PUBLICATIONS W - , I IR 86-3462

lllllllllllll * fot 053 ?flM Mfications for Thermal and

Environmental Evaluations of

Advanced-Technology Office

Buildings

Andrew K. Persily

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1986

Prepared for Office of Real Property Development

QC : Buildings Service

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al Services Administration

gton, DC 20405

86-3462

1986

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INFORMATION CENTER

NBSIR 86-3462

£

SPECIFICATIONS FOR THERMAL AND

0 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF

ADVANCED-TECHNOLOGY OFFICE

BUILDINGS

Andrew K. Persily

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1986

Prepared for Office of Real Property Development

Public Buildings Service

General Services Administration

Washington, DC 20405

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director

ABSTRACT

Specifications for conducting a thermal and environmental evaluation program for

advanced technology office buildings are presented. This program is to be used

by the General Services Administration (GSA) in designing and assessing the

performance of these new federal office buildings. The evaluations include

quantification of the building envelope thermal integrity in terms of thermal

resistance, insulation quality and airtightness, and the environmental

performance in terms of outside air intake rates, air distribution system

performance and indoor pollutant levels. These specifications cover the

installation of sensors in the building and a "diagnostic center" that will

contain measurement equipment and serve as a terminal point for wires and tubes

from the sensor locations.

This document consists of three basic sections: (1) programing directives - a description of requirements regarding the diagnostic center and associated

items, and quantitative architectural performance standards, to be used in the

building design process; (2) construction specifications - detailed

specifications regarding the procurement and installation of sensors and

equipment for use in the evaluations, written in the Masterspec format developed

by the Construction Specifications Institute; (3) work statements - detailed

descriptions of each of the thermal and environmental evaluations for use in

procuring the services of individuals or organizations to perform the tests.

The three sections are intended for use by GSA in the design and procurement

processes, and are therefore presented in formats appropriate to GSA's needs.

Key words: advanced-technology buildings, building design, building diagnostics,

building thermal performance, design, whole building performance

i
Acknowledgments

This work was sponsored by the Public Building Service of the General Services

Administration through an interagency agreement with the National Bureau of

Standards.

ii
Table of Contents

Abstract i

Acknowledgments ii

List of Figures iv

List of Tables .....v

Introduction . 1

Design Programing Directives 3

Construction Specifications ..11

Part 1 - General .12

Part 2 - Products 15

Part 3 - Execution 23

Work Statements for Building Tests 33

Infrared Thermographic Inspection 35

R-Value Measurement. .. 38

Whole Building Pressurization 44

Component Pressurization 51

Tracer Gas Measurement of Air Infiltration 55

Tracer Gas Measurement of Ventilation 61

Indoor Air Quality Measurement. 62

iii
List of Figures

1. Schematic of Diagnostic Center .6

2. Thermistor Wiring Diagram 31

3. Tracer Gas Injection System Schematic. 32

4. - Schematic of Portable Calorimeter 42

5. Schematic of Measurement and Control System of Portable Calorimeter 43

6. Whole Building Depressurization Test Set-Up.. 49

7. Whole Building Pressurization Test Set-Up 50

8. Component Pressurization Test Set-Ups 54
List of Tables

1. Summary of Infiltration and Weather Data 58

2. Summary of Infiltration Data Sorted by Weather Conditions 59

3. Summary of Real-Time Carbon Monoxide Measurement Results..... 65

4. -Summary of Long-Term Average Carbon Monoxide Measurement Results. ......... 65

5. Summary of Real-Time Formaldehyde Measurement Results 70

v

INTRODUCTION

The design and construction of modern, advanced -technology buildings places more

stringent requirements on the buildings’ thermal and environmental performance.

A better understanding of the thermal, environmental and operational

characteristics of advanced-technology buildings is essential to avoid design,

construction and operation errors that may result in buildings being unsuited to

their occupants or having excessive operating costs. The inability to meet

energy consumption, thermal comfort and air quality criteria in buildings is due

to improper selection of building materials, poor building design, poor

construction quality, and improper operation of building equipment. Various

diagnostic test methods exist to evaluate a building's performance with respect

to these criteria.

Previous studies have shown the value of diagnostic techniques in assessing

building thermal envelope performance, and have revealed the existence of

several types of problems.* These problems include excessive envelope air

leakage leading to degraded insulation performance, increased space conditioning

loads, decreased thermal comfort, and potential material damage to the building

envelope. Improper installation of insulation was another common defect

encountered in the buildings studied. Inadequate outside air intake levels,

along with poor air distribution, also occured and has implications for thermal

comfort and indoor air quality. Finally, the building envelope designs led to

the existence of ’’thermal bridges" where highly conductive building components

penetrate the wall insulation, leading to significant heat transfer even though

the building is constructed as designed.

In order to avoid these and other problems in the more demanding environment of

advanced-technology buildings, one may employ existing diagnostic techniques

early in the construction and occupancy of a building as a matter of course. The present document provides the information necessary to accomplish this in

new, advanced -technology buildings being planned and constructed by the General

Services Administration (GSA). The evaluations include the following:

Thermographic inspection of the building envelope

In-situ measurements of envelope thermal resistance

Pressurization testing of envelope airtightness

Tracer gas measurement of airtightness and ventilation system

performance

Indoor pollutant concentration measurement

In order to facilitate these diagnostic evaluations, the building design and

construction program will include the installation of sensors and measurement

equipment and a central "diagnostic center" for locating this equipment and

coordinating the various tests.

This document is to be used by the General Services Administration in designing

advanced-technology office buildings and conducting the tests, and it is

therefore presented in a format specific to the needs of GSA.

* Grot, Persily, Chang, Fang, Petersen, Galowin, "Evaluation of the Thermal

Integrity of Eight Federal Office Buildings," NBSIR 85-3147, National

Bureau of Standards, 1985.

1
The first section contains "programing directives" to be used in the building

design process. These directives present a general description of the

requirements of the diagnostic evaluation program in terms of physical space

(the diagnostic center), materials, equipment and HVAC control commands. The

programing directives also provide architectural performance standards, i.e.

requirements regarding the quantitative results of the thermal and environmental

performance evaluations.

The second section of this document contains construction specifications, which

are detailed specifications concerning the procurement and installation of

sensors and equipment to be used in the evaluations. The specifications are written in the Masterspec format developed by the Construction Specifications

Institute.

The final section of this document contains work statements describing the

diagnostic evaluations in detail, including how the tests are to be conducted,

how the data are to be analyzed and how the results are to be presented. These

work statements are intended for use in procuring the testing and evaluation

services.

The details of the application of an evaluation program to a specific building

depend on the building being studied and the measurement equipment that is used.

The size, layout and zoning of a building will determine the number and location

of the various sensors required for the tests. While several types and brands

of sensors and measurement equipment meet the specifications that are described

in this document, the specific devices that are used will determine other

material and logistic requirements. For example, the type of device used to

measure tracer gas concentration will affect compressed gas requirements. The

information in this document is not written for any specific building and is

general in terms of the sensors and measurement equipment. Therefore, in order

to use this information in an actual building, additional detail regarding the

specific building is necessary. For example, the construction specifications

require a list of sensor locations for the procurement and installation of the

sensors. The specifications for the required sensors and measurement equipment

are provided, but specific manufacturers are not given. The work statements

describing the evaluations to be conducted depend on the details of the building

and the installed equipment, and other information to be contained in the

construction specifications. Therefore, these work statements must also be made

more detailed for actual use. The work statements in this document are written

to be consistent with the construction specifications in the second section. If

different construction specifications are used, the work statements must be

modified accordingly. Finally, the term "contractor" refers to the general

construction contractor (builder) and any of the builder's subcontractors. The

term "testing agent" refers to those individuals or groups conducting the tests

that are described in the work statements.

2
PART I

DESIGN PROGRAMING DIRECTIVES

3
DATE:

HANDBOOK: Design Programing for Federal Buildings (PBS P 3430.2)

SUBJECT: Diagnostic Center

1. General : Provide a diagnostic center (DC) within the building for use in

various thermal and environmental evaluations of the building. The DC

shall contain several pieces of scientific equipment, and shall serve as a terminal point for sensor wires and air sampling lines and a source of

tracer gas injection lines. The attached schematic diagram in figure 1 provides a general description of the DC. Most of the scientific equipment

shall be provided during the building construction stage, with the

remainder being brought to the building by testing agents for use in

specific tests. Details on the sensors, materials, and equipment to be

provided and/or installed by the contractor are described in detail in the

construction specifications. A general outline of the facility along with

other programming directives related to the thermal and environmental tests

are given below.

2. Facility Support : The DC shall be located near the building automation

system (BAS) control room and the security office. A floor area of about

200 ft 2 is required, and the space shall be in a separate, lockable room or part of a larger, lockable room. The space must be accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week. There must be a double-doorway entrance at least 5

ft wide. The DC shall be furnished with at least three tabletops (roughly

3 ft by 6 ft), a lockable tool cabinet (about 6 ft tall), two upright

cabinet racks, three chairs, and a compressed gas cylinder rack. The space

shall have a telephone, 24 hour computer grade space conditioning, a compressed air supply, a vacuum line, and at least ten 15 amp outlets of

115 VAC, UPS/filtered power. Space shall also be provided within the

building for the storage of at least 12 unused compressed gas cylinders.

3. Pollutant and Tracer Gas Monitors : The contractor shall provide equipment

to measure the concentration of a tracer gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SFg),

carbon dioxide (CC^), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO), and

particulates in air. This equipment is described in the construction

specifications.

4. Air Sampling : There shall be air sample tubes from various locations in the

building which will terminate in the DC, as shown in figure 1. Each line

shall be compatible with the inlets of air sampling pumps used to draw air

from the sampling locations. These air sampling pumps shall be mounted in

a rack and the pump outlet tubes shall run to a common location within the

DC.

5. Tracer Injection : There shall be tracer gas injection tubes running from an injection system to various locations within the building, as shown in

figure 1. Each injection line, corresponding to a different injection

location, shall be associated with a solenoid valve to turn the tracer flow

on or off and with a flowmeter to monitor and control the tracer gas

injection rate. The solenoid valves' wires will run to a common location

within the DC, as will the tubes from the solenoid outlets.

6. Sensor Wires : There will be various sensor wires terminating in the DC for

use in the testing, as shown in figure 1. These sensors shall be provided

4
and installed by the contractor and shall include thermistors for measuring

temperatures in ducts, the building interior and outside, an anemometer for

measuring wind speed and direction, differential pressure transducers for

measuring the pressure difference across the exterior walls, and fan

switches (relays) for providing a switch closure when individual air

handlers are on,

7. Compressed Gas : Several different compressed gases are required and the gas

cylinders shall be securely mounted on a wall of the DC, There must be

room for ten size #1A cylinders and four size #3 cylinders. Besides the

tracer gas, there shall be carrier gas required for the gas chromatograph

used to measure the tracer gas concentration, CO2 free air and ultra zero

air for use in calibrating gas concentration measuring devices, 1 ppm SFg

in air for calibrating the gas chromatograph, 250 ppm and 750 ppm CO2 in

air for calibrating the CO2 monitor, 5 ppm and 20 ppm CO in air for

calibrating the CO monitor, and other calibration gases for the other

pollutant monitoring equipment.

5
Incoming

sensor wires

Incoming

air sampling tubes

Outgoing

tracer gas

injection tubes

Figure 1 Schematic of Diagnostic Center

6
RELATED DIRECTIVES:

1. Building Automation System (BAS): The diagnostic tests require several

HVAC control commands to be programmed into the BAS. The control commands

include:

a. '‘Pressurization"

All return, exhaust and spill dampers closed

All return and exhaust fans off

Supply and intake dampers open and adjustable remotely

Main supply fan(s) ready to be turned on and controlled individually

using appropriate controls

b. "Depressurization"

All supply and intake dampers closed

All supply and intake fans off

Main spill/exhaust dampers open and adjustable remotely

Main return fan(s) ready to be turned on and controlled individually

using appropriate controls

c. "Infiltration"

Close all intake and spill dampers, including minimum outside air

intake dampers

All noncritical exhaust fans and dampers off/closed

All supply and return fans on Override to normal controls if early morning heating or cooling are called for

Override to fire control mode in event of fire alarm

2. Architectural Performance Statements: A series of thermal and environmental

tests of the building will be conducted to evaluate the performance of the

building and its systems. The results of each test must comply with the

following performance specifications.

a. Infrared Thermographic Inspection

The building envelope will be inspected using infrared thermography,

according to ASHRAE Standard 101-81. The percent of exterior wall

area (excluding windows) having thermal defects must be less than 10%.

b. R-Value

The R-value of the exterior walls will be measured in at least three

locations for each exterior wall type, where the wall is judged to be

properly insulated according to the infrared thermographic inspection.

If thermal defects are detected, then there shall be three R-value

measurements for each type of defect. The measured R-values for the

properly insulated walls must be no less than 90% of the calculated

values based on the building design and standard ASHRAE handbook

procedures.

c. Whole Building Airtightness

The airtightness of the building envelope will be measured using the

fan pressurization method according to ASTM E 779-81. The airflow rate

required to maintain the interior air pressure 0.1 in. H2O below the

exterior pressure will be measured, as well as the airflow rate

7
required to maintain the interior air pressure 0.1 in. H

2O above the

exterior. The average of these two airflow rates divided by the

building volume must be less than 0.75. This average airflow rate

divided by the total exterior building envelope area (including

windows, roof, etc.) must be less than 0.25 cfm/ft2

.

d. Component Airtightness

The airtightness of a sample of the windows and doors will be measured

in accordance with ASTM E 783. The measured tightness must be in

compliance with ASHRAE Standard 90-80, i.e. window leakage must be

less than 0.50 cfm per foot of crack at 0.3 in. HpO and door leakage

must be less than 11 cfm per foot of crack at 0.3 in. H 2

0.

e. Air Infiltration

The whole building air infiltration rate will be measured with the air

handlers operating at 0% outside air intake using the tracer gas decay

technique according to ASTM Standard E 741-83. The average

infiltration rate for an inside-outside temperature difference between

10 and 30 degrees F and wind speeds less than 5 mph must be less than

0.20 air changes per hour. The infiltration rate for a temperature

difference greater than 40 degrees F and wind speeds greater than 10

mph must be less than 0.40 air changes per hour.

f. Ventilation

The whole building ventilation rate will also be measured using the

tracer gas decay technique (ASTM E 741-83) under normal-occupancy

operating conditions of the outside air intake control system. The

measured ventilation rates (under conditions of minimum outside air

intake) must be greater than the ventilation requirement calculated as follows. The ventilation requirement in air change per hour (V)

depends on the specified requirement for outside air per person (q) in

cfm, the floor area per person (A) in ft2 and the office ceiling

height (H) in ft, according to V = qx6Q^AxH. For example, if one requires 10 cfm per person with 140 ft2

of floor area per person and a ceiling height of 10 ft, then the ventilation requirement is

approximately 0.43 air changes per hour. The maximum ventilation rate

under conditions of minimum outside air intake must be less than 1.5

times this minimum.

g. Indoor Pollutant Levels

The indoor concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,

formaldehyde, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, radon, sulfur dioxide,

respirable particulates, volatile organic compounds, and asbestos will

be measured. The concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,

sulfur dioxide, and particulates must be in compliance with the

National Ambient Air Quality Standards listed in Table 1 of ASHRAE

Standard 62-1981 for the noted time periods, i.e. CO - 35 ppm for 1 hour and 9 ppm for 8 hours; NOp - 0.05 ppm for 8 hours; S02

- 0.03 ppm

for 8 hours; respirable particulates - 260 yg/nP 8 hour average for

total suspended particulates. The hourly average concentrations of

carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, ozone and radon must be in compliance

with Table 4 of ASHRAE Standard 62-1981, i.e. C02

- 2500 ppm; HCHO -

0.1 ppm; - 0.05 ppm; radon - 0.01 working levels. Volatile organic

compounds are variable in composition and generally exhibit low

concentrations in office buildings. While no standards exists

8
specific to the nonindustrial indoor environment, the concentrations

of these substances will be measured and compared to those levels

measured in other buildings. Unusually high concentrations of total

or specific volatile organic compounds will be investigated further.

Although GSA design policies preclude the use of asbestos in the

construction of buildings, an asbestos survey will be conducted,

including sampling of the interior air, to verify that asbestos

hazards do not exist within the building.

REFERENCES

ASHRAE Standard 90-1981, "Energy Conservation in New Building Design," American

Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,

1980.

'

ASHRAE Standard 62-1981, "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,"

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers,

Inc., 1981.

ASHRAE Standard 101-1981, "Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to the

Assessment of Building Heat Loss Characteristics," American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1981.

ASTM E 741, "Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Tracer

Dilution," American Society of Testing and Materials, 1983.

ASTM E 779, "Standard Practice for Measuring Air Leakage by the FanPressurization Method," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1981.

ASTM E 783, "Standard Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through

Installed Exterior Windows and Doors," American Society of Testing and

Materials, 1981.

Grot, R.A., Burch, D.M., Silberstein, S., Galowin, L.S., "Measurement Methods

for Evaluation of Thermal Integrity of Building Envelopes," NBSIR 82-26 05,

National Bureau of Standards, 1 982.

Grot, R.A., Persily, A.K., Chang, Y.M., Fang, J.B., Weber, S., Galowin, L.S.,

"Evaluation of the Thermal Integrity of the Building Envelopes of Eight

Federal Office Buildings," NBSIR 85-3147, National Bureau of Standards,

1985.

ORIGINATOR

National Bureau of Standards, for the Office of Real Property Development,

Public Building Service

9

PART II

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS

11
SECTION OOOOO - THERMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE SENSORS

THIS SECTION COVERS THE PROCUREMENT AND

INSTALLATION OF SENSORS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN

BUILDING THERMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

EVALUATION INCLUDING THE CONNECTION OF THE SENSORS

TO A CENTRAL DIAGNOSTIC CENTER REFERRED TO AS THE

"DC.

PART 1 - GENERAL

1.01 DESCRIPTION OF WORK :

A. Extent of this section includes all work necessary for the procurement

and installation of sensors and equipment for use in building thermal

and environmental performance evaluations. It covers sensor and

equipment specifications, installation, connection to the Diagnostic

Center (DC), and testing.

B. Types of sensors and equipment in this section include the following:

1. Environmental : sensors for use in a variety of the diagnostic

tests.

a. Anemometer: wind speed and direction.

b. Outside temperature thermistors.

c. Inside temperature thermistors.

d. Supply and return duct temperature thermistors.

2. Infiltration/Pressurization : equipment for use in measurements of

building airtightness and ventilation rates.

a. Tubing: For tracer gas injection, air sampling, and pressure

difference measurement.

b. Tracer injection system: Flowmeters, tubing, solenoid valves

and wires for the injection of tracer gas.

c. Air sampling system: Pumps for drawing air to the DC from

sampling locations and tubing for connection of the pumps to

measurement instruments.

d. Fan switches: To provide switch closures indicating when

individual air handlers are on.

e. Tracer gas concentration measurement equipment: Gas

chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector for

measuring tracer gas concentration.

