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1981-1982

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT

SUMMARIES

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 446-6

National Bureau of Standards

Library, £-01 Admin. Bldg.

OCT 2 5 1982

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1981-1982

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT

SUMMARIES

Special Publication 446-6

Editors

Noel Raufaste

Michael Olmert

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

Issued September 1982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
.gblS .fiJfflbA 10-3 .vwitiiJ

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 446-6

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 446-6, 72 pages (Sept. 1982)

CODEN: XNBSAV

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1982
FOREWORD

The mission of the Center for Building Technology

(CBT) is to increase the usefulness, safety, and economy

of buildings through the advancement of building

technology and its application to the improvement of

building practice. CBT's research activities support the

building technology programs of Federal, State, and

local governments; assist the design professions, building

officials, and the research community by developing

improved design criteria; and assist manufacturers of

building products by developing methods for evaluating

innovative materials, components, and systems.

CBT's programs address building construction

productivity, structural and geotechnical engineering,

building materials, building physics, and building

equipment. Typical CBT activities include: investigating

failures, such as the Kansas City Hyatt Regency Hotel

skywalk collapse, to determine needs for improved

design and construction practices; improving

measurement techniques, such as development and

calibration of a hot-box to accurately determine heat

transfer in full-scale complex-work assemblies; defining

characteristics of building performance, such as predicting service-life of polymers (a group of materials

expected to see much more use during the 21st century);

and developing methods to predict the energy

performance of new refrigerant mixtures for heat pumps.

All these activities are conducted in cooperation with

other organizations in the building community that

participate in the studies or are affected by the results. CBT does not promulgate building codes or standards.

CBT provides an objective source of technical

information for national consensus standards and model

code organizations. Close cooperation with these groups

leads to standard practices that meet the needs of the

regulatory authorities of State and local governments.

Research providing the knowledge for these standard

practices is conducted in cooperation with Government,

university, and industry laboratories.

This report summarizes CBT's research for 1981-1982.

Each summary lists the project title, its progress, point of

contact within CBT, and sponsor. The summaries are arranged according to the research

areas that comprise the scope of work at CBT. The

report has a Building Community Index (last section),

which keys CBT research to individual segments of the

industry.

The reader is encouraged to review two companion

documents: NBS Special Publication 439-1, The Center

for Building Technology: A Perspective, which presents the

Center's approach to building research and its facilities; and NBS Special Publication 457, Building Technology

Publications, and its supplements. As they are produced,

reports detailing results of the projects described here

will be listed in future issues of Building Technology

Publications.

• • • 111

CONTENTS

Structural Engineering 2 Reliability-Based Design of Containments and Category I Structures

Criteria for Structural Loads and Design

3 Criteria for Design of Cladding Subjected to Wind Loads

Dependence of Extreme Wind Speed Upon Direction, and Its Effect Upon

the Estimation of Design Loads

4 Criteria for Wind Tunnel Modeling

Dynamics and Reliability of Compliant Drilling and Production Platforms

Geotechnical Engineering 6 Foundation and Excavation Standards

Geotechnical Measurements of In-Situ Soil Properties

In-Situ Measurement of Soil Properties by Thermal Methods

7 Cyclic Strain Approach to the Determination of Liquefaction Potential

of Level Sandy Sites

Earthquake Engineering 10 Technical Assessment of Earthquake-Resistant Design Provisions

Seismic Limit-States for Structures

1 1 Cyclic Loading of Masonry Building Components

Review of LNG Facilities

Construction Engineering 14 Construction Load Effects

In-Place Tests for Concrete Strength

15 Behavior of Concrete in Cold Regions

Improving OSHA Standards for Safety in Concrete Construction

16 Development of Safety-Net Standards for Construction

Japanese Research in Construction

Representation and Analysis of Construction Standards and Specifications 17 Constraint Processing in Computer-Aided Design

NCIC Construction Productivity Case Studies

Service-Life Prediction 20 Stochastic Model for Prediction of Durability Performance

Development of Tests for Predicting Adhesive Bond Durability

Short-Term Evaluation Procedures of Coatings for Steel 2 1 Investigation of Corrosion of Aluminum Roofing

22 Corrosion of Steel in Prestressed Concrete

Crack Initiation and Growth in Concrete

23 Cement Hydration

Fly Ash Use in Cement and Concrete Products

24 Standards for High-Security Glazing Materials

Modeling of Roofs with Sheet Membranes

25 Organic Coatings

Performance of Residential Siding

26 Detection and Characterization of Blisters Under Protective Coatings

Tri-Services Technical and Scientific Support

27 Security Barriers

Solar Collector Durability and Reliability Test Program

28 Standards for Solar Absorptive Coatings

V
Development of Mathematical Models for Polymeric Absorber Coatings

Standards for Nonmetallic Containment Materials

29 Standards for Solar Cover Plates Standards for Phase-Change Storage Materials

30 Degradation of Heat Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating Systems

Documentation of Materials Research Data and Activities

Quality Assurance 32 Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL)

AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL)

33 NDE of Building Materials

Visual Acuity Requirements for NDE

Monitoring the 1980 White House Restoration

34 Field Adhesion Tester Plan for Abatement of Asbestos in GSA High-Rise Buildings

Thermal Performance

Modeling

36 In-Situ Thermal Resistance Measurements

Field Measurements of Wall Thermal Mass

37 Modeling of Building Thermal Defects

Multi-Room Thermal Modeling

Revised Attic Ventilation Guidelines

38 Underground Heat Distribution Systems

Thermal Test Methods—Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps and Solar Cooling

Components and Systems

39 Thermal Test Methods—Solar Collectors

Thermal Performance Data Requirements

40 Solar Hot Water Test Program

Interaction of Solar Collector Optics and Solar Radiation Distributions

International Energy Agency Solar Program Support

41 Simplified Energy Calculation Procedures

Window Solar Film Study

42 Thermal Test Methods—Passive Components

Performance Data Requirements for Passive Solar Buildings

43 Thermal Comfort Analysis in Passive Solar Buildlings

Thermal Insulation 46 Thermal Analysis and Modeling

Calibrated Hot-Box Installation and Measurement

Innovative Thermal Research

Building Acoustics 48 Acoustics Measurements in Rooms

Sound Absorption Measurements

Guidelines for Acoustical Design of Light-Frame Wood Structures

Lighting Technology 50 Visual Environment

Optimized Model for Brightness

Concepts of Photometric Procedures

5 1 Chromatic Adaptation

Daylighting Studies

vi
Building Thermal Equipment 54 Examination of Non-azeotropic Mixture Refrigerants for Heat Pumps

Refrigerant Mixture Measurements in Two-Phase Flow

55 Furnace and Boiler Test Procedures

Water Heater Studies

Refrigerators and Freezers Studies

56 Technical Support to DoE

Mechanical Systems

and Controls

58 Systems and Controls Laboratory

Controls Dynamic Modeling

59 Energy Monitoring and Control Systems Algorithms

Energy Monitoring and Control Systems Measured Performance

Energy Analysis of Control Strategies

Plumbing Engineering 62 Solid Transport in Horizontal Drains

Computational Methods for Sizing Reduced-Size Vents

Innovative Circulation Loop Drain and Vent Modification

63 Low-Flow Shower Head Test Methods

Building Community Index 66

Vll

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ABBE Advisory Board on the Built Environment

ACF Area Cost Factors AID Agency for International Development

ACI American Concrete Institute AIA American Institute of Architects

AIARC AIA Research Corporation

AMRL AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory

ANMC American National Metric Council

ANSI American National Standards Institute ARI American Research Institute ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

ASPE American Society of Plumbing Engineers

ASSE American Society of Sanitary Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ASHRAE American Society for Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning

Engineers

ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers

BECC Building Energy Conservation Criteria

BFIRES A Computer Program Dealing with Human Performance During Building

Fires

BNL Brookhaven National Laboratory

BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. BUR Built-up Roofing

CAD Computer-Aided Design

CAM Center for Applied Mathematics

CBT Center for Building Technology

CERL Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (U.S. Army)

CFR Center for Fire Research

CIB International Council for Building Research, Studies and

Documentation

CICC Construction Industries Coordinating Committee

CSA Community Services Administration

CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission

DoD Department of Defense

DoE Department of Energy

EDA Economic Development Administration

EIA Energy Information Agency

EMCS Energy Monitoring and Control Systems

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FCC Federal Construction Council

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

FmHA Farmers Home Administration

FHWA Federal Highway Administration

FIRL Franklin Institute Research Laboratories

FPL Forest Products Laboratory

GSA General Services Administration

HHS Department of Health and Human Services

HID High Intensity Discharge

HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development

HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning

ICBO International Conference of Building Officials

ix
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IERI Illumination Engineering Research Institute IES Illumination Engineering Society

ISO International Standards Organization

LBL Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

LNG Liquid Natural Gas

MIMA Mineral Insulation Manufacturers Association

MIUS Modular Integrated Utility Systems

MPS Minimum Property Standards

NAHP National Association of Home Builders

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBS National Bureau of Standards

NBSLD National Bureau of Standards Load Determination (A Computer Program)

NCSBCS National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards

NDE Nondestructive Evaluation

NEC National Electric Code

NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences

NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

NML National Measurement Laboratory

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPS National Park Service

NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission

NRCC National Research Council (Canada)

NSF National Science Foundation

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PBS Public Buildings Service

RCS Residential Conservation Service

RIF Resource Impact Factors RILEM International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures RSV Reduced-Size Venting

SAE Society for Automotive Engineers

SERI Solar Energy Research Institute SPT Standard Penetration Tests SRM Standard Reference Materials

TIFS Thermal Indicating Flexible Strips

UF Urea-Formaldehyde

USGS United States Geological Survey

USNC/CIB United States National Committee/International Council for Building Research, Studies, and Documentation

UV Ultraviolet

VA Veterans Administration

X
Center for Building Technology

Structures

Division

• STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING

• CONSTRUCTION

SAFETY

• GEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEERING

• EARTHQUAKE

HAZARD

REDUCTION

Center

Headquarters

Building

Physics

Division

• THERMAL

ANALYSIS

• THERMAL

MEASUREMENTS

• THERMAL

INSULATION

• ACOUSTICS

• ILLUMINATION

ENGINEERING

Building

Equipment

Division

• THERMAL

MACHINERY

• MECHANICAL

SYSTEMS

AND CONTROLS

• PLUMBING

ENGINEERING

• SOLAR

EQUIPMENT

• APPLIANCE

ENERGY

Building

Materials

Division

• INORGANIC

MATERIALS

• ORGANIC

MATERIALS

• CEMENT

HYDRATION

• MATERIALS

REFERENCE

LABORATORIES

xi

STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING
Reliability-Based Design Of The unpredictable nature of the possible loads on nuclear

Containments and Category I power structures, as well as uncertainties in structural Structures properties and behavior, suggests a probabilistic

approach for a rational assessment of structural safety

Bruce Ellingwood and performance of structural design, this means that (301) 921-2170 safety and performance should be determined according

Structures Division to acceptable levels of risk or required levels of

reliability. In recent years, an increasing effort has been

Sponsor: Brookhaven National directed toward the application of reliability in structural Laboratory engineering. Structural reliability theory has been applied

to earthquake engineering, wind engineering, ocean

engineering, aerospace structures, and in the

development of load factors, load combinations, and

resistance factors for practical design.

In the nuclear industry also, there has been an increasing

trend toward the use of statistical analysis and probability

theory for safety evaluations. This is particularly the case

for seismic Category I structures for which rational methods for reliability evaluation of strength and loads

are urgently needed. This new reliability-based design

approach has a number of significant advantages. First, it encourages the designer to be more aware of safety and

serviceability aspects of designs. Second, uniform load

factors can be established that can be materialindependent; and in addition, strength reduction factors can be established on the basis of material properties and

structural functions. Finally, it is a tool for exercising

judgment and provides a means for updating standards

rationally. In certain instances, it could lead to more

economical designs. It can be expected that structural designers will take advantage of these methods if they do

not lead to significant additional complexities at the

design level.

Under this joint project, BNL will have responsibility for analyzing accidental loads, postulating accident

scenarios, dynamic structural analysis of the nuclear

structures, and testing the design procedure. CBT will develop a statistical data base for service, environmental

(dead, live, wind, snow, etc.), and extreme loads. Particular emphasis will be placed on a study of the

temporal nature of individual loads since this determines

their joint occurrence and other significant probabilistic

characteristics.

Criteria for Structural Loads and Design

Bruce Ellingwood

(301) 921-2170

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Current structural design standards rely on different philosophies and criteria for design, depending on the

material or construction technology used. This tends to complicate design when different technologies are employed in the same structure. Differences in design

philosophy cause a lack of consistency in the reliability levels of different buildings. In recognition of these

problems, the trend in Europe and Canada has been

toward the development of a common basis for design

2
that would be applicable to all buildings regardless of

their material or construction technology. To ensure adequate performance, the unifying concept of limit

states has been used, along with a probabilistic treatment of the uncertainties invariably found in engineering

design. This project is concerned with the development

of design criteria, specifically applicable to building

standards in the United States, that will ensure adequate

reliability against structural failure and unserviceability.

This will lead to reduced building costs by simplifying

the design process and stimulating market competition

between construction technologies.

