make their own evaluations of the data.

Joseph Peters

Director, Office of Operations

Research and Development

Notice

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation 

in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of 

the information contained in this document.

The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or 

manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the 

objective of the document.

Quality Assurance Statement

The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve 

Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards 

and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its 

information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to 

ensure continuous quality improvement.
TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

1. Report No.

FHWA-HRT-10-037

2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

Step Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar Characterization 

and Federal Evaluation Tests

5. Report Date

October 2010

6. Performing Organization Code: 

7. Author(s)

M. Scott, J. Arnold, and D. Gibson

8. Performing Organization Report No. 

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Starodub, Inc.

3504 Littledale Road

Kensington, MD 20895

10. Work Unit No.

11. Contract or Grant No.

DTRT57-08-C-10032

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

Research and Special Programs Administration 

Federal Highway Administration

6300 Georgetown Pike

McLean, VA 22101-2296

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Electromagnetic Emissions Testing and 

Characterization Report

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

HRDO-04 and RVA-21

15. Supplementary Notes

The FHWA Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR) was David Gibson, P.E.

James A. Arnold contributed significant electrical engineering and communications input.

16. Abstract

A step frequency ground penetrating radar (SF GPR) system was characterized and evaluated to determine 

whether it can be operated safely in a proposed configuration that may include frequency notching in specific 

frequency bands. This emission testing was conducted with possible notching configurations turned on and then 

turned off to allow for both scenarios to be evaluated. Testing work focused on emissions characterization 

measurements suitable for computer analysis of potential interference with relevant systems. After initial testing 

was completed, needs for follow-up testing were defined. This follow-up testing was completed, and results are 

included in this report.

Results from initial emissions testing showed that the SF GPR met National Telecommunications and 

Information Administration (NTIA) criteria for most frequencies, but some emissions frequencies still exceeded 

NTIA criteria. In addition, unintentional emissions below 140 MHz were observed to exceed intentional emission 

criteria at many frequencies. System adjustments were performed, and follow-up emissions testing was 

conducted using a final system configuration. The final system configuration met NTIA criteria for intentional 

emissions as described in the report. Unintentional emissions below 140 MHz were characterized to allow them 

to be evaluated as needed.

17. Key Words

Electromagnetic emissions characterization 

measurement testing, Step frequency ground 

penetrating radar, SF GPR

18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available through the 

National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 

22161.

19. Security Classif. (of this report)

Unclassified

20. Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified

21. No. of Pages

89

22. Price

N/A

Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
ii

SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS 

APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS

Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol 

LENGTH

in inches 25.4 millimeters mm 

ft feet 0.305 meters m 

yd yards 0.914 meters m 

mi miles 1.61 kilometers km 

AREA 

in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2

ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2

yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2

ac acres 0.405 hectares ha

mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2

VOLUME 

fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL 

gal gallons 3.785 liters L 

ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 

yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 

NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3

MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g

lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg

T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") 

TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) o

F Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC 

or (F-32)/1.8 

ILLUMINATION 

fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx

fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2

FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS 

lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N 

lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa 

APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS 

Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol 

LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in 

m meters 3.28 feet ft 

m meters 1.09 yards yd 

km kilometers 0.621 miles mi 

AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 

m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 

m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 

ha hectares 2.47 acres ac

km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 

VOLUME 

mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz 

L liters 0.264 gallons gal 

m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 

m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 

MASS 

g grams 0.035 ounces oz

kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb

Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T 

TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) o

C Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF 

ILLUMINATION 

lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc 

cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl

FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS 

N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf 

kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2

*SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. 

(Revised March 2003)
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 3

OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................. 5

BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 7

EMISSIONS MASK ............................................................................................................... 8

TEST DESIGN............................................................................................................................ 11

ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 15

RESULTS .................................................................................................................................... 17

SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 25

RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................................. 27

APPENDIX A: DRAFT LANGUAGE FOR SF GPR COORDINATION............................ 29

APPENDIX B: INDEX OF DATA FILES................................................................................ 31

APPENDIX C: GRAPHS SHOWING FOLLOW-UP MEASUREMENTS......................... 35

APPENDIX D: DATA IMPORT PROCEDURES .................................................................. 45

MICROSOFT EXCEL® PROCEDURE............................................................................. 45

MATLAB PROCEDURE..................................................................................................... 45

APPENDIX E: CERTIFIED LABORATORY TEST REPORT: FOLLOW-UP TEST..... 47

APPENDIX F: STEP FREQUENCY GPR (SF GPR) TRANSMISSION LOSS 

CALCULATIONS THROUGH A TYPICAL CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK..................... 77

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 81
iv

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1. Chart. SF GPR emissions and their characteristics......................................................... 7

Figure 2. Diagram. SF GPR emissions characterization test configuration ................................. 12

Figure 3. Diagram. Orthogonal position of antenna array relative to figure 2 ............................. 13

Figure 4. Photo. SF GPR testing at the FAA Technical Center.................................................... 13

Figure 5. Photo. SF GPR test site at the FAA Technical Center .................................................. 14

Figure 6. Diagram. Antenna array with a bank of 23 transmitter elements and 23 receiver 

elements ........................................................................................................................................ 14

Figure 7. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching.............. 17

Figure 8. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching.............. 18

Figure 9. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching.............. 18

Figure 10. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching.............. 19

Figure 11. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching................... 19

Figure 12. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching................... 20

Figure 13. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching................... 20

Figure 14. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching................... 21

Figure 15. Screen shot. General measurement data summary table (part 1 of 2)......................... 31

Figure 16. Screen shot. General measurement data summary table (part 2 of 2)......................... 31

Figure 17. Screen shot. Federal system data summary table (part 1 of 2).................................... 32

Figure 18. Screen shot. Federal system data summary (part 2 of 2)............................................. 33

Figure 19. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization without 

notching......................................................................................................................................... 35

Figure 20. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A1 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 35

Figure 21. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A2 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 36

Figure 22. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A3 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 36

Figure 23. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization without 

notching......................................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 24. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A1 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 25. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A2 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 38

Figure 26. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A3 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 38
v

Figure 27. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization without 

notching......................................................................................................................................... 39

Figure 28. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A1 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 39

Figure 29. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A2 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 40

Figure 30. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A3 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 40

Figure 31. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization without 

notching......................................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 32. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A1 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 41

Figure 33. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A2 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 42

Figure 34. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A3 notch configuration ................................................................................................................. 42

Figure 35. Graph. Indoor emission measurements using vertically polarized measurement 

antenna at low frequencies............................................................................................................ 43

Figure 36. Graph. Indoor emission measurements using horizontally polarized measurement 

antenna at low frequencies............................................................................................................ 43
vi

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1. Maximum back lobe equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) levels for both peak 

and average power (1-MHz resolution bandwidth.......................................................................... 8

Table 2. Emissions suppressed in specified bandwidths ................................................................ 8

Table 3. Frequency notch configuration A1 ................................................................................... 9

Table 4. Frequency notch configuration A2 ................................................................................... 9

Table 5. Frequency notch configuration A3 ................................................................................. 10
vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

3D Three-dimensional

ASR-11 Airport surveillance radar release 11

dB decibel

dBm decibels relative to 1 milliwatt

EIRP Equivalent isotropic radiated power

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

GHz Gigahertz (109 hertz)

GPS Global positioning system

GPS L1 Global positioning system down link frequency 1

kHz Kilohertz (103 hertz)

MHz Megahertz (106 hertz)

MMIC Monolithic microwave-integrated circuit

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration

NTIA SPS NTIA Spectrum Planning Subcommittee

RBW Resolution bandwidth

SF GPR Step frequency ground penetrating radar

VBW Video bandwidth

SARSAT Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking

RF Radio frequency

RMS Root mean squared

USDOT United States Department of Transportation

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Step frequency ground penetrating radar (SF GPR) technology offers unprecedented subsurface 

three-dimensional (3D) imaging capabilities. Subsurface material deterioration, void imaging,

and precise material and geometry measurements of civil infrastructure are all accurately and 

efficiently carried out using this specialized technology. Through previous evaluations and 

reports, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has determined that SF GPR can be 

applied to subsurface infrastructure evaluation problems to meet needs in the national interest.