12
f. Differential pressure transducers: To measure the pressure

difference across the exterior walls.

3. Pollutant Monitors : For measuring concentrations of various indoor

pollutants.

a. Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) monitor.

b. Carbon Monoxide (CO) monitor.

c. Particulate monitor.

d. Formaldehyde (HCHO) monitor.

4. General Supplies :

a. Compressed gas: Tracer gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SFg), carrier

gas for gas chromatograph, calibration gases for tracer gas

and pollutant concentration measuring equipment.

b. Compressed gas regulators and tube fittings.

c. Compressed air pump and supply lines.

d. Vacuum pump and vacuum line.

e. Upright cabinet racks for mounting scientific equipment.

f. Air sample bags and personal exposure pumps.

g. Environmental Stations (ES): vented boxes in occupied space

for interior thermistors and air sampling.

h. Wiring to connect sensors to the DC.

i. Spare materials: tubing, wire, thermistors, flowmeters,

solenoid valves, pumps, pump repair kits, fan switches, etc.

1.02 QUALITY ASSURANCE :

A. Contractor Qualifications : Installation shall be provided by a speciality contractor of established reputation (or if newly

organized, whose personnel have previously established a reputation in

the same field), which is regularly engaged in, and which maintains a regular force of personnel skilled in the installation of building

thermal sensors and long lengths of tubing and wiring, and shall have

performed this work on previous projects.

13
1 . 03 SUBMITTALS :

A. Product Data : Submit manufacturer's technical data and installation

instructions on all sensors and equipment including anemometer,

thermistors, fan switches, flowmeters, solenoid valves, pumps, gas

chromatograph/electron capture detector, differential pressure

transducers, pollutant monitors, compressed air pump, and vacuum pump.

B. List oH Label Names : Submit a list of all sensor wire and tube label

names including the associated sensor type and location, as in the

following example: (See list of sensor locations for locations and

label names)

Label Name Type Location

WSP Wind Speed

WDIR Wind Direction -a— TOUT Outside Temp

T/R/RF1 Return Temp Return Fan RF1

T/R/RF2 11 1! " " RF2

T/1 E/A-10 Interior " 1st Floor East Col.A-10

T/1 E/B-15 it n " " " Col. B -15

S/R/RF1 Air Sample Return Fan RF1

S/1 E/A-10 it n 1st Floor East Col.A-10

I/SF 1 Injection Supply Fan SF1

I/SF 2

n ii ii Sp2

DP/1 E/A-10 Pressure Diff 1st Floor East Col.A-10

DP/1 E/B-15 it n " " " Col.B-15

F/SF 1 Fan Switch Supply Fan SF 1 F/SF 2

n ii " » SF 2

1.04 SEQUENCING/SCHEDULING :

A. Pre-Interior Finishing : Install equipment within DC. Install

anemometer, outside thermistors, return and supply duct thermistors,

differential pressure transducers, fan switches and all associated

wiring to the DC including the wiring from the ES's. Install the

tracer gas injection and air sampling tubing. Install the compressed

air and vacuum pumps and lines. Test anemometer, outside and duct

thermistor wires, differential pressure transducers, fan switches, and

compressed air and vacuum systems for proper operation. Test all

tubing for continuity.

B. During Interior Finishing : Install all ES's and interior thermistors,

and test the associated wiring for proper operation.

14
PART 2 - PRODUCTS

2.01 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES :

A. Sensor wires : For connecting the thermistors, anemometer, differential

pressure transducers, and fan switches to the DC. All conductors

within cables shall be 22 gauge, stranded tinned copper, color-coded,

vinyl plastic insulated with jacket overall, voltage rating 200 V.

1. Thermistors and Fan Switches : 2-conductor, nominal 0D = 0.175 in.

2. Differential Pressure Transducers : 4-conductor, 2 shielded pairs,

nominal 0D = 0.165 in.

3. Anemometer : 5-conductor, nominal OD = 0.194 in.

4. Quantity : As necessary for all connections such that they are continuous from sensor to DC. Supply an additional 500 ft of 2-

conductor, 500 ft of 4-conductor, and 250 ft of 5-conductor. All

from same manufacturer.

B. Tubing : For connection between DC and air sampling locations, and

between DC and tracer gas injection locations.

1. Material : Nylon, high flexibility, low friction.

2. Air Sampling : OD r 0.375 in., ID = 0.295 in.

3. Tracer gas injection : OD = 0.125 in., ID = 0.095 in.

4. Quantity : As necessary for all connections such that they are continuous from each sampling and injection location to the DC,

and as necessary for air sampling and tracer gas injection

systems. Supply an additional 1000 ft of the air sampling and 500

ft of the tracer gas injection tubing. All from same manufacturer.

C. Pressure Transducer Tubing : For connecting the differential pressure

transducers to the outside pressure taps.

1. Material : Flexible polyethylene tubing, capable of achieving a leak-proof seal with friction-fit hose fittings.

2. Size : ID = 0.1875 in., OD = 0.3125 in.

3. Quantity : As necessary for all the differential pressure

transducers such that the lines are continuous from the outside

pressure tap to the pressure transducer. Supply an additional 200

ft. All from same manufacturer.

D. Compressed Gas Cylinders :

1. Carrier gas : For tracer gas concentration measurement equipment.

15
a. Specifications : As specified by manufacturer of gas

chromatograph/electron capture detector*

b. Quantity : 4 size #1A cylinders.

2. Sulfur Hexafluoride : Tracer gas.

a. Specifications : Commercial purity, 99.8% minimum.

b. Quantity : 3 size #1A cylinders (at least 100 lb each), and 3

size #3 cylinders (at least 10 lb each).

3. Sulfur Hexafluoride Calibration Gas : For calibrating gas

chromatograph/electron capture detector.

a. Specifications : Primary standard, 1 ppm SFg in dry air.

b. Quantity : 1 size #1A cylinder (at least 200 ft^).

4. Ultra Zero Air : For calibrating pollutant monitors.

a. Specifications : Certified, THC as CH^ <0.1 ppm.

b. Quantity : 2 size //I A cylinders (at least 200 ft^ each).

5. Carbon Dioxide Free Air : For calibrating C02 monitor.

a. Specifications : Certified, total C02 equivalent < 5 ppm.

b. Quantity : 2 size #1A cylinders (at least 200 ft^ each).

6. Carbon Dioxide Calibration Gases : For calibrating C02 monitor.

a. Specifications : Primary standard, in dry air, 250 ppm and 750

ppm.

b. Quantity : 1 size #1A cylinder of 250 ppm (at least 200 ft^)

and 1 size //1A cylinder of 750 ppm (at least 200 ft^).

7. Carbon Monoxide Calibration Gases : For calibrating CO monitor.

a. Specifications : Primary standard, in dry air, 5 ppm and 20 ppm.

b. Quantity : 1 size #1A cylinder of 5 ppm (at least 100 ft^) and

1 size // 1A cylinder of 20 ppm (at least 100 ft^).

E. Compressed Gas Regulators :

1. Description : 2-stage, all brass body.

2. Requirements :

a. Cylinder valve outlet CGA No.590, delivery pressure 4-50 psig,

quantity 5 (for SFg).

16
b. Cylinder valve outlet OGA No.590, delivery pressure 4-100

psig, quantity 5 (for ultra zero air, CO2 free air, and CO

calibration gas).

c. Cylinder valve outlet CGA No.320, delivery pressure 4-100

psig, quantity 2 (for CO2 calibration gas).

d. Cylinder valve outlet appropriate to carrier gas, quantity 2.

F. Fittings : For nylon air sample and tracer injection tubes.

1. Description : Brass tube fittings, providing leak-proof and torquefree seal, requiring no special tools for installation. All from

same manufacturer.

2. Requirements :

a. As necessary to connect regulators, flowmeters, solenoid

valves, and calibration gas generators to 1/8 in. OD nylon

tubing, and to connect air sample pumps and pollutant monitors

to 3/8 in. OD nylon tubing.

b. Additional fittings: 50 each of 1/8 in. OD tubing tees, 3/8

in. 0D tubing tees, 1/8 in. OD tubing unions, 3/8 in. 0D

tubing unions, male connectors (1/8 in. OD tubing to 1/4 in.

male pipe), male connectors (1/8 in. OD tubing to 1/8 in. male

pipe), and tees (1/8 in. OD tubing, 1/8 in. OD tubing, 1/8 in.

male pipe).

G. Air Sample Bags : For collecting air samples within the building space

for ventilation system performance and pollutant concentration

measurements.

1. Specifications : 10 liter capacity, 3/16 in. ID hose-fit on/off

valve, does not absorb SF5.

2. Quantity : 100.

H. Personal Exposure Pumps : Small, battery operated pumps for filling

air sample bags.

1. Specifications : 3/16 in. ID hose connections on inlet and outlet,

adjustable flow rate between 1 and 80 liters/hour, flow constant

within - 5%, battery operated, minimum battery life of 10 hours at

1 liter/hour, low noise level compatible with office use.

2. Quantity : 20 pumps, all from same manufacturer.

17
2.02 EQUIPMENT :

A. Anemometer : For measurement of wind speed and direction on the

building roof. The device shall combine both measurements and be

mounted on a mast.

1. Wind speed : Cup anemometer employing a DC generator, linear DCV

output, sensitivity approximately 4 V at 100 mph, accuracy ±1 mph,

threshold maximum of 1 mph.

2. Wind direction : Transmitter vane employing a 1000 Ohm

potentiometer, linear relation between 0-360° direction and 0-1000

Ohm potentiometer resistance, constant DC input voltage no greater

than 12 V, 3 wire connection (supply voltage, ground, output

voltage), accuracy ±5%, threshold maximum of 0.7 mph, linearity

-0. 5$.

3. Additional Equipment :

a. Cross Arm : For mounting cup anemometer and direction vane, and

subsequent mounting on mast.

b. Mast : For mounting cross arm, at least 20 ft tall, such as 1.5

ID water pipe. Must be compatible with cross arm.

c. Extra Anemometer Cuds : At least 3, must be compatible with cup

anemometer.

B. Thermistors : For air temperature measurement in ducts, interior space,

and outside.

1. Description : Interchangeable, linear air temperature probes with a 0.1$ precision resistor pair. All from same manufacturer.

2. Specifications :

a. Thermistor Probes : Interchangeable, stainless steel cage

around an epoxy encapsulated thermistor, accuracy of -0.15 °C

in range of -30 to 100 °C, with standard 1/4 in. 3-conductor

phone plug on end of 10 ft cable.

b. Resistor Pairs : 0,1$ metal film resistors, resistance as specified by manufacturer for interior and duct temperature

range (approximately 30 to 100 °F) and exterior temperature

range (-30 to 120 °F). One resistor (R 2) for connection to

probe, and other resistor (R-j) for connection to thermistor

reading equipment.

3. Preparation : All R^ resistors must be securely packaged for use by

testing agent in data acquistion system. All R2 resistors must be

wired with probe as shown in figure 2.

4. Quantity ; Inside type, one for each interior and duct location,

plus 10 extra. Outside type, one for each outside location plus 2

extra.

18
C. Differential Pressure Transducers : To measure pressure difference across

exterior walls.

1. Description : Low range differential pressure transducers with

electronic output, compatible power supply and signal conditioner.

Rack mountable case for power supply and signal conditioner. All

from same manufacturer.

2. Transducer ; Specifications : Range approximately ±0.50 in. H

2

0,

accuracy and linearity of ±0.5% of full scale, temperature

compensated from 0 to 160 degress F, pressure connection 3/16 in.

ID hose.

3. Power Supply Specifications : Must be compatible with transducer,

power input 115 VAC, capable of handling up to 50 channels of

pressure difference measurement.

4. Siena! Conditioner Specifications : Must be compatible with

transducers and power supply, output voltage ±10 VDC, front-panel

zero and span adjustments.

5. Mounting Case for Power Supply and Signal Conditioner : Rack

mountable case capable of handling up to 50 transducer channels,

compatible with power supply and signal conditioners.

6. Quantity : One transducer for each differential pressure location,

plus six extra. Sufficient numbers of power supplies, signal

conditioners, and mounting cases to accomodate all the

transducers.

D. Fan Switches : To provide a switch closure as a signal of air handler

status. Requires relay and socket pair.

1. Relay Specifications : General purpose relays, enclosed in clear,

poly -carbonate dust cover, action - triple pole, double throw,

input voltage 115 VAC, standard 11 -pin octal type plug.

2. Socket Specifications : 11-pin octal type socket, must be

compatible with the relay.

3. Quantity : One relay/socket pair for each tracer gas injection

location, plus six extra. All from same manufacturer.

E. Environmental Stations (ES): Vented boxes for installation of interior

thermistors and air sampling tubes.

1. Specifications : Lockable, vented, lightweight boxes, such as thermostat covers. At least 7 in. by 3.5 in. by 3 in.. A single

key shall be able to open all the ES's in the building, and six

copies of the key shall be provided.

2. Quantity : One for each interior sampling location, plus 6 extra.

All from same manufacturer.

19
F. Solenoid Valves : For controlling tracer gas injection.

1. Description : Solenoid operated pnuematic valve, directional 2-way

type, normally closed, zero leakage.

2. Specifications : Maximum pressure 100 psi, power input 110 VAC,

power consumption 10 Watts maximum, room temperature gas, pipe

thread inlet and outlet.

3. Preparation : Provide and install fittings to connect pipe thread

valve inlet and outlet to 1/8 in. 0D nylon tube.

4. Quantity : One valve for each tracer gas injection location, plus

12 extra. 24 extra pipe-to-tube fittings. All from same

manufacturer.

G. Flowmeters : For measuring and controlling tracer gas injection rates.

To be installed in tracer gas injection system.

1. Description : Rotameter type flowmeters with manual valve for

controlling flow rate. Each meter held in manufacturer's rack

mountable case or holder, containing an appropriately sized

control valve and 1/8 in. OD tube fittings on the inlet and

outlet. All from same manufacturer.

2. Specifications : Calibrated by manufacturer for SF6 at 30 psig

within meter and 20 °C. Accuracy of -2% of full scale or better.

High accuracy needle valve for controlling flow rate.

3. Sizing : For each tracer gas injection location, determine tracer

gas flow rate that will yield a concentration of 100 ppb in the

interior volume corresponding to that location after a 5 minute

injection. This injection rate should be approximately 50% of

full-scale on the flowmeter for that injection location.

4. Quantity : One for each tracer gas injection location plus one extra of each scale provided.

H. Air Sample Pumps : For pumping air from air sample locations, through

3/8 in. 0D nylon tubing, to the DC. To be installed in air sampling

system.

1. Description : Dual -headed pumps, rated for continuous duty. Motor

must be service free, totally enclosed, brushless, with sealed

ball bearings, and with thermal overload protection.

2. Specifications : Capacity 900 in^/min per head in free air, maximum

pressure 18 psig, power 115 VAC, class B motor, 1/25 hp motor at

1550 rpm, less than 2 amp. All from same manufacturer.

3. Connections : Provide and install fittings on inlet and outlet of

each pump head for connection of 3/8 in. 0D nylon tubes.

4. Other Materials : Spare parts, including diaphragms, valves, valve

retainers, cams, pump-to-tube fittings, etc.

20
5. Quantity : 30 dual -headed pumps, plus 5 extra, 2 sets of spare

parts for each dual headed pump.

I. Compressed Air Equipment : Pump and pressure lines to provide

compressed air supply to the DC.

1. Description : Oil -less pump, rated for continuous duty, with

storage tank to provide pulseless flow, filtered inlet to remove

liquids, water vapor and particles, including appropriately rated

lines to connect inlet to the outdoors and outlet to the DC.

2. Pump Specifications : Maximum pressure of 100 psi, free-air

capacity of 4 scfm, power requirement of 115 VAC, motor protected

for overload.

3. Other Materials : All fittings necessary for pressure lines and

appropriate filters.

4. Quantity : One ready for operation, fully accessorized with all

required spare parts.

J. Vacuum Equipment : Pump and pressure lines to provide vacuum to the DC.

1. Description : Oil-less pump, rated for continuous duty, including

appropriately rated lines and fittings to connect pump inlet to

the DC and outlet to the outdoors.

2. Pump Specifications : Free-air capacity at least 2 scfm, maximum

vacuum 15 in. Hg, maximum pressure 60 psig continuous, power

requirement of 115 VAC.

3. Other Materials : All fittings necessary for pressure lines.

4. Quantity : One ready for operation, fully accessorized with all

required spare parts.

K. Carbon Dioxide Monitor: For measuring CO2 concentrations of air

samples.

1. Description : Real-time monitor based on non-dispersive infrared

measurement or an electrochemical sensor.

2. Specifications : Range 100 to 3000 ppm, response time of one minute, accuracy of - 5 ppm, linearity of - 1%, minimal

interference from water vapor and carbon monoxide, internal air

pump, calibrated by manufacturer in above concentration range,

output DC volts.

3. Connections : Provide and install fittings on inlet and outlet for

connection to 3/8 in. OD nylon tubing.

4. Quantity : One ready for operation, fully accessorized with all

required spare parts and attachments including filters.

21
L. Carbon Monoxide Monitor : For measuring CO concentrations of air

samples.

1. Description : Real-time monitor based on non-dispersive infrared

measurement or an electrochemical sensor.

2. Specifications : Range 1 to 50 ppm, response time of one minute,

accuracy of - 0.2 ppm, linearity of ± 1%, minimal interference

from water vapor or carbon dioxide, internal air pump, calibrated

by manufacturer in above concentration range, output DC volts.

3. Connections : Provide and install fittings on inlet and outlet for

connection to 3/8 in. OD nylon tubing.

4. Quantity : One ready for operation, fully accessorized with all

required spare parts and attachments including filters.

M. Particulate Monitor : For measuring particulate concentrations of air

samples.

1. Description : Field portable, real-time, airborne particle counter

based on optical scattering. With real time clock, LCD display,

mass flow sample metering, on-board thermal printer, automatic

self-calibration, RS232C interface, relative humidity and

temperature measurements, low noise level under operation.

2. Specifications : Sample airflow rate roughly 1 scfm; sample

duration variable from 5 seconds to 60 minutes; particle size

ranges of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 microns; automatic

field calibration; weight less than 30 pounds.

3. Quantity : One ready for operation, fully accessorized with all

required spare parts and attachments.

N. Formaldehyde Monitor : For measuring HCH0 concentrations of air

samples, plus required calibration equipment.

1. Description : Portable, real-time HCHO detector, no interference

from water vapor or other aldehydes.

2. Specifications : Initially factory calibrated for HCHO, 0-10 ppm

full-scale, detection limit of 5 to 10 ppb, accuracy and

reproducibility better than 5%,

3. Quantity : One, plus all required attachments, expendible supplies,

and spare parts such as pumps, tubing, sample cells, and

reference cells.

4. Calibration Equipment : For on-site calibration of HCHO monitor in

range of interest.

a. Gas Standards Generator : 5 liter/min flowmeter, temperature

setpoints of 25, 80 and 100 °G

22
b. HCHO Permeation Tubes : Permeation tubes certified at 80 and

100 °C.

O. Tracer Gas Concentration Measurement Equipment : For measuring sulfur

hexafluoride (SFg) concentration in air samples.

1. Description : Real-time monitor based on gas chromatography and

electron capture detection.

2. Specifications : Range from 1 to 250 ppb, accuracy of ± 2% of

reading, internal air punp, maximum analysis time of one minute.

P. Upright Cabinet Racks

1. Description : Steel cabinet for installing scientific equipment.

2. Specifications : 70 in. high, 24 in. outside width, 32 in. outside

depth, 29 in. clear inside depth, to be compatible with "rack

mountable" equipment. Welded 14 gauge steel frame, 16 gauge panel

mounting rail supports, 18 gauge sides and top. Front and rear

panel mounting tapped 10-32 on E.I.A. universal spacing.

3. Quantity : Two.

PART 3 - EXECUTION

3.01 PREPARATION :

A. Study Building -Plans : From building plans, mechanical equipment

specifications and on-site inspection, develop familiarity with the

building, the number and location of air handlers, the zones which

they serve, and the location of the DC.

B. Study Sensor Locations : Examine building plans and list of sensor

locations for thermistor, air sampling, fan switch, differential

pressure gauge, and tracer gas injection locations.

1. Environmental Stations (ES): At least one per floor as specified

in the building interior air sampling locations in the list of

sensor locations, in central locations at least 10 ft from

windows, doors and heavy office equipment (e.g. copying machines),

and at a height of roughly 4 ft off floor.

ON EACH FLOOR

i. If the floor is served by different air handlers, a minimum of

one for each air handler, with an additional location for each

additional 5000 ft2 of floor area.

OR

ii. If entire floor is served by the same air handler, one for

each 5000 ft2 of floor area.

23
2. Thermistors :

a. Outside : Two locations on the roof and two on the ground floor

as specified in the exterior sampling locations in the list of

sensor locations, out of direct sunlight, clear of any

building exhaust vents and that will not interfere with

regular maintainance activities.

b. Floor Returns : One location where the ceiling return plenum

connects with each vertical return air shaft as specified in

the floor return air sampling locations in the list of sensor

locations, upstream of the shaft and any dampers.

c. Return Fans : One location for each return fan as specified in

the main supply fan air sampling locations in the list of

sensor locations, upstream of the fan and downstream of the

merger of all lesser ducts into the main return duct.

d. Supply Fans : One location for each supply fan as specified in

the main supply fan air sampling locations in the list of

sensor locations, downstream of the fan at least 10 duct

diameters from the air handler.

3. Air, Sampling :

a. ES: One for each ES (corresponding to the locations in section

3.01.B. 1).

b. Outside : One for each outside thermistor location

(corresponding to the locations in section 3.01.B.2.a).

c. Floor Returns : One location at each point where the ceiling

return air plenum connects with vertical return air shaft

(corresponding to the locations in section 3.01.B.2.b).

d. Return Fans : One location for each main return fan

(corresponding to the locations in section 3.01J3.2.C).

e. Supply Fans : Two locations in each main supply duct. One

immediately upstream of the supply fan and tracer gas

injection location, and the other (corresponding to the

locations in section 3.01.B.2.d) downstream of the fan at

least 10 duct diameters from the air handler.

4. Tracer Injection Locations : One location for each fan as specified

in the list of sensor locations, immediately upstream of the fan.

5. Pressure Transducer Locations : As noted on drawings and list of

sensor locations. At least three per exterior wall, located at or near ground level, mid-height, and highest occupied floor.

Elevation above ground level of each transducer must be noted in

list referred to in section 1.03.B.

6. Fan Switches : One location for each supply fan as specified in the

list of sensor locations, located near a 120 VAC source which is

24
activated if and only if the fan is on,

3.02 INSTALLATION :

A. Sensors :

1. Anemometers : Mount securely on a 20 ft mast and locate mast on the

highest point of the building. Secure mast with guide wires.

Ground mast for lightning according to local building codes.

2. Environmental Stations : Mount on interior walls or interior

columns at a height of roughly 4 ft above the floor according to

the manufacturer's instructions. All ES keys shall be stored

within the DC tool cabinet.

3. Thermistors :

a. Outside : Secure probe with cable ties such that it will not

move under extreme winds or with time, nor interfere with any

regular maintainance activities. Secure phone jack and

associated wiring in immediate vicinity of probe.

b. Interior : Secure probe with cable tie in each environmental

station (ES) such that it is suspended at least 1 in from any

surface. Secure phone jack and associated wiring in suspended

ceiling or raised access floor, directly above or below the

ES, depending on the route used to run the thermistor wire

from the ES to the DC.

c. Duct : Secure probe with cable ties in center of duct, at least

3 ft from any moving parts such as dampers, heating or cooling

coils or replacable air filters. Secure phone jack and

associated wiring in immediate vicinity of probe.

4. Differential Pressure Transducers :

a. Transducers : Mount securely near the outside pressure tap,

away from any source of supply air.

b. Pressure Tap : Smooth, circular hole in building skin, lined

with 2 in. long, 5/16 in. ID tube. Outside end of tube should

be flush with exterior surface. Tube should be sealed into the

hole with an appropriate material to prevent water or air

intrusion.

c. Pressure Lines : Connect outside pressure tap to high pressure

side of transducer. Friction fit plastic pressure line 1 in.

inside pressure tap and seal connection with appropriate

sealant to prevent air leakage. Leave low pressure side of

transducer open to interior air.

25
5. Fan Switches : Since these devices are connected to 120 VAC power,

they must not be exposed. They may be installed within the

electric boxes which contain the fan on/off switches. They must be

secured with a permanent adhesive, or other fasteners, to prevent

their moving or falling.

B. Tubing and Wiring : All tubing and wiring must be unobtrusive in terms

of damper operation and other moving parts. Interior installations

must be contained in fireproof chases. Chases used for other purposes

are adequate. All tubing and wiring must be labeled at the DC end with

pressure sensitive adhesive labels. Extreme care must be taken to

avoid "kinking" or collapsing of the tubing during installation. All

tubing must be capped immediately after installation to avoid

intrusion of dust and dirt. The installed tubing must also be

mechanically protected from puncture, kinking, and constriction.

1. Outside Thermistor Wiring : Run 2-conductor wire from thermistor

locations to the DC. Connect banana plugs to DC end of wire and

label DC end with the thermistor location. Wire exposed to the

outdoors must be secured every 3 ft with cable ties and must not

be exposed to any moving parts or in the paths of any service

personnel on the building roof.

2. Interior Thermistor-Wiring : Run 2-conductor wire from each ES

location to the DC. Connect banana plugs to DC end of wire and

label DC end with the thermistor location. Any exposed wiring

within the occupied space must be secured every 1 ft and painted

to the color of the interior finish.

3. Floor Return and Fan Thermistor Wiring : Run 2-conductor wire from

each duct location to the DC, Connect banana plugs to DC end of

wire and label DC end with the thermistor location. Any wire

within the air handler must be secured every 2 ft with cable ties

and must not pass through any dampers or near any other moving

parts. Wire passing through mechanical equipment rooms must be

secured with cable ties every 4 ft and must not extend across any

walkways.

4. Fan Switch Wiring : Run 2-conductor wire from each fan switch

location to the DC. Connect 2-conductor standard 1/8 in. phone

plugs to DC end of wire and label DC end with the fan switch

location. Wire passing through mechanical equipment rooms must be

secured with cable ties every 4 ft and must not extend across any

walkways.

5. Anemometer Wiring : Run 5-conductor wire from anemometer location

to the DC. Connect banana plugs to DC end of wire and label DC end

with the appropriate labels. Wire exposed to the outdoors must be

secured every 3 ft with cable ties and must not be exposed to any

moving parts or in the paths of any service personnel on the

building roof.

26
6. Pressure Transducer Wiring : Run 4-conductor wire from each

transducer to the DC. Label DC end with the pressure transducer

location and attach to pressure transducer electronics according

to manufacturer's instructions. Any exposed wiring within

occupied space must be secured every 1 ft and painted to the color

of the interior finish.

7. Interior Air Sample Tubing : Run 3/8 in. OD tubing from each ES

location to the air sampling system in the DC. Expose 1 1/2 in. of

tubing within the ES and secure within ES with cable ties. Any

exposed tubing within the occupied space must be secured every 1 ft and painted to the color of the interior finish. Label DC end

of tube with air sample location.

8. Floor Return Air Sample Tubing : Run 3/8 in. OD tubing from each

floor return location to the air sampling system in the DC. These

locations are all within dropped ceiling return air plenums and

must be secured with cable ties. The tubing must not obstruct any

return air or fire dampers. Label DC end of tube with air sample

location.

9. Exterior Air Sample Tubing : Run 3/8 in. OD tubing from each

exterior location to the air sampling system in the DC. Expose 1 1/2 in. of tubing to the outdoors and secure to the exterior of

the building every 3 ft. Label DC end of tube with air sample

location.

10. Fan Sample Tubing : Run 3/8 in. OD tubing from each fan location to

the air sampling system in the DC. Fan end should be in center of

duct, at least 3 ft from any moving parts, and secured with a cable tie. Tubing within air handler must be secured every 2 ft

with cable ties and must not pass through any dampers or near

other moving parts. Tubing running through mechanical equipment

rooms must be secured with cable ties every 4 ft and must not run across any walkways. Label DC end of tube with air sample

location.

11. Fan Tracer Injection Tubing : Run 1/8 in. OD tubing from each fan

location to the tracer gas injection system in the DC. Locate

within center of duct and secure with cable ties at least 3 ft

from any moving parts. Tubing within the air handler must be

secured every 2 ft with cable ties and must not pass near other

moving parts. Tubing running through mechanical equipment rooms

must be secured with cable ties every 4 ft and must not run across

any walkways. Label DC end of tube with tracer gas injection

location.

c. Equipment

1. Tracer Injection System : Each injection tube is connected to a flowmeter, which is then connected to a solenoid valve. (See

figure 3) A labelled wire runs from each solenoid valve to a common location in the DC.

27
a. Injection Tubing : Each injection tube from an injection site

must be labelled and connected to the outlet of an appropriately sized flowmeter.

b. Flowmeters : For each injection line, a flowmeter must be

installed in a rack, according to the manufacturers

instructions. The outlet is connected to the tracer injection

tube and the inlet is connected to a solenoid.

c. Solenoids : The tube from each flowmeter inlet runs to a solenoid outlet. All the solenoids are mounted in a rack

according to the manufacturers instructions. A 10 ft length of

1/8 in. OD tubing runs from the solenoid inlet and is labelled

as appropriate for its injection site. The tube end must be

cut cleanly. A 10 ft length of 2-conductor wire, rated for 115

VAC, 1 amp is connected to the solenoid and is labelled

accordingly.

d. Rack for Solenoids and Flowmeters : A rack must be provided for

mounting the solenoids and flowmeters securely, and must fit

in the upright cabinet racks (see section 2.02.P). The design

of the flowmeter rack will depend on the specific flowmeters

and solenoid valves that are used. Provision must be made for

accessibility to fittings and flowmeter valves, and the

flowmeter scale must be visible.

e. Labelling : The label names on the injection tube from the

building, on the injection tube from the solenoid, and on the

solenoid wire must all be the same for each injection

location, and must correspond to the label names provided in

the list of sensor locations and in the list referred to in

section 1.03.B.

2. Air Sampling System : The air sampling tubes are to be compatible

with the inlets of the air sampling pumps. Separate tubes must run from each pump outlet to a common location in the DC.

a. Air Sampling Tubing : Each air sample tube must be labelled and

prepared for connection to the inlet of an air sampling pump.

b. Air Sampling Pumps : Thirty dual -headed air sampling pumps must

be mounted on a shelf according to the manufacturers

instructions.

c. Shelf for Air Sampling Pumps : A shelf must be provided for

mounting the pumps securely. The design of the shelf will

depend on the specific pumps that are used, but the shelf must

be compatible with the upright cabinet racks (see section

2.02.P). Provisions must be made for accessibility to pump

fittings and for pump repair.

28
d. Air Sampling Outlet Lines : A labelled, 20 ft length of 3/8 in*

OD tubing must run from each pump to a common location in the

DC. Each tube must be cut cleanly at the open end. The tube

bundle must be secured with cable ties and not obstruct the

interior space of the DC.

e. Labelling : The label names on the tubes from the air sampling

locations must correspond to the label names in the list of

sensor locations and in the list referred to in section

1.03J3. Separate label names for the air sampling pump outlet

tubes must be on both ends of these tubes, and on the pumps.

3. Compressed Air System : A 100 psi compressed air supply must be

available in the DC. The pump can be located anywhere in the

building where pump noise will not be a problem, but the pump must

be accessible for repair. An on/off switch for the pump must be

located in the DC. The inlet line to the pump must be located

outside of the building, far from any building exhaust vents. The

compressed air line in the DC must be securely mounted on a wall,

equipped with an on/off valve and 1/8 in. OD tube fittings.

4. Vacuum System : A vacuum line must be available in the DC. The pump

can be located anywhere in the building where pump noise will not

be a problem, but the pump must be accessible for repair. An

on/off switch for the pump must be located in the DC. The outlet

from the pump must be located outside of the building, far from

any building inlet vents. The vacuum line in the DC must be

equipped with a valve and 1/8 in. OD tube fittings.

5. Compressed Gas Cylinders : There must be a rack for securing ten

size //I A compressed gas cylinders and four size #3 cylinders in

the DC. The rack should contain the following compressed gases:

carrier gas for the tracer gas equipment, sulfur hexafluoride,

sulfur hexafluoride calibration gas, ultra zero air, carbon

dioxide free air, carbon dioxide calibration gases (2), carbon

monoxide calibration gases (2). All remaining cylinders are to be

held in storage.

6. Differential Pressure Transducer Electronics : Mount pressure

transducer power supply and signal conditioning equipment into the

mounting case according to the manufacturers instructions. Connect

all required wiring among components according to the

manufacturer's instructions. Install mounting case in upright

cabinet racks according to manufacturer's instructions.

7. Tracer Gas and Pollutant Monitoring Equipment : This equipment is

extremely sensitive and requires special expertise for check-out,

set-up, and operation. These devices are to remain unopened and

stored in the DC.

29
8. Additional Materials : All of the following items are to be stored

as received in the DC tool cabinet:

Compressed gas regulators

Air sampling bags

Personal exposure pumps

Spare tube fittings

Spare sensors: thermistors, pressure transducers, fan

switches, flowmeters, solenoids, air sampling pumps,

anemometer cups

Spare parts for all equipment

Spare tubing and wiring

3.03 TESTING :

A. Anemometer :

1. Wind speed : Measure voltage at DC end of wind speed wire and

convert to mph according to manufacturers calibration. Compare a five minute average to a reading from a nearby weather station.

Test must be under nonzero wind speed conditions.

2. Wind direction : Measure voltage at DC end of wind direction wire

and convert to direction according to manufacturers calibration.

Compare a five minute average to a reading from a nearby weather

station. Test must be under nonzero wind speed conditions.

B. Thermistor Wiring : Before installing thermistors, apply roughly 2 VDC

to the sensor end of the thermsitor wire. Measure voltage at the DC

end of the wire to verify label name and to check for continuity.

C. Tubing : The continuity and integrity of the tubing must be verified

soon after installation. Once this has been accomplished for a tube,

the open ends must be securely capped to prevent the intrusion of

liquids or particles.

1. Tracer injection : Connect small pump at DC end of each injection

tube, upsteam of the flowmeter, and draw air through tube at a rate of at least 1 scfh. Check other end of tube with flowmeter to

verify DC label and check for existence of blockage within the

tube.

2. Air sampling : Connect DC end of each air sampling tube to an air

sample pump, turn on pump and measure airflow output of pump.

Check other end of tube with flowmeter to verify DC label and

check for existence of blockage within the tube.

D. Differential Pressure Gauges : Calibrate each transducer after

installation using a portable differential pressure gauge. Compare the

calibration gauge reading to the transducer reading obtained in the

DC with the transducer electronics.

E. Fan Switches : Measure line continuity at DC end of each fan switch

wire. The circuit should be closed when the corresponding fan is on and open when the fan is off.

30
Figure 2 Thermistor Wiring Diagram

31
Figure 3 Tracer Gas Injection System Schematic

32
PART III

WORK STATEMENTS FOR BUILDING TESTS

33
In order to evaluate the thermal and environmental performance of the building,

a series of tests will be conducted. This section contains work statements

describing how each test is to be carried out, for use in procuring contract

services of testing agents to perform the measurements. Some of the tests will

employ sensors and measurement equipment that are already installed in the

building. Sensor wires and tubing will terminate in a central location within

the building, referred to as the diagnositc center or DC, which will also

contain some of the measurement equipment. Details on the equipment, the sensor

locations, and the DC will be provided to the testing agent. The work

statements are divided into those covering tests that are to be conducted before

the installation of interior furnishings and occupancy, and those tests that are

to be conducted both before and after occupancy.

Pre-Occupancy: The following tests are to be performed before the building

interior is furnished, but after the building envelope is completed and the

HVAC system is operational. These tests are intended to evaluate the

thermal envelope integrity early enough in the construction process such

that defects can be identified and corrected.

1. Infrared Thermographic Inspection

2. R-Value Measurement

3. Whole Building Pressurization

4. Component Pressurization

Pre- and Post-Occupancy: The following tests evaluate aspects of the building's

performance that need to be examined both before and after the building

interior is furnished and occupied.

5* Tracer Gas Measurement of Air Infiltration

6. Tracer Gas Measurement of Ventilation

7. Indoor Pollutant Concentration Measurement

All testing shall be coordinated with the government's facility manager to

assure minimum disruption to normal business routine and to avoid compromising

the building's fire safety features. In some instances, the tests must be done

at night or during unoccupied weekend hours.

34
1. Infrared Thermographic Inspection - To locate thermal defects in the

building envelope, using an infrared imaging system, as described in ASHRAE

Standard 101-1981, Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to the

Assessment of Building Heat Loss Characteristics. The inspection involves

'assessing the heat loss characteristics of the building envelope from both

inside and outside the building through a thermal image of the envelope

surface.

