NisrUNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS

AND TECHNOLOGY

NiTL INST OF STAND & TECH RU

A11103 7bQ7Mfi

NISI

PUBLICATIONS

NIST Technical Note 1351

Standard Spherical Dipole Source

G. Koepke

L. D. Driver

K. Cavcey

K. Masterson

R. Johnk

M. Kanda

^QC

Standard Spherical Dipole Source

G. Koepke

L. D. Driver

'

K. Cavcey Umc^ A-'

K. Masterson

R. Johnk

M. Kanda^

Electromagnetic Fields Division

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328

'^'^res o*

''

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, John W. Lyons, Director

Issued December 1991
National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Tech. Note 1351, pages (132)

CODEN:NTNOEF

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1991

For sale by the Superintendent of Docunnents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
Contents

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. RADIATED FIELDS FROM A SPHERICAL DIPOLE 3

2.1 Derivation of the Electric and Magnetic

Fields for the Standard Spherical Radiator . . 3

2.2 Expressions for the Radiated Power Density

and the Total Radiated Power 8

2 .

Convergence of the Field and Power Expressions

for the Standard Spherical Radiator 11

3. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE SPHERICAL RADIATOR . . 14

4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 18

4.1 Spherical Radiator 2

4.2 Control Unit 2

4.3 Optical Components and Cable 2

4.4 Analog rf Link 21

4.5 Voltage and Temperature Monitoring Links ... 23

4.6 Power Control Link 24

5. CIRCUIT OPERATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 2 4

5.1 Spherical Radiator Functions 24

5.2 Sphere Circuitry 2 5

5.3 Base Control Unit Circuitry 2 7

6. CONCLUSIONS 31

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32

8. REFERENCES 32

Appendix A: FORTRAN and BASIC Programs Al

Appendix B: Parts List Bl

standard Spherical Dipole Source

G. Koepke, L. D. Driver, K. Cavcey

K. Masterson, R. Johnk, and M. Kanda

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Electromagnetic Fields Division

Boulder, Colorado 80303

A spherical dipole was developed to provide a source that

can be characterized both by theory and experiment and

integrated into modern automated test systems. The

frequency and amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic

field are established remotely using a signal generator.

This signal and all other control features are

transmitted to and from the sphere using fiber optic

cable. The field measurements show good agreement with

predictions over much of the frequency band.

Key words: electromagnetic fields; electronic circuits; fiber

optic; remote control; spherical dipole; standard radiator.

1 . INTRODUCTION

The spherical dipole rf antenna developed at the National Institute

of Standards and Technology and documented in this report is

designed to be a standard (known and repeatable) electromagnetic

(em) source. The ability to predict and monitor the em fields

produced by the standard source will provide an effective means to

determine the accuracy of emissions measurement systems. These

measurement systems must quantify the unintentional emissions of a wide variety of electronic devices. These devices are not designed

as em sources yet the internal electronic systems may produce

interfering signals with unknown radiation characteristics. A

predictable standard source would permit meaningful comparisons of

different facilities or techniques and be a useful instrument for

further improvements in emissions metrology.
We examined several possible geometries which could be used for a

standard source antenna. The short monopole over a box containing

a power source has been used successfully as a control standard to

monitor the repeatability of various measurements. This geometry

is difficult to model accurately due to the variable (usually

small) ground plane size which depends on the proximity of a ground

reference. The monopole is a good solution when the source is

characterized by experiment alone. Another geometry that merits

consideration is the fat cylindrical dipole. However, the

cylindrical dipole and other more complicated geometries were

abandoned in favor of a simple sphere with a small gap on the

equator.

The sphere provides a desirable symmetry and avoids sharp edges

which complicate the theoretical model. The idea for using a small

spherical dipole as a control standard radiator or as a receiving

antenna has been explored by several researchers [1 through 9] with

good success. The volume provided by a spherical shape allows the

antenna to be self-contained. All the necessary circuitry and

power sources can be internal, thereby eliminating interconnecting

lines which disrupt the radiated field. Previous radiators have

employed internal oscillators with rich harmonic content to provide

radiating signals; however, there was no remote control over

amplitude or frequency. A spherical low frequency probe [7 through

9] and a recent effort by Murakawa, et al., [6] with a spherical

radiator have demonstrated the use of a fiber optic transmission

line to communicate with the spherical antenna. The use of fiber

optic components for microwave frequencies has been made possible

due to recent advances in physical size, power consumption, and

modulation bandwidth. The spherical radiator described in this

report also uses optical fiber to control the frequency and

amplitude of the radiated signal. The communication between the

operator and the sphere is further enhanced by provisions for

monitoring internal functions of the radiator. These functions

include the drive rf voltage applied to the equatorial gap, the

ambient temperature within the sphere, and a standby mode to

maximize battery life.

This report is written to provide the theoretical formulations used

to predict electromagnetic fields radiated from a spherical dipole

in free space (section 2) , to detail the experimental comparison

with these predictions (section 3) , and to provide complete design

and construction details of the standard spherical dipole (sections
4 and 5) . Section 6 draws conclusions and section 7 acknowledges

contributions by other individuals.

2. RADIATED FIELDS FROM A SPHERICAL DIPOLE

2.1 Derivation of the Electric and Magnetic Fields for the

Standard Spherical Radiator

In this section, expressions are derived for the electric and

magnetic fields of the standard spherical radiator of figure 1. As

can be seen in figure 1, the spherical radiator consists of two

perfectly conducting hemispheres that are separated by an

infinitesimally small gap at the equator (6 = 7r/2) . An

infinitesimal gap has a width that is immeasurably or incalculably

small. Thus, for analysis, the gap width is assumed to be

arbitrarily close to 0. Because of the geometry of this structure,

the spherical coordinates (r, 6, <p) are used to describe the field

behavior in the region external to the surface of the sphere. In

order to create the electric and magnetic fields, a complex, timeharmonic voltage V is applied across the gap; this, in turn, sets

up time-harmonic electric and magnetic fields in the region

external to the sphere. The assumption of a time-harmonic source

means that a sinusoidal voltage of amplitude |v| is applied between

the two hemispheres for an infinitely long time so that field

transients are allowed to decay away. As a careful study of figure

1 reveals, the assumed gap does not correspond to the actual gap of

the standard radiator because the actual gap has a small but

measurable width. However, in all practical situations, the

assumption of an infinitesimal gap will have virtually no effect on

the values of the computed fields. Because of the spherical

symmetry of this antenna, the gap voltage generates an electric

field E that is 6-directed and a magnetic field H that is 0-

directed.

The spherical symmetry of this structure allows us to obtain a

closed-form solution for the electric and magnetic fields. The <p-
directed magnetic field can be expanded in a series of spherical

harmonics as follows [10]:

H^ir,Q) = Y^A^r-^/^Pi{cosd)H^Vi/2ikor) . (D

n=l

The 6-directed electric field can be found by applying eq (1) to

the Maxwell curl relation:

E = -J^VxH. (2)

The result of this process is

£'e(r,0) = T -^-^r-'/^P^icosQ) [k.rH^^^iK^) -nH^llniKr)] . (3)

n^ coe

In eqs (1) and (3) , A^ is a yet to be determined coefficient;

Pjl|(cos 0) is an associated Legendre function of the first kind of

order n and degree 1; and ^l^l]/2(^o^) ^^® second Hankel functions

with the fractional indices n ± 1/2. Also, kg = 27rf/c (f = frequency; c = 3.0 x 10® m/s) is the free-space wave number and r

is the distance from the center of the sphere to the point at which

the fields are being calculated. This series has been selected

since the fractional-order Hankel functions and the associated

Legendre functions arise naturally in the solution of

electromagnetic structures with a spherical symmetry. Since the

terms of the series of eqs (1) and (3) are a function of the

spherical coordinates (r, 6, <p) , the application of boundary

conditions to this solution is a straightforward process. It should

be noted that eqs (1) and (3) are not dependent on 0. This lack of

a dependence on is due to the fact that the gap is being excited

uniformly with a voltage V around the circumference of the

spherical radiator.

From the standpoint of numerically evaluating the series of eq (1) , the presence of the Hankel and the Legendre functions seems, at

first, intimidating and perhaps puzzling. As it turns out, the

special functions can be replaced by much simpler trigonometric and
algebraic functions. In order to illustrate this point, the Hankel

and associated Legendre functions are given below for n = 1, 2, 3.

The first three Hankel functions are given by [11]:

Hlfl (X)

^ TZX

[sinx + jcosx] , (4)

^3/i(x) = N

2 [(±irH£-cosx)+j(sinx-H-£^M)],

TUX

(5)

and

H^/lU) =

\

23 3 3 3 ^^)

[({ —-l}sinx- —cosx) +7 ( — sinx+{ —-l}cosx)] . TUX x^ X X i^

The first four associated Legendre functions are given by [11]:

Po^(cos0) = 0, (7)

Pi (cos6) = sine. (8)

P2^(cos0) = 3sin0cos0, (9)

and

P3^(cos0) = — sin0(5cos20-l) (10)

As an inspection of eqs (4) through (10) indicates, the evaluation

of the first few spherical Hankel functions and associated Legendre

functions is a straightforward process. In order to evaluate

functions with higher indices, we could, in principle, utilize

expressions similar to those of eqs (4) through (10) . However, as

the index n becomes larger, the resulting expressions become more

and more complex and cumbersome. An alternative approach to
finding the value of these functions for a given argument x and an

arbitrary index n (n > 3) is to use eqs (4) through (10) to

evaluate the functions at the first several indices, and then to

find the value of the function at a higher index by using a

recurrence relation. The recurrence relation for the associated

Legendre functions is

in-DPiix) = x{2n-l)Ptiix)-nPl.2U) . (11)

The fractional-index Hankel functions can be expressed in terms of

the spherical Hankel functions as

(2) K'>{x) = ^

HSln^x). (12)

\ 2x

The recurrence relation for the spherical Hankel function is

h^^l (X) .h^ll ix) = [-^)hi'' ix) . (13)

Equations (12) and (13) constitute the recurrence relation for the

fractional-order Hankel functions. As an inspection of eqs (11)

through (13) indicates, for a given argument x, the value of either

of the Legendre function or the Hankel functions can be found for

an arbitrary index n, provided that two initial starting values are

given. For instance, if the values of the functions are known at

X for n = 1, 2 the functions can be evaluated for n > 3 for the

same argument. Recurrence relations are particularly suitable when

the functions are being programmed on a computer. We must be

careful, however, when the recurrence relations are used to

evaluate either the associated Legendre functions or the Hankel

function for a large index n. A large index n requires the

repeated use of a recurrence relation, which can generate

potentially inaccurate results due to numerical instabilities. The

existence of numerical instabilities depends on the form of a given

recurrence relation. Some recurrence relations are inherently

stable and can be used for large indices, while others cannot be

used for a large index due to instabilities that can be introduced

by a given recurrence relation. For the parameters of this
problem, the recurrence relations of eqs (11) and (13) are stable

up to an index of about 40. Fortunately, such a large index is

never encountered in this problem since the series of eqs (1) and

(3) converge rapidly and require only a few terms (for the case of

the 10 cm diameter spherical radiator) in order to generate an

accurate result. Thus the recurrence relations will have to be

used at most for a few repeated iterations.

Up to this point, the coefficient A^ in eqs (1) and (3) has not yet

been evaluated. In order to determine this coefficient, boundary

conditions must be invoked. For this case the boundary condition

of a vanishing electric field at the surface of the sphere (except

at the gap) is sufficient to determine uniquely this coefficient.

At the surface of the sphere (r = a) , the expression for the

electric field is given by:

EQ{a,e) = Vb (0-71/2)

= E ^^~'^'Pn (cose) [k,iH^%2 (Ka) -nH^Vu, {k,a) ] , ^^^^

where the term 5(6 - 7r/2) is the Dirac delta function. This

function is for every angle except for 6 = 7r/2 where it becomes

infinite. The electric field, therefore, is everywhere on the

surface of the sphere except at the gap, where it becomes infinite.

The fact that the field becomes infinite at the gap location is due

to the assumption of an inf initesimally small gap width. For the

actual spherical radiator, the gap is small and has a finite width.

Thus the field is finite for the actual radiator, although it is

still large in the gap region. In order to evaluate the

coefficient A^, both sides of eq (14) are multiplied by P|J|(cos6)

sin0 and integrated with respect to the angle from to tt. This

process is written as

V rsinQ P;i(cos0)6 (0-7r/2) d0

Jo

= E ^^"'^'

[KrHl^l/2 iKa) -nH^ll;2 i^a) ] (15)

(COS0) Pn (cos0) sin0d0

n-i toe

[r-"
The integrals on both sides of eq (15) can be evaluated readily by

using the basic properties of the Dirac delta function and the

orthogonal properties of the associated Legendre function. A wellbehaved function that is multiplied by a Dirac delta function and

integrated over some range yields

L

f{x)6{x-b)dx=f{b) {a<b<c) , ^^^gj = {otherwise) .

The orthogonal property of the associated Legendre function is

given by

["pi (cose) P^' (cose) sine de = ^/i^^'^'V {m=n) , ,,-.

= {in*n) .

Applying eqs (16) and (17) to eq (15) yields the coefficient A^:

j2n{n^l) a[koaH^%2(K^) -nH^fl/2iK^)'\

Equation (18) in conjunction with eqs (1) and (3) are the final

desired expressions for the electric and magnetic fields.

2.2 Expressions for the Radiated Power Density and the Total

Radiated Power

The radiated power density of a given antenna structure has the

dimension of W/m^, and it is a measure of power per unit area for

any point external to the radiator. The radiated power density is

defined in terms of the electric and magnetic fields by taking the

vector cross product of the electric field and the complex

conjugate of the magnetic field:

P^ = -^Re {ExTT}, (19)
where the symbol (*) denotes the complex conjugate of the timeharmonic magnetic field. In order to find the radiated power

density, the solutions of the standard spherical radiator given by

eqs (1), (3), and (18) must be applied to eq (19).

= a Ai?e

I f: f: ^^^P^ (cose) Pi (COS0) (20)

Equation (20) is the expression for the radiated power density.

The radiated power density is a function of the location of the

field observation point (r, 6) . The double series form of eq (20)

looks formidable and computationally involved; however, in the case

of the spherical radiator, relatively few terms are required for

the series to converge. This issue is treated in the next section.

The expression for the total radiated power can be readily derived

from a Poynting integration in conjunction with the expressions for

the electric and magnetic fields that have already been developed.

In this case, the Poynting integral corresponds to the following

surface integration of the power density:

^rad = ^^e [fjExTT] '^„ dSy (21)

Although the surface over which the integration is carried out is

arbitrary, it is mathematically convenient to integrate over the

surface of a sphere of radius R (R > a) whose center is coincident

with the center of the spherical antenna. For a spherical surface,

eq (21) becomes

Prad = "l^e l/o'Vo"

[^^^^ 't^J r^sine dQd<\>] \,^1. (22)
From eqs (1) , (3) , and (18) , the vector cross product of the

electric field and the complex conjugate of the magnetic field is

given by

(23)

X [p^(cos8)Pi(cos0)].

Applying eq (23) to (22) and performing the integration yields

the following expression for the total radiated power:

Pr.. = ^ Re\tt '""^-^

m-X n-X <^e

X [k^RHi,%2 ik^R) -mH^!l/2 (k^R) ]^jfiV*2 (^o^) ^^^^ Tp^ (cose) P^(cos0) sine del

Applying the orthogonality relation of eq (17) to eq (24) yields

the following single-series expression for the total radiated

power:

p,..-«ei:''^"'^ '"'"*'*

n=l 0)6 (2i2+l) (25)

[k,RHi%2 (koR) -M%2 ikoR) ]H^!r/2 ikoR) }

•

Equation (25) is the final expression for the total amount of

radiated power out of a spherical antenna of radius a. The total

radiated power is completely independent of the selected radius of

integration R. This fact is not readily apparent in eq (25) for

general values of R. Independence from R, however, can be

demonstrated as R -^ +oo by utilizing appropriate large argument

expansions for the spherical Hankel functions [11]. As is the case

with the series expressions for the fields and the radiated power

densities, only a few terms of the series of eq (25) are necessary

10
in order to generate accurate results for the standard spherical

radiator. This issue is dealt with in more detail in the next

section.