Criteria for Design of Cladding

Subjected to Wind Loads

Emil Simiu

(301) 921-3169

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Eureau of Standards

Current design criteria for cladding subjected to wind

loads are generally recognized to be seriously deficient. The lack of consistency in present criteria results in major economic losses and in major safety hazards. By

contrast, uneconomical design of cladding is believed to occur in a large number of design situations. Modern

analytical and experimental tools have not yet been used

in investigating the reliability of cladding subjected to wind loads. Tools from the fields of wind engineering

(aerodynamics of bluff bodies in turbulent boundary layer

flows), nonlinear mechanics of plates, structural

reliability, and materials testing will be used in this project with a view to developing rational criteria for cladding design. Data from full-scale and wind-tunnel

investigations of wind loads on cladding will be reviewed

and studies will be conducted to determine additional

research needs.

Dependence of Extreme Wind Speed

Upon Direction, and Its Effect Upon the

Estimation of Design Loads

Emil Simiu

(301) 921-3169

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Science Foundation

Current U.S. procedures for estimating wind loads take

into account the dependence of aerodynamic coefficients

upon the direction of the wind speeds. However, no

account is taken of the dependence upon direction of the

extreme wind speeds expected to act on the structure during its lifetime. For this reason inherent in design

wind loads estimated under current procedures are

reliability levels that vary significantly among windsensitive components of the same structure. Under this project, a statistical procedure for estimating wind loads

that may be expected to act on structures during their anticipated life will be developed, in which wind

directionality effects will be taken into account. The

procedure consists of creating scalar time series of the

extreme wind pressures and inferring design wind speeds

from the statistical analysis of such series. The procedure

will then be adopted for use in hurricane-prone regions,

where special statistical methods for describing the wind

climate must be used.

3
Criteria for Wind Tunnel Modeling

Timothy A. Reinhold

(301) 921-2186

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Although significant advances have been made in recent

years, computational fluid mechanics as a practical and

routine approach to the solution of wind engineering

problems appears to be well into the future. Thus the

low-speed, boundary-layer wind tunnel will, over the next several years, continue to be the primary tool for assessing the effects of wind on buildings and other

structures. This project will support final design

recommendations for a CBT boundary-layer wind tunnel. Facility design will be based in part on test data obtained

from previous studies carried out on a 1/4-scale model of

the proposed tunnel. This project also supported an

international workshop, hosted by CBT, on wind tunnel

modeling criteria and techniques. The workshop helped

to define the state-of-the-art in wind tunnel testing for

civil engineering applications and defined needs for future research.

Dynamics and Reliability of Compliant

Drilling and Production Platforms

Emil Simiu

(301) 921-3169

Structures Division

Sponsor: United States Geological Survey

According to estimates published in the literature, costs of conventional fixed offshore platforms are prohibitive

in deeper waters, where compliant structures become

economically justified. These estimates indicate that guyed tower systems are economical for water depths

within the approximate range of 1,000 to 1,600 ft, whereas the use of tension-leg platforms becomes

economical for water depths in excess of about 1,600 ft. Because the behavior of compliant structures in a marine

environment is complex, the evaluation of their performance can pose difficult problems to regulatory

agencies. The purpose of this study is to create a basis for understanding the behavior of compliant structures and

estimating their reliability during construction and

service. The study will include the gathering and

evaluation of information on proposed designs,

identification of topics needing research, and research on

critical topics.

4
GEOTECHNICAL

ENGINEERING
Foundation and Excavation Standards

Felix Y. Yokel

(301) 921-2648

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

This project will assist ASCE in the development of

national standards for foundations and excavations. Last

year, draft standards were developed for pile

foundations, pier foundations, snallow foundations,

excavations, and explorations. Ballots were conducted

for pile and pier foundations, and a committee reviewed

shallow foundations. Working committees have been

appointed for each of the areas and are now revising the

standards, resolving negative ballots, and mediating

between conflicting industry interests. The pile standard

will probably be completed and re-balloted in FY81. It is also hoped that the pier standard can be re-drafted in FY82. CBT is aiding the five subcommittees in the

preparation of the final standards and provides the

secretariat for the committee work.

Geotechnical Measurements of In-Situ The key to proper engineering design that can ensure the

Soil Properties stability of structures, utilities, and construction sites lies in our ability to accurately characterize soil behavior.

William D. Kovacs Since soil is not a man-made material, the key to its (301) 921-2885 successful characterization lies in our ability to measure

Structures Division its properties in the undisturbed state in the ground. The

state-of-the-art for in-situ measurement is in a constant Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards state of flux, and research to improve, standardize, and

assess these measurements is urgently needed.

One of the most widely used in-situ tests is the Standard

Penetration Test. This test, as now performed, is poorly

controlled and past CBT efforts concentrated on

evaluation of current practice and improvement of the

accuracy of the test. The CBT data are now being used

in the revision of ASTM Standard B 1586 and some

additional test parameters, particularly the effect of

hammer/anvil geometry on energy loss are currently

under study by CBT. CBT is also initiating research in a new area of in-situ measurement—in-situ characterization

of soils by acoustic measurements. For this purpose, NBS, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, is building an acoustically-tipped cone penetration device

that has the capability of measuring acoustic emission

during the cone penetration and is also equipped with a hydrophone that can emit an acoustic signal. Actual field and laboratory work will begin in the summer of FY82.

In-Situ Measurement of Soil Properties The thermal conductivity of soil is significantly affected by Thermal Methods by soil moisture. The correlation between moisture

content and thermal conductivity must be known for Lawrence A. Salomone accurate predictions of energy dissipation of buried

(301) 921-3128 transmission lines and other structures surrounded by

Structures Division soils. Conversely, the correlation between moisture

content and thermal conductivity may be used to Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards measure soil moisture content in-situ and to determine the

plastic limit of clays in the laboratory. Relatively little

6
information in this field is available and further

exploration will lead to verification of these concepts and

to entirely new approaches to the in-situ measurement of

soil properties. As a result, this project will determine

soil type, thermal conductivity, and moisture content on

the soil around six test houses at the NBS NIKE site. The results will be used to validate the mathematical

model used for predicting surrounding earth

temperatures and floor heat-loss of the test houses. Also,

measurement of thermal resistivity and its variation with

moisture content will be performed on one type of clay

from the American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials materials reference laboratory.

The results of these measurements will be correlated

with the plastic limit of this clay.

Cyclic Strain Approach to the

Determination of Liquefaction Potential

of Level Sandy Sites

Riley M. Chung

(301) 921-2137

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Relative density is currently used as the single important

parameter in preparing laboratory specimens of sand to model liquefaction potential under in-situ conditions.

Research now indicates that many other characteristics

of the soil are important such as the manner of

deposition, history of preconsolidation, and history of

vibration. These are collectively referred to as the soil fabric. At present, two methods are used to predict

liquefaction potential of sites. In the first method,

Standard Penetration Test results from the site in question are compared with those from sites that liquefied in the past. In the second method, reconstituted

samples are subjected to cyclic stress in the laboratory,

using again Standard Penetration Test results to determine relative density in the field. In this project, a

relationship between cyclic strain and pore water

pressure buildup is established. Anticipated cyclic strain, in turn, can be estimated on the basis of the shear

modulus of the deposit, which can be approximately

determined from shear wave propagation velocities. A

test series has been performed on Monteray #0 sand

using cyclic triaxial and resonant column tests performed

at CBT. These results established relationships for this particular sand. Effects of different soil fabrics and

overconsolidation were also studied.

7

EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING
Technical Assessment of Earthquake- This project will be a continuation of work with the

Resistant Design Provisions Building Seismic Safety Council in its effort to support

improved seismic design criteria. CBT will support the

Edgar V. Leyendecker BSSC Committee, which is working on resolution of

(301) 921-3471 comments to proposed revisions to the Tentative

Structures Division Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations

for Buildings. This will be done in coordination with

Sponsor: Federal Emergency other members of the Committee who will be voluntarily

Management Agency donating their time. CBT will also continue to participate on an ad hoc committee which is developing a plan for the conduct of trial designs to evaluate the provisions.

To assure future use of the refined provisions, CBT will work closely with the Building Seismic Safety Council in

all phases of the actual trial design process. CBT will develop recommendations for future substantive improvements in Federal seismic provisions.

The current draft is essentially based on current practice.

It is the first step in improving Federal standards, with its primary purpose being the introduction of a uniform

practice among all Federal agencies. Substantive

improvements in the Federal seismic provisions for buildings will take several years to accomplish and

should be coordinated with the eventual improvement in the private sector that will come about as a result of the

BSSC activities. Working through the subcommittee on

existing buildings, CBT will thoroughly review the

present proposed guidelines for existing Federal buildings

and develop suggested improvements. It is well

recognized that hazards in buildings represent a large

threat and that the problem is quite complex. CBT

expertise in dealing with similar problems concerning the

rehabilitation of old buildings and the application of

retroactive building regulations will be brought to bear on this problem.

Seismic Limit-States for Structures

Edgar V. Leyendecker

(301) 921-3471

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Standards for the design of structures are moving toward

a reliability-based limit-states format. Current approaches

to the specification of the limit-states for seismic resistant design have been to use the same limit-states used for gravity and wind loads. However, analysis indicates

significantly lower levels of reliability for earthquake

than for snow, wind, or live loads when using this approach. Such differences are likely to lead to unsafe or uneconomical standards for seismic resistant design or to delay the use of reliability-based limit-states approaches

for the design of all loads. This project will improve the

consistency of reliability-based design of structures through a clear identification of the design limit-states and the important response parameters.

10
Cyclic Loading of Masonry Building

Components

Kyle Woodward

(301) 921-2885

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The process of developing tentative seismic design

provisions for both unreinforced and reinforced masonry

building components reveals a scarcity of information on

its ultimate strength characteristics. Since seismic

resistance is now based primarily on ultimate strength

considerations, the lack of such information for masonry

building components is detrimental to its rational design

in buildings subject to seismic loadings. This

investigation will involve both experimental testing and

analytical studies. Experimental tests will provide vitally

needed information not now available that will be a resource to many investigators and will serve as the basis for development of mathematical models. A number of

failure modes will be examined to identify the

characteristics of each and the significant parameters

affecting the different failure modes. Analytical

expressions for predicting failure as a function of the key

parameters will be developed. Later experimental testing

will determine the generality of the proposed analytical

expressions.

Review of LNG Facilities

Edgar V. Leyendecker

(301) 921-3471

Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission

This study will review the structural design criteria of

liquefied natural gas projects proposed for licensing by

the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC).

Although FERC does not have staff available, it is essential that appropriate evaluations be made of critical

facilities such as LNG storage tanks. The review that CBT is to make will be used by the FERC in their overall evaluation for consideration of approval of

construction. These reviews may involve work on state- of-the-art type problems that have broad application to many projects before the FERC.

One specific problem currently under review by the

FERC staff is an application for use of a prestressed concrete tank at Staten Island, NY. But there is a problem with corrosion of some of its prestress wire. The

FERC staff has a report submitted by the applicant on

the extent of the corroded wire and the effect on the

strength of the tank, which will be reviewed by CBT.

Corrosion of prestress wire is a broad problem that has

application beyond the specific problem at Staten Island.

11

CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING
Construction Load Effects

H. S. Lew

(301) 921-2647

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Compared with the provisions for occupancy design, current codes and standards provide little or no coverage on the design of buildings for construction. This is attributed to a lack of substanuve information on

construction loads and on the analytical tools needed for the evaluation of their effect on the partially completed

structure and the temporary support system. At the

present time, the Equivalent Frame Method prescribed

by the ACI 3 1 8 Code allows the two-dimensional

representation of space structures for analysis. However,

when floors are interconnected by shores as in construction, analysis of the structure using an

Equivalent Frame Method gives inaccurate results. To

achieve a reliable level of safety in the design of concrete

structures during construction, there is a need for the

appropriate load factors to be used in evaluation of

construction load effects on the structure. Under this project, a valid analytical model for concrete buildings

under construction will be formulated. The field data on

construction loads obtained in FY80 and FY81 will serve

as a guide in the formulation of the analytical model.

Additional field surveys will be carried out to refine the

analytical model. Time-lapse photographic equipment

will be used in the field during load measurement periods

to gather information on the construction activities and

imposed loads. The time-lapse data will be analyzed in conjunction with measured loads to determine its feasibility in predicting construction loads.

In-Place Tests for Concrete Strength

Nicholas J. Carino

(301) 921-3128

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Removal of concrete forms and supports before the concrete has gained sufficient strength has resulted in collapses of structures under construction. Such

construction disasters can be prevented if in-place

strength of concrete at early ages can be determined

accurately. On the other hand, unnecessary delay in removal of formwork leads to reduced construction

productivity. Two of the most promising in-place test methods are the maturity method and the pullout test. Work completed at NBS on the strength-maturity

relation of isothermally cured mortar specimens has

resulted in a systematic approach for selecting the

maturity function which best reflects the combined

effects of temperature and time on early age strength

development. The new approach, which is based on the

empirically observed kinetics of strength development,

appears to eliminate a major deficiency of the maturity

function currently used in U.S. practice, namely the

effect of initial curing temperature. The proposed study

will show whether the new approach is also valid under

non-isothermal curing conditions, and determine whether

the strength-maturity relations obtained with mortar

specimens are correlated with those of concrete

specimens.

14
Two large-scale model tests of the pullout test have been

completed in which, for the first time, the internal strain distribution within the concrete has been measured.