(1,2)

In addition to infrastructure applications described in these reports, it is notable that land mines, 

runway pavements, and buried historic sites can be imaged using SF GPR technology.

Due to SF GPR operating principles, system emissions testing is required to support an

FHWA/United States Department of Transportation (FHWA/USDOT) application for a National 

Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) Stage 3 (developmental) and 

NTIA Stage 4 (operational) certificate of spectrum support under NTIA rules for out-of-band 

operations. This testing is described in this report along with a proposed coordination procedure 

between NTIA and system users to ensure appropriate system operation. Results of the emissions 

testing indicate that the system can operate safely without violating emissions criteria in Annex 

K of the Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management.

(3)

SF GPR emissions tests were conducted by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) staff at the 

FAA Technical Center in New Jersey during the week of March 9, 2009. The emissions tests 

used a standardized test configuration across a measurement spectrum from 50 MHz to 6 GHz. 

These tests characterized SF GPR emissions relative to an emissions mask defined by NTIA 

rules (described in detail in the background section of this report). Tests included general 

measurements that covered the full range of operating frequencies of the SF GPR and detailed 

emission measurements in narrow frequency ranges corresponding to specific Federal systems 

identified by NTIA. Based on initial results from these SF GPR emissions tests, needs for 

follow-up testing were defined. Follow-up data are included in appendix C of this report. The 

data were collected by a Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-certified emissions test 

laboratory after final tuning changes were made to reduce emissions at specific frequencies. This 

test laboratory also produced a test report based on collected emissions data (see appendix E).

3

INTRODUCTION

Potential interference testing of an FHWA/USDOT SF GPR system was conducted by FAA staff

at the FAA Technical Center in New Jersey during the week of March 9, 2009. The testing was 

designed to evaluate whether SF GPR can be operated safely in a proposed configuration that 

may include frequency notching in specific frequency bands. Testing was conducted with all 

notches turned on and then with all notches turned off to allow for both scenarios to be 

evaluated. Testing focused on emissions characterization measurements suitable for computer 

analysis of potential interference with relevant systems. 

Data from SF GPR emissions testing described and summarized in this report are expected to be 

used to determine whether FHWA/USDOT SF GPR meets NTIA criteria. An initial data analysis 

is provided in this report. Electronic test data are also provided with this report to the NTIA 

Spectrum Planning Subcommittee (SPS) for further analysis by individual Federal agencies 

as needed.

In addition, follow-up SF GPR emissions test data were collected in September 2009 at an FCCcertified laboratory after the SF GPR was fine-tuned to reduce emissions at specific frequencies 

(based on results from the initial March 2009 emissions tests). Data from this follow-up testing 

are presented in appendix C, and a test report produced by the certified test laboratory is 

presented in appendix E.

5

OBJECTIVE

Initially, SF GPR emission characterization measurements were conducted to achieve the 

following primary objectives:

• Evaluate SF GPR capabilities to meet SPS requirements for operation under NTIA rules 

for out-of-band operations.

• Measure emissions from a proposed SF GPR configuration with the frequency spectrum 

notching off and analyze data to evaluate potential interference issues relative to critical 

Federal systems.

• Measure emissions from a proposed SF GPR configuration with the frequency spectrum 

notching on and analyze data to evaluate potential interference issues relative to critical 

Federal systems.

• Measure emissions relative to individual notches anticipated to be implemented based on 

proximity to relevant facilities.

Data collected at the FAA Technical Center in March 2009 indicated that follow-up

measurements were needed to achieve the objectives listed above (with minor revisions) 

and to evaluate the SF GPR in greater detail at low frequencies.

The revised objectives for the follow-up measurements were as follows:

• Evaluate SF GPR capabilities to meet SPS requirements for operation under NTIA rules 

for out-of-band operations.

• Measure emissions from a proposed SF GPR configuration with the frequency spectrum 

notching off and analyze data to evaluate potential interference issues relative to critical 

Federal systems.

• Measure emissions from a proposed SF GPR configuration with the frequency spectrum 

notching on and analyze data to evaluate potential interference issues relative to critical 

Federal systems. Three options for frequency spectrum notching configurations were 

defined and tested, A1, A2, and A3, and are presented in the background section.

• Collect detailed emissions data at frequencies from 50 to 200 MHz to evaluate system 

performance in this low frequency range. 

In addition, a coordination procedure was proposed to provide a framework for system users to 

operate SF GPR responsibly under NTIA rules. The proposed coordination procedure is 

described in detail in appendix A. 

7

BACKGROUND

This section provides a brief description of SF GPR technology, system emission characteristics, 

and emissions limits under NTIA rules. 

Capabilities of FHWA/USDOT SF GPR are made possible by efficient techniques used to 

transmit and receive radar energy and subsequently store and process the corresponding data. 

Proposed SF GPR output signal characteristics are presented in figure 1.

Figure 1. Chart. SF GPR emissions and their characteristics.

SF GPR signal output consists of continuous sine waves transmitted at a series of discrete 

frequencies during programmed dwell times. Frequency domain data collected by the receiver

antenna are subsequently transformed into the time domain for display as range profiles and are 

later processed with data from many antenna array elements to produce tomographic images.

In order to accurately image subsurface defect and deterioration features such as cracks and 

voids in concrete, asphalt, and other civil engineering materials, SF GPR must have high range 

resolution and cross-range resolution capabilities. SF GPR resolution is directly dependent on the 

operating bandwidth of the system. Broad frequency availability is necessary to achieve the high 

resolution required to image features such as cracks, voids, and reinforcing steel. Operating 

parameters of the SF GPR system under test include the following:

• Frequency step = 2 MHz.

• Dwell time = 2.5 s.

• Bandwidth = 140–3,000 MHz.

• Cycle time (single antenna element cycling through all frequencies) = 3.58 ms.

μ
8

EMISSIONS MASK

Providing adequate bandwidth to accurately image features such as subsurface cracks, voids, and 

reinforcing steel is anticipated to require a system that complies with the recommended emission 

mask presented in table 1 and table 2. The tables specify maximum back lobe emissions because 

SF GPR equipment is operated with the antenna directed at the ground; unintentional emissions 

into the air will always be back lobe emissions. For instances where an SF GPR was used on a 

bridge deck that vehicles traveled under, calculations were made to determine the attenuation of 

the radar energy that propagated through the bridge deck. The internal report Step Frequency 

GPR (SF GPR) Transmission Loss Calculations Through a Typical Concrete Bridge Deck

(SPS-16371/1) provides transmission loss calculations for a typical concrete bridge deck, 

showing that emissions transmitted through the bridge deck are reduced below back lobe 

emission levels (see appendix F). 