Test Conditions: At the time of the infrared inspection, the exterior

' " envelope of the building must be completed and the building must be heated

to a constant, interior temperature (±2 °F). The inside inspections shall

be conducted, if possible, before the suspended ceiling is installed and

before interior furnishings such as curtains, furniture and pictures are

installed. The outside temperature must be low enough to meet the insideoutside temperature difference requirements for the test that are specified

in the ASHRAE standard.

Equipment: The test requires a thermal imaging system and equipment for

measuring environmental conditions during the test. The specifications for

the thermal imaging system are given in detail in the ASHRAE standard. The

thermal imaging system for the exterior survey must be of Class A as described in section 5.D of the standard. The thermal imaging system in a Class A survey shall be able to recognize insulation voids and air leakage

sites. For such a Class A survey, the instrument sensitivity expressed in

Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) shall be sufficient to

distinguish a region with an R-value of 5 from an R-15 region for the wind

speed and inside-outside temperature difference conditions during the

inspection. The spatial resolution shall be sufficient to detect a 4 in.

by 4 in. thermal anomaly. The thermal imaging system for the interior

survey shall be of Class A as described in section 5.E of the ASHRAE

standard. A Class A survey shall be able to identify the probable cause of

a thermal anomaly, for example distinguish between insualtion voids and air

leakage sites. The MRTD of the thermal imaging system must be able to

resolve anomalies of 1.5 in. by 1.5 in. when the temperature difference

between the anomaly and the background is the same as the interior wall

surface temperature difference between an R-10 and R-15 wall area. For

both exterior and interior surveys, the thermal imaging system shall be

capable of producing hard copy records of the thermal image, or thermograms.

Additional equipment is required to measure the environmental conditions

during the test including inside and outside air temperature, outside

relative humidity, and wind speed.

Procedure: During the infrared inspection, relatively stable heat transfer

conditions through the exterior envelope must exist. All exterior surveys

shall be conducted at least 3 hours after sunset and before sunrise.

Interior surveys may be conducted during any time of the day, except for

solar loaded walls, as long as the minimum inside-outside temperature

difference conditions given in table 6.1E of the ASHRAE standard exist for

at least 2 hours prior to the survey. Exterior surveys shall not be

conducted when the wind speed exceeds 15 mph, when the viewed building

surfaces are not clear of water, snow and/or ice, or when fog is present.

The infrared inspection must include the observation and recording of

35
environmental conditions including wind speed, precipitation, inside and

outside air temperature, and outside relative humidity. Site factors such

as shading, sun loading, unusual thermal radiation or reflection, and

highly reflective exterior surface finishes on the building shall also be

observed and recorded. Inside surveys require preparation of the building

interior through the elimination of conditions that may interfere with the

inspection, such as moving furniture, curtains or pictures from the

surfaces to be inspected, and turning off perimeter heat approximately 1 hour before the survey. Conducting the interior survey before these

interior furnishings are installed will expedite this preparation.

The exterior inspection involves producing a complete, two-dimensional map

of the apparent temperature of the building’s exterior envelope using the

thermal imaging system. Thermal images of the building envelope, or thermograms, shall be recorded as photographs or video tapes. As much of

the exterior envelope shall be inspected as is possible. The interior

surveys also involve recording thermograms of the interior surfaces of the

building envelope. Photographs in the visible spectrum of all inspected

regions of the building envelope shall also be obtained. Additional

information shall be recorded to locate the area of each thermogram within

the building.

Data Interpretation: While the survey results do not lend themselves to

quantitative determination of the envelope thermal resistance, a qualitative interpretation of the thermograms must be made. Based on the

observations made during the inspection and consideration of the recorded

thermograms, all thermal defects must be identified and sorted according to

type. The generic defect types include insulation voids, thermal bridges,

and air leakage sites. All specific instances of each defect type must be

identified. A table of all defect types must be prepared, including a detailed description of all occurences of each defect in the building. The

percent of wall area (excluding windows) associated with each type of

defect shall be determined and listed in the table.

Submittals: For each survey, the testing agent shall provide the date and

time of the survey, the environmental conditions (inside and outside air

temperature, wind speed, and outdoor relative humidity), and a description

of all site factors that may influence the thermal image. A description of

the thermal imaging system, including equipment type and serial number,

shall also be provided. All thermograms and photographs obtained during

the survey must also be submitted. A list of the thermal defects

identified must be submitted, including a description of each defect type,

the location of each occurence of each defect, and the percent of wall area

associated with each defect type.

References:

ASHRAE Standard 101, "Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to the

Assessment of Building Heat Loss Characteristics," American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1981.

ASTM Standard C 1060, "Standard Practice for Thermographic Inspection of

Insulation Installations in Envelope Cavities of Wood Frame

Buildings," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1986.

36
Grot, R.A., Persily, A.K., Chang, Y.M., Fang, J.B., Weber, S., Galowin,

L.S., "Evaluation of the Thermal Integrity of the Building Envelopes

of Eight Federal Office Buildings," NBSIR 85-3147, National Bureau of

Standards, 1985.

ISO Standard 6781, "Thermal Insulation - Qualitative Detection of Thermal

Irregularities in Building Envelopes - Infrared Method," International

Organization for Standardization, 1983.

37
2. R-Value Measurement : To measure the thermal resistance of the building

envelope at several locations for comparison to the resistance expected

from calculations based on design. The tests shall employ both heat flow

transducers and portable calorimeters, as described below. The heat flow

transducer tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM C 518-76,

Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by

Means of the Heat Flow Meter.

Test Conditions: At the time of these measurements, the exterior envelope

- of the building must be completed and the building must be heated to a constant, interior temperature (±2 °F). The outside temperature must be

low enough to maintain a sufficiently large temperature difference across

the building envelope, as described in detail below.

Equipment:

The equipment required to conduct the heat flow transducer measurements is

described in detail in ASTM C 518-76. The R-value measurements shall also

employ portable calorimeter boxes, as described in the references and shown

in figures 4 and 5. The portable calorimeter is a five-sided, insulated

box containing an electric heater. The open end of the box is sealed

against the outside wall that is being tested. Once installed, the heater

is controlled to maintain a zero degree temperature difference between the

box and the room, thus all the heat supplied to the box passes through the

wall to the outside. This temperature difference is measured with a thermopile across the back of the box. The dimensions of the box depend on the size of the wall sections being tested, but two sizes shall be

sufficient. For large wall sections the box should be roughly 4 ft by 6

ft, and for small wall sections the box should be about 3 ft by 3 ft. The

five sides of the calorimeter must be insulated to at least R-2Q.

The R-value measurement system must include the following intsrumentation:

a watt-hour meter to measure the power input to the electric heater; a controller to vary the power input based on the output of the thermopile

across the box wall; the thermopile across the box wall; a safety

thermostat within the calorimeter to prevent overheating; thermistors to

measure the air temperatures outdoors, within the box, and within the room;

heat flux transducers; and a data acquistion system to automatically record

the air tempertures, power consumption, and the output of the heat flux

transducers. The watt-hour meter must be accurate to within 1% and output

a voltage pulse between 1 and 10 VDC for each 1 to 2 watt-hours of

electricity use. The control system must maintain a temperature difference

between the inside of the calorimeter and the room of no more than 2 °F.

An eighteen-junction thermopile, with the thermocouple junctions placed on the inner and outer surfaces of the box wall, must be installed across the

back wall of the box. The safety thermostat must turn off the calorimeter

heater if the temperature within the calorimeter reaches 120 °F. The

thermistors must measure the air temperatures with an accuracy of 0.5 °F.

The heat flux transducers must output a voltage of about 0.1 mVDC at a heat

flux of 1 Btu/hr-ft -°F. The transducers must be calibrated within 1 %, at

the temperatures and heat flux rates that are expected during the R-value

measurements, using a hot plate apparatus as described in ASTM C 177-76.

The data acquisition system must be compatible with the output of the watthour meter, the thermistors and the heat flux transducers, and must be able

to calculate hourly averages of the temperatures, power consumption and

38
heat flux based on readings every 60 seconds. The system must also be able

to automaticaly record at least 2 weeks of such hourly averages.

Measurement Locations:

The calorimeter tests must be conducted at no less than three locations on each type of wall construction where the wall is judged to be properly

insulated according to the infrared thermographic inspection. If thermal

defects are detected, then there shall be three R-value measurements for

each type of defect. All these locations will be located on shaded sides

of the building to prevent the influence of solar radiation on the

measurements. Additional measurement locations, such as overhangs, will be

specified by the procuring agent. At each location there shall be one

calorimeter and four heat flux transducers, unless the wall area is too

small for a calorimeter, in which case only the heat flux transducers will

be used. When both calorimeters and heat flux transducers are used, the

transducers must be located within the wall area being tested with the

calorimeter. Two of the heat flux transducers shall be located over wall

framing members, if they exist, while the other two shall be located

between framing members.

Procedure

The measurement procedure involves installing the equipment at each

measurement location and monitoring the air temperatures, heat flux, and

power input to the calorimeter box at each location. The calorimeter must

be secured to the test wall such that there is no air leakage between the

calorimeter interior and the room. The four heat flux transducers must be

secured to the wall with an appropriate cement or other material such that

there is intimate contact between the transducer and the wall over the full

area of the transducer. Thermistors must be placed within the room,

outside the test wall, and within the calorimeter. Care must be taken to

shield the thermistors from radiation, particularly the sensors located

within the calorimeter and outside.

During the test, the building interior must be maintained at a temperature

that is constant within 3 °F. Also, the outside air temperature must be

low enough such that the average inside-outside temperature difference over

the entire test period is at least 20 °F, and the minimum hourly average

temperature difference is 10 °F. Each measurement must last a minimum of

four days in order to avoid inaccuracies aassociated with thermal mass

effects. During the test, the following variables must be recorded as hourly averages, and their standard deviations, based on readings every 60

seconds: inside and outside air temperatures, air temperature within the

box, power input to the calorimeter box, and heat flux transducer reading.

Analysis:

The analysis is based on hourly averages and standard deviations of the

inside-outside temperature difference AT, power input to the calorimeter 0,

and heat flux through the transducers Q^.. From this hourly data, calculate

the average of these three quantities over the entire test period, as well

as the standard deviations of these averages. The averaging period shall

be an integer multiple of twenty-four hours. Based on the test period

averages, one calculates the test wall R-value by dividing the average

39
temperature difference AT (°F) by the average heat flux per unit area Q'

(Btu/hr-ft 2). For the calorimeter Q' is equal to the power input to the

calorimeter Q (Btu/hr) divided by the calorimeter area. The heat flux

transducer output Qt is equal to Q'. The uncertainty in the R-value shall

be determined according to the following equation:

dR = ( QVaT) [ (dAT/AT) 2 + (dQ'/Q7) 2

] 0' 5

where dAT is the standard deviation of at and dQ* is the standard deviation

of Q*. The calculation of R and dR must be made separately for the

calorimeter and the heat flux transducers at each location.

Submittals: For each test the following materials must be submitted:

A list of the measurement locations including clear sketches noting

the locations of the room within the building and the specific

locations of the test walls within the room.

Descriptions and specifications of all test equipment used as obtained

from the equipment manufacturers or as determined by the testing

agent, including calibration data for heat flux transducers.

For each measurement location, hourly averages and standard deviations

of all measured data including inside and outside air temperatures,

air temperature within the calorimeter, power input to the

calorimeter, and the output from all four heat flux transducers.

Calculated test period averages and standard deviations of insideoutside temperature difference, power input to the calorimeter, and

heat flux through the transducers. Calculated R-values and

uncertainties in R-value for each wall based on the calorimeter and

the four heat flux transducers.

For each measurement location, the calulated R-value of the wall based

on building design and standard ASHRAE handbook procedures.

References:

ASTM Standard C 177, "Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal

Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate," American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1976.

ASTM Standard C 518, "Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal

Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter" American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1976.

Brown, W.C., Schuyler, G.N., "A Calorimeter for Measuring Heat Flow Through

Walls," Proceedings of the ASHRAE/DOE Conference on Thermal

Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings, ASHRAE SP 28,

1981.

Brown, W.C., Schuyler, G.N., "In-Situ Measurements of Frame Wall Thermal

Resistance," ASHRAE Transactions . Vol.88, Part 1, 1982.

40
Fang, J.B., Grot, R*A., "In Situ Measurements of the Thermal Resistance of

Building Envelopes of Office Buildings," ASHRAE Transactions. Vol.91,

Part 1, 1985.

Flanders, S.N., "Confidence in Heat Flux Transducer Measurements of

Buildings," ASHRAE Transactions . Vol.91, Part 1, 1985.

Grot, R.A., Persily, A.K., Chang, Y.M., Fang, J.B., Weber, S., Galowin,

L.S., "Evaluation of the Thermal Integrity of the Building Envelopes

of Eight Federal Office Buildings," NBSIR 85-3147, National Bureau of

Standards, 1985.

41
8’(203mm)

Figure 4 Schematic of Portable Calorimeter

42
Figure 5 Schematic of Measurement and Control System of Portable Calorimeter

43
3. Whole Building Pressurization : To measure the airtightness of the building

envelope by measuring the airflow rate required to induce specific insideoutside pressure differences. The tests shall be conducted in accordance

with ASTM E 779-81, Standard Practice for Measuring Air Leakage by the FanPressurization Method, making sure to account for the stack pressures in

tall buildings. The airflow will be induced using the building’s air

handling equipment if possible. Otherwise, auxiliary fans must be brought

to the building by the testing agent.

~ Test Conditions:

At the time of this test, all windows and outside doors must be installed

and closed, all interior doors must be open, and all air handlers and

dampers must be operable. The building must be unoccupied. The average

wind speed during the test must be less than 5 mph, the average outside

temperature greater than 60 °F and the average inside-outside temperature

difference less than 10 °F.

Equipment:

The test requires the measurement of the airflow rate through the main

supply and return fans, or any auxiliary fans brought to the building by

the testing agent, and the pressure difference across the building

envelope. If there are airflow monitoring stations installed in the main

supply and return ducts, then these may be used to measure the airflow rate

providing the devices have been calibrated as installed and found to be

accurate within 6% of the measured airflow rate for the range of airflow

rates of interest. If no such airflow monitoring stations exist then one must use a constant tracer gas (sulfur hexafluoride, SFg) injection

procedure for measuring the airflow rate. The tracer gas technique

requires a tracer gas concentration measurement system that is accurate

within 2% of the reading, a tracer gas injection rate measurement system

that is also accurate within 2% of the measurement, differential pressure

gauges capable of measuring pressure differences up to 0.25 in. H 2

0 within

0.01 in. H

2

0, and air sample pumps to bring air at a rate of at least 20

scfh from the sampling locations to the tracer gas concentration

measurement device. All of this equipment will already be installed in the

building, and details will be provided to the testing agent regarding

equipment specifications and pressure difference gauge locations. Tubing

for tracer gas injection into and air sampling from the air handlers will

already be installed in the building, and run from these locations to the

DC. The injection tubing will be 1/8 in. OD nylon and the sampling tubing

will be 3/8 in. OD nylon, and will terminate in the DC. Information

regarding injection and sampling locations, and the correspondence between

these locations and labels on the DC end of the tubes will be provided. If

the testing agent brings auxiliary fans to the building, the testing agent

must also provide airflow rate measuring equipment as specified in ASTM E

779-81, accurate to within -6% of the average airflow rate used in the

test. Thermistors for measuring inside and outside temperatures, and an anemometer for measuring wind speed, will already be installed in the

building. The thermistors will require a supply voltage of 3 VDC or less,

and will produce a DC output voltage that is linearly related to

temperature. An appropriately sized precision resistor for each thermistor

will be available for use in reading the thermistor output. The anemometer

will produce a DC voltage output that is linearly related to the wind

44
speed, with a sensitivity of about 4 VDC at 100 mph. Specifications on the

thermistors and anemometer, and the correspondence between these sensors

and labels on the DC end of the sensor wires will be provided to the

testing agent.

Pressure Difference Measurement:

In order to verify that a uniform pressure difference is being induced over

the entire building envelope, the inside-outside pressure difference must

be measured at several locations. At least six locations are required

including two on the ground floor, two on the top floor and two on an intermediate floor, with each pair located on opposite sides of the

building.

Before the fans are operated, the zero of each gauge must be checked in

order to verify the absence of any weather induced pressure differences.

If weather induced pressure differences greater than 0.01 in. H 20 exist,

then the test must be delayed until milder wind and temperature difference

conditions exist.

Measurement Technique:

The test involves the depressurization of the building interior relative to

the outside, followed by the pressurization of the building interior. The

depressurization mode must be conducted before the pressurization mode.

Each test mode is described below.

Depressurization - In the depressurization mode, air is forced out of

the building by the return fan(s) such that all the incoming air

enters through leaks in the building envelope. If the building does

not have return fans, then the testing agent must provide fans capable

of depressurizing the building to 0.10 in. H

20 relative to the

outside. The airflow rates required to induce and sustain a series of

inside-outside pressure differences are then measured.

Air Handler Set-up: During the test, the air handling system is

arranged as shown in figure 6. All supply fans are off, all exhaust

fans are off, all exhaust vents are closed, and all supply dampers are

closed. These conditions must be verified by visual inspection. If

any of these dampers or vents are leaky, they must be sealed with

plastic film. During the test the return fans will be operated with

the spill dampers open in order to induce the required pressure

differences between inside and outside. (An HVAC control mode

referred to as "depressurization" will be available and will

automatically provide the air handler conditions described above.

Visual inspection to verify the existence of these conditions is still

required.

)

Airflow Modulation: In order to obtain the required inside-outside

pressure differences, one must modulate the airflow rate through the

air handlers. This can be done in several ways. If there are multiple fans serving the building, then individual fans can be turned

on or off to provide a range of airflow rates. The airflow rate

through a single fan can be modulated by adjusting the position of the

spill dampers, adjusting the intake vanes on centrifugal fans, or

45
changing the fan speed of variable speed fans.

Procedure: Turn on and modulate the return fan(s) at a low airflow

rate in order to induce a pressure difference of 0.05 in. H

2O across

the building envelope. Record the pressure difference at each

measurement location. Measure the total airflow rate out of the

building using airflow monitoring stations if available. Otherwise,

measure the tracer gas concentration downstream of each return fan to

insure that there is no source of tracer gas within the building. If

tracer is detected, ventilate the building until the concentration

decreases to zero. When it has been established that there is no tracer gas within the building, inject tracer gas upstream of each

operating return fan and measure the tracer gas concentration

downstream of each return fan once every minute. Adjust the tracer

gas injection rate in order to get measurable tracer gas

concentrations. Record the tracer gas injection rate. After ten

successive concentration readings with a standard deviation less than

3% of the mean, record these equilibrium concentrations and go on to

the next pressure difference.

Induce inside-outside pressure differences of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25,

and 0.30 in. HpO. At each pressure difference measure the airflow

rate as described above. If the airflow rate or tracer gas

concentration oscillates significantly, or if all the specified

pressure differences cannot be induced, check to make sure all outside

doors, windows and appropriate dampers are closed and all fans and

dampers are operating appropriately. If a pressure difference of 0.30

in. HpO still cannot be induced, make measurements at six pressure

differences approximately evenly spaced from 0.0 in. HpO to the

maximum pressure difference that can be achieved. If a pressure

difference of 0.10 in. HpO cannot be induced with all fans operating

at their maximum airflow rates, it will be necessary to bring an appropriately sized fan(s) to the building.

Pressurization - In the pressurization mode, air is forced into the

building by the supply fan(s) such that all the outgoing air leaves

through leaks in the building envelope. The airflow rates required to

induce and sustain a series of inside-outside pressure differences are then measured.

Air Handler Set-up: During the test, the air handling system is

arranged as shown in figure 7. All return fans are off, all exhaust

fans are off, all exhaust vents are closed, and all spill dampers are

closed. These conditions must be verified by visual inspection. If

any of the dampers or vents are leaky, they must be sealed with

plastic film. During the test the supply fans will be operated with

all intake and supply dampers open in order to induce the required

pressure differences between inside and outside. (An HVAC control

mode referred to as "pressurization" will be available and will

automatically provide the air handler conditions described above.

Visual inspection to verify the existence of these conditions is still

required.

Airflow Modulation: In order to obtain the required inside-outside

pressure differences, one must modulate the airflow rate through the

46
air handlers. This can be done in several ways. If there are multiple fans serving the building, then individual fans can be turned

on or off to provide a range of airflow rates. The airflow rate

through a single fan can be modulated by adjusting the position of the

intake dampers, adjusting the intake vanes on centrifugal fans, or changing the fan speed of variable speed fans.

Procedure: Turn on and modulate the supply fan(s) at a low airflow

rate in order to induce a pressure difference of 0.05 in. H 2

O across

the building envelope. Record the pressure difference at each

measurement location. Measure the total airflow rate into the

building using airflow monitoring stations if available. Otherwise,

measure the tracer gas concentration downstream of each supply fan to

insure that there is no source of tracer gas within the system. If

tracer is detected, operate the system until the concentration

decreases to zero. When it has been established that there is no tracer gas within the system, inject tracer gas upstream of each

operating supply fan and measure the tracer gas concentration

downstream of each supply fan once every minute. Adjust the tracer

gas injection rate in order to get measurable tracer gas

concentrations. Record the tracer gas injection rate. After ten

successive concentration readings with a standard deviation less than

3% of the mean, record these equilibrium concentrations and go on to

the next pressure difference.

Induce inside-outside pressure differences of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25,

and 0.30 in. H?0. At each pressure difference measure the airflow

rate as descried above. If the airflow or tracer gas concentration

oscillates significantly, or if all the specified pressure differences

cannot be induced, check to make sure all outside doors, windows and

appropriate dampers are closed and all fans and dampers are operating

appropriately. If a pressure difference of 0.30 in. HpO still cannot

be induced, make measurements at six pressure differences

approximately evenly spaced from 0.0 in. HpO to the maximum pressure

difference that can be achieved. If a pressure difference of 0.10 in.

HpO cannot be induced with all fans operating at their maximum airflow

rates, it will be necessary to bring an appropriately sized fan(s) to

the building.

Analysis: The following procedure must be applied to the depressurization

and pressurization data separately.

If airflow monitoring stations were not used, calculate the airflow rate V

(cfm) at each induced pressure difference A p for each fan operating to

induce that pressure. One must first calculate the average equilibrium

tracer gas concentration c for each pressure difference. The airflow rate

V for each fan is determined by dividing the tracer gas injection rate i by

the average equilibrium tracer gas concentration c for the corresponding

fan. Calculate the total airflow rate V

T

at each pressure difference by

adding the airflow rates through all the fans used to induce that pressure

difference. Calculate the average pressure difference Ap, and its standard

deviation, based on the measured pressure differences at all pressure

difference measurement locations.

The total airflow rate and average pressure difference Ap data must be

47
fit to a curve of the form

V

T = C (A"p) n

where C is the flow coefficient in units of cfm/(in H

2

0)n and n is the flow

exponent. The values of C and n are obtained by applying least squares

linear regression to the following transformed equation

ln(Vj) = InC + n ln(Ap)

The value of the coefficient of determination r^ associated with the

regression of the transformed equation must also be calculated. Based on the curve fit to the data, calculate the predicted airflow rate at a pressure difference of 0.1 in. HpO V ( 0. 1 ) , and the standard error

associated with this estimate. Divide the predicted airflow rate V(0.1) by

the building volume in ft^, converting this quantity to units of air

changes per hour. Divide V ( Q. 1 ) by the building's exterior surface area to

determine the leakage rate in units of cfm/ft^ at 0.1 in. H 2

0.

Submittals:

A description of any equipment supplied by the testing agent, including

calibrations, must be submitted. In addition, the pressure difference

measurement locations must be reported. Environmental conditions (outside

temperature, inside temperature, and wind speed and direction) during the

test must also be reported as test period averages and standard deviations.

The data collected for both the depressurization and pressurization modes

must be reported. For each induced pressure difference these include the

measured pressure differences at each measurement location. They also

include the airflow measurement from the airflow monitoring station if such

a device is used. Otherwise, one must report the tracer gas injection rate

and all measured concentrations for each fan used in the test.

For both the depressurization and pressurization modes the calculated

values of c, V, V-p, Ap and the standard deviation of A"p must be reported,

as well as the values of C,n and r^ from the curve fits. The predicted

airflow rate at 0.1 in. H

20 must be reported in units of cfm, air changes

per hour, and cfm/ft^ of envelope area. The standard error of the estimate

of the predicted airflow at 0.1 in. H

20 must also be reported.

References:

ASTM E 779, "Standard Practice for Measuring Air Leakage by the FanPressurization Method," American Society for Testing and Materials,

1981.

Persily, A.K., Grot, R.A., "Pressurization Testing of Federal Buildings,"

Proceedings of ASTM E-6 Conference of Measured Air Leakage Performance

of Buildings, Philadelphia, 1 984.

Shaw, C.Y., Sanders, D.M., Tamura, G.T., "Air Leakage Measurements of the

Exterior Walls of Tall Buildings," ASHRAE Transactions. Vol.79, Part

2, 1973.

48
Fresh air damper

Tracer gas

injection H

Re,urn

///// damper <

Exhaust

damper

Tracer gas

concentration

measurement Supply fan

Floor

: — return

' dampers

Floor n

supply — —

dampers

Open damper

Closed damper

DEPRESSURIZATION

TEST CONDITIONS

Return fan - on Supply fan - off

Return dampers - open

Exhaust damper - open

Fresh air damper - closed

Floor supply damper - closed

%

Figure 6 Whole Building Depressurization Test Set-Up
Return

damper

Exhaust

damper

Fresh air damper

Return fan

Tracer gas

injection Supply fan Tracer gas

concentration

measurement

^ Floor ^— return ^ dampers

Floor

supply

dampers

%

1

Open damper

Closed damper

PRESSURIZATION

TEST CONDITIONS

Return fan - off

Supply fan - on

Return dampers - closed

Exhaust damper - closed

Fresh air damper - open

Floor supply dampers - open

Figure 7 Whole Building Pressurization Test Set-Up

50
4 . Component Pressurization - To measure the airtightness of individual

components (windows and doors) by measuring the airflow rate required to

induce specific pressure differences across the components. The tests shall

be conducted in accordance with ASTM E 783-81, Standard Method for Field

Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors.

Test Conditions:

At the time of this test, all windows and outside doors must be installed

- and the building must be heated or cooled to a level appropriate for

occupancy. The average wind speed during the test must be less than 5 mph,

the average outside temperature greater than 60 °F, and the average insideoutside temperature difference less than 10 °F.

Equipment:

The equipment required for the test is described in detail in ASTM E 783-81

and only brief descriptions are presented below. The procedure requires a test chamber, an air system, a pressure-measuring apparatus, and an airflow-metering system. The test chamber shall be designed to enclose the

test specimen with openings for air supply to, or exhaust from, the

chamber, and with pressure taps to measure the chamber static air pressure

versus the outdoor air pressure. The air system consists of a controllable

fan to provide the airflow necessary to induce the specified pressure

difference across the test specimen. The pressure measuring apparatus

shall be capable of measuring the test pressure difference across the test

specimen within 2% of full-scale, or 0.01 in. H

2

O, whichever is greater.

The airflow-metering system shall be capable of measuring the airflow rate

through the test specimen at an accuracy of 1C$. Thermistors for measuring

inside and outside temperatures, and an anemometer for measuring wind

speed, are also required.

Test Specimens:

The components to be tested shall include at least 2% of each window type,

including both operable and inoperable windows. All outside doors are to

be tested.

Procedure

The test involves the depressurization of the test chamber relative to the

outside, followed by the pressurization of the chamber. The airflow rates

required to induce and sustain a series of specified pressure differences

are then measured. There are three parts to the test method, preparation

of the test specimen, preparation of the test apparatus, and measurement

procedure. The procedure is described in detail in ASTM E 783-81. This

procedure will be used twice on each specimen, once to measure only the

sash leakage and again to measure the sash and frame leakage together.

Inspection of the Test Specimen: For each test specimen inspect and record

the general conditions of the specimen, including existence and condition

of weatherstripping and squareness of the installation. Measure and record

the dimensions of the specimen (height and width). Describe the specimen

in detail, including the number and dimensions of panes in a window or glass panels in a door.

51
Preparation of the Test Apparatus: The test chamber must be installed over

the test specimen in two different ways to measure the sash leakage and the

sash-plus-frame leakage as shown in figure 8. In each mode, install the

test chamber over the test specimen, making sure to seal all joints between

the specimen perimeter and the test chamber. Again in each mode, measure

the extraneous leakage q^ through and around the test chamber, test

apparatus, and test specimen as specified in ASTM E 783-81. This

extraneous leakage shall be measured at pressure differences Ap across the

specimen of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 in. H

2

0.

Measurement Procedure: This procedure shall be carried out twice, once in

the sash leakage mode and again in the sash-plus-frame leakage mode.

Adjust the airflow rate through the test chamber, induced by the air

system, required to induce the required pressure differences. When the

static air pressure difference has stabilized, measure and record the

airflow rate qm

as determined by the airflow-metering system and the actual

static air pressure difference. If a stable pressure difference does not

exist, it may be necessary to delay the measurement until the insideoutside temperature difference and wind speed have decreased. Measure and

record the average inside and outside air temperatures and wind speed

during the test. Record the barometric pressure and relative humidity as measured at a nearby weather station.

Analysis: The following analysis procedure must be applied to the

depressurization and pressurization data of each specimen separately.

The air leakage through the test specimen q c at each pressure difference is

calculated as follows

% = % ’ <*1

The calculated airflow rate is converted to the airflow rate at reference

standard conditions q s based on the barometric pressure and relative

humidity of the air at the test site.

The airflow rate q s and pressure difference data must be fit to a curve of

the form

qc

= C Cap)"

where C is the flow coefficient in units of cfm/(in and n is the flow

exponent. The values of C and n are obtained by applying least squares

linear regression to the following transformed equation

ln(qc

) = InC + n ln(Ap)

The value of the coefficient of determination r^ associated with the

regression of the transformed equation must also be calculated. Based on the curve fit to the data, calculate the predicted airflow rate at a pressure difference of 0.3 in. H?0 q(0.3) and the standard error associated

with this estimate. Divide q(Ct3) by the total crack length to get the air

leakage rate in cfm per ft of crack. This normalized airflow rate at 0.3

in. H

2O shall also be calculated for the measured airflow rates at 0.3 in.

h 2

o.

52
Submittals:

For each test report the date and time of the test, a description of all

equipment used including specifications and calibrations, and the average

weather conditions during the test including inside and outside air

temperature, wind speed, barometric pressure, and relative humidity.

Provide a precise description of each test specimen including its location

within the building and its general condition, as well as its dimensions,

including the total crack length.

For each test specimen the following information must be provided for both

the depressurization and pressurization modes: test apparatus leakage rate

at each test pressure difference, the measured airflow rate through the

specimen qm , the calculated airflow rate through the test specimen q c , and

the airflow rate corrected to reference standard conditions q . The

results of the curve fits to the data must be reported, i.e. C, n, and r . The measured and predicted airflow rates at 0.3 in. HoO, as well as the

standard error of the predicted flow rate at 0.3 in. H^O, must be reported.

The measured and predicted airflow rates normalized for crack length must

also be reported.

References:

ASTM Standard E 783, "Standard Method for Field Measurements of Air Leakage

Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors," American Society for

Testing and Materials, 1981.

Grot, R.A., Persily, A.K., Chang, Y.M., Fang, J.B., Weber, S., Galowin,

L.S., "Evaluation of the Thermal Integrity of the Building Envelopes

of Eight Federal Office Buildings," NBSIR 85—3147, National Bureau of

Standards, 1985.

53
Sash Leakage Only Sash and Frame Leakage

Figure 8 Component Pressurization Test Set-Ups

54
5,. Tracer Gas Measurement of Air Infiltration - To measure building air

infiltration rates caused by weather induced pressure differences using an automated system. The test shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM E

7M1-83, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Tracer

Dilution.

Test Conditions:

At the time of these tests, the exterior envelope must be complete, though

" the interior finishing need not be. All windows and exterior doors must be

installed and closed, and all air handlers must be operable and

controllable.

Equipment

In order to conduct these tests one will require a combination of equipment

already located in the building and equipment to be brought to the site.

Details on the equipment located on site will be provided to the testing

agent. The requirements for equipment to be brought to the building will

depend in part on the number of air sampling locations to be used in the

building, the number of tracer gas injection locations, and the supply fans

corresponding to these injection locations. This information will all be

provided to the testing agent.

The following equipment will be provided for use by the testing agent:

Tracer gas concentration measuring device: A gas chromatograph

equipped with an electron capture detector, for measuring the

concentration of sulfur hexafluoride (SFg), will be located in the DC.

Compressed gas: Cylinders of carrier gas appropriate to the tracer

gas concentration measuring device, as well as cylinders of SF^, will

be located in the DC.

Tracer gas injection tubes (1/8 in. OD) running from the DC to the

main supply fans: Each of these tubes will be attached to a rotameter

flowmeter for the control and measurement of the tracer gas injection

rate. The input to the flowmeters will pass through a solenoid valve

for controlling the tracer gas injection. A 10 ft length of twoconductor wire, rated for 115 VAC and 1 amp, will run from each

solenoid valve to enable automated tracer gas injection.

Air sampling tubes (3/8 in. OD) running from a series of duct,

interior and exterior air sampling locations to the DC: Air sample

pumps for pulling air through these tubes, from the sampling

locations, will also be located in the DC.

Thermistor and anemometer wires: Thermistors will be used to measure

inside and outside air temperatures. The thermistor circuit requires

a supply voltage of 3 VDC or less, and the 2-conductor thermistor

wires in the Diagnostic Center will produce a DC voltage output that

is linearly related to temperature. An appropriately sized precision

resistor for each thermistor will be available for use in the data

acquisition system reading the ouput of the thermistors. The fiveconductor anemometer wire will include the output voltage of a DC

55
generator that is linearly related to wind speed, with a sensitivity

of about 4 VDC at 100 mph. The remaining leads are used to measure

wind direction with a transmitter vane employing a 1000 Ohm

potentiometer, requiring a supply voltage no greater than 12 VDC. The

three wires include the supply voltage, ground, and an output voltage

yielding a linear relation between 0-360° direction and 0-1000 Ohm

potentiometer resistance.

Fan switch wires: Two-conductor wires attached to relays at each fan

will provide a switch closure when the corresponding air handler is

operating.

The following equipment must be brought to the building:

Data acquisition and control system (DACS): This device must be

capable of controlling air sampling and tracer gas injection. It must

be able to sample from each air sampling location at least once every

ten minutes, and direct the air sample to the tracer gas detector. It

must be able to turn on the tracer gas injection solenoid valves for

varying lengths of time as required. The valve to a given injection

location must be activated if and only if the corresponding fan

switches indicate that the fans are operating. The system must be

able to read and record the output of the tracer gas detector, as well

as the thermistors and anemometer.

Tracer gas manifold system: A manifold and associated plunbing will

be required for the tracer gas injection lines. This equipment must

connect the cylinder(s) of tracer gas to the tracer gas injection

solenoids. The DACS must control the manifold system such that tracer

gas is injected at the desired locations for the desired lengths of

time.

Air sampling manifold system: A manifold and associated plumbing will

be required for the air sampling lines. The air sampling manifold

must connect to the outlets of the air sample pumps, and the manifold

must be designed such that the DACS can select among the air sample

locations for connection to the tracer gas detector.

Fittings and tubing. Fittings and tubing will be required to connect

the air sample pimps to the air sampling manifold, the tracer gas

cylinders to the tracer gas manifold, and the tracer gas manifold to

the solenoid valve inlets. The outlets of the pumps will be fitted

with 20 ft lengths of 3/8 in. OD nylon tubing. The inlets to the

solenoid valves will be fitted with 10 ft lengths of 1/8 in. OD nylon

tubing.

Sampling Locations:

In order to verify the existence of good mixing of the tracer gas with the

interior air, the tracer gas must be injected at several locations and the

concentration must be measured at several locations throughout the

building. These air sampling locations will be specified by the procuring

agent, and the tracer gas concentration in the air from each location must

be measured at least once every ten minutes.

56
Procedure: The tests involve tracer gas decay measurements of air

infiltration rates as described in ASTM E 7^1-83. In these tests a small

quantity of a tracer gas (SFg) is released in the building and allowed to

mix with the interior air. The decay rate of the tracer gas concentration

is then monitored and related to the building air change rate.

Building conditions: The tests must be conducted when the building is

unoccupied and must not interfere with normal HVAC operation such as preoccupancy cool-down or warm-up. During the test the following

conditions are required: all air handlers on continuously, all outside

air intake and spill dampers closed, and all exhaust fans off. The

goal is to use the air handlers to mix the interior air, and not to

induce any air exchange with the ventilation system. (An HVAC control

command referred to as "infiltration" will be available and will

automatically provide these required test conditions.

)

Tracer gas injection: Tracer gas must be injected at each injection

site once every three hours. The amount of gas injected must be such

that the intitial tracer gas concentration in the building is

approximately 90% of full-scale of the tracer gas detector. This

initial concentration is achieved by modulating the tracer gas flow

rate with the flowmeters and the time of injection for each injection

site. The injection must last no longer than ten minutes. The DACS

must automatically control the injection times to achieve the same initial concentration throughout the building, employing an iterative

algorithm that determines injection times based on concentration

increases during past injections.

Air sampling and concentration measurement: The air sampling and

tracer gas concentration measurement must begin twenty minutes after

the injection ends. The concentration at each sampling location is

determined in succession, with each location being monitored at least

once every ten minutes. All measured concentrations must be recorded.

At the end of each hour the data acquisition system must calculate the

infiltration rate for each sampling location using least squares

linear regression on the natural logarithms of the tracer gas

concentrations. The slope of the log of concentration vs time is the

negative of the infiltration rate. The coefficient of determination

r2 and standard error of the estimate of the slope must also be

calculated. The slope, r , and error of the slope must be recorded

for each air sampling location.

Environmental data: All temperatures, inside and outside, must be

monitored every minute. Hourly averages and standard deviations must

be calculated and recorded for all locations. The wind speed and

direction must be monitored every 30 seconds, and the means and

standard deviations of these two quantities must be calculated every

hour and recorded.

Lengths of tests: Infiltration measurements must be conducted for at

least two weeks during each season of the year in order to obtain data

under a wide range of weather conditions. During each seasonal

testing period, one must obtain at least one-hundred fifty hours of

infiltration data.

57
Analysis: The data analysis involves inspecting the data for bad readings,

determining building average infiltration rates, tabulating the results,

and sorting the infiltration rates according to weather conditions.

Data inspection: The hourly infiltration rates must be inspected for

excessive variation. For the decav during the first hour after the

injection, examine the values of r

2 associated with the infiltration

rates calculated at each sampling location. If more than one-third of

these r 2 are less than 0.90, then neglect that hour's data. If this

first test is passed, neglect those locations for which r2

is less

than 0.90. During the next two hours, again examine the values of r.

If more than one-third of these r2 are less than 0.90, then combine

the two hours and recalculate the infiltration rates, r , and the

errors of the slopes for the two hour period. For the two hour

infiltration rates, neglect the data obtained during the first hour

after injection and neglect those locations associated with a value of

r2 less than 0.90.

Determine building averages: After the data inspection described

above, one must calculate hourly (or two hour) average infiltration

rates for the whole building Ig. Ig is calculated from the average

infiltration rates for each zone of the building IBi . The zonal

average infiltration rates are determined from

(eV^,) / CzVj)

where 1^ is the infiltration rate associated with the ith air sample

location and is the volume associated with that same location. The

whole building average infiltration rate Ig is based on a similar

volume weighted average of the average infiltration rates for the

building zones. Information regarding the zones of the building,

their volumes, and the corresponding air sample locations will be

provided.

Tablulate data: All the whole building average infiltration rates and

the corresponding environmental conditions must be tabulated according

to the following format. The environmental conditions include the

inside-outside temperature difference, wind speed and wind direction

averaged over the hour (or two hour) period for which the

corresponding infiltration rate is determined. The data must be

tabulated as follows:

Day Hour Ig

Temperature

Difference

(°F)

Wind Wind

Speed Direction

(mph) (degrees)

1/20/85 08 0.50 25.1

" 09 0.55 24.5

4.5 180

4.0 180

Table 1 Summary of Infiltration and Weather Data

58
Sort infiltration data: The infiltration rate data in the above table

must then be sorted according to the environmental conditions during

the measurements. The infiltration rates must be sorted into

intervals of wind speed and inside-outside temperature difference.

The wind speed ranges are (0,2), (2,4), (4,6), ... mph, and the

temperature difference ranges are ...(-10,-5), (-5,0), (0,5), (5,10),

... °F. One must create a grid of the following form:

u

AT

(0,2) (2,10 (4,6) (6,8) ...

(-10,-5)

(-5,0)

(0,5)

(5,10)

(10,15)

Table 2 Summary of Infiltration Data Sorted by Weather Conditions

For all the infiltration rates in each grid location, calculate the

average infiltration rate, the standard deviation and the number of

infiltration measurements for the location in the grid. These three

values must be entered in the grid itself.

Submittals: The following information and data regarding the tests must be

submitted.

General: A detailed description of the equipment used in the tests,

including calibrations of the tracer gas detector must be provided.

In addition, the air sample locations monitored and the tracer gas

injection rates must be provided.

Data: All recorded data must be submitted, including all measured

tracer gas concentrations and all hourly data, i.e. inside

temperatures, outside temperature, wind speed and direction,

calculated infiltration rates, standard error of these infiltration

rates, and the value of r^ corresponding to these infiltration rates.

These infiltration data must include those values that do not pass

through the data inspection procedure.

Tables: The summary table of the all the infiltration data (table 1)

must also be submitted, as well as the grid table in which the

infiltration rates are averaged in weather intervals (table 2).

59
References:

ASTM E 741-83, "Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by

Tracer Dilution," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1983.

Grot, R.A. , Persily, A.K. , Chang, Y.M. , Fang, J.B., Weber, S. , Galowin,

L.S., "Evaluation of the Thermal Integrity of the Building Envelopes

of Eight Federal Office Buildings," NBSIR 85-3147, National Bureau of

Standards, 1985.

60
6 . Tracer Gas Measurement of Ventilation - To measure building ventilation

rates during occupied conditions induced by the building air handling

equipment, as controlled by the building’s control system and affected by

weather conditions. These tests shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM

E 741-83, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Tracer

Dilution.

Test conditions: Same as section 5

Equipment: Same as section 5

Sampling locations: Same as section 5

Procedure: The test procedure is the same as those described in section 5,

with the following exceptions. During these ventilation measurements the

building air handlers are to be operated under normal occupied conditions.

The HVAC control system shall be in its normal mode of operation as is in

effect when the building is occupied, controlling the outside air intake

and spill damper positions and fan airflow rates. All exhaust fans and

vents shall be operated normally. These tests may be conducted when the

building is occupied.

Analysis: Same as section 5, however when ventilation rates are very large,

the tracer gas concentration may be undetectably lew after the first hour.

In this case, this hour must not be neglected in the data inspection

procedure.

Submittals: Same as section 5

References: Same as section 5

61
7. Indoor Air Quality Measurement - To measure indoor concentrations of

several contaminants. These measurements will begin before the building is

occupied and continue well into the building's occupancy. Due to

differences in the various pollutants to be measured and in the available

measurement techniques appropriate to each, there are differences in the

evaluation procedures for each pollutant. These differences are primarily

in the specific measurement locations and in the sampling frequency.

Unless otherwise specified to the testing agent, during all indoor

pollutant measurements the building must be ventilated as if it were

- occupied 24 hours a day, and the building air change rate and environmental

conditions must be measured according to the techniques described in

sections 5 and 6. The evaluation procedures for each pollutant are outlined separately below.

The air quality evaluation will require the simultaneous measurement of the

concentrations of several different pollutants, as directed by the

procuring agent. The testing agent must provide equipment to direct the

outflow from the air sample punps to the various concentration measuring

devices at an air pressure consistent with their calibrations.

The contaminant concentration measuring techniques and the protocols for

contaminant sampling in buildings are based on the latest available

information. In general there are no standard test methods or protocols

for indoor contaminant sampling. As such protocols are developed, and as other measurement techniques are put into practice, it may be advisable to use this new material in modifying the following work statements.

62
A, Carbon Monoxide (CO): The evaluation of the interior CO concentration

involves the measurement of one hour and eight hour average

concentrations at several locations within the building. A list of

the sampling locations, including the measurement period appropriate

to each, will be provided to the testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each CO evaluation must last

for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During each

one week period, one-hour average concentrations must be determined at

the designated locations every day, twenty four hours a day. The

eight hour average concentrations must be determined at the designated

locations once a day from approximately 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The first

series of evaluations shall be conducted before the building has been

occupied and subsequent evaluations shall be made under a range of

weather conditions and ventilation system operation modes in order to

enable the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation rates,

and outdoor concentration on interior CO concentrations. The

important interior sources of CO are combustion processes,

particularly smoking and the entrainment of engine exhaust in the

intake air. Therefore sampling locations will be located throughout

the building. Particular attention will be given to the loading dock,

garage and nearby spaces, and to connections between these spaces and

the rest of the building. Since CO is relatively nonreactive at room

temperature, it may be drawn to the DC through long lengths of sample

tubing for the real-time monitoring.

Equipment: The measurements of the one-hour average CO concentration

will employ a real-time CO monitor already existing in the building.

Details on the device, along with a current calibration, will be

provided to the testing agent. Cylinders of calibration gases for the

monitor will also be available in the DC and include ultra zero air, 5

ppm CO in dry air, and 20 ppm CO in dry air. Air sample tubing (3/8

in. OD nylon) will already be installed in the building, running from

the air sample locations to the DC. Air sample punps will be

available to draw air from the interior and exterior locations,

through the air sample tubing, to the DC. Equipment to monitor air

change rates and environmental conditions will also be available and

is described in section 5. Equipment must be supplied by the testing

agent to control the air change rate measurement equipment and to

record the data. In addition this data acquisition and control system

(DACS) must be able to automatically select among the air sample

locations and direct the outflow from the appropriate pump to the CO

monitor. The DACS must also be able to direct the calibration gases

to the monitor as appropriate. The tubing, valves and other equipment

necessary to automate this switching of inputs to the monitor must be

supplied by the testing agent. The determination of eight hour

averages of the CO concentration will require the use of air sample

containers (10 liter capacity air sample bags) and personal exposure

pumps (battery operated with an adjustable airflow rate from about

0.03 to 0.30 scfh) that will be available in the building. Details

regarding this equipment will be provided to the testing agent.

Procedure: The CO evaluation involves measuring the CO concentration

at several locations within the building with the real-time monitor

while simultaneously monitoring hourly average values of the building

63
air change rate and environmental conditions as described in sections

5 and 6. The CO evaluation also involves measuring average

concentrations over 8 hours by filling air sample containers with

personal exposure punps over the sample period, and measuring the

concentration in the containers with the real-time monitor.

During the real-time measurements the DACS, and other equipment

supplied by the testing agent, will be used to direct air samples from

various interior and exterior locations, as well as calibration gases,

to the CO monitor for analysis. All of the air sample punps must be

operated continuously to insure that a current air sample is available

to the monitor when each location is sampled. Based on a one minute

response time for the CO monitor, each sample must be directed to the

device continuously for two minutes. The CO monitor output for each

location must be read every 10 seconds and recorded. The average

reading for the last minute of the two minute sample, and the standard

deviation of this average, must also be calculated and recorded.

Every three hours, during the tracer gas injection, the calibration of

the CO monitor must be checked by directing the ultra zero air, the 5

ppm CO in dry air and the 20 ppm CO in dry air to the monitor

continuously for five minutes each. The output of the CO monitor

during the last four minutes of each five minute calibration check

must be read every 10 seconds and recorded.

For the 8 hour averages of CO concentration, air sample bags must be

filled at the specified locations with personal exposure pumps at an airflow rate of approximately 0.035 scfh. The bags must be filled

from roughly 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. After the bags are filled, the

concentration within the bags will be determined with the real-time CO

monitor. Each bag should be monitored continuously for three minutes,

and the output of the detector should be read every 10 seconds and

recorded. The mean and standard deviation of these 10 second readings

must be calcuated and recorded for the last 2 minutes of each 3 minute

sample. Both before and after all the bags are analyzed, the

monitor's calibration must be checked with the three calibration gases

continuously for five minutes with each gas. For each of the three

calibration gases the output of the CO monitor should be read every 10

seconds and recorded for the last four minutes of each five minute

calibration check.

During all tests, investigate and record the use of building loading

docks and interior or attached garages, and the current state of

building occupancy. All data required for the air change rate and

environmental conditions measurements, as specified in sections 5 and

6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions are to be

analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of hourly

(or two hourly) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions (see table 1). The one minute averages of

the measured CO concentrations from the real-time monitoring must be

adjusted for any drift in calibration observed during the calibration

checks. The procedure for adjusting the CO calibration will be

provided to the testing agent. For the real-time monitoring, hourly

average CO concentrations, both as recorded and adjusted, for each air

64
sampling location must be calculated based on the one minute averages.

These hourly averages, and their standard deviations, should be

calculated even for those hours during which the air change rate data

are not available. Make a table of these hourly average

concentrations and standard deviations, including the date and time of

the measurement, such as that shown in the following example:

Recorded Concentrations (ppm) Adjusted Concentrations

Date: 01/10/86

Time: 09:00

Mean Standard

Deviation

Mean Standard

Deviation

Location

1-E/A 5.6 1.0 5.1 1.0

1-E/B 6.9 1.2 6.4 1.2

Outside-1 2.1 0.4 1.6 0.4

Table 3 Summary of Real'-Time Carbon Monoxide Measurement Results

For the eight hour average samples, the recorded 2 minute averages and

their standard deviations must also be adjusted to account for

calibration drift. Make a table of these average concentrations and

standard deviations, including the date and time of the samples, such

as that shown in the following example:

Recorded

Concentrations (ppm)

Mean Standard

Deviation

Adjusted

Concentrations (ppm)

Mean Standard

Deviation

Location: 1-E/A

Averaging Times

Start: 01/10/86

Finish: 01/10/86

09:00

17:00 6.0 0.5 5.7 0.5

Location: 1-E/B

Averaging Times

Start: 01/10/86

Finish: 01/10/86

09:05

17:05 4.6 0.4 4.1 0.6

Table 4 Summary of Long-Term Average Carbon Monoxide Measurement Results

65
Submittals: For each CO evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a description of the DACS and the

equipment used to switch among the air sampling locations and the

calibration gas cylinders, along with a list of the air sample

locations that were monitored using each technique. All recorded data

must be submitted, including tracer gas concentrations, measured CO

concentrations, measured calibration gas concentrations, and all

hourly data, i.e. inside and outside temperatures, wind speed and

direction, calculated infiltration and ventilation rates, and values

of the standard errors and r^ for these air change rates. The two

tables referred to in the analysis section, the hourly average CO

concentrations from the real-time monitoring (table 3) and the results

of the 8 hour average measurements (table 4), must also be submitted.

A summary table of the hourly infiltration/ventilation and

environmental conditions data for all times during which CO

concentration measurements took place must also be submitted (see

section 5 for a description of table 1).

66
B. Carbon Dioxide (CC^): The procedure, analysis and submittals for the

CO2 evaluation are the same as for the CO evaluation in section 7. A.

The primary indoor source of CO2 is occupant respiration, and to a lesser degree combustion. Therefore, the CO2 sampling locations will

be located throughout the building with selected sampling associated

with the loading dock and the garage. A real-time CO2 monitor will be

available in the building, and details on the device, including a current calibration and a procedure for adjusting this calibration to

account for drift, will be provided to the testing agent. Similar

equipment for switching among the air sample locations and calibration

gases, controlling the air change rate measurements, and recording the

data, as discussed in section 7. A, must be supplied by the testing

agent. The cylinders of calibration gas located in the DC will

include CO2 free air, 250 ppm CO2

in dry air and 750 ppm CO2

in dry

air.

67
C. Formaldehyde (HCHO): The evaluation of the interior HCHO

concentration involves instantaneous readings at several locations

within the building using a real-time monitor and the determination of

long term averages using passive monitors. A list of the sampling

locations within the building for each approach will be provided to

the testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each HCHO evaluation must

last for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During

each one week period the real-time locations must be monitored every

day, twenty four hours a day. The eight hour average concentrations

must be determined at the designated locations once a day from

approximately 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The one week average concentrations

must be determined at the designated locations during the entire test

period. The first evaluations should be made before the building is

occupied and subsequent evaluations should be made under a range of

weather conditions and ventilation system operation modes in order to

enable the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation rates,

and outdoor concentration on interior HCHO concentrations. The

important indoor sources of HCHO are interior furnishings and

combustion processes. Therefore sampling locations will be located

throughout the building. Particular attention will be given to the

loading dock, garage and nearby spaces, and to connections between

these spaces and the rest of the building. Since HCHO is so reactive,

the air samples for real-time monitoring can be drawn to the DC only

through short lengths of tubing (100* or less).

Equipment: A real-time HCHO monitor and calibration gas generator

will be available in the DC, and specifications regarding this

equipment will be provided to the testing agent. Equipment to monitor

air change rates and environmental conditions during these tests will

also be available, and is described in section 5. Equipment must be

supplied by the testing agent to control the air change rate

measurement equipment and to record the data. In addition this data

acquisition and control system (DACS) must be able to automatically

select among the air sample locations and direct the outflow from the

appropriate pimp to the HCHO monitor. The DACS must also be able to

direct the calibration gases to the monitor as appropriate. The

tubing, valves and other equipment necessary to automate this

switching of inputs to the monitor must be supplied by the testing

agent.

Passive samplers for long-term average measurements of HCHO

concentration must be supplied by the testing agent and obtained from

a commercial manufacturer of established reputation, with experience

in the production and analysis of such monitors. These passive

samplers must be able to detect concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm for

a one week sampling period and 0.1 ppm for an eight hour period. The

devices must be able to determine these concentrations with an accuracy of 25%. The analysis of the monitors must be conducted by

the manufacturer. When purchasing the passive samplers, consideration

must be given to the shelf-life in relation to the test schedule.

Procedure: The HCHO evaluation involves real-time monitoring of the

HCHO concentration at several locations within the building while

68
These adjusted concentrations must be calculated and recorded for each

air sample location. The uncertainty in the adjusted concentration dC

must be calculated based on the standard deviations of M, M

Q and M

s

, i.e. dM, dMQ and dM* respectively. To determine the uncertainty in

the adjusted concentration, one calculates the following quantities

dMM0

= (dM2 + dM0

2

) 0* 5

dM

sM0

= (dM

s 2 + dM0

2

) 0* 5

The uncertainty in C, denoted as dC, is determined from

(M-M0

) " / dMMQ \

2

/ dM

sMo \

2 '

CMS-M0

) \(M-M0

)/ WMoV . The value of dC for each adjusted value of C must be recorded. A

table must be produced that contains the results of each HCHO

concentration determination, including the date, time and location of

the sample, and the adjusted concentration and its uncertainty. The

format of this table is as follows:

Adjusted Concentration Uncertainty in

Adjusted Concentration

Location: 1-E/A

Date: 01/10/86

Time: 09:05 to 09:15 0.090 ppm 0.015

Location: 1-E/B

Date: 01/10/86

Time: 09:20 to 09:30 0.074 ppm 0.013

Table 5 Sunmary of Real-Time Formaldehyde Measurement Results

The passive pollutant monitors are to be analyzed by their

manufacturers. The results of the manufacturer's analysis must be

tabulated along with the air sample location corresponding to each

measurement and the dates and times of the monitor deployment, in a table similar in format to table 4.

Submittals: For each HCHO evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a description of the DACS and the

equipment used to switch among the air sample locations and the

calibration gases, along with a list of the air sample locations that

were monitored with each technique. Provide a description of the

passive monitors that were used, including the manufacturer's

70
simultaneously monitoring hourly average values of the building air

change rate and environmental conditions as described in sections 5

and 6. The HCHO evaluation also involves measuring long term averages

of concentration with passive samplers.

Due to the characteristics of real-time HCHO monitors in the

concentration range of interest, 15 minutes is required to analyze the

concentration at each air sample location. Therefore, only a small

number of air sample locations will be monitored, typically in main

return ducts for the larger zones of the building. During the realtime monitoring, the calibration of the HCHO monitor must be checked

frequently with ultra zero air and a known concentration (roughly 0.

ppm) from the calibration gas generator. Using the DACS and other

equipment supplied by the testing agent, a 90 minute sampling cycle

must be employed with 15 minutes each for four sampling locations, 15

minutes on ultra zero air, and 15 minutes on the calibration or span

gas. The output of the HCHO detector must be read and recorded every

30 seconds and averaged over the last ten minutes of each of the six

15 minute portions of the 90 minute cycle. The mean and standard

deviation of these averages must be recorded.

In building locations of particular interest, more detailed real-time

evaluation may be required. In these cases, the HCHO monitor and the

calibration equipment must be located in the area of interest to

avoid the use of long lengths of sample tubing.

The passive HCHO monitors will be deployed according to the

manufacturer's instructions within a limited number of the so-called

environmental stations (ES) within the building interior. The ES are small, vented boxes, such as thermostat covers, that will already be

installed within the building. The sampling locations for passive

monitoring will be provided to the testing agent, along with the test

duration for each (either 8 hours or one week).

During all tests, the state of building occupancy, construction

activity and the installation of interior furnishings must be

investigated and recorded. All data required for the air change rate

and environmental conditions measurements, as specified in sections 5

and 6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions data are to be analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of

hourly (or two hour) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions (see table 1). The real-time HCHO monitoring

data must be inspected for calibration drift, and if determined to be

acceptable, the monitored readings must be adjusted for the zero and

span readings. The limits of acceptable calibration drift depend on the HCHO monitor being used and this information will be provided to

the testing agent. The data in an acceptable cycle include the 10

minute averages and standard deviations of the span readings M

s

, the

zero readings M

Q , and the readings for each air sample M, along with

the concentration of the span gas C

g

. The adjusted HCHO concentration

of each air sample is determined from

C = C

s [ (M-M0 )/(MS-M0

) ]

69
specifications on accuracy, range of measurable concentration, and

procedure for use. All recorded data must be submitted, including

tracer gas concentrations, measured HCHO concentrations, measured

calibration gas concentrations and all ten minute averages and

standard deviations of the HCHO detector output for air samples and

calibration checks, and all hourly data, i.e. inside and outside

temperatures, wind speed and direction, calculated infiltration and

ventilation rates, and values of the standard errors and r2 for these

air change rates. The two tables referred to in the analysis section,

the real-time monitoring results (table 5) and the passive monitor

results (similar in format to table 4), must also be submitted. A

summary table of the hourly infiltration/ ventilation and

environmental conditions data for all times during which HCHO

concentration measurements took place must also be submitted (see

section 5 for a description of table 1).

71
D. Particulates : The evaluation of the interior particulate levels

involves both real-time measurements and the determination of eight

hour averages at several locations within the building. A list of the

sampling locations, including the measurement period appropriate to

each, will be provided to the testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each particulate evaluation

must last for one week and several such evaluations are to be made.

During each one week period, the designated real-time locations must

be monitored for ten minutes each in succession, for a twelve hour

period from roughly 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. The designated eight hour

average sampling locations must be monitored only once a day from

approximately 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The first evaluations should be made

before the building is occupied and subsequent evaluations should be

made under a range of weather conditions and ventilation system

operation modes in order to enable the examination of the effects of

weather, ventilation rates, and outdoor particulate levels on interior

participate levels. The indoor sources of particulates are quite

variable and include smoking and other occupant activities.

Particulate levels in the outside air also affect indoor particulate

levels. Therefore sampling locations will be located throughout the

building and outside. Due to the possibility of particle deposition

on the interior of air sample tubes, the real-time monitoring must be

conducted at the air sampling locations.

Equipment: A portable, real-time particle counter, based on optical

scattering, will be available to the testing agent in the DC. Details

on the device will be provided to the testing agent. The device will

produce particle counts in specific size ranges for variable time

periods, and will also be able to measure air temperature and relative

humidity at each sampling location. The eight hour averages of

particulate levels must be determined with equipment supplied by the

testing agent. This equipment includes air sample pumps, impactors or cyclones, filters and equipment for gravimetric analysis of the

filters. The measurement technique will involve low volume air

sampling through an impactor or cyclone for respirable particulates,

collection on a filter, and gravimetric analysis of the filter. The

testing agent must be familiar with particulate sampling and analysis

using filtration and gravimetric determination, as well as the filter

preparation and analysis. The air sample pump must have an adjustable

airflow rate from about 2 to 10 scfh and must be able to maintain a constant airflow rate (within 2%) during the entire sampling period.

The punp must also have a low noise level, compatible with an office

environment. The impactor must be designed to allow only particles

with diameters less than 10 microns to reach the filter.

Equipment to monitor air change rates and environmental conditions

during these tests will be available in the building, and is described

in section 5. Equipment must be supplied by the testing agent to

control the air change rate measurements and to record the data.

Procedure: The particulate evaluation involves measuring the

particulate levels at several locations within the building with the

real-time monitor while simultaneously monitoring hourly average

values of the building air change rate and environmental conditions as

72
described in sections 5 and 6. The particulate evaluation also

involves measuring average concentrations over periods of 8 hours

using filtration and gravimetric determination.

During the real-time measurements the portable, particle counter will

be brought to each air sample location for ten minutes. It will be

set to determine 2 minute particle counts in the following size

ranges; 0.0 to 0.3, 0.3 to 0.5, 0.5 to 0.7, 0.7 to 1.0, 1.0 to 5.0,

and 5.0 to 10.0 microns. Five such two minute averages will be

determined and recorded at each location, along with the time of the

measurement, the local air temperature and the local relative

hunidity. The indoor and outdoor air sampling locations will be

monitored successively, and the cycle will be repeated continuously

throughout the 12 hour sampling period.

The 8 hour average particulate level determinations will occur during

occupied hours, roughly 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The equipment will be

deployed at the specified locations according to the equipment

manufacturer's specifications. After the sampling is completed, the

filter will be removed and analyzed according to the manufacturer's

instructions. The measurement results will be in units of p g/m^.

This value must be recorded along with the measurement locations and

the date and time of the test.

During all tests, investigate and record the use of building loading

docks and interior or attached garages, and the current state of

building occupancy. All data required for the air change rate and

environmental conditions measurements, as specified in sections 5 and

6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions are to be

analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of hourly

(or two hourly) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions (see table 1). The real-time particlate

monitoring is analyzed by taking the 2 minute particle counts N in

each particle size range, and the monitor's airflow rate V, and

calculating the particle concentration PC in each range. The value of

PC is determined from

PC = N / (2 minutes )(V)

Based on the value of PC for each 2 minute sample, calculate and

record the mean and standard deviation of the five 2 minute readings

of particle concentration in each particle size range at each

location. The values of PC must be calculated and recorded in units

of number of particles per cubic foot and number per cubic meter.

These means and standards deviations must be tabulated along with the

corresponding sampling locations and environmental conditions

(temperature and relative humidity) in a format similar to table 5.

The eight hour average participate levels, determined by filtration

and gravimetric analysis, will be in units of pg/m^s. These results

must be tabulated with the corresponding air sample locations and the

date and time of the sample collection in a format similar to table 4.

73
Submittals: For each particulate evaluation, a detailed description

of the test and test conditions must be submitted including when the

test was conducted, the state of the building occupancy and

construction activity, and the use of the loading dock and any

attached or interior garages during the test. Provide a description

of the equipment and protocol used in the filtration and gravimetric

determination of particulate levels. All data that are collected must

be submitted, including tracer gas concentrations, all 2 minute

particle counts for the real-time monitoring, and all hourly data,

i.e. inside and outside temperatures, wind speed and direction,

calculated infiltration and ventilation rates, and values of the

standard errors and r2 for these infiltration rates. For the 8 hour

average particulate levels, submit the sample times, before and after

filter weights, and particulate levels in yg/nP for each sample

analyzed. The two tables referred to in the analysis section, average

particle counts from the real-time monitoring and the results of the 8

hour average measurements, must also be submitted. A summary table of

the hourly infiltration/ventilation and environmental conditions data

for all times during which particulate level measurements took place

must also be submitted (see section 5 for a description of table 1).

7 4
E . Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2

): The evaluation of the interior NO2

concentration involves real-time monitoring of the concentrations of

nitrogen dioxide NO2, nitrogen oxide (NO), and N0X , and 8 hour and 7

day averages of NO2 concentration as determined with passive monitors.

A list of sampling locations, including the measurement period

appropriate to each, will be provided to the testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each N02 evaluation must last

for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During each

one week period the designated real-time locations must be monitored

every day, twenty four hours a day. The designated eight hour average

sampling locations must be monitored only once a day from

approximately 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The one week average sampling

locations will be monitored during the entire test period. The first

evaluations should be made before the building is occupied and

subsequent evaluations should be made under a range of weather

conditions and ventilation system operation modes in order to enable

the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation rates, and

outdoor concentration on interior concentrations. The important

indoor sources of NO2 include combustion processes, as well as the

outdoor air. Therefore sampling locations will be located throughout

the building. Particular attention will be given to the loading dock,

garage and nearby spaces, and to connections between these spaces and

the rest of the building. Since N02

is so reactive, the air samples

for real-time monitoring can be drawn to the DC only through short

lengths of tubing (100* or less).

Equipment: Both the real-time oxides of nitrogen analyzer and the

passive monitors must be supplied by the testing agent, as well as equipment for controlling, calibrating and recording the output of the

real-time monitor. Equipment to monitor air change rates and

environmental conditions during the test will be available in the

building and is described, along with the measurement and analysis

procedures, in sections 5 and 6. Equipment must be supplied by the

testing agent to control the air change rate measurement equipment and

to record the results. In addition this data acquisition and control

system (DACS) must be able to automatically select among the air

sample locations and direct the outflow from the appropriate punp to

the NO2 monitor. The DACS must also be able to direct the calibration

gases to the monitor as appropriate. The tubing, valves and other

equipment necessary to automate this switching of inputs to the

monitor must be supplied by the testing agent.

The real-time monitor must be based on the chemiluminescent reaction

of NO with ozone, and must provide a continuous output of NO, NO2 and

N0X concentrations. The device must have several measurement scales

including 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm full scale, a precision of

at least 1% of full scale, a zero stability of 0.5/5 of full scale over

7 days, a span stability of 2% of full scale over 7 days, and a rise

and fall time of no more than 3 minutes. The testing agent must also

supply a calibration gas generator for on-site, real-time calibration

checks of the monitor in the range of interest (approximately 0.005 to

0. 10 ppm)

The passive NO2 monitor must be based on the design of the "Palmes

75
tube.” The minimum detectable concentration for an eight hour

exposure must be no more than 0. 1 ppm and for a 7 day exposure it must

be no more than 0.005 ppm. The measurement accuracy must be at least

25%. If the passive monitors are obtained from a commercial

manufacturer, then the same manufacturer must analyze the monitors.

The testing agent may use and analyze passive monitors of their own manufacture if they have demonstrated the ability to manufacture and

analyze the monitors with repeatability and accuracy. When obtaining

the passive samplers, consideration must be given to the shelf-life in

relation to the test schedule.

Procedure: The NO2 evaluation involves real-time monitoring of the

NO2 , NO and N0X concentrations and measurement of long term averages

of NO2 with passive monitors, while simultaneously monitoring hourly

average values of the building air change rate and environmental

conditions as described in sections 5 and 6.

Due to the characteristics of the real-time monitors, 5 minutes are required to analyze the concentration at each air sample location.

Therefore, only a limited number of air sample locations will be

monitored, typically those in main return ducts for the larger zones

of the building. During the real-time monitoring, the calibration of

the monitor must be checked for drift with ultra zero air and the

calibration gas generator. A measurement cycle will include 5 minute

analyses of samples from each air sampling location, followed by

analyses of the calibration gas and the ultra zero air. The switching

among these input streams to the monitor must be controlled by the

DACS using equipment supplied by the testing agent. During each 5

minute sampling period, the output of the monitor must be read every

10 seconds and recorded. For the last two minutes of each 5 minute

sampling period, the mean and standard deviation of the 10 second

readings of NO2, N0X and NO concentrations must be calculated and

recorded.

The passive NO2 monitors must be deployed according to the

manufacturer's instructions within the so-called environmental

stations or ES within the building. The ES are small, vented boxes,

such as thermostat covers, that will already be installed in the

building. The long term averages will be determined for either 8 hour

periods, roughly 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. , or 7 day periods. The test

duration for each sampling location will be provided to the testing

agent.

During all tests, the state of building occupancy, construction

activity and furniture installation must be investigated and recorded.

All data required for the air change rate and environmental conditions

measurements, as specified in sections 5 and 6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions data must

be analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of

hourly (or two hour) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions (see table 1). The real-time monitoring data

must be adjusted for calibration drift as specified by the

manufacturer. For both the unadjusted and adjusted 2 minute averages

and standard deviations of the NO2 , NOx and NO concentrations, hourly

76
averages and standard deviations must be calculated for each air

sampling location. These hourly data must be tabulated along with the

corresponding air sampling location and the date and time of the

concentration determinations in a format similar to table 3.

The passive pollutant monitors are to be analyzed by their

manufacturers. The results of the manufacturer's analysis must be

tabulated along with the air sample location corresponding to each

measurement and the dates and times of the monitor deployment in a format similar to table 4.

Submittals: For each NO2 evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a detailed description of the realtime monitor, the calibration gas generator, the DACS, and the

equipment used to switch among the air sample locations and the

calibration gases, along with a list of the air sample locations that

were monitored with each technique. Provide a description of how the

monitor readings were corrected for zero and span drifts. Provide a description of the passive monitors that were used, including the

manufacturer's specifications on accuracy, range of measurable

concentration, and procedure for use. All recorded data must be

submitted, including tracer gas concentrations, all 10 second averages

of the monitor's output, and all hourly data, i.e. inside and outside

temperatures, wind speed and direction, calculated infiltration and

ventilation rates, and values of the standard errors and r2 for these

infiltration rates. The two tables referred to in the analysis

section, the hourly averages and standard deviations of the NO2 , N0

X and NO concentrations and the results of the passive monitor tests,

must also be submitted. A summary table of the hourly

infiltration/ventilation and environmental conditions data for all

times during which the NOp measurements took place must also be

submitted (see section 5 for a description of table 1).

77
F,• Sulfur Dioxide (S02

): The evaluation of the interior SO2 concentration

involves real-time monitoring, and 8 hour and 7 day averages of SOp

concentration as determined with passive monitors. A list of sampling

locations, including the measurement period appropriate to each, will

be provided to the testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each S02 evaluation must last

for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During each

one week period the real-time locations must be monitored every day,

twenty four hours a day. The eight hour average sampling locations

must be monitored once a day from approximately 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The

one week average sampling locations will be monitored during the

entire test period. The first evaluations should be made before the

building is occupied and subsequent evaluations should be made under a range of weather conditions and ventilation system operation modes in

order to enable the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation

rates, and outdoor concentration on interior concentrations. The

important indoor sources of S02 include combustion processes, as well

as the outdoor air. Therefore sampling locations will be located

throughout the building. Particular attention will be given to the

loading dock, garage and nearby spaces, and to connections between

these spaces and the rest of the building. Since S02 is so reactive,

the air samples for real-time monitoring can be drawn to the DC only

through short lengths of tubing (100* or less).

Equipment: Both the real-time S02 monitor and the passive monitors

must be supplied by the testing agent, as well as equipment for

controlling, calibrating and recording the output of the real-time

monitor. Equipment to monitor air change rates and environmental

conditions during the test will be available in the building and is

described, along with the measurement and analysis procedures, in

sections 5 and 6. Equipment must be supplied by the testing agent to

control the air change rate measurement equipment and to record the

results. In addition this data acquisition and control system (DACS)

must be able to automatically select among the air sample locations

and direct the outflow from the appropriate pimp to the S02 monitor.

The tubing, valves and other equipment necessary to automate this

switching of inputs to the monitor must be supplied by the testing

agent.

The real-time monitor must employ UV fluorescence and provide a continuous output of S02 concentration. The device must have several

measurement scales including 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm full scale, a precision of 1 ppb, a zero stability of 1 ppb per day, a span

stability of 0.5% per day, and a rise and fall time of no more than 4

minutes. The monitor must be equipped with an internal span and zero

check system based on a permeation source in a temperature controlled

oven. The span must be checked in the concentration range of interest

(approximately 0.001 to 0.1 ppm).

The passive S02 monitor must be based on the permeation of S02 through

a plastic membrane to an absorbing reagent. The range of measureable

concentration for an eight hour exposure must be 0.005 to 0.100 ppm.

The measurement accuracy must be at least 25%. If the passive

monitors are obtained from a commercial manufacturer, then the same

78
manufacturer must analyze the monitors. When obtaining the passive

samplers, consideration must be given to the shelf-life in relation to

the test schedule.

Procedure: The SC>2 evaluation involves real-time monitoring of the

SO2 concentration and measurement of long term averages of SO2 with

passive monitors, while simultaneously monitoring hourly average

values of the building air change rate and environmental conditions as described in sections 5 and 6.

Due to the characteristics of the real-time monitors, 6 minutes are required to analyze the concentration at each air sample location.

Therefore, only a limited number of air sample locations will be

monitored, typically those in main return ducts for the larger zones

of the building. During the real-time monitoring, the calibration of

the monitor must be checked for drift with ultra zero air and the

calibration gas generator. A measurement cycle will include 6 minute

analyses of samples from each air sampling location, followed by

analyses of the zero and the internal span check. The switching among

these input streams to the monitor must be controlled by the DACS

using equipment supplied by the testing agent. During each 6 minute

sampling period, the output of the monitor must be read every 10

seconds and recorded. For the last two minutes of each 6 minute

sampling period, the mean and standard deviation of the 10 second

readings of SO2 concentration must be calculated and recorded.

The passive SO2 monitors must be deployed according to the

manufacturers instructions within the so-called environmental

stations or ES within the building. The ES are small, vented boxes,

such as thermostat covers, that will already be installed in the

building. The outside monitors must be shielded from sunlight

according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The long term averages

will be determined for either 8 hour periods, roughly 9 a.m. to 5

p.m. , or 7 day periods. The test duration for each sampling location

will be provided to the testing agent.

During all tests, the state of building occupancy, construction

activity and furniture installation must be investigated and recorded.

All data required for the air change rate and environmental conditions

measurements, as specified in sections 5 and 6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions data must

be analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of

hourly (or two hour) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions (see table 1). The real-time monitoring data

must be adjusted for calibration drift, using the monitor's internal

span and zero checking system, as specified by the manufacturer. For

both the unadjusted and adjusted 2 minute averages and standard

deviations of the SO2 concentration, hourly averages and standard

deviations must be calculated for each air sampling location. These

hourly data must be tabulated along with the corresponding air

sampling location and the date and time of the concentration

determinations in a format similar to table 3.