Based upon the resulting data, a conceptual model of the

different stages leading to ultimate failure of the pullout

insert has been developed. This model indicates the roles of mortar strength and aggregate interlock in the failure process. The proposed failure mechanism will be verified

using further experimental and analytical studies. The

results of additional physical tests, using standard-size

inserts, will be used to quantify the effects of mortar

strength and aggregate interlock on the pullout strength.

Behavior of Concrete in Cold Regions

H. S. Lew

(301) 921-2647

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Rising costs of fossil fuels have made it economically

feasible to pursue new sources in arctic regions that were

previously considered impractical due to environmental

conditions. Large-scale concrete structures have been

proposed and built, such as offshore drilling platforms,

floating storage units, and land-based facilities. The arctic

offshore environment poses serious problems for concrete structures and their durability. To enhance the

productivity of structures in cold regions, there must be

an understanding of the behavior of concrete in these

environments. This is the initial study in this area and the

primary thrust will be to document the state-of-the-art of

construction methods and durability of concrete

structures in cold regions. This will be achieved by a comprehensive literature review and a survey of major

groups involved in cold regions construction. Based on

the literature study and the responses to the survey, areas of needed research will be identified and a research

program will be developed.

Improving OSHA Standards for Safety

in Concrete Construction

H. S. Lew

(301) 921-2647

Structures Division

Sponsor: Occupational Safety and Health

Administration

In recent years there have been several catastrophic and

fatal failures of concrete structures during construction.

The principal causes of these accidents are failures of the

formwork/shoring system or premature applications of

construction loads to the young concrete. Often these

failures can be traced to inadequate engineering attention

to formwork design, vague and often conflicting existing

standards, and poor field practices. The goal of this study

is to develop technical bases for improving existing

OSHA standards for concrete construction and to develop analytical tools to aid in formwork/shoring

design. An analytical computer-based model will be

verified by means of field measurement of construction

load effects for typical construction schemes. The

nondestructive evaluation for in-place strength of

concrete will involve critical evaluation of existing

methods in terms of their reliability in predicting in-place

strength of concrete. Based on this evaluation together

with available research data, a recommended practice for

in-place strength testing will be developed.

15
Development of Safety-Net Standards

for Construction

James H. Pielert (301) 921-3146

Structures Division

Sponsor: Occupational Safety and Health

Administration

Falls during construction are a principal source of

worker casualties. Safety nets are used to impede falls in many situations where active fall-protection devices, such

as guardrails and safety belts, are either impractical, as in congested work areas, or are ineffective due to the

absence of an adequate mechanism of support. Currently,

there is an inadequate technical basis for the application

and performance testing of safety nets used in construction. The purpose of this study is to develop a research strategy for safety nets. The available technical

information on safety nets, including test procedures

followed by manufacturers and related U.S. and

international standards, will be analyzed. This will be

followed by a field study of typical installation to

establish current trends in the use of safety nets. Actual

measurements will be taken to identify the pertinent

structural and geometric aspects of the various

installations, including physical constraints of the work

environment.

Japanese Research in Construction

H. S. Lew

(301) 921-2647

Structures and Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

In recent years Japan has made significant advances in productivity in construction through their R&D efforts

in areas such as construction methods, materials, and

materials handling. Today, armed with advanced

knowledge in construction technology, Japanese

construction firms have made successful inroads into the

international as well as the U.S. construction markets.

Types of projects range from construction of off-shore platforms to large tunneling systems for sewer and water

supplies.

Construction R&D in Japan is carried out at three levels: at large construction firms' laboratories, at government

laboratories, and at university laboratories. The

laboratories of large construction firms carry out a

significant part of R&D, and most of their research

results are kept as proprietary information. However, it would be valuable to learn the modus operandi of their R&D in construction, including the role of government

and private laboratories, allocation of resources, and

subjects of research. The goal of this study is to collect information on Japanese R&D in construction and

present it in a report.

Representation and Analysis Of Standards and specifications are primary control

Construction Standards and mechanisms in the building process. Most research

Specifications related to standards is concerned with improving the

performance of building products. This work, by

Frederick I. Stahl contrast, is concerned with improving the organization,

(301) 921-2140 expression and interpretation of the information in the Structures Division standards and specifications. Techniques for testing

aspects of clarity, completeness, and consistency have

Snonsor: National Bureau of Standards been developed and tested in prior work, and the

development of easily usable general purpose software

16
for systematic application of these techniques has been

started. Final release of this software will benefit

standards developing organizations and will allow the

start of studies for applications of the techniques in computer-aided design.

Constraint Processing in ComputerAided Design

Frederick I. Stahl

(301) 921-2140

Structures Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Computer-aided design (CAD) is critical to the

improvement of construction productivity. Computers

have been used in a significant way to aid engineering

analysis for many years, and are just now being used to

aid in the production of project drawings. Most of the

computational effort in computer-aided design is related

to checking of building properties against design criteria. This is termed constraint processing. Much of the effort

in developing computer-aided design programs is concerned with correct and efficient constraint processing. Automation of the formulation and processing of

constraints will reduce the costs of development and use of CAD systems.

NCIC Construction Productivity Case

Studies

James G. Gross

(301) 921-3447

CBT Headquarters

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Department of Labor Statistics show construction

productivity increasing from 1950 to 1967 at an average

of 2 1/2 percent annually. From 1967 to 1979 it averaged

a decrease of 2 percent annually. The decrease in construction productivity appears to be the major single

industry contribution to the overall decline in U.S.

productivity. To improve this situation, the National Construction Industry Council (NCIC), composed of 28

national trade associations and professional societies of

the construction industry, requested the Department of

Commerce to provide technical assistance to improve

construction productivity. CBT is providing assistance in preparing case studies on improvements in construction

techniques and management for reducing costs while

maintaining or improving quality.

The case studies will be developed by NCIC with

emphasis on onsite construction. The management

technology and production technology of highproductivity firms will be studied in a general sense and

as applied to specific construction projects. CBT will analyze the case study from technical, economic, and pro- ductivity viewpoints. During FY82, two pilot studies will be performed to evaluate and to refine the method.

During FY83 several case studies will be performed.

17

SERVICE-LIFE

PREDICTION
Stochastic Model for Prediction of

Durability Performance

Jonathan W. Martin

(301) 921-3208

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

If the present rate of growth continues, polymers could

emerge as a major group of building materials of the 21st century. Many technical barriers exist, however, which

may slow this growth. One such technical barrier is the

thermal and non-thermal degradation of polymers in service. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate

prediction of service-life, using a reliability physics

approach, for poly (methyl methacrylate) as an example

of a polymer subjected to thermal and photolytic stresses. This is significant because no such prediction has yet

been made for any polymeric building material. The

expected end result of this analysis will be the prediction

of the service life distributions for all temperature and

irradiance levels.

Development of Tests for Predicting

Adhesive Bond Durability

Jonathan W. Martin

(301) 921-3208

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: U.S. Army

All branches of the military use lightweight, air transportable, rigid structures which serve as combination shipping containers and shelters for many

types of tactical and life-support services. The use of

these shelters has increased rapidly in recent years and

life-cycle costs have become a major consideration. The

shelters are fabricated from either paper honeycomb core

or foam plastic sandwich panels. While honeycomb

panels have several potential advantages, field experience

has shown many problems. Debonding of panel components, stemming from poor adhesive performance, is a frequently observed problem. To address poor adhesive

performance, there is a need to develop improved

accelerated tests and probabilistic models to aid in predicting service life. Under this project, the

performance of composite panels will be studied under

varying environmental conditions of temperature and

moisture. The test panels and. test apparatus will be

designed on the basis of a theoretical model of a tactical shelter roof using finite element analysis. A theoretical

life distribution will be fit to the time-to-failure data and

the parameters of the life distribution will be used in determining the time transformation function relating

time-to-failure and thermal stress.

Short-Term Evaluation Procedures of

Coatings for Steel

Jonathan W. Martin

(301) 921-3208

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Federal Highway

Administration

Each year State transportation bureaus spend hundreds

of millions of dollars protecting, from corrosive

environments, bridges and other steel components

associated with highways. To a large extent, the

magnitude of this expenditure is affected by coating

durability, for coating durability dictates maintenance

policy. Essential to the optimization of maintenance

schedules is an estimate of coating performance or

service life obtained from short-term tests and

extrapolated to expected environmental and operating

conditions. Obtaining service life data prior to large-scale

20
application of a coating is a difficult task. The difficulty

arises from the large number of material and

environmental stress variables.

Because of the enormous magnitude of research needed

to fully satisfy these objectives for all coatings and all exposure environments, it is essential to narrow the focus

of the initial research to include degradation caused by

the combined efforts of temperature and moisture for selected coatings. While degradation may result from

multiple factors (temperature, moisture, ultraviolet

radiation, cyclic exposure, salt, pollutants, etc.), temperature and moisture are of primary importance for most coatings. Development of tests to reliably predict

degradation from these two factors will help meet the

most immediate needs and will lay the foundation for subsequent research involving other degradation factors.

Investigation of Corrosion of Aluminum Over 730,000 square feet of aluminum standing-seam

Roofing roofing is scheduled to be applied over built-up roofing

that failed prematurely (by splitting) at the Defense

Robert G. Mathey Construction Supply Center, Columbus, OH. The built- (301) 921-2629 up roofing was applied only 6 to 7 years ago. The

Building Materials Division aluminum standing-seam roofing is considered as experimental for this type of reroofing application

Sponsor: Defense Logistics Agency because of the relatively low slope of the roofs. However, the spread of acid pollutants over many areas of the United States has increased during the last decade.

The state of Ohio is located in the most severe region of

the United States with regard to "acid rain." The

average pH in this area based on annual precipitation is 4.2 to 4.4. Values of pH of about 4 can significantly

accelerate the corrosion rate of aluminum. Exposure to

this low value of pH may severely reduce the service life of aluminum roofing systems.

This project will monitor, test, and evaluate the

corrosion of low-slope aluminum standing-seam roofing

in an area exposed to severe "acid rain." Laboratory and

field studies will be conducted to measure the extent of

corrosion and the corrosion rate by means of

microscopic examinations, mass loss, and electrical potential across samples. The evaluation of the corrosion

will give information which will contribute to estimating

the service life of the aluminum roofing. Available

information regarding environmental conditions

(Weather Bureau data) to which the aluminum roofing is exposed will be obtained and recorded. Measurements

will be made periodically of the pH of the rain water on

the roofing. In evaluating the performance of aluminum

roofing, the environmental conditions will be considered.

21
Corrosion of Steel in Prestressed

Concrete

James R. Clifton

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of State

On the basis of a proposal submitted to the U.S./Spain

Advisory Commission for Technology and Scientific Research on September 23, 1977, a cooperative

investigation between the Laboratorio Central de

Estructuras y Materiales del Centro de Estudios y

Experimentacio de Obras Publicas y Urbanismo (Spain)

and CBT began in September 1978. The subject of the

research was "Factors Affecting the Corrosion of Steel

in Prestressed Concrete Structures" and the work was

planned to extend over the 5-year period, 1978-1983.

Prestressed concrete is a form of reinforced concrete which makes highly efficient use of concrete and steel but puts particularly severe demands on these materials. The use of prestressed concrete for building and other

construction such as bridges and pipelines is important in both the United States and Spain, and its use is expected

to grow. Although the problems encountered with the

performance and durability of prestressed concrete in the

two countries appear to be different, there is a common

basis of need for technical knowledge about the

problems. The purposes of this project are to develop an improved understanding of the factors affecting the

corrosion of prestressing steel in concrete, and to contribute to the formation of a technical basis for making service life predictions.

Crack Initiation and Growth in Concrete

Larry Knab

(301) 921-3120

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Improved understanding of the cracking mechanisms of concrete and the effects of environment on these

mechanisms is needed for developing more reliable models for predicting the service lives of concrete. On a macroscopic level, there has been considerable research on the cracking of concrete and several attempts have

been made to apply the fracture mechanics approach. It

is now clear that the classical fracture mechanics

approach, based on brittle fracture, does not give an

accurate representation of cracking in concrete. A major

obstacle in developing a more accurate representation of

cracking in concrete is the lack of understanding of the

effects of flaw size and environment on the initiation of

cracking. The purpose of this project is to investigate the

development and propagation of cracks in concrete and

the effects of microstructural features and environment on cracking. Development of analytical models

describing cracking processes will also be undertaken. In the first year the effects of pore size and bonding

between aggregate and cement paste on cracking will be

studied.

22
Cement Hydration The objective of this project is to improve understanding

of the physics and chemistry of cement hydration and the

Geoffrey Frohnsdorff development of microstructure in pastes of portland and

(301) 921-3704 related cements and to demonstrate the understanding

Building Materials Division through development and validation of mathematical

models based on probable physical and chemical

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards mechanisms. The project is planned to extend over 5 years. The work began with studies of the hydration of

various preparations of the most important solid phase in portland cements, tricalcium silicate, and is being

extended to other cement phases and mixtures of phases.

The work consists of developing fundamental

mathematical models based on alternative conceptual

models. The mathematical models are tested against

experimental data and revised as needed. Several

preparations of tricalcium silicate used as starting

materials were obtained from other laboratories and some

large single crystals were grown in our laboratory. The

materials were characterized in terms of chemical

composition, particle size and shape distribution, specific

surface area, and crystallite size. The materials are reacted with water and solutions of ionic and non-ionic

compounds to determine the effects of temperature, and

water-solid and water-surface area ratios on the

mechanisms and kinetics of the reactions. Techniques

used in studying the mechanisms and kinetics, starting

from the moment of mixing, are heat evolution, volume

change, electrical conductivity, x-ray diffraction,

differential scanning calorimetry, image analysis, and

chemical analysis of the aqueous phase.

