., Bureau of Standards

] ibrary, N.W. Bldg

^

JUL 3 1963

^ecknlcal ^lote 170

PHOTOTYPESETTING OF COMPUTER OUTPUT

AN EXAMPLE USING TABULAR DATA

WILLIAM R. BOZMAN

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress,

March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means

and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of

physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments

for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on

scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs

of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The

work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing,

evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information services. Research

projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required.

The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of

the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of

publications or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau publishes

three periodicals available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research,

published in four separate sections, presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and the

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the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also

five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks,

Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes.

A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25),

and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957

($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (includes Titles of Papers

Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); available from the Superintendent of

Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

'Cecknical ^ote 170

ISSUED JUNE 25, 1963

PHOTOTYPESETTING OF COMPUTER OUTPUT

AN EXAMPLE USING TABULAR DATA

William R. Bozman

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 10 cents
Contents

Page

1. Photocomposition of computer output 1

2. Description of character codes 1 3. Conclusion 4

ii
Phototypesetting of Computer Output

William R. Bozman

A photocomposition machine controlled by the magnetic tape output from a computer was used to prepare a 559-page table of atomic transition probabilities at the National Bureau of Standards. This method makes possible the publication of computed data in high quality typography in a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Many styles of type are readily available to the programmer including Greek,

italic, mathematical symbols, upper and lower case alphabets, etc.

1. Photocomposition of

Computer Output

Modern electronic computers are used to calculate and process large quantities of basic mathematical and physical data. Hundreds of pages of

numerical or tabular information can be obtained in a few hours, or even a few minutes. When the final calculations are completed, the problem of publication of the data then arises. This problem can be handled in two ways. Traditionally the information is set in metal type. This

method produces high quality typography of graphic

art quality, and is the preferred style. However, in order to minimize the time needed between the computer calculations and the final printed page, and

also to reduce printing costs, it is frequently de- cided to forgo traditional typographic quality. In these instances the printing plates may be made

from photographs of pages prepared on a high-speed

computer printer.

Unfortunately these printed pages are usually

much less clear than those that have been typeset,

page formats may be wasteful of space, and the limi- tations on the styles of type and special characters

available may be a severe handicap, leading to the use of nonstandard or even misleading notations.

A solution to this dilemma is now possible by using an automated photocomposition machine which can

produce first class typography in a reasonable time

and at a reasonable cost. A recent publication of the National Bureau of

Standards produced by this method is NBS Monograph 53, Experimental Transition Probabilities for

Spectral Lines of Seventy Elements by C. H. Corhss

and W. R. Bozman.

The transition probabilities were computed by an IBM 7090 electronic computer and written onto a magnetic tape in a Binary-Coded-Decimal (BCD)

form. This BCD tape was printed on the IBM 1403

printer for reference purposes. A FORTRAN computer code was then written to convert this BCD

tape into a binary tape which contained the proper

bit-patterns to operate a magnetic-tape-controlled

Linofilm photocomposition machine. This machine

was located at the IBM Watson Research Center

where it was being used in a language translation

project.

The table of transition probabilities consists of 559

pages of data. Preparation of the film from the

magnetic tape took about 80 hours. About twelve

50-foot rolls of 8-inch wide positive film were used.

The plates for offset printing were made photographically, directly from the films. The computation of the data and preparation of the BCD tape took

twenty minutes on a 7090 computer; the conversion

from the BCD tape to the binary tape in Linofilm

format took thirteen minutes. It would have taken

about 300 hours to set the table by conventional

methods. The proofreading and correcting of typographical errors would also have taken considerably more time, especially since the table produced was

not completely proofread. (After proofreading the

first few pages without finding an error, a decision was made to check only the first and last fine of each

page.)

Data for a second publication, Spectral-Line Intensities and gf-Values in the First Spectrum of

Copper by Charles H. Corhss, National Bureau of

Standards Journal of Research 66A (Physics and

Chemistry), No. 6, 497 (Nov.-Dec. 1962), was pre- pared by using a magnetic-tape-to-paper-tape converter. The paper tape was then fed into a standard

(paper-tape-controlled) photocomposition machine.

2. Description of Character Codes

The binary magnetic tape for input to the paper

tape converter was recorded in "records" of 250

computer "words" of 36 bits each at high density

(556 bits per inch). Each computer word contained

two characters to be typeset, corresponding to two

rows of holes on the 15-channel paper tape.

The binary information on the magnetic tape must

correspond exactly to the binary holes to be punched

on the paper tape, except for three bits per character

which are not read from the magnetic tape. These

extraneous bits are taken care of automatically by

the proper choice of octal numbers which represent

each character. For example, if the upper case

letter, capital "A" is designated by the octal numbers 0504g followed by the proper width information

for the font to be used, e.g., a width of thirteen

units^lSg units, then the octal number 0504158 will write the proper bit pattern on the magnetic tape

(eighteen bits) so that the correct fifteen-bit pattern

will be punched on the paper tape. All letters,

numbers and printed symbols start their code number with a zero. Instructions to the photocomposition machine such as "change grids," "change point
size," "justify," or "quad left," etc., start with a 1, 2, or 3 as the first digit.

As each computer word (IBM7090) consists of 36

bits, it is possible to place two characters in each

word. For example, the chemical symbol for so- dium, Na, would be written on the magnetic tape as 040416022311, the 0404 representing the upper case "N" having a width of 168 units and the 0223 the

lower case "a" having a width of lis units. These computer words are prepared by a computer code. Our data were converted from a BCD

magnetic tape, in standard IBM format, to the binary

magnetic tape, in Linofilm format, by a FORTRAN

code containing a SUBROUTINE (FORTRAN subroutine) of the following type:

ENTRY LINOB

LINOB SXA XRl.l SXA XR2,2

AXT 1,1 INPUT

AXT 1,2 OUTPUT

LOOP LDQ DATA+1,1

ZAC

CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FIRST CHARACTER

ALS 18 CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 SECOND CHARACTER

SLW OUTPUT+1,2

TXI *+l,2,l ZAC

CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 THIRD CHARACTER

ALS 18 CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FOURTH CHARACTER

SLW OUTPUT+1,2

TXI *+l,2,l ZAC

CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 FIFTH CHARACTER

ALS18 ALS 18 CAQ TABLE-127,0,1 SIXTH CHARACTER

SLW OUTPUT+1,2

TXI *+l,2,l TXI *+l,l,l TXL LOOP,l,12

XR1 AXT *,1 XR2 AXT *,2 TRA 1,4 DATA COMMON 12 OUTPUT COMMON 36 TABLE COMMON 2584 PAGENO COMMON 1 PRNTNO COMMON 3 END

This subroutine selects the proper Linofilm codes

from a table in the following way: A word (36 bits in BCD) of DATA is loaded by the LDQ instruction into

the Multiplier Quotient Register (MQ). (For ex- ample, "HG 198" would be loaded as 30276001-

11108 .) The Accumulator Register (AC) is cleared

by the ZAC; then the CAQ instruction reads the first six bits of the DATA word in the MQ (the 308 rep- resenting the "H" in the example) and adds this number to TABLE-127 to form a new address,

TABLE-127+30. This location contains the Linofilm bit pattern for the letter "h."

In the actual SUBROUTINE used for Monograph 53, the first letter of each chemical symbol was capitalized. This was done by having two

tables, TABLE-127 containing the lower case or unshifted characters and TABLE-63 containing the

upper case or shift position characters. The

proper table was selected by the code; in the above

example the address actually chosen would have

been TABLE-63+30, containing the Linofilm bit pat- tern for the upper case "H" (033313, the 333 repre- senting the letter "H", the 13 giving the width of the

letter, and the left-most digit being zero since this is a character to be printed). This number is added

into the AC which then contains 000000033313.

The CAQ instruction rotates the DATA in the MQ

six bits to the left so that the next character, repre- sented by 27, is in the left six bits of the MQ. The

contents of the AC are then shifted left 18 binary

places by the ALS 18 instruction, in order to make

room for the second character. The AC now contains 033313000000.

The next computer instruction, which is another

CAQ, looks up the 27th (octal) entry in TABLE-127,

which would be the Linofilm bit-pattern for lower

case "g", and adds it to the contents of the AC:

033313000000g=H

000000012310B=g

0333130123108=Hg.

This value is stored in the OUTPUT. The code

then continues with the "space" and the numeral 1 which would be stored in the OUTPUT as 0000060-

2051 lg. In this case the "space" is given a value of

6 units, but it could be any value desired from 048 to 378 units. The last two digits, 98, would be stored

as 0212110225118 . Note that all the numerals have a constant

width, in this instance 118 . The width to be used is of course determined by the choice of type style.