Table 1. Maximum back lobe equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) levels for both 

peak and average power (1-MHz resolution bandwidth).

(3)

Frequency 

(MHz)

Peak EIRP 

(dBm)

Average EIRP 

(dBm)

< 140 -60.7 -93.7

140–216 -25.7 -58.7

216–960 -23.2 -56.2

960–1,610 -32.3 -65.3

1,610–1,990 -20.3 -53.3

1,990–3,000 -18.3 -51.3

> 3,000 -53.3 -86.3

In addition to the radiated emission limits specified in table 1, SF GPR was programmed to 

suppress emissions according to the limits in table 2.

Table 2. Emissions suppressed in specified bandwidths.

(3)

Frequency 

(MHz)

Average EIRP (dBm) 

in 1 kHz Bandwidth

1,164–1,240 -75.3

1,559–1,610 -75.3

In addition to the recommended emissions mask in table 1 and table 2, notches that may be 

implemented in the recommended SF GPR emissions mask are summarized in table 3 through 

table 5. These notches correspond to frequencies of critical Federal systems that the NTIA SPS 

requested to include in SF GPR emissions testing. These frequencies are candidates for notching 

from the SF GPR emissions spectrum. One notch configuration, A1, was tested during initial 

testing, and all three notch configurations, A1, A2, and A3, were tested during follow-up testing. 

Regarding the practical implementation of notching configurations, they were accomplished by 

not transmitting at specific frequencies in the SF sequence (always generated sequentially within 

the SF GPR system). Therefore, the cycle time of the system remained constant for notched and 

unnotched configurations.
9

Table 3. Frequency notch configuration A1.

Frequency 

Range (MHz) Purpose

161–174 Land mobile operations

328.6–335.4 Aeronautical radionavigation operations

406–406.1 SARSAT (Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking)

406.1–420 Land mobile operations

608–614 Radio astronomy

960–1,215 Aeronautical radionavigation operations

1,240–1,370 Aeronautical surveillance radars

1,559–1,610

Aeronautical radionavigation operations/global positioning 

system downlink frequency 1 (GPS L1)

1,400–1,427 Radio astronomy

1,660.5–1,668.4 Radio astronomy

2,025–2,110 Meteorological satellite

2,200–2,290

Aeronautical telemetry/space ground link sub/

satellite earth stations

2,290–2,300 Deep space network facility

2,700–2,900

Next generation weather/airport surveillance radar

release 11(ASR-11)

2,900–3,000 Maritime radar

Table 4. Frequency notch configuration A2.

Frequency 

Range (MHz) Purpose

328.6–335.4 Aeronautical radionavigation operations

406–406.1 SARSAT

608–614 Radio astronomy

960–1,215 Aeronautical radionavigation operations

1,240–1,370 Aeronautical surveillance radars

1,559–1,610 Aeronautical radionavigation operations/GPSL1

1,400–1,427 Radio astronomy

1,660.5–1,668.4 Radio astronomy

2,025–2,110 Meteorological satellite

2,200–2,290 

Aeronautical telemetry/space ground link sub/

satellite earth stations

2,290–2,300 Deep space network facility

2,700–2,900 Next generation weather/ASR-11
10

Table 5. Frequency notch configuration A3.

Frequency 

Range (MHz) Purpose

328.6–335.4 Aeronautical radionavigation operations

406–406.1 SARSAT

608–614 Radio astronomy

1,240–1,370 Aeronautical surveillance radars

1,559–1,610 Aeronautical radionavigation operations/GPSL1

1,400–1,427 Radio astronomy

1,660.5–1,668.4 Radio astronomy

2,025–2,110 Meteorological satellite

2,200–2,290 

Aeronautical telemetry/space ground link sub/

satellite earth stations

2,290–2,300 Deep space network facility

2,700–2,900 Next generation weather/ASR-11
11

TEST DESIGN

SF GPR emissions characterization testing was conducted using the configuration shown 

in figure 2 and figure 3 and pictured in figure 4 and figure 5. The side view in figure 2

illustrates the maximum 9.84-ft (3-m) distance that was maintained between the SF GPR array 

under test and the emission measurement antennas. A biconic antenna was used to measure 

frequencies in the 50–299-MHz range, a log periodic antenna was used to measure frequencies 

in the 300–2,000-MHz range, and a horn antenna was used to measure frequencies in the 

2,001–3,000-MHz range. Detailed make and model information for the test equipment is 

provided below. Figure 2 illustrates the seven angles that the SF GPR antenna array was 

aligned with for each test configuration to determine the orientation corresponding to maximum 

emissions. Due to antenna array symmetry, angles from 0 to 180 degrees were representative. As 

the test plan required, the antenna array was always directed at the ground and was suspended 

10 inches (254 mm) above a standard sand pit.

Emission measurement equipment included the following:

• Agilent Technologies E4440 power spectrum analyzer.

• A.H. Systems, Inc. biconic antenna, model SAS-542, S/N 769 (9.84 ft (3 m)).

• A.H. Systems, Inc. log periodic antenna, model SAS-510-2, S/N 1053 (9.84 ft (3 m)).

• A.H. Systems, Inc. double ridge guide horn antenna, model SAS-571, S/N 549 

(9.84 ft (3 m)).

• Electronic Cable Specialists cable P/N 310801 (two each at 6 ft (1.83 m) and one at 

12 ft (3.66 m)).

• 3D Radar/Curtiss-Wright SF GPR system, model Geoscope GS3F.

The SF GPR system consists of a laptop computer, a rack mountable radar control unit, a 

26.24-ft (8-m)-long cable bundle, and an antenna array that has 23 antenna elements

(see figure 6). 

The SF GPR emission characterization test procedure follows:

1. Measure ambient emissions to establish a baseline (50–6,000 MHz).

2. Position the SF GPR antenna array in each of the seven orientation angles (see figure 2).

3. Measure emissions from the SF GPR array using each of the three emission measurement 

antennas (biconic, log periodic, and horn) using the unnotched SF GPR emission 

spectrum for peak and root mean squared (RMS) measurements (50–6,000 MHz).

4. Determine SF GPR antenna array orientation corresponding to maximum emissions for

the unnotched SF GPR emission spectrum configuration.
12

5. Measure the peak and RMS for the notched SF GPR emission spectrum with the SF GPR 

antenna array orientation corresponding to maximum emissions using each of the three 

emission measurement antennas (biconic, log periodic, and horn). 

6. Collect the complete general measurement set by collecting data corresponding to the test 

matrix (see figure 15 and figure 16 in appendix B).

7. Make measurements to characterize SF GPR emissions in frequency bands corresponding 

to critical Federal systems. Make measurements for maximum emissions orientations of 

the SF GPR antenna array according to the test matrix (see figure 17 and figure 18 in

appendix B). 

Maximum SF GPR emissions corresponding to the worst case orientation of the SF GPR antenna 

array relative to the emissions measurement antenna were determined by comparing emission 

measurement plots for each unnotched measurement configuration in the frequency range of 

interest and selecting the configuration corresponding to the maximum emissions. 