Fly Ash Use in Cement and Concrete

Products

James R. Clifton

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The stockpiling and disposal of fly ash are becoming

increasingly more objectionable and subject to governmental regulations because of their effect on the

environment. Over 50 million tons of fly ash were

generated in 1981. About 300 million tons of fly ash have

already been stockpiled. Use of fly ash in cement,

concrete, and related products can potentially consume

large amounts of fly ash. At present, less than 7 million

tons/year of fly ash are being used in cement and

concrete products, whereas 20 million tons/year seems a

realistic goal. The purpose of this project is to identify

technical obstacles to the increased use of fly ash in cement and concrete products and to develop a research

plan to overcome these obstacles. As the first task,

existing and potential uses of fly ash in cement and

concrete materials have been identified. At the same

time, potential levels of fly ash use in blended cements,

ready-mixed concrete, and precast concrete products

have been estimated. This has been based largely on

considerations of the match between the chemistry of fly

ash and raw materials or ingredients of these

construction materials, the effect of fly ash on product

performance and durability, and the possibilities for

23
expanding fly ash use. In the second task, barriers posed

by technical factors and codes and standards to the

increased use of fly ash in concrete materials are being

identified. Fundamental research needed to overcome

these barriers will be outlined. This effort will address

individually the construction materials identified, and

initially will include both bituminous and lignite fly ashes.

Standards for High-Security Glazing

Materials

James R. Clifton

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Institute of Justice,

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Recent disturbances at correction facilities, particularly

that at the New Mexico State Penitentiary, a maximum

security prison, have resulted in extensive damage. The

extent of the damage and security breaches clearly

demonstrated the need for new materials performance

standards for the design and construction of penal

institutions. During the course of this 3-year project,

performance test methods will be developed to evaluate

the resistance of glazing materials to impact, ballistic penetration, thermal and chemical attack, and abrasion. In addition, test methods will be developed to determine

the effects of weathering on the above properties of

glazing materials and other important properties, such as

light transmission. These test methods will be used in determining the performance and durability of candidate

glazing materials. An important phase of this work will be to establish realistic threat levels. Based on the test results and threat levels, performance criteria will be

developed to form the basis for standards covering

glazing materials.

Modeling of Roofs with Sheet

Membranes

Walter J. Rossiter

(301) 921-3109

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Under this project, conceptual and mathematical models

will be developed for roofs having sheet roofing

membranes, with the aim being to determine the required

performance levels for the sheet membranes. The three

major elements of a roof, i.e., deck, thermal insulation,

and membrane, and the interactions between them, will be represented in the models. The effects of movement of

the deck and thermal insulation, nature of the bonding

between the insulation and membrane, and environmental

loads on the behavior of the membrane will be treated by

the model. Movement of the deck and thermal insulation

will be simulated by a finite element approach. Partial

differential equations for momentum and energy transfer

will be set up and initial and boundary conditions

identified. Properties of a sheet membrane material

which will be considered include the strain energy, modulus of elasticity, ultimate tensile strength, and

elongation and coefficient of thermal expansion. The

nonlinear stress-strain characteristics of sheet membranes

24
will also be considered. During this year, the important

factors which need to be considered in the mathematical

model will be identified, the process of developing the

mathematical model will be outlined, and a mathematical

model will be formulated. Simultaneously, a comprehensive long-range research plan for obtaining

data needed to solve the model will be prepared.

Organic Coatings

Mary E. McKnight

(301) 921-2635

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Tri-Services Committee

The annual cost of organic coatings in the United States exceeds $8 billion. Maintenance costs alone would be

significantly reduced if better systems, including surface

preparation, were available. In developing test methods

and specifications, this project contributes directly to the

improvement of the coatings technology used by the

military and also contributes to improvement of the

Nation's coatings technology through publications,

specifications, and participation in ASTM activities. The

performance and other characteristics of new organic

coating systems will be investigated and test methods

developed or modified to assay the performance of these

materials. Research will be performed to develop

improved field tests for coatings evaluation, study the

degradation mechanisms of coatings on steel, and identify

methods for overcoming the problems associated with

efflorescence. Also, advisory and consultative services

based upon laboratory and field tests will be performed.

Performance Of Residential Siding The increasing use of residential siding materials, both in new construction and maintenance, has led to the need

Robert G. Mathey for performance criteria to aid in the selection of

(301) 921-2629 materials. Of particular interest are criteria addressing

Building Materials Division durability performance. The Department of Defense

previously supported NBS research to develop interim

Sponsor: Tri-Services Committee performance criteria for sidings. These sidings have been

exposed for over 10 years at CBT exposure sites. During

FY8 1 the Tri-Service Committee supported a study at CBT to measure the performance characteristics of the

exposed sidings. Laboratory measurements included the same evaluative tests used previously, e.g., color and

gloss change, adhesion, abrasion resistance, and thickness

of coating. The performance characteristics of the

weathered sidings are being compared with the

performance characteristics reported in NBS Report

10805, "Performance of Residential Siding Materials."

This information will be used to confirm or modify the

interim performance criteria. Laboratory tests will be

conducted on repainting the weathered siding materials.

Adhesion tests will be used to determine the

compatibility of the coatings with the weathered

substrates. Initial adhesion tests will be conducted 14 days after repainting and after the siding materials have

been weathered for about 1 year. Criteria will be

prepared for recoating siding materials.

25
Detection and Characterization of

Blisters Under Protective Coatings

Mary McKnight

(301) 921-2635

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Blistering is one of the principal factors causing the

failure of paint films. During the past 2 years, CBT has

developed preliminary conceptual and mathematical

models for predicting blister formation and growth under

protective coatings in the initial phase of work to model

corrosion degradation. Research has also been performed

to study, using microscopy, the formation and growth of

blisters with one protective coating under a limited

number of exposure conditions. The data from the initial research have led to a better understanding of the

phenomena, a microscopic method for detecting blisters and observing incipient corrosion phenomena, and

preliminary data to aid in validating the mathematical

model. However, additional data are needed to validate

the model for blister formation and growth to relate the processes of blister formation to corrosion phenomena.

Thus, under this project, research will be performed to quantify the factors contributing to blister formation and

corrosion, and to investigate the feasibility of using

electrical and thermographic measurements as a means of

detecting blister formation and incipient corrosion and

measuring the rate of deterioration. Quantification of

factors contributing to blister formation is essential to ensure validity of the blister model. The microscopic

method previously used in CBT research will be used to

aid in the quantification of these factors as well as to characterize, at the macrostructure level, the process of

corrosion. In addition, new research, based upon

electrical and thermographic techniques, will be carried out to develop methods for generating the rate data. This

research offers promise for the development of a

technical basis for new and improved tools and methods

by which blister growth and corrosion phenomena can be measured and by which the performance of coatings can be evaluated.

Tri-Services Technical and Scientific

Support

Robert G. Mathey

(301) 921-2629

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Tri-Services Committee

This project will provide technical and scientific support

and consultative services on building materials and

systems as required by the Tri-Services. The work will include carrying out laboratory tests and evaluations in the solution of building problems and field investigations.

Recommendations will be made on the selection of

materials and systems and their application and

performance. In the past, problem areas have covered

plumbing, masonry, roofing, corrosion, mechanical

systems, insulation, materials, and underground piping.

26
Security Barriers Previous work at NBS has demonstrated that man

passage openings could be produced in security barriers

James R. Clifton in surprisingly short times using readily available

(301) 921-3458 portable equipment. The times have been short enough to Building Materials Division require a reappraisal of the use of these barriers for

specific physical security applications. These applications

Sponsor: Defense Nuclear Agency include storage of nuclear and conventional weapons,

radioactive material, secret documents, and precious

metals. Furthermore, it appears that the deterrent

capabilities of many barriers which are currently

accepted for security applications may provide little resistance to penetration by newly-developed attack

equipment such as the rotohammer, ring saw, Jet-Ax, and

burning bar. Many of the existing security barriers were constructed over 20 years ago and some of them have deteriorated to an extent that they need to be repaired. In addition,

retrofit measures are being considered to upgrade the

penetration resistance of existing structures. It is necessary to determine the condition of the existing

building materials to select the proper repair or retrofit method. The use of nondestructive evaluation methods

for evaluating the condition of existing materials in security barriers will be explored in this project.

Solar Collector Durability and Reliability The reliablity and long-term performance of solar Test Program collectors has not generally been demonstrated. Recent

studies have indicated that significant changes in David Waksman collector performance (greater than 10 percent) can

(301) 921-3114 occur as a result of exposure to "no flow" conditions for Building Materials Division 3 to 9 weeks. Various component and materials tests have been proposed to evaluate the reliability/durability

Sponsor: Department of Energy of solar collectors. However, these testing procedures

have to be experimentally validated. This project is intended to provide a coordinated testing program that

will result in establishing validated testing procedures to

relate laboratory, accelerated field, simulated operational

exposure, and actual field demonstration data for solar collectors used in building heating and cooling

applications.

A review of existing and planned testing procedures

useful in evaluating the reliability/durability of collector

units and their materials has been conducted and a

detailed program plan has been prepared. Laboratory

and outdoor field exposure tests are being performed on

solar collectors and their materials. The results of these

tests are being correlated and compared with actual in- use performance. These field exposures are being

conducted at a number of different sites to evaluate

climatic effects. Test specimens representative of various

collector types are being used.

27
Standards for Solar Absorptive

Coatings

Larry W. Masters

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

While numerous standard test methods have been

developed for coatings in building construction, the

performance requirements involved in solar heating/cooling systems are quite different. For example,

temperatures on the absorptive surface may reach 250 °C

or greater, but standard test methods for coatings seldom

involve temperatures as high as 100 °C. Standard test methods which can be used to evaluate absorptive

coatings under conditions of use are urgently needed.

The purpose of this project is to prepare draft standards

for absorptive coatings. The standards will be based upon

the results of laboratory studies to evaluate available

materials according to the performance required of them

in service. The draft standards will be submitted to ASTM for consideration as consensus standards.

Development of Mathematical Models

for Polymeric Absorber Coatings

Larry W. Masters

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

While new standard test methods have been developed at ASTM for absorber coatings based upon previous

research, the data from these methods are difficult to interpret in terms of lifetime. Research is needed to develop mathematical models to aid in assessing

degradation of polymeric absorber coatings and to aid in interpreting data obtained from the newly developed

standards. Laboratory and field data on the performance

and durability of absorber coatings have been obtained

and reported in NBSIR 81-2232. These data, as well as new experimental data, will be used in this project to develop mathematical models of the degradation of

selected polymeric absorber materials.

Standards for Nonmetallic Containment

Materials

Larry W. Masters

(301) 921-3458

Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Materials that contain, transport, or store fluids in solar energy systems are called containment materials. Plastic containment materials are being used increasingly in solar

collectors, solar ponds, tanks containing heated storage

liquids, and piping. But numerous field problems have

been reported with plastics. These problems stem

primarily from the poor thermal and UV stability of some plastic materials. Many standard methods are available to evaluate plastic materials. However, the performance requirements for containment materials in solar systems are not entirely

covered by the existing test methods. Under this project,

performance criteria, performance attributes, degradation

factors and currently available tests will be identified. Tests will be assessed to determine if modifications are necessary to reflect in-use solar conditions. Laboratory

and field studies will be performed to prepare definitive

test standards. Draft standards will be prepared in conjunction with ASTM committees and submitted to ASTM for consideration as consensus standards.

28
Standards for Solar Cover Plates

David Waksman

(301) 921-3114

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Most solar collector designs incorporate a cover plate

whose purpose is to transmit solar energy while

protecting the inner areas of the collector from the

exterior environment and reducing the heat loss. Any

loss in the transmittance of solar energy through the cover plate results in a decrease in the efficiency of the

entire solar heating and cooling system. The

transmittance and other important properties of some

cover plate materials are frequently deteriorated by

sunlight and the temperatures encountered in solar

collectors. Many standard test methods are available to evaluate materials such as glass and plastic. However, the

performance requirements for cover plates of solar collectors are not entirely covered by test methods

developed for applications other than solar.

Under this program, performance criteria, performance

attributes, degradation factors and currently available

tests were identified. Tests were assessed to determine if modifications are necessary to reflect in-use solar conditions. Laboratory and field studies are being

performed to obtain data needed to prepare definitive test standards. Draft standards were prepared in conjunction

with ASTM committees and submitted to ASTM for consideration as consensus standards. Last year, ASTM

accepted E765 and E782, which were based upon this research, as consensus standards. Additional research will be performed to identify methods for early detection of

degradation and to develop data needed for interpreting

the results of short-term tests in terms of service life.

Standards for Phase-Change Storage

Materials

Paul W. Brown

(301) 921-2993

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Phase-change materials provide energy storage in terms of latent as well as sensible heat. These materials offer

significant potential advantages in the volume of storage

required and the thermal losses from storage.