This SUBROUTINE will convert all BCD data into

the proper bit patterns for the photocomposition

machine. However, additional instructions are needed for the operation of the photocomposition

machine. The first computer word on the output

tape must contain the point size and film advance

information as shown in the octal printout of figure 1. For example, if a 10 point type size with a 10 point

film advance is specified, then the first word would

be 2405002212008 in which 2405 designates "change

point size" to the fifth size listed.. The next two

zeros are ignored. The 2212 specifies the film ad- vance to be 128 units, which equals 10 points. The

next instruction is the grid selection; in order to simplify the coding problem this instruction was re- peated, so that the second word on the magnetic

tape was 260400260400 to instruct the machine to choose grid number 04. The right-hand half of this word could, of course, be the first character of the

output information.

An "end-of-line" code must be given at the end of

each fine. This work, being tabular, was given a "Quad left" instruction. In order to simulate this instruction as punched on the standard paper tape,

the following is written on the magnetic tape:

3114001000008 followed by six words of zeros, i.e.: 000000000000 written six times.
Ten quad-lefts were written on the tape at the end

of each page in order to give 10 blank lines between

the pages for cutting them apart.

The output tape must be written in the binary

mode and must not contain any extraneous words

such as tape-checking words. This meant that the

FORTRAN "WRITE TAPE" instruction cannot be

used. However, a subroutine can be called by a FORTRAN statement such as: CALL WTBA6 (BLOCK(J),K,IOERR)

where J, is the index for the end of each record, K, is the record size e.g. 250, and IOERR is the tape error

exit. The following SUBROUTINE written in the

FAP symbolic coding system was used:

WTBA6

ENTRY WTBA6

SXA XRA,1

AXT 10,1

CLA 1,4

STA 10

CLA* 2,4

STD 10

WTBA 6

RCHA 10

TCOA * XEC *-l

TRCA *+5

24050

02051 03340

05031

04341

31140 04230

04230

02340

04031 00000

00003 occco coooo

00001 00001

00001

05321 03251

00001 05321

03121

00001

00001 oocco

05251

02051

05321 02251 00000

00001 00001

0221200

1023105 7040311 0040311 2260100 01C0000

6030311 6041413

7CC0036 2012310

0000000 6000036

COOOOOO

0000000

2CC0012

2042512

2C00012 2023105

2000012

2020512 20C0012

2053212

2000012 2000012

CCC0000

2032512

2C21212

2023105

2020512

0000000

2000012

20C0012

260400 000030

020311

060312

311400

ccoccc

032313 C00036

C00036

000006

00000C C00036

CCCCCC C0OO0O

C00012

053212

C00012

053212

311400 051212

C00012

051212

C00012 012212 cooooo

051212

C00012 053212

C00012 CC0CC0

000012 CCC012

260400 260500

022312

060312

1C0000 0C0000

023407

000025

000023

012310 COOOOO

0C0027

CCOOOO 000000

000012

021212 000012

053212

1C0000 020512 000012

020512

000012

052512

000000

042512

012212

031212

000012 000000

CC0012

042512

00C031

030413

020311 030310

000000

OOOCCC 051406

042415 012310

052307

000036

020511 000000 000000

052512

042512

053212

042512

oooooc 000012

000012 000012

000012 023105

OOOOOC

023105

000012 022512

000012

000000

000012

000031 033407

051406 033407

000000

000000

042306 032313 050415

000005 000036

053211 000000

000000

032512

042512 023105

051212

COOOOO

000012

C00012

C 00012 000012

020512

CCOOOO

021212 031212

000012

C00012 000000

000012

000036000036

022312032312

021406051406

260600040622

000000000000 000000000000

031511000022 030311033410

000036000036

311400100000 000036000036 260200013307

000000000000

000000000000

052512032512 000012012212

053212042512

000012000012 000000000000

000012000012

000012051212

000012000012 053212023105

042512000012

000012020512 051212000012

032512021212

000012000012

000012000012 000000000000

052512032512

0000360 0234070

0423060

0224150

0000000 0000000

0405220 0123100

0000360

0000000

0000060

2601000

0000000

0000000

0231050 0000120

0525120 0000120

0000000

0000120 0212120

0000120

0532120

3114001 0425120

0000120

0412120 0000120

0122120

0000000 0425120

00030

51406 51406

40311 00000

00000

22307

31511 00007

00000

50415

30606 00000 00000

32512

31212 00012

00012 00000

00012

53212 00012

53212 00000

41212

00012

21212

00012

52512 00000

41212

03041 04230

03031 03231

00000

00000

04151 00000

01231 00000

00003 02340 00000

00001

02251 02121

00001 00001 00000

05251

02051 05321

03121 00000

00001 00001

00001

00001 02310

00000 02310

4022312 6051406

0023407

2042306 0000000

0000000

1030311 6053314

0052307 0000000

6000036

7030311 0000000

2000012

2000012 2053212

2000012

2000012

0000000

2032512 2021212

2023105

2051212 0000000

2000012

2000012 2000012 2000012

5053212 0000000

5051212

020312021411 040311032312

000006040311 051405032312 000000000000 000000000000

021406030311

030311041511 000036000036 000000000000

000036000036

050311260300

311400100000 031212022512

000012000012

353212051212

000012000012 012212052512

oooooooooooo

051212053212 000012012212

053212031212

000012000012 oooooooooooo

000012000012

000012051212 000012000012

053212023105

021212000012

000012000012

053212000012

030312

000006 052307

053412 000000 023304

032313

030311 000022 000000

000027

311400 000000

000012

000012 000012

000012 023105

000000

023105

000012

053212

000012

000000

000012

021212

000012 053212

311400 042512

000012

000006

060312 000006

030311 000000

032313

012310 021406

053314

000000 013317

100000 000000

000012 000012

000012

000012 051212

oooooo

053212

031212

000012

000012 000000

000012 053212

000012

053212

100000 020512 000012

05321

00001 05321

31140 03251

00001 04251 C0001

01221

CCOCO CCOCO

0~2310 00001 02251

00001 00C0O

CC001 02121

00001

05321 31140 02251

00001

03121

00001 01221

2020512 20C0012

2053212

0100000

2053212

2000012

2020512 2C00012

2052512

COOOOOO

CCOOOOO

5042512 2031212 2031212

20C0012 0000000

2CC0012

20 5 32 12 2C00012 2053212 0100000

2041212

2000012

2051212 2000012

2052512

02051

05321

05251 cocoo

C0001 C0001

00001 CCC01 02310

CCCCC

C0001

02251

03251

C0001

00001 CCCCO

05251

02051

05321

02121 CCCCC

CC001

C0001 C0001

C0001 02310

2042512

2023105

2051212 0000000

2CC0012 2000012 2000012

2CC0012

5042512 0000000

2000012 2000012

2053212

20C0012

2000012 0000000

2022512 2021212

2023105 2031212

COOOOOO

2000012 2CC0012

2000012 2000012

5022512

000012

053212

000012 000000

000012

000012

000012 053212

031212

311400 020512

000012

032512 000012

012212

oooooo

041212 000012

053212

000012 OOCOOO

000012

000012

0CC012

053212

021212

012212

052512 000012 000000

000012 042512

000012 023105

000012

100000 041212 000012

042512

000012 052512 OOOOOO

0225J2 012212

022512

C00012

000000

000012 020512

C00012

023105

000012

000012031212

052512000012

000012000012 OOOOOOOOOOOO

000012000012

053212020512

000012000012

053212053212 311400100000

OOOOOOOOOOOO

000012000012

000012000012

000012000012 000012000012

023105021212 OOOOOOOOOOOO

023105052512

000012031212

053212000012

000012000012 OOOOOOOOOOOO

000012000012 020512052512

000012 000012 053212053212 311400100000

0312120

0000120

0000120

0000000 0525120

0205120 0532120

0512120

0000000

0000000 0000120

0000120 0000120

0532120

0225120

0000120 0525120

0512120

0000120

0000120

0000000

0525120

0532120

0532120

0205120

0000000

21212

00012

00012 00000

32512 42512 23105

42512 00000

00000

00012 42512

00012

23105

00012

20512 00012

21212 00012

00012 00000

22512

51212 23105

51212 00000

05321

00001

01221 00000

04251

00001

05321 00001 00000

00000

00001

05321

00001

05321 3U40

05121

00001

02121

00001 01221 00000

04121

00001

05321

00001 00000

2041212

2000012

2052512 0000000

2021212 2012212

2051212 2000012

0000000 0000000

2000012

2021212

2000012 2053212

0100000 2021212

2000012

2041212

2000012

2052512 0000000

2022512

2012212

2020512

2000012 0000000

000012

000012

023105

oooooo 023105

000012

051212 000012 oooooo

oooooo

052512

042512

053212

020512 oooooo

000012

000012 000012

000012

023105

OOOOOO

023105

000012

053212 000012

000000

000012

000012

032512 oooooo

022512

031212 000012

000012

000000 000000

022512

042512 023105

020512

000000

000012 000012

000012

000012 053212

OOOOOO

031212

042512 000012

000012 000000

000012 053212

051212

000012

042512 031212

000012 000012

000000

000000

042512 000012

053212

000012

OOOOOO

000012

000012 000012

053212

020512 000012

051212

032512

000012

000012 000000

000012

023105

000012 000012

000012 022512

000012

000012 000000

oooooo

032512

012212

053212

000012

000000

000012 051212

000012 023105

000012

020512

000012 020512

000012 000012

OOOOOO

FIGURE 1. Octal print-oat of data on magnetic tape used to prepare paper tape for