Another set of measurements was made using the same procedure previously defined, but for 

these measurements, the number of active antenna array elements in the SF GPR array varied. 

These measurements were made in the event that Federal agencies would analyze emission 

characteristics when a subset of antenna array elements is active. The original test scenario, using 

all antenna array elements, represents worst case emissions. Therefore, the supplemental 

measurements are only expected to be used for a deeper analysis of SF GPR emission 

characteristics if needed.

 1ft = 0.305 m

Figure 2. Diagram. SF GPR emissions characterization test configuration.
13

1ft = 0.305 m

Figure 3. Diagram. Orthogonal position of antenna array relative to figure 2.

Figure 4. Photo. SF GPR testing at the FAA Technical Center.
14

Figure 5. Photo. SF GPR test site at the FAA Technical Center.

Figure 6. Diagram. Antenna array with a bank of 23 transmitter elements and 

23 receiver elements. 

Additional follow-up emission measurements were made using procedures described in the test 

report in appendix E. The minimum distance between the SF GPR antenna array and the 

measurement antenna was 6.88 ft (2.1 m), as illustrated in figure 3. This distance often 

corresponded to the orientation where maximum emissions were measured.
15

ANALYSIS

The analysis procedure for the SF GPR emissions characterization data followed equations 

defined in NTIA Annex K.

(3) The analysis steps are as follows:

1. Determine the orientation of maximum emissions for each measurement and use this 

measurement data for subsequent analysis.

2. Calculate EIRP values at each frequency using the following equations. Equation 1

defines field strength as a function of field strength plus adjustments. Equation 2 further 

refines the definition of field strength as a function of field strength adjusted by the 

antenna factor and cable loss in terms of a unit length. Equation 3 converts from units in 

terms of unit length back to units in terms of decibels relative to 1 mW.

(1)

(2)

. (3)

Field Strength (dBμV) = Field Strength (dBm) + 107

Field Strength (dBμV/m) = Field Strength (dBμV) + Antenna Factor + Cable Loss

EIRP in dBm = Field Strength (dBμV/m) – 95.2

17

RESULTS

Measured emission data were collected to determine whether SF GPR emissions levels 

were below the emissions mask that was proposed in the background section of this report. 

General measurements were used to make an overall assessment of emission levels using a 

resolution bandwidth (RBW) of 1 MHz and a video bandwidth (VBW) of 3 MHz. More detailed 

measurements were made in narrow frequency ranges corresponding to critical Federal 

systems using appropriate RBW and VBW settings. The operating spectrum for the SF GPR 

was 140–3,000 MHz, while the measured spectrum used for the emission measurements was 

50–6,000 MHz.

This section provides a summary of general measurement results to illustrate system compliance 

with the proposed emissions mask. In instances where measurements indicate frequencies at 

which the system did not meet NTIA criteria, information is provided to describe ambient 

phenomena that were often present. To further address any noncompliant phenomena observed, 

supplemental follow-up data from an FCC-certified laboratory are provided in appendix C. 

Figure 19 through figure 36 provide follow-up data collected after final system tuning was 

complete. The three notch configurations, A1, A2, and A3, were tested during the follow-up

testing in September 2009, while only one notch configuration, A1, was tested during the initial 

testing in March 2009. 

Figure 7 through figure 10 correspond to measured emissions from the SF GPR when its 

emissions were unnotched. Figure 11 through figure 14 correspond to measured emissions 

responses from the SF GPR when its emissions were notched. Measured responses from the 

SF GPR with notched emissions were typically compliant with a few isolated exceptions.

Figure 7. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching. 
18

Figure 8. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching.

Figure 9. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching. 
19

Figure 10. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation without emission notching.

Figure 11. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching.
20

Figure 12. Graph. EIRP peak measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching.

Figure 13. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for horizontal measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching.
21

Figure 14. Graph. EIRP RMS measurement values for vertical measurement antenna 

orientation and maximum transmitter emission orientation with emission notching.

Unnotched SF GPR responses exhibited several frequencies that exceeded compliance criteria 

in the original emissions data from March 2009, while original notched emissions data rarely 

exceeded emission criteria. Emissions data collected during follow-up testing after system tuning 

in September 2009 illustrated that system performance met NTIA criteria in both notched and 

unnotched operating configurations with only a few exceptions. In instances where exceptions 

occurred in follow-up data and emissions exceeded NTIA criteria, the reasons were addressed 

(provided in this section).

Emissions data collected for the proposed compliant operating configuration (see figure 11

through figure 14) were obtained using the following methodologies corresponding to each 

figure. Data presented in figure 11 show the EIRP level received by emissions measurement 

antennas oriented horizontally while measuring peak emissions from the SF GPR with a notched 

emissions spectrum. Data in figure 12 show the EIRP level received by emissions measurement 

antennas oriented vertically while measuring peak emissions from the SF GPR with a notched 

emissions spectrum. Data in figure 13 show the EIRP level received by emissions measurement 

antennas oriented horizontally while measuring RMS emissions from the SF GPR with a notched 

emissions spectrum. Data in figure 14 show the EIRP level received by emissions measurement 

antennas oriented vertically while measuring RMS emissions from the SF GPR with a notched 

emissions spectrum.

In figure 11, (which generally illustrates compliant peak measurements), there are values that are 

a small number of decibels above the threshold criteria of 1,530 and 1,560 MHz. Other values 

exceeding the criteria corresponded to locations where significant ambient measurement values 

are present. In figure 12, peak measurements are also typically compliant. Frequencies of 

approximately 1,555 MHz are a small number of decibels above the threshold criteria. 

Frequencies in the 1,040-MHz range that exceed criteria correspond to substantial ambient 

emissions. Figure 13 and figure 14 present RMS data that are generally compliant as well. 
22

Several SF GPR measurement peaks correspond to ambient measurement spikes in figure 13

and figure 14 and therefore do not indicate compliance issues. In the frequency range of 

1,500–1,550 MHz, there are RMS values that are a small number of decibels above the 

threshold criteria.

Appendix C provides additional SF GPR data that were collected at an FCC-certified laboratory 

after attenuation adjustments were programmed into the system in an effort to bring the 

remaining system emissions into compliance. Figure 19 through figure 34 illustrate that the peak 

and RMS emissions greater than 140 MHz had few emissions that did not meet NTIA criteria for 

the adjusted configuration used during the additional emission measurements in September 2009. 

Below 140 MHz, peak values exceeded compliance criteria at several frequencies primarily 

due to unintentional emissions caused by radio frequency (RF) switches in the SF GPR. 

Unfortunately, there is not a practical way to reduce these unintentional emissions using current 

SF GPR technology. Detailed measurements are provided in figure 35 and figure 36 to illustrate 

low frequency phenomena occurring between 50 and 200 MHz. A clear transition between the 

characteristics of intentional emissions above 140 MHz can be observed relative to unintentional 

emissions below 140 MHz. 

The following list provides potential reasons why SF GPR emissions exceeded NTIA criteria for 

some tested frequencies in September 2009 test data (follow-up data plots corresponding to these 

listed descriptions are provided in appendix C):

• The test report in appendix E indicates that during emission measurements, some SF GPR 

antenna array elements were as close as 6.88 ft (2.1 m) from the measurement antenna 

when it was rotated into the 90-degree position (see figure 2). For frequencies between 

960 and 1,600 MHz (far field frequencies for this scenario), the free space loss should be 

related to the distance by 20*log(R). Therefore, the correction factor for a 6.88-ft 

(2.1-m) distance versus a 9.84-ft (3-m) standard distance is 20*log(2.1/3) = 3.1 dB. This

correction factor can be applied to data from 960 to 1,600 MHz for figure 19 to figure 34. 