Consequently, the use of phase-change materials is increasing as the solar industry searches for more

effective storage media. Key problem areas relating to the use of phase-change storage materials involve

encapsulation and durability. Examples include rupture

of encapsulating materials due to mechanical

incompatibility with phase-change materials, thermal or chemical degradation of phase-change and encapsulating

materials, and crystallization and segregation of

components of phase-change materials as a result of

repeated cycling and chemical incompatibility between

phase-change and encapsulating materials. These

problems can best be addressed through the development

of performance standards and accelerated tests to allow

assessment of the long-term performance and durability

of phase change storage materials.

29
Degradation of Heat Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating Systems

Walter J. Rossiter

(301) 921-3109

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

One of the problems which may affect the durability of a

significant number of solar collector systems relates to the lack of information on the rates of degradation of

glycol-based antifreeze solutions. This is because the

degradation of glycols generates acidic reaction products

which cause accelerated collector system corrosion.

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol may degrade by

two major mechanisms under the conditions in a collector system. These are thermal decomposition and

oxidative decomposition. Preliminary work at CBT has

indicated that ethylene glycol is thermally more stable than propylene glycol but oxidatively less stable under one set of experimental conditions. It has also been

observed that the presence of certain metals catalyzes the

oxidative decomposition of glycols. The degradation

kinetics of these compounds will be investigated as functions of temperature, availability of oxygen, and the

presence of metals. Methods of analysis including mass

spectroscopy and ion chromatography have been

developed.

Documentation of Materials Research

Data and Activities

Larry W. Masters

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Since 1975, ERDA and DoE have devoted considerable

emphasis and resources to research and development

activities pertaining to materials used in active solar heating and cooling systems. These activities need to be

documented so that summary data and information

(objectives, scope, results and conclusions, reports

published) will be accessible to researchers, materials

developers, and users. The information should be of

considerable value and assistance to manufacturers and

developers in their selection and use of newer materials

for solar application. CBT, in cooperation with the other

research facilities involved with materials research (i.e., SERI, NASA, LANL) will compile an annotated

bibliography of research studies (1975-1981) related to active solar materials performance. The document will be

organized by subject matter for ease of use. It is anticipated that a related effort will be undertaken by

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for the

compilation of data and information which has resulted from materials research at LANL and through materials

R&D contracts monitored by LANL for DoE. The NBS

and the LANL efforts will be coordinated and will result

in either a joint publication or compatible and

coordinated separate publications.

30
QUALITY

ASSURANCE
Cement and Concrete Reference

Laboratory (CCRL)

John R. Dise

(301) 921-3481

Building Materials Division

Sponsors: American Society for Testing

and Materials, U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers

Over $4 billion of hydraulic cements are produced in the

United States each year. The value of the concrete

construction in which these cements are used is estimated

to be on the order of $20 billion. Because of the large

amounts of money and critical construction materials

involved, standardization of testing to enhance the

reliability of quality assurance measurements is most

important. The CCRL contributes to this standardization

through on-site inspections of apparatus and procedures

used in the testing of cements and concretes, the

distribution of proficiency test samples, laboratory

investigations of testing problems, and participation in the activities of standard development groups. This work

is performed by ASTM Research Associates working

under CBT supervision. Plans for FY82 envision the

distribution of 250 pairs of portland cement reference

samples, and 180 pairs of portland cement concrete

reference samples two times each during the year, and

150 pairs of blended cement reference samples and 75

masonry cement reference samples once during the year. Inspections of 110 cement and 135 concrete testing

laboratories in 200 separate installations will be

performed. Significant contributions to the work of

ASTM Committees C01.95, C09.03.01, C09.03.03, and

C09.03.05 will be made.

AASHTO Materials Reference

Laboratory (AMRL)

John R. Dise

(301) 921-3481

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Modern technology used in today's operations by

transportation agencies make it absolutely necessary to obtain relible measurements. Given the current state-of- the-art, this is an essential part of the process for assuring

the quality of materials and workmanship used in our

national transportation system. AMRL's primary

responsibility is to provide services that assist the

transportation industry in obtaining this necessary

reliability. Under this project, with the support of

AASHTO Research Associates working under CBT

supervision, services are provided on a voluntary basis to both public and private laboratories which serve the

transportation industry. At present, attention is focused on the testing of soils and bituminous materials and the

measurement of frictional properties of highways.

Apparatus and procedures used in performing quality assurance tests are checked for conformance to applicable national standards during on-site inspections.

Proficiency test samples are distributed at regular

intervals to obtain information on laboratory perfor- mance. Laboratory investigations of testing problems are conducted. New information about methods of test evolving from these activities is brought to the attention

of cognizant standards development groups at frequent

intervals. Plans for FY82 envision the distribution of 125

pairs of asphalt reference samples three times during the

year, 200 pairs of soil reference samples and 145 pairs of

aggregate reference samples two times each during the

year, and 90 pairs of bituminous concrete reference

32
samples once during the year. Inspections of 30 soils, 30

aggregates, and 30 bituminous testing facilities in primary

transportation laboratories will be performed. A

prescribed annual listing of comments on the AASHTO

standards will be forwarded for consideration by

appropriate technical sections of AASHTO.

NDE of Building Materials

James R. Clifton

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

This project is a study of the existing and proposed

methods for nondestructive evaluation of in-place

building components and materials. The techniques are

useful not only in day-to-day construction but also in rehabilitation of older housing stocks and evaluation of

buildings after natural disasters such as hurricanes or

earthquakes. The results of this project are being brought

to the attention of material scientists and material

engineers through workshops, presentations at national

meetings, and publications. Its purpose is to develop a

technical basis to assist in the selection of appropriate

NDE methods.

Visual Acuity Requirements for NDE This project will develop visual acuity targets and

measurement procedures that can be implemented by the

Gary T. Yonemura Ophthalmology Departments of the Armed Services'

(301) 921-2680 Medical Corps. In radiography techniques in NDE the

Building Physics Division human eye is used to detect and quantify the magnitude

of imperfections. Since the eye is the instrument in use, Sponsor: Department of Defense standardized visual tests are required to evaluate the

performance of the human eye. Much is known about the

visual processes, but the visual conditions, techniques,

and information capacity required of the inspector, as

specifically related to NDE, are not established.

Discussions will be held with DoD personnel on types of

tasks and levels of difficulty encountered in DoD's nondestructive testing programs. Based on the evaluation of

the different types of acuity tests currently being used

and microdensitometric measurements of sample

radiographs, acuity targets and testing techniques will be

recommended. The possibility of making revised visual

acuity test charts available as NBS Standard Reference

Materials (SRM) will be considered.

Monitoring the 1980 White House

Restoration

Larry W. Masters

(301) 921-3458

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: U.S. National Park Service

The performance of the 1980 White House restoration

will be monitored through quarterly inspections and

supplemental guidance about the performance of coatings

for the White House will be provided to the NPS

inspectors, as needed. Inspection data and field test results will be compiled as appropriate. Guidelines will be developed for a periodic cleaning program in cooperation with the Chief Usher of the White House.

Based upon the data compiled on the performance of the

coatings and surface preparation techniques used in the

1980 restoration, technical portions of the guide

33
)

Field Adhesion Tester

James Seiler (301) 921-2909

Building Materials Division

Sponsor: Tri-Services Building Materials

Investigation Committee

Adhesion is an important performance characteristic of

many building materials, e.g., paints, roofing, and wall

coverings. Most field methods for adhesion measurement

are restricted to spring-loaded devices which may have

many problems for obtaining quantitative measurements.

However, in FY81, CBT developed a pneumatic

adhesion tester for use in measuring coatings adhesion in the field. This year, work will be carried out to gain

additional data on variables such as type, bond thickness,

and cure of adhesive and substrate thickness. These

additional data will help ensure reliable and reproducible

measurements.

Plan for Abatement of Asbestos in GSA

High-Rise Buildings

James H. Pielert (301) 921-3146

Structures Division

Sponsor: General Services Administration

The GSA Public Buildings Service (PBS) has noticed some deterioration of the sprayed-on asbestos

fireproofing in its high-rise office buildings. Renovation

work carried out in the floor/ceiling cavity, elevator

shafts, and other areas can disrupt the asbestos and cause

fibers to dislodge into the air. A plan is needed for PBS

to determine the level of asbestos problems in nine GSA

buildings across the country and to identify and

recommend remedial actions. The plan will recommend

methods for detailed investigations of the buildings, and

outline recommended abatement techniques and

procedures for establishing priorities to apply the

techniques. Priorities will be established through a cost

analysis of the various alternative solutions and will address building system considerations, occupancy type,

and occupant relocation issues. This general problem is of broad national interest.

34
THERMAL PERFORMANCE

MODELING
In-Situ Thermal Resistance Under this project, an improved spot-radiometer

Measurements technique for measuring the in-situ thermal resistance of

walls will be developed. This technique will use a highDouglas M. Burch resolution (±0.1 °F) spot radiometer as opposed to a low

(301) 921-3754 resolution instrument (±0.5 °F) to measure the

Building Physics Division temperature difference between the subject surface and

the ambient air. This temperature difference is often quite

Sponsor: Naval Civil Engineering small particularly for insulated walls. The incoming

Laboratory radiant energy to the subject surface (the mean radiant

energy of the surrounding surfaces) will be measured

with a precision infrared radiometer, thereby permitting

the radiative portion of the overall surface heat-transfer

coefficient to be precisely determined.

Using two commercially available high-resolution spot

radiometers and the improved spot-radiometer technique,

a series of in-situ field thermal resistance measurements

will be carried out using the walls of six test buildings.

The thermal resistance of these walls has previously been

determined by the heat-flow-meter technique and the

guarded-hot-box method. Measurements would be carried out over a broad range of outdoor temperatures and solar loading conditions at various times of the day including

the night. The estimated thermal resistance determined

using the spot-radiometer technique would be compared

with the known thermal resistance of the walls, thereby

permitting the accuracy of the technique to be assessed. A comprehensive mathematical error analysis will also be carried out.

In addition, a feasibility study will be carried out to determine whether a ground-surface temperature survey

using a spot-radiometer can be used to detect defective

pipe insulation for underground district heat distribution

systems. Here the ground surface temperature above

insulated and non-insulated pipes will be predicted using

a mathematical model as a function of pipe depth, out- door temperature, and wind speed. Based on the results of this analysis, criteria will be developed to permit

defective pipe insulation to be distinguished from good

pipe insulation.

Field Measurements of Wall Thermal Six 20-ft wide and 20-ft long, one-room test buildings

Mass have been constructed at the NBS Nike Site. All six test modules have the same floor plan, orientation, and other

Douglas M. Burch common features, but with differing wall constructions.

(301) 921-3754 During FY82, special-purpose thermographic and heat- Building Physics Division flow meter measurements will be carried out to locate,

identify, and estimate the magnitude of thermal anomalies

Sponsor: Department of Energy in the building envelopes. In addition, special-purpose

winter heating energy measurements will be carried out on the test buildings with polystyrene insulation placed over their slab-on-grade floors. A comparison of the

different heating load correlations for the cases with and

without floor insulation will permit the edge and center

36
losses for the slab floors to be assessed. These specialpurpose measurements are essential to provide a convincing validation of the steady-state model.

Modeling of Building Thermal Defects

Richard A. Grot

(301) 921-3470

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

This project will determine the theoretical basis for the

quantitative analysis of building defects using

thermographic data. Transient models will be developed

for each class of defect in the thermal envelope (voids,

cracks, corners, thermal bypasses, moisture under solar loading, etc.) typically observed during the

thermographic inspection of buildings. The models will be used with image processing equipment to generate

theoretical thermograms of these defects under various

transient conditions. Transfer functions representing the

physical performance characteristics of the various types

of thermographic equipment will be used with the

theoretical thermograms to assess the ability of the

equipment to observe and quantify the heat loss caused

by a defect under transient conditions.

Multi-Room Thermal Modeling This project will develop a comprehensive modeling

technique for predicting simultaneous transfer of air, George Walton moisture, and heat in and through multi-room buildings.

(301) 921-3633 Although numerous building thermal modeling

Building Physics Division techniques and computer programs exist throughout the

United States, none of them can handle the following

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards processes simultaneously: envelope heat transfer,

envelope air leakage, envelope solar heat gain, room-to- room heat transfer, room-to-room air and moisture

transfer, intra-room air movement, energy consumption

by the heating/cooling equipment, indoor comfort, and

water vapor condensation and containment migration.

Existing models are virtually single-room models and

dynamic coupling between the heated/nonheated spaces

and/or the cooled/noncooled spaces are ignored. Under

this project, then, a comprehensive computer program

package similar to BSS 69 (NBSLD) will be prepared.

Also expected are several technical and scientific papers on room air convection and inter-room heat and mass

transfer.

Revised Attic Ventilation Guidelines Current guidelines on the minimum amount of attic ventilation are based on the experience and knowledge of

Douglas M. Burch persons in the building industry; they were developed

(301) 921-3754 approximately 30 years ago when the ceilings of homes

Building Physics Division had very limited insulation. Due to the energy shortage, current recommendations on insulation levels require

Sponsor: Department of Defense Tri- much larger thicknesses of ceiling insulation. Houses

Services Committee with heavily insulated ceilings will have colder attics, which will be more susceptible to condensation and

require higher ventilation rates. A need exists for a

37
rigorous rationale for formulating revised guidelines for controlled attic condensation. This project would also resolve the issue as to whether a ceiling vapor barrier

should be required.