the photocomposition machine.
XRA AXT M

OUT TRA 4,4

ERR STZ 3,4

TRA 4,4

TNX ERR,1,1

BSRA 6

TRA B

10 IOCD

END

** i

An example of the data on the binary tape is given

by the octal print-out in figure 1. The data of

figure 1 may be interpreted by the use of the octal

codes given in figures 2 and 3. The final result, as produced by the photocomposition machine, is shown in figure 4.

3. Conclusion

Computed and computer-processed data can now

be prepared for publication by an automatic method

that retains the high typographic quality of conventional typesetting. Better page formats with less waste space result in less cost for paper, with the

added benefit of a smaller size which is easier to handle. Probably the most important improvement,

however, is in readability. The printing is not only

clear and distinct, but the availability of a choice of

type styles, mathematical symbols, special symbols,

and Greek and italic characters to fit each particular

job contributes toward the publication of data which

is easier to understand and a pleasure to read

and use.

I

Keyboord Chart

Shift

Unshift

502 335 402 202 235 302 406 316 535 522 215 306

435 205 525 512 425 412 325 312 225 212 532 331

Shift

Unshift

22

Q

2 W

3

E

4

R

5

T

6

Y

7

U

8

1

9 10

P

II 12

505 405 424 413 304 432 213 233 324 124 321

222 322 303 334 423 315 534 514 403 603 431

23

Shift

Unshift

A S D F 6 H J K L 504 513 313 204 604 333 613 133 533 615 416

223 234 434 523 123 414 134 614 214 132 421

24 30 32 33 34

Shift

Unshift

35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Figure 2. Keyboard chart showing the octal code for each key position.

43

z X C V B N M

232 305 224 332 524 404 433 516 506 122

515 422 503 415 203 323 314 221 231 605

44

Acknowledgment

I wish to thank all those who helped me with this problem, especially

Charles DeWitt Coleman for his valuable suggestions and assistance

with the computer programming.
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TABLE 1. Transition probabilities of copper — Continued

Intensity Wavelength

A

Energy Levels

K

gA

108/sec

gf Loggf

78

131

145

41

60

2626.68

2630.00

2634.93

2645.30

2649.84

40944 - 39019 - 39019 - 40114 - 40114 -

- 79003

- 77031

- 76959

- 77905

- 77841

0.042

0.070

0.078

0.022

0.033

0.0043

0.0073

0.0081

0.0023

0.0034

-2.36

-2.14

-2.09

-2.63

-2.47

15

139

185

65

56

2846.48

2858.22

2858.73

2890.84

2891.64

40944 - 39019 - 11203 - 44406 - 44544 -

- 76064

- 73995

- 46173

- 78988

- 79116

0.0087

0.080

0.010

0.038

0.033

0.0011

0.0097

0.0013

0.0048

0.0042

-2.98

-2.01

-2.89

-2.32

-2.38

11 29

119

103

98

2931.70

2933.06

2978.30

2979.38

2998.38

40944 - 39019 - 43514 - 43514 - 11203 -

- 75044

- 73103

- 77080

- 77068

- 44544

0.0065

0.017

0.072

0.063

0.0036

0.00084

0.0022

0.0096

0.0083

0.00048

-3.08

-2.66

-2.02

-2.08

-3.32

161

54

191

179

90

3012.00

3014.85

3021.54

3022.61

3024.99

40114 - 41153 - 40909 - 39019 - 30535 -

- 73305

- 74313

- 73995

- 72093

- 63585

0.096

0.033

0.12

0.11

0.044

0.013

0.0045

0.016

0.015

0.0060

-1.88

-2.35

-1.80

-1.84

-2.22

Figure 4. Portion of page from the machine that was produced from the data

illustrated in figure 1.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1963 OL— 685632
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover. WASHINGTON, D. C.

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