Most emission issues in this frequency range are addressed by this correction. This 

correction factor applies to SF GPR emission measurements made at the FAA Technical 

Center as well. 

• Ambient emissions exceeded NTIA criteria at several localized frequencies between 

50 and 3,000 MHZ in RMS data presented in figure 27 through figure 34. These ambient 

emissions accounted for localized features that exceeded NTIA criteria in SF GPR data in 

figures 26 through 33.

• Isolated peaks that exceeded NTIA criteria in figure 23, figure 25, figure 26, figure 28, 

figure 30, and figure 34 appear to be related to intermittent ambient phenomena that 

occurred during SF GPR emission measurements. This hypothesis is supported by 

measurement results obtained using similar measurement configurations that do not 

include these isolated peaks.

• Unintentional peak and RMS emissions below 140 MHz exceeded NTIA criteria, as 

shown in figure 35 and figure 36. These unintentional emissions were caused by 

monolithic microwave-integrated circuit (MMIC) switching devices, and they occurred
23

each time the antenna array switched between antenna array elements. These emissions 

were a side effect of the operation of the MMIC devices within the SF GPR and were 

common in all RF solid state switches.

Data collected in narrow frequency bands corresponding to critical Federal systems were not 

analyzed for this report because this data are anticipated to be evaluated individually by 

appropriate Federal agencies. The original measurement data from this test are available in 

electronic form to accompany this report. Figure 17 and figure 18 in appendix B provide the 

data file matrix corresponding to critical Federal system data collected in March 2009. The data 

file matrix describing all other data files collected in March 2009 is provided in figure 15 and 

figure 16 in appendix B. Procedures for data file import are provided in appendix D. 

25

SUMMARY

SF GPR emissions characterization testing has been performed to measure emissions of 

FHWA/USDOT technology relative to criteria established by the NTIA. Testing was conducted 

using standardized equipment at the FAA Technical Center in New Jersey. Measurements were 

carried out in a standardized GPR test geometry. Results show that the SF GPR was largely 

compliant with the proposed emissions mask when notches were implemented (with exceptions 

noted in the results section of this report). In the few frequency ranges where FAA Technical 

Center measurement data indicated that there were compliance issues, emissions were reduced to 

meet NTIA criteria by adjusting the system attenuation to frequencies above 140 MHz during 

follow-up measurements at an FCC-certified laboratory. Below 140 MHz, an MMIC switching 

device in the SF GPR produced emissions that exceeded NTIA criteria during measurements and 

during follow-up measurements at an FCC-certified laboratory. There was no practical method 

for reducing the unintentional SF GPR emissions below 140 MHz, but it was notable that NTIA 

emissions criteria were substantially below typical ambient signal levels in this range.

As described above, emission measurement data were collected for SF GPR emissions over a 

broad range of frequencies at and around the operating frequencies of the SF GPR equipment 

being tested. In addition, detailed emissions data were collected over significantly narrower 

bandwidths corresponding to critical Federal systems. The general data were analyzed and 

described in this report, while the detailed Federal system data will be provided to appropriate 

agencies in electronic form (along with this report). 

27

RECOMMENDATION

SF GPR technology was characterized in this study via standardized methods relative to 

emissions criteria established by the NTIA. This technology has been demonstrated to be an 

effective tool for evaluating civil infrastructure materials and structures, as well as many other 

Federal applications in the national interest, such as land mine and unexploded ordinance 

detection. The results from SF GPR testing show that this technology meets proposed NTIA 

criteria for all of the configurations evaluated during follow-up testing in September 2009 for 

intentional emissions above 140 MHz. Unintentional emissions below 140 MHz may require a 

waiver at some frequencies. 

Emissions measurement data were collected to evaluate general emissions over a broad range of 

frequencies that the SF GPR operates in. In addition, detailed emissions data were collected over 

significantly narrower bandwidths corresponding to critical Federal systems. General test data 

were analyzed and described in this report, while detailed Federal system data will be provided 

to appropriate agencies in electronic form (along with this report).

A proposed coordination procedure for operational use of SF GPR has also been developed and 

is summarized in appendix A. The proposed coordination procedure requires SF GPR users to 

register their systems with NTIA and also requires that they notify NTIA if SF GPR operations 

are going to take place at an airport facility.

This measurement study has shown that SF GPR technology meets NTIA criteria and that an 

efficient coordination mechanism can be implemented that provides safety through a registration 

process and limited usage based on proximity to airport facilities. FHWA/USDOT has also 

shown that operational use of SF GPR technology will have critical implications for a variety 

of important subsurface evaluation applications in the national interest. 

29

APPENDIX A: DRAFT LANGUAGE FOR SF GPR COORDINATION

SF GPR coordination with the NTIA is anticipated to be accomplished by registering entities that 

own SF GPR systems. The registration process will be used to define the entity responsible for 

the system, to provide a list of qualified system users, and to provide detailed technical 

specifications for each registered system. After registration, system users will receive a letter 

from NTIA defining coordination procedures that they are required to follow. If system users are 

operating an SF GPR in a location that is on airport facility grounds controlled by FAA, they 

must notify NTIA via a coordination form. The notification for SF GPR work on airport facility 

grounds should take place at least 3 days prior to SF GPR operation. If the operation of an 

SF GPR occurs off airport facility grounds, a valid NTIA registration for the system is required, 

but no notification is necessary to operate the system.

31

APPENDIX B: INDEX OF DATA FILES

This appendix shows an index of data files with a description of relevant files that are provided 

electronically in American Standard Code of Information Interchange (ASCII) format for 

Federal agencies to evaluate, with instructions for import into Microsoft Excel®, MatLab, 

MathCad, or other data processing software/programs.

Figure 15. Screen shot. General measurement data summary table (part 1 of 2).

Figure 16. Screen shot. General measurement data summary table (part 2 of 2).
32

Figure 17. Screen shot. Federal system data summary table (part 1 of 2).
33

Figure 18. Screen shot. Federal system data summary (part 2 of 2).

35

APPENDIX C: GRAPHS SHOWING FOLLOW-UP MEASUREMENTS

This section provides graphs of the emission data from the SF GPR antennas and contrasts them 

to the background ambient emissions from the rural environment and to the maximum emissions 

criteria. In cases where there was emissions notching, the notch frequencies are provided on the 

bottom axis of the graphs.

Figure 19. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization 

without notching. 

Figure 20. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A1 notch configuration.
36

Figure 21. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A2 notch configuration.

Figure 22. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A3 notch configuration.
37

Figure 23. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization 

without notching.

Figure 24. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A1 notch configuration.
38

Figure 25. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A2 notch configuration.

Figure 26. Graph. Outdoor peak emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A3 notch configuration.
39

Figure 27. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization 

without notching.

Figure 28. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A1 notch configuration.
40

Figure 29. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A2 notch configuration.

Figure 30. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with horizontal polarization with 

A3 notch configuration.
41

Figure 31. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization 

without notching.

Figure 32. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A1 notch configuration.
42

Figure 33. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A2 notch configuration.

Figure 34. Graph. Outdoor RMS emission measurement with vertical polarization with 

A3 notch configuration.
43

Figure 35. Graph. Indoor emission measurements using vertically polarized measurement 

antenna at low frequencies.

Figure 36. Graph. Indoor emission measurements using horizontally polarized 

measurement antenna at low frequencies. 

45

APPENDIX D: DATA IMPORT PROCEDURES

The following section shows example data import procedures for SF GPR emissions 

characterization data.

ASCII data files are all named using the convention “TRACE###” where “###” is a three-digit 

number indicating the test number associated with the file. Antenna gain curves and cable loss 

factors are provided with the data files.

MICROSOFT EXCEL® PROCEDURE

1. Go to the Data menu.

2. Import External Data.

3. Import Data.

4. Select Tab Delimited Data.

5. Press “Next.”

6. Press “Finish.”

MATLAB PROCEDURE

%---reading header info---------

fileID=fopen('G:\FAATestReportWork\FAANTIAtest2009\Trace381.csv','r');

for i = 1 : 15

 header{i}=fgetl(fileID);

end

[junk,temp0]=strtok(header{11},',');

Npoints=str2num(temp0);

fclose(fileID);

DataOffset=16;

%---Example Data File-----------

fileID=fopen('G:\FAATestReportWork\FAANTIAtest2009\Trace418.csv','r');

for i = 1: Npoints+DataOffset-1

 traceA{i}=fgetl(fileID);

end

fclose(fileID);

for m= DataOffset : Npoints+DataOffset-1
46

 [junk,temp1]=strtok(traceA{m},',');

 freq(m)=str2num(junk); %13

 RXpwr(m)=str2num(temp1(1:end));

end

freqBiconic=freq(DataOffset:end);

RXpwrBiconic=RXpwr(DataOffset:end);
47

APPENDIX E: CERTIFIED LABORATORY TEST REPORT: FOLLOW-UP TEST 

The following certified laboratory test report contains supporting documentation and results of 

the testing performed for the research initiative in this report. The authors of this current study 

have not edited or changed the test report in this appendix except to remove more than one 

instance of company logo within the document and to format the report. 
48

Test report no. : 133876/2

Item tested : B1823CH

Type of equipment : 3d-radar Geoscope

Client : 3d-Radar AS

Federal Highway Administration/Department of Transportation

Step Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar

Characterization and federal Compliance Tests 

2009-10-27

Authorized by : .............................................. Geir Antonsen

Technical Verificator

Nemko is granted accreditation by 

Norwegian Accreditation under 

registration number TEST 033.

FCC test firm registration # 994405
49

CONTENTS

1 GE NE R AL INFOR MAT ION 50

1.1 T esthouse I nfo 50

1.2 C lient I nfor mation 50

1.3 M anufactur er (if other than client) 50

2 T E ST INFOR FMAT ION 51

2.1 T ested I tem 51

2.2 T est E nvir onment 51

2.2.1 NOR MAL T E ST CONDIT ION 51

2.3 T est Per iod 51

2.4 Standar ds and R egulations 52

2.5 T est E ngineer (s) 52

2.6 A dditional infor mation 52

2.6.1 T E ST ME T HODS 52

2.6.2 T E ST E QUIPME NT 52

3 OT HE R COMME NT S 53

3.1 G ener al: 53

3.2 E UT (E quipment Under T est): 53

3.3 L ist of por ts: 53

4 E MISSION ME ASUR E ME NT S 54

4.1 Outdoor test 54

4.2 I ndoor test 63

5 T E ST E QUIPME NT AND ANCIL L AR IE S USE D FOR T E ST S 73

6 PHOT O OF E UT AND T E ST SE T UP 73
50

GENERAL INFORMATION

TESTHOUSE INFO

Name: Nemko A/S

Address: Nemko Kjeller

Instituttvn 6, Box 96

N-2027 Kjeller, NORWAY

Telephone: +47 64 84 57 00

Fax: +47 64 84 57 05

E-mail: comlab@nemko.com

FCC test firm registration #: 994405

Number of Pages: 90

CLIENT INFORMATION

Name: 3d-Radar AS

Address: Klæbuveien 196 B, 

N-7037 Trondheim, Norway

Telephone: + 47 72 89 32 02

E-mail egil@3d-radar.com

Contact:

Name: Egil Eide

Phone: + 47 72 89 32 02

E-mail: egil@3d-radar.com

MANUFACTURER (IF OTHER THAN CLIENT)

Name: >

Address: >

Telephone: >

Fax: >

Contact:

Name: >

Phone: >

E-mail: >
51

TEST INFORFMATION

TESTED ITEM

Name : 3d-Radar Geoscope

Model/version : B1823CH

Serial number : 6052

Hardware identity and/or version: -

Software identity and/or version : -

Frequency Range : 140 MHz – 3 GHz

Type of Power Supply : 12 V dc

Desktop Charger : No

Description of Tested Device(s)

Step frequency Geo Radar.

TEST ENVIRONMENT

Normal test condition at the test sites

Temperature: Outdoor: 10 - 15 oC, Indoor: 22,1 - 22,6 oC

Relative humidity: 38,2 %

Normal test voltage: 237,3 – 240,0 V ac

The values are the limit registered during the test period.

TEST PERIOD

Item received date: 2009-09-10

Test period: 2009-09-10 – 2009-09-11
52

STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Federal Highway Administration/Department of Transportation 

Step Frequency Ground Penetrating Radar Characterization and Federal compliance 

Tests 

July 2, 2009

TEST ENGINEER(S)

Egil Hauger

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Test Methods

Described in the relevant basic standards.

Test Equipment

List of used test equipment, see clause 7.

THIS TEST REPORT APPLIES ONLY TO THE ITEM(S) AND CONFIGURATIONS TESTED.

TESTED BY : DATE: 2009-

10-20

Test Engineer

Nemko Group authorizes the above named company to reproduce this report provided it is reproduced in its entirety and for use by 

the company’s employees only. Any reproduction of parts of this report requires approval in writing from Nemko Group.

Any use which a third party makes of this report, or any reliance on or decisions to be made based on it, are the responsibility of 

such third parties. Nemko Group accepts no responsibility for damages suffered by any third party as a result of decisions made or 

actions based on this report.
53

OTHER COMMENTS

GENERAL:

The outdoor test was performed in rural area with no surroundings reflecting 

objects, see photo on fig 29 to 31.

The indoor test was performed in a semi-anechoic chamber with dimensions 22 ×

13 × 9,5 meters (l × w × h m), see photo on fig 32.

EUT (EQUIPMENT UNDER TEST):

EUT size 2,5x0,75x0,75 m

See photo fig 30 to 33.

LIST OF PORTS:

Signal ports: Signal cable

Internal antenna

Power ports: 12 V dc
54

EMISSION MEASUREMENTS

OUTDOOR TEST

Test set up:

The outdoor measurements were performed in rural area with no reflecting objects in 

the surroundings, see photo on fig 29 to 31. The weather was dry with temperature 

around 12-15 o

C. The ground was sand with some smaller stones.

The test equipment was more that 5 m away from the radar.

All tests were stored as data file with frequency and EIRP in dBm.

Effective radiated power was calculated using Friis free space transmission formula with 

a distance of 3 m. This equals the formula presented in the test specification:

EIRP (dBm) = dBμV/m – 95,2 

Test antennas used:

50 – 200 MHz: Biconic antenna

200 – 1000 MHz: Log.periodic antenna

1000 – 6000 MHz: Horn antenna

All antennas were calibrated by National Physical Laboratory NPL UK.

The conversion factors converting the measured values to EIRP in dBm including 

cables and pre.amplifier were calibrated before the test and stored in the test 

equipment.

Measurement instruments set up: Resolution bandwidth 1 MHz

Video bandwidth 3 MHz

Sweep time 15 sec

Detector Peak and RMS

All test files with frequency and EIRP are enclosed.

Some of the files with the most interesting frequency spectra are converted to Excel and 

shown below.

See fig 1 to 13.
55

Test file notation:

File no File no

Test Config Freq Ant Az Pol Peak RMS

A1 Ambient 50-200 MHz Bicon 0 V 003 004

A2 No notching 50-200 Bicon 0 V 005 006

A3 Notch A1 50-200 Bicon 0 V 007 008

A4 Notch A2 50-200 Bicon 0 V 009 010

A5 Notch A3 50-200 Bicon 0 V 011 012

A6 Ambient 50-200 Bicon 90 H 002 001

A7 No notching 50-200 Bicon 90 H 019 020

A8 Notch A1 50-200 Bicon 90 H 018 017

A9 Notch A2 50-200 Bicon 90 H 015 016

A10 Notch A3 50-200 Bicon 90 H 014 013

A11 Ambient 200-1000 MHz Log.per 0 V 032 031

A12 No notching 200-1000 Log.per 0 V 040 039

A13 Notch A1 200-1000 Log.per 0 V 037 038

A14 Notch A2 200-1000 Log.per 0 V 035 036

A15 Notch A3 200-1000 Log.per 0 V 033 034

A16 Ambient 200-1000 Log.per 90 H 021 022

A17 No notching 200-1000 Log.per 90 H 024 023

A18 Notch A1 200-1000 Log.per 90 H 025 026

A19 Notch A2 200-1000 Log.per 90 H 028 027

A20 Notch A3 200-1000 Log.per 90 H 029 030

A21 Ambient 1-6 GHz Horn 0 V 041 042

A22 No notching 1-6 Horn 0 V 043 044

A23 Notch A1 1-6 Horn 0 V 046 045

A24 Notch A2 1-6 Horn 0 V 047 048

A25 Notch A3 1-6 Horn 0 V 050 049

A26 Ambient 1-6 Horn 90 H 080 079

A27 No notching 1-6 Horn 90 H 078 077

A28 Notch A1 1-6 Horn 90 H 075 076

A29 Notch A2 1-6 Horn 90 H 074 073

A30 Notch A3 1-6 Horn 90 H 071 072

A31 Ambient 1-3 Horn 0 V 059 060

A32 No notching 1-3 Horn 0 V 058 057

A33 Notch A1 1-3 Horn 0 V 055 056

A34 Notch A2 1-3 Horn 0 V 054 053

A35 Notch A3 1-3 Horn 0 V 051 052

A36 Ambient 1-3 Horn 90 H 062 061

A37 No notching 1-3 Horn 90 H 063 064

A38 Notch A1 1-3 Horn 90 H 066 965

A39 Notch A2 1-3 Horn 90 H 067 068

A40 Notch A3 1-3 Horn 90 H 070 069

A41 No notching 1,164-1,240 GHz Horn 0 V 088 087
56

Test file notation:

File no File no

Test Config Freq Ant Az Pol Peak RMS

A42 No notching 1,559-1,610 Horn 0 V 085 086

A43 No notching 1,165-1,240 Horn 90 H 082 081

A44 No notching 1,559-1610 Horn 90 H 083 084

Fig 1

Test A1: 001 to 004, EIRP dBm, Ambient 50-200 MHz

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190

MHz

EIRP dBm

Ambient HP RMS Ambient HP Peak Ambient VP Peak Ambient VP RMS
57

Fig 2

Fig 3

 Test A2: 5 and 6 

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 75 100 125 150 175 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test A12: 039 and 040

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
58

Fig 4

Fig 5

Test A22: 043 and 044

-70

-65

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test A7: 019 and 020

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 75 100 125 150 175 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
59

Fig 6

Fig 7

Test A17: 023 and 024

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test A27: 077 and 078

-70

-65

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

EIRP dBm

MHz

Peak RMS
60

Fig 8

Fig 9

Test A3: 007 and 008

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 75 100 125 150 175 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test A13: 037 and 038

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
61

Fig 10

Fig 11

Test A23: 045 and 046

-70

-65

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test A8: 017 and 018

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 75 100 125 150 175 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
62

Fig 12

Fig 13

Test A18: 025 and 026

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test A28: 075 and 076

-70

-65

-60

-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
63

INDOOR TEST

Test set up:

The test is performed in a semi anechoic chamber with a size of 22 × 13 × 9,5 meters 

(l × w × h). 

The EUT was placed on a table with a height of 80 cm. on a turntable. Absorbers with 

ferrite tiles were placed below the table to prevent reflection from the floor. The receiver 

antenna height was 2 m, both with horizontal and vertical polarisation with a distance of 

3 m to EUT. The EUT was rotated in 30 dgr step from 0 to 180 dgr., see photo on fig 32.

Quasi-Peak measurement with 3 m test distance:

120 kHz BW

Frequency

MHz

EUT Az Polarization

HP/VP

Level

dBm

50 0 VP -73,6

60 0 VP -67,2

60,95 180 VP -62,2

70 0 VP -73,9

75 0 VP -79,3

80 0 VP -80,9

90 0 VP -71,5

100 0 VP -70,8

110 0 VP -78,5

120 0 VP -77,6

130 0 VP -76,9

158 0 VP -54,7

160 0 VP -55,3

160 180 VP -54,8

180 0 VP -54,9

180 180 VP -54,5

50 90 HP -86,5

60 90 HP -78,3

70 90 HP -87,2

75 90 HP -89,1

80 90 HP -85,9

90 90 HP -81,7

100 90 HP -72,3

110 90 HP -76,5

120 90 HP -84,7

130 90 HP -82,7

160 90 HP -56,4

180 90 HP -53,8
64

Sveep measurement:

Test # Configuration Frequency 

Band

Antenna RBW VBW Sweep 

Time

Az Pol Datafile 

(Peak)

Datafile 

(RMS)

B1 Ambient 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec - V 100 101

B2 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 0 V 102 103

B3 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 30 V 104 105

B4 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 60 V 106 107

B5 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 90 V 108 109

B6 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 120 V 110 111

B7 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 150 V 112 113

B8 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 180 V 114 115

B9 Ambient 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec - H 130 131

B10 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 0 H 128 129

B11 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 30 H 126 127

B12 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 60 H 125 124

B13 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 90 H 122 123

B14 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 120 H 120 121

B15 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 150 H 118 119

B16 No notching 50 MHz -

200 MHz

Biconic 1 MHz 3 MHz 15sec 180 H 117 116

See fig 14 to 28.
65

Fig 14

Fig 15

Test B1 EIRP Inndor Ambient 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B2 Az 0 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
66

Fig 16

Fig 17

Test B3 Az 30 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B4 Az 60 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
67

Fig 18

Fig 19

Test B5 Az 90 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B6 Az 120 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
68

Fig 20

Fig 21

Test B7 Az 150 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B8 Az 180 dgr, Vertical pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
69

Fig 22

Fig 23

Test B10 Az 0 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B11 Az 30 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
70

Fig 24

Fig 25

Test B12 Az 60 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B13 Az 90 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
71

Fig 26

Fig 27

Test B14 Az 120 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS

Test B15 Az 150 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
72

Fig 28

Test B16 Az 180 dgr, Horizontal pol 

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

50 100 150 200

MHz

EIRP dBm

Peak RMS
73

TEST EQUIPMENT AND ANCILLARIES USED FOR TESTS

To facilitate inclusion on each page of the test equipment used for related tests, each 

item of test equipment and ancillaries such as cables are identified (numbered) by the 

Test Laboratory.

No Instrument/Ancillary Type Manufacturer Ref. No.

1 Test receiver ESN R&S LR 1237

2 Biconical antenna 3104C EMCO LR 1262

3 Log.per antenna 3146 EMCO LR 1221

4 Horn antenna 3115 EMCO LR 1330

5 Spectrum analyzer FSP R&S LR 1551

6 Pre.amp 8447F HP TF 03305

7 Pre.amp 8449B HP TF 03475

8 Cable Sucoflex 106 6 m Suhner

PHOTO OF EUT AND TEST SET UP

Fig 29 Test set up outdoor measurement
74

Fig 30 Test set up outdoor measurement

Fig 31 Test set up outdoor measurement
75

Fig 32 Test set up indoor measurement

77

APPENDIX F: STEP FREQUENCY GPR (SF GPR) TRANSMISSION LOSS 

CALCULATIONS THROUGH A TYPICAL CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK

The following report contains supporting documentation and results of the calculations 

performed for the research initiative in this report. Since it is an unpublished internal working 

paper, it would not be otherwise accessible as a reference to use for the current report. The report 

in this appendix has not been edited or changed in any way from its original form as a working 

paper that was submitted to the SPS of the Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC).

Note that the term Lossspreading, is the same as the later abbreviated version Lossspr found in this 

appendix. The terms are mathematically equivalent. The definition was inadvertently left out of 

the original paper. They are both defined as the spreading loss in decibels. Since the paper is 

being reproduced unchanged, clarification is being provided in this foreword.
78

Step Frequency GPR (SF GPR) Transmission Loss Calculations Through a 

Typical Concrete Bridge Deck

February 15, 2007

The NTIA Spectrum Planning Subcommittee (SPS) Coast Guard representative requested 

additional documentation regarding Step Frequency GPR Transmission losses through a concrete 

bridge deck. This request was made to address potential interference concerns that could arise 

when a vessel crosses under a bridge deck while an SF GPR is being used to evaluate the bridge 

deck.

The total losses are computed based on the assumption that radar energy is transmitted 

through a concrete bridge deck superstructure with an average thickness equal to 1 foot and at a 

position 1 meter or more below the bridge deck, which is provided for reasonable clearance of 

the vessel underneath the bridge deck. These assumptions are consistent with United States Coast 

Guard 2005 CFR Title 33, Volume 1, Subchapter J – Bridges.

The following equation for losses was used to account for both transmission/attenuation losses 

and spreading losses [Daniels]:

Losstotal = Losstransmission+attenuation + Lossspreading

where: attenuation

m a

m a

trans Loss

Z Z

Z Z Loss +

+ = )) 4 2 *(20 *log ( 10 2

Za = Characteristic impedance of air = 377 Ω

Zm = Characteristic impedance of concrete = 160 Ω

Lossatt = Attenuation loss in concrete = 3 dB/ft at Freq<1000 MHz

Lossatt = Attenuation loss in concrete = 6 dB/ft at Freq≥1000 MHz

Lossspr = 20*log10 ( λ

4πR

)

λ = Wavelength

R = Radial distance from source
79

This equation for Losstotal was used to compute losses corresponding to each range of frequencies 

used by the Step Frequency GPR system. Table 1 presents the results:

Freq (Hz) λ Spreading Loss (dB) Total Loss (dB)

140000000 2.142857 -15.36433275 -21.36433275

178000000 1.685393 -17.45017208 -23.45017208

588000000 0.510204 -27.82931856 -33.82931856

1285000000 0.233463 -34.61983459 -43.61983459

1800000000 0.166667 -37.54722214 -46.54722214

1995000000 0.150376 -38.44063004 -47.44063004

2000000000 0.15 -38.46237195 -47.46237195

1202000000 0.249584 -34.03986139 -43.03986139

1585000000 0.189274 -36.44235737 -45.44235737

Table 1. Calculations for Losstotal at representative Step Frequency GPR operating frequencies. 

Representative frequencies are selected as center frequencies within operating ranges defined in 

Tables 2 and 3.

Tables 2 and 3 describe emissions of the Step Frequency GPR within its operating range and 

include calculations for losses due to the concrete bridge deck compared with back lobe emission 

levels (subtracted from bore sight emission levels). 

Frequency 

(MHz)

Peak EIRP 

(dBm)

Average EIRP 

(dBm)

Concrete bridge 

deck loss (dB)

∆ (bore sight -

back lobe) (dB) 

<140 -60.7 -93.7 21 5.0

140 – 216 -25.7 -58.7 23 10.1

216 – 960 -23.2 -56.2 34 14.1

960 – 1610 -32.3 -65.3 44 16.6

1610 – 1990 -20.3 -53.3 47 12.4

1990 – 2000 -18.3 -51.3 47 14.7

>2000 -53.3 -86.3 48 14.7

Table 2. Maximum back lobe EIRP levels for both peak and average power (1MHz resolution 

BW).

Frequency 

(MHz)

Average EIRP (dBm) 

in 1 kHz BW

Concrete bridge 

deck loss (dB)

∆ (bore sight -

back lobe) (dB)

1164 – 1240 -75.3 43 11.7

1559 – 1610 -75.3 45 12.7

Table 3. Emissions suppressed in specified bandwidths.
80

Note that the fourth column of Table 1 corresponds to the third column of Tables 2 and 3. Also 

note that emissions are reduced more by concrete bridge deck losses than bore sight minus back 

lobe levels.

Reference:

Daniels, D.J., Surface Penetrating Radar, IEEE, December 1, 1996, pp. 300.
81

REFERENCES

1. Scott, M.L., Gagarin, N., Oskard, M., and Mills, M.K. (2005). “Step Frequency Ground 

Penetrating Radar Applications to Highway Infrastructure Measurement and System 

Integration Feasibility With Complementary Sensors,” Review of Progress in Quantitative 

Nondestructive Evaluation, 1164–1170, Brunswick, ME.

2. Scott, M.L., Gagarin, N., Mills, M.K., and Oskard, M. (2006). Step Frequency GPR 

Evaluation of the Natchez Trace Parkway: Pavement and Infrastructure Measurement and 

Assessment for FHWA Digital Highway Measurement Vehicle Applications, Highway 

Geophysics Nondestructive Evaluation Conference, Saint Louis, MO.

3. National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (2008). “Technical Standards 

for Federal ‘Non-Licensed’ Devices,” Annex K, Manual of Regulations and Procedures for 

Federal Radio Frequency Management, 1–42. 


HRDO-04/10-10(300)E