Underground Heat Distribution Systems

Tamami Kusuda

(301) 921-3501

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: Department of Defense Tri- Services Committee

Many underground heat distribution systems in military

installations are failing because of the corrosion of the

conduit system that covers the thermal insulation around

the carrier pipe. Since it is an extremely expensive

proposition to replace the entire underground system, it

is desirable to have an accurate and easy-to-use

instrumentation system that will detect only the segments

of the system that have failed. The failed segments would

exhibit high heat loss resulting in excessive temperature

rise in the region over the pipe. Although various

temperature sensing techniques such as earth probe, infra- red devices, and heat flux meters are available to detect

excessive ground cover temperature, there is no reliable technique to quantify the heat loss from the segment that has failed. A simple heat transfer theory exists to translate the

ground temperature profile over the underground heat source if the thermal property of the earth and depth of

the earth cover are known. It is proposed, therefore, to evaluate various instrumentation techniques to measure

the thermal conductivity and temperature of the soil above the buried underground heat distribution system,

coupled with the depth of the microwave-based depth

finder. A new system may be designed, fabricated, and

tested in the test bed in which the underground system of

known heat loss is buried at different depths and in different types of soil.

Thermal Test Methods—Solar-Assisted

Heat Pumps and Solar Cooling

Components and Systems

Kent A. Reed

(301) 921-3465

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Solar-assisted heat pumps and solar cooling equipment

are available commercially, and many advanced designs

are being developed in the Active Solar Heating and

Cooling Research Program of DoE. Uniform test methods are needed by the solar research community for comparing various research concepts at the prototype

stage and by voluntary consensus standards organizations

for developing standards to test, evaluate, and rate commercial products. In other projects, CBT staff members have played key roles in the development of

test methods and evaluation procedures for conventional

thermal machinery and for solar collectors and solar domestic water heaters. This project brings together

these previously separate efforts. The current test methods and evaluation procedures for unitary heat

pumps and unitary distributed air conditioning equipment

will be critically reviewed. Modifications will be

proposed to handle solar-assisted heat pumps and solar

38
cooling equipment. The modifications must account

properly for the variability of the solar source and the use of auxiliary energy.

Thermal Test Methods—Solar

Collectors

John P. Jenkins

(301) 921-3620

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

ASHRAE Standard 93-77 was the first widely accepted

test method for determining the thermal performance of

solar collectors. The Standard is based in large part on

testing procedures drafted by CBT staff. The Standard

Project Committee formed to review ASHRAE

Standard 93-77 for its normal 5-year update has voted to

revise the Standard to incorporate the latest advances in solar collector testing. This project consists of a critical review of the DoE-sponsored solar collector activities of

the last 5 years that have a bearing on the revision of the

Standard. These activities include the DoE Collector Test Program, the CBT investigation of indoor test methods, the NBS Collector Durability and Reliability

Program, and many projects at other government and

university laboratories. The past work in collector test and evaluation will be documented and assessed. Recommendations for revision of ASHRAE Standard 93- 77 will be made, and critical areas requiring research will be identified. A concurrent experimental task will address

the experimental uncertainty of a within-lab test sequence, and the influence of low level or diffuse light

conditions.

Thermal Performance Data

Requirements

Kent A. Reed

(301) 921-3465

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

In FY76, CBT worked with ERDA (now part of DoE)

and a Performance Evaluation Committee established by

ERDA to develop thermal data requirements and

performance evaluation procedures for the National

Solar Heating and Cooling Demonstration Program.

These requirements and procedures were published in NBSIR 76-1137, August 1976. Considerable experience

has been gained in using the procedures in this report to evaluate systems in the Program. A number of the

recommended techniques have been found to be deficient

and other techniques, not recommended, have been

found to be of value. Utilizing data and experience

gained in the National Solar Heating and Cooling

Demonstration Program and other related DoE, SERI,

and NBS research activities, CBT will prepare a revised

thermal data requirements and evaluation procedures

document.

39
Solar Hot Water Test Program Experimental and numerical studies of the thermal

performance of solar domestic hot water systems are A. Hunter Fanney being conducted concurrently in CBT. The experimental

(301) 921-3620 studies are investigations of the applicability of the newly

Building Equipment Division adopted ASHRAE Standard 95-1981 to various systems.

Data from these and other experiments are being used in Sponsor: Department of Energy tne numerical studies to establish a technical rationale for defining representative test data. Together with these

data, the ASHRAE Standard can be used by the industry

to test systems for the purpose of rating their thermal

performance. This project extends previous CBT

research that provided performance data for validating

simplified design methods such as f-chart, and established

the technical basis for the alternate test method

prescribed in the ASHRAE Standard 95-1981. Solar

domestic hot water systems whose long-term

performance had been characterized in the previous

work are now being subjected to short-term tests. Experiments will also be conducted on new, innovative

systems such as freon-charged solar water heaters. The

results will be published, and specific recommendations

will be made to ASHRAE and the solar industry

associations.

Interaction Of Solar Collector Optics In this project, the interaction of solar collector optics

and Solar Radiation Distributions and solar radiation distribution will be investigated

analytically and numerically. A number of models for Kent A. Reed solar radiation distributions already exist in the

(301) 921-3465 meteorology community, while detailed ray-trace Building Equipment Division calculations of the optical response of various solar collectors are just becoming available. These data,

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards especially the radiation models of Dave (IBM) and the

ray-trace models of Mclntire (Argonne) will serve as the

basis for the present investigation. As the study

progresses, this base may be augmented with specific

radiation and performance data collected at the NBS test

site for this purpose. A specific thrust will be an

investigation of the degree of error likely to be incurred

with different levels of detail in the models. The level of

detail to be investigated ranges from a single diffuse sky

modifier based on an isotropic diffuse radiation model, to a full convolution of the instantaneous radiation

distribution over the collector's optical response function.

International Energy Agency Solar CBT has a major role in the U.S. development of test Program Support methods for determining the performance of solar energy

components and systems for the heating and cooling of

Kent A. Reed buildings. DoE has requested that this expertise be used

(301) 921-3465 to contribute to the international cooperative research in Building Equipment Division collector test methods organized by the International

Energy Agency as part of its Solar Heating and Cooling

Sponsor: Department of Energy Research Program. Specific objectives of the IEA

collector test task include improving our ability to

40
characterize the thermal performance of solar collectors,

developing technqiues for predicting the service life of

solar collectors, and, most recently, developing methods

to demonstrate that installed solar water heaters are performing properly. CBT is contributing results from its own as well as other U.S. solar research efforts, and is facilitating the flow of technical information from abroad

into the U.S. solar program.

Simplified Energy Calculation

Procedures

Tamami Kusuda

(301) 921-3501

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The success of the buiding energy performance design

guidelines hinges on the availability of accurate, yet easyto-use, energy analysis procedures. Although DoE has

identified the DOE-2 program as the standard benchmark

energy analysis procedure, this particular program is not

suitable for use by practicing engineers and energy

officials, because of its complexity and its need for large

computers. To improve energy performance it is necessary to have available the criteria for certifying

commercially available energy analysis procedures, or even simplified manual energy analysis procedures,

which would result in an annual energy consumption

estimate compatible with that produced by a benchmark

procedure such as DOE-2. This year, technical

documents will be produced on the residential energy

analysis program based on a variable balance point

degree-day approach including program documentation,

a user's manual for a hand-held computer, and field validation data for several residences.

Window Solar Film Study

Stephen J. Treado

(301) 921-2758

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: General Services Administration

Solar films have been shown to be effective in reducing

solar energy transmission through windows, thereby

reducing peak cooling loads in buildings during summer. However, the effect of solar films on annual cooling and

heating loads, as well as annual building energy

consumption, has not been evaluated. To examine the

annual effects of solar films, their impact on heating and

cooling loads during transition seasons and winter must

be evaluated. Energy savings due to reduced summer

cooling loads may be partially or completely offset by

increased heating loads in winter due to a reduction in beneficial window heat gain. In addition, the energy

needed to satisfy the heating and cooling loads is dependent upon the HVAC system configuration and

performance, as well as occupant parameters. In this project, laboratory measurements will be made to determine window heat gain with six generic types of

solar film vs. clear glass. The six types of solar film will include a wide range of reflectance and absorptance

characteristics. Using DOE-2, Federal Building 10B will be modeled and building energy requirements calculated

for each film type and six climatic zones.

41
Thermal Test Methods—Passive

Components

Michael E. McCabe

(301) 921-2308

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Modular components based on passive solar principles

and used for solar heating and cooling of buildings and

for domestic water heating are currently being developed

and marketed in increasing numbers. However, there are no standard test procedures for thermal performance

rating of these components; thermal performance

comparison and economic evaluation of these devices are therefore impossible.

This project will develop standard thermal test methods

for performance rating of a range of passive solar components. To support field testing of passive solar components, a calorimetric test facility capable of testing

passive solar components up to 1.22x2.03 m (4x6 ft 8 in) in size and up to 0.41 m (16 in) in thickness, has been

constructed. The metering chamber provides a nearly constant temperature indoor environment 1/2 °C within

the range of 16 to 27 °C (60 to 80 °F). Thermal

performance test results obtained in the test facility for a range of test articles will be compared with test results from laboratory conditions (based on simulated sun, wind, and air temperatures). The comparison of test results will provide the basis for recommending the use of or modifications to existing laboratory test methods or

for developing new methods. Findings will be published on recommended test procedures and will be distributed

to researchers, manufacturers, test laboratories, and

professional and technical societies.

Performance Data Requirements for

Passive Solar Buildings

Thomas E. Richtmyer

(301) 921-2308

Buildings Physics Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

A passive solar test facility has been constructed at the

NBS Annex (Nike Site). The four-room building can be

configured so different wall types, energy collection

schemes, and room layouts can be studied. The facility is now configured with a Direct Gain Room, a Control

Room (i.e., a room with no special features) to provide

comparative data, and a room with a collection/storage

wall (Trombe wall). Also, the fourth room contains data- acquisition equipment and a Component Testing

Calorimeter. The data collected will help determine

minimum data requirements and performance evaluation

procedures for passive solar heating and cooling systems.

NBS has already developed such a procedure, which was

included in the National Plan for Passive/Hybrid Solar

Heating and Cooling Systems. The test facility will be

useful in assessing the adequacy of the present plan with

possible revision if necessary. The second product is a data base that provides detailed measured performance

factors for the various test rooms. This data base will be

used to validate passive-system computer models and

various design tools. The data will be available from the

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI).

42
Thermal Comfort Analysis in Passive

Solar Buildings

Stanley T. Liu

(301) 921-2607

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Over the past several years, the use of solar energy for heating and cooling buildings by passive design has

received increasing emphasis by the architectural and

building community and the DoE. However, the

acceptance and rapid growth in the number of passive

buildings will depend to a large extent on occupant

comfort. The inherent greater fluctuations of indoor air temperature, humidity, and mean radiant temperature

require the determination of the degree of human thermal

comfort in passive solar buildings.

The recently revised ASHRAE Standard 55-81,

"Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy," included adjustments for extending the

comfort zone due to the effect of air movement. It also

set limits on the nonuniformity of vertical temperature

distribution, radiant asymmetry, and floor temperature.

This project will analyze the thermal performance data

and determine the degree of thermal comfort in actual

passively cooled and heated buildings based on this revised industry standard. This will assist designers in the

development of better design and control strategy for passive solar buildings.

43

THERMAL

INSULATION
Thermal Analysis and Modeling

Brian G. Rennex

(301) 921-3195

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The characterization of thick insulation material is intrinsically difficult because of the large scale of

appropriate measuring apparatus. There is a real and

longstanding technical need to produce a definitive error

analysis of an absolute apparatus such as the NBS 1000- mm line-source guarded hot-plate (GHP). In addition,

there are important research issues such as the "thickness

effect" and internal air convection, which will be studied

using the NBS GHP apparatus. This project will help answer these research questions.

Calibrated Hot-Box Installation and

Measurement

Frank J. Powell

(301) 921-3501

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

In the development of performance standards and

specifications, the need for better technical data and

improved test methods for building materials and

envelope systems is critical. This activity is a key element

in the DoC/DoE National Program for Building

Thermal Envelope Systems and Insulating Materials.

This year, the assembly of the calibrated hot-box will be

completed and acceptance test will be conducted using

test specimen walls constructed of material selected for the ASTM C- 16.30 round robin wall testers. Further tests using these specimen walls will be made to provide

calibration coefficients and data to develop a precision

and accuracy assessment of the apparatus.

Innovative Thermal Research

Brian G. Rennex

(301) 921-3195

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The national importance of energy conservation

encourages an improved understanding of thermal

phenomena in "real" building situations. A fertile area for new research is in dynamic thermal modeling. Progress

in the development of test methods and standards in this area would be of considerable use to organizations such

as ASTM. Under this project, the techniques of response

factors and finite element modeling will be developed for use in the analysis of dynamic tests on the new NBScalibrated hot-box. The possibility of a simple,

parametrical "response factor" approach to model

franking loss and complex-wall heat transfer will be

investigated.