2.3 Convergence of the Field and Power Expressions for the

Standard Spherical Radiator

Table 1 depicts the complex electric field for the standard

spherical radiator with a gap voltage of IV. This has been

computed from eq (3) as a function of frequency and the number of

terms in the series using [12] and the program listed in appendix

A. The observation angle has been chosen as 6 = 7r/2 since this

corresponds to the electric (and magnetic) field maxima. Also, the

rates of series convergence are similar to those obtained at other

values of 6 . As a careful study of the table indicates, summing

five terms in the series is more than sufficient to ensure fourplace accuracy. Up to an operating frequency of 900 MHz three

terms are sufficient to yield four-place accuracy. Since only a

few terms are required in order to obtain accurate results, the

series of eq (3) is convenient to use.

Table 2 depicts the complex magnetic field results as a function of

frequency and the number of terms of eq (1) . The results are

similar to those of the electric field in that five terms ensure

four-place accuracy, and three terms are sufficient to obtain fourplace accuracy up to 800 MHz. The ratio of Eg in table 1 to H^ in

table 2 is also close to the free space value of 12 07r.

Results for the total radiated power as a function of frequency and

the number of series terms computed from eq (25) are depicted in

table 3. As an inspection of this table indicates, only three

terms of the series need to be summed in order to ensure four-place

accuracy up to 1000 MHz. Thus the series for the radiated power

converges more rapidly than the corresponding series expressions

for the electric and magnetic fields.

11
Table 1. The magnitude (V/m) and phase (degrees) of the

complex electric field evaluated for a gap voltage V = 1

at an observation distance of R = 10 m and 6 = •n/2 as a

function of frequency and the number of series terms N.

freq (MHz) N = 1 N = 3 N = 5 N = 10

100 8.260x10"^

at 57.22°

8.259x10"^

at 57.22°

8.258X10'^

at 57.22°

8.258x10'^

at 57.22°

200 3.360x10"^

at -61.72°

3.357x10"^

at -61.72°

3.357x10"^

at -61.72°

3.357x10*^

at -61.72°

300 7.754x10"^

at 177.87°

7.740x10"^

at 177.88°

7.740x10"^

at 177.88°

7.740x10'^

at 177.88°

400 1.423xlO"2

at 56.38°

1.418xl0'2

at 56.39°

1.418x10'^

at 56.39°

1.418xlO"2

at 56.39°

500 2.297x10"^

at -66.35°

2.286x10'^

at -66.37°

2.286x10"^

at -66.37°

2.286xl0"2

at -66.37°

600 3.394X10"2

at 169.47°

3.372xlO"2

at 169.42°

3.372xl0"2

at 169.42°

3.372xlO"2

at 169.42°

700 4.649x10"^

at 43.87°

4.609x10"^

at 43.75°

4.609xl0'2

at 43.75°

4.609xl0'2

at 43.75°

800 5.919xl0'2

at -82.75°

5.854xl0"2

at -82.99°

5.854x10"^

at -82.99°

5.854x10'^

at -82.99°

900 7.019x10'^

at 150.46°

6.920x10"^

at 150.03°

6.921xl0'2

at 150.03°

6.921xl0"2

at 150.03°

1000 7.821xl0"2

at 24.46°

7.680xl0"2

at 23.75°

7.682xl0"2

at 23.76°

7.682xl0'2

at 23.76°

12
Table 2. The magnitude (A/m) and phase (degrees) of the

complex magnetic field evaluated for a gap voltage V = 1

at an obseirvation distance of R = 10 m and = 7r/2 as a

function of frequency and the number of series terms N.

freq (MHz) N = 1 N = 3 N = 5 N = 10

100 2.198X10"^

at 57.22°

2.198X10"^

at 57.22°

2.198x10'*

at 57.23°

2.198x10'*

at 57.23°

200 8.926x10'^

at -61.72°

8.919X10"*

at -61.72°

8.919x10'*

at -61.72°

8.919x10"*

at -61.72°

300 2.059x10"^

at 177.87°

2.056x10"^

at 177.88°

2.056x10'^

at 177.88°

2.056x10'^

at 177.88°

400 3.778x10"^

at 56.38°

3.776x10"^

at 56.39°

3.776x10'^

at 56.39°

3.776x10'^

at 56.39°

500 6.011x10"^

at -66.35°

6.071x10"^

at -66.37°

6.071x10'^

at -66.37°

6.071x10"^

at -66.37°

600 9.011x10"^

at 169.47°

8.952x10"^

at 169.42°

8.952x10"^

at 169.42°

8.952x10"^

at 169.42°

700 1.234x10"^

at 43.87°

1.224x10'^

at 43.75°

1.224x10"^

at 43.75°

1.224X10"^

at 43.75°

800 1.572x10"^

at -82.75°

1.554X10"^

at -82.99°

1.554x10"^

at -82.99°

1.554x10'^

at -82.99°

900 1.864x10"^

at 150.46°

1.837x10'^

at 150.03°

1.838x10"^

at 150.03°

1.838x10'^

at 150.03°

1000 2.076x10"^

at 24.45°

2.039x10'^

at 23.75°

2.040x10'^

at 23.76°

2.040x10"^

at 23.76°

13
Table 3 . The total radiated power (W) evaluated for a gap

voltage V = 1 at an observation distance of R = 10 m and

6 = 7r/2 as a function of frequency and the number of

series terms N.

freq (MHz) N = 1 N = 3 N = 5 N = 10

100 7.606X10'^ 7.606X10"'' 7.606x10"'' 7.606x10"^

200 1.257X10'^ 1.256X10"^ 1.256x10"^ 1.256X10"5

300 6.689x10'^ 6.689X10'^ 6.689X10"^ 6.689x10"^

400 2.252x10"^ 2.252x10"^ 2.252x10"^ 2.252X10"*

500 5.870x10"^ 5.870x10"^ 5.870x10"^ 5.870x10"*

600 1.281x10'^ 1.281X10"^ 1.281x10"^ 1.281x10"^

700 2.403x10"^ 2.403x10"^ 2.404X10"^ 2.404x10"^

800 3.897x10"^ 3.898X10'^ 3.898x10"^ 3.898x10"^

900 5.480x10"^ 5.481x10"^ 5.481x10"^ 5.480x10"^

1000 6.802x10'^ 6.806x10"^ 6.806x10"^ 6.806x10"^

3. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE SPHERICAL RADIATOR

The spherical radiator circuits were first tested individually to

evaluate the performance of the major components. This evaluation

was performed concurrently with the final circuit design to verify

that operation and performance specifications were realized. The

alignment and setup procedures outlined in section 4 were developed

during this time. These preliminary measurements also examined the

overall quality and stability of the rf optical link and general

system performance. The data shown in figures 1, 3, and 4

demonstrate the signal purity attained by the laser transmitterreciever link. The input signal from a signal generator (left

graphs of figures 2 and 3) which modulates the laser and the

resulting output signal (right graphs) after being demodulated by

the optical receiver and amplified by the MMIC amplifier inside the

sphere are shown in figures 2 and 3 . The data show no spurious

signals being generated by the rf optical link even at this maximum

signal level. The data clearly show that when the input contains

14
harmonic signals, these signals will be present in the output.

Special care should be exercised when using broadband devices to

detect the signal from such a source. The gap voltage detector is

such a broadband device and will give an indication of the total

contribution from all signals present. There is no correction

applied for the simple 50 n coax probe used to pick off the signal

at the amplifier output and this may account for some of the

amplitude variations seen in these figures. Figure 4 shows the

frequency response attained by the rf optical link with a constant

input to the laser. The frequency is swept from 50 to 1300 MHz.

Again there is no correction for the coax probe, but the data

clearly indicate a usable bandwidth beyond the 1000 MHz set as a

design goal.

The second part of the experimental evaluation examined the

spherical radiator transmitting in several environments over a

frequency range of 10 MHz to 1000 MHz. The facilities used for

radiated field measurements included the TEM cell, anechoic

chamber, and open area test site (OATS) . The measurements were

designed to determine the free-space radiation pattern, power

output, and gap voltage indicator transfer function. The radiation

pattern and radiated power are necessary to determine how closely

the sphere acts as a dipole antenna given all the added material

inside the sphere and also the fiber optic control lines which exit

the sphere at the equator and connect to the control unit. The

closer the measured data follows the predicted data for a perfect

spherical dipole, the more accurately radiated fields can be

calculated using the theory of section 2. The ability to monitor

the rf voltage at the radiating gap around the sphere ' s equator

provides the information necessary to make this calculation and

also provides a reference point for repeating a radiating

condition. The diode detector, which is described in section 4,

has complicated circuitry involved in transmitting the detected

voltage to the front panel indicator on the control unit. This

circuitry includes an amplifier, voltage-to-frequency converter,

optical transmitter/ receiver, frequency-to-voltage converter, and

additional amplifiers. While the dc components can be aligned and

well characterized, the overall rf-to-dc conversion must be

calibrated by measurement of the radiated signal. Any direct

contact probing of the rf signal in the vicinity of the dipole gap

resulted in adverse loading on the final rf amplifier. Direct

probing also ignores the actual impedance of the balun and

radiating sphere because the hemispheres must be removed to access

the rf circuits. The calibration for the gap voltage indicator is

15
then a comparison between the predicted and measured field

strength. This scale factor is shown on each radiation pattern

figure. The scale factor is the actual gap voltage, determined by

calculations, which would produce the measured field. All

measurements were performed with a gap voltage indicator reading of

1.0 V.

The small size of this radiator made it compatible with using a TEM

cell as a tool for evaluation at frequencies of 100 MHz and below.

The radiator was positioned inside the TEM cell at six unique

orientations while maintaining a constant output power and

frequency. The sum and difference power and relative phase angle

were measured at each position as prescribed by the TEM cell

emissions technique [13, 14]. The source, in this case the

spherical radiator, is modeled by orthogonal electric and magnetic

dipoles. These equivalent source components are then determined by

measurements of power and phase from the two TEM cell ports through

a 0° - 180° hybrid junction. These measurements provide sufficient

data to calculate the radiation pattern and power radiated from the

sphere.

Figures 5 through 10 show the results of radiating a signal in a

TEM cell with a cross section of 1.2 x 1.2 m, processing the data

as described, and comparing the pattern information with predicted

free-space values. The predicted pattern is scaled as noted on

each figure to match the maximum values of the measurement based

data. The solid lines are calculated using the theory of section

2 and the dotted lines represent two patterns calculated from

measurement data at = 0° and 90°. These data show that the sphere

acts very much like the ideal spherical antenna at these

frequencies. The scale factor shown on the graphs can be used

along with the gap voltage indication and the theory of section 2

to predict the free-space fields from the spherical radiator.

The open area test site (OATS) with a 30 m x 60 m flat ground

screen was used to measure radiated field strength from the

spherical radiator. The reflected wave from the ground plane was

compensated for by correcting the received signal by the amount

contributed by such a reflected signal. The value for the

correction was determined by accurately positioning the radiating

sphere and the calibrated receiving antenna as in figure 11,

16
assuming a perfectly conducting ground reflection and then

calculating the contribution using [15]

'total E.dill

l^dir + ^r/i

l-^dir

+ r

-jpr

-jPd (26)

2rdl H-mM^h-*

where

m

m

^ - {:l:

<t) = 1.2 F{r-d) degrees

F = frequency, MHz.

horizontal

vertical

(27)

The data shown in figures 12 through 2 3 were taken at a separation

distance of D = 10 in, transmitter height of h^ = 2 m, and a

receiving antenna height adjusted for maximum response.

The radiation pattern begins to show degradation from a perfect

dipole at 700 MHz and improves again near 1000 MHz. There is also

minor deviation at some lower frequencies (400 to 600 MHz) which

are likely to be caused by misalignment and measurement problems.

However, the pattern characteristics in the 700 to 9 00 MHz range

show extensive distortion and reduced output level.

The root cause for this distortion in the pattern must lie with the

non-uniformity of the feed voltage around the equator (gap) . The

theory described in section 2 assumes a uniform gap feed voltage

and, if that condition is satisfied, a 10 cm sphere does not show

an irregular pattern shape at frequencies below 1000 MHz. In fact

the dipole pattern is predicted to remain intact well above 3 000

MHz. The pattern irregularity must then be caused by internal

conditions related to the ability to apply a uniform voltage to the

entire gap area. The character of the pattern distortion is

17
consistent with possible internal resonances which distort the gap

feed and absorb power. An analysis of the internal volume of the

sphere including all the circuitry, batteries, and the dipole feed

system has not yet been attempted. A cursory look at spherical

modes and resonances in a perfect spherical volume enclosed within

a perfectly conducting surface [16] also indicates that the lowest

frequency for this to occur is well above the problem area.

Additional work is needed to model the complex internal structure

and redesign the feed to reduce the distortion. The pattern

irregularities should not diminish the utility of the spherical

dipole for its intended use as an intercomparison or transfer

standard device, but they make it more difficult to theoretically

predict the radiated field strength at these higher frequencies.

Antenna pattern measurements taken in an anechoic chamber from 2 00

to 1000 MHz show the same character as that seen on the open field

site. Figures 24 through 32 compare the electric field calculated

using the theory in section 2 and adjusted by the listed scale

factor to the measured electric field. These data were taken with

a 3 m separation distance between sphere and receiving antenna due

to the limited space inside the anechoic chamber. The measured

pattern amplitude was then extrapolated to 10 m distance for

comparison to the open area test site. There were two patterns

measured at each frequency, 0=0 and 7r/2, and both are presented

on these graphs. As the overall pattern begins to distort at the

higher frequencies these orthogonal measurements show less

resemblance to each other.

These measurements have provided a partial picture of the spherical

dipole character from 10 to 1000 MHz. Figure 33 is a summary of

the scale factors for all the data presented in figures 5 through

10 and 12 through 32. The scale factor must be determined at

frequencies not represented in these measurements if field strength

predictions are to be made based upon gap voltage indications. The

radiator and the gap voltage detector demonstrated good

repeatability and would be useful for relative measurements without

extensive scale factor calibration.

4. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

The spherical dipole radiator system was designed to expand the

capabilities of earlier devices which used fixed-frequency combtype oscillators to generate the radiating signal. This system was

18
intended to provide advanced features that will allow it to be

incorporated into a modern automated test system and permit the

automated test system to control and monitor the frequency and

amplitude of the radiated signal. General design goals for the new

radiator system were established to take advantage of recent

developments in the areas of optical communication, wide bandwidth

MMIC amplifiers, and new integrated circuits. The new system was

intended to

(1) have continuous frequency coverage from 10 MHz to 1.0 GHz

and be suitable for swept frequency, modulated cw, and

other automated measurements,

(2) provide at least 4 dB of amplitude dynamic range,

(3) have the rf signal derived from an external signal

generator (in keeping with an automated system)

,

(4) provide a direct indication on the control unit of the

gap rf voltage and the ambient temperature inside the

sphere

,

(5) have all circuitry within the sphere operate on battery

supplies and be designed for maximum operating time plus

have a provision for remote (at the control unit) on/off,

(6) provide audio and visual alarms for malfunctions or low

battery, and

(7) make use of optical cable for all control and signal

lines connecting to the sphere.

A block diagram of the complete radiator system is shown in figure

34. The radiator system consists of the spherical radiator with a

10 cm outside diameter and a control unit to interface to the

operator and signal source. The two parts are connected by a fully

dielectric optical fiber cable. This optical fiber cable is used

to carry all the necessary signals between the control unit and

sphere. Specific design criteria and rationale for each part of

the radiator system are described below.