The passive pollutant monitors are to be analyzed by their

79
manufacturer. The results of the manufacturer’s analysis must be

tabulated along with the air sample location corresponding to each

measurement and the dates and times of the monitor deployment in a format similar to table 4.

Submittals: For each SO2 evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a detailed description of the realtime monitor, the DACS, and the equipment used to switch among the

air sample locations, along with a list of the air sample locations

that were monitored with each technique. Provide a description of how

the monitor readings were corrected for zero and span drifts. Provide

a description of the passive monitors that were used, including the

manufacturer's specifications on accuracy, range of measurable

concentration, and procedure for use. All recorded data must be

submitted, including tracer gas concentrations, all 10 second averages

of the monitor's output, and all hourly data, i.e. inside and outside

temperatures, wind speed and direction, calculated infiltration and

ventilation rates, and values of the standard errors and r2 for these

infiltration rates. The two tables referred to in the analysis

section, the hourly averages and standard deviations of the SO2

concentration and the results of the passive monitor tests, must also

be submitted. A summary table of the hourly infiltration/ventilation

and environmental conditions data for all times during which the SO2

measurements took place must also be submitted (see section 5 for a description of table 1).

80
G. Ozone (Oo) : The evaluation of the interior 0

^ concentration involves

real-time monitoring. A list of sampling locations, including the

measurement schedule appropriate to each, will be provided to the

testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each 0

^ evaluation must last

for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During each

one week period the locations must be monitored every day, twenty four

hours a day, or as specified by the procuring agent. The first

evaluations should be made before the building is occupied and

subsequent evaluations should be made under a range of weather

conditions and ventilation system operation modes in order to enable

the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation rates, and

outdoor concentration on interior concentrations. The important

indoor sources of 0? include electronic equipment and the outdoor air.

Therefore sampling locations will be located throughout the building,

with particular attention given to areas containing office equipment.

Since 0^ is so reactive, the air samples for real-time monitoring can

be drawn to the DC only through short lengths of tubing ( 100 ’ or

less).

Equipment: The real-time 0

^ monitor must be supplied by the testing

agent, as well as equipment for controlling, calibrating and recording

the output of the real-time monitor. Equipment to monitor air change

rates and environmental conditions during the test will be available

in the building and is described, along with the measurement and

analysis procedures, in sections 5 and 6. Equipment must be supplied

by the testing agent to control the air change rate measurement

equipment and to record the results. In addition this data

acquisition and control system (DACS) must be able to automatically

select among the air sample locations and direct the outflow from the

appropriate punp to the 63 monitor. The DACS must also be able to

direct the calibration gases to the monitor as appropriate. The

tubing, valves and other equipment necessary to automate this

switching of inputs to the monitor must be supplied by the testing

agent.

The real-time monitor must be based on UV photometry and must provide

a continuous output of 0

^ concentration. The device must have a measurement range of 0 to 1 ppm, a minimum detectable concentration of

0.002 ppm, a precision of at least 0.002 ppm, zero and span drifts of

0.001 ppm per day, and a response time of less than 1 minute. The

monitor must be equipped with an internal span and zero check system

based on a temperature controlled On source. The span check must

cover the concentration range of interest (approximately 0 to 0.050

ppm).

Procedure: The 0

^ evaluation involves real-time monitoring of the 0

^ concentration, while simultaneously monitoring hourly average values''

of the building air change rate and environmental conditions as described in sections 5 and 6.

Due to the characteristics of the real-time monitors, 2 minutes are required to analyze the concentration at each air sample location.

During the real-time monitoring, the calibration of the monitor must

81
be checked for drift using the internal span and zero check system

within the monitor. A measurement cycle will include 5 minute

analyses of samples from each air sampling location, followed by

analyses of the calibration gas and the ultra zero air. The switching

among these input streams to the monitor must be controlled by the

DACS using equipment supplied by the testing agent. During each 5

minute sampling period, the output of the monitor must be read every

10 seconds and recorded. For the last minute of each 5 minute

sampling period, the mean and standard deviation of the 10 second

readings of 0^ concentration must be calculated and recorded.

During all tests, the state of building occupancy, construction

activity and furniture installation must be investigated and recorded.

All data required for the air change rate and environmental conditions

measurements, as specified in sections 5 and 6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions data must

be analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of

hourly (or two hour) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions. The real-time monitoring data must be

adjusted for calibration drift as specified by the manufacturer. For

both the unadjusted and adjusted 1 minute averages and standard

deviations of the O3 concentration, hourly averages and standard

deviations must be calculated for each air sampling location. These

hourly data must be tabulated along with the corresponding air

sampling location and the date and time of the concentration

determinations in a format similar to table 3.

Submittals: For each O3 evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a detailed description of the realtime monitor, the DACS, and the equipment used to switch among the

air sample locations, along with a list of the air sample locations

that were monitored with each technique. Provide a description of how

the monitor readings were corrected for zero and span drifts. All

recorded data must be submitted, including tracer gas concentrations,

all 10 second averages of the monitor's output, and all hourly data,

i.e. inside and outside temperatures, wind speed and direction,

calculated infiltration and ventilation rates, and values of the

standard errors and r2 for these infiltration rates. The table

referred to in the analysis section, containing the hourly averages

and standard deviations of the Oo concentration, must also be

submitted. A summary table of the hourly infiltration/ventilation and

environmental conditions data for all times during which the On

measurements took place must also be submitted (see section 5 for a description of table 1).

82
H. Radon : The evaluation of the interior radon concentration involves

real-time monitoring of the radon concentrations in working levels

(WL), and one week averages of radon concentrations as determined with

passive monitors. A list of sampling locations, including the

measurement period appropriate to each, will be provided to the

testing agent.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each radon evaluation must

last for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During

each one week period the real-time locations must be monitored every

day, twenty four hours a day. The one week average sampling locations

will be monitored during the entire test period. The first

evaluations should be made before the building is occupied and

subsequent evaluations should be made under a range of weather

conditions and ventilation system operation modes in order to enable

the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation rates, and

outdoor concentration on interior concentrations. The important

indoor sources of radon include soil gas, and in some cases building

materials. Therefore sampling locations will be located throughout

the building, with particular attention given to the lower levels of

the building.

Equipment: Both the real-time working level monitor and the passive

monitors must be supplied by the testing agent, as well as equipment

for controlling and recording the output of the real-time monitor.

Equipment to monitor air change rates and environmental conditions

during the test will be available in the building and is described,

along with the measurement and analysis procedures, in sections 5 and

6. Equipment must be supplied by the testing agent to control the air

change rate measurement equipment and to record the results. In

addition this data acquisition and control system (DACS) must be able

to automatically select among the air sample locations and direct the

outflow from the appropriate pump to the working level monitor, unless

the working level monitor is located at the sampling location. The

tubing, valves and other equipment necessary to automate this

switching of inputs to the monitor must be supplied by the testing

agent.

The real-time monitor must be based on filter collection of radon

progeny and detection by alpha emission. The device must have a minimum detectable concentration of 0.001 WL and provide continuous

readings of working levels for time periods ranging from 0.1 to 1.0

hours.

The passive radon monitor must have a minimum detectable concentration

for a one week exposure of 1.0 pC/L. The measurement accuracy must be

at least 25%. The passive monitors must be analyzed by their

manufacturer.

Procedure: The radon evaluation involves real-time monitoring of the

working level and measurement of one-week averages of the radon

concentration with passive monitors, while simultaneously monitoring

hourly average values of the building air change rate and

environmental conditions as described in sections 5 and 6. Each air

sample location must be monitored continuously, and therefore only a

83
limited number of air sample locations will be monitored. The monitor

should be set to provide the working levels at each location on an hourly basis, and these hourly levels must be recorded.

The passive radon monitors must be deployed according to the

manufacturer’s instructions within the so-called environmental

stations or ES within the building. The ES are small, vented boxes,

such as thermostat covers, that will already be installed in the

building. The long term averages will be determined for one week

periods.

During all tests, the state of building occupancy, construction

activity and furniture installation must be investigated and recorded.

All data required for the air change rate and environmental conditions

measurements, as specified in sections 5 and 6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions data must

be analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of hourly (or

two hour) building average air change rates and average environmental

conditions. The hourly working level data must be tabulated along

with the corresponding air sampling location and the date and time of

the determinations in a format similar to table 3.

The passive monitors are to be analyzed by their manufacturers. The

results of the manufacturer's analysis must be tabulated along with

the air sample location corresponding to each measurement and the

dates and times of the monitor deployment in a format similar to table

4 .

Submittals: For each radon evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a detailed description of the realtime monitor, the DACS, and the equipment used to switch among the

air sample locations, if such equipment is used, along with a list of

the air sample locations that were monitored with each technique.

Provide a description of the passive monitors that were used,

including the manufacturer's specifications on accuracy, range of

measurable concentration, and procedure for use. All recorded data

must be submitted, including tracer gas concentrations, working level

monitor output, and all hourly data, i.e. inside and outside

temperatures, wind speed and direction, calculated infiltration and

ventilation rates, and values of the standard errors and r2 for these

infiltration rates. The two tables referred to in the analysis

section, the hourly readings of working levels and the results of the

passive monitor tests, must also be submitted. A summary table of the

hourly infiltration/ventilation and environmental conditions data for

all times during which the radon evaluations took place must also be

submitted (see section 5 for a description of table 1).

84
I. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): The evaluation of the interior

levels of VOC involves the use of integrated sample collection on sorbent cartridges and subsequent analysis with a gas chromatograph

equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). These samples must be

collected over a period of 12 hours. A list of sampling locations

will be provided to the testing agent. The preparation, handling and

analysis of the sampling cartridges requires a large amount of care

and experience. The testing agent must be familiar with the

techniques, materials and equipment involved in the procedure.

Test Scheduling and Sampling Locations: Each VOC evaluation must last

for one week and several such evaluations are to be made. During each

one week period the locations must be monitored for twelve hours at a frequency to be specified by the procuring agent. The first

evaluations should be made before the building is occupied and

subsequent evaluations should be made under a range of weather

conditions and ventilation system operation modes in order to enable

the examination of the effects of weather, ventilation rates, and

outdoor concentration on interior concentrations. The important

indoor sources of VOC are quite variable and include combustion

processes, interior furnishings, building materials, and various

substances used within and outside the building. Therefore sampling

locations will be located throughout the building. Particular

attention will be given to the effects of furnishings and the

activities of occupants and maintainance personnel.

Equipment: All equipment required for the VOC monitoring must be

supplied by the testing agent. This equipment includes air sample

punps and solid sorbent cartridges for collecting the VOC in the air

samples. The GC/MS used to analyze the samples will be located offsite, and the testing agent may use their own equipment or have the

samples analyzed by a third party. The air sample punps must have an adjustable airflow rate from about 2 to 10 scfh and must be able to

maintain a constant airflow rate (within 2%) over the entire sampling

period. The pump noise must be at a low level compatible with office

use. The sampling cartridges must be filled with a porous polymer

sorbent appropriate to VOC sampling. Equipment to monitor air change

rates and environmental conditions during the test will be available

in the building and is described, along with the measurement and

analysis procedures, in sections 5 and 6. Equipment must be supplied

by the testing agent to control the air change rate measurement

equipment and to record the results.

Procedure: The VOC evaluation involves taking 12 hour samples of air on the sorbent material for subsequent analysis, while simultaneously

monitoring hourly average values of the building air change rate and

environmental conditions as described in sections 5 and 6. The pumps

and sorbent cartridges must be placed in the designated locations. A

blank sorbent cartridge, through which no air flows, must also be

placed at each sample location. This blank must accompany the sample

cartridge throughout the entire procedure from cartridge preparation

to analysis. The sampling cartridge preparation, handling and storage

procedures must be conducted employing current state-of-the-art to

insure accurate results. The cartridges must be analyzed off-site

with a GC/MS by the testing agent or a qualified third party. The

85
results shall be given for total VOC in yg/m^. Concentrations of

individual VOC's should also be identified and the concentrations

recorded, as directed by the procuring agent.

During all tests, the state of building occupancy, construction

activity and furniture installation must be investigated and recorded.

All data required for the air change rate and environmental conditions

measurements, as specified in sections 5 and 6, must also be recorded.

Analysis: The air change rate and environmental conditions data must

be analyzed as described in sections 5 and 6 to produce a table of

hourly (or two hour) building average air change rates and average

environmental conditions. The results of the VOC analysis must be

tabulated in a format similar to table 4, along with the corresponding

air sampling location, date and time of the sample collection, and the

date and time of the analysis.

Submittals: For each VOC evaluation, a detailed description of the

test and test conditions must be submitted including when the test was

conducted, the state of the building occupancy and construction

activity, and the use of the loading dock and any attached or interior

garages during the test. Provide a detailed description of the air

sample pumps, the sorbent cartridges, the GC/MS, the procedure used

for preparing, handling, storing and analyzing the cartridges, and the

DACS, along with a list of the air sample locations that were

monitored. All recorded data must be submitted, including tracer gas

concentrations, and all hourly data, i.e. inside and outside

temperatures, wind speed and direction, calculated infiltration and

ventilation rates, and values of the standard errors and r^ for these

infiltration rates. The table referred to in the analysis section,

giving the results of the VOC analysis, must also be submitted. A

suranary table of the hourly infiltration/ventilation and environmental

conditions data for all times during which the VOC evaluations took

place must also be submitted (see section 5 for a description of table

1 ).

86
J • Asbestos : Although there are to be no asbestos containing materials

used in the construction of the building, there must be an asbestos

evaluation to insure that no asbestos containing materials were

inadvertently used in the building and that no airborne asbestos

fibers are migrating from adjoining, existing buildings or other

sources. The evaluation must include a visual inspection of the

building and interior air monitoring. Additional monitoring may be

used based on the results of the preliminary investigation. The

inspection and air monitoring must be done by a firm familiar with the

measurement techniques, typical uses of asbestos containing material,

and asbestos-related problems in buildings.

Test Scheduling and Inspection Locations: The asbestos evaluation

must be made before the building is occupied, but after the interior

is finished, and 6 months after the building is occupied. Visual

inspection of certain building features can be conducted before the

interior is finished and the suspended ceiling is installed, when

these features are more accessible. During the evaluations particular

attention must be given to those areas where asbestos containing

materials have been used in past construction including return air

plenums and shafts, mechanical equipment rooms and suspended ceiling

panels, as well as connections between an existing building and the new building. Air sampling should be done in these same areas and in

the occupied space. A list of locations for air monitoring shall be

provided to the testing agent.

Procedure: The asbestos evaluation requires one or more visual, walkthrough inspections of the building and limited air monitoring. The

visual inspections should be preceded by a review of the building

plans and specifications by the testing agent to identify potential

places for the inadvertent substitution of asbestos containing

materials. During the walk-through inspections of the building, the

testing agent should compare as-built conditions with the plans and

specifications to determine any additional sites where asbestos

containing materials may have been substituted. All such suspected

sites must be inspected for asbestos containing materials. Any

materials suspected of containing asbestos shall be subjected to bulk

sampling and off-site analysis with polarized light microscopy. A

description of the suspect materials, along with their locations

throughout the building and the results of the bulk sampling analysis

must be tabulated. During each inspection, investigate and record the

current state of building construction and occupancy.

Air monitoring using high volume pumps, collection on a membrane

filter, and subsequent analysis with phase contrast microscopy must be

done at several locations within the building. This monitoring must

employ 8 hour sampling times, and the sampling pump airflow rate must

pull a volume of 2 to 3 thousand liters through the filter. The fiber

content of the air sample must be analyzed using phase contrast

microscopy as specified in section 1910.1001(e) of Title 29, Code of

Federal Regulations. The air monitoring shall be conducted after all

interior finishing is completed and with the air handlers operating

continuously. The air monitoring locations will be provided to the

testing agent, and will include locations in the occupied space,

return air plenums, mechanical rooms, and outside. Additional

87
locations, based on the results of the visual inspection, will also be

included. During the air monitoring, investigate and record the

current state of building construction and occupancy.

During the air monitoring, the building air change rate and

environmental conditions must be monitored as described in sections 5

and 6. The analysis of this data is described in the same sections.

Submittals: A detailed description of the asbestos evaluation must be

submitted including when the test was conducted, and the state of

building occupancy and construction activity at the time of the test.

Provide a detailed description of the equipment used in the air change

rate and environmental conditions monitoring, as well as all data

collected as part of these tests, as described in section 5. A

description of the walk-through inspection and air monitoring

procedures, and all equipment and analysis techniques used in the bulk

sample and air sample analysis, must also be submitted. Submit the

tabulated results of the visual inspections and the air montioring. A

summary table of the hourly infiltration/ventilation and environmental

conditions data for all times during which the asbestos air monitoring

took place must also be submitted (see section 5 for a description of

table 1).

88
NBS-114A (REV. 2-80) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

REPORT NO.

SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR-86/3462 NOVEMBER 1986

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Specifications for Thermal and Environmental Evaluations of

Advanced-Technology Office Buildings

5. AUTHOR(S)

Andrew K. Persily

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see instructions)

national bureau of stanoards

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, O.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP)

Office of Design and Construction

Public Buildings Service

General Services Administration

Washington, DC 20405

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

r 1 Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

Specifications for conducting a thermal and environmental evaluation program for

advanced technology office buildings are presented. This program is to be used by the

General Services Administration (GSA) in designing and assessing the performance of

these new federal office buildings. The evaluations include quantification of the

building envelope thermal integrity in terms of thermal resistance, insulation quality

and airtightness, and the environmental performance in terms of outside air intake

rates, air distribution system performance and indoor pollutant levels. These specifications cover the installation of sensors in the building and a "diagnostic center" that

will contain measurement equipment and serve as a terminal point for wires and tubes

from the sensor locations.

This document consists of three basic sections: (1) programing directives - a description of requirements regarding the diagnostic center and associated items, and

quantitative architectural performance standards, to be used in the building design

process; (2) construction specifications - detailed specifications regarding the procurement and installation of sensors and equipment for use in the evaluations, written

in the Masterspec format developed by the Construction Specifications Institute; (3)

work statements - detailed descriptions of each of the thermal and environmental evalvs

tions for use in procuring the services of individuals or organizations to perform the

tests. The three sections are intended for use by GSA in the design and procurement

processes, and are therefore presented in formats appropriate to G SA's needs.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons

)

advanced-technology buildings; building design; building diagnostics; building

thermal performance; design; whole building performance

I

13.

AVAILABILITY

| Uni imi ted

I I For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I I Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C

20402.

[X] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

95

15. Price

$11 .95

USCOMM-OC «043-P»0
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