46
BUILDING

ACOUSTICS
Acoustics Measurements in Rooms

Fred F. Rudder

(301) 921-3783

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Using the NBS Semi-Reverberant Room, the acoustical

energy flow and transmission within the room will be

characterized for steady-state excitation of the room by a

signal of known magnitude and for various amounts and

distribution of calibrated samples of sound absorbing

materials. Data thus obtained will be compared with

geometrical solutions and to eigenfunction solution to wave theory to assess the limits of applicability of the

geometrical relationships and develop theoretical

predictions for semi-reverberant rooms that are usable in common practice. To study the acoustical energy flow in rooms, it will be necessary to develop a measurement

method for determining the spatial distribution of

acoustical intensity within the semi-reverberant rooms. This method will be based upon a two-microphone array system and digital signal processing computations such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and cross-power spectral

measurements. The development and calibration of the

two-microphone array system will use the NBS anechoic

chamber.

Sound Absorption Measurements Using the NBS reverberation chamber, a new and simple

method will be developed for directly measuring total Simone L. Yaniv sound absorption. This method will be based upon

(301) 921-3783 excitation of the reverberation chamber by a continuous

Building Physics Division signai Qf known magnitude that is modulated by an

infrasonic frequency. This new method will not require

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards measurement of reverberation time, and thus will overcome some of the ambiguity in the interpretation of

irregular decay curves. Results obtained with this technique will be compared with results obtained using a new method, ensemble averaging, that is based upon

reverberation time but uses sophisticated computational

procedures useful for research purposes but too complicated for use in everyday practice. In addition, the

work performed by CBT last year on the effect of

geometry on sound absorption coefficients of materials,

from which total sound absorption is computed, will be

extended to include effects of material mounting. This

could result in the development of methods for correcting for the variation in the apparent absorption

coefficients among geometrical distributions of material.

Guidelines for Acoustical Design of

Light-Frame Wood Structures

Simone L. Yaniv

(301) 921-3783

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: U.S. Forest Products

Laboratory (FPL)

This research is based on FPL work in acoustical

performance of light-frame structures. The work will be

completed in two phases. One phase comprises a review

and preparation of a draft final report on acoustical

guidelines for light-frame structures. This effort is based on a FPL draft report. The second phase is a compilation

of FPL data on the sound transmission loss of light-frame

structures. This data base will be assembled in a format

for use by the building industry. This effort will provide

the building industry with the first concise design

guidelines based on data compilation on light-frame

construction.

48
LIGHTING

TECHNOLOGY
Visual Environment

Gary T. Yonemura

(301) 921-2680

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Laboratory research at CBT, first using grating patterns,

and then employing printed matter (realistic tasks),

indicates that when visual sensitivity is measured by

conspicuity of details, the function relating luminance

with contrast is different from that obtained when the

visual task is threshold detection, the historical basis for currently recommended illumination levels. An apparatus

to assess conspicuities of typical office tasks relative to a reference five-bar target will be constructed. A modified

form of this device will be used to test the feasibility of

equal conspicuity contours as a function of luminance,

utilizing variance of response as the dependent variable.

Optimized Model for Brightness Several brightness models have been published by vision

scientists to date. This year, a generalized model that Gerald L. Howett includes all the published "linear" models as special cases

(301) 921-2670 will be formulated. Using CAM's most modern computer

Building Physics Division programs for multivariate optimization, the generalized

model will be given numerical values that best predict

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards the most extensive body of published data on brightness

vs. luminance. In later years, the program will include:

similar optimization of an existing nonlinear model; new

experiments on brightness to provide critical data for refining the evolving best model; and construction of a prototype 3-channel photometer as a physical realization of the new formula.

Concepts of Photometric Procedures

A. Ted Hattenburg

(301) 921-2680

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Building illumination practice has historically relied upon

simplistic measurements of illumination levels, poorly

defined reflectance values, and complex calculation

schemes based upon inadequate data. But new

requirements for more cost-effective, energy conserving

illumination systems are creating a demand for more

precise, valid physical measurement techniques to guide

systems design, evaluate the effectiveness of prototype

and installed lighting systems, and contribute to the

physical basis of vision research. Under this project,

development of the field contrast measurement system

will be completed. Practical near-field photometry

techniques will be developed in the laboratory, to permit

accurate luminance distribution determinations for office- sized work-spaces. A chapter on photometric

measurement concepts will be prepared for inclusion in the NBS Optical Radiation Manual in collaboration with

the Radiometric Physics Division of NML. Methods for reflectance determinations of room enclosure materials

will be investigated to contribute to second-generation

design computations. The project's output will be a

report on field contrast measurement and the Optical

Radiation Manual chapter.

50
Chromatic Adaptation

Gerald L. Howett

(301) 921-2670

Building Physics Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Traditional research in the area of chromatic adaptation

has always shown that the human visual system recovers chromatic sensitivity in the course of a few seconds. All

of these studies have used continuous energy spectra as the stimuli. Recent work has shown that, under highefficacy illumination systems with discontinuous spectra,

the effects on chromatic adaptation persist as long as 23

minutes, when workers have adapted to ordinary office illumination levels (60 ft-c) for 45 minutes. In general,

high-efficacy illumination systems are line spectra [most

of their energy is concentrated in narrow bands] as opposed to energy in all bands (typical of continuous

spectra). If confirmed, these results may lead to a

redefinition of many of the current theories of color

vision. In turn, there are long-term implications for illumination systems design and worker productivity and

satisfaction in working under high-efficacy lights. Under

this project, extensive laboratory explorations of the

persistence of chromatic adaptation will be conducted.

The type of illumination system, illumination level,

exposure time, and age of the observers will be major

variables.

Daylighting Studies Daylight has been recognized as an effective means of

reducing the amount of energy required for interior Stephen J. Treado building illumination. To determine the impact of

(301) 921-2758 daylighting on total building energy performance, the

Building Physics Division effect of daylighting schemes on building space heating

and cooling energy requirements must also be

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards considered. CBT has developed a simplified computer

routine to calculate interior illumination for incorporation in existing building energy analysis

programs, so that the overall effect of daylighting on

building energy performance can be efficiently and

accurately analyzed. In past years, large amounts of data

have been collected at the NBS Daylight Research

Facility, including measurements of outdoor solar

radiation, daylight illumination, sky luminance, indoor

daylight illumination and window-associated solar heat

gain. Additional measurements were made concerning

the performance of window management systems and

automatic lighting controls. These measurements have

been used to validate the simplified daylight calculation

routine and to correlate outdoor illumination levels with

the concurrent levels of total and diffuse solar radiation. This year, the daylight prediction program will be

restructured to evaluate the effects of skylights,

innovative fenestration designs, or complex

room/window configurations.

51

BUILDING

THERMAL EQUIPMENT
Examination of Non-azeotropic Mixture

Refrigerants for Heat Pumps

David A. Didion

(301) 921-2994

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor:

Institute

Electric Power Research

Conventional vapor-compression heat pumps employ

single-component refrigerants or azeotropic mixtures

(those which have a single boiling-condensing

temperature-composition phase diagram) as their working

fluid. The use of non-azeotropic mixtures as the working

fluid appears to offer at least three potential energy

performance advantages without major changes in the

manufacturing process of existing heat pumps. These

advantages are an improved capacity-to-power ratio, a

reduction in irreversibilities in the heat exchangers, and

an increase in capacity at lower evaporator temperatures.

The quantification of each of these advantages can be

estimated theoretically; however, the cost-effectiveness

of the design changes can only be done by optimization

studies by manufacturers who are thoroughly familiar with manufacturing costs. A tool for predicting the

energy performance as well as the operating costs of a design is the simulation model being developed in this study.

Refrigerant Mixture Measurements in Two-Phase Flow

David A. Didion

(301) 921-2994

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The convective heat transfer coefficient is the single

most important property for the design of heat

exchangers. For those heat exchangers which have inter- nal boiling or condensation coupled with forced

convection (e.g., refrigerant systems, steam power

systems, etc.), the complexity of flow conditions are such

coefficient values are normally completely empirically

based. Since this study focuses on binary mixtures which

are non-azeotropic (different oiling/condensation points),

the problem is complicated even further. In single

component fluids it is typical to establish an empiricallybased functional relationship between the convective

heat transfer coefficient and the other transport

properties (e.g., conductivity, viscosity, etc.) for a given

range of flow patterns and thermodynamic conditions.

Once these relationships are established for categories of

fluids, it is possible to predict the heat transfer coefficient

based on the measurements of the other transport properties which are significantly easier to make. In the area of

non-azeotropic mixtures, virtually no such relationships

among the transport properties exist. The specific group of fluids that will be studied is that of

fluorocarbons that are used or intended to be used as refrigerants. The apparent advantages of using non- azeotropic mixtures in refrigerant systems are improvement in efficiency, less environmental (ozone)

impact, multi-level evaporators, and self-lubricating

working fluids. The evaluation of any of these possible

advantages entails an overall performance evaluation of

the refrigerant system, which in turn, requires knowledge

of the transport properties of the refrigerant.

54
Furnace and Boiler Test Procedures

Esher R. Kweller

(301) 921-2935

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

This project will provide industry, via DoE, with an

equitable testing and rating procedure for determining

the seasonal energy performance of central residential furnaces and boilers. The Energy Policy and

Conservation Act (PL 94-193) and the National Energy

Conservation Policy Act (PL 95-619) require the

Department of Energy to prescribe test and rating

procedures and minimum performance standards for various residential appliances, including furnaces and

boilers. DoE has, since 1975, relied on CBT to assist in the development of these procedures. A draft test and

rating document for furnaces and boilers was delivered

to DoE in 1977. Final publication in the Federal Register was in May 1978. Since then, DoE has been interested in expanding the procedure to include new furnace designs

coming on the market (i.e., condensing units) and

adapting the test procedure to fit unusual designs (i.e., sealed combustion installations). During the course of

this development, NBS has supported DoE in defending

or modifying the procedure according to suggestions

made by industry, who were concerned about every

detail of the procedure since virtually every furnace or

boiler model sold in the United States will have to be

rated in accordance with this procedure.

In FY82, CBT will help DoE in addressing the technical

substance of all received "petitions for waiver" and

"petitions for rulemaking" regarding the test procedures

for furnaces. In addition, CBT is needed to assist in the

technical analysis of public hearing testimony and written

comments received in response to a proposed furnace test procedure amendment to be published by DoE.

Water Heater Studies

James E. Harris

(301) 921-2935

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (PL 94-193)

has mandated that household appliances, including water

heaters, be labeled for energy use using standardized

testing methods. Thus, it is necessary to establish standard test procedures that allow the accurate determination of energy efficiency, are repeatable, and

not burdensome to perform. The objectives of this project are to expand and/or modify the DoE water

heater test procedures where required and to provide

laboratory data, analyses, and recommendations related

to the test procedure.

Refrigerators and Freezers Studies The objectives of this project are to expand or modify

the DoE test procedures for refrigerators and freezers Robert A. Wise where required and to provide laboratory data, analyses,

(301) 921-2935 an(j recommendations related to the new tests. Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

55
Technical Support to DoE

Esher R. Kweller

(301) 921-2935

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act provides for the granting of waivers from testing for products which

cannot be tested in accordance with the currently

prescribed DoE test procedure. For DoE to respond to

petitions from manufacturers for waiver, DoE must first resolve the question of applicability of currently

prescribed test procedures to the products in question

and then decide if waivers are to be granted or if testing

under present test procedures is in order. CBT will provide DoE with the technical bases to make such

decisions.

56
MECHNICAL SYSTEMS

AND CONTROLS
Systems and Controls Laboratory

George E. Kelly

(301) 921-2144

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The focus of this program will be developing

mathematical models and measurement techniques for evaluating the performance of building systems and

controls, encouraging energy conservation in buildings

through improved control strategies and software, and

developing specifications and guidelines for implementing and maintaining automated building

management systems. This research effort will complement CBT's current DoE-sponsored research

program aimed at documenting the energy saving

potential of the most commonly employed HVAC

control strategies, developing algorithms for building

control systems, evaluating the reliability of automated

building management systems, and studying the

application of sensors in energy monitoring and control

systems.

The program is divided into tasks which are to be

performed in successive years. The modeling effort and

the development of control strategies and algorithms will be carried out in parallel with the planning, designing,

implementing, and debugging of the laboratory facility.

After this has been completed, experimental research on

strategies and algorithms will begin, followed by

fundamental research on control theory. This year's

effort will involve the installation of an HVAC Test

Facility; the design of interfaces and signal conditioning

devices; and the development of strategies, algorithms,

and data analysis software. Preliminary research will also begin to verify and refine the systems and controls

models, the control strategies, and the mathematical

algorithms. The modeling effort to develop simulations

for various control loops, control hardware, systems, and

equipment will follow.

Controls Dynamic Modeling None of the building simulation programs (e.g., BLAST

2, DOE 2) in existence today account for HVAC control

George E. Kelly dynamics. As a result of this, there exists very little (301) 921-2144 reliable data on the amount of energy waste in buildings

Building Equipment Division due to control dynamics and absolutely no information on how to design and operate building control systems to Sponsor: U.S. Navy/Department of optimize dynamic performance. This project will Energy concentrate on developing simulation models which can be used to predict the dynamic, "minute-by-minute"

performance of control systems for building air handlers

and commercial boilers. This will cover controls for the

most common types of HVAC systems and build upon

on-going NBS research to develop simulation models for building equipment and systems. Research in future years

will involve building dynamics, heating/cooling plant

dynamics, and the simulation of the entire building/HVAC/control system.