19
4.1 Spherical Radiator

As was discussed in the introduction, the geometry for the radiator

was chosen to be a spherical dipole. This shape allows some

flexibility in packaging components within the sphere. Another

concern was the diameter. A large sphere would provide much space

for components and reduce the effort necessary for packaging plus

it would provide more signal strength at lower frequencies. On the

other hand, a large sphere would not be as useful in evaluating

small enclosures where the smallest possible source is desired. A

small sphere will extend the upper usable frequency and provide a

compact source which more closely appears as a point source, but

with a loss of output at the lower frequency range. Previous

spherical radiators were on the order of 10 to 12 cm and these were

quite successful. After examining the space requirements, a 10 cm

diameter sphere was selected.

The sphere is divided into two hemispheres by a threaded dielectric

spacer. This spacer also provides a mounting surface for the

circuit board and the optical cable strain relief. The battery

packs are then mounted to the circuit board and extend into both

hemispheres. Figure 35 is a cross section of the spherical dipole

and details this design. Additional details relating to the

circuit design can be found in section 5.

4 . 2 Control Unit

The control unit had no specific tradeoff considerations as did the

sphere. This unit is basically there to house the laser

transmitter, other optical components used to control the sphere,

displays and output ports, battery charging circuits, and power

supplies. These components fit compactly within a 7.6 x 48.3 cm

(3 in X 19 in) rack mountable case. The circuit details can be

found in section 5.

4.3 Optical Components and Cable

The use of a fiber optic link to the radiating spherical dipole

provides complete electrical isolation of the unit. It also gives

freedom from electromagnetic interference and distortion of the

radiating field that is normally found with conducting leads. In

addition, it allows the radiation of a field at a selectable

20
frequency and amplitude. This is in contrast to previous radiating

spherical dipoles that use comb generators to radiate fields in

several narrow frequency bands simultaneously and have amplitudes

that vary according to battery charge. The added control that is

available by using the optical link allows the unit to be used for

accurate swept frequency measurements with programmable spectral

profiles. In order for the sphere to perform its primary function

in a reliable and well characterized way, there is a need to

monitor its output and to minimize battery drain by having some

control over its on-off status. These functions are also

admirably performed through fiber optic links.

Clearly it would be cumbersome to have four individual optical

cables to route every time the sphere was to be relocated. We thus

procured custom built composite optical cable which consisted of

two single mode fibers for 1300 nm operation and four multimode

fibers (one spare of each type) . The cable is a ruggedized design

intended for field use and incorporates two layers of Kevlar fibers

and plastic coatings. Also included between the layers are some

stiffening members to help prevent kinking of the fibers.

The system uses two lengths of the optical cable. A shorter (10 m)

length was specially prepared and one end permanently attached to

the sphere. This was due to the fusion splice used on the single

mode rf link and the space restrictions of the sphere. The other

end was fitted with precision optical connectors. A longer (50 m)

length with connectors at both ends is used to provide the bulk of

the cable length between the control unit and the sphere. A

plastic junction box which houses the optical barrel connectors and

protects the ends of the fibers is used to connect the two cables.

4 . 4 Analog rf Link

An analog rf fiber optic link was chosen to give maximum signal

fidelity, very low noise, and a high degree of control over the

amplitude and frequency of the radiating field. It was desirable

to purchase commercial products when available and then design the

rest of the system around these components.

Several commercially available analog components and systems were

evaluated in-house. The space and power available in the sphere

plus the analog signal requirements limited the choices for the

optical receiver. The unit chosen proved to be substantially

21
superior to other units considered because of very low power

requirements (45 mA at 9 V and 5 mA at -5 V) , a very flat frequency

response up to above 1 GHz, excellent dynamic range, and was

available in a small 14 pin surface mount package. The receiver

itself was marginally capable of providing the desired dBm of

power to the dipole gap when driven at maximum power. The bias

current requirement is increased and the linearity becomes degraded

at maximum power so it is better not to operate in that region. A

solution to this involved adding an wideband MMIC amplifier

following the receiver and lowering the optical carrier power and

modulation depth into the reciever. A nominal value of -12 dBm

optical power was found to be a minimum setting which provided

sufficient drive to the MMIC amplifier to reach the dBm of rf

power desired at the dipole gap. This allowed the receiver to

operate well below the maximum signal to insure its linearity and

stability. The bias current savings into the receiver are

consummed by the additional amplifier circuit and the amplifier

must be carefully shielded and isolated from the receiver to

prevent oscillations, but the overall analog signal performance

improvements are worth the effort.

The analog microwave fiber optic transmitter (laser) used in this

system proved to be an excellent low noise companion to the

receiver. The unit is designed for direct modulation of the laser

with an external analog signal. Since it produces about -3 dBm of

optical power out of the fiber pigtail, it was necessary to add

about 7 dB of optical attenuation (above connector and fiber losses

of about 2 dB) in the link to bring the carrier to the desired -12

dBm level. The optical attenuator is housed in the control unit.

This system used an adjustable attenuator and by using an optical

power meter was set to the correct value.

In order to preserve the low noise characteristics of the optical

transmitter it is necessary to reduce the reflections from all

fiber connections to the lowest reasonably obtainable values. This

is because light reflected back into the laser causes instabilities

in the mode structures and is also detected in the photodiode

monitoring and feedback control circuitry. The best way to reduce

reflections is to use fusion splices for all the fiber connections.

Although we did use a fusion splice between the fiber on the

receiver and the 10 m pigtail attached to the sphere, it was

necessary, because of handling and cable routing during use, to be

able to disconnect the sphere and optional 50 m cable link. For

this reason, high quality connectors which have low reflection

22
(high return loss) were selected for the cable links. The high

return loss is accomplished by polishing the end of the fiber and

ferrule at a slight slant, so that reflected light does not couple

back into the fiber core.

4 . 5 Voltage and Temperature Monitoring Links

A primary element in the design concept for the spherical dipole

radiator was the ability to accurately monitor the voltage across

the dipole 's gap in order to calibrate the amplitude of the

radiation field, and control it by feedback. Also since the

required monitoring circuits are expected to show some sensitivity

to the large temperature variations anticipated in field use, we

thought it was also important to monitor the unit's temperature and

characterize the temperature dependence of its output. This would

also enable the user to remove or protect the unit if it appears to

overheat from solar absorption.

It was also desirable for the monitoring links to be both reliable

and relatively inexpensive. In terms of reliability, it is

important that the signals from the monitoring circuits should be

independent of the optical power in the link. This is important

since the optical power varies both with the temperature of the

transmitter and with the cleanliness and quality of the optical

connections.

To meet these goals we chose a multimode fiber link with 850 nm LED

sources in ST style receptacles inside the sphere. The components

are readily available from a number of manufacturers and suppliers.

The connectors between the fiber sections and at the control unit

are a different style. Since we chose special slant polish

connectors from one supplier for the singlencided to use multimode

connectors on the cables and PIN photodiode receptacles from the

same supplier. This was done primarily as a convenience and to

save time by getting all the connectors installed on the patch

cords by a single supplier. In retrospect, it appears more

desirable to use ST style connectors and receptacles throughout the

monitoring links.

To free the response of the monitor links from dependence on

optical power level, we converted the measured voltages to

frequencies for the LEDs and then reconverted from frequency back

to voltage in the base electronics unit. To keep power drain low

23
the voltage-to-frequency converters were operated at 100 kHz and

below with a fixed pulse duration set for a 50 percent duty cycle

at the highest frequency.

4 . 6 Power Control Link

Power requirements for the electronics in the sphere limit the

operation time between battery recharges to about two hours.

However, much of the time a unit is in the field or in a test

chamber is actually spent in setup and preparation rather than

actual measurements. There are three small switches located inside

the sphere for turning battery power on and off, but it is not

always convenient to disturb the measurement and access these

switches. We, therefore, chose to use an additional optical link

to switch the sphere electronics on and off remotely from the base

control unit. Thus the sphere is fully powered only during

relatively brief periods when actual measurements are being made.

With this addition, the useful life of a single battery charge can

be preserved much beyond the two hour limit for continuous

operation. The optical link that is used for this purpose is very

similar to those for the voltage and temperature monitors. In this

case an 850 nm LED in the base control unit is coupled through a

multimode fiber to a photo-Darlington transistor in the sphere.

5. CIRCUIT OPERATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

In this section we will present an operation and design overview

for each circuit in the radiator system. The schematic diagrams

begin with figure 36. The reader is urged to refer to the system

block diagram (figure 34) and the base control unit block diagram

(figure 43) to reference these individual circuits to their

location in the system.

5.1 Spherical Radiator Functions

The sphere halves function as the radiating surfaces of the dipole.

The volume inside the sphere contains the following system

functions:

24
(1) Battery supplies and related control circuits and voltage

or current regulation networks for the various circuits

of the sphere.

(2) Fiber optic up and down links that carry rf excitation,

rf level, and temperature inforTnation.

(3) Fiber optic PINFET receiver (rf excitation mentioned in

item 2) and MMIC amplifier that constitutes the rf source

which excites the hemispheres.

(4) Individual circuits that realize the functions of 1, 2,

and 3 described above.

The base control unit interfaces between the sphere and rf signal

source. This unit aids the operator by monitoring several of the

system parameters. The following are specific base unit functions:

(1) Charging the sphere batteries through the use of built in

constant current sources.

(2) Continuous monitoring of the laser and sphere power

status with operator alarms.

(3) Switching sphere battery power off and on by a light

carrier on one of the fiber optic links.

(4) Modulating a laser driven fiber optic uplink by the

operators' rf signal source.

(5) Monitoring the operating temperature of the sphere and

the rf level of the sphere's gap voltage with fiber optic

downlink subsystems.

5.2 Sphere Circuitry

A description of the sphere starts with figure 36. This is a block

diagram of the various circuits which distribute dc supply power to

the various circuits found inside.

The sphere's batteries are connected to the internal circuits

through three miniature switches mounted on the circuit board, one

25
for each battery pack. Power status is verified by viewing three

miniature LEDs (light emitting diodes) adjacent to the switches on

the printed circuit board. At the time these three switches are

closed and the battery voltages are applied to the circuits, the

regulators IC3 and IC4 of figure 37 are latched in the "off" state.

Transistors QlOO and Q102 are conducting, but QlOl is off. When

the base control unit sphere power switch (SI of figure 38) is

activated, the current through the light emitting diode (D53)

immediately increases to 60 mA and D53 illuminates the fiber-optic

line which in turn switches the photo-Darlington transistor Q103 of

figure 37 to the conductive state. This turns on transistor QlOl

and turns off QlOO and Q102. Voltage regulators IC3 and IC4 are

activated and supply +9 and +5 V regulated voltages to the sphere

circuitry. These regulators are "smart" regulators which regulate

the output, monitor the supply battery voltage and disconnect the

supply from the load should the battery voltage drop too low. The

first supply battery to become discharged under normal conditions

is the 12 V battery supplying the regulator IC3 (9 V output) . As

the 12 V battery discharges, IC3 maintains a regulated output until

that output level drops to 5 percent below the set value or 8.55 V.

At this point, pin 5 of IC3 is forced to ground (0 V) which turns

on QlOO (latching transistor) . This activates shutdown pins (pin

3) on IC3 and IC4 which disconnect the supply batteries from their

associated loads. In this latched off or shutdown condition the

regulators remain off even though the supply voltages rise after

the load is removed. Also, when shutdown, IC3 and IC4 will draw

less than 100 /iA. The negative voltage regulator, IC5, is used

under low current conditions and does not require special

protection.

The temperature of the sphere is determined from an AD590 silicon

temperature transducer IC12 . The device is biased so that it

produces a 1 mV/K linear voltage output. Figure 39 shows the

transducer connected to an AD654JR (IC8) voltage to frequency

converter. Resistor R147 is adjusted to provide a 1 mA full scale

current with enough trim range to accommodate the AD654JR's 10

percent FS error and components' tolerances. The transfer function

of this circuit is a 100 kHz square wave 50 percent duty cycle

pulse train at 1.0 V of input. A monostable retriggerable

multivibrator (IC7) was used to maintain a fixed pulse width while

the repetition rate is decreased to clock frequencies below 100

IcHz. This results in a very short duty cycle at lower repetition

rates (frequencies) corresponding to input voltages less than 1 V.

The duty cycle rises to 50 percent only when the input voltage

26
reaches 1 V. This scheme was used to greatly reduce battery drain.

The pulse train is then converted to optical energy using Q106

which drives the HFBR-1404 LED fiber optic transmitter D108.

Figure 40 shows how the rf gap voltage is detected. A dual matched

JFET, Q104, provides a pair of constant current sources for

Schottky diodes D105 and D106. The resistors and capacitors in

this bridge circuit are used for ac filtering purposes. The reason

for using this kind of balanced detector circuit is to minimize the

effects of temperature on the sensitive rf detector diode D105.

The rectified and filtered voltage from D105 is then amplified by

the differential amplifier ICll. This amplified dc voltage drives

the AD654JR (IC6) voltage-to-frequency converter shown in figure

41. This circuit functions exactly like that of figure 39 with the

same transfer function.

The most important function of the sphere is to radiate

electromagnetic energy at the frequency of the modulated laser

light sent by the fiber optic uplink. Figure 42 shows a GaAs IC

PINFET fiber optic receiver which is used to drive a MMIC phase

linear amplifier. This circuitry excites the sphere through the

impedance matching transformer TP-103 loaded with R106. This

circuit amplifies the rf signal to a maximum dBm over the

frequency range of 10 MHz to at least 1 GHz. The PINFET and MMIC

circuit appear to be straightforward in design. In reality its

function is the most difficult to fabricate due to electromagnetic

compatibility considerations. Stray circulating rf fields can and

have created problems in other circuitry with prototypes. Most of

the problems have been solved by careful parts layout and

shielding. The amplifier, balun, and dipole feed structure are

contained within a small shielded printed circuit board which is

mounted as a unit onto the main board. The output of the receiver

is transfered to the amplifier through a short section of miniature

coaxial cable.

5.3 Base Control Unit Circuitry

Figure 43 shows the various circuits of the base control unit. A

circuit in the base control unit monitors the status of the laser

temperature, laser output power, and sphere batteries. In figure

38, three comparators sense these functions. In normal operation

D109 and Dill, which are green LEDs, signal the operator that the

27
laser is within acceptable operational limits. If the laser should

experience difficulty, DUO and or D112 will light red and the

audio alarm will sound at one tone.

Control of the sphere's power is invoked by closing switch Sla and

exciting D53 of figure 38. Light from this LED is fed by fiber to

Q103 of figure 37 and the sphere remains powered up until the

regulated +9 V supply circuit drops below 8.55 V. If this occurs,

D114 of figure 38 will signal red and the audio alarm will sound

with another tone frequency.

The largest demand of current from the sphere battery power

supplies is the +12 V system which is regulated at +9 V. It is for

this reason that this battery system is monitored. When batteries

need recharging, the sphere is opened, the internal power switches

are turned off, and the appropriate connector is attached to the

base unit's charging circuit which is shown in figure 44. Constant

current sources made from JFET devices are used to supply the

required charging rates. These current sources can be adjusted to

provide the recommended current values by changing the value of the

associated feedback resistor in the source to gate loop for each

charging line. These resistors are R7 0, R71, R75, R78, R79, and

R80. The JFETs Q54, Q55, and Q56 on the quick charge group may

have to be preselected to provide sufficient drain to source

current I^^^ to reach the recommended levels. The following table

shows the applicable parameters.

Table 4. Current limits for the battery charging circuits.

Battery System Normal Charge Quick Charge

+12.2 V 10.0 mA 30.0 mA

+7.2 V 7.0 mA 21.0 mA

-7.2 V -7.0 mA -21.0 mA

Each charging circuit is fused at 0.125 A.

The sphere data downlink receiving circuits shown in figures 45 and

4 6 are used for both the temperature and rf level. These two

downlinks share identical circuit design throughout and while the

temperature link (figure 39) and the rf level (figure 41)

transmitting circuits in the sphere are shown explicitly, the two

28
receiving circuits in the control unit are shown with a single set

of schematics (figures 45 and 46) . Due to relatively large

tolerances associated with several components in the receiving

circuit (e.g., ICl and IC2) , the circuit boards are preselected

such that the one which calibrates over the largest range (0 to 1.0

V dc) with the best accuracy is used for the rf level. Since the

other channel relates to temperature in Kelvin, a unit accurate in

the range of 250 to 350 mV is adequate. These are practical

guidelines and in actual practice both receiving channels usually

operate adequately over the entire range.

The NE5212 in figure 45 is a trans impedance amplifier designed for

the recovery of fiber optic signals in applications where very low

signals are obtained from high impedance sources such as Dl. The

recovered pulse train is amplified by IC14 (OP-37) and converted

back to a dc voltage by the frequency-to-voltage converter IC2

(AD650JN) . Because the rms (root-mean-square) value of the

measurement is desired, an AD637JQ average dc-to-rms converter is

used as shown in figure 46. Further adjustment of the transfer

function including offset is accomplished with a final operational

amplifier IC15. This amplifier also drives a digital panel meter.

The following alignment procedure for a receiver card should be

followed if a card is to be replaced or if measurements indicate a

faulty transfer function:

(1) Power up the receiver board while monitoring the currents

with suitable meters. The +15 and -15 V lines will draw

around 16 mA each and the +5 V line will draw about 24

mA.

(2) Without an input signal applied to the frequency-tovoltage converter (ICl) , adjust R9 of figure 4 5 to

produce V dc at TP17 (test point 17)

(3) Remove J2 of figure 46 and ground pin 3 of IC15. Adjust

R32 for V dc at TP19. Replace J2 after this is

completed.

(4) Pull Jl of figure 46 and ground pin 13 of the dc-to-rms

converter (IC2) . Adjust R17 for V dc at TP18.

29
(5) Apply 1.0 V dc from an external source between ground and

pin 13 of IC2. Adjust R2 3 for an output of 1.0 V dc at

TP18. Also, adjust R25 for 1.0 V dc at TP19.

(6) Adjust R22 fully clockwise for maximum smoothing of any

ripple that might appear on the waveform.

(7) Replace jumper Jl.

(8) Power up the fiber optic transmitter.

(9) Connect a fiber optic link between the transmitter and

the receiver.

(10) At TP8 of figure 41, set the input to the voltage-tofrequency converter (IC6) at pin 4 for 1.0 V.

(11) At this voltage adjust the output frequency using R142,

as seen at pin 1, for 100.0 kHz. The duty cycle here

will appear to be around 50 percent.

(12) With the 1.0 V setting and the fiber optic line in place,

adjust R7 on the receiver card (figure 45) to produce a

1.5 V peak pulse reading at TP15.

CAUTION: If R7 of figure 45 is set too low, no signal

will be present at TP16. If the setting is too high, the

frequency output at TP16 will be doubled because the

comparator in ICl is double triggering.

(13) Adjust the input voltage to be 200 mV and check to see

that R22 is set for minimum ripple at TP18.

(14) Next, vary the input voltage Vin between 2 mV and 1.2 V

dc and observe the transfer function by recording Vin,

Vf/v, Vrms, and Vout.

(15) If the error (Vin - Vout) x 100/Vin (in percent) is

greater than 1 percent at Vin = 500 mV or > 4 percent

with Vin = 100 mV, change the frequency by four or five

percent and repeat the measurements. If the tracking

error is within 1 percent proceed to step 19.

30
(16) If the tolerances in step 15 can not be accomplished,

return the frequency to 100 kHz at 1 V and adjust Vin to

be 300 mV dc.

(17) Adjust R13 of figure 45 to produce 300 mV dc at TP19 of

figure 46.

(18) Vary Vin between 2 50 and 350 mV dc and check the output

tracking. The maximum error over this range should not

exceed ± 0.5 percent.

(19) A receiver card that tracks within the tolerance of step

15 is suitable for gap voltage use and a card that can

only function as described in step 18 is adequate for

temperature measurements. Improvements to the internal

circuits within the integrated circuits may be necessary

to reduce the tracking errors seen in this system.

This completes the alignment procedure for the receiver circuitry.

The remaining figures (47 through 51) are provided as a guide to

locate the parts referenced in the text. These assembly drawings

show the physical location on the circuit boards for all components

listed in Appendix B (parts list) . Figure 47 also details the

connections for all components in the base control unit chassis.

6. CONCLUSIONS

This effort to design and realize a standard radiator for

electromagnetic signals with a wide bandwidth and large dynamic

range which could be incorporated into modern automated test

systems has been successful. While this paper deals primarily with

the design and construction details for this standard radiator, the

real value of this device will be determined by the possible

insight to be gained from measurements performed with this

standard. The use of such a characterized radiator as an

intercomparison standard by electromagnetic interference testing

laboratories will assist the continuing efforts to improve these

measurements

There is much more work to be done to formalize the standard

operating practice related to this radiator. The design allows for

a wide range of possiblilies and only experience in the field will

31
provide the information needed to bring these devices into service

as intercomparison or reference standards.

7 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors acknowledge the high level of cooperative support and

enduring patience for this work from the Naval Air Systems Command

(Robert Haislmaier) , Digital Equipment Corporation (Bruce

Archambeault) , and the management of the NIST Electromagnetic

Fields Division (Ramon Baird, Chief)

The authors also acknowledge the consistent support from all the

members of the Fields and Interference Metrology Group, NIST, who

assisted in the design, construction, testing, documentation, and

innumerable other tasks which were critical to the success of this

project.

8 . REFERENCES

1. Crawford, M. L. ; Workman, J. L. Spherical dipole for

radiating standard fields. Proceedings CPEM; June 23-27,

1980.

2. Crawford, M. L. ; Workman, J. L. Predicting free-space

radiated emissions for electronic equipment using TEM cell and

open-field site measurements. IEEE International Symposium on

EMC (Baltimore) ; October 7-9, 1980.

3. Mantovani, J. C. Spherical dipole emissions source. Final

Report, Project A-3310, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Engineering Experiment Station, Atlanta, Georgia; August,

1983.

4. Mantovani, J. C. ; Heirman, D. N. A spherical dipole source

for use as a transfer standard between radiated emission test

sites. IEEE International Symposium on EMC, pp 583-588; 1984.

5. Heirman, D. N. ; Investigating open area test site measurement

differences. 7th International Zurich Symposium and Technical

Exhibition on EMC: 335-338; March 3-5, 1987.

6. Murakawa, K. ; Kuwabara, N. ; Amemiya, F. Radiation properties

of a spherical dipole antenna. IEEE International Symposium

on EMC, EMC '89, Nagoya, Japan, p 573; 1989.

7. Valentino, A. R. A small ELF electric field probe. IEEE

International EMC Symposium Record, Arlington Heights, IL, pp

265-270; July 18-20, 1972.

32
8. Spiegel, R. J.; Cooper, E. H. ; Bronaugh, E. L. ; Kerns, D. R.

An improved optically isolated ELF electric field sensor. IEEE

International Symposium on EMC, San Diego, CA, pp 429-434;

October 9-11, 1979.

9. Gorakpurwalla, H. D. ; Cooper, E. H. ; Johnson, M. J. A

spherical dipole probe system (SPDPS) for the measurement of

electric fields from 3 Hz - 1 MHz," IEEE National Symposium

on EMC, San Antonio, TX, pp 171-179; April 24-26, 1984.

10. Ramo, S.; Whinnery, J. R. ; Van Duzer, T. Fields and Waves in

Communication Electronics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY,

pp 640-645; 1984.

11. Abramowitz, M. ; Stegun, I. NBS Handbook of Mathematical

Functions. Applied Mathematics Series, vol. 55, Washington,

D.C.; 1964.

12. Press, W. H. ; Flannery, B. P.; Teukolsky, S. A.; Vetterling,

W. T. Numerical Recipes. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, Great Britain, pp 180-183; 1989.

13. Ma, M. T. ; Koepke, G. H. A Method to Quantify the Radiation

Characteristics of an Unknown Interference Source. National

Bureau of Standards (U.S.) Technical Note 1059; October 1982.

14. Koepke, G. H. ; Ma, M. T. ; Bensema, W. D. Theory and

Measurements of Radiated Emissions Using a TEM Cell. National

Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) Technical Note

1326; January 1989.

15. Larsen, E. B. ; Ehret, R. L. ; Camell, D. G. ; Koepke, G. H.

Calibration of Antenna Factor at a Ground Screen Field Site

Using an Automatic Network Analyzer. IEEE EMC Symposium,

Denver CO; August 1989.

16. Harrington, R. F. Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields.

McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, chapter 6; 1961.

33

Appendix A

FORTRAN and BASIC Programs

Calculate Electromagnetic Fields from a Spherical Source

FORTRAN proar£un listing

Calculate the electric and magnetic fields and radiated power from

a sphere with small gap excited by a uniform voltage.

COMPLEX EFIELD , HFIELD , MAGEFD , MAGHFD , HFCJ , J , SUMPWRl

REAL PI,K,PWR,PWR1

INTEGER N

OPEN (UNIT=6 , FILE= ' SPHDAT ' , STATUS= ' UNKNOWN '

)

PRINT* ,• ENTER THE FREQUENCY IN MHZ

READ (5,*) FREQ

WRITE (6,*) 'THE FREQUENCY IN MHZ'

WRITE (6,*) FREQ

FREQ=FREQ*1 . OE+06

PRINT* ,' ENTER THE GAP VOLTAGE

READ(5,*) V

WRITE (6,*) 'THE GAP VOLTAGE'

WRITE (6,*) V

PRINT*, 'ENTER THE RADIUS OF THE SPHERE IN METERS'

READ(5,*) A

WRITE (6,*) 'THE RADIUS OF THE SPHERE M'

WRITE (6,*) A

PRINT* ,' ENTER THE NUMBER OF SPHERICAL MODES TO BE SUMMED'

READ (5,*) NM

WRITE (6,*) 'THE NUMBER OF MODES'

WRITE (6,*) NM

PRINT* ,' ENTER THE FIELD OBSERVATION DISTANCE IN M'

READ(5,*) R

WRITE (6,*) 'THE FIELD OBSERVATION DISTANCE M'

WRITE (6,*) R

PRINT* ,' ENTER THE NUMBER OF ANGULAR STEPS

READ (5,*) NSTEPS

WRITE (6,*) '# OF ANGULAR STEPS'

WRITE (6,*) NSTEPS

NSTEPS 1=NSTEPS+1

PI=4.0*ATAN(1.0)

J=(0. 0,1.0)

ANG=0 . DO 100 I=1,NSTEPS1

THETA=PI/180. 0*ANG

K=2 . 0*PI*FREQ/3 . OE+08

CALL FIELD (A, R, THETA, FREQ, NM, EFIELD, HFIELD, SUMPWRl)

CALL POLR (EFIELD, MAGEFD)

CALL POLR (HFIELD, MAGHFD)

HFCJ=REAL (HFIELD) -J*AIMAG (HFIELD)

Page Al
PWR=0 . 5*V*V*REAL(EFIELD*HFCJ)

PWR1=V*V*ABS (EFIELD) *ABS (EFIELD) / (2 . 0*377 .0)

SUMPWR1=V*V*SUMPWR1

WRITE(5,*) 'ANGLE, E-FIELD MAG & PHASE (DEG)

WRITE(6,*) 'ANGLE, E-FIELD MAG & PHASE (DEG)'

WRITE (5,*) 'H-FIELD MAG & PHASE'

WRITE (6,*) 'H-FIELD MAG & PHASE'

WRITE (5,*) 'POWER DENSITY-W/M^2 & THE COMPLEX POWER'

WRITE(6,*) 'POWER DENSITY-W/M^2 & THE COMPLEX POWER'

WRITE (5,*) ANG,MAGEFD

WRITE (6,*) ANG,MAGEFD

WRITE (5,*) MAGHFD

WRITE (6,*) MAGHFD

WRITE (5,*) PWR

WRITE (6,*) PWR

WRITE (5,*) PWRl

WRITE (6,*) PWRl

WRITE (5,*) SUMPWRl

WRITE (6,*) SUMPWRl

ANG=ANG+90 . 0/NSTEPS

100 CONTINUE

END

FUNCTION PLGNDR(L,M,X)

INTEGER L,M

REAL X

IF(M.LT.0.OR.M.GT.L.OR.ABS(X) .GT.1.0) PAUSE

& 'IMPROPER ARGUMENTS'

PMM=1.0

IF(M.GT.O) THEN

S0MX2=SQRT (

( 1 . 0-X) * ( 1 . 0+X)

)

FACT=1.0

DO 11 1=1,

PMM=-PMM*FACT*S0MX2

FACT=FACT+2 . 11 CONTINUE

ENDIF

IF(L.EQ.M) THEN

PLGNDR=PMM

ELSE

PMMP1=X* (2 . 0*M+1 .0) *PMM

IF (L.EQ.M+1) THEN

PLGNDR=PMMP1

ELSE

DO 12 LL=M+2,L

PLL=(X* (2*LL-1) *PMMP1- (LL+M-1) *PMM)/ (LL-M)

PMM=PMMP1

PMMP1=PLL

12 CONTINUE

PLGNDR=PLL

Page A2
ENDIF

ENDIF

RETURN

END

SUBROUTINE SPHRBSF(X,N,H1,H2)

COMPLEX J,H1,H2

REAL PI,X,BSJ(50) ,BSY(50)

INTEGER N

PI=4.0*ATAN(1.0)

J=(0. 0,1.0)

BSJ(1)=SIN(X)/X

BSJ(2)=SIN(X)/(X*X)-C0S(X)/X

BSJ ( 3

) = ( 3 . 0/ (X*X*X) -1 . 0/X) *SIN (X) -3 . 0/ (X*X) *COS (X)

BSY(1)=-C0S(X)/X

BSY(2)=-C0S(X)/(X*X)-SIN(X)/X

BSY ( 3

) = (-3 . 0/ (X*X*X) +1 . 0/X) *COS (X) -3 . 0/ (X*X) *SIN (X)

IF (N.EQ.O) THEN

H1=BSJ ( 1

) +J*BSY ( 1

)

H2=BSJ (1) -J*BSY ( 1

)

H1=H1*SQRT(X/ (PI/2.0)

)

H2=H2*SQRT(X/ (PI/2.0)

RETURN

ENDIF

IF(N.EQ.l) THEN

H1=BSJ ( 2

) +J*BSY ( 2

)

H2=BSJ(2)-J*BSY(2)

Hl=Hl*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0) ) H2=H2*SQRT (X/ (PI/2 . 0)

)

RETURN

ENDIF

IF(N.EQ.2) THEN

H1=BSJ(3)+J*BSY(3)

H2=BSJ(3)-J*BSY(3)

H1=H1*SQRT(X/ (PI/2.0) ) H2=H2*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

)

ENDIF

IF(N.GE.3) THEN

DO 11 1=3,

A=I

BSJ(I+1)=(2.0*I-1.0)/X*BSJ(I)-BSJ(I-1)

BSY(I+1)=(2.0*I-1.0)/X*BSY(I)-BSY(I-1)

11 CONTINUE

H1=BSJ (N+1) +J*BSY (N+1)

H2=BSJ (N+1) -J*BSY (N+1)

H1=H1*SQRT(X/ (PI/2.0)

)

H2=H2*SQRT(X/( PI/2.0)

ENDIF

RETURN

END

Page A3
SUBROUTINE FIELD ( SRAD , DIST , ANGLE , FR , NTERMS , ELFLD , HLFLD , SUMPWR)

COMPLEX ELFLD , HFl , HF2 , SUM , J , TEMPI , TEMP2 , AN , SN , HLFLD

COMPLEX SUMl , SNl , HLFLD , CPWR , SUMPWR , TEMP3 , TEMP4

REAL FREQ , SRAD , DIST , ANGLE , OMEGA , EPS , KA, KR, BN

INTEGER NTERMS, I, II

J=(0. 0,1.0)

PI=4.0*ATAN(1.0)

SUM=(0. 0,0.0)

SUM1=(0. 0,0.0)

SUMPWR=(0. 0,0.0)

OMEGA=2.0*PI*FR

EPS=8.85E-12

KA=2 . 0*PI*FR/3 . 0E+08*SRAD

KR=2 . 0*PI*FR/3 . 0E+08*DIST

DO 100 1=1, NTERMS

C COMPUTE THE COEFFICIENT B(N)

BN=(2.0*I+1.0)*(-PLGNDR(I,1,0.0) ) / (2 . 0*1* (I+l) *SRAD)

C COMPUTE THE COEFFICIENT A(N)

11=1-1

CALL SPHRBSF(KA,I1,HF1,HF2)

TEMP1=HF2

CALL SPHRBSF(KA,I,HF1,HF2)

TEMP2=HF2

AN=OMEGA*EPS*( (SRAD) ** (1 . 5) ) *BN/ ( J* (KA*TEMP1-I*TEMP2)

)

CALL SPHRBSF(KR,I1,HF1,HF2)

TEMP1=HF2

CALL SPHRBSF(KR,I,HF1,HF2)

TEMP2=HF2

TEMP3=REAL ( AN) -J*AIMAG (AN)

TEMP4 =REAL ( TEMP2 ) -J *AIMAG ( TEMP2

)

CPWR=PI* (J*AN/ (OMEGA*EPS) * (KR*TEMP1-I*TEMP2) )

& TEMP3*TEMP4*2. 0*1* (I+l. 0)7(2.0*1+1.0)

SUMPWR=SUMPWR+CPWR

A=COS (ANGLE)

SN=J*AN/(0MEGA*EPS)/((DIST)**(1.5) ) * (-PLGNDR(I , 1, A)

& (KR*TEMP1-I*TEMP2)

SN1=AN/SQRT ( DIST) *

( -PLGNDR ( I , 1 , A) ) *TEMP2

SUM=SUM+SN

SUM1=SUM1+SN1

100 CONTINUE

ELFLD=SUM

HLFLD=SUM1

RETURN

END

SUBROUTINE POLR(ZR,RM)

COMPLEX ZR,RM,J

REAL MAG, PHASE, PI, XR,YR

PI=4.0*ATAN(1.0)

J=(0. 0,1,0)

MAG=ABS(ZR)

XR=REAL(ZR)

Page A4
YR=AIMAG(ZR)

IF (MAG. EG. 0.0) THEN

RM=(0. 0,0.0)

RETURN

ENDIF

IF (XR.GT.0.0) THEN

PHASE=ATAN ( YR/XR

)

PHASE=180 . 0/PI*PHASE

ENDIF

IF (XR.LT.O.O.AND.YR.GE.0.0) THEN

PHASE=PI-ATAN (ABS ( YR) /ABS (XR)

)

PHASE=180 . 0/PI*PHASE

ENDIF

IF (XR.LT.O.O.AND.YR.LT.0.0) THEN

PHASE=-PI+ATAN (ABS ( YR) /ABS (XR)

)

PHASE=180 . 0/PI*PHASE

ENDIF

RM=MAG+J*PHASE

RETURN

END

Page A5
Rocky Mountain BASIC (HP) Program

to Calculate

the Radiated Fields from a Spherical Antenna

NOTE: This program will calculate the radiated electric and

magnetic fields, the radiated power and the total power

radiated. It also will format and save the results of these

calculations on a mass storage medium. The source code for this

program is available from the authors.

100!

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

120

122

124

126

128

130

132

134

136

138

140

142

144

146

148

150

152

154

156

158

160

162

164

166

168

170

172

174

176

178

180

182

RE-STORE "SPHERE_PWR"

I

! This routine will calculate the radiated power and total power

! radiated from a spherical dipole source antenna with a uniform

! gap (equator) excitation voltage.

I

! Original: 03 Jul 1990, g. Koepke translated from FORTRAN program

! derived and written by Bob Johnk.

! Revision: 30 Aug 1990: 1400 hours

I OPTION BASE 1

RAD

GOSUB Declare_vars

GOSUB Init_values

Repeat_calcs:OFF KEY

GOSUB Enter_specs

GOSUB Allocate_arrays

Timein=TIMEDATE

GOSUB Calculate_fld

Timedone=TIMEDATE

PRINTER IS CRT

GOSUB Save_results

GOSUB Deallocate_arys

DISP "CALCULATIONS COMPLETE... " ;DROUND( (Timedone-Timein) , 4) ; " second:

BEEP

ON KEY LABEL "Repeat" , Local_prty GOTO Repeat_calcs

ON KEY 1 LABEL "END" , Local_prty GOTO End_prog

Spin: GOTO Spin

End_prog:OFF KEY

MASS STORAGE IS Msi_id$

IF Sys_id$[l,4]="S300" THEN ! reset to S300 keys and crt

CONTROL KBD,15 7 CONTROL CRT, 12;

2

END IF

LOAD KEY

DISP "PROGRAM FINISHED . BEEP

STOP

RUN TO RESTART."

I ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Declare vars:

!

Page A6
COMPLEX Efield,Hfield,Magefd,Maghfd,Hfcj , J,Suinpwrl

REAL K,Pwr,Pwrl

REAL Ang,Theta

REAL Timein,Timedone

INTEGER N,I,Il,Title_print,Local_prty

INTEGER Filesize,Datacount

DIM Id$[40],Test$[160]

COM /Setup/ REAL Freq,V, A, R, INTEGER Nm,Nsteps

COM /Sys_insi/ Msi_id$[20]

COM /Sys/ Sys_id$[10]

COM /Interrupts/ INTEGER Intr_prty

COM /Files/ Diskdrive$[20] ,Filenaine$[10]

RETURN

J

! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

216 Init_values:

!

218 Local_prty=5

220 Msi_id$=SYSTEM$("MSI")

222 Sys_id$=SYSTEM$ ("SYSTEM ID")

224 I IF Sys_id$[l,4]="S300" THEN CALL Coinpat_200

226 OUTPUT KBD USING "K, #"; "SCRATCH KEY E"

228 DISP CHR$(129)

230 RETURN , 232 ! 234 ! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

236 ! 238 Enter_specs:

!

1240 PRINTER IS CRT

1 242 CLEAR SCREEN

244 IF Freq>0 THEN OUTPUT KBD USING "# ,K,K" ;Freq/l. OE+6 , "H"

1246 INPUT "ENTER the FREQUENCY in MHz. " , Freq

248 PRINT "Frequency (MHz) = ";Freq

1250 IF Freq<1.0E-10 THEN Enter_specs

252 Freq=Freq*1.0E+6

254 ! 256 Gap_v:

!

258 IF V>0 THEN OUTPUT KBD USING "# , K,K" ;V, "H"

260 INPUT "ENTER the GAP VOLTAGE (volts). ",V

262 PRINT "GAP volts = ";V

264 IF V<0 THEN Gap_v

266 ! 268 Sphere_rad:

!

270 IF A>0 THEN OUTPUT KBD USING "# ,K,K" ;A, "H"

272 INPUT "ENTER the RADIUS of the SPHERE (meters). ",A

274 PRINT "Sphere RADIUS (m) = ";A

276 IF A<1.0E-2 THEN Sphere_rad

278 ! 280 Modesum:

!

IF Nm>0 THEN OUTPUT KBD USING "# ,K, K" ;Nin, "H"

INPUT "ENTER the number of SPHERICAL MODES to be summed. ",Nm

PRINT "The number of MODES summed = ";Nm

IF Nm<l THEN Modesum

I 292 Observ: ! Page A7
294 IF R>0 THEN OUTPUT KBD USING "# ,K, K" ;R, "H"

296 INPUT "ENTER the FIELD OBSERVATION DISTANCE (meters). ",R

298 PRINT "FIELD OBSERVATION DISTANCE (meters) = ";R

3 00 IF R<A THEN Observ

302 ! 3 04 Num_steps:!

3 06 IF Nsteps>0 THEN OUTPUT KBD USING "# , K, K" ;Nsteps, "H"

3 08 INPUT "ENTER the number of ANGULAR STEPS. ",Nsteps

310 PRINT "Angular STEPS = ";Nsteps

312 IF Nsteps<l THEN Num_steps

314 ! 316 RETURN

318 ! 3 2 ! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

322 ! 324 Allocate_arrays: ! Setup all data files for saving/graphing

326 IF Nsteps>0 THEN

328 ALLOCATE Pdata (Nsteps*4+1, 2) , Edata (Nsteps*4+1, 2)

330 ALLOCATE Hdata (Nsteps*4+1, 2)

332 Filesize=Nsteps*4+l

334 ELSE

33 6 BEEP

338 DISP "ILLEGAL number of STEPS. hit RUN ..."

34 CALL Pause_key_on

342 END IF

34 4 RETURN

346 ! 3 4 8 ! ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

350 ! 352 Deallocate_arys:

1

3 54 DEALLOCATE Pdata (*) , Edata (*)

3 56 DEALLOCATE Hdata (*)

358 Filesize=0

3 60 RETURN

362 !

! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

I 368 Calculate_fld:

1

370 ! 372 Title_print=l

374 J=CMPLX(0. ,1.0)

37 6 FOR 1=0 TO Nsteps

378 Ang=I*90.0/Nsteps

380 DISP "Calculating angle ";Ang;" ...

" 382 Theta= (PI/180. 0) *Ang ! convert to radians

384 K=2.0*PI*Freq/3.0E+8

386 CALL Field(A,R,Theta,Freq,Nm,Efield,Hfield,Sumpwrl)

388 DEG

390 Magefd=CMPLX(ABS(Efield) ,ARG(Efield)

)

392 Maghfd=CMPLX(ABS(Hfield) , ARG(Hf ield)

)

394 RAD

396 Hfcj=REAL(Hf ield) -J*IMAG (Hf ield)

398 Pwr=.5*V*V*REAL(Efield*Hfcj)

400 Pwrl=V*V*ABS (Ef ield) *ABS (Ef ield)/ (2 . 0*377 .0)

4 02 Sumpwrl=V*V*Sumpwrl

Page A8

364

366
404 GOSUB List_results

406 ! 408 Pdata(I+l,l)=Ang

410 Pdata(I+l,2)=Pwr

412 ! 414 Edata(I+l,l)=Ang

416 Edata(I+l,2)=REAL(Magefd)

418 ! 420 Hdata(I+l,l)=Ang

422 Hdata(I+l,2)=REAL(Maghfd)

424 ! 426 NEXT I

428 DISP CHR$(12)

430 PRINTER IS 701

432 PRINT USING "@"

434 PRINTER IS CRT

436 RETURN

438 ! 440 ! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

442 ! 444 List_results:

1

446 PRINTER IS 701

448 IF Title_print THEN

450 Title_print=0 ! only once

452 PRINT TAB (20) ;" SPHERICAL DIPOLE FIELDS"

454 PRINT RPT$("_",80)

456 PRINT

458 PRINT "Operating FREQUENCY = " ;Freq/l. OE+6 ; " MHz."

460 PRINT "Gap Drive Voltage = ";V;"volts. Sphere radius = ";A;"m."

462 PRINT "Spherical MODES = ";Nin;". Observation distance = ";R;"in."

464 PRINT "Total Radiated POWER = " ;REAL(Suinpwrl) ; " watts."

466 PRINT RPT$("_",80)

468 PRINT TAB(48);" Power Density (w/in^2)"

470 PRINT "Angle E (mag phase) H (mag phase)";

1472 PRINT " REAL (ExH) E^2/Z"

I 474 PRINT RPT$("-",80)

J476 END IF

|!478 Imagel:IMAGE M3D. DD,X,MD. 4DE,X,M3D. DD,X,MD. 4DE,X,M3D. DD, #

USO Image2: IMAGE X,MD. 4DE,X,MD. 4DE,

J482 PRINT USING Imagel ;Ang,Magefd,Maghfd

I 484 PRINT USING Image2 ;Pwr, Pwrl

(486 RETURN

\ 488 ! 490 ! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

492 ! 494 Save_results:

!

496 1 498 ! fill in arrays for 0,3 60 degrees.

500 ! 502 Il=Nsteps+l

504 FOR I=Nsteps TO 1 STEP -1

506 Ang=180-Pdata(I,l)

508 11=11+1

510 Pdata(Il,l)=Ang

512 Pdata(Il,2)=Pdata(I,2)

Page A9
514 Edata(Il,l)=Ang

516 Edata(Il,2)=Edata(I,2)

518 Hdata(Il,l)=Ang

520 Hdata(Il,2)=Hdata(I,2)

522 NEXT I

524 1 526 Il=2*Nsteps+l

528 FOR 1=2 TO 2*Nsteps+l

530 Ang=180+Pdata(I,l)

532 11=11+1

534 Pdata ( II , 1

) =Ang

536 Pdata(Il,2)=Pdata(I,2)

538 Edata(Il,l)=Ang

540 Edata(Il,2)=Edata(I,2)

542 Hdata(Il,l)=Ang

544 Hdata(Il,2)=Hdata(I,2)

546 NEXT I

548 Datacount=4*Nsteps+l ! same as Filesize

550 ! 552 ! SAVE THE DATA HERE

554 ! 556 Diskdrive$=""

558 Filenaine$=""

560 Test$="Power:"&VAL$(PR0UND(Freq/1.0E+6,-l) ) &"gV="&VAL$ (V)

562 Test$=Test$&"a"&VAL$ (A) &"Nin"&VAL$ (Nm) &"z '="&VAL$ (R)

564 IF LEN(Test$)>40 THEN

566 Id$=Test$[l,40]

568 BEEP

570 DISP "ID$ is too long ... striping to 40 chrs."

572 WAIT 3

574 DISP CHR$(12)

576 ELSE

578 Id$=Test$[l,LEN(Test$)

]

580 END IF

582 IF LEN(Diskdrive$)=0 THEN

584 CLEAR SCREEN

586 ! CALL Select_disk

588 END IF

590 PRINT TABXY ( 1 , 18) ; " SAVING POWER DATA " 592 ! CALL Data_to_disk_r (Pdata (*), Filesize, Datacount, Id$)

594 Filename$=""

596 Id$[l,5]="E-fld"

598 PRINT TABXY (1,18);" SAVING E Field DATA " 600 ! CALL Data_to_disk_r(Edata(*) , Filesize, Datacount,Id$)

602 Filename$=""

604 Id$[l,5]="H-fld"

606 PRINT TABXY(1,18) ;" SAVING H Field DATA " 608 ! CALL Data_to_disk_r (Hdata (*) , Filesize, Datacount, Id$)

610 CLEAR SCREEN

612 CLEAR LINE

614 RETURN

616 ! 618 ! ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

620 I

I 622 END

Page AlO
624 ! 526 ! ***********************************************************

628 1 630 DEF FNPlgndr( INTEGER L,M,REAL X)

632 REAL Pmiti, Fact, Somx2 , Plgndr, Pmmpl, Pll

634 INTEGER I, LI

636 IF (M<0. OR M>L OR ABS(X)>1.0) THEN

638 BEEP

640 DISP "IMPROPER ARGUMENTS in FN Plgndr ... " 642 PAUSE

644 END IF

646 Pinin=1.0

648 IF M>0 THEN

650 Somx2=SQRT( (1.0-X)*(1.0+X) ) 652 Fact=1.0

654 FOR 1=1 TO M

656 Pmiii=-Pmin*Fact*Somx2

658 Fact=Fact+2

660 NEXT I

662 END IF

664 ! 666 IF L=M THEN

668 Plgndr=Pitmi

670 ELSE

672 Pitiinpl=X*(2.0*M+1.0) *Pmin

674 IF L=M+1 THEN

676 Plgndr=Pininpl

678 ELSE

j.|680 FOR Ll=M+2 TO L

II 682 Pll= (X* (2*L1-1) *Pininpl- (Ll+M-1) *Pinin) / (Ll-M)

684 Pmin=Pmitipl

686 Pininpl=Pll

688 NEXT LI

690 Plgndr=Pll

I 692 END IF

1694 END IF

696 RETURN Plgndr

j|698 FNEND

!r700 1 702 ! ***********************************************************

III 704 ! Ii706 DEF FNFac ( INTEGER N)

708 INTEGER I

710 REAL Fac

712 IF N=0 THEN RETURN (1.0)

714 Fac=1.0

716 FOR 1=1 TO N

718 Fac=Fac*I

720 NEXT I

[1722 RETURN Fac

r724 FNEND

726 ! 728 ! ***********************************************************

730 ! 732 SUB Sphrbsf(REAL X, INTEGER N, COMPLEX H1,H2)

I Page All
734 I calculate spherical basis functions.

73 6 COMPLEX J

738 REAL Bsj (50) ,Bsy(50)

740 J=CMPLX(0. ,1.0)

742 ! 744 Bsj (1)=SIN(X)/X

746 Bsj (2)=SIN(X)/(X*X)-C0S(X)/X

748 Bsj (3 ) = (3 . 0/ (X*X*X) -1 . 0/X) *SIN(X) -3 . 0/ (X*X) *COS (X)

750 ! 752 Bsy(l)=-COS(X)/X

754 Bsy(2)=-C0S(X)/(X*X)-SIN(X)/X

756 Bsy ( 3

) = (-3 . 0/ (X*X*X) +1 . 0/X) *COS (X) -3 . 0/ (X*X) *SIN (X)

758 ! 7 60 SELECT N

7 62 CASE

764 Hl=Bsj (l)+J*Bsy(l)

766 H2=Bsj (l)-J*Bsy(l)

768 Hl=Hl*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

)

770 H2=H2*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

772 CASE 1

774 Hl=Bsj (2)+J*Bsy(2)

776 H2=Bsj (2)-J*Bsy(2)

778 Hl=Hl*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

)

780 H2=H2*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

782 CASE 2

784 Hl=Bsj (3)+J*Bsy(3)

786 H2=Bsj (3)-J*Bsy(3)

788 Hl=Hl*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

)

790 H2=H2*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

)

792 CASE >2

794 FOR 1=3 TO N

796 Bsj (I+l)=(2. 0*1-1. 0)/X*Bsj (I)-Bsj (I-l)

798 Bsy(I+l)=(2.0*I-1.0)/X*Bsy(I)-Bsy(I-l)

800 NEXT I

802 Hl=Bsj (N+l)+J*Bsy(N+l)

804 H2=Bsj (N+l)-J*Bsy(N+l)

806 Hl=Hl*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

)

808 H2=H2*SQRT(X/(PI/2.0)

810 END SELECT

812 SUBEXIT

814 SUBEND

816 ! 818 I ***********************************************************

820 ! 822 SUB Field (REAL Srad, Dist, Angle, Fr, INTEGER Nterms , COMPLEX El fid,

Sumpwr)

824 Field: ! Calculate the field from a spherical dipole.

82 6 COMPLEX Hf 1 , Hf2 , Sum, Suml , Sn, Snl , J, An, Cpwr

82 8 COMPLEX Tempi , Temp2 , Temp3 , Temp4

83 REAL Omega,Eps,Ka,Kr,Bn,A

832 INTEGER 1,11

834 ! 836 J=CMPLX(0. ,1.0)

838 Sum=CMPLX ( . , .

)

84 Suml=CMPLX(0. ,0.)

Page A12
842 Suinpwr=CMPLX ( . , .

)

844 Omega=2.0*PI*Fr

846 Eps=8.85E-12

848 Ka=2.0*PI*Fr/3.0E+8*Srad

850 Kr=2.0*PI*Fr/3.0E+8*Dist

852 ! PRINT RPT$ ("?" , 20) ;Fr ; " MHz, Angle = ";Angle

854 ! PRINT "Omega ="; Omega;", Ka =";Ka;", Kr =";Kr

856 ! 858 FOR 1=1 TO Nterms

860 ! calculate the coefficient B(N)

862 Bn=(2.0*H-1.0)*(-FNPlgndr(I,l,0.) )/ (2 . 0*1* (I+l. 0) *Srad)

864 ! PRINT "*****************"

866 ! PRINT "Index number I =";I

868 ! PRINT "Bn = ";Bn;", ";

870 ! calculate the coefficient A(N)

872 11=1-1

874 CALL Sphrbsf (Ka,Il,Hfl,Hf2)

876 Templ=Hf2

878 CALL Sphrbsf (Ka,I,Hfl,Hf2)

880 Temp2=Hf2

882 An=Omega*Eps* ( (Srad)^(1.5) ) *Bn/ (J* (Ka*Templ-I*Temp2)

)

884 ! PRINT "An = " ;An

886 ! 888 CALL Sphrbsf (Kr,Il,Hfl,Hf2)

890 Templ=Hf2

892 ! PRINT "Tempi =";Templ

894 CALL Sphrbsf (Kr,I,Hfl,Hf2)

896 Temp2=Hf

2

898 ! PRINT "Temp2 =";Temp2

900 Temp3=REAL(An)-J*IMAG(An)

902 Temp4=REAL(Temp2) -J*IMAG(Temp2)

904 ! PRINT "Temps =";Temp3

906 ! PRINT "Temp4 =";Temp4

908 Cpwr=PI*(J*An/(Omega*Eps) *(Kr*Templ-I*Temp2) ) *Temp3*Temp4

910 Cpwr=Cpwr*2. 0*1* (I+l. 0)/( 2. 0*1+1.0)

912 ! PRINT "Cpwr =";Cpwr

914 Sumpwr=Sumpwr+Cpwr

916 ! PRINT "Sumpwr =";Sumpwr

918 A=COS (Angle)

920 Sn=(J*An/( (Omega*Eps) * (Distal. 5) ) ) * (-FNPlgndr (I, 1, A)

)

922 Sn=Sn*(Kr*Templ-I*Temp2)

924 ! PRINT "Sn = ";Sn

926 Snl=An/SQRT(Dist)*(-FNPlgndr(I,l,A) ) *Temp2

928 Sum=Sum+Sn

930 ! PRINT "Sum (E) =";Sum

932 Suml=Suml+Snl

934 NEXT I

936 Elfld=Sum

938 Hlfld=Suml

940 ! PRINT RPT$("end-",5) ;" ANGLE";Angle

942 SUBEXIT

944 SUBEND

946 ! 948 ! ***********************************************************

Page A13

Appendix B

Parts List

SYMBOL EQUIVALENT

AC ALARM CIRCUIT

BD BIAS DETECTOR

DLR DOWN-LINK RECEIVER

DLT DOWN LINK TRANSMITTER

BCC BATTERY CHARGING CIRCUIT

RFL R-F LINK

SR SPHERICAL REGULATOR

ULS UP-LINK SWITCH

PASSIVE COMPONENTS (resistors and capacitors)

All resistance values are in ohms (n) and capacitance values are in

Farads (F) . Tolerances are ± 10 percent unless otherwise marked. POT is a potentiometer or variable resistor.

RESISTOR VALUE LOCATION CONNECTION FIGURE

Rl IK DLR Dl, -15VDC 45

R2 10 DLR C2, IC 13 PIN 2 45

R3 511 DLR C4, IC 14 PIN 2 45

R4 511 DLR C5, GND 45

R5 511 DLR IC 14 PIN 3, GND 45

R6 10 DLR +15VDC, IC 14 PIN 7 45

R7 50K POT DLR IC 14 PIN 2 and PIN 6 45

R8 10 DLR IC 14 PIN 4, -15VDC 45

R9 20K POT DLR IC 1 PIN 13 and PIN 14 45

RIO 270K , 1% DLR R9, IC 1 PIN 12 45

Rll 10 DLR +15VDC, IC 1 PIN 12 45

R12 511 DLR IC 1 PIN 9 and PIN 10 45

R13 20K DLR R14, IC 1 PIN 1 45

R14 5. IK DLR IC 1 PIN 3, R13 45

R15 10 DLR IC 1 PIN 5, -15VDC 45

R16 IK DLR +15VDC, R17 46

R17 50K POT DLR R16, RIB 46

R18 IK DLR R17, -15VDC 46

R19 IM DLR IC 2 PIN 4, R17 46

R20 100 DLR +15VDC, IC 2 PIN 11 46

R21 IK DLR R22, IC 2 PIN 1 46

R22 lOOK POT DLR R21, IC 2 PIN 6 46

R23 IK POT DLR IC 2 PIN 6 and PIN 9 46

R24 100 DLR IC 2 PIN 10, -15VDC 46

R25 5K POT DLR IC 2 PIN 14, GND 46

R26 lOK, 1% DLR IC 15 PIN 2, R27 46

R27 100, 1% DLR R2 6, GND 46

R28 10 DLR +15VDC, IC 15 PIN 7 46

Page Bl
R29 lOK, 1% DLR IC 15 PIN 2 and PIN 6 46

R3 10 DLR -15VDC, IC 15 PIN 4 46

R31 lOK, 1% DLR R27, C26 46

R32 50K POT DLR C30, R33 46

R3 3 IK DLR R32, +15VDC 46

R34 20K, 1% DLR IC 15 PIN 6, GND 46

R35 lOK DLR -15VDC, R32 46

R50 IM AC IC 16 PIN 2, +15VDC 38

R51 IM AC IC 16 PIN 2, GND 38

R52 1.5K,l/4w AC IC 16 PIN 3, +15VDC 38

R53 lK,l/4w AC IC 16 PIN 6, D109 38

R54 IK POT AC IC 16 PIN 6, DUO 38

R55 IM AC IC 16 PIN 2, +15VDC 38

R56 IM AC IC 16 PIN 2, GND 38

R57 1.5K,l/4w AC IC 16 PIN 3, +15VDC 38

R58 lK,l/4w AC IC 16 PIN 6, Dill 38

R59 IK POT AC IC 16 PIN 6, D112 38

R60 IM AC IC 16 PIN 3, S16 38

R61 270 AC R62, D113 38

R62 lOM AC R61, IC 16 PIN 2 38

R63 220K AC IC 16 PIN 2, GND 38

R64 lOK POT AC IC 16 PIN 1 and PIN 5 38

R65 IK POT AC IC 16 PIN 6, D114 38

R66 20K AC IC 16 PIN 6, D52 38

R67 lOK POT AC +5VDC, Q50 38

R68 49.5», 1% UT,.S +5VDC, D53 38

R69 20K POT UT,S Q50, GND 38

R7 500 POT BCC D115, Q51 44

R71 500 POT BCC D116, Q52 44

R72 100 BCC D117, Q53 44

R73 200 BCC Q51, R76 44

R74 100 BCC Q52, R77 44

R75 500 POT BCC Q53, R78 44

R76 50 BCC R73, Q54 44

R77 50 BCC R74, Q55 44

R78 100 POT BCC R75, Q56 44

R79 100 POT BCC Q54, D119 44

R80 100 POT BCC Q55, D120 44

R81 50 BCC Q56, D121 44

R82 IK BCC +15VDC,D124 44

R96 560 RFL +9VDC,Q57 42

R97 18 RFL IC 9 PIN 15, C138 42

R98 310 RFL R97,GND 42

R99 310 RFL R97,GND 42

RlOO 22 RFL IC 9 PIN 1, ClOO 42

RlOl 22 RFL +9VDC, ClOl 42

R102 22 RFL IC 9 PIN 4, C102 42

R103 22 RFL IC 9 PIN 6, C106 42

R104 100 RFL C103, C104 42

R105 150 RFL +7.2VDC, LlOO 42

R106 200 RFL across TP-103 42

R107 499K, 1% SR QlOO, R108 37

R108 499K, 1% SR IC 3 PIN 5, QlOO 37

R109 lOOK, 1% SR QlOO, DlOl 37

RllO IM SR D104, C108

Page B2

37
Rill io6k SR QlOl, Q102 37

R112 IK, 1% SR D103, Q102 37

R113 IM POT SR IC 3 PIN 1 and PIN 7 37

R114 lOOK, 1% SR IC 3 PIN 7, GND 37

R115 IK, 1% SR IC 3 PIN 3, IC 4 PIN 3 37

R116 5K POT SR IC 4 PIN 8, Q103 37

R117 lOK SR Q103, GND 37

R118 470, 1% SR IC 5 PIN OUT, R119 37

R119 5K POT SR R118, GND 37

R120 lOK BD +12.2VDC, C118 40

R121 10 OK POT BD Q104 PIN 1, R122 40

R122 51. IK, 1% BD R121, Q104 PIN 3 40

R123 82. 5K, 1% BD Q104 PIN 5 and PIN 7 40

R124 681K, 1% BD C119, C121 40

R125 681K, 1% BD C120, C122 40

R126 500 BD D105, C123 40

R127 500 BD D106, C124 40

R128 IM, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 10, R129 40

R129 IM, 1% BD R128, IC 11 PIN 12 40

R130 2 OK POT BD IC 11 PIN 9 and PIN 13 40

R131 22. IK, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 8 and PIN 9 40

R132 22. IK, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 13 and PIN 14 40

R133 22. IK, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 8 and PIN 2 40

R134 22. IK, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 14 and PIN 3 40

R135 22. IK, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 1 and PIN 2 40

R136 22. IK, 1% BD IC 11 PIN 3, GND 40

R137 lOOK BD IC 11 PIN 1, GND 40

R138 20K BD IC 11 PIN 1, C127 40

R139 lOOK BD IC 11 PIN 7, GND 40

R140 10 DLT +5VDC, IC 6 PIN 8 41

R141 500, 1% DLT IC 6 PIN 3, TP3, R142 41

R142 IK POT DLT R141, GND 41

R143 IK DLT IC 6 PIN 1, +5VDC 41

R144 lOK DLT IC 7 PIN 2, +5VDC 41

R145 100, 1% DLT Q105, GND 41

R146 910, 1% DLT IC 8 PIN4, R147 39

R147 200 POT DLT R146, GND 39

R148 100 DLT +5VDC, IC 8 PIN 8 39

R149 500, 1% DLT IC 8 PIN 3, TP3, R150 39

R150 IK POT DLT R149, TP3, GND 39

R151 IK DLT +5VDC, IC 8 PIN 1 39

R152 lOK DLT +5VDC, IC 7 PIN 14 39

R153 100, 1% DLT Q106, GND 39

R154 220K SR R155, L102 39

R155 220K SR R154, L103 39

R156 270K SR RlOl, R146 39

CAPACITOR VALUE LOCATION CONNECTION FIGURE

CI .IjLlF DLR Rl, GND 45

C2 .1/xF DLR +5VDC, GND 45

C3 1.0/iF DLR IC 13 PIN 2, GND 45

C4 .1/LiF DLR IC 13 PIN 5, R3 45

C5 .IfJLF DLR IC 13 PIN 7, R4 45 —

Page B3
C6 • IMF DLR +15VDC, GND 45

C7 l.O/LiF DLR IC 14 PIN 7, GND 45

C8 l.OjUF DLR IC 14 PIN 4, GND 45

C9 .IjLlF DLR R8, GND 45

CIO .IjLlF DLR Rll, GND 45

Cll O.OOljuF DLR IC 14 PIN 6, IC 1 PIN 9 45

C12 l/iF DLR IC 1 PIN 11 and PIN 12 45

C13 .OOljuF DLR IC 1 PIN 1 and PIN 3 45

C14 150pF DLR IC 1 PIN 6, GND 45

C15 l/iF DLR IC 1 PIN 5, GND 45

C16 .IjLlF DLR -15VDC, GND 45

C17 .IjuF DLR R16, GND 46

C18 .IjuF DLR R18, GND 46

C19 .1/iF DLR +15VDC, GND 46

C20 IjuF TANT. DLR IC 2 PIN 11, GND 46

C21 .01jLtF,NPO*

CHIP CAP

DLR IC 2 PIN 1, GND 46

C22 lllF TANT DLR IC 2 PIN 10, GND 46

C23 .lAtF DLR -15VDC, GND 46

C24 .1/LtF DLR +15VDC, GND 46

C25 - IjLiF TANT DLR IC 15 PIN 7, GND 46

C26 .lAtF DLR R27, GND 46

C27 IjUF TANT DLR IC 15 PIN 4, GND 46

C28 .1/LtF DLR R3 0, GND 46

C29 .IjLtF DLR R31, GND 46

C30 .lAtF DLR R32, GND 46

C31 .IjLlF DLR R32, GND 46

C50 .IjLtF MLS Q50, GND 38

ClOO .IjLtF RFL RlOO, GND 42

ClOl .IjuF RFL RlOl, IC#9 PIN 9 42

C102 .IjuF RFL R102, GND 42

C103 .IjLtF RFL R104, GND 42

C104 .l/xF RFL R104, GND 42

C105 .1/xF RFL IC 9 PIN 5, GND 42

C106 .1/iF RFL R103, GND 42

C107 lOOOpF RFL IC 10 OUTPUT, DlOO 42

C108 IMF TANT SR D104, RllO 37

C109 .1/LtF SR IC 3 PIN 8, GND 37

Clio .Ol/iF SR IC 3 PIN 1 and PIN 7 37

cm 4.7MF TANT SR IC 3 PIN 1, R113 37

C112 IjLtF TANT SR Q102, GND 37

C113 .l/LtF SR IC 4 PIN 8, GND 37

C114 .Ol/iF SR IC 4 PIN 2, PIN 6 37

C115 4.7/LtF TANT SR IC 4 PIN 1, GND 37

C116 4.7jLtF TANT SR IC 5 ADJ, GND 37

C117 .IjLtF SR IC 5 IN, GND 37

CUB .IjLtF BD R120, GND 40

C119 .OljLtF BD Q104 PIN 3 and PIN 4 40

C120 .01/LtF BD Q104 PIN 4 and PIN 7 40

C121 .001/iF BD D105, GND 40

C122 .001/iF BD D106, GND 40

C123 .OOljLtF BD IC 11 PIN 10, GND 40

C124 . 001/iF BD GND, IC 11 PIN 12 40

C125 • Ol/tF BD +5VDC, GND 40

C126 .Ol/iF BD -5VDC, GND

Page B4

40
C127 .IjLtF BD R138, GND 40

C128 .1/iF DLT IC 6 PIN 8, GND 41

C129 lOOOpF ** DLT IC 6 PIN 6 and PIN 7 41

C130 270pF DLT IC 7 PIN 1 and PIN 2 41

C131 .IjuF DLT IC 8 PIN 8, GND 39

C132 lOOOpF ** DLT IC 8 PIN 6 and PIN 7 39

C133 270 pF DLT IC 7 PIN 14 and PIN 15 39

C134 .IfiF SR +5VDC, GND 37

C135 .1/iF SR -5VDC, GND 37

C136 lOOOpF RFL +7.2VDC, R105 42

C137 lOOOpF RFL D105, TP2 40,42

C138 lOOOpF RFL R97,IC10 input 42

C139 l.OjUF RFL Q57,GND 42

NOTE : ** means POLY CARBONATE or POLYSTYRENE

* means CERAMIC

TANT means Tantalum

Page B5
SYMBOL EQUIVALENT

AC ALARM CIRCUIT

BD BIAS DETECTOR

DLR DOWN-LINK RECEIVER

DLT DOWN LINK TRANSMITTER

BCC BATTERY CHARGING CIRCUIT

RFL R-F LINK

SR SPHERICAL REGULATOR

ULS UP-LINK SWITCH

SEMICONDUCTORS (transistors, diodes, ICs and LEDs)

COMPONENT TYPE LOCATION CONNECTION FIGURE MANUFACTURER

IC 1 AD 650JN DLR PIN 1 TO C13 45 A.D.

IC 2 AD 637JQ RMS/DC DLR PIN 1 TO C21 46 A.D.

IC 3 LP2951CM SR PIN 5 TO R108 37 National

IC 4 LP2951CM SR PIN 6 TO C114 37 National

IC 5 LM337LZ SR ADJ. TO C116 37 Harris

IC 6 AD654JR DLT PIN 6 TO C129 41 A.D.

IC 7 HC4538 DLT PIN 2 TO R144 39 Motorola

IC 8 AD654JR DLT PIN 6 TO C132 39 A.D.

IC 9 PDC 2200-24 RFL PIN 5 TO C105 42 B.T.D.

IC 10 MSA-0635 RFL OUT TO C107 42 Avantek

IC 11 MC34184D BD PIN 2 TO R135 40 Motorola

IC 12 AD590 DLT R14 6, +5VDC 39 HP

IC 13 NE5212 DLR PIN 5 TO C4 45 Signetics

IC 14 OP AMP OP37 DLR PIN 2 TO R3 45 PMI

IC 15 OP AMP OP37 DLR PIN 2 TO R2 6 46 PMI

IC 16 LH0042CH AC PIN 3 to

Laser pin 9

44 National

IC 17 LH0042CH AC PIN 3 to

Laser pin 7

44 National

IC 18 LH0042CH AC PIN 3 to

IC 5 pin 1

44 National

Dl (P31) 710-502-000 DLR IC 13 PIN 1 45 Radiall

D50 1N270 AC L53,-OF ALARM 38 generic

D51 1N270 AC L55,-0F ALARM 38 generic

D52 1N4153 AC R66, GND 38 Unitrode

053 MFOE1202 ULS Q50,R68 38 Motorola

DlOO 1N5235B, 6.8V RFL R96,GND 42 Motorola

DlOl 1N4153 SR R109, IC 3 PIN 3 37 Unitrode

D102 1N4153 SR IC 3 PIN 3,C108 37 Unitrode

D103 1N4153 SR IC 3 PIN 3,R112 37 Unitrode

D104 1N4153 SR D102, QlOl 37 Unitrode

D105 HP5082-2755 BD R126,IC 10 out 40, 42 HP

D106 HP5082-2755 BD R127, GND 40 HP

D107 HFBR-1404 DLT +5VDC, Q105 41 HP

D108 HFBR-1404 DLT +5VDC, Q106 39 HP

NOTE: The backshells are removed on D107 and D108.

SEMICONDUCTORS (transistors, diodes, ICs and LEDs)

Page B6
COMPONENT TYPE LOCATION CONNECTION FIGURE MANUFACTURER

* Panel mounted #276-069 (green) or #276-068 (red)

GREEN LED* AC R53, GND 38 Radio Shack

RED LED* AC R54, D50 38 II II GREEN LED* AC R58, GND 38 II II RED LED* AC D50, R59 38 II II GREEN LED* AC R61, GND 38 II II RED LED* AC D51, R65 38 II II GREEN LED* BCC +12. 2V, R70 44 II II GREEN LED* BCC +7.2V, R71 44 II II GREEN LED* BCC -7.2V, R72 44 II II RED LED* BCC R79, +12. 2V 44 II II RED LED BCC See D118 44 generic (miniature)

RED LED* BCC R80, +7.2V 44 Radio Shack

RED LED BCC See D120 44 generic (miniature)

RED LED* BCC R81,-7.2V 44 Radio Shack

RED LED BCC See D122 44 generic (miniature)

GREEN LED* BCC R82,GND 44 Radio Shack

LED HLMP-K155 SR R156, SWITCH 36 HP

LED HLMP-K155 SR R154, SWITCH 36 HP

LED HLMP-K155 SR R155, SWITCH 36 HP

2jLtH Chip Inductor RFL R105, C107 42 American Precision

Industries, Inc.

East Aurora, NY

2N3904 NPN BJT ULS R67, R69 38 Motorola

J310 BCC R70, R73 44 Motorola

J310 BCC R71, R74 44 Motorola

J310 BCC R72, R75 44 Motorola

J310 BCC R76, R79 44 Motorola

J310 BCC R77, R80 44 Motorola

J310 BCC R78, R81 44 Motorola

2N3904 RFL R96,C136 42 Motorola

2N3906 PNP BJT SR R108, R107 37 Motorola

2N3904 SR Rill, RllO 37 Motorola

2N5460 SR R112, C112 37 Motorola

P channel JFET

MRD360 Photo SR R117, R116 37 Motorola

Darlington

2N5906 ** BD R121, R123 40 Harris

2N3904 DLT R145, D107 41 Motorola

2N3904 DLT R153, D108 39 Motorola

note : ** is dual matched N channel JFET

TP103 RFL C107,R106 42 Anzac

Page B7
Connectors and other miscellaneous parts

BUC = BASE UNIT CONTROL

COMPONENT TYPE LOCATION CONNECTION FIGURE MANUFACTURER

PI

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8 (R32)

P9

PIO

Pll

P12

P13

P14

P15

P16

P17

P18

P19

P20

P21

P22

P2 3

P24

P2 5

Filtered AC BUC AC input

Connector with

5A Fuse.

Fuse Holder BUC

Fuse,l/4A BUC

Fuse, 1/1 6A BCC

Fuse, 1/1 6A BCC

Fuse,l/16A BCC

Fuse holders BCC

Variable Resistor BUC

10 turn, 50Kohm #536

Switch DPDT BUC

MTA 206N

Switch (AC on/off) BUC

275-676

Switch DPDT BUC

275-652

Connectors, 7 pin BUC

TKR-7 (receptacle) , TKP-7 (cable plug)

see P12 BUC Quick Batt.Chg.

Panel Connector BUC

Type N to SMA

3080-2240-00

Connector SMA BUC

to cable, 5285-1

Connector SMA BUC

to cable right angle

5850-lCC

BUC

AC input

P2

-15V,R75,R78

+15V,R74,R77

+24V,R73,R76

P4,P5,P6

R33,C30

P1,P3

P1,P41

+5V,R62;+5V,R67

Normal Batt.Chg.

rf input, laser

P20 to P14

P20 to P35

Connector BNC

Panel UG 1094/U

see P17

IC15 on Temp

Downlink Rcvr

BUC IC15 on Gap Volt

Downlink Rcvr

Laser (P35)

P14,P35

Connector, 9-Pin-D BUC

Semi-rigid coax BUC

EZF-141-50,M17/130

Optical Cable BUC

2-Single Mode

4-Multimode

Ruggedi zed

Optical Connectors

Multimode line F710-019-000

for Gap Voltage Downlink

see P22 for Temp Downlink, P21,P32

see P22 for Power Switch Uplink, P21,P33

Optical Connectors see P21,P34

Single Mode line-F716-023-000

for rf-laser uplink

BUC to Sphere

see P21,P31

47

47

47

44,48

44,48

44,48

48

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

47

Corcom

Littelfuse Tracor

generic

generic

generic

generic

generic

Spectrol

Alco

Radio Shack

Radio Shack

Viking

Viking

Omni-Spectra

Connecting Devices

Connecting Devices

Amphenol

Amphenol

provided with laser

EZ Form Cable Corp.

3

Siecor

Radiall

47 Radiall

Page B8
P26

P27

P28

P29

P30

P31

P32

P33

P34

P35

P36

Optical Connectors on pigtail of laser

Single Mode line-F716-002-000

Optical Connectors in Junction box

F710-019-000 (8 ea.)

see P27, F716-023-000 (4 ea.)

F710-700-000 (4 ea.) Barrel Connector

F714-704-000 (2 ea.) Barrel Connector

(Dl) Optical receiver BUC

with PIN photodiode

710-502-000

(Dl) see P31 BUC

IC13, pin 1 47

(Gap Volts)

see P31 47

(Temp Downlink)

(D53) Optical Transmitter Q50,R68 47

with LED, 710-456-000

Optical Variable Attenuator P25,P26

F716-708-000

Fiber Optic Laser Transmitter

OC 3510A-M01

Audio Alarm BUC see Figures 50,38,47

Sonalert SC616WY

47

47

DC Power Supplies:

P37

P38

|P39

I|p40

iP41

+/-15 VDC

#84-15-2110

+24 VDC

#84-24-050

+/-15 VDC

DB15-50

+/-5 VDC

5EB200

+/-5 VDC

5EB100

1-1/2 Digit Front Panel LED Displays:

>42

M3

^44

b45

rb46

jPSO

jpsi

DP-3522

see P42

BUC Gap Voltage

BUC Temperature

Battery Pack SR +12 V Supply

Custom made, 10x1. 2V cells

7.2V Ni-Cad Pack SR +7.2V Supply

(2) sets

BUC Enclosure BUC

630-001/R317-12

-7.2V Supply

47

47

36

36

47

Optical Connector SR

OFTI-STC

300-4STC-0001

Connector SMA SR ICIO

right angle plug

2007-7985-02, 0.085" coax

D107,D108,Q103 51

51

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Radiall

Ortel

Mallory

BUC Battery Charger 47 Sola Solids

BUC Battery Charger 47 Sola Solids

BUC 47 Acopian

BUC 47 Acopian

BUC 47 Acopian

i>.52 Pin Connectors

ACE/DEANS 2 PIN

Not shown, used to connect

12V battery to circuit board

Page B9

Acculex

Acculex

Shelley-Ragon, Inc.

generic

Tracewell Enclosures

Optical Fiber

Technologies, Inc.

Omni-Spectra

ACE R/C, Inc
P53

#19K53

Pin Connectors

ACE/DEANS 4 PIN

#19K50

in sphere

Not shown, used to connect

7 . 2V batteries and charger

to sphere circuit board

ACE R/C, Inc.

Higgensville, MO,

Spring loaded contact

pins connecting the hemispheres

to the balun circuit in the sphere

Part # S-4-A-7-G

Interconnect Devices , li

Kansas City, Kansas

Plus miscellaneous bits and pieces of hardware, some purchased

(e.g. nuts and bolts) and some fabricated as needed (e.g. brass

sphere parts, power supply and circuit board mounts, etc.).

il

f

Page BIO
Infinitesimal

Gap

Figure 1. Coordinate system for the spherical dipole. The

infinitesimal gap lies in the 6=90° plane.
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DOWNLINKS CONTAIN V/F CONVERTERS, ONE-SHOTS,

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(LM337TZ)

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AMPS, & TRANSMITTING LEDs, BATTERIES ARE NICADS.

11^-5 V

DET. RMP

QUAD OP RMP

(MC3'4 184D)

Figure 36. Schemat ic - DC di str ibut ion in the sphere.

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C113

<7

(S

IC4

B C114

C134

B.luF

^

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3

+ 3

s \y

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V -

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HDJ

CK

C116

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r
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+12.2 V BHT CI34

SPHERE BRTTERY POWER

8^ LRTCH-OFF REGULATOR

+5 V

7.2 V BRT

NOTE : Q102 MUST HAVE THE FOLLOWING (^jjg

fl) Iclss>= 2.8 mfl e 2.5 V, AND "--^'^ CI 16:

B) Idss>= 3.0 mfl e 5.0 V.

Fiqure 37. Schematic - Sphere battery power and 1 atch-o-Ff regulator.

Sla ON

RG7

^

7 ^--S

OFF Ix

en RGB ^ oi

- + 5V

PONER ON/OFF

UPLINK DRIVE

^

D53 ^ MFOE1202

FIBER-OPTIC

"SWITCH ON"

UP LINK

Q50 RBSLq C50

I 2N3904

3

(S ^

NOTES: WITH Sla 'OFF', HDJUST R69 TO OBTRIN Ix-0.2mfl, WITH Sla "ON", HDJUST R67 TO OBTRIN Ix-G0 trfl. THE 2nd POLE OF SI (Sib) IS LB£33 WITH IC18 OF THE flLRRM CIRCUITRY.

^

MRLLORY SCG16WY

nUDIO RLRRM

1N270

MONITOR/RLnRM CIRCUITS

I 8. DIPOLE BRTTERY STATUS

dipole battery status. Power onyo-F-F uplink drive.
r
T +15 V

TO PIN 3 OF 3510H LRSER

TO PIN 7 OF »

351 an LHSER

FROM TEMP. DISPLRY

OR PIN 1 OF IC5

+5 V

15 V

"LRSER TEMP. MONITOR"

R54

LH001ECH

RG7

R53< _,

D109 VZ.

D110 i

-^

"LRSER OUTPUT PWR"

R59

LH0042CH

D112

R5B^ „

-^

+ 5V

FIBER-OPTIC

"SWITCH ON" UP LINK

POWER ON/OFF

UPLINK DRIVE

WHITE

RED I D50

NOTES; WITH SU OFF", ADJUST R69 TO OBTHIN lx-2.2mfl. WITH SU 'ON", HUJUST RS7 TO OBTHIN Ix-BB mfl. THE 2nd POLE OF SI (Sib) IS USED WITH ICIB OF THE HLflRM CIRCUITRY.

+

Dl 11

1N270

-^

RG0

+ 15 V DIH

"LOW-BRTT DROPOUT"

RG5

D113

RGl

I \AAr270

RG2

\Slb I \N\r10 M

R63 <G)

LH0042CH

D51

1N270

MRLLORY SCGIGWY

RUDIO RLRRM

-^

1 K

-15 V R66< IS

1 ^

\n D52S^-

z

BRSE UNIT MONITOR/RLRRM CIRCUITS

FOR LASER 8v DIPOLE BRTTERY STRTUS

Fiqure 38. Schematic - Base unit man i tarsal arm circuits for laser & dipole battery status. Power on/o-ff uplink drive.

R152 ^2

C133

^

Hf—

270pr

15

JJ

D108:

/^

H

1/2 OF

IC7

HC4538

10

^;

13

+5 V

R153:

HFBR-1404

Q10G

2N3904 — TP4

S7

E

LINK

IRTE OR POLYSTYRENE.

ca 1 doun 1 i nk
r
+5 V

TEMPERflTURE

OPTICRL DONNLINK

HFBR-H04

NOTE: CI 32 MUST BE POLYCRRBONHTE OR POLYSTYRENE.

Figure 39. Schematic - Temperature optical downl ink.

A

DIPOLE FEED

R80< ^

+5 V

y

"

1 ^

R139 ^ §

C12aL ^

S R136

I

* to ICG

S7

-5 V

VS;

+1?.2 V BHT»

(Vin)

BIHSED DETECTOR

HND DIFFERENTIAL HMP

R120

10 k

IS

R121

n

Q101 4

100k

T"

R123

B2.5k

2N590G

A

FROM MMIC TP-103

DIPOLE FEED

^

50 OHM LINE

D105Z;S~ C137

I 1/

TP5

R122

-AA/W51. Ik

TP6

R124

\—wv6Blk

C120 :±:2

C122

R125

6Blk m

in D106S;ZoJ

Q.I

<7

Tl

1000 pF

R12G

-AAA.

I

+5 V

v

500

i S C123 ^ S R12B

it: g C124 ^ g

R127

500

S R129

•^^ R130

• to ICG

-5 V

NOTE: 01 04 MUST BE CRPRBLE OF PROVIDING CONTROL BIfS CURRENTS R5 FOLLOWS:

Aid 10nR

Vin V

FOR 1.) 3V < Vin < 14V

Z) 4uR < Id < 8uR

Figure 40. Schematic - Biased detector & d i -F-Ferent i al amplifier.

R144 ^ s

C130

i 270pF

1

JJ

A

D107^

1^2 OF

IC7

HC4538

—Q

+5 V

HFBR-1404

Q105

h^ 2N3904 - TPll

R145> s

<7

AGE

NK

\TE OR POLYSTYRENE.

ge optical douunlink.

+5 V '

RM0

C12B

TP8

FROM OURD

OP BMP ICll

'~ f

TP9«—t

Rltl < §

TP10 •

RH2^^^

1000pF

C129

7

R143< „

ICG HDG54JR

"T

RH4 < s

C130

I 270pF

j/2 or

IC7 HC4538

+5 V

DIPOLE GAP VOLTRGE

OPTICHL DOWNLINK

D107S2

^

HFBR-1404

H 0105

U 2N3904

TPll

NOTE: Ct29 MUST BE POLYCRRBONRTE OR POLYSTYRENE:.

Figure 41. Schematic - Dipole gap voltage optical downlink.

D100

+7.2 VDC, BHTT

Q57

2N3904 SPHERE

-z

C139 -L

l.BuF'P

«»_C136

'" 1000 pF

R105

L100

1/5

3

r\j

C107

1000 pf

Tl

TP-103

FRRRDRY SHIELD

ID

in D105 2^{^

-]

TO R124,R126 -

:R106

200

^C137 ^

1000 pF

\ 1

SPHERE

PINFET RND MMIC RF nMPLIFIER

+7.2 VDC, BHTT

+9 VDC,IC3 -

FRRRDRY SHIELD

1

-t 'VVV T •

l^ 100 l^ :i03i - C104i - 4^^ ^7^

PINFET AND MMIC RF HMPLIFIER

Figure 42. Schematic - PINFET and MMIC rf amplifier.

BLOCK DIRGRRM

SPHERE SNITCH CIRCUIT

SPHERE RF LEVEL

RECEIVE CIRCUITS

LPSER FIBER OPTIC

r MODULRTED TRRNSMITTER

SPHERE TEMPERRTURE

RECEIVE CIRCUITS

FIBER ORTIC

TO SRHERE

3 LRSER TEMPERRTURE LED, L13 IS LR5ER OUTPUT PONER LED

> SPHERE LOW BRTTERY LED. R IS RN RUDIO RLRRM.

I DIGITRL PRNEL METER RERDOUT

+ 12V

+7.2V

-7.2V

X

SPHERE

BRTTERY

CHRRGE

CIRCUITS

BRSE UNIT POWER SUPPLY

BRSE CONTROL BLOCK DIRGRRM

M

M

SPHERE RF LEVEL

RECEIVE CIRCUITS

SPHERE TEMPERRTURE

RECEIVE CIRCUITS

LRSER FIBER OPTIC

RF MODULRTED TRRNSMITTER

^

FIBER OPTIC

TO SPHERE

NOTES: LJi IS lrser temperrture led. li3 is lrser output poner led

LIS IS sphere low BRTTERY LED. R IS RN RUDIO RLRRH.

M IS r digitrl prnel meter rerdout.

Figure 43. Base control block diagram.

32 > ^ "BniTERY CHRRGER"

INDICRTOR

BASE UNIT CHRRGING CIRCUITS

FOR SPHERICnL DIPOLE BATTERIES

+ • TO -7.2

BRTTERY

D123 - TO GND

OR COMMON

QUICK CHRRGE GROUP

al dipole batter i es
r
GND —

-15 V —

+ 15 V —

+24 V —

TO +12.2 • —K)—

BRTTERY d115

TO +7.2 • Kl BATTERY duG

TO GND

OR COMMON

^

TO -7.2 . PI BRTTERY Dn7

PI

P5

PB

1/16 Hmp

R70

00

R71

R72

100

S D

R73

AAAr05 1 200

J310

S D

J310

D S

J310

R74

-AAAr- 052 100

R75

053 500

R82

0121

BRSE UNIT CHRRGING CIRCUITS

FOR SPHERICRL DIPOLE BRTTERIES

"BRTTERY CHRRGER" INDICRTOR -^ ^

R7G

R79

50

R77

D S 054 100 J310

D118

R80

^A-) wv ni

R78

- 055 100 J310

-^ • TO +12.2

D119 BRTTERY

D120 y^ —PI

* • TO +7.2

D121 BRTTERY

00

S D

R81

-AAA f Q5G 50

J310

D122

D123

TO -7.2 BRTTERY

TO GND

OR COMMON NORMAL CHARGE GROUP QUICK CHARGE GROUP

NOTE: FOR J310, Idss IS MRTCHED TO REQUIREMENT.

Figure 44. Schematic - Base unit charging circuits -For spher i cal dipole batteries.
11
OPTICRL BONN LINK RECEIVER

—*^>>(S >»0J

fVJ

3

(S

in

-15 V

14

13

12

11

10

ICl

HD650JN

F/V

TP17

2 C13

7^

'' s R13

'^. RH

WV

5. IK

C15

u.

\7

3 R15

+

C16

<7

3

S)

- TO RMS DC

CONVERTER

s

TP13

TP12

Dl ; m

+ 15 V

I

CG

R2

0. luF I

RG < s

C3=ra

TPH

X^

C'? R3 —1(- AAAr- B.luF 511

C?

_rv

"in

50K

NE5212

C5 R1 R5< ,;:

Ri^^ IS

H( vw

3.1uF 511

0P3?

TP15

C8:i; =>

R8< s J

C10:

OPTICRL DONN LINK RECEIVER

R9 r^ L M

Rll

\—^AA^- 10

R10<cC

13

12

C12^ -; 10

K7 R12<

TP16

CI I

0.001uF

ICl

RD650JN

F/V

TP17

1

2_ C13

3 IT

IS)

R13

- TO RMS DC M CONVERTER RH

5. IK

CM:

C9 r:^ - J^C16

-15 V

Figure 45. Schematic - Optical downlink receiver.
1
DOWNLINK 5IGNRL

PROCESSING CIRCUITRY

TO PRNEL METER (P42 FOR GRP VOLTAGE

OR P43 FOR TEMP) 8. BNC OUT

(PLUS TO RLRRh IF USED FOR TEMP)

+ 15 V
''^'jr^.

.^ *'

.%.^?
+ 15 V

DOWNLINK SIGNAL

PROCESSING CIRCUITRY

Vin FROM

PIN 1 OF ICl

NOTE: C21 IS R N.P.O. CHIP CRPRCITOR.

TO PANEL METER (P42 FOR GBP VOLTflGE

"^ OR P43 FOR TEMP) 8> BNC OUT

(PLUS TO RLRRM IP USED POP TEMP)

+ 15 V Figure 46. Schematic - Downlink signal processing ci rcuitry.



CPTIC CRBLE TO

SFHERICHL DIPOLE

FIBER OPTIC

JUNCTION BOX

NORM CHRRGE

QUICK CHRRGE

OPTIC CRBLE IN

SONRLERT SPERKER

GROUND ^ 1

flC INPUT

i 'n'

OJD

1 '^BLRa<_

Pi rQ

^O

O^^O

O-^O

^o

"O

RERR PRNEL

MRIN CHRSIS FRONT rfiNri.

RED BLUE GRAY GREEN

1: +1SV

2: 5V

3: -5V

): GND

5: GND

6: N-'C

?: LOU OUTPUT PLRRtl

B: N^C

9: OVERTEMP ALARM

(-5V SUPPLY)

OWy GREEN

(+/- I5\/ SUPPLY) 0,

BLRCK^

1 1

RC RC NyC Nyc GND +S V

1

'EEN '^°

(+5V SUPPLY)

BLUE GREEN

RC RC N^C -I5V GND + 1SV RC RC +5V NyC GND

l< RED _y3 [ REDJ -) ^'•-tU ->

I RC PWR SNITCH [q^y \ i^l^

I GREEN

-P--

^ 'i I I 600606000®

, & 8. ^ '

DISPLRY MODULE

SYMBOLS:

BLKK fi^..' CfOMUht moM - ?.,' (J¥l/J(,l hf

BLUE + 7.J CUflGEH KD >I5V

BLKK -I3V

BLUE + 5V

CRfrr - sv

SREEN CND

RED 120 VFIC LINE

cfim im VK NEUTRRL

CWEEW K GND

Fiqure 47. RssembJy draumg - Base unit

RY CHRRGING CIRCUIT BORRD

COhhON

4-40 Threads, 0.125" deep

SOLR #84-15-21 10

-+15V & 100 mR

P37

C-J

RC RC -\-

cu 1 t board

BRTTERY CHRRGING CIRCUIT BORRD

DJJ5 DUB DM?

Q51

L£Ds ON BfKKPfiFC IE s

P53

R73 R7t

a.

+24 o

-]5o

+5o

GNDo

+I5o

P5

D113 D121 D123

DUB. 120, 122 ON BfKKPflrJEL R79| |R80|

1r7G| |R?7 I

,05 G +24

-]5o

+5o

GNDo

+ i5o

P4

La-iLED ON FRONT PRNCL + + & (\1 +

1 CM

S in (S

1

OJ

1

E

Ln 03

^

M + 00 &

m

Q_ +24

I. cr >

^

r~i p _j (\) + s o +

^ +

1 U)

+

+ r+: +

COMMON

r-.+

4-40 Threads, 0.125" deep

+ +

SOLH #8^-15-21 10

-+15V (S 100 mR

P3?

-|- RC RC -\-

Figure 40. Rssemb 1 y dr aixji ng — Battery charging circuit board.

FIBER

OPTIC

CRBLE

GRP:P22,P31

TEMP:P23,P32

GND JJl

O rC B O

R2 —

S3

5

L ICJ13 5

R5 R3

-15 o +5 o

GND o + 15 o

R11

it board.

DONNLINK RECEIVER

CIRCUIT BORRB

GNDo

DC Output

FIBER

OPTIC

CRBLE

GRP:P22,P31

TEMP:P23,P32

R30

S S

IC 15

cm jji

o -15

o +5

o GND

o +15

R33

R35

^^

u^

J

IC 13 5 -J5 o +5 o GND o

+ 15 o

Liu

uLj

TCP

-]

J ^m

Figure 49. Rssembly drawing - Doiunlink reciever circuit board.

BORRD

FIBER

OPTIC

CRBLE

P24,P33

SWITCH

OFF OH

V Sla ,

D53 O rC B O

i-4 e -15 o +5 o GND o

+ 15 o OPTIC SNITCH MODULE

SNITCH/RLRRM BORRD

FIBCR

OPTIC

CfiBLE

LEDs ON FR(»Tr PFINEl. fO o 1

O OHSSB I «60~]

t. I 1

fVDIO fLPf»1

O O O

>*VITC fiOJ C*3 f-3

LCDs ON f-RCWT RRNEL ~ o

LEDs ON n?ONT PflNEL -- o rma9+ [Tdjio

UtJ

O"

DS3 o flCe o

6-^

@8-^ a -15 o

+5 o

GND o

+ /5 o OPTIC SNITCH MODULE

Figure 50. Rssemb 1 y drauiing - Suiitch alarm circuit board.

R128 R129

CI 23 C12t rv

D106

C131 Ci23

^{ 0104

18

w

in (U

<\j a:

q:

m —

ro

q; 'i-^t

J

6-32 THRU

o

o

Ri

R103 CIBB

5

u

8

G y^

re circuit board

P51

r

[cl3Bl [MI[M]

|£| |L1B0| |C107|

C136

C137 Tl

|R106| 1

P51

[cUbI _ fK9SirR99l

|S| |LlBa| ICIB7I

Tl

IR1B6I - +

Figure 51. nssembly draujing - Sphere circuit board.

BL-114A

(5-90) ADMAN 15.01

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

1. PUBUCATION OR REPORT NUMBER

NISTTN 1351

T PERFORMING ORCfANIZATION REPORT NUMBER

B9 1-0278

fii^iA]^tnm

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Standard Spherical Dipole Source

5. AUTHORrS)

G. Koepke, L.D. Driver, K. Cavcey, K. Masterson, R. Johnk, M. Kanda

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (IF JOINT OR OTHER THAN NIST, SEE INSTRUCTIONS)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

BOULDER, COLORADO 80303-3328

7. CONTRACT/GRANT NUMBER

8. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (STREET. CITY, STATE, ZIP)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-WORD OR LESS FACTUAL SUMMARY OF MOST SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION. IF DOCUMENT INCLUDES A SIGNIFICANT BIBLIOGRAPHY OR

LITERATURE SURVEY, MENTION IT HERE.)

A spherical dipole was developed to provide a source that can be characterized both by theory and experiment and integrated

into modem automated test systems. The frequency and amplitude of the radiated electromagnetic field are established

remotely using a signal generator. This signal and all other control features are transmitted to and from the sphere using fiber

optic cable. The field measurements show good agreement with predictions over much of the frequency band.

12. KEY WORDS (6 TO 12 ENTRIES; ALPHABETICAL ORDER; CAPITAUZE ONLY PROPER NAMES; AND SEPARATE KEY WORDS BY SEMICOLONS)

electromagnetic fields; electronic circuits; fiber optic; remote control; spherical dipole; standard radiator

13. AVAILABIUTY UNUNITED

FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE TO NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS). ORDER FROM SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC 20402. ORDER FROM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS), SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161.

14. NUMBER OF PRINTED PAGES

IS. PRICE

ELECTRONIC FORM

>US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: t9M-6n-971/65034

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