58
Energy Monitoring and Control

Systems Algorithms

William B. May

(301) 921-3839

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: U.S. Navy

At the present time there are no standardized,

nonproprietary EMCS application algorithms available

for use by companies entering the building controls field. Many of these companies lack training and experience in HVAC systems, building controls, and algorithm

development. As a result, the building owner or manager

who purchases their system is often stuck with an EMC

system that either doesn't work or only partially works.

To assure a minimum level of performance of EMC

systems, CBT plans to develop public domain algorithms

for HVAC/building applications. Work will concentrate on an algorithm package for the control of building air handlers, including direct digital control of valves and

dampers, time of day start/stop, duty cycling, demand

limiting, temperature reset, economizer cycle, alarm

report, etc. In future years, this effort will be expanded

to develop algorithms for the control of heating and

cooling plants and for the integration of building

services.

Energy Monitoring and Control

Systems Measured Performance

C. Warren Hurley

(301) 921-3839

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: U.S. Navy

This project will help the Navy in studying and

improving the performance of EMC systems installed at naval facilities. Somewhere between 30 and 70 percent of

the EMC systems installed in this country are unreliable. Although this is due to many factors, one of the most

significant problems is lack of knowledge by field personnel on how to purchase, install, calibrate and

maintain sensors and measurement instrumentation. The

sensitivity of building energy savings to EMCS sensor and system accuracies will be investigated by studying

two Navy buildings in the Norfolk, VA area. Experimental evaluation of selected sensors in these

buildings will be combined with a system analysis to determine the actual energy savings attributable to implementing different control strategies with real EMC

systems. The particular sensors, strategies, and types of

analyses to be carried out will be mutually decided by

CBT and the Navy.

Energy Analysis of Control Strategies

James Kao

(301) 921-3844

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Energy

Currently, the only information available on the energy

savings resulting from the use of different control

strategies is that put out by large control manufacturers.

A study is urgently needed to independently document

the potential energy savings of different commonly used

strategies. In FY81, CBT used the computer program

BLAST 2 to evaluate control strategies for a variety of

HVAC systems in a small office building and a large

retail store in different regions of the country. Typical

strategies studied were dry bulb economizer cycle,

enthalpy economizer cycle, hot and cold deck

temperature reset, zone control, floating space

temperature, and scheduled setback. In FY82, this work

59
will be extended to cover control strategies for two

additional building types. The building's performance

will be simulated for several different types of HVAC

systems and for seven different geographical locations,

representing typical U.S. climatic regions. Two reports

will be published documenting the energy saving

potential of the most commonly employed control

strategies for the two building types studied.

60
PLUMBING

ENGINEERING
Solid Transport in Horizontal Drains Recent experimental studies at CBT and several foreign

countries have enhanced the understanding of the

Bal M. Mahajan mechanics of water flow-induced motion of solids in (301) 921-3293 partially-filled pipes. These studies have also revealed the

Building Equipment Division complexities of the mechanics of momentum exchange

between the water and solid and the dissipation of flow

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards energy. Formulation and selection of suitable momentum

exchange and energy dissipation models are essential for developing techniques for predicting the transport of

discrete solids in partially-filled pipes under all flow

conditions. These models also will be the basis for the

development of an overall dynamic model that simulates

the hydraulic characteristics of complex plumbing

systems. The results will permit the calculation of pipe

sizes for wastewater flow sweeping requirements to transport the solids through horizontal drains.

Computational Methods for Sizing

Reduced-Size Vents

Lawrence S. Galowin

(301) 921-3293

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Veterans Administration

This research involves laboratory experiments and

theoretical analyses to develop air flow rate and pressure

relations within the interconnected vent piping network

at Veterans Administration Hospitals' plumbing systems.

Laboratory tests were conducted to measure trap seal depletion with reduced-size vents to evaluate the

dependency on waste loading patterns, pipe size, air flow

rates, and pressure losses through the piping system. Two

design methods were established for vent pipe network

design for prescribed pressure variations. Computerbased numerical solutions were developed for simultaneous equations that simulated vent branches

headers. Comparisons of experimental results with

predictions for trap seal losses were in good agreement.

Improvement in the design methods requires additional

research to develop reliable pipe fitting loss coefficients

as a function of (a) geometrical parameters for the unequal cross-sectional flow areas of branch connections;

and (b) flow convergence at different pressure

conditions.

Innovative Circulation Loop Drain and

Vent Modification

Lawrence S. Galowin

(301) 921-3293

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

Rehabilitating buildings frequently imposes great loads on the water supply and drainage systems. The vent

piping in older buildings often is marginal when

retrofitting under the current code requirements. To

increase the capacity of the system, CBT conducted an

experimental laboratory investigation of "circulation

loop" venting modification. The experimental evaluations

of the performance of the modified system were compared to a conventional system for a variety of

wastewater-load conditions with various plumbing

fixtures and multistory soil stack loads. The performance

parameters considered were: evaluation of trap seal

failures, backflow, and the siphonic action of the water

closets. Also, the dynamic responses to pressure excursions and air flow rate distributions in the branches

62
were measured. Both systems were tested to the limiting

condition for single-stack performance over a range of air flow variations into the soil and vent stack. The "circulation loop" system was found to reduce the pressure differences in the upper portion of the soil stack,

and to provide limited benefits in reducing trap seal failures and reduced failures of the siphonic action of the

lower level water closets. With vent valves open, both

conventional and modified loop systems provided

satisfactory venting except at the highest ranges of test loading patterns.

Low-Flow Shower Head Test Methods

Lawrence S. Galowin

(301) 921-3293

Building Equipment Division

Sponsor: Department of Housing and

Urban Development

A test method for the evaluation of low-flow restrictor shower heads was developed. Included were the design

and construction of a water collection "sector rig"

device for measuring spray distribution patterns.

Laboratory instrumentation requirements, suitable for application to the apparatus and the procedures for

testing, were established. The test method provided measures of the principal operating characteristics; i.e., pressure-flow rate dependency and the shower spray

distribution. Experiments were conducted with a small

number of shower heads to determine the suitability of

the measurements for application in the proposed test method. The results obtained from the experiments

validated the concept and the proposed test method for evaluating shower heads.

63

BUILDING COMMUNITY

INDEX
BUILDING COMMUNITY INDEX

The following listing presents the CBT projects organized by their interest to segments of the building

community. The projects are listed under the appropriate building community groups as noted below:

Owners, Occupants, Users Developers and Contractors

Designers

Labor

Financial Organizations

Manufacturers and Suppliers

Regulators and Standards

Testing Laboratories

Educational Institutions and Research Organizations

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

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Reliability-Based Design of Containments and Category I Structures, p. 2 X X X X

Criteria for Structural Loads and Design, p. 2 X X X X X

Criteria for Design of Cladding Subjected to Wind Loads, p. 3 X X X X X

Dependence of Extreme Wind Speed Upon Direction, and Its Effect Upon

the Estimation of Design Loads, p. 3 X X X X X

Criteria for Wind Tunnel Modeling, p. 4 X X X

Dynamics and Reliability of Compliant Drilling and Production Platforms, p. 4 X X X

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Foundation and Excavation Standards, p. 6 X X X X X X X

Geotechnical Measurements of In-Situ Soil Properties, p. 6 X X X X X

In-Situ Measurement of Soil Properties by Thermal Methods, p. 6 X X X X X X X

Cyclic Strain Approach to the Determination of Liquefaction Potential of Level Sandy Sites, p. 7 X X X X X

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

Technical Assessment of Earthquake-Resistant Design Provisions, Seismic Limit-States for Structures, p. 10 Cyclic Loading of Masonry Building Components, p. 11 Review of LNG Facilities, p. 110 X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X

CONTRUCTION ENGINEERING

Construction Load Effects, p. 14 X X X X X X

In-Place Tests for Concrete Strength, p. 14 X X X X X

Behavior of Concrete in Cold Regions, p. 15 X X X X X X

Improving OSHA Standards for Safety in Concrete Construction, p. 15 X X X X X

Development of Safety-Net Standards for Construction, p. 16 X X X X X

Japanese Research in Construction, p. 16 X X X X X X

Representation and Analysis of Construction Standards and Specifications, p. 16 X X X X

Constraint Processing in Computer-Aided Design, p. 17 X X X X

NCIC Productivity Case Studies, p. 17 XXX X X X X X

66
SERVICE-LIFE PREDICTION

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Stochastic Model for Prediction of Durability Performance, p. 20 X X X X X

Development of Tests for Predicting Adhesive Bond Durability, p. 20 X X X X X

Short-Term Evaluation Procedures of Coatings for Steel, p. 20 X X X X X

Investigation of Corrosion of Aluminum Roofing, p. 21 X X X X X

Corrosion of Steel in Prestressed Concrete, p. 33 X X X X X X

Crack Initiation and Growth in Concrete, p. 34 X X X X X

Cement Hydration, p. 35 X X X X X X

Fly Ash Use in Cement and Concrete Products, p. 36 X X X X X X

Standards for High-Security Glazing Materials, p. 37 X X X X X

Modeling of Roofs with Sheet Membranes, p. 38 X X X X X

Organic Coatings, p. 39 X X X X X X

Performance of Residential Siding, p. 40 X X X X X X X

Detection and Characterization of Blisters Under Protective Coatings, p. 41 X X X X

Tri-Services Technical and Scientific Support, p. 42 X X X X X

Security Barriers, p. 43 X X X X X X

Solar Collector Durability and Reliability Test Program, p. 44 X X X X X X X

Standards for Solar Absorptive Coatings, p. 45 X X X X

Development of Mathematical Models for Polymeric Absorber Coatings, p. 46 X X X X X

Standards for NonMetallic Containment Materials, p. 47 X X X X X X

Standards for Solar Cover Plates, p. 48 X X X X X

Standards for Phase-Change Storage Materials, p. 49 X X X X X

Degradation of Heat Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating Systems, p. 50 X X X X X X

Documentation of Materials Research Data and Activities, p. 51

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory, p. 53 AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL), p. 54 NDE of Building Materials, p. 55 Visual Acuity Requirements for NDE, p. 56 Monitoring the 1980 White House Restoration, p. 57

Field Adhesion Tester, p. 58 Plan for Abatement of Asbestos in GSA High-Rise Buildings, p. 59

X X X X X

X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X

THERMAL PERFORMANCE MODELING

In-Situ Thermal Resistance Measurements, p. 61 X X X X X

Field Measurements of Wall Thermal Mass, p. 62 X X X X X

Modeling of Building Thermal Defects, p. 63 X X X X X

Multi-Room Thermal Modeling, p. 64 X X X X

Revised Attic Ventilation Guidelines, p. 65 X X X X X X X

Underground Heat Distribution Systems, p. 66 X X X X X

Thermal Test Methods—Solar-Assisted Heat Pumps and Solar Cooling X X X X X

Components and Systems, p. 67 X X X X X

Thermal Test Methods—Solar Collectors, p. 68 X X X X X

Thermal Performance Data Requirements, p. 69 X X X X X

Solar Hot Water Test Program, p. 70 X X X X X

Interaction of Solar Collector Optics and Solar Radiation Distributions, p. 71 X X X X

International Energy Agency Solar Program Support, p. 72 X X X X

Simplified Energy Calculation Procedures, p. 73 X X X X X X X X

Window Solar Film Study, p. 74 X X X X X X X X X

Thermal Test Methods—Passive Components, p. 75 X X X X X

Performance Data Requirements for Passive Solar Buildings, p. 76 X X X X X

Thermal Comfort Analysis in Passive Solar Buildings, p. 43 X X X X X

67
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THERMAL INSULATION

Thermal Analysis and Modeling, p. 46 X X X X X

Calibrated Hot-Box Installation and Measurement, p. 80 X X X X X

Innovative Thermal Research, p. 81 X X X X

BUILDING ACOUSTICS

Acoustics Measurements in Rooms, p. 83 XXXXXXX

Sound Absorption Measurements, p. 84 XXXXXXX Guidelines for Acoustical Design of Light-Frame Wood Structures, p. 85 XXXXXXX

LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY

Visual Environment, p. 87 XXX X X X X

Optimized Model for Brightness, p. 88 X X X X X

Concepts of Photometric Procedures, p. 89 X X X X

Chromatic Adaptation, p. 90 X X X X X

Daylighting Studies, p. 91 X X X X X

BUILDING THERMAL EQUIPMENT

Examination of Non-azeotropic Mixture Refrigerants for Heat Pumps, p. 93 X X X X

Refrigerant Mixture Measurements in Two-Phase Flow, p. 94 X X X X

Furnace and Boiler Test Procedures, p. 95 X X X X X X

Water Heater Studies, p. 96 X X X X X X

Refrigerators and Freezers Studies, p. 97 X X X X X X

Technical Support to DoE, p. 98 X XXX X X X X X

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND CONTROLS

Systems and Controls Laboratory, p. 100 X X X X X

Controls Dynamic Modeling, p. 101 X X X X X

Energy Monitoring and Control Systems Algorithms, p. 102 X X X X X

Energy Monitoring and Control Systems Measured Performance, p. 103 X X X X X

Energy Analysis of Control Strategies, p. 104 X X X X

PLUMBING ENGINEERING

Solid Transport in Horizontal Drains, p. 106 X X X X X

Computational Methods for Sizing Reduced-Size Vents, p. 107 X X X X X

Innovative Circulation Loop Drain and Vent Modification, p. 108 X X X X X

Low-Flow Shower Head Test Methods, p. 63 X X X X X X X X

68

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology