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"Fireform" - A Computerized

Collection of Convenient Fire

Safety Computations

NBS

PUBLICATIONS

Harold E. Nelson

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

April 1986

Supported in part by the:

United States Air Force

Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida

and

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86-3308

1986

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nt of Health and Human Services

>n, DC

N35S EESEAKC;; infopj^ation

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NBSIR 86-3308

' # » “FIREFORM" - A COMPUTERIZED

COLLECTION OF CONVENIENT FIRE

SAFETY COMPUTATIONS

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Harold E. Nelson

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

April 1986

Supported in part by the: United States Air Force

Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida

and

Department of Health and Human Services

Washington, DC

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director
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Table of Contents

Page

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 2

2. RUNNING THE PROGRAMS ................... 2

3. SPRINKLER/DETECTOR RESPONSE - MENU ITEM 1 ........ 2

4. AVAILABLE SAFE EGRESS TIME (ASET) - MENU ITEM 2 ........... 5

5. SMOKE FLOW THROUGH AN OPENING - MENU ITEM 3 ............. 8

6. BUOYANT GAS HEAD - MENU ITEM 4 10

7. THOMAS' FLASHOVER CORRELATION - MENU ITEM 5 . . . 11

8. FIRE SEVERITY - M. LAW'S CORRELATIONS - MENU ITEM 6 12

9. PLUME FILLING RATE - MENU ITEM 7 ......... 14

10. FIRE/WIND/STACK FORCES ON A DOOR - MENU ITEM 8 16

11. LATERAL FLAME SPREAD - MENU ITEM 9 ..... 20

12. RADIANT IGNITION OR A NEAR FUEL - MENU ITEM 10 21

13. UPPER LEVEL TEMPERATURE - MENU ITEM 11 . . 23

14. EGRESS TIME - MENU ITEM 12 27

15. ATRIUM SMOKE TEMPERATURE - MENU 13 31

16. PLUME GAS TEMPERATURE - MENU ITEM 14 33

17. CEILING PLUME JET TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE PLUME IMPINGEMENT ZONE

- MENU ITEM 15 34

18. REFERENCES 36

APPENDIX A Computer Programs - FIREFORM & MAIN MENU 38

APPENDIX B Computer Program - SPRINKLER/DETECTOR RESPONSE 40

APPENDIX C Computer Program - ASETBX 46

APPENDIX D Computer Program - SMOKE FLOW THROUGH AN OPENING 51

APPENDIX E Computer Program - BUOYANT GAS HEAD 53

ill
APPENDIX F Computer Program - FLASHOVER ....... 55

APPENDIX G Computer Program - FIRE SEVERITY .............. 57

APPENDIX H Computer Program - PLUME FILLING .............. 60

APPENDIX I Computer Program - FORCES ON A DOOR ....... 62

APPENDIX J Computer Program - LATERAL FLAME SPREAD ........... 68

APPENDIX K Computer Program - IGNITION OF NEAR FUEL . .... 71

APPENDIX L Computer Program - UPPER LAYER TEMPERATURE . . 74

APPENDIX M Computer Program - EGRESS . 81

APPENDIX N Computer Program - ATRIUM TEMPERATURE 87

APPENDIX 0 Computer Program - PLUME TEMPERATURE . 89

APPENDIX P Computer Program - CEILING JET TEMPERATURE . . 93

iv
FIREFORM A COMPUTERIZED COLLECTION OF CONVENIENT FIRE SAFETY COMPUTATIONS

Harold E. Nelson

Center for Fire Research

ABSTRACT

A computerized system of convenient fire safety computations is presented.

Subjects covered include smoke filling in a room, sprinkler/detector

activation, smoke flow through (small) openings, temperatures and pressures

developed by fires, flashover and fire severity prediction, fire propagation

(in special cases) , and simple egress estimation. All programs are based on established formulas and are programmed in BASIC for microcomputers. The

largest single program is less than 9000 bytes. The programming was done on HP

series 100 computers using Microsoft BASIC (Version 5.28.) The entire package

has been operated on both Hewlett Packard Series 100 and IBM PC machines and

has run properly using Microsoft, GWBASIC, and BASICA interpreters.

Key Words; building fires, computer programs, egress, fire detection, fire

models, fire plumes, flame spread, manuals, smoke movement, sprinkler response;
1

INTRODUCTION

This report presents a computerized system of convenient fire safety

computations that have been found useful in fire protection engineering problem

solving. The collection is a series of individual procedures called from a common menu rather than an integrated model.

All of the procedures have been programmed in BASIC. Since the principal users

are expected to be practicing fire protection engineers in the United States

all input and output values are expressed in the English system of dimensions.

The package consists of 17 individual computer programs. Most are brief. The

first two programs provide a menu and call the other 15 programs. All the other

programs are engineering computations

2.

RUNNING THE PROGRAMS

To operate the collection load a BASIC interpreter into a microcomputer and

enter the command to run the file FIREFORM. BAS

FIREFORM is a short program. When run, it displays the program title and other

opening remarks. FIREFORM concludes with the instruction "PRESS <RETURN> TO

VIEW THE MENU OF COMPUTATION PROCEDURES IN THE COLLECTION". To continue strike

the carriage return on the keyboard. This action calls the program file

MM. BAS.

A numbered menu listing the title of each of the engineering procedures is then

displayed on the screen. Also the instruction (prompt) "ENTER NUMBER OF

FORMULA DESIRED?" appears at the bottom of the screen. To call an engineering

procedure, enter the appropriate number and strike the Return (Carriage Return)

key. The menu will then be removed from the screen and replaced with the title

and first input prompt of the procedure selected.

The programming of the individual procedures are arranged so that the user may

repeat the procedure with revised inputs or return to the Main Menu at the

conclusion of each execution. If a printer is available, the user can also

direct the printer to print the outputs

Each of the procedures operates independently of other procedures and variables

are not conveyed from one procedure to another.

The programs for FIREFORM and MM are listed in Appendix A.

3.

SPRINKLER/DETECTOR RESPONSE - MENU ITEM 1

This procedure contains a method for calculating the thermal response of a detector or sprinkler head located near the ceiling of a large space. The

2
program used is that developed by D. D. Evans [1]^ based on Alpert's

correlation equations [2]. The theory and dociomentation are presented by Evans

[3]. The program is a quasi steady-state model.

The program assumes an unconfined ceiling (the case for a large room) and a detector or sprinkler head positioned near the ceiling. In a room small enough

for a significant hot gas layer collection prior to detector (or sprinkler

head) operation, this program will indicate an activation time that is longer

than that which would actually occur. The amount of discrepancy will vary

according to room size and rate of fire buildup. In a small room with a slowly

developing fire the computed time may be 30 to 50 percent too long.

Conversely the program will indicate too fast an operation for sidewall

sprinkler heads or detectors located on the wall or on the ceiling close to the

wall. This is due to back pressure that tends to restrict the flow of hot

gases into the ceiling-wall corner space. An approximation can be made of the

response of such a device by revising the program to divide the ceiling jet

velocity (variable V6 in the program) in half.

Two format changes have been made in the program as developed by Evans . These

are

a. The original program assumes that the value of the Response Time Index

(RTI) will be in the metric form. The revision allows the user to enter

RTI in either metric or English units.

b. The original coding permits selected changes of any variable except the

description of the fire. This version adds the fire description to the

set of changeable variables.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 1. Once called it presents the user with a series of prompts (ie:

messages requiring user action.) The prompt statements that appear on the

computer screen are shown below in quotation marks (" ".)

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computations enter "Y" (for

yes). If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "HEIGHT OF CEILING ABOVE FUEL (ft)=7". Enter the distance from the top of

the fuel bed to the ceiling in feet. If the fuel bed is irregular make an approximation that best describes the average burning level.

3. "DISTANCE OF DETECTOR FROM AXIS OF FIRE (ft)=?". Enter the lateral distance

from the point on the ceiling directly above the center of the fire to the

position of the detector or sprinkler head. If the exact location of the fire

^Numbers in brackets refer to the literature references listed at the end

of this paper.

3
is unknovm it is recommended that the distance entered be the greatest expected

distance

4. "INITIAL ROOM TEMPERATURE (F)=?". Enter the expected room temperature in

degrees F, If the room temperature is likely to vary, enter the lowest

expected room temperature that might occur at the start of a fire. This will

produce a conservative answer.

5. "DETECTOR ACTIVATION TEMPERATURE ( F) =?" . Enter the operating temperature of

the detector or sprinkler head in degrees F. For heat actuated detectors this

should be the setting on the device. The present program is not appropriate for

rate -of- rise devices. However, an approximation of the response of a modern

smoke detector can be made. Heskestad [20] has shown that the size of fire

necessary to deliver a detectable concentration of smoke to a smoke detector

will, for fires involving most common materials, raise the ceiling jet

temperature at the detector about 23 degrees F. To make this approximation

enter a temperature 23 degrees F greater than the room temperature previously

entered.

6. "WILL RTI BE ENTERED IN THE METRIC OR IN THE ENGLISH SYSTEM? ENTER [M] IF

METRIC; [E] IF ENGLISH". Some laboratories measuring RTI report the value in

the English system of units others in the metric system. English system

dimensions are ft. -sec. to the 1/2 power. Those in the metric system are dimensioned meters -sec. to the 1/2 power. Enter "M" if the data to be used is

in the metric system. Enter "E" if the data to be used is in the English

system.

7. "DETECTOR RESPONSE TIME INDEX (RTI) =?". Enter the RTI value of the device

to be measured. If the devise is a smoke detector enter 0.1.

8. At this point the program calculates and displays the minimum energy level

necessary to operate the detection device. The value is appropriate only for an extremely long duration fire. All other fires will require a rate of energy

release greater than the value displayed.

9. "TIME (SEC)=? HEAT RELEASE (kW)=?". The program next requires the

entering of the description of the fire. The required description is in the

form of data pairs of time and the corresponding rate of energy release. The

program makes straight line interpolations between the points provided. The source of the fire data is at the discretion of the user. The user may

reference experimental burn data or develop points from any source he chooses.

The entries are made sequentially, first as a time in seconds (followed by a carriage return) and then as the corresponding rate of heat release in kW

(followed by another carriage return.) The program will prompt up to 101

sequential pairs of entries.

When all of the fire data entries have been made, the user enters the value -9

in response to the prompt "TIME(SEC)=? . " This instructs the program to start

computing the approximate temperature of the hot gas jet striking the detection

device and the resulting temperature of that device. The program displays (at

10 simulated second intervals) the time, the rate of heat release, the jet

temperature, and the device temperature. This tally continues until the

4
temperature of the detection device reaches its activation temperature. The

program then displays the time of detector activation.

Regardless of the number or level of entry values, the program will terminate

calculations when the detection reaches its operating temperature. If,

conversely the fire terminates prior to development of detector operating

temperature, the message, "DETECTOR WILL NOT ACTIVATE UNDER CONDITIONS

DESCRIBED. TO TRY AGAIN ENTER Y (FOR YES.)" will appear. If y is entered, the

program will return to the starting position.

10. "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y or N) " . If the prompt is

answered "N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the

user is presented with prompts that allow him to change any prior input. When

the prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present

the new results.

11. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix B.

4. AVAILABLE SAFE EGRESS TIME (ASET) - MENU ITEM 2

This procedure contains a mathematical model for estimating the rise in

temperature and the descent of the fire produced hot gas layer in the room of

fire origin. It considers conditions up to the point that the room approaches

flashover but does not predict the conditions at or following the occurrence of

flashover.

The program used is that developed by Cooper [4] and documented by Cooper and

Stroup [5]. The form of the (ASET) program used is that developed by Walton

[6] for BASIC programs on microcomputers and usually abbreviated as ASETB. The

model as presented herein is referred to as ASETBX to indicate that it is a modification to ASETB.

The model addresses only one room (or other enclosed space) and assumes that

there are no open doors or other vents to carry smoke from the room. The model

also assumes that there is some type of floor level vent sufficient to prevent

any buildup of pressure due to expansion of hot gases.

The differences between ASETBX and ASETB are format in nature. ASETBX differs

from ASETB by:

a. Providing the ability to have the results printed in hard copy as they

appear on the screen of the computer.

b. Setting the heat loss fraction at 0.9 (ie: 90%) but giving the user the

option of changing this value.

c. Providing the user with an input that allows him to select the printout

interval

5
d. Including additions to the model that provide the opportunity of

repeating the computations, changing any selected variables.

ASETBX operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu as Formula 2. Once called it presents the user with a series of prompts (ie;

messages requiring user action.) The prompt statements that appear on the

computer screen are shown below in quotation marks (" ".)

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computations enter "Y" (for

yes). If not enter "N" (for no.)

2.

"ENTER TITLE". The user may enter a short title (up to 79 spaces long) or may leave this blank.

3. "HEAT LOSS FRACTION IS PRESET AT 90%. DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS? Y/N?".

If "Y" is entered the following second message will appear, "NEW VALUE FOR HEAT

LOSS FRACTION =?".

Heat loss fraction is the estimated portion of the total energy produced by the

fire that either is lost (primarily by radiation) before the hot gases enter

the upper layer of smoke or which after entering that layer is transferred out

of it. Losses from the upper layer can be by radiation or by heat transfer to

the ceiling or walls in contact with the hot gases. Since ASETBX assumes a closed room no heat is lost by flow of hot gases out of the room. The higher

the value of the heat loss fraction the less the energy that stays in the fire

gases. This effects both the amount of hot gases produced and the temperature

of those gases. The effect on temperature is. greater than the impact on quantity of smoke (or the resultant speed of descent of the hot gas layer.

Cooper [4] provides some guidance for selecting the value to be used. The

range is normally between 0.6 (60%) and about 0.92 (92%.

A value of 0.8 to

0.9 is recommended for those situations where the room height and width are of

similar dimension. The value decreases towards 0.6 as the width increases

relative to the height and increase towards the maximum as the height increases

relative to the width.

4. "FIRE HEIGHT (ft)" Enter the distance from the floor to the top of the

burning item. If the item is irregular in shape, estimate the average burning

surface

5. "ROOM CEILING HEIGHT (ft)". Enter the distance from the floor to the

ceiling

6. "ROOM FLOOR AREA (sq ft)". Enter the floor area of the room or other space

involved.

7. "PRINTOUT INTERVAL (sec)". Enter the desired frequency of printout of

results. This choice will not effect the calculations, only the frequency of

displaying the results. Shorter intervals (less than 10 sec.) are recommended

when the user wants to examine a specific detail or affect. Longer intervals

when his interests are in the general trends or broad comparison.

6
8. "MAXIMUM TIME (sec)?". Enter the maximum time that the computer is to run

in terms of simulated seconds from the moment of fire initiation. The choice

of a shorter time will result in a prompt report of the conditions near the

beginning of a fire. The choice of a longer time will provide data covering a longer period of burning but will lengthen the time to complete a single run of

the model. Experience will guide the user in the times most suitable to his

needs. As a start 300 to 600 seconds is suggested.

9. "INPUT FIRE TIMES AND HEAT RELEASE RATES (use -9,-9 to end input)" "TIME

(sec), HEAT RELEASE RATE (kW)?". These messages require that the user enter

the description of a fire. The description is in terms of time and rate of

energy release. The program makes straight line interpolations between the

points provided. The source of the fire data is at the discretion of the user. The user may refer experimental burn data or develop points from any formula

that he chooses. The entries are made sequentially in paired sets of time and

rate of energy release at that time. Each pair of time and the corresponding

rate of energy release are entered on a single line separated by a comma. When

both values are typed the entry is made by striking the carriage return. For

example, if a fire at 100 seconds is burning at the rate of 250 kW the entry is

"100,250 <Carriage Return>." Since the model assumes that the fire at zero seconds produces zero heat release, it is not necessary to enter a value for

the moment of ignition.

Following the initial entry the computer will prompt any niomber of sequential

entries up to TOO pairs. These are entered as individual pairs. Remember that

the computer makes a straight line interpolation between points. The computer

will terminate the computations when either the maximum time previously entered

is reached or the maximum time indicated by a fire data entry is exceeded.

Enter the fire data in pairs of data separate by a comma. For example if the

point to be entered is 1000 kW at 200 seconds enter 200,1000 (ie : TIME , HEAT

RELEASE RATE.)

When all of the data points are entered, enter -9,-9 and strike the <RETURN>

key. This signals the computer to begin the computations.

10. The computer now computes the approximate average temperature of the hot

smoke and gases accumulating in the upper layer of the room and the level at

the bottom of that layer above the floor. This information along with the rate

of heat release is reported as a function of time. The output tracks the

increase in temperature and descent of the smoke layer with time. The data is

printed at intervals equal to the time interval specified as the printout

interval

11. "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". In a series of prompts

the user is allowed to change the heat loss fraction, the fire height, the room ceiling height, the room floor area, the printout interval, the maximum time, or the fire. In each case if the user enters "Y" a prompt calling for the new value will appear. If "N" is entered, no such prompt will e given and the

computer will advance to the next question. If the question "CHANGE FIRE" is

answered with "Y"

the complete series of entries for the fire will be

7
presented. The complete series must be entered. Single point changes are not

possible. When all of the questions are answered, the program will

automatically re-run the model with the revised variables.

12, The computer program listing is contained in Appendix C.

5. SMOKE FLOW THROUGH AN OPENING - MENU ITEM 3

This procedure contains a mathematical formula for estimating the volumetric

flow of the heated smoke through an orifice type of opening. The formula is

considered appropriate for openings ranging from the cracks around doors to

opening as large as door openings . The formula is inappropriate for openings

having duct like features (ie: a passage where the passage length is

significantly greater than the narrow dimension of the opening.)

The formula is designed to calculate flow based on the pressure produced by the

hot gas layer developed by a fire. The formula computes this pressure based on

the average temperature of the hot gas layer and the height of the opening

above the base of that layer. It does not calculate the pressure produced by

any other pressure sources such as wind pressure, stack effect. It also assumes that the space has sufficient venting so that there is no increase in

pressure other than that produced by the reduction in density due to expansion

of the hot gases in the smoke layer. As programmed the formula assumes that room temperature is 70 degrees F.

The formula used is:

Q=7214A( (1/530-1/T) " . 5) (H" . 5) ( (T/530) " . 5)

Where:

Q = Flow of smoke in cubic feet per minute.

A = The area of the leakage opening in sq. ft.

T = The average temperature of the hot gas layer in degrees R. (ie:

Degrees F + 460)

H = The vertical distance from the base of the hot layer to the

center of the opening in ft.

NOTE: The symbol is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this s3onbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression (H^.5) is

read the square root of H.

8
The formula has been derived from those presented by Klote and Fothergill [7]

in their manual Design of Smoke Control Systems for Buildings. Formulas 2.5a,

2.2, and 2 . 5 from that manual were used to derive the formula for this

procedure as follows:

Q-2610A((xP)".5) (2.5a)

xP=7.64(l/To-l/Ts)H (2.2)

Q-A((2(xP)/d)".5) (2.5)

Where

xP = pressure difference across the flow path (in inches of water for

2.5a)

To = Absolute temperature of the surroundings in degrees R.

Ts = Absolute temperature of the hot smoke layer in degrees R.

d = density of air entering the flow path.

Other variables are the same as listed for the base formula of this

program.

The base formula is derived from the simultaneous solution of the above three

equations

Smoke Flow Through an Opening operates in an interactive mode. It is called

from the Main Menu as Formula 3. Once the formula is called, the user is

presented with a series of prompts (ie: messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt statements that appear on the computer screen are shown

below in quotation marks (" ".)

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "LEAKAGE AREA (sq. ft.)= ". Enter the cross sectional area of the leakage

opening in square feet.

NOTE; The formula assumes simple rectangular or circular openings. For

complex openings (such as the leakage spaces around closed doors) each

component rectangle should be individually evaluated. The resultant

leakage flows then summed to determine the total smoke flow.

3. "SMOKE TEMPERATURE (F) = ". Enter the average temperature of the hot gas

layer in degrees F.

9
4. "DEPTH OF SMOKE (ft) = Enter the distance in feet from the center of the

opening to the base of smoke layer (interface between the hot gas layer and the

cooler air beneath.

5. As soon as the depth of smoke is entered the computer calculates and reports

the smoke flow. The results are shown on the computer screen and copied on the

printer, if so directed.

6. "REDO CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered

"N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is

presented with a series of prompts that will allow him to change leakage area,

smoke temperature, and depth of smoke. When all of the prompts are answered

the computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results

7. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix D.

6. BUOYANT GAS HEAD - MENU ITEM 4

This procedure contains a mathematical formula for estimating the buoyant

pressure head present in a body of hot smoke. The formula calculates the

pressure imposed by a column of gas that is at a higher temperature than the

surrounding atmosphere. The formula as programmed assumes that the temperature

of the surrounding atmosphere is 70 degrees F.

The formula used is

P = 7.64(1/530 - l/Tf)H

Where

P = Pressure Difference in inches of water

Tf = Temperature of the hot gas column in degrees R. (ie.: Degrees F +

460)

H = The height of the portion of interest of the hot gas column in

feet

The formula is abstracted from the manual entitled "Design of Smoke Control

Systems in Buildings" by Klote and Fothergill [7]. It is formula 2.2 in that

manual

The computer program operates in the interactive mode. It is called from the

Main Menu as Formula 4. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with

a series of prompts (messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

.

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

10
desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "SMOKE TEMPERATURE (F)=?". Enter the temperature of the hot gas column in

degrees F.

3. "SMOKE Depth (FT)=?". Enter the height in feet from the base of the smoke

column to the point of interest in feet.

4. As soon as the depth of smoke is entered the computer calculates and reports

the pressure head. The results are shown on the computer screen and copied on

the printer, if so directed.

5. "REPEAT WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N" , the

computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is presented

with a series of prompts that will allow him to smoke temperature and depth of

smoke . When all of the prompts are answered the computer will repeat the

calculation and present the new results.

6. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix E.

7.

THOMAS' FLASHOVER CORRELATION - MENU ITEM. 5

This procedure contains a mathematical formula for estimating the amount of

energy that must be present in a room or similar confined space to raise the

upper level temperatures to a point likely to produce flashover. The formula

used was developed by Thomas [8] and recently compared to other formulas

designed to estimate temperature rise by Babrauskas [9]

The formula is.;

Q = 20Av(Hv".5) + 0.75AS

Where

Q = Flashover Energy in btu/sec.

Av = Area of Ventilation Opening (window or door) in sq. feet.

Hv = Height of Ventilation Opening in feet.

As = Interior Surface of Room (walls + ceiling + floor) in sq. feet.

NOTE: The symbol '' is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression (Hv''.5) is

read the square root of Hv.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 5. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

11
of prompts (ie; messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( " "

. )

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "LENGTH OF SPACE (ft)=?". Enter the space length in feet.

3. "WIDTH OF SPACE (ft.) =?". Enter the space width in feet.

4. "HEIGHT OF SPACE(ft) =?". Enter the height of the space in feet.

5. "HEIGHT OF OPENING (ft)=?". Enter the height of any opening in feet. If

there is no opening enter 0.

6. "WIDTH OF OPENING (ft)=?". Enter the width of any opening in feet. If

there is no opening enter 0.

7 . As soon as the width of opening is entered the computer calculates and

reports flashover energy. The results are shown on the computer screen and

copied on the printer, if so directed.

8. "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is

answered "N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the

user is presented with a series of prompts that will allow him to change any of

the room or opening dimensions. When all of the prompts are answered the

computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results.

9. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix F.

8. FIRE SEVERITY - M. LAW'S CORRELATIONS - MENU ITEM 6

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the equivalent fire severity

of the burnout of all of the available fuel in a room with at least one opening. The correlation was developed by Law [10]. The results predict the

potential impact of a post flashover fire in terms of equivalent exposure in a fire endurance furnace fired to follow the European equivalent of the standard

time - temperature curve.

Law based her correlation on data developed through an international research

program carried out under the auspices of the Conseil International du Batiment

(GIB.) The results of this GIB effort are reported by Thomas and Heselden [11].

All of the tests were conducted with wood crib fuel sources. Law reports about

a 20 percent variation depending on the porosity of the fuel. In wood cribs

porosity is based on the ratio of openings between the sticks of the crib and

the space filled by those sticks. The greater severity being experienced with

the more loosely packed cribs

12
This correlation is not appropriate for rooms that do not have openings for

ventilation. While no precise minimum can be stated, it is suggested that this

procedure not be used unless the size of the opening is at least 4 sq. feet.

The formulas is

Tm - 4.9L/((AwAt)".5)

Where

Tm ” Fire Severity (min.s)

Aw “ Ventilation Area (window or door) in sq. feet.

At = Interior surfaces to which heat is lost (walls + ceiling) in sq.

feet. NOTE: Heat loss to the floor is assumed to be negligible.

L = Total fire load in equivalent pounds of wood.

NOTE: The symbol ^ is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression ((AwAt)''.5)

is read as the square root of the product of Aw times At.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 6. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (ie: messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( " "

.

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2 .

3.

4.

5.

6 .

"LENGTH OF SPACE (ft)=?".

"WIDTH OF SPACE (ft.) =?".

"HEIGHT OF SPACE(ft) =?".

"WIDTH OF OPENING (ft)=?".

"HEIGHT OF OPENING (ft)=?"

Enter- the space length in feet.

Enter the space width in feet.

Enter the height of the space in feet.

Enter the width of any opening in feet.

Enter the height of any opening in feet.

7. "FIRE LOAD MAY BE ENTERED AS GROSS FIRE LOAD (TOTAL WEIGHT IN LBS.) OR AS

UNIT FIRE LOAD IN LBS. PER SQ. FT. OF FLOOR AREA"

"ALL FIRE LOAD IS EXPRESSED IN EQUIVALENT LBS. OF WOOD"

"ENTER BASIS - G=GROSS (LBS.) : U=UNIT (LBS./SQ. FT.)?"

13
This prompt allows the user to select the form to be used in entering the fire

(fuel) load to be evaluated.

Enter G if the total contained weight of fuel is to be provided.

If G is entered the following message will appear:

"FIRE LOAD (total lbs. in space) =?" Enter the total weight, in pounds, of all

of the combustibles in the space. Convert all fuel weights to equivalent

weight of wood. The basis for equivalency is the relative energy release per

unit mass of a fuel as compared to wood. The usual base energy release used

for wood is 8000 btu/lb.

If U is entered the following message will appear:

"FIRE LOAD (Ibs/sq. ft.) =" Enter the average unit weight in pounds per square

foot of floor area of combustibles in the space, converting all weights to

equivalent weight of wood.

8. As soon as the fire load is entered the computer calculates and reports

equivalent fire severity. The results are shown on the computer screen and

copied on the printer, if so directed.

9. "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is

answered "N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the

user is presented with a series of prompts that will allow him to change any of

the values in the prior computation. When all of .the prompts are answered the

computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results

10. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix G.

9. PLUME FILLING RATE - MENU ITEM 7

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the rate of flow of hot smoke

and gases at a given distance in the plume above a fire. The formula is

considered appropriate for the estimation of the gas flow rate in those

portions of the fire plume above the flame. The volume of hot gases includes

the air entrained in the fire plume. It is not recommended for conditions in or near the flame itself.

The formula is abstracted from those in ASET [5] and adjusted by Stroup [12]

for a typical steady state situation.

14
The formula is

W - 5.8KQ+18(KQ''l/3) (Z^5/3)

Where

W = Total flow of hot gases (cu. ft./nii^-)

Q = Burning rate (btu/sec.)

K - 1 - The radiant fraction (portion of energy radiated from the

flame .

Z = Height (in fire plume) above fire source.

NOTE: The symbol '' is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression (Q^l/3) is

read Q to the 1/3 power.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 7. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (ie; messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are .shown below in quotation

marks ( " "

.

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "SOURCE FIRE ENERGY - BURNING RATE (btu/sec) =?". Enter the burning rate of

the source fire in btu/sec.

3. "THE PROGRAM ASSUMES THAT A FRACTION OF THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE FIRE IS

RADIATED OUT OF THE PLUME. AS WRITTEN THE PROGRAM ASSUMES THIS TO BE 0.35. DO

YOU WANT OF CHANGE THIS? Y/N?" A portion of the energy in a flame is

transferred from the rising plume as radiant energy. The darker the flame (ie:

the greater the amount of soot in the flame) the greater the portion of energy

lost from the plume by radiation. Methane gas flames loose little or no radiant energy. A fire involving mostly common combustibles has a radiant

fraction of about 0.35. A very sooty fire (eg: polystyrene) may have a radiant

fraction of about 0.6. If N is entered the calculation will assume that the

radiant fraction is value of 0.35. If Y is entered the prompt "NEW VALUE FOR

RADIANT FRACTION =" will appear. Enter a value between 0.0 and 1.0 as desired

to reflect the actual radiant fraction involved.

4. "HEIGHT ABOVE FIRE (ft)=?". Enter the height above the fire of interest in

feet. Distance is measured from the top of the burning surface. The distance

should be greater than the flame height above the fuel.

15
5. As soon as the height of interest is entered the computer calculates and

reports the volume of flow at that elevation. The results are shown on the

computer screen and copied on the printer, if so directed.

6. "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is

answered "N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the

user is presented with prompts that allow him to change either the burning rate

of the fire source or the distance above the fire. When the prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results.

7. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix H.

10. FIRE/WIND/STACK FORCES ON A DOOR - MENU ITEM 8

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the forces imposed on a door

by the pressure resulting from the buoyant force of a fire. The procedure can

also estimate the additional forces that can be produced by wind and stack

effects

The procedure assumes that none of the forces are constrained by a tight

building or other situations that would constrict flow or development of full

stack forces.

The procedure involves the following assumptions:

a. All forces are additive. This is a conservative assumption

representing a "worst case" situation.

b. The fire gases impacting on the door are at a single temperature and

the base of the door is close to the floor.

c. The wind impacts on the building with a pressure coefficient, as described by Klote and Fothergill [7], of 0.8. Also the full impact of

the wind is imposed on the door.

d. The neutral plane in the building is at a point 3/4 of the height of

the building above grade. This is a reasonably conservative case for

winter conditions.

e. The normal room temperature within the building involved is 70 degrees

F.

The formulas used to develop the level of pressure are derived from those

presented by Klote and Fothergill [7]. The formulas used are identified as formulas 2.2, Buoyancy; 2.3a, Wind; and 2.1 Stack effect. Each has been

adjusted to change dimension to meet this program.

16
The formulas are:

Fire Forces:

Pf-39.7A(l/530-l/Ta)

Where

Pf = Average force in Ibs./sq. ft. of fire induced pressure.

A = Mid-height of portion of door covered by hot fire gases in feet.

Ef = R/2

Where

Ef = Fire produced force on the latch edge of the door in lbs

R = 2AWPf

Where

W = Width of door in feet.

Wind Forces:

Pw = 0.0015V^2

Where

Pw = Wind force in Ibs/sq. ft. of door.

V = Wind speed in miles per hour.

Ef = SPw/2

Where

Ef = Wind produced force on the latch edge of the door in lbs

S = Area of door in sq. feet.

17
Stack Effect Forces:

This formula assumes a neutral plane 3/4 of the building height above

grade

Ps = 19.7L(l/Tw-l/530)

Where

Ps = Average force in Ibs./sq. ft. of stack effect induced

pressure

L = Height of building in feet.

Tw = Exterior temperature in degrees R.

Es = SPs/2

Where

Es = Stack effect produced force on the latch edge of the door

in lbs

NOTE: The symbol '' is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression (H^.5) is

read the square root of H.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 8. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (ie: messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks (" ".)

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "SHOULD COMPUTATION ALSO CONSIDER 1. WIND, 2. STACK, 3 BOTH, 4. NEITHER?"

If the only concern is the fire pressure induced forces on the door, enter 4.

If the user desires to also consider the impact of wind and/or stack effect

induced forces enter 1, 2, or 3 as appropriate.

The following prompts will appear regardless of the answer given to the

previous question.

3. "DOOR HEIGHT (ft)=?". Enter the height of the door in feet.

4. "DOOR WIDTH (ft)=?". Enter the width of the door in feet.

18
5. "CEILING HEIGHT (ft)=?". Enter the distance from the floor to the ceiling

(on the fire side) in feet.

6. "SMOKE DEPTH UNDER CEILING (ft)=?". Enter the depth of the hot smoke layer

measured down from the ceiling to the hot/cold air interface in feet. The

maximum value may not exceed the ceiling height.

7. "FIRE GAS TEMPERATURE (F)=". Enter the average temperature of the hot gas

layer in degrees F.

The following prompt will appear only if the user has previously indicated that

the impact of wind is to be evaluated.

8. "WIND SPEED (mph)=?". Enter the velocity of the wind force in miles per

hour

The following prompts will appear only if the user has previously indicated the

impact of stack effect is to be evaluated.

9. "HEIGHT OF BUILDING (ft)=?". Enter the building height above grade in feet.

The program assumes that the neutral plane is located 3/4 of the height of the

building above grade and the door of concern is at grade. If the user desires

to consider a different relationship he may enter a value equal to the 1.33

times the vertical distance from the center line of the door to the neutral

plane

10. "LOWEST WINTER TEMPERATURE (F)=?". Enter the lowest expected winter

temperature or any other temperature of interest in degrees F. The prompt is

expressed in terms of lowest temperature since that is normally the worst

situation. However, if the user is interested in a different temperature, that

temperature may be entered. The formula as coded in this program assumes an internal building temperature of 70 degrees F. If a temperature higher than 70

degrees F is entered, the output of the program will indicate negative values

for stack effect induced forces.

11. As soon as the last required question is answered the computer calculates

and displays the force in lbs per sq. foot and the force in pounds on ,the latch

edge of the door. These forces are displayed for each of the component

impacting forces called. The results are shown on the computer screen and

copied on the printer, if so directed.

12. "REDO WITH DIFFERENT INPUTS? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N" , the

computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is presented

with prompts that allow him to change any prior input. When the prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results.

13 . The computer program listing is contained in Appendix I

19
11. LATERAL FLAME SPREAD - MENU ITEM 9

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the lateral speed of a fire

spreading in a direction other than that impinged by flame from the burning

material. Generally this means lateral or downward spread from a vertical

flame. In a fire this rate of spread is highly dependent on the temperature

imposed by any hot smoke layer heating the unburned surface. The procedures

used in this program are those described by Quintiere and Harkleroad [13]. The

material properties involved are derived by a test procedure also described by

Quintiere and Harkleroad [13]. The values measured by this test procedure

include an ignition susceptibility factor (phi) , thermal inertia (kpc) , and

ignition temperature.

The formula is

V = P/(X^2)

Where

P = phi/kpc

X = (T-A)/1.8

Where

V “Lateral flame spread in feet per second.

phi = Ignition factor from flame spread data test.

kpc = Thermal inertia (the product of thermal conductivity,

density, and specific heat). The effective thermal inertia

is measured as a single value by the test procedure in

reference [13],

T = Ignition temperature in degrees F.

A = Ambient temperature in degrees F.

NOTE: Ambient temperature is the temperature of

at the surface. If the material involved is in

with a hot smoke layer, the temperature of that

the ambient temperature.

the gases

contact

layer is

NOTE: The symbol is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable (X^2) is read X squared.

20
This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 9. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (ie: messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks (" ".)

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "TO REVIEW BACKGROUND DISCUSSION ENTER D AND PRESS RETURN". To obtain

discussion similar to that above, enter D. To by pass the discussion press

Return without any entry.

3. "COMPUTATION INVOLVES A DERIVED VARIABLE (phi/kpc) AND THE IGNITION

TEMPERATURE OF THE MATERIAL INVOLVED. TO VIEW A LIST OF VALUES FOR THESE,

ENTER Y AND PRESS RETURN" . To view a list of the values of phi/kpc and

ignition temperature for 24 common materials, enter Y. To by pass this list

press Return without any entry.

4. "IGNITION TEMPERATURE (F) =?". Enter the ignition temperature of the

exposed material in degrees F.

5. "AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F) =?". Enter the ambient temperature of the

environment in contact with the exposed material.

6. As soon as the last required question is answered the computer calculates

and reports flame spread in feet per second. The results are shown on the

computer screen and copied on the printer, if so directed.

7. "REPEAT WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N" , the

computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is presented

with prompts that allow him to change any prior input. When the prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results

8 . The computer program listing is contained in Appendix J

12. RADIANT IGNITION OR A NEAR FUEL - MENU ITEM 10

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the energy level required of a free burning exposure fire to ignite a near-by item. This provided that the

exposed fuel item is not so close as to be in contact with the flame of the

exposure fire. This procedure applies to conditions where the exposed item is

too close to the exposing fire for that source to be considered a point source. Rather the exposed item views the broad cross section of a fire typical of that

produced by a free burning upholstered chair or couch. The relationships

expressed by this procedure were developed empirically from tests and reported

by Babrauskas [14]

21
Babrauskas reported his results as three curves relating the energy level of a fire to the distance at which the incident radiation on an exposed target would

be 10, 20, or 40 kilowatts per square meter. These incident radiations are considered the approximate levels of incident radiation necessary for ignition

of materials that are easily ignited, within the normal range of ignitablity,

or difficult to ignite, respectively.

Easily ignited materials are those that respond rapidly to incident energy.

Typical examples are thin curtains or loose newsprint.

Those in the normal range have increased resistance to heating and are typified

by upholstered furniture.

Hard to ignite materials include those combustibles that have greater

resistance to heating. Typical is 1/2 inch or thicker wood and similar

materials

In order to produce this program the curves published by Babrauskas were converted to mathematical expressions using the least square method. The

formulas derived are

For easily ignited materials (ignition assumed if incident radiation reaches 10

kW/sq. m:

Q = 30(10"(d+. 08038)/. 88557))

Where

Q = Energy level required for ignition in btu/sec.

d = Separation between the item on fire and the exposed item in

meters.

NOTE: The symbol ^ is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or expression following the ^ symbol.

For normally ignitable materials (ignition assumed if incident radiation

reaches 20 kW/sq. m:

Q = 30((d+. 05041)/. 01878)

For hard to ignite materials (ignition assumed if incident radiation reaches 40

kW/sq, m:

Q = 30((d+. 02167)/. 00918)

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 10. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (ie: messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

.

22
1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "SEPARATION OF FUEL PACKAGES (inches)=?". Enter the distance in inches

between the burning item and the target fuel.

3. "THE IGNITABLITY OF THE EXPOSED FUEL PACKAGE IS: E. EASILY IGNITABLE - N. WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE OF IGNITABLITY - H. HARD (DIFFICULT) TO

IGNITE -

ENTER E, N, OR H AS APPROPRIATE" Enter E if the exposed fuel package is

easily ignitable; N if it is within the normal range of ignitablity, and H if

it is hard to ignite.

4. As soon as the last required question is answered the computer calculates

and reports the size of the exposing fire, in kW, needed to ignite the

specified type of fuel at the distance entered. The results are shown on the

computer screen and copied on the printer, if so directed.

5. "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH NEW VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N"

the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is

presented with prompts that allow him to change any prior input. When the

prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the

new results.

6. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix K.

13. UPPER LEVEL TEMPERATURE - MENU ITEM 11

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the upper level temperature

developed .by a specified steady state fire in a vented room. A vented room being defined as one having a door or window that is sufficiently open to

provide sufficient air so that the burning rate is not limited by available

air. The design of the correlation formula is such that there must be an opening or the computer will report an error and discontinue the computation.

The formula, published by Quintiere [15], considers the dimensions and lining

of the room and both the level of fire energy and the duration of fire

exposure

23
The formula is

T = T1 + {C[Q^2/(AoHo".5)(KAs)]"l/3}

WHERE:

T = UPPER LEVEL TEMPERATURE

T1 = PRE-FIRE ROOM TEMPERATURE

C = CONSTANT - C=6.85 WHEN THE DIMENSIONS OF: T and T1 ARE DEGREES C,

Q IS kW, Ho IS METERS, Ao and As ARE SQUARE METERS

Q = RATE OF HEAT RELEASE

Ao = AREA OF OPENING

Ho = HEIGHT’ OF OPENING

As = SURFACE AREA OF ROOM (WALLS, CEILING, & FLOOR)

K = EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE

The calculation of effective enclosure conductance is a function of the thermal

properties of the room linings, the thickness of these linings, and the time of

fire exposure. A two step process is provided in this program using the

following:

Step 1. Thermal penetration time. As used in this procedure the time for

a thermal pulse to penetrate a lining material is given by:

Tp = (pc/k)((d/2)"2)

Where

e Tp = Penetration time in seconds

p = Density (kg/cu.m)

c = Specific heat (kJ/kg.K)

k = Thermal conductivity (kW/m.K)

d = Thickness (m)

24
Step 2.

a. If Tp is less than the fire duration time then:

Hk “ ( (kpc/t) ^ . 5)

Where

Hk = Effective enclosure conductance

t = fire duration time (sec.)

b. If Tp is equal to or greater than the fire duration time then:

hK = k/d

NOTE: The symbol ^ is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or expression following the '' symbol.

The user is offered the option of:

a. Accepting a standard value (hK = 0.0132.) This value represents the

effective enclosure conductance of a room that is lined with 1/2 inch

gypsum board walls and ceiling and has a 4-3/4 inch thick concrete slab.

This value also represents a fire duration of about 1 hour.

b. Selecting lining materials from a menu of 16 common lining materials.

The program will then calculate effective enclosure conductance based on

the material, its thickness, and the entered fire duration.

c. Entering the specific thermal properties of the lining materials. The

program will then calculate effective enclosure conductance from the data

provided.

The program is arranged to obtain all of the input values in the English system

of dimensions and produce outputs in that system. The computations, however,

all operate in the metric system. The program automatically handles all of the

conversions involved.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 11. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

. )

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

25
2. "THIS FORMUIA INVOLVES CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF LINING MATERIALS ON

TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE UPPER LAYER. THE PROGRAM HAS A DEFAULT SETTING THAT

ASSUMES THAT THE DESCRIBED FIRE OCCURS IN AN ENCLOSURE WHERE THE CEILING AND

WALL LININGS ARE PLASTERBOARD OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL OF APPROXIMATELY 1/2 INCH

THICKNESS AND THE FLOOR IS A 4-3/7 INCH THICK CONCRETE SLAB. IT ALSO ASSUMES

THAT THE FIRE HAS EXISTED LONG ENOUGH FOR THE BACK SIDES OF THE LININGS

(INCLUDING THE FLOOR) TO START TO RISE IN TEMPERATURE.

THE PROGRAM HAS, HOWEVER, A SUBROUTINE THAT ENABLES THE USER TO CONSIDER ANY

OTHER LINING OR SITUATION DESIRED. TO DO THIS THE USER MUST CHANGE THE VALUE

OF THE EFFECTIVE CONDUCTANCE OF THE ENCLOSURE.

DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE PRESET VALUE OF EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE ? Y/N?" If N is entered the program procedures to item 3. If y is entered steps

2.1

through 2. are followed before progressing to item 3.

2.1 "DO YOU KNOW WHAT VALUE YOU WISH TO USE FOR EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE

CONDUCTANCE? Y/N?" If Y is entered item 2.2 will appear. If N is entered the

program will go directly to item 2.3

2.2 "EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE =" Enter the value to be used. If

different portions of the lining have different effective enclosure conductance

values, enter an average value weighted by the relative portion of each lining

involved.

2.3 If N is entered in item 2.1 a menu listing 16 common room lining materials

will appear. In addition the menu includes item 100 which reads "NONE OF THE

ABOVE. CALCULATE EFFECTIVE CONDUCTANCE OF THE LINING MATERIAL ON THE BASIS OF

USER SUPPLIED THERMAL PROPERTIES." At the end of the menu the prompt "ENTER THE

NUMBER OF LINING MATERIAL TO BE EVALUATED" appears. Enter the number of the

appropriate lining material or enter the number 100.

2.4 If a number from 1 to 16 is entered the user will then be prompted to enter

the thickness of the lining and the duration of fire to be evaluated.

2.5 If 100 is entered the user will be prompted to enter the name, thermal

inertia, and thermal conductance of the lining material being evaluated. The user will then be requested to enter thickness and duration of fire.

2.6 The program then reports the effective conductance of the lining material

and asks the user if he wishes to use that value. If the user answers Y the

program proceeds. If the answer is N the user is given the opportunity to

evaluated another material or enter a value of choice.

3. "ROOM LENGTH (ft)=?"

Enter the room length in feet.

4. "ROOM WIDTH (ft)=?"

Enter the room width in feet.

5. "ROOM HEIGHT (ft)=?"Enter the room height in feet.

6. "DOOR WIDTH (ft)=?"

Enter the open width of the door (or window) in feet

26
7. "DOOR HEIGHT (ft)=?". Enter the height of the door (or window) in feet.

8. "ROOM TEMPERATURE (F) =?". Enter the room temperature just before any- heating by the fire in degrees F.

9. "FIRE INTENSITY (btu/sec)=? " . Enter the rate of heat release of the fire in

btu/sec. The program accepts only steady state (square wave) fires.

10. "EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE K =" . This message will appear only if

the user makes an affirmative answer to inquiry 1, above. If it appears, the

user must enter his own value for effective enclosure conductance.

11. As soon as the last required question is answered the computer calculates

and reports the estimated upper level temperature. Quintiere [15] reports that

this formula predicts experimental results within 100 C (180 F) at worst. The

results are shown on the computer screen and copied on the printer, if so directed.

12. "REVISE WITH CHANGED VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N" , the

computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is presented

with prompts that allow him to change prior input. When the prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results

13. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix L.

14.

EGRESS TIME - MENU ITEM 12

This procedure contains several related formulas for estimating the time needed

for a group of people to exit a given space or building. The approach is very

general in nature and involves a series of assumptions that need to be

considered in its use. The critical assumptions are;

a. Any congestion will occur at doorways. Flow through vertical and horizontal

passageways will be relatively free flowing. This procedure is therefore

inappropriate for theaters or other places of assembly where aisle or corridor

congestion is to be expected.

b. Doors act as turnstiles that meter flow to about one person per second per

door leaf. Predtechenskii and Milinskii [16] report that the speed of movement

through door opening varies nearly inversely with the degree of crowding at the

door. This produces a flow rate ranging from about 60 to 80 persons per minute

for door openings between 34 and 36 inches wide. These same researchers also

report that the rate of flow does not significantly increase for wider doors.

c. The capacity of stairs is equal to 18.3 persons per min. per foot of

effective total stair width. Effective width of each stair involved is the

tread width less 12 inches. The basic for this is the work of Pauls, covered

in Appendix D, of the 1985 Life Safety Code [17]

27
d. Within a reasonable range of variation the impact of stair steepness on exit

flow is inversely proportional the square root of the tread to riser ratio.

This conclusion was developed through review of the data presented by Pauls in

Appendix D of the 1985 Life Safety Code [17]

e. The rate of emergency egress flow is 250 feet per minute on level travel and

40 vertical feet per minute on stairs. Both of these values assume free flow.

If significant congestion were to occur these values would have to be revised.

The user may, at his option revise these values by entering the program and

revising the value of variable LR (level flow rate) in line 40 of the program

or variable VR (vertical flow rate) in line 50 of the program. The program as written cannot handle any cases where the level of congestion in a passageway

can cause a bottleneck.

The formulas used are

Z = X/100

Where

Z = Adjustment factor for considering mobile but slow moving persons.

X = Speed of slowest evacuees as % of that of an able person.

F = P/E/60

Where

F = Time to clear population through exit doors (min.)

P = Exiting population (persons.)

E = Number of exit door leaves available to evacuees

H = L/Lr

Where

H = Time required for a fully able person to travel the total length

of all portions of the exit route that are level (min.)

L =• Total length of all portions of exit route that are level (feet.)

Lr = 250 feet/min.

28
S - V/Vr((1.57R/T)".5)

Where

S - Time in minutes required for a fully able person to travel the

total length of all portions of the exit route that are over stairs.

V = Portion of exit travel over stairs (vertical distance in feet.)

Vr = 40 feet/min.

R = Stair riser (inches.)

T = Stair tread (inches.)

Q - (H+S)Z

Where:

Q = Time required for most distance person to reach an exit without

any delay due to bottle necks at doors

K = P/J/B

Where

K = Time constraint caused by stair width (sec.)

J = Total effective width of all stairs involved (ft.) (actual width

less 1-foot per stair)

B = Flow rate (persons per min. per foot effective width)

NOTE: The symbol ^ is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or expression following the ^ s3rmbol.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 11. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

.

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "THIS PROGRAM INCLUDES IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE SPEED OF EVACUEES

AND THE IMPACT OF DOOR AND STAIR CONGESTION.

DO YOU WANT TO REVIEW THESE ASSUMPTIONS WITH THE OPTION TO CHANGE THEM? Y/N?"

29
If Y is entered the program displays all of the values entered preset by the

program and gives the user the option of changing any of them.

If N is entered the program continues to item 3.

3. "POPULATION (Persons to exit over route(s) being evaluated)=. " Enter the

total number of persons involved. This may be all of the occupants of a building or only a portion at the choice of the user.

4. "EXIT DOOR LEAVES AVAILABLE TO EVACUEES=?". Enter the number of exit door

leaves available for evacuation. Where evacuees have to pass through a succession of doors the program should be repeated for each such succession and

the maximum value used.

5. "ARE EVACUEES ABLE? Y/N?". Enter Y if none of the evacuees will slow down

the movement progress. Enter N if one or more evacuees are handicapped in a manner that will result in a slower evacuation. If Y is entered the program

will move to prompt 3. If N is entered prompt 2a. will appear.

5a. "SPEED OF SLOWEST EVACUEES AS % OF THAT OF AN ABLE PERSON". Enter the speed

of the slowest person as a percent of the exit speed of an able person. The

program assumes that the egress speed of an able person is 250 feet/min. for

level travel and 40 vertical feet/min. descending stairs (unless the user has

changed these values as previously described.) If 0 is entered prompt 2b will

appear

5b. "UNASSISTED EVACUATION IMPOSSIBLE SINCE SOME INDIVIDUALS CAN'T MOVE ON

THEIR OWN" "NEW VALUE FOR SLOWEST EVACUEE AS % OF THAT OF ABLE PERSON" . This

message and prompt informs the user that the program cannot handle situations

requiring rescue and permits revision of the inputs to re-enter the program at

item 2a.

6. "LONGEST EXIT ROUTE DATA"

6a. "A. TOTAL LENGTH OF ALL PORTIONS OF ROUTE THAT ARE LEVEL (ft)=". Enter the

total length that the most distant evacuee will have to travel over level paths

(corridors, passageways, lobbies, etc.) to reach safety in feet. This distance

may well be the sum of the distance on the floor of origin and the travel from

the stair exit to the building exit on the exit floor.

6b. "B. PORTION OF TRAVEL OVER STAIRS (vertical distance in ft.=?". Enter the

vertical (floor to floor distance) that the most distant evacuee will have to

travel over stairs. The distance to be entered is the actual vertical distance

traveled, not the length of the stair flights.) If the greatest distance for

stair travel and the greatest distance for level travel do not occur in same travel path, it best to run the program twice to determine which case is

actually controlling exit time.

6c. "C. STAIR RISER DIMENSION (inches)=?". This prompt will appear only if a non 0 value is entered in prompt 3b, above. Enter stair riser dimension in

inches

30
6d. "D. STAIR TREAD DIMENSIONS ( inches )=?". This prompt will appear only if a non 0 value is entered in prompt 3b, above. Enter stair tread dimension in

inches

7. "NUMBER OF STAIRS TO BE USED BY EXITING POPULATION =." Enter the number of

individual stairs to be used by the population entered in item 3.

8. "TOTAL WIDTH OF THESE STAIRS (INCHES) =." Enter the total width of the

stairs counted in item 7.

9. As soon as the last required question is answered the computer calculates

and reports the estimated egress flow time. The results are shown on the

computer screen and copied on the printer, if so directed. The flow time given

is either that required to freely travel the longest exit route or the time

required to pass all the evacuees through the exit doors, whichever is greater.

This program does not combine the travel and exit door bottleneck time.

10. "REPEAT CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is

answered "N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the

user is presented with prompts that allow him to change prior input. When the

prompts are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the

new results

11. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix M.

15. ATRIUM SMOKE TEMPERATURE - MENU 13

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the approximate temperature in

the smoke level accumulated at the top of an atrium or other large open space

The formula developed by Cooper [18] is as follows:

T = 400/{l+[5.3/(Q"(2/3))*Z"(5/2) ]

}

Where :

T = Temperature rise in degrees F,

Q = Rate of Heat Release in btu/sec.

Z = Clear height (from base of fire to smoke layer in feet.)

Cooper [19] advises that the formula is inappropriate in any case where the

level of energy exceeds that prescribed by the following relationship:

31
Q(limit) = {(Z/.39)"(5/2))/.65

Where

Q(limit) = The maximioin rate of heat release permitted for the clear

space indicated.

NOTE: The symbol ^ is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or expression following the ^ symbol.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 15. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

.

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "CLEAR HEIGHT (ft)=". Enter the vertical distance between the base of the

fire and the smoke layer.

The choice of clear height is made by the user. The following conditions

should be observed.

a. A means is established to maintain the smoke level at the entered clear

height. Formula 8, Plume Filling Rate estimates the rate of smoke removal

needed to accomplish this.

b. The clear height is at no more than approximately twice the narrow

dimension of the atrium involved. Above this level the rising plume will

meet the closest walls. This will restrict entrainment of cooling air.

The result will be less heat loss and a higher than calculated temperature

above the point of plume contact with the walls.

c. The clear height is sufficiently high above the fire base so that

cooling entrainment can occur. The program calculates this and will

display the message "FORMULA CONSIDERED VALID FOR FIRE SIZES UP TO [ ] (btu/sec)." The program inserts in the message the maximum energy level

associated with the clear level entered.

3. "RHR (btu/sec)". Enter the rate of heat release of the fire in btu/sec.

4. As soon as the last required question is answered the computer calculates

and reports the estimated temperature of the gases in the smoke layer.

5. "REPEAT CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered

"N" , the computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is

32
presented with prompts that allow him to change prior input. When the prompts

are answered the computer will repeat the calculation and present the new

results

6. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix 0.

16. PLUME GAS TEMPERATURE - MENU ITEM 14

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the near ceiling gas

temperatures above a free burning fire. The formula used was published by

Alpert and Ward [19] . The calculated temperature is conservative on the high

side. This calculation is suggested for estimating the hazard of such gases.

It is not recommended for estimating the response of a heat responsive safety

device. Formula 1, Sprinkler/Detector Response is conservative on the low side

and thereby more appropriate for detector response estimates.

Unless the room or space involved has ceiling vents to remove the hot gas build

up the temperatures will rise above that predicted by this procedure. To warn

the user of this, the procedure reports the approximate time when this rise

starts

The plume gas temperature formula is

Tp = T1 + {300*(KH"(2/3))/(H^(5/3))

}

Where

Tp = Plume gas temperature (F)

T1 = Room temperature (F)

K = 1 when the fire is away from any walls

2 when the fire is near a wall

4 when the fire is in a corner

H = Distance above base of fire (ft.)

NOTE: The symbol is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression H''(5/3) is

read as H to the five thirds power.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 14. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (ie: messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

.

)

33
1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "K VALUE - USE [1] WHEN THERE ARE NO NEARBY WALLS USE [2] WHEN

THE FUEL PACKAGE IS NEAR A WALL USE [4] WHEN THE FUEL PACKAGE IS

N A CORNER". Enter the number 1, 2, or 4 according to the location of the fire

condition of interest.

3. "BURNING RATE (btu/sec)=? " . Enter the fire size of interest in btu/sec.

4. "DISTANCE FUEL TO CEILING (ft)=?". Enter the distance from the base of the

fire to the ceiling. If you are interested in the plume temperature at a lesser height enter that distance above the fire base instead.

5. "CEILING AREA (sq. ft.)=?'. Enter the ceiling area in square feet.

6. "AMBIENT (ROOM) TEMPERATURE (F)=?". Enter the room temperature in degrees

F.

7. As soon as the room temperature is entered the computer calculates and

reports the temperature of the fire gases near the ceiling (or at the alternate

height entered in entry 5.) The results are shown on the computer screen and

copied on the printer, if so directed.

8. "REPEAT WITH REVISED VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N"the

computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is presented

with a series of prompts that will allow him to change leakage area, smoke

temperature, and depth of smoke. When all of the prompts are answered the

computer will repeat the calculation and present the new results

9. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix M.

17. CEILING PLUME JET TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE PLUME IMPINGEMENT ZONE

- MENU ITEM 15

This procedure contains a formula for estimating the jet temperatures flowing

across a ceiling over a free burning fire. This formula applies to positions in

the jet that are less than 0.2 times the distance from the fire to the ceiling

away from the point directly over the fire source.

The formula used was published by Alpert and Ward [19]. The calculated

temperature is conservative on the high side. This calculation is suggested

for estimating the hazard of such gases. It is not recommended for estimating

the response of a heat responsive safety device. Formula 1, Sprinkler/Detector

Response is conservative on the low side and there by more appropriate for

detector response estimates.

34
Unless the room or space involved has ceiling vents to remove the hot gas build

up the temperatures will rise above that predicted by this procedure. To warn

the user of this, the procedure reports the approximate time when this rise

starts

The formula for ceiling jet temperature is;

Tp - T1 + {92*(KH/R)"(2/3)/H)

Where

Tp = Plume gas temperature (F)

T1 = Room temperature (F)

K = 1 when the fire is away from any walls

2 when the fire is near a wall

4 when the fire is in a corner

H = Vertical distance above fire (ft.)

R = Lateral distance across ceiling from a point directly over

the fire to the point of interest (ft.)

NOTE: The symbol ^ is used to indicate that the variable or expression

preceding this symbol is raised to the power indicated by the number or variable following the symbol. In this formula the expression

(KH/R)^(2/3) is read the quantity K times H divided by R all raised to the

two thirds power.

This program operates in an interactive mode. It is called from the Main Menu

as Formula 15. Once the formula is called, the user is presented with a series

of prompts (messages requiring the user to input a value.) The prompt

statements that appear on the computer screen are shown below in quotation

marks ( "

"

.

)

1. "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?". If the computer is connected to a printer and it is

desired to obtain a hard copy of the results of the computation enter "Y" (for

yes.) If not enter "N" (for no.)

2. "K VALUE - USE [1] WHEN THERE ARE NO NEARBY WALLS USE [2] WHEN

THE FUEL PACKAGE IS NEAR A WALL USE [4] WHEN THE FUEL PACKAGE IS

N A CORNER". Enter the number 1, 2, or 4 according to the location of the fire

condition of interest.

3. "BURNING RATE (btu/sec)=? " . Enter the fire size of interest in btu/sec.

4. "DISTANCE FUEL TO CEILING (ft)=?". Enter the distance from the base of the

fire to the ceiling.

35
5. "CEILING AREA (sq. ft.)=?'- Enter the ceiling area in square feet.

6. "RADIAL DISTANCE FROM THE FIRE AXIS (ft)=?". Enter the lateral distance from

the point on the ceiling directly above the center of the fire to the point of

interest on the ceiling in feet.

7. "AMBIENT (ROOM) TEMPERATURE (F)=?". Enter the room temperature in degrees

F.

8. As soon as the room temperature is entered the computer calculates and

reports the temperature of the fire gases near the indicated point on the

ceiling. The results are shown on the computer screen and copied on the

printer, if so directed.

9. "REPEAT WITH REVISED VALUES? Y/N?". If the prompt is answered "N" , the

computer returns to the Main Menu. If "Y" is entered, the user is presented

with a series of prompts that will allow him to change any of the previously

entered values. When all of the prompts are answered the computer will repeat

the calculation and present the new results

10. The computer program listing is contained in Appendix N.

18 . REFERENCES

1. Evans, D. D. and Stroup, D. W. ; Methods to Calculate the Response of Heat

and Smoke Detectors Installed Below Large Unobstructed Ceilings; Report NBSIR

85-3167; National Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD , 1985

2. Alpert, R. L. ; Calculation of Response Time of Ceiling-Mounted Fire

Detectors; Fire Technology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 181-195; Aug. 1972

3. Evans, D. D.; Thermal Actuation of Extinguishing Systems; Report NBSIR

83-2807; National Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD; 1984

4. Cooper, L. Y. ; Estimating Safe Available Egress Time from Fires; Report

NBSIR 80-2172; National Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD; 1981

5. Cooper, L. Y. and Stroup, D. W. ; Calculating Available Safe Egress Time

(ASET) - A Computer Program and User's Guide: Report NBSIR 82-2578; National

Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD; 1982

6. Walton, D. W. ; ASET-B A Room Fire Program for Personal Computers; Report

NBSIR 85-3144; National Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD; 1985

7. Klote, J. H. and Fothergill, J. W, ; Design of Smoke Control Systems for

Buildings; NBS Handbook 141, National Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD;

1983

36
8. Thomas, P. H.; Testing Products and Materials for Their Contribution to

Flashover in Rooms; Fire and Materials, 5, pp 103-111; 1981

9. Babrauskas, V.; Upholstered Furniture Room Fires - Measurements, Comparison

with Furniture Calorimeter Data, and Flashover Predictions; Journal of Fire

Sciences, pp 5-19; Vol 2, 1984

10 . Law, M. ; "Prediction of Fire Resistance"; Proceedings, Symposium No. 5,

Fire-resistance Requirements for Buildings - A New Approach; Joint Fire

Research Organization, London, 1973, H. M. Stationery Office

11. Thomas, P. H. and Heselden, A. J. M. ; Fully- developed Fires in Single

Compartments. A co-operative Research Programme of the Conseil International

du Batiment; Joint Fire Research Organization Research Note No. 923; London,

1972, H. M. Stationery Office

12. Stroup, D. W. , Personal communication.

13. Quintiere, J. S. and Harkleroad, M. ; New Concepts for Measuring Flame

Spread Properties; Symposium on Application of Fire Science to Fire

Engineering; American Society for Testing and Materials and Society of Fire

Protection Engineers; Denver, CO, June 27, 1984

14. Babrauskas, V.; Will the Second Item Ignite; Report NBSIR 81-2271; National

Bureau of Standards; Gaithersburg, MD; 1981

15. Quintiere, J. G. ; A Simple Correlation for Predicting Temperature in a Room

Fire; Report NBSIR 83-2712; National Bureau of standards; Gaithersburg, MD;

1983

16. Predtechenskii , V. M. and Milinskii, A. I.: Planning for Foot Traffic Flow

in Buildings; (Translated from Russian); Published for the National Bureau of

Standards and National Science Foundation by Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi; 1978

17. Life Safety Code; NFPA Standard 101-1985; National Fire Protection

Association; Quincy, MA; 1985

18. Nelson, H. E. , Shibe, A. J., Levin, B. M. , Thorne, S. D. and Cooper, L. Y.

Fire Safety Evaluation System for National Park Service Overnight

Accommodations; Report NBSIR 84-2896; National Bureau of Standards;

Gaithersburg, MD; 1984

19. Alpert, R. L. and Ward, E. J.; Evaluating Unsprinklered Fire Hazards; SFPE

Technology Report 83-2; Society of Fire Protection Engineers: Boston, MA; 1983

20. Heskestad, G. and Delichatsios , M. , Environments of Fire Detectors - Phase

1: Effects of Fire Size, Ceiling Height, and Material, Volume II - Analysis,

Technical Report Series No. 22427, RC 77-T-ll, Factory Mutual Research

Corporation, Norwood, MA, 1977

37
APPENDIX A Computer Programs = FIREFORM & MAIN MENU

10 PRINT

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 REM ***'*'!':"**'*'**'***'**-**Tt file is " FIREFORM . BAS " *******************•**

50 PRINT" 'FIREFORM VERSION 1.0. WRITTEN BY H. E. NELSON 1985."

60 PRINT

70 PRINT"CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

80 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT.

90 PRINT"

100 PRINT" 'FIREFORM' IS A COMPUTERIZED COLLECTION OF CONVENIENT FIRE SAFETY

COMPUTATIONS

110 PRINT"ALL OF THE COMPUTATION PROGRAMS ARE IN BASIC FOR MICRO COMPUTERS.

120 PRINT

130 PRINT"PRESS <RETURN> TO VIEW THE MENU OF COMPUTATION PROCEDURES IN THE " 140 PRINT "COLLECTION"

145 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

160 INPUT; XXX

170 CHAIN "MM. BAS"

10 REM ************** file is "MM. BAS" ****************-******

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

50 CLEAR

6 0 PRINT " 70 PRINT"*** MENU OF FIRE SAFETY COMPUTATIONS IN THIS COLLECTION ***

8 0 PRINT " *********************************'*"*'**'*'*'*-!Sr'5t*'A")t'*'*'*'3Sr'5t'5t'!!r'5t'5t'5t'*'5t-)V'*'5t-)t'!V")t'5Sr')t'*'*'5!r 90 PRINT

100 PRINT"! . S PRINK. /DETECTOR RESP.

110 PRINT" 3. SMOKE FLOW THRU OPG

120 PRINT"5. THOMAS' FLASHOVER CORRELATION

130 PRINT"! . PLUME FILLING RATE

DOOR"

140 PRINT" 9. LATERAL FLAME SPREAD

FUEL"

150 PRINT "11. UPPER LAYER TEMPERATURE

160 PRINT "13. ATRIUM SMOKE TEMPERATURE

170 PRINT" 15. CEILING JET TEMPERATURE"

180 PRINT"##################### 100. END ##

190 PRINT

200 INPUT "ENTER NUMBER OF FORMULA DESIRED" ;I$

210 PRINT

220 ON ERROR GOTO 390

230 IF I$="l" THEN CHAIN "SPRIN.BUD"

240 IF I$="2" THEN CHAIN "ASETX.BUD"

250 IF I$="3" THEN CHAIN "SMOKE. BUD"

260 IF I$="4" THEN CHAIN "HEAD. BUD"

270 IF I$="5" THEN CHAIN "FLASH. BUD"

280 IF I$="6" THEN CHAIN "FIRE. BUD"

2. ASETBX. ROOM MODEL"

4. BUOYANT GAS HEAD"

6. LAW'S SEVERITY CORRELATION"

8. FIRE/WIND/STACK FORCES ON A

10. RADIANT IGNITION OF A NEAR

12. EGRESS TIME

14. GEILING PLUME TEMPERATURE

38
290 IF I$-"7" THEN CHAIN "PLUME. BUD"

300 IF I$-"8" THEN CHAIN "DOOR. BUD"

310 IF I$-"9" THEN CHAIN "FLAME. BUD"

320 IF I$-"10" THEN CHAIN "IGNITE. BUD"

330 IF I$-"ll" THEN CHAIN "UL.BUD"

340 IF I$-"12" THEN CHAIN "EGRESS. BUD"

350 IF I$-"13" THEN CHAIN "LGE.BUD"

360 IF I$="14" THEN CHAIN "TOP. BUD"

370 IF I$=-"15" THEN CHAIN "RADIAL. BUD"

380 IF I$-"100" THEN 410

390 PRINT "*****YOUR ENTRY IS NOT THE NUMBER OF A FORMULA. TRY AGAIN!

400 GOTO 90

410 PRINT"END!1 COMPUTER IS NOW RETURNED TO OPERATING SYSTEM"

420 SYSTEM

'k-k-k'k-k"

39
APPENDIX B Computer Program - SPRINKLER/DETECTOR RESPONSE

10 REM ********'**-*******FiLE IS "SPRIN . BUD "********•***********'*'" 20 PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

50 GOTO 60

60 K=10

70 DIM S(lOl) ,Q(101)

80 REM

90 PRINT "QUASI -STEADY FIRE CALCULATION OF DETECTOR ACTUATION TIME"

100 PRINT "BELOW AN UNCONFINED CEILING BASED ON ALBERT'S EQUATIONS"

110 PRINT "AS PUBLISHED IN FIRE TECHNOLOGY AUGUST 1972."

120 PRINT "***** CODE BY D.D. EVANS CFR/NBS REVISED 11/84 *****"

130 PRINT" FORMAT ADJUSTMENTS 10/85 HEN"

140 PRINT " " 150 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF TTHE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (US)"

160 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

170. PRINT

180 PRINT " USER SUPPLIED INPUT"

190 GOSUB 2690

200 INPUT"PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

210 IF P$0"y" AND P$0"Y" THEN 270

220 PRINT"TYPE IN TITLE FOR PRINTOUT"

230 INPUT ;T$

240 LPRINT

250 LPRINT T$

260 PRINT

270 PRINT "HEIGHT OF CEILING ABOVE FUEL (ft)

280 INPUT H

290 H1=H

300 H=H/3.25

310 PRINT " " 320 PRINT "DISTANCE OF DETECTOR FROM AXIS OF FIRE (ft)

330 INPUT R

340 R1=R

350 R=R/3.25

360 PRINT " " 370 PRINT "INITIAL ROOM TEMPERATURE (F)

380 INPUT T1

390 T2=T1

400 Tl= ((Tl-32)*(5/9))

410 PRINT " " 420 PRINT "DETECTOR ACTUATION TEMPERATURE (F)

430 PRINT "(140 F = 60 C 160 F = 71 C 165 F = 74 C) "; 440 INPUT T9

450 IF T9<=T2 THEN 2850

460 TT=T9

470 T9-((T9-32)*(5/9))

480 PRINT " " 490 PRINT"WILL RTI BE EXPRESSED IN THE METRIC OR IN THE ENGLISH SYSTEM?"

500 INPUT"ENTER [M] IF METRIC; [E] IF ENGLISH" ;X$

40
510 PRINT "DETECTOR RESPONSE TIME T

520 INPUT L

530 LL-L

540 IF P$0"y" AND P$0"Y" THEN 650

550 LPRINT

560 LPRINT'TIRE TO DETECTOR

570 LPRINT" CEILING AXIAL DIST.

580 LPRINT" (ft.) (ft.)

590 IF X$-"m" OR X$="M" THEN 620

600 LPRINT " (English)"

610 GOTO 630

620 LPRINT " (Metric)"

630 LPRINT H1,R1,T2,TT,LL

640 LPRINT

650 IF X$-"M" OR X$="m" THEN 670

660 L-L/(3.25".5)

670 GOSUB 2690

680 PRINT "NEXT A DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRE HEAT RELEASE RATE AS A"

690 PRINT "AS A FUNCTION OF TIME MUST BE CONSTRUCTED. THIS WILL BE"

700 PRINT "DONE BY THE USER ENTERING KEY HEAT RELEASE RATES ALONG"

710 PRINT "THE DESIRED FIRE CURVE. FOR THE USERS INFORMATION THE"

720 PRINT "MINIMUM HEAT RELEASE RATE NECESSARY TO ACTUATE THE"

730 PRINT "DETECTOR AT THE LOCATION GIVEN IS";

740 X=((T9-Tl)*H/5.38*R"(2/3))"(3/2)

750 IF R/H>.18 THEN 770

760 X-((T9-Tl)*H"(5/3)/16.9)"(3/2)

770 X=X+.5

780 X-INT(X)

790 PRINT X;

800 PRINT " KW."

810 PRINT " " 820 PRINT " " 830 PRINT " WHEN READY HIT ** RETURN ** "; 840 IF P$0"Y" OR P$0"y" THEN 900

850 LPRINT "MINIMUM EEAT RELEASE RATE NECESSARY TO ACTIVATE THE"

860 LPRINT "DETECTOR AND LOCATION DESCRIBED IS";

870 LPRINT USING "###,###" ;X; 880 LPRINT " kW"

890 LPRINT

900 INPUT A$

910 REM

920 PRINT "ENTER KEY HEAT RELEASE RATES THAT DETERMINE THE SHAPE OF THE"

930 PRINT "DESIRED FIRE DEVELOPMENT CURVE. USUALLY THE FIRST DATA"

940 PRINT "PAIR WILL BE ( TIME 0 HEAT RELEASE 0 ) . UP TO 100"

950 PRINT "PAIRS CAN BE ENTERED. TO STOP ENTERING DATA ENTER ANY"

960 PRINT "NEGATIVE TIME VALUE. THE PROGRAM WILL GENERATE HEAT"

970 PRINT "RELEASE RATE VALUES BETWEEN THE VALUES ENTERED AS NEEDED"

980 PRINT "BASED ON A STRAIGHT LINE INTERPOLATION BETWEEN POINTS AT"

990 PRINT "ONE SECOND INTERVALS"

1000 PRINT " " 1010 PRINT " " 1020 N=1

DEX (RTI)

ROOM

TEMP.

(F)

DEVICE

RATING"

(F)";

RTI"

41
1030 M=1

1040 FOR 1=1 TO 101

1050 S(I)=1.701412E+28

1060 Q(I)=0

1070 NEXT 1 1080 PRINT N;

1090 PRINT TIME (SEC)

1100 INPUT S(N)

1110 IF S(N)<0 THEN 1270

1120 PRINT " " 1130 PRINT "HEAT RELEASE (KW) "

1140 INPUT Q(N)

1150 PRINT " " 1160 N=N+1

1170 M=M+1

1180 IF N013 THEN 1220

1190 M=1

1200 REM

1210 PRINT " " 1220 IF M<17 THEN 1080

1230 M=1

1240 REM

1250 PRINT " " 1260 GOTO 1080

1270 S(N)=S(N-1)+1

1280 X$="N"

1290 INPUT "DO YOU DESIRE TO CHANGE ANY OF THE ENTRIES MADE? Y/N?";X$

1300 IF X$="y" OR X$="Y" THEN 2180

1310 REM

1320 PRINT

1330 PRINT "'*'***'*'’'^**'*****'=’f*'****'*'=^*********'***'**'*'********'*'**'*’^*'*’*^'*'**'*'*'*'*'*'*’’=’'*'*'*" 1340 PRINT

1350 R1=R*3.25

1360 H1=H*3.25

1370 PRINT " " 1380 PRINT"TIME(sec) RHR(kW) JET (F) HEAD/DET

(F)"

1390 I=N-1

1400 P=K

1410 N=0

1420 T4=T1

1430 T5=T1

1440 T6=T1

1450 J=1

1460 IF N<S(J+1) THEN 1490

1470 J=J+1

1480 GOTO 1460

1490 0=(N-S(J))/(S(J+1) -S(J))*(Q(J+1) -Q(J))+Q(J)

1500 T4=T5

1510 S6=T6

1520 T6=16.9*0"(2/3)/H^(5/3)+Tl

1530 IF R/H<=.18 THEN 1550

42
1540 T6-5.38*(0/R)"(2/3)/H+Tl

1550 V6-.95*(0/H)"(l/3)

1560 IF R/H<-.15 THEN 1580

1570 V6-.2*0"(l/3)*H"(l/2)/R"(5/6)

1580 IF V6>.1 THEN 1600

1590 V6-.1

1600 Ll-L/V6".5

1610 B-T6-S6

1620 T5-T4+ ( S 6 - T4 ) * ( 1 - EXP ( - 1/Ll )

) +B*L1* ( EXP ( - 1/Ll ) +1/L1 - 1

1630 IF T5<T4 THEN 2780

1640 REM

1650 IF P<K THEN 1850

1660 S7-((S6*1.8)+32)

1670 T3-((T4*1.8)+32)

1680 PRINT N,

1690 PRINT USING "#######" ;0,

1700 PRINT"

1710 PRINT USING "#####" ;S7,

1720 PRINT"

1730 PRINT USING "####" ;T3

1740 IF P$0"y" AND P$0"Y" THEN 1840

1750 IF B$="A" THEN 1770

1760 LPRINT"TIME(sec) RHR(kW) JET (F) HEAD/DET

1770 LPRINT" ";N,

1780 LPRINT USING "#######" ;0,

1790 LPRINT " "; 1800 LPRINT USING ' #####" ;S7,

1810 LPRINT " "; 1820 LPRINT USING "####" ;T3

1830 B$="A"

1840 P=0

1850 N=N+1

1860 P=P+1

1870 IF T5<T9 THEN 1460

1880 GOSUB 2690

1890 GOSUB 2730

1900 PRINT"TIME(sec) RHR(kW) JET (F)

(F

1910 PRINT

1920 PRINT

1930 PRINT " **** DETECTOR ACTUATION AT"

1940 PRINT E; 1950 PRINT " SECONDS **** " 1960 PRINT

1970 IF X$="m" OR X$="M" THEN 2030

1980 IF P$0"Y" AND P$0"y" THEN 2030

1990 PRINT"RTI = "; . 2000 PRINT USING "####" ;LL

2010 PRINT

2020 GOTO 2050

2030 PRINT"RTI = ";LL

2040 PRINT" HEIGTH (ft) = ";H1,

(F)"

HEAD/DET

43
2050 PRINT" DIST. - FIRE AXIS (ft) = ";R1

2060 PRINT

2070 PRINT " '* 2080 PRINT

2090 IF P$0"y" AND P$0"Y" THEN 2140

2100 LPRINT" **** DETECTOR ACTIVATION AT "

2110 LPRINT USING "####.#" ;E,

2120 LPRINT " SECONDS ****"

2130 LPRINT

2140 INPUT "REPEAT CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? (Y OR N)";A$

2150 IF A$="n" OR A$="N"THEN CHAIN "mm"

2160 REM

2170 REM

2180 PRINT "CHANGE RTI VALUE ? (Y OR N) "; 2190 INPUT R$

2200 IF R$0"Y" AND R$0"y" THEN 2290

2210 PRINT "NEW VALUE = "; 2220 INPUT L

2230 LL=L

2240 IF B$0"A" THEN 2270

2250 LPRINT "NEW VALUE OF RTI =";L

2260 LPRINT

2270 IF X$="M" OR X$="m" THEN 2290

2280 L=L/(3.25".5)

2290 PRINT "CHANGE ACTUATION TEMPERATURE ? (Y OR N) "; 2300 INPUT A$

2310 IF A$0"Y" AND A$0"y"THEN 2390

2320 PRINT "NEW VALUE =

2330 INPUT T9

2340 TR=T9

2350 T9=((T9-32)*(5/9))

2360 IF B$0"A" THEN 2390

2370 LPRINT "NEW ACTUATION TEMPERATURE (F) IS ";TR

2380 LPRINT

2390 PRINT "CHANGE FUEL TO CEILING HEIGHT ? (Y OR N) "; 2400 INPUT A$

2410 IF A$0"Y" AND A$0"y"THEN 2490

2420 PRINT "NEW VALUE= "; 2430 INPUT H

2440 HP=H

2450 H=H/3.25

2460 IF B$0"A" THEN 2490

2470 LPRINT "NEW CEILING HEIGTH (ft) IS ";HP

2480 LPRINT

2490 PRINT "CHANGE RADIUS OF DETECTOR FROM FIRE AXIS ? (Y OR N) "; 2500 INPUT A$

2510 IF A$0"Y" AND A$0"y"THEN 2580

2520 PRINT "NEW VALUE- "

2530 INPUT R

2540 RP=R

2550 R-R/3.25

2560 IF B$0"A" THEN 2580

44
2570 LPRINT "NEW RADIUS OF DETECTOR FROM FIRE AXIS (ft) IS ";RP

2580 PRINT "CHANGE PRINTOUT INTERVAL ? (Y OR N) "; 2590 INPUT A$

2600 IF A$0"Y" AND A$0"y"THEN 2650

2610 PRINT "NEW VALUE = "; 2620 INPUT K

2630 IF B$0"A" THEN 2650

2640 LPRINT "NEW PRINTOUT INTERVAL (sec) IS ";K

2650 INPUT"CHANGE FIRE? Y/N?";A$

2660 IF A$="N" OR A$="n" THEN 2680

2670 GOTO 1020

2680 GOTO 1280

2690 PRINT " " 2700 PRINT " " 2710 PRINT " " 2720 RETURN

2730 E-N-1+(T9-T4)/(T5-T4)

2740 E-E*100+.5

2750 E=INT(E)

2760 E-E/100

2770 RETURN

2780 PRINT"DETECTOR WILL NOT ACTIVATE UNDER CONDITIONS DESCRIBED."

2790 IF P$0"Y" AND P$0"y" THEN 2830

2800 LPRINT "DETECTOR WILL NOT ACTIVATE UNDER CONDITIONS DESCRIBED"

2810 LPRINT

2820 LPRINT

2830 INPUT "REPEAT WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? (Y OR N)";A$

2840 GOTO 2150

2850 PRINT

2860 PRINT "DETECTOR ACTUATION TEMPERATURE MUST BE GREATER THAN ROOM"

2870 PRINT "TEMPERATURE (";T2;")! TRY AGAIN"

2880 PRINT

2890 GOTO 420

45
APPENDIX C Computer Program - ASETBX

10 REM ***'*'***'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'**-*-*FiLE IS " AS ETX. BUD

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 F$="N"

50 V$="N"

60 REM ******* ASETB with procedural but not technical alterations *****

70 PRINT"

80 PRINT "ASETBX VERSION IN.O (altered HEN 10/29/85)"

90 PRINT"-

100 PRINT "CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. " 110 PRINT "NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT."

120 P$="N"

130 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

140 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

150 DIM TQ(IOO) ,Q(100)

160 INPUT"ENTER RUN TITLE" ; TITLE$

170 LR=.35

180 PRINT

190 PRINT "HEAT LOSS FRACTION IS PRESET AT 0 . 9 (ie: 90% heat loss)"

200 PRINT

210 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS? Y/N?";L$

220 IF L$="N" OR L$="n" THEN 340

230 PRINT

240 PRINT "THE REVISED VALUE FOR HEAT LOSS FRACTION SHOULD RANGE FROM ABOUT"

250 PRINT "0.6 TO 0.95. 0.6 BEING RECOMMENDED IF THE HEIGTH OF THE ROOM"

260 PRINT "IS SMALL COMPARED TO THE EXTENT OF THE CEILING, THE VALUE"

270 PRINT "INCREASING AS THE’ HEIGTH OF THE ROOM APPROACHES THE EXTENT OF THE"

280 PRINT "CEILING. ALSO THE LESS SMOOTH THE CEILING CONFIGURATION, THE " 290 PRINT "HIGHER THE VALUE. " 300 PRINT

310 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR HEAT LOSS FRACTION =(enter a value less than 1.0) ";LC

320 PRINT

330 GOTO 350

340 LC=.9

350 INPUT"FIRE HEIGHT (ft)";F

360 INPUT"ROOM CEILING HEIGHT (ft)";H

370 INPUT"ROOM FLOOR AREA (sq ft)";A

380 INPUT "PRINTOUT INTERVAL (sec)=";OI

390 FM=F*.3048

400 HM=H*.3048

410 AM=A*.0929

420 INPUT"MAXIMUM TIME (sec)";TL

430 QO-.l

440 PRINT"INPUT FIRE TIMES AND HEAT RELEASE RATES (use -9,-9 to end input)"

450 FOR N=1 TO 100

460 INPUT"TIME (sec), HEAT RELEASE RATE (kW) " ; TQ(N) , QI

470 IF TQ(N) < 0 GOTO 520

480 IF QI < QO THEN Q(N)=Q0

490 Q(N)=QI/Q0

500 NEXT N

46
510 PRINT "MAXIMUM OF 100 INPUT VALUES REACHED"

520 NQ-N-1

530 IF TQ(1)<.I THEN TQ(1)=.I

540 PA-530!

550 DA-.0735

560 CP-.24

570 Cl-(1! -LC)*Q0/(DA*CP*PA*A*1.054)

580 C2-.21/A*( (1! -LR)*Q0*32!/(DA*CP*PA''S^1.054))^(l!/3 !

590 DQ0-(Q(1)-1!)/TQ(1)

600 ZO-H-F

610 Zl-ZO

620 DZl--Cl-C2*Z0^(5!/3!)

630 Pl-l!+Cl/C2*Z0^(-5!/3!)

640 DP1-C1/C2* ( 2 ! *DQ0+5 ! * ( C1+C2*Z0" ( 5 I /3 I) ) ) / ( 6 ! *Z0 ^(81/3!))

650 Tl-0!

660 T2=01

670 DT-1!

680 QT-1!

690 OT-0!

700 PRINT " " 710 PRINT"ASET-B VERSION IN.O"

720 PRINT TITLE$ ' • 730 PRINT "HEAT LOSS FRACTION=" ; LC

740 PRINT "FIRE HEIGHT=" ;F;"ft ;FM; "m"

750 PRINT "ROOM HEIGHT=" ;H;"ft ;HM; "m"

760 PRINT "ROOM AREA=";A ;"sq ft " ;AM; "sq m"

770 PRINT II It 780 PRINT " TIME TEMP TEMP LAYER LAYER FIRE

FIRE"

790 PRINT " sec F C ft m kW BTU/s

800 IF P$=="Y" OR P$="y" THEN 1720

810 GOSUB 1270

820 T1=T2

830 T2-T1+DT

840 IF T2>TL THEN PRINT" RUN COMPLETE" : GOTO 1170

850 IF T2>TQ(NQ> THEN PRINT"END OF INPUT FIRE": GOTO 11-70

860 GOSUB 1180

870 Z2=Z1+DZ1*DT

880 P2=P1+DP1*DT

890 IER=0

900 IF Z2<=0! GOTO 950

910 K=C2*QT^ (11/3 ! )*Z2^ (51/3!

920 DZ2=-C1*QT-K

930 DP2=P2*(C1*QT-(P2-1! )*K)/(Z0-Z2)

940 GOTO 1000

950 DP2=(P2*C1*QT)/(Z0-Z2)

960 IF Z2<=-F GOTO 990

970 DZ2=-C1*QT

980 GOTO 1000

990 DZ2=0!

1000 Z2C=Z1+(DZ1+DZ2)/2!*DT

1010 P2C=P1+(DP1+DP2)/2!*DT

47
1020 IF Z2C<-F THEN Z2=-F:Z2C=-F

1030 IF ABS(Z2C-Z2)<.001 AND ABS (P2C-P2)< . 001 GOTO 1110

1040 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 1060

1050 IF IER>30 THEN LPRINT "WARNING! SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE"

1060 IF IER>30 THEN PRINT "WARNING ! SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE" :GOTO 1110

1070 Z2=Z2C

1080 P2=P2C

1090 IER=IER+1

1100 GOTO 900

1110 Z1=Z2C

1120 P1=P2C

1130 DZ1=DZ2

1140 DP1=DP2

1150 GOSUB 1270

1160 GOTO 820

1170 GOTO 1450

1180 IF T2>TQ(1) GOTO 1210

1190 QT=Q(1)-((Q(1)-1!)/TQ(1))*(TQ(1)-T2)

1200 RETURN

1210 FOR N=1 TO NQ

1220 IF T2>TQ(N) GOTO 1250

1230 QT=Q(N) - ((Q(N) -Q(N-l) )/(TQ(N) -TQ(N-l) ) )^(TQ(N) -T2)

1240 RETURN

1250 NEXT N

1260 RETURN

1270 IF T2<OT THEN RETURN

1280 OT=OT+OI

1290 QK=QT*Q0

1300 QB=QK*.9485

1310 PF=(Pl*PA)-460!

1320 PC=(PF-32! )/1.8

1330 RRF=DP1*31800!

1340 RRC=RRF/1.8

1350 X=Z1+F

1360 XM=X*.3048

1370 PRINT USING"######.# " ; T2 ; PF ; PC ;X;XM;QK; QB

1380 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 1400

1390 LPRINT USING "########.#" ;T2 ; PF; PC ;X;XM;QK;QB

1400 IF F$="Y" OR F$="y" THEN 1420

1410 IF P0600 THEN 1830

1420 IF V$="Y" OR V$="y" THEN 1440

1430 IF PO350 AND X<=F THEN 1930

1440 RETURN

1450 INPUT "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?";R$

1460 IF R$="N" OR R$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

1470 INPUT "CHANGE HEAT LOSS FRACTION? Y/N?";R$

1480 IF R$="N" OR R$="n" THEN 1500

1490 INPUT "NEW VALUE =";LC

1500 INPUT"CHANGE FIRE HEIGTH? Y/N?";R$

1510 IF R$="n" OR R$="N" THEN 1540

1520 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft) =";F

1530 FM=F*.3048

48
1540 INPUT "CHANGE ROOM CEILING HEIGTH? Y/N?";R$

1550 IF R$-"N" OR R$="n" THEN 1580

1560 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft) =";H

1570 HM-H*.3048

1580 INPUT "CHANGE ROOM FLOOR AREA? Y/N?";R$

1590 IF R$-"N" OR R$="n" THEN 1620

1600 INPUT"NEW VALUE (sq>ft).=";A

1610 AM-A*.0929

1620 INPUT "CHANGE PRINTOUT INTERVAL? Y/N?";R$

1630 IF R$-"N" OR R$="n" THEN 1650

1640 INPUT"NEW VALUE (sec) =";OI

1650 INPUT "CHANGE MAXIMUM TIME? Y/N?";R$

1660 IF R$="N" OR R$="n" THEN 1680

1670 INPUT "NEW VALUE (sec)=";TL

1680 INPUT "CHANGE FIRE? Y/N?";R$

1690 IF R$="N" OR R$="n" THEN 1710

1700 GOTO 440

1710 GOTO 550

1720 LPRINT " " 1730 LPRINT"ASET-B VERSION 1.0"

1740 LPRINT TITLE$

HEAT LOSS FRACTION=" ;LC

FIRE HEIGHT=" ;F; "ft

ROOM HEIGHT=" ;H; "ft

ROOM AREA=";A;"sq ft

' ;FM; "m"

' ;HM; "m"

";AM;"sq m"

LAYER

m

FIRE

kW

1750 LPRINT

1760 LPRINT

1770 LPRINT

1780 LPRINT

1790 LPRINT

1800 LPRINT " TIME TEMP TEMP LAYER

FIRE"

1810 LPRINT " sec F C ft

BTU/s

1820 GOTO 810

1830 PRINT

1840 PRINT "'k-k-k-k'k-k'k'k-Jck-k-k-A-k-k-Jc-k-fc'Jc]^ A R N I N G ! 'Jcit'kic'Jticicic-kit'k-k'k-Jc'k-k'k'k-k'k'k-k-Sc'k" 1850 PRINT

1860 PRINT"UPPER LEVEL TEMP. INDICATES THAT FLASHOVER HAS PROBABLY OCCURRED"

1870 PRINT

1880 INPUT " DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE THIS RUN? Y/N?";F$

1890 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 1910

1900 LPRINT "UPPER LEVEL TEMP. INDICATES THAT FLASHOVER HAS PROBABLY OCCURRED"

1910 IF F$="Y" OR F$="y" THEN 1440

1920 GOTO 1450

1930 PRINT

1940 PRINT "*"*"*'*"*"*'’*'"*'*'*"*'*"*'*W A R N I N G ! •k'Jc^'k-k-k-JcJrirk-Jc-k-k-JcJck-Jrk-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-Jc-k-ic'' 1950 PRINT

1960 PRINT"THE DESCENT OF THE UPPER (SMOKE) LEVEL TO THE TOP OF THE BURNING

ITEM"

1970 PRINT"AND THE RISE IN THE SMOKE TEMP. INDICATE VITIATION OF THE

COMBUSTION"

1980 PRINT"AIR WITH FIRE PRODUCTS. THIS MAKES IT LIKELY THAT THE BURNING RATE"

1990 PRINT"WILL BE DEPRESSED, POSSIBLY SMOTHERED."

2000 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 2060

2010 LPRINT "THE DROP OF THE UPPER LEVEL TO THE TOP OF THE BURNING ITEM AND"

49
2020 LPRINT "THE RISE IN THE UPPER LEVEL TEMP. INDICATE VITIATION OF THE"

2030 LPRINT "COMBUSTION AIR WITH FIRE PRODUCTS. IT IS LIKELY THAT THE BURNING"

2040 LPRINT "RATE WILL BE DEPRESSED POSSIBLY SMOTHERED."

2050 PRINT

2060 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE THIS RUN? Y?N?";V$

2070 PRINT

2080 IF V$="Y" OR V$="y" THEN 1440

2090 GOTO 1440

50
APPENDIX D Computer Program - SMOKE FLOW THROUGH AN OPENING

10 REM ******************* FILE IS "SMOKE. BUD" ********************8

20 PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

50 PRINT" " 60 PRINT" SMOKE FLOW THROUGH AN OPENING"

70 PRINT" " 80 GOTO 650

90 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT

100 INPUT"PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

110 PRINT

120 INPUT "LEAKAGE AREA (sq. ft.) = ";A

130 IF A <=0 THEN 570

140 INPUT "SMOKE TEMPERATURE (F) = ";T

150 IF T<=70 THEN 530

160 LET T=T+460

170 INPUT "DEPTH OF SMOKE(ft. from center of opening to base of smoke

layer)-" ;H

180 IF H<=0 THEN 610

190 V-7214*A*(l/530-l/T) ^ . 5*H" . 5*(T/530) ''. 5 200 PRINT

210 print "*'***'********'***'**SMOKE FLOW***'*****************************

220 PRINT

230 PRINT USING "##,###,###,###" ;V

240 PRINT" cfm"

250 PRINT

260 PRINT"

270 PRINT

280 IF P$0"Y" AND P$0"y" THEN 370

290 IF L$="A" THEN 340

300 LPRINT" THE SMOKE FLOW THROUGH AN OPENINGS:"

310 LPRINT" LEAKAGE SMOKE DEPTH OF

320 LPRINT" AREA TEMP. SMOKE

330 LPRINT" (sq.ft.) (Degrees F) (ft.)

340 LPRINT" ";A,T-460,H,

350 LPRINT USING "###,###,###" ;V

360 L$="A"

370 INPUT "REDO CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?";X$

380 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM. BAS"

390 INPUT"CHANGE LEAKAGE AREA? Y/N?";X$

400 IF X$="N" OR X$="n"GOTO 430

410 INPUT "NEW LEAKAGE AREA (sq. ft.) =";A

420 IF A<=0 THEN 590

430 INPUT "CHANGE SMOKE TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";X$

440 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 480

450 INPUT "NEW SMOKE TEMPERATURE (F)=";T

460 IF T<=70 THEN 550

470 LET T=T+460

480 INPUT "CHANGE DEPTH OF SMOKE? Y/N?";X$

490 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 190

SMOKE"

FLOW"

(cfm)

51
500 INPUT "NEW DEPTH OF SMOKE (ft.)=";H

510 IF H <=0 THEN 630

520 GOTO 190

530 PRINT "SMOKE TEMPERATURE MUST BE GREATER THAN 70 F; TRY AGAIN"

540 GOTO 140

550 PRINT "SMOKE TEMPERATURE MUST BE GREATER THAN 70 F: TRY AGAIN"

560 GOTO 450

570 PRINT"LEAKAGE AREA MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO! TRY AGAIN!"

580 GOTO 120

590 PRINT"LEAKAGE AREA MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO! TRY AGAIN!"

600 GOTO 410

610 PRINT"DEPTH OF SMOKE MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO! TRY AGAIN!"

620 GOTO 170

630 PRINT"DEPTH OF SMOKE MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO! TRY AGAIN!"

640 GOTO 500

650 PRINT'

660 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

670 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

680 PRINT

690 GOTO 90

52
APPENDIX E Computer Program - BUOYANT GAS HEAD

10 REM ********•**•***'*•****•*** file is "HEAD. BUD" *******'***-!V***-;;***'A''*

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT" - " 40 PRINT"BUOYANT PRESSURE HEAD PRESENT IN A BODY OF HOT SMOKE"

50 PRINT" - - 60 PRINT

70 GOTO 500

80 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N";P$

90 PRINT

100 INPUT "SMOKE TEMPERATURE (F)=";F

110 IF F<=70 THEN 460

120 F-F+460

130 INPUT "SMOKE DEPTH (ft. from base of smoke columm to the point of intrest

)";H

140 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 160

150 LPRINT "BUOYANT PRESSURE HEAD PRESENT IN A BODY OF HOT SMOKE"

160 P-7.64*(l/530-l/F)*H

170 PRINT

180 PRINT " ****'*'*'*'*'A-'5t'*'*'!V’-!V''*'*'5V''**'*'**'*buoyant HEAD***''^*'*'*'************’*^'''*^*''^

190 PRINT

200 PRINT" A [.";H;"] FOOT DEEP BODY OF [";F-460;"] DEGREE F SMOKE PRODUCES A":

210 PRINT" BUOYANT PRESSURE HEAD OF [";

220 PRINT USING "##.###"; P; 230 PRINT"] INCHES OF WATER."

240 PRINT

250 PRINT "

260 IF P$="n" OR P$="N" THEN 360

270 LPRINT

280 LPRINT " ***'*'*'**'*''*'*'**'*'*'**'*'**'*'*'*’*BUOYANT HEAD'*****'**'*'’®^***'*'*''*'’*=''*'*'*'*'*'*'*'**'*'*'**'*'*'* " 290 LPRINT

300 LPRINT" A [";H;"] FOOT DEEP BODY OF [";F-460:"] DEGREE F SMOKE PRODUCES A":

310 LPRINT" BUOYANT PRESSURE HEAD OF [";

320 LPRINT USING "##.###"; P; 330 LPRINT"] INCHES OF WATER."

340 LPRINT

350 LPRINT" •k'k'Ji'k'k^'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'krk'k'k'k'k'k'ic'k'k'k-k-k-k'k'k'k^k-k-k'k'Jrk'k'k'k'k'Jck'k'kic'k-k'k-k'k-k-k-k'k'k-k-k'k'k-k-k-k-k-k'k'k " 360 INPUT"REPEAT WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?";X$

370 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

380 INPUT"REVISE SMOKE TEMPERATURE/ Y/N??";X$

390 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 420

400 INPUT "NEW VALUE (F)=";F

410 F=F+460

420 INPUT "REVISE SMOKE DEPTH? Y/N?";X$

430 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 450

440 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";H

450 GOTO 160

460 PRINT

470 PRINT "TEMPERATURE MUST BE AT LEAST 70 DEGREES F! TRY AGAIN!"

480 PRINT

490 GOTO 100

53
500 PRINT'

510 PRINT"CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (u.s.)

520 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

530 PRINT

540 GOTO 80

54
APPENDIX F Computer Program - FLASHOVER

10 REM ****************** FILE IS "FLASH. BUD" *********************8

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT "

" 50 PRINT " THOMAS' FLASHOVER CORRELATION"

60 PRINT " - " 70 PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT ; PRINT . 80 GOTO 610

90 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y?N";P$

100 INPUT"LENGTH OF SPACE (ft.)=";L

110 INPUT"WIDTH OF SPACE (ft)=";W

120 INPUT"HEIGHT OF SPACE (ft)=";H

130 INPUT"HEIGHT OF OPENING (ft)=";G

140 INPUT"WIDTH OF OPENING (ft)=";V

150 X-(20*V*G" (3/2) )+( . 75*( (2*L*W)+( (L+L+W+W)*H) - (V*G) )

160 PRINT

170 PRINT " *'**•*'*'*****•*•*'****FLASHOVER ENERGY*******************'*'******** " 180 PRINT

190 PRINT "FLASHOVER IS EXPECTED IN A SPACE" ;L;" x ";W;" x ";H;"FT HIGH"

200 PRINT"WITH AN OPENING THAT IS";V;"ft wide and";G;"ft high WHEN:'

210 PRINT 'A FIRE BURNING AT A RATE OF:

220 PRINT

230 PRINT USING "##############" ;X

240 PRINT" BTU/SEC OCCURS""

250 PRINT

260 PRINT " *******************************************************************

270 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 390

280 LPRINT

290 LPRINT " ****************FLASHOVER ENERGY****************************

300 LPRINT

310 LPRINT "FLASHOVER IS EXPECTED IN A SPACE" ;L;" x ";W;" x ";H;"FT HIGH"

320 LPRINT"WITH AN OPENING THAT IS";V;"ft wide and":G;"ft high WHEN:'

330 LPRINT 'A FIRE BURNING AT A RATE OF:

340 LPRINT

350 LPRINT USING "##############" ;X

360 LPRINT" BTU/SEC OCCURS""

370 LPRINT

380 LPRINT" ***********************************************'k************-k-J(*****"

390 INPUT"REPEAT CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?";X$

400 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM. BAS"

410 PRINT"! LENGTH OF SPACE 2 WIDTH OF SPACE 3 HEIGTH OF SPACE"

420 PRINT"4 HEIGTH OF OPENING 5 WIDTH OF OPENING"

430 INPUT "ENTER THE NUMBER OF ONE VARIABLE YOU WISH TO CHANGE" ;X$

440 IF X$="l" THEN 490

450 IF X$="2" THEN 510

460 IF X$="3" THEN 530

470 IF X$="4" THEN 550

480 IF X$="5" THEN 570

490 INPUT "NEW LENGTH OF SPACE (ft)=";L

500 GOTO 580

55
510 INPUT "NEW WIDTH OF SPACE (ft)=";W

520 GOTO 580

530 INPUT "NEW HEIGHT OF SPACE (ft.)=";H

540 GOTO 580

550 INPUT "NEW HEIGTH OF OPENING (ft.)=";G

560 GOTO 580

570 INPUT "NEW WIDTH OF OPENING (ft.)=";V

580 INPUT"REVISE OTHER VARIABLES? Y/N?";Y$

590 IF Y$="Y" OR Y$="y" THEN 410

600 GOTO 150

610 PRINT'

620 PRINT "CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

630 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

640 PRINT

650 GOTO 90

56
APPENDIX G Computer Program - FIRE SEVERITY

10 REM **'****'*'*'*'**'***'!t'*'*FILE IS "FIRE. BUD" 'kic'k'k'k'k^k'k'k'k'k'kirkit'k'k'k'k-Jckick-k 20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT

50 PRINT" " 60 PRINT" FIRE SEVERITY - M. LAW'S CORRELATION"

70 PRINT" - " 80 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT

90 GOTO 1020

100 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

no INPUT "LENGTH OF SPACE (ft.)=";V

120 INPUT"WIDTH OF SPACE (ft.)=";W

130 INPUT "HEIGHT OF SPACE (ft.)=";H

140 INPUT "WIDTH OF OPENING (ft.)= ";A

150 IF A>V AND A>W THEN 1070

160 INPUT "HEIGHT OF OPENING (ft.)=";B

170 IF B>H THEN 1160

180 PRINT

190 PRINT"FIRE LOAD MAY BE ENTERED EITHER AS GROSS FIRE LOAD (TOTAL"

200 PRINT"WEIGHT) IN LBS. OR AS UNIT FIRE LOAD IN LBS. PER SQ. FT. OF FLOOR

AREA"

210 PRINT

220 PRINT"ALL FIRE LOAD IS EXPRESSED IN EQUIVALENT LBS. OF WOOD"

230 PRINT

240 INPUT"ENTER BASIS - G=GROSS (LBS.) : U=UNIT (LBS./SQ. FT. OF FLOOR

AREA)" ;Y$

250 IF Y$0"U" AND Y$0"u" AND Y$0"G" AND Y$0"g" THEN GOSUB 1250

260 PRINT

270 IF Y$="G" OR Y$="g" THEN 300

280 INPUT "FIRE LOAD (Ibs/sq. ft.) =";L

290 GOTO 310

300 INPUT "FIRE LOAD (total lbs. in space) =";L

310 IF Y$="G" OR Y$="g" THEN 330

320 LET LL=L*W*V

330 X=A*B

340 Y=(2*H*(V+W))+(2*V*W)-X

350 IF Y$="U" OR Y$="u" THEN 370

360 LL=L

370 Z=4.9*LL/(X*Y)^.5

380 PRINT

390 PRINT " 'Jrk-k-k'k'k-k-k-k-k'krk-k-kk-k-k'k-k-kY'LKK S EVERITY***'*****’*'*'*'*'*''*'*'*****'*'*'*'* 400 PRINT

410 PRINT USING "##########"; Z

420 PRINT " Min.s equivalent fire severity"

430 PRINT

440 PRINT USING "####.##"; Z/60

450 PRINT " Hours equivalent fire severity"

460 PRINT

470 'P^'!i'^T"'k-k-k-kie'k-k'k'k'k'k-k-k-k'k-k-k'k-k-k'k'k'k-k-k-k-k‘k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'kk-k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k'k-k-kkk-k-k-kk-k-k-kirk " 480 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 710

57
490 LPRINT

500 LPRINT "*'*'**'*'*'*'**'*'*'**'*'*'*'*'*'*FIRE SEVERITY***************'**'*'**'*'***

510 LPRINT

520 LPRINT

530 LPRINT "A ROOM";V" ft. by";W;" ft. by ";H;" ft. high"

540 LPRINT

550 LPRINT "HAVING AN OPENING" ;A;" ft wide and ";B;" ft high"

560 LPRINT

570 IF Y$="G" OR Y$="g" THEN 610

580 LL=L/W/V

590 LPRINT "WITH A FUEL LOAD OF";L;" Ibs/sq. ft WILL DEVELOP A FIRE OF"

600 GOTO 620

.610 LPRINT "WITH A GROSS FUEL LOAD OF";L;" lbs WILL DEVELOP A FIRE OF

620 PRINT

630 LPRINT

640 LPRINT USING "##########"; Z

650 LPRINT " Min.s equivalent fire severity"

660 LPRINT

670 LPRINT USING "####.##"; Z/60

680 LPRINT " Hours equivalent fire severity"

690 LPRINT

700 LPRINT " " 710 INPUT "REPEAT CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES?. Y/N?" ;X$

720 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "nun" 730 INPUT "CHANGE ROOM DIMENSIONS? Y/N?";X$

740 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 840

750 INPUT"CHANGE LENGTH OF SPACE? Y/N?";X$

760 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 780

770 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR LENGTH OF SPACE (ft) =" ;V

780 INPUT"CHANGE WIDTH OF SPACE? Y/N?";X$

790 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 810

800 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR WIDTH OF SPACE (ft) =";W

810 INPUT "CHANGE HEIGHT OF SPACE? Y/N?";X$

820 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 840

830 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR HEIGHT OF SPACE (ft) =";H

840 INPUT "CHANGE OPENING DIMENSIONS? Y/N?";X$

850 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 920

860 INPUT "CHANGE OPENING WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

870 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 890

880 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR OPENING WIDTH (ft) =";A

890 INPUT "CHANGE OPENING HEIGHT? Y/N?";X$

900 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 920

910 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR OPENING HEIGHT (ft)=";B

920 INPUT "CHANGE FUEL LOAD VALUE OR BASIS? Y/N?";X$

930 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1010

940 INPUT "CHANGE FUEL LOAD BASIS? Y/N?";X$

950 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 980

960 INPUT"NEW FUEL BASIS (G=GROSS ;U=UNIT)=" ; Y$

970 IF Y$0"U" AND Y$0"u" AND Y$0"G" AND Y$0"u" THEN GOSUB 1250

980 INPUT"CHANGE FUEL LOAD VALUE? Y/N?";X$

990 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1010

1000 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR FIRE LOAD =";L

58
1010 GOTO 310

1020 PRINT'

1030 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

1040 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

1050 PRINT

1060 GOTO 100

1070 PRINT

1080 PRINT"THE VALUE ENTERED FOR WIDTH OF OPENING IS GREATER THAN THE LONGEST"

1090 PRINT"WALL DIMENSION."

1100 PRINT

1110 INPUT"DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THE ENTRY FOR WIDTH OF OPENING? Y/N?";W$

1120 PRINT

1130 IF W$ - "y" OR W$="Y" THEN 1150

1140 GOTO 160

1150 GOTO 140

1160 PRINT

1170 PRINT"THE VALUE ENTERED FOR HEIGHT OF OPENING IS GREATER THAN THE HEIGHT

OF " 1180 PRINT"THE SPACE"

1190 PRINT

1200 INPUT"DO YOU WISH TO CHANGE THE ENTRY FOR HEIGHT OF OPENING? Y/N?";H$

1210 PRINT

1220 IF H$ = "Y" OR H$="y" THEN 1240

1230 GOTO 180

1240 GOTO 160

1250 PRINT

1260 INPUT "PLEASE ENTER EITHER G OR U" ;Y$

1270 IF Y$="G" OR Y$="g" OR Y$="U" OR Y$="u" THEN 1330

1280 PRINT

1290 PRINT" NO! YOUR ENTRY IS WRONG. YOU MUST ENTER EITHER G IF THE FIRE LOAD"

1300 INPUT" IS TO BE EXPRESSED AS A GROSS AMOUNT OR U IF UNIT FIRE LOAD.";Y$

1310 PRINT

1320 IF Y$0"G" AND Y$0"g" AND Y$=0"U" AND Y$0"U" THEN 1260

1330 RETURN

59
APPENDIX H Computer Program - PLUME FILLING

10 REM *'*'*'5'r'*'*'*'*'*'*'*"**'*'!!f*'')!r'*FiLE XS "PLUME . BUD"*'*'*"*'*'**'*'**"'*"*'*'*"*"*'*"*'*"*"*'"'*'’'' 20 X=.65

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

50 PRINT" ------

60 PRINT" PLUME FILLING RATE (CFM)"

70 PRINT" - - " 80 PRINT

90 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT

100 GOTO 580

110 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

120 PRINT

130 PRINT "VOLUME FLOW OF SMOKE AT A POINT ABOVE A FIRE"

140 PRINT

150 INPUT "SOURCE FIRE ENERGY - BURNING RATE (btu/sec) =";Q

160 PRINT

170 PRINT "THE PROGRAM ASSUMES THAT A FRACTION OF THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE

FIRE"

180 PRINT" IS RADIATED OUT OF THE PLUME. AS WRITTEN, THE PROGRAM ASSUMES THIS " 190 INPUT"TO BE 0.35. DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS? Y/N?";Q$

200 IF Q$="N" OR Q$="n" THEN 250

210 PRINT

220 INPUT"NEW VALUE FOR RADIANT FRACTION=";Y

230 IF Y>=1 THEN 630

240 X=l-Y

250 PRINT

260 INPUT "HEIGHT ABOVE FIRE (ft) =";Z

270 W- (5.8*Q*X)+(18*((Q*X)^(l/3))*Z^(5/3))

280 PRINT

290 PRINT "****************PLUME FLOW VOLUME*****************************"

300 PRINT

310 PRINT USING "#,###,###,###,###" ;W

320 PRINT " cfm flow at [";Z;"] feet above a [";Q;"] btu/sec fire"

330 PRINT

340 PRINT " *****************************' '** *****' '** *it**'>t*')V'*-)t'!5:'*')V’*-*-)V')!r-)!r* " 350 PRINT

360 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 440

370 LPRINT"****************PLUME FLOW VOLUME*****************************"

380 LPRINT

390 LPRINT "THE ESTIMATED RATE OF FLOW OF HOT SMOKE AND GASES ";Z;" ft"

400 LPRINT "ABOVE A FIRE PRODUCING ":Q;" Btu/sec IS

410 LPRINT USING "#,###,###,###,###" ;W; 420 LPRINT " cfm"

430 LPRINT

440 INPUT "REPEAT CALCULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?";X$

450 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM. BAS"

460 INPUT "CHANGE BURNING RATE? Y/N?";X$

470 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 490

480 INPUT "NEW BURNING RATE (btu/sec) ";Q

490 INPUT "CHANGE RADIANT FRACTION? Y/N?";X$

60
500 IF X$-"N" OR X$="n" THEN 540

510 INPUT "NEW VALUE '";Y

520 IF Y>-1 THEN 660

530 X-l-Y

540 INPUT "CHANGE HEIGHT ABOVE FIRE? Y/N?";X$

550 IF X$-"N" OR X$="n" THEN 270

560 INPUT "NEW HEIGTH (ft)=";Z

570 GOTO 270

580 PRINT'

590 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

600 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

610 PRINT

620 GOTO 110

630 PRINT"THE VALUE FOR RADIANT FRACTION MUST BE LESS THAN 1.0"

640 PRINT"TRY AGAIN!!"

650 GOTO 220

660 PRINT"THE VALUE FOR RADIANT FRACTION MUST BE LESS THAN 1.0 TRY AGAIN!!"

670 GOTO 510

61
APPENDIX I Computer Program - FORCES ON A DOOR

10 REM IS " DOOR . BUD'*'*'*'**'**'*"*"**'*'*'*"*"*'*"*'*"*'*'*"*"*"*'*'* 20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" PRESSURE FORCES IMPACTING A DOOR"" "" 50 PRINT

60 GOTO 2450

70 PRINT"THIS PROGRAM ESTIMATES THE FORCES IMPACTING ON AN INTERIOR",

80 PRINT"DOOR THAT IS BETWEEN A ROOM AND A CORRIDOR, ACROSS A CORRIDOR, ",

90 PRINT"OR AT A STAIR ENCLOSURE AS THE RESULT OF THE BUOYANT FORCE OF A FIRE

100 PRINT

110 PRINT"THE PROGRAM ALSO SEPERATELY ESTIMATES THE ADDITIONAL FORCES THAT";

120 PRINT"CAN BE PRODUCED BY WIND AND STACK EFFECTS. IN THE LATTER TWO CASES";

130 PRINT"THERE IS NO CONSIDERATION OF PRESSURE LOSSES THAT WOULD BE EXPECTED

tt • 140 PRINT" IN A TIGHT BUILDING OR OTHER SITUATION WHERE FREE FLOW IS CONSTRAINED

BY "; 150 PRINT" ELEMENTS OTHER THAN THE DOOR BEING EVALUATED."

160 PRINT"

^

II 170 INPUT"PRINT RESULTS? Y/N";P$

180 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 330

190 LPRINT

200 LPRINT" PRESSURE FORCES IMPACTING A DOOR " 210 LPRINT

220 LPRINT"THIS PROGRAM ESTIMATES THE FORCES POTENTIALLY IMPOSED ON A DOOR"

230 LPRINT"BY THE PRESSURE HEAD IMPOSED BY THE BUOYANT FORCE OF A FIRE;"

240 LPRINT"THE PROGRAM ALSO SEPERATELY ESTIMATES THE ADDITIONAL FORCES THAT"

250 LPRINT"CAN BE PRODUCED BY WIND AND STACK AFFECTS. IN THE LATTER TWO CASES"

260 LPRINT"THERE IS NO CONSIDERATION OF PRESSURE LOSSES THAT WOULD BE EXPECTED"

270 LPRINT" IN A TIGHT BUILDING OR OTHER SITUATION WHERE FREE FLOW IS

CONSTRAINED BY " 280 LPRINT" ELEMENTS OTHER THAN THE DOOR BEING EVALUATED."

290 LPRINT

300 LPRINT"- - ......

^

II 310 REM **** INITIALIZATION OF VARIABLES

320 REM INITIALIZATION OF FLAG FOR SELECTING FORCES TO BE EVALUATED

330 X$="4"

340 REM INITIALIZATION OF WIND SPEED

350 B=0

360 REM INITIALIZATION OF BUILDING HEIGHT FOR STACK EFFECT CALCULATION

370 L=0

380 REM   SELECTION OF FORCES TO BE CONSIDERED IN CALCULATION

390 INPUT "SHOULD COMPUTATION ALSO CONSIDER 1. WIND, 2. STACK, 3 BOTH,

4. NEITHER" ;X$

400 REM

410 REM ** ** IMPUTING VARIABLES

420 REM

430 INPUT "DOOR HEIGHT (ft)=";D

440 INPUT "DOOR WIDTH (ft)=";W

62
450 INPUT "CEILING HEIGHT (ft)=";C

460 IF C<D THEN 2220

470 INPUT "SMOKE DEPTH UNDER CEILING (ft)=";H

480 IF H>C THEN 2260

490 IF C-H>D THEN 2490

500 INPUT "FIRE GAS TEMPERATURE (F)=";F

510 IF F<-70 THEN 2300

520 IF X$0"1" AND X$0"2" AND X$0"3" THEN 630

530 IF X$="2" THEN 560

540 INPUT "WIND SPEED (mph)=";B

550 IF X$-"l" THEN 630

560 INPUT "HEIGHT OF BUILDING (ft)=";L

570 INPUT "LOWEST WINTER TEMPERATURE (F)=";M

580 IF M>70 THEN 2340

590 REM

600 REM   END OF INPUTING OF VARIABLES

610 REM

620 REM ** ** CONVERTING TEMPERATURES FROM F TO R

630 F-F+460

640 M=M+460

650 REM

660 REM **** CALCULATION OF FIRE PRODUCED PORTION OF FORCE ON DOOR

670 REM

680 A-H-C+D

690 P-39.7*(l/530-l/F)*A

700 R-A*W*P/2

710 E-R/2

720 REM

730 REM **** END OF CALCULATION OF FIRE PRODUCED PRESSURE

740 IF X$0"1" AND X$0"2" AND X$0"3" THEN 1010

750 IF X$="2" THEN 890

760 REM

770 REM **** CALCULATION OF WIND PRODUCED PORTION OF FORCE ON DOOR

780 REM

790 G=.0015*B"2

800 J=D*W*G/2

810 K=J+E

820 REM

830 REM **** END OF CALCULATION OF WIND PRODUCED FORCE

840 REM

850 IF X$="l" THEN 1010

860 REM

870 REM **** CALCULATION OF STACK EFFECT PRODUCED FORCE ON DOOR

880 REM

890 N=19.7*L*(l/M-l/530)

900 Q=D*W*N/2

910 REM

920 REM **** END OF CALCULATION OF STACK EFFECT

930 REM

940 REM   SUMMING OF FORCE ELEMENTS

950 REM

960 U=Q+E

63
970 X=Q+E+J

980 REM

990 REM ** ** SCREEN DISPLAY OF RESULTS

1000 REM

1010 PRINT

1020 PRINT "*'*'**'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'**'*FORCES ON A DOOR****'**'***'*'*'*'*'*''*'*'*'*'*'*’*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*'*''

LATCH EDGE FORCE OF"

(lbs)"

1030 PRINT

1040 PRINT"IF A DOOR [";D;"]ft HIGH AND [";W;"]ft WIDE IN A ROOM [ " ; C

; "

] f

HIGH"

1050 PRINT"IS IMPACTED BY A FIRE PRODUCING HOT GASES THAT ARE [";F-460;"]

DEGREES F"

1060 PRINT" AND ARE [";H;"] ft DEEP BELOW THE CEILING"

1070 IF X$0"1" AND X$0"2" AND X$0"3" THEN 1120

1080 IF X$="2" THEN 1110

1090 PRINT"GIVEN: AN ADDITIVE WIND OF [”;B; "] mph"

1100 IF X$="l" THEN 1120

1110 PRINT"GIVEN: A [";L;"] FOOT TALL BUILDING EXPOSED TO [";M-460;"] DEGREES F

COLD"

1120 PRINT

1130 PRINT" FORCES PRODUCE " 1140 PRINT" FROM AVERAGE FORCE OF

1150 PRINT" (Ibs/sq.ft.)

1160 PRINT" FIRE - - 1170 PRINT USING "##########.#";

1180 IF X$= "4" OR X$ ="" THEN 1360

1190 IF X$="2" THEN 1270

1200 PRINT" WIND

1210 PRINT USING "##########.#" ;G;

1220 PRINT"

1230 PRINT USING "##########.#";

1240 PRINT" FIRE + WIND

1250 PRINT USING " ########## .#" ;K

1260 IF X$="l" THEN 1360

1270 PRINT" STACK

1280 PRINT USING "##########.#"; N

1290 PRINT"

1300 PRINT USING "###»######.#" ;Q

1310 PRINT " FIRE + STACK

1320 PRINT USING "########## .

;

1330 IF X$="2" THEN 1360

1340 PRINT " FIRE + WIND + STACK

1350 PRINT USING "##########.#" ;X

1360 PRINT

1370 PRINT " *************'****************')t**'5V*'>t*'>t********'*'*')t')t'*'*-)t')t*-)t'*'5!r'j5r')t'*^t')!f***** " 1380 PRINT

1390 REM

1400 REM   SENDING RESULTS TO AN IN LINE PRINTER

1410 REM

1420 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 1820

1430 LPRINT

1440 LPRINT "** ****************FORCES ON A DOOR********************************"

1450 LPRINT

64
1460 LPRINT"IF A DOOR [";D;"]ft HIGH AND [";W;"]ft WIDE IN A ROOM [ "

; C

; "

] f

HIGH"

1470 LPRINT"IS IMPACTED BY A FIRE PRODUCING HOT GASES THAT ARE [";F-460;"]

DEGREES F"

1480 LPRINT"AND ARE [":H;"] ft DEEP BELOW THE CEILING"

1490 IF X$- "4" OR X$ ="" THEN 1540

1500 IF X$="2" THEN 1530

1510 LPRINT"GIVEN: AN ADDITIVE WIND OF [";B;"] mph"

1520 IF X$="I" THEN 1540

1530 LPRINT"GIVEN: A [";L;"] FOOT TALL BUILDING EXPOSED TO [";M-460;"] DEGREES

F COLD"

1540 LPRINT

1550 LPRINT" FORCES PRODUCE " 1560 LPRINT" FROM AVERAGE FORCE OF LATCH EDGE FORCE OF"

1570 LPRINT" (Ibs/sq.ft.) (lbs)"

1580 LPRINT" FIRE - 1590 LPRINT USING "##########.#";£

1600 IF X$ = "4" OR X$="" THEN 1780

1610 IF X$="2" THEN 1690

1620 LPRINT" WIND

1630 LPRINT USING " ##########.#"; G

;

1640 LPRINT"

1650 LPRINT USING ”##########.#";

1660 LPRINT" FIRE + WIND

1670 LPRINT USING "##########.#" ;K

1680 IF X$="I" THEN 1780

1690 LPRINT" STACK

1700 LPRINT USING "##########.#" ;N; 1710 LPRINT" "; 1720 LPRINT USING "##########.#";

Q

1730 LPRINT " FIRE + STACK - "; 1740 LPRINT USING "##########.#" ;U

1750 IF X$="2" THEN 1780

1760 LPRINT " FIRE + WIND + STACK "; 1770 LPRINT USING "##########.#" ;X

1780 LPRINT

1790 LPRINT " **'*************'*'*'**'*'**'**'*'**'***'**'*'***'*'***-*-!t-*'*'**'*-*'5!r'*'*Tt'-!r-!!r***'***'*'***-Ar-)!r " 1800 LPRINT

1810 REM

1820 INPUT "REDO WITH DIFFERENT INPUTS? Y/N?";Y$

1830 REM

1840 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

1850 INPUT "REVISE DOOR HEIGHT? Y/N?";Y$

1860 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 1880

1870 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";D

1880 INPUT "REVISE DOOR WIDTH? Y/N?";Y$

1890 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 1910

1900 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";W

1910 INPUT "REVISE CEILING HEIGHT? Y/N?";Y$

1920 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 1940

1930 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";C

1940 INPUT "REVISE SMOKE DEPTH (BELOW CEILING)? Y/N?";Y$

65
1950 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 1970

1960 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";H

1970 INPUT"REVISE FIRE GAS TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";Y$

1980 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 2010

1990 INPUT "NEW VALUE (F)=";F

2000 F=F+460

2010 IF X$="3" THEN 2110

2020 INPUT" INCREASE SCOPE TO INCLUDE l.WIND, 2. STACK, 3. BOTH? Y/N?";Y$

2030 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 2050

2040 INPUT"ENTER l.(WIND), 2. (STACK) OR 3.(B0TH)";X$

2050 IF X$0"1" AND X$0"2" AND X$0"3" THEN 680

2060 IF X$="2" THEN 2120

2070 INPUT "REVISE (OR INTRODUCE) WIND SPEED? Y/N?";Y$

2080 INPUT "REVISED (OR NEW) WIND SPEED (mph)=":B

2090 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 2110

2100 INPUT "NEW VALUE (mph)=";B

2110 IF X$="l" THEN 2210

2120 INPUT "REVISE STACK EFFECT FACTORS? Y/N?";Y$

2130 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 2210

2140 INPUT "REVISE BUILDING HEIGHT? Y/N";Y$

2150 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 2170

2160 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";L

2170 INPUT "REVISE LOWEST WINTER TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";Y$

2180 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 2210

2190 INPUT "NEW VALUE (F)";M

2200 M=M+460

2210 GOTO 680

2220 PRINT

2230 PRINT" CEILING HEIGHT MUST BE AT LEAST EQUAL TO THE DOOR HEIGTH

(";D;"ft.)"

2240 PRINT

2250 GOTO 450

2260 PRINT

2270 PRINT" SMOKE DEPTH CAN NOT EXCEED CEILING HEIGHT (";C;" ft.)! TRY AGAIN!"

2280 PRINT

2290 GOTO 470

2300 PRINT

2310 PRINT"FIRE GAS TEMPERATURE MUST BE GREATER THAN 70 DEGREES F! TRY AGAIN!"

2320 PRINT

2330 GOTO 500

2340 PRINT

2350 PRINT"THE FORMULA ASSUMES AN INDOOR TEMPERATURE OF 70 DEGREES F (EXCEPT

IN"

2360 PRINT"THE IMMEDIATE AREAS OF FIRE IMPACT) . SINCE THE INPUT FOR LOWEST

WINTER"

2370 PRINT "TEMPERATURE IS GREATER THAN 70 DEGREES F, THE FORMULA WILL ASSUME

THAT"

2380 PRINT"THE STACK EFFECT FORCE IS IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF THAT

DEVELOPED BY"

2390 PRINT"THE FIRE. THIS MAY NOT BE A PROPER REPRESENTATION OF FACT."

2400 PRINT

2410 INPUT"DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR ENTRY FOR LOWEST WINTER TEMP.? Y/N?";X$

66
2420 IF X$-"y" OR X$="Y" THEN 570

2430 GOTO 630

2440 PRINT'

2450 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

2460 PRINT "NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

2470 PRINT

2480 GOTO 70

2490 PRINT

2500 PRINT" THE ENTRY FOR DEPTH OF SMOKE PLACES THE BOTTOM OF THE SMOKE LAYER"

2510 PRINT" AT A POSITION HIGHER THAN THE TOP OF THE DOOR. THE POGRAM CAN NOT"

2520 PRINT" ACCEPT THIS. TRY AGAIN WITH A SMOKE DEPTH THAT IS GREATER THAN " 2530 PRINT" ";C-D;" FT."

2540 PRINT

2550 GOTO 470

67
APPENDIX J Computer Program - LATERAL FLAME SPREAD

10 REM *******'***'**'**'*'*'** FILE IS "FLAME. BUD" **************'******•*****•*'*

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" - " 50 PRINT " LATERAL FLAME SPREAD"

60 PRINT" - " 70 PRINT

80 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

90 GOTO 1000

100 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

110 PRINT

120 PRINT"COMPUTATION INVOLVES A DERIVED VARIABLE (Phi/kpc) AND THE IGNITION";

130 PRINT "TEMPERATURE OF THE MATERIAL INVOLVED."

140 PRINT

150 PRINT"TO VIEW A LIST OF VALUES FOR FOR THESE VARIABLES ENTER Y AND PRESS"

160 INPUT "RETURN. TO PASS THE LIST JUST PRESS RETURN. ";X$

170 IF X$="Y" OR X$="y" THEN 770

180 PRINT

190 PRINT "LATERAL FLAME SPREAD"

200 INPUT "Phi/kpc (mK''2/s)=" ;

210 INPUT "IGNITION TEMPERATURE (F)";T

220 INPUT"AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)";A

230 IF A>=T THEN 610

240 X=(T-A)/1.8

250 V=P/(X"2)

260 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 380

270 LPRINT

280 LPRINT "********************•  FLAME SPREAD RATE ** *•*••***•******•***•********" 290 LPRINT"FLAME SPREAD RATE WHEN:"

300 LPRINT" Phi/kpc /IS [";P;"]"

310 LPRINT" THE IGNITION TEMPERATURE IS [":T;"] DEGREES

F"

320 LPRINT" AND THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS [";A;"]

DEGREES F"

330 LPRINT

340 LPRINT" IS   "; 350 LPRINT ;V; 360 LPRINT" ft/sec.** **"

370 LPRINT

380 PRINT "**************'*'***'****** FLAME SPREAD RATE ****************-^-^*******"

390 PRINT"FLAME SPREAD RATE WHEN:"

400 PRINT" • Phi/kpc /IS [":P;"]"

410 PRINT" THE IGNITION TEMPERATURE IS [";T;"] DEGREES F"

420 PRINT" AND THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS [";A;"] DEGREES

F"

430 PRINT

440 PRINT" IS  

450 PRINT USING "###.#####" ;V; 460 PRINT" ft/sec.** **"

470 PRINT

68
480 INPUT "REPEAT WITH REVISED VALUES? Y/N?";X$

490 IF X$-"N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

500 INPUT "CHANGE Phi/kpc? Y/N?";X$

510 IF X$-"N" OR X$="n" THEN 530

520 INPUT"NEW VALUE=";P

530 INPUT "CHANGE IGNITION TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";X$

540 IF X$-"N" OR X$="n" THEN 560

550 INPUT "NEW VALUE (F)=";T

560 INPUT "CHANGE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";X$

570 IF X$-"N" OR X$="n" THEN 600

580 INPUT "NEW VALUE (F)=";A

590 IF A>-T THEN 610

600 GOTO 240

610 PRINT

620 PRINT"AMBIENT TEMPERATURE EQUALS OR EXCEEDS IGNITION TEMPERATURE."

630 PRINT

640 PRINT"ASSUME INSTANT FLAME SPREAD ACROSS ALL PORTIONS OF THE MATERIAL "

650 PRINT"THAT IS EXPOSED TO AMBIENT TEMPERATURES THAT ARE ";T;" DEGREES "; 660 PRINT "OR MORE."

670 PRINT • 680 IF P$-"N" OR P$="n" THEN 760

690 LPRINT "********************** FLAME SPREAD RATE

700 LPRINT

710 LPRINT"ASSUME INSTANT FLAME SPREAD ACROSS ALL PORTIONS OF THE MATERIAL "; 720 LPRINT "THAT IS EXPOSED"

730 LPRINT"TO AMBIENT TEMPERATURES THAT ARE ";T;" DEGREES

740 LPRINT "OR MORE."

750 LPRINT

760 GOTO 480

770 PRINT "***************TABLE OF Phi/KPC & IGNITION TEMP.

780 PRINT

790 PRINT" MATERIAL THICK. Phi/ IGN. MATERIAL THICK. Phi/ IGN

800 PRINT" (in.kpc TEMP. (in>) kpc

TEMP .

810 PRINT" (F) (F)

820 PRINT" PLYWOOD, plain 0.25 16 734 PLYWOOD, plain 0.5 24 734"

830 PRINT" PLYWOOD , FR 0.5 * 1148 HARDBOARD 0.25 2 568"

840 PRINT" HARDBOARD,S158M 18 521 DGS/FIR PART.BD 0.5 14 720"

850 PRINT" HARDBOARD 0.125 12 689 FIBERBOARD ,

860 PRINT" low density , S119M 42 626"

870 PRINT" FIBER INSUL.BD 5 671 WOOD PANEL, S118M 43 725"

880 PRINT"HARDBOARD HARDBOARD"

890 PRINT" gloss paint 0.130 3 723 nitro . cel .paint 3 723"

900 PRINT" PARTICAL BD. 0.5 5 774 GYPSUM BD,S142M 1 774"

910 PRINT" GYPSUM BD . , FR 0.5 23 950 GYPSUM BD. COMMON 0.5 32 1049"

920 PRINT" PMMA TYPE G 0.5 14 712 PMMA Polycast 0.62 8 532"

930 PRINT" POLYCARBONATE 0.6 13 982 POLYURETHANE , S 3 5 3M 82 536"

940 PRINT" POLYISOCYANURATE 2.0 201 833 POLYSTYRENE 2 .

* 1166

950 PRINT" GRP 0.28 6 752 GRP 0.88 31 734"

960 PRINT

970 INPUT "Phi/kpc (niK"2/s)=" ;P

69
980 INPUT" IGNITION TEMPERATURE (F)=";T

990 GOTO 220

1000 PRINT'

1010 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

1020 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

1030 PRINT

1040 GOTO 100

e

70
APPENDIX K Computer Program - IGNITION OF NEAR FUEL

10 REIM ***************FILE IS "IGNITE . BUD" ***'**'*’’f'*'*'**'*'*'**'*'**'*'*** 20 PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

50 PRINT" " 60 PRINT" RADIANT IGNITION OF A NEAR FUEL"

70 PRINT" - " 80 PRINT

90 PRINT ; PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

100 GOTO 900

110 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N";P$

120 PRINT

130 PRINT"THIS COMPUTATION PREDICTS THE APPROXIMATE ENERGY LEVEL THAT A FREE "

140 PRINT"BURNING EXPOSURE FIRE MUST HAVE TO IGNITE A NEAR BY ITEM, PROVIDED "; 150 PRINT"THE EXPOSED FUEL IS NOT SO CLOSE AS TO BE TOUCHED BY THE FLAME OF THE

160 PRINT"BURNING ITEM. THE CALCULATIONS ALSO ASSUME THAT THE EXPOSED FUEL

ITEM IS "; 170 PRINT"TOO CLOSE TO CONSIDER THE BURNING ITEM AS A POINT SOURCE. RATHER THE

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

tl • 310

320

330

PRINT"THE EXPOSED FUEL SEES THE BROAD SIDE OF A FIRE TYPICAL OF THAT "; PRINT" PRODUCED BY A FREE BURNING UPHOLSTERED CHAIR OR COUCH."

PRINT

PRINT"THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THESE CALCULATIONS WERE EMPIRICALLY "; PRINT "DERIVED FROM TEST RESULTS"

PRINT

INPUT" SEPARATION OF FUEL PACKAGES (inches)=";D

D-D/39

PRINT

PRINT"THE IGNITABILITY OF THE EXPOSED FUEL PACKAGE IS:'

PRINT

PRINT" E. EASILY IGNITABLE - THIN DRAPES, NEWSPRINT, OR OTHER MATERIALS "; PRINT" THAT ARE READILY IGNITABLE. THE COMPUTATION ASSUMES IGNITION IF

PRINT" SUCH A TARGET RECEIVES lOkW OF INCIDENT RADIATION."

PRINT

PRINT" N. WITHIN THE NORMAL RANGE OF IGNITABILITY - INCLUDES UPHOLSTERED

340 PRINT" FURNITURE AND SIMILAR LOWER DENSITY BUT RELATIVELY THICK

MATERIALS

350 PRINT"

360 PRINT

370 PRINT"

380 PRINT"

390 PRINT"

400 PRINT

410 INPUT "ENTER E, N, OR H AS APPROPRIATE" ;X$

420 IF X$="H" OR X$="h" THEN 510

430 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 480

440 IF X$0"E" AND X$0"e" THEN 840

THE COMPUTATION ASSUMES IGNITION FROM 20kW INCIDENT RADIATION,

H. HARD (DIFFICULT) TO IGNITE - INCLUDES 1/2 IN. OF THICKER ' WOOD PANELING AND SIMILAR THICK HIGH DENSITY MATERIALS. THE’

COMPUTATION ASSUMES IGNITION FROM 40kW INCIDENT RADIATION.

71
450 Q=30*(10"((D+. 08038)/. 88557))

460 A$=" EASILY IGNITED " 470 GOTO 530

480 Q=30*((D+. 05041)/. 01878)

490 A$="NORMALLY RESISTANT TO IGNITION"

500 GOTO 530

510 Q=30*((D+. 02167)/. 00918)

520 A$="DIFFICULT TO IGNITE"

530 PRINT

540 PRINT"****'*'**'***’’f'*'***'*'*'*'***'**IGNITION ENERGY******'***'*'**'*'**'*'*'*'*'*'**'***"

550 PRINT

560 PRINT"FOR A MATERIAL THAT IS [";A$;"] AND [";D*39;"] INCHES FROM A

BURNING"

570 PRINT" FURNITURE OR SIMILAR FUEL PACKAGE, IGNITION IS EXPECTED IF THE HEAT"

580 PRINT"RELEASE RATE OF THE BURNING ITEM REACHES [";

590 PRINT USING "*#########" ;Q;

600 PRINT" **] kW btu/sec"

610 PRINT

620 PRINT"

630 PRINT

640 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 740

650 LPRINT"FOR A MATERIAL THAT IS [";A$;"] AND [";D*39; "] INCHES FROM A

BURNING";

660 LPRINT" FURNITURE OR SIMILAR FUEL PACKAGE, IGNITION IS EXPECTED IF THE HEAT

ft •

f 670 LPRINT "RELEASE RATE " 680 LPRINT"OF THE BURNING ITEM REACHES [";

690 LPRINT USING "*#########"; Q

700 LPRINT" **] kW " btu/sec"

710 LPRINT

720 LPRINT"

730 LPRINT

740 INPUT "REPEAT CALCULATION WITH NEW VALUES? Y/N?";Z$

750 IF Z$="N" OR Z$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

760 INPUT "CHANGE IGNITION SUSCEPTIBLY? Y/N?";XX$

770 IF XX$="N" OR XX$="n" THEN 790

780 INPUT "NEW LEVEL (E, N, or H)=";X$

790 INPUT "CHANGE SEPARATION DISTANCE? Y/N?";Y$

800 IF Y$="N" OR Y$="n" THEN 420

810 INPUT "NEW SEPARATION DISTANCE (inches)=";D

820 D=D/39

830 GOTO 420

840 PRINT

850 PRINT"** YOUR ENTRY "X$" WILL NOT WORK. YOU MUST ENTER E, N, OR H"

860 PRINT

870 INPUT"****** STRIKE <RETURN> TO TRY AGAIN! ";X$

880 PRINT

890 GOTO 270

900 PRINT'

910 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

920 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

930 PRINT

72
940 GOTO 110

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APPENDIX L Computer Program - UPPER LAYER TEMPERATURE

10 REM IS "UL . BUD

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" - " 50 PRINT

60 PRINT"* * * * * UPPER LEVEL TEMPERATURE - in a vented room

*****"

70 GOTO 1550

80 PRINT

90 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

100 PRINT

110 C=.0132

120 PRINT"THIS FORMULA INVOLVES CONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECT OF LINING

MATERIALS"

130 PRINT "ON TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE UPPER LAYER. THE PROGRAM HAS A DEFAULT " 140 PRINT" SETTING THAT ASSUMES THAT THE DESCRIBED FIRE OCCURS IN AN ENCLOSURE

tt .

> 150 PRINT"WHERE THE CEILINGS AND WALL LININGS ARE PLASTERBOARD OR A SIMILAR"

160 PRINT "MATERIAL OF APPROXIMATELY 1/2 INCH THICKNESS AND THE FLOOR IS A

4-3/4"

170 PRINT"INCH THICK CONCRETE SLAB. IT ALSO ASSUMES THAT THE FIRE HAS EXISTED"

180 PRINT"LONG ENOUGH FOR THE BACK SIDES OF THE LININGS (INCLUDING THE FLOOR"

190 PRINT"TO START TO RISE IN TEMPERATURE.

200 PRINT

210 PRINT"THE PROGRAM HAS, HOWEVER, A SUBROUTINE THAT ENABLES THE USER TO"

220 PRINT"CONSIDER ANY OTHER LINING OR SITUATION DESIRED. TO DO THIS THE USER'

230 PRINT"MUST CHANGE THE VALUE OF THE EFFECTIVE CONDUCTANCE OF THE ENCLOSURE"

240 PRINT"LINING MATERIALS.

250 PRINT

260 PRINT"DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE PRESET VALUE OF EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE"

270 INPUT "CONDUCTANCE? Y/N?";C$

280 IF C$="N" OR C$="n" THEN 360

290 PRINT"DO YOU KNOW WHAT VALUE YOU WISH TO USE FOR EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE"

300 INPUT "CONDUCTANCE? Y/N?";Q$

310 IF Q$="N" OR Q$="n" THEN 340

320 INPUT" EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE =";C

330 GOTO 360

340 REM

350 GOSUB 1700

360 PRINT

370 PRINT

380 INPUT "ROOM LENGTH (ft)=";L

390 INPUT "ROOM WIDTH (ft)=";W

400 INPUT"ROOM HEIGHT (ft)=";H

410 INPUT "DOOR WIDTH (ft)=";J

420 IF J>W AND J>L THEN 1430

430 INPUT "DOOR HEIGHT (ft)-";S

440 IF S>H THEN 1490

450 INPUT "INITIAL ROOM TEMPERATURE (F) = ";T1

460 Tl=(TI-32)*(5/9)

470 REM

74
480 INPUT "FIRE INTENSITY (btu/sec)=" ;Q

490 REM

500 A-( ( (L+L+W+W)/3 . 25)*(H/3 . 25) )+(2*W/3 . 25*L/3 . 25) - (J/3 . 25*S/3 . 25)

510 V-J/3.25*(S/3.25)"1.5

520 IF V<.15 THEN 1600

530 T-(6.85*(((Q*1.054)"2)/(A*V*C))"(l/3))+Tl

540 TK-(T*(9/5))+32

550 IF T>600 THEN 1330

560 PRINT

570 PRINT " **************‘***'*EST . UPPER LEVEL SMOKE TEMPERATURE***********-***"

580 PRINT

590 PRINT"THE ESTIMATED TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE SMOKE LAYER DEVELOPED

600 PRINT "BY A FIRE"

610 PRINT"OF [":Q;"] BTU/SEC IN A ROOM [";L;" by ";W;" by "; 620 PRINT H;" FT. HIGH ] 630 IF Q$="N" OR Q$="n" THEN 660

640 PRINT"WITH AN OPENING [";J;" BY ";S;" FT. HIGH ] IS:"

650 GOTO 670

660 PRINT"WITH AN OPENING ";J;" BY ";S;" FT. HIGH AFTER ";TM;" MIN. EXPOSURE

IS: " 670 PRINT

680 PRINT" ": 690 PRINT USING "########"; TK;

700 PRINT" DEGREES F ( "; 710 PRINT USING "####### " ;T; 720 PRINT" DEGREES C)

730 PRINT

740 PRINT"GIVEN AN EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE OF: ";C

750 PRINT

760 PRINT" •k-k-kic-k-fc-it-kic-k-k-Jc-Jcicit-k-kic-fi-k-k-Jf-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-kic-k-Jt-Jc-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-Jc-k'k-k-k-k-k-k'k-kic-k-k'k'k-k'k-k'' 770 PRINT

780 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 1010

790 LPRINT

800 LPRINT "******************EST. UPPER LEVEL SMOKE TEMPEEIATURE***************"

810 LPRINT

820 LPRINT"THE ESTIMATED TEMPERATURE IN THE SMOKE LAYER DEVELOPED "; 830 LPRINT "BY A FIRE OF"

840 LPRINT" [";Q;"] BTU/SEC IN A ROOM [";L;" by ";W;" by "; 850 LPRINT H;" FT. HIGH ]"

860 IF Q$="N" OR Q$="n" THEN 890

870 LPRINT "WITH AN OPENING [";J;" BY ";S;" FT. HIGH ] IS:"

880 GOTO 900

890 LPRINT "WITH AN OPENING [";J;" BY ";S;" FT. HIGH AFTER ";TM;" MIN EXPOSURE

IS: " 900 LPRINT

910 LPRINT" "; 920 LPRINT USING " ########" ;TK;

930 LPRINT" DEGREES F ( "; 940 LPRINT USING "#######" ;T; 950 LPRINT" DEGREES C)

960 LPRINT

970 LPRINT "GIVEN AND EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE OF: ";C

75
980 LPRINT

990 LPRINT ” 'If'krk-k-k-k-k-kic-kic-ic-k-k-k-k-ific-k-k-k-krkrk-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-itic-k-^-kicit-k-k-Sc-Jrk-A'k'k-kirk-kir/rk-k " 1000 LPRINT

1010 INPUT "REVISE WITH CHANGED VALUES? Y/N?";X$

1020 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

1030 INPUT "REVISE ROOM DIMENSIONS? Y/N?";X$

1040 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1140

1050 INPUT "REVISE ROOM LENGTH? Y/N?";X$

1060 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1080

1070 INPUT "NEW VALUE(ft)=" ;

1080 INPUT "REVISE ROOM WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

1090 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1110

1100 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";W

1110 INPUT "REVISE ROOM HEIGHT? Y/N?";X$

1120 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1140

1130 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";H

1140 INPUT "REVISE DOOR DIMENSIONS? Y/N?";X$

1150 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1220

1160 INPUT "REVISE DOOR WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

1170 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1190

1180 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";J

1190 INPUT "REVISE DOOR HEIGHT? Y/N?";X$

1200 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1290

1210 INPUT "NEW VALUE(ft)=" ;S

1220 INPUT "REVISE EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE? Y/N?";X$

1230 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1290

1240 INPUT "DO YOU WANT HELP IN DETERMINING EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE?

Y/N" ;C$

1250 IF C$0"N" AND C$0"n" THEN 1280

1260 INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE =";C

1270 GOTO 1290

1280 GOSUB 1700

1290 INPUT "REVISE RATE OF HEAT RELEASE? Y/N?";X$

1300 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1320

1310 INPUT "NEW VALUE (btu/sec)=" ;Q

1320 GOTO 500

1330 PRINT

1340 PRINT"THE CALCULATIONS INDICATE THAT TEMPERATURES WILL EXCEED THAT"

1350 PRINT"NEEDED TO CAUSE FLASHOVER. THE CALCULATED TEMP. (F) IS ";TK

1360 IF P$0"Y" AND P$0"y" THEN 1010

1370 LPRINT

1380 LPRINT "****************EST. UPPER LEVEL SMOKE TEMP.

1390 LPRINT

1400 LPRINT"THE CALCULATIONS INDICATE THAT TEMPERATURES WILL EXCEED THAT"

1410 LPRINT "NEEDED TO CAUSE FLASHOVER."

1420 GOTO 1010

1430 PRINT

1440 PRINT "YOU HAVE INDICATED A DOOR WIDTH GREATER THAN THE LONGEST WALL"

1450 INPUT"DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE DOOR WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

1460 PRINT

1470 IF X$="Y" OR X$-"y" THEN 410

1480 GOTO 430

76
1490 PRINT

1500 PRINT"YOU HAVE INDICATED A DOOR HEIGHT GREATER THAN THE ROOM HEIGHT!"

1510 INPUT"DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE DOOR HEIGTH? Y/N?";X$

1520 PRINT

1530 IF X$-"y" OR X$="Y" THEN 430

1540 GOTO 450

1550 PRINT'

1560 PRINT "CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

1570 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

1580 PRINT

1590 GOTO 80

1600 PRINT

1610 PRINT" !!!!!!!!!!!!!1!!!!!!!1 WARNING I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"

1620 PRINT

1630 PRINT"THIS FORMULA PRODUCES ERRONEOUSLY HIGH TEMPERATURES WHEN THE DOOR"

1640 PRINT"OPENING IS VERY SMALL. THE DESCRIBED ";J;" BY ";S; "FOOT DOOR"

1650 PRINT"IS TOO SMALL FOR ACCURATE RESULTS."

1660 PRINT

1670 PRINT" TRY AGAIN 111"

1680 PRINT

1690 GOTO 410

1700 REM *** SUBROUTINE FOR COMPUTING EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE  

1710 PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

1720 PRINT"VARIOUS ROOM LINING MATERIALS (This listing is abstracted from " 1730 PRINT"TABLE 2: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF LINING MATERIALS, in NBS Report

1740 PRINT"NBSIR 83-2712, A Simple Correlation for Predicting Temperature in

1750 PRINT"a Room Fire"

1760 PRINT

1770 PRINT "** *****'*****'*** TABLE OF LINING MATERIALS *****•*•*•******•***• •** '' 1780 PRINT"

1790 PRINT"! . ALUMINUM (pure) "2 . CONCRETE"

1800 PRINT"3. ASBESTOS -CEMENT BOARD (heavy)", "4. BRICK"

1810 PRINT"5. CONCRETE BLOCK" , " "

, "6 . GYPSUM BOARD"

1820 PRINT"7. PLASTERBOARD ","","8. PLYWOOD"

1830 PRINT"9. CHIPBOARD", "10. AERATED CONCRETE"

1840 PRINT"11. CEMENT ASBESTOS BOARD" ,"", "12 . CALCIUM SILICATE BOARD"

1850 PRINT"13. FIBER INSULATION BOARD" ,"", "14 . ALUMINA SILICATE BLOCK"

1860 PRINT"15. GLASS FIBER INSULATION" ,"", "16 . EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE"

1870 PRINT

1880 PRINT" 100. NONE OF THE ABOVE. CALCULATE EFFECTIVE CONDUCTANCE OF THE " 1890 ON ERROR GOTO 2110

1900 PRINT" LINING MATERIAL ON THE BASIS OF USER SUPPLIED THERMAL

PROPERTIES"

1910 PRINT

1920 PRINT"ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE LINING MATERIAL TO BE EVALUATED"

1930 INPUT L$

1940 IF L$="'l" THEN 2130

1950 IF L$="2" THEN 2180

1960 IF L$="3" THEN 2230

1970 IF L$="4" THEN 2280

1980 IF L$="5" THEN 2330

1990 IF L$="6" THEN 2380

77
2000 IF L$="7" THEN 2430

2010 IF L$="8" THEN 2480

2020 IF L$="9" THEN 2530

2030 IF L$="10" THEN 2580

2040 IF L$="ll" THEN 2630

2050 IF L$="12" THEN 2680

2060 IF L$="13" THEN 2730

2070 IF L$="14" THEN 2780

2080 IF L$="15" THEN 2830

2090 IF L$="16" THEN 2880

2100 IF L$="100" THEN 2930

2110 PRINT"***** YOUR ENTRY IS NOT THE NUMBER OF A LINING MATERIAL.

AGAIN !

!

2120 GOTO 1770

2130 PRINT

2140 M$=" ALUMINUM"

2150 P=500

2160 K=.206

2170 GOTO 3070

2180 PRINT

2190 M$=" CONCRETE"

2200 P=2.9

2210 K=.0016

2220 GOTO 3070

2230 PRINT

2240 M$="ASBESTOS- CEMENT BOARD (heavy)"

2250 P=2.3

2260 K=.0011

2270 GOTO 3070

2280 PRINT

2290 M$="BRICK"

2300 P=1.7

2310 K-.0008

2320 GOTO 3070

2330 PRINT

2340 M$="CONCRETE BLOCK"

2350 P=1.2

2360 K-7.300001E-04

2370 GOTO 3070

2380 PRINT

2390 M$=" GYPSUM BOARD"

2400 P=.18

2410 K=. 00017

2420 GOTO 3070

2430 PRINT

2440 M$="PLASTERBOARD"

2450 P=.13

2460 K=. 00016

2470 GOTO 3070

2480 PRINT

2490 M$=" PLYWOOD"

2500 P-.16

TRY

78
2510 K-. 00012

2520 GOTO 3070

2530 PRINT

2540 M$-" CHIPBOARD"

2550 P-.15

2560 K-. 00015

2570 GOTO 3070

2580 PRINT

2590 M$-"AERATED CONCRETE"

2600 P-.13

2610 K-. 00026

2620 GOTO 3070

2630 PRINT

2640 M$-" CEMENT -ASBESTOS BOARD"

2650 P-.098

2660 K=. 00014

2670 GOTO 3070

2680 PRINT

2690 M$-"CALCIUM SILICATE BOARD"

2700 P-9.000001E-02

2710 K-. 00012

2720 GOTO 3070

2730 PRINT

2740 M$="FIBER INSULATION BOARD"

2750 P=.015

2760 K=. 000053

2770 GOTO 3070

2780 PRINT

2790 M$="ALUMINA SILICATE BLOCK"

2800 P=.036

2810 K=. 00014

2820 GOTO 3070

2830 PRINT

2840 M$="GLASS FIBER INSULATION"

2850 P=.0018

2860 K=. 000037

2870 GOTO 3070

2880 PRINT

2890 M$="EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE"

2900 P=.001

2910 K=. 000034

2920 GOTO 3070

2930 PRINT

2940 PRINT "ENTER TYPE OF LINING MATERIAL BEING APPRAISED"

2950 INPUT M$

2960 PRINT

2970 PRINT"ENTER THERMAL INERTIA OF LINING MATERIAL IN kW/sq.m/K"

2980 PRINT"FOR EXAMPLE THE THERMAL INERTIA OF BRICK IS 1.7 (kW/sq.m/K)'

2990 PRINT"WHILE THAT OF EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE IS .001 (kW/sq . m/K)

3000 INPUT P

3010 PRINT

3020 PRINT" ENTER THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF LINING MATERIAL IN kW/m/K"

79
3030 PRINT"FOR EXAMPLE THE THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF BRICK IS .0008 (kW/sq.m/K)

3040 PRINT"WHILE THAT OF EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE IS .000034 (kW/sq.m/K)"

3050 INPUT K

3060 GOTO 3070

3070 PRINT"ENTER THE THICKNESS OF ";M$;" IN INCHES"

3080 INPUT D

3090 PRINT

3100 D1=D*.0254

3110 PRINT"THE VALUE OF EFFECTIVE CONDUCTANCE VARIES WITH THE TIME OF EXPOSURE"

3120 PRINT"TO A FIRE. HOW LONG AN EXPOSURE TO FIRE IS BEING EVALUATED?"

3130 INPUT" ENTER EXPOSURE TIME IN MIN.S";TM

3140 PRINT

3150 TM1=TM*60

3160 TIMEP=P/K/K*((Dl/2)"2)

3170 PRINT"THE THERMAL PENETRATION TIME FOR ";D;" INCH THICK ";M$

3180 PRINT"IS APPROXIMATELY";

3190 PRINT USING "###,###,###"; TIMEP

3200 PRINT" SECONDS"

3210 PRINT

3220 IF TM1>=TIMEP THEN 3250

3230 HK=(P/TM1)^.5

3240 GOTO 3260

3250 HK=K/D1

3260 PRINT"THE EFFECTIVE CONDUCTANCE OF ";D;" INCH THICK "M$

3270 PRINT"EXPOSED TO A FIRE ";TM;"MIN.S IS"

3280 PRINT" -fiirk-frkick-k-icick-k"

; 3290 PRINT HK

3300 PRINT

3310 PRINT

3320 PRINT"DO YOU WANT TO USE THIS VALUE FOR THE EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE"

3330 INPUT" CONDUCTANCE IN CALCULATING UPPER LAYER TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";K$

3340 PRINT

3350 IF K$="N" OR K$="n" THEN 3380

3360 C=HK

3370 GOTO 3420

3380 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO APPRAISE ANOTHER LINING MATERIAL? Y/N?";K$

3390 PRINT

3400 IF K$="Y" OR K$="y" THEN 1770

3410 INPUT "ENTER VALUE YOU WISH TO USE FOR EFFECTIVE ENCLOSURE CONDUCTANCE" ;

3420 RETURN

80
APPENDIX M Computer Program - EGRESS

10 REM ****************FILE IS "EGRESS . BUD"*•kicSck'^kirk'k'Sc'Jt'Jc'k-k'k'k'k-k-k'k'k-k-k'kick 20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" " 50 PRINT" ESTIMATED EGRESS TRAVEL TIME"

60 PRINT" " 70 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

80 GOTO 2260

90 REM

100 REM 'k'kirk-k'k-k-k PRESET VARIABLES 'k^'k'k'k'k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k 110 REM

120 REM***** INITIALIZED VALUE FOR EVACUEE CAPABILITY [SET AT 100%]

130 REM***** INITIALIZED VALUE FOR LEVEL EXIT SPEED - 250 FT/MIM

140 LR=250

150 REM***** INITIALIZED VALUE FOR VERTICAL SPEED ON STAIRS - 40 FT/MIN

160 VR-40

170 REM***** INITIALIZED VALUE FOR FLOW THROUGH A DOOR 60/MIN/LEAF

180 A-60

190 REM* INITIALIZED VALUE-FLOW DOWN A STAIR 18.3 PERSONS/MIN/FT . OF EFF. WIDTH

200 B=18.3

210 REM***** INITIALIZED VALUE FOR NUMBER OF DOOR LEAVES [SET AT 0.1]

220 E=.l

230 T-.Ol

240 REM

250 REM ********** END PRESET VARIABLES

260 PRINT

270 INPUT"PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

280 REM

290 REM ******* PROGRAM SENT TO SUBROUTINE FOR CHAINING PRESET VARIABLES **

300 REM

310 GOTO 2310

320 REM

330 REM ******* USER INPUTS OF VARIABLES *********'***********•*****

340 REM

350 INPUT" POPULATION (Persons to exit over the route(s) being evaluated)=" ;

360 INPUT "EXIT DOOR LEAVES AVAILABLE TO EVACUEES =";E

370 INPUT "ARE EVACUEES ABLE? Y/N?";S$

380 X=100

390 IF S$="y" OR S$="Y" THEN 410

400 INPUT "SPEED OF SLOWEST EVACUEES AS % OF THAT OF AN ABLE PERSON=" ;X

410 REM

420 REM

430 PRINT "LONGEST EXIT ROUTE DATA"

440 PRINT

450 INPUT" A. TOTAL LENGTH OF ALL PORTIONS OF ROUTE THAT ARE LEVEL (ft)-";L

460 IF L<=0 THEN L=.l

470 INPUT " B. PORTION OF TRAVEL OVER STAIRS (vertical distance in ft-)";V

480 IF V=0 THEN 530

490 INPUT" C. STAIR RISER DIMENSION (inches)=";R

500 INPUT" D. STAIR TREAD DIMENSION (inches)=";T

81
510 INPUT "NUMBER OF STAIRS TO BE USED BY THE EXITING POPULATION =";N

520 INPUT "TOTAL WIDTH OF THESE STAIRS (inches) =" ;W

530 REM

540 REM

550 REM ******** end USER INPUTS OF VARIABLES **'Jr^-Jc*************-k**

560 REM

570 REM ******* EXIT TRAVEL TIME CALCULATIONS ********************8

580 IF X>100 THEN 2150

590 Z=X/100

600 IF E<=0 THEN E=.l

610 IF X<=0 THEN 2050

620 IF R=0 AND T=.01 THEN 640

630 IF R<5 OR R>9 OR T<9 OR T>15 THEN 2920

640 REM

650 REM TEST FOR NARROW STAIRS

660 D=W/N

670 IF D<36 THEN 2670

680 REM

690 REM CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE WIDTH

700 J=W-(N*12)

710 REM

720 REM CALCULATION OF TIME CONSTRAINT OF STAIRS

730 K=P*12/J/B

740 REM

750 REM CALCULATION OF QUE TIME AT DOORS

760 F=P/E/A

770 REM

780 REM CALCULATION OF TIME INCREMENT FOR UNIMPEDED LEVEL TRAVEL

790 LL-L/LR

800 REM

810 REM CALCULATION OF STAIR SLOPE

820 RT=R/T*ll/7

830 REM

840 REM CALCULATION OF TIME INCREMENT FOR UNIMPEDED STAIR TRAVEL

850 SS=V/VR*RT^ .5

860 REM

870 REM CALCULATION OF TOTAL UNIMPEDED TRAVEL TIME

880 REM WITH ADJUSTMENT FOR DISABLED (SLOW) PERSONS

890 Q=(LL+SS)/Z

900 PRINT

910 PRINT

920 PRINT" ESTIMATED EGRESS TRAVEL TIME

930 PRINT

940 PRINT

950 PRINT"A. TRAVEL TIME FOR THE MOST REMOTE PERSON"

960 PRINT" TO TRAVEL THROUGH THE EXIT SYSTEM IF"

970 PRINT" UNIMPEDED BY OTHERS IS "; 980 PRINT USING "#######.#"; Q

990 PRINT" MINUTES

1000 PRINT

1010 PRINT"B. TIME REQUIRED TO FLOW ";P;" PERSONS"

1020 PRINT" THROUGH THE EXIT DOORS IS - ";

82
1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

1080

1090

1100

1110

1120

1130

1140

1150

1160

1170

1180

1190

1200

1210

1220

1230

1240

1250

1260

1270

1280

1290

1300

1310

1320

1330

1340

1350

1360

1370

1380

1390

1400

1410

1420

1430

1440

1450

1460

1470

1480

1490

1500

1510

1520

1530

1540

PERSONS PAST"

PRINT USING "#######.#" ;F; PRINT" MINUTES"

PRINT

IF V<-0 THEN 1110

PRINT"C. TIME REQUIRED TO PASS ";P;

PRINT" THE EXIT STAIR TERMINUSES IS "; PRINT USING " ####### .#" ;K; PRINT " MINUTES"

PRINT

PRINT"NOTE: FOR SIMPLE EXIT SYSTEM ARRAYS THE GREATEST OF THE ABOVE

PRINT" TIMES IS THE ESTIMATED EXIT TRAVEL TIME. FOR COMPLEX

PRINT" SYSTEMS THE USER SHOULD LAY OUT THE EXIT SYSTEM NETWORK

PRINT" AND USE THIS PROGRAM TO ASSIST IN APPRAISING THE ESTIMATED

PRINT" EXIT TRAVEL TIME INVOLVED IN EACH SEGMENT OF THE EXIT SYSTEM.

PRINT

IF P$-"N" OR P$="n" THEN 1640

LPRINT

LPRINT

LPRINT " ESTIMATED EGRESS TRAVEL TIME

LPRINT "•krk'k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'k'k-k-k-k-krk'k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k'k'k-k-k-k'k-k'k-k'k-k'k'k-k-k'k-k'k'k-k LPRINT

LPRINT "GIVEN:

LPRINT P; LPRINT " PERSONS ",X;

LPRINT " % RELATIVE MOVEMENT SPEED";" "E;

LPRINT "EXIT DOORS"

LPRINT LR;" FT. /MIN LEVEL EXIT TRAVEL SPEED FOR ABLE PERSONS"

LPRINT VR;" FT. /MIN VERTICAL TRAVEL SPEED FOR ABLE PERSONS ON STAIRS

LPRINT A;" PERSONS PER MIN. FLOW THROUGH EACH LEAF OF EXIT DOORS"

LPRINT B;" PERSONS PER MIN. PER FT. OF EFF. WIDTH OF STAIRS"

LPRINT L;" FEET OF LEVEL TRAVEL IN THE LONGEST EXIT ROUTE"

LPRINT V;" FEET OF VERTICAL TRAVEL ON STAIRS

LPRINT R;" INCH RISERS AND ";T;" INCH TREADS ON STAIRS"

LPRINT N

; " EXIT STAIRS HAVING A TOTAL WIDTH OF " ; W

;

INCHES

LPRINT

LPRINT "THEN:

LPRINT

LPRINT "A. TRAVEL TIME FOR THE MOST REMOTE PERSON"

LPRINT " TO TRAVEL THROUGH THE EXIT SYSTEM IF

LPRINT " UNIMPEDED BY OTHERS IS "; LPRINT USING "#######.#" ;Q;

LPRINT " MINUTES"

LPRINT

LPRINT "B. TIME REQUIRED TO FLOW";P;" PERSONS"

LPRINT " THROUGH THE EXIT DOORS IS "; LPRINT USING " ####### . #" ; F

LPRINT " MINUTES"

LPRINT

IF V<=0 THEN 1570

LPRINT "C. TIME REQUIRED TO PASS "; P

; "PERSONS

LPRINT " PAST THE EXIT STAIR TERMINUSES IS "; LPRINT USING "#######.#"; K

83
1550

1560

1570

1580

1590

1600

1610

1620

1630

1640

1650

1660

1670

1680

1690

1700

1710

1720

1730

1740

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

2060

LPRINT " MINUTES"

LPRINT

'NOTE: FOR SIMPLE EXIT SYSTEM ARRAYS THE GREATEST OF THE ABOVE"

TIMES IS THE ESTIMATED EXIT TRAVEL TIME. FOR COMPLEX"

SYSTEMS THE USER SHOULD LAY OUT THE NETWORK AND USE THIS"

PROGRAM TO ASSIST IN APPRAISING THE TIME INVOLVED IN EACH"

SEGMENT OF THE EXIT SYSTEM"

LPRINT

LPRINT

LPRINT

LPRINT

LPRINT

LPRINT

LPRINT ' INPUT "REPEAT CALCULATION WITH DIFFERENT VALUES? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

INPUT "CHANGE TRAVEL DISTANCE? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1740

INPUT "CHANGE LEVEL TRAVEL DISTANCE? Y/N?";X$

IF X$ = "N" OR X$="n" THEN 1710

INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";L

INPUT "CHANGE VERTICAL (STAIR) TRAVEL? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1740

INPUT "NEW VALUE FOR VERTICAL (STAIR, ETC.) (ft. change in elevation)=" ;

INPUT "CHANGE EXIT STAIR FACTORS? Y/N?";X$

IF X$= "N" OR X$="n" THEN 1900

INPUT "CHANGE STAIR TREAD/RISER SIZES? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1840

INPUT"CHANGE RISER HEIGTH ? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1810

INPUT "NEW VALUE (INCHES)=";R

INPUT"CHANGE TREAD SIZE? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1900

INPUT "NEW VALUE (inches)^" ;T INPUT "CHANGE NUMBER OF STAIRS? Y/N?";X$

IF X$= "N" OR X$= "n" THEN 1870

INPUT "NEW VALUE (number of exit stairs serving population)=" ;

INPUT "CHANGE TOTAL STAIR WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="n" OR X$="N" THEN 1900

INPUT "NEW VALUE (total width of exit stairs in inches)=";W

INPUT "CHANGE POPULATION FACTORS? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 2010

INPUT "CHANGE EVACUEE ABILITY STATUS? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$-"n" THEN 1980

INPUT "ARE EVACUEES ABLE? Y/N?";S$

IF S$="Y" OR S$="y" THEN 1980

INPUT "SPEED OF SLOWEST EVACUEES AS % OF THAT OF AN ABLE PERSON=";X

Z=X/100

INPUT"CHANGE POPULATION? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 2010

INPUT "NEW POPULATION (persons)=" ;

INPUT "CHANGE NUMBER OF DOOR LEAVES? Y/N?";X$

IF X$="N" OR X$-"n" THEN 2040

INPUT "CHANGED VALUE FOR NUMBER OF DOOR LEAVES=";E

GOTO 570

PRINT

PRINT "UNASSISTED EVACUATION IMPOSSIBLE SINCE SOME INDIVIDUALS";

84
2070 PRINT" CAN'T MOVE ON THEIR OWN"

2080 PRINT

2090 PRINT"NEW VALUE FOR SLOWEST EVACUEE AS % OF THAT OF ABLE PERSON"

2100 INPUT"VALUE MUST BE GREATER THAN ZERO. NEW VALUE =";X

2110 PRINT

2120 IF X<-0 THEN 2060

2130 Z-X/100

2140 GOTO 570

2150 PRINT

2160 PRINT"YOU HAVE ENTERED ";X;"% INDICATING THAT THE SLOWEST EVACUEE WILL

MOVE"

2170 PRINT"FASTER THAN ABLE PERSONS,. IF YOU LEAVE IT THIS WAY THE PROGRAM

WILL"

2180 PRINT"ASSUME THAT EVERY PERSONS TRAVELS AT A RATE OF " ;X*LR/100 ; "ft . /min

ON"

2190 PRINT"LEVEL ROUTES AND " ;X*VR/100 ; " ft . /min VERTICALLY"

2200 PRINT

2210 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS ENTRY? Y/N?";X$

2220 PRINT

2230 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 590

2240 INPUT "NEW VALUE (% OF SPEED OF ABLE PERSON)=";X

2250 GOTO 570

2260 PRINT'

2270 PRINT "GONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

2280 PRINT"NOT SUBJEGT TO GOPYRIGHT"

2290 PRINT

2300 GOTO 140

2310 PRINT

2320 PRINT"THIS PROGRAM INGLUDES IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE SPEED OF"

2330 PRINT" EVAGUEES AND THE IMPACT OF DOOR AND STAIR CONGESTION"

2340 PRINT

2350 PRINT"DO YOU WANT TO REVIEW THESE ASSUMPTIONS WITH THE OPTION TO CHANGE"

2360 INPUT"THEM? Y/N?";X$

2370 IF X$="n" OR X$="N" THEN 2660

2380 PRINT

2390 PRINT"THE UNIMPEDED SPEED OF ABLE EVAGUEEES MOVING ON LEVEL ROUTES IS"

2400 PRINT" SET AT 250 FT. /MIN.

2410 PRINT

2420 PRINT"THE UNIMPEDED SPEED OF ABLE EVACUEES DESCENDING STAIRS IS SET AT"

2430 PRINT"40 VERTICAL FT. /MIN."

2440 PRINT

2450 PRINT"FLOW THROUGH DOORS IS SET AT 60 PERSONS PER MIN PER DOOR LEAF."

2460 PRINT

2470 PRINT"FLOW THROUGH STAIRS IS SET AT 18.3 PERSONS PER MIN PER FOOT OF " 2480 PRINT" EFFEGTIVE WIDTH. EFFECTIVE WIDTH IS THE WIDTH OF EACH STAIR LESS"

2490 PRINT"ONE FOOT.

2500 PRINT

2510 INPUT"DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE ANY OF THE ABOVE VALUES? Y/N?";X$

2520 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 2660

2530 PRINT

2540 INPUT"CHANGE TRAVEL SPEED ON LEVEL ROUTES? Y/N?";X$

2550 IF X$ = "N" OR X$ = "n" THEN 2570

85
2560 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft/min) =";LR

2570 INPUT "CHANGE VERTICAL TRAVEL SPEED ON STAIRS? Y/N?";X$

2580 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 2600

2590 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft/min) =";VR

2600 INPUT "CHANGE FLOW RATE THROUGH DOORS? Y/N?";X$

2610 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 2630

2620 INPUT "NEW VALUE (persons/min/leaf)=" ;

2630 INPUT "CHANGE VALUE FOR IMPACT OF STAIR WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

2640 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 2660

2650 INPUT "NEW VALUE (persons/min/ft . of eff. width)=";B

2660 GOTO 350

2670 PRINT

2680 PRINT

2690 PRINT"YOUR ENTRIES PRODUCE AN AVERAGE STAIR WIDTH OF

2700 PRINT USING "###.#"; D; 2710 PRINT" INCHES."

2720 PRINT

2730 PRINT"MANY CODES REQUIRE THAT NEW STAIRS BE AT LEAST 34 TO 36 INCHES WIDE"

2740 PRINT"BELOW THAT WIDTH, THE SPEED OF THE FLOW IS LIMITED TO THE SLOWEST"

2750 PRINT "INDIVIDUAL ON THE STAIRS."

2760 PRINT

2770 PRINT"AT STAIR WIDTHS BELOW ABOUT 28 INCHES THE NARROWNESS OF THE STAIRS"

2780 PRINT"WILL IMPEAD FLOW EVEN IF ALL EVACUEES ATTEMPT TO MOVE AT A RAPID

RATE .

2790 PRINT

2800 INPUT"CHANGE TOTAL STAIR WIDTH? Y/N?";X$

2810 IF X$="Y" OR X$="y" THEN 510

2820 D=W/N

2830 IF D>=25 THEN 700

2840 GOTO 2910

2850 IF D>25 THEN 530

2860 PRINT

2870 PRINT" SORRY. THIS PROGRAM IS PRESET TO REFUSE TO CALCULATE EGRESS TIME IN"

2880 PRINT"IN ANY CASE WHERE THE AVERAGE STAIR WIDTH IS LESS THAN 25 INCHES."

2890 PRINT" IF YOU STILL WISH TO MAKE THE CALCULATION YOU MUST CHANGE THE

PROGRAM.

2900 PRINT

2910 GOTO 510

2920 PRINT

2930 PRINT"THE VALUE ENTERED FOR RISER HEIGHT IS ";R;" INCHES AND"

2940 PRINT"THE VALUE ENTERED FOR TREAD WIDTH IS ";T;" INCHES."

2950 PRINT

2960 PRINT"THE DATA USED TO DERIVE THE IMPACT OF STAIR SLOPE COVERED STAIR " 2970 PRINT"SIZES HAVING RISERS BETWEEN 6 AND 8 INCHES AND TREADS BETWEEN 10"

2980 PRINT"AND 11 INCHES. AS WRITTEN THE PROGRAM LIMITS ESTIMATES TO NOT MORE

tt 2990 PRINT"THAN 1 INCH BEYOND THE BOUNDS OF THE REPORTED DATA. TO RUN"

3000 PRINT"THIS PROGRAM YOU MUST STAY WITHIN THESE BOUNDS. " 3010 PRINT

3020 INPUT" C. STAIR RISER DIMENSION ( inches )=";R

3030 INPUT" D. STAIR TREAD DIMENSION (inches)-" ;T 3040 GOTO 620

86
APPENDIX N Computer Program - ATRIUM TEMPERATURE

10 REM*****' '** **'*'*"**FILE is "LGE . BUD" '** **'*'***'*****'*'*****88

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" " 50 PRINT " ATRIUM SMOKE TEMPERATURE"

60 PRINT" " 70 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

80 GOTO 710

90 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

100 PRINT

110 PRINT "CLEAR HEIGHT - (Enter the vertical distance between the base of the"

120 INPUT "fire and the smoke layer in ft.)";Z

130 QL-((Z/.39)"(5/2))/.65

140 PRINT

150 PRINT"FORMULA CONSIDERED VALID FOR FIRES SIZES UP TO";

160 PRINT USING "##,###,###" ;QL;

170 PRINT" btu/sec."

180 PRINT

190 INPUT "FIRE SIZE (Btu/sec)=" ;

Q

200 T-400/(l+(5.3/(Q"(2/3))*Z"(5/3)))

210 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

220 PRINT"

230 PRINT

240 PRINT "****APPOX. TEMPERATURE RISE IN ATRIUM SMOKE LAYER*******"

250 PRINT

260 PRINT

270 PRINT "THE APPOX. TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE SMOKE LEVEL ACCUMULATED " 280 PRINT "AT THE TOP OF AN ATRIUM OR OTHER LARGE OPEN SPACE IS:

290 PRINT

300 PRINT USING "######" ;T 310 PRINT " DEGREES F"

320 PRINT

330 PRINT "WHEN THE SMOKE LAYER IS [ ";Z;" ] FEET ABOVE THE FIRE"

340 PRINT "AND THE RATE OF HEAT RELEASE OF THE FIRE IS [ ";Q;" ] BTU/SEC"

350 PRINT

360 PRINT"********************************************************************"

370 IF P$="n" OR P$="N" THEN 490

380 IF X$="A" THEN 440

390 LPRINT "THE APPOX, TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE SMOKE LEVEL ACCUMULATED"

400 LPRINT"AT THE TOP OF AN ATRIUM OR OTHER LARGE SPACE IS:"

410 LPRINT"

420 LPRINT "TEMPERATURE LAYER LEVEL FIRE SIZE"

430 LPRINT" (Degrees F) (Ft. above floor) (btu/sec)

440 LPRINT USING "######" ;T; 450 LPRINT " "; 460 LPRINT Z; 470 LPRINT " "; 480 LPRINT Q

490 PRINT

500 INPUT "REPEAT WITH NEW VALUES/ Y/N" ;X$

87
510 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

520 INPUT "CHANGE CLEAR HEIGHT? Y/N?";X$

530 IF X$ = "n" OR X$ = "N" THEN 550

540 INPUT "NEW CLEAR HEIGHT(ft)=" ;

550 INPUT"CHANGE RHR? Y/N?";X$

560 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 580

570 INPUT "NEW RHR(btu/sec)=" ;Q

580 X$="A"

590 ZL=.39*((.65*Q)"(2/5))

600 IF ZL>Z THEN 620

610 GOTO 200

620 PRINT

630 PRINT"THIS FORMULA IS NOT CONSIDERED VALID FOR THE RHR INDICATED"

640 PRINT "AND THE CLEAR HEIGHT ENTERED"

650 QL=((Z/.39)"(5/2))/.65

660 PRINT"THE MAXIMUM RHR FOR A CLEAR HEIGHT OF ";Z;" ft IS";

670 PRINT USING "##,###,###" ;QL:

680 PRINT" btu/sec"

690 PRINT

700 GOTO 500

710 PRINT'

720 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

730 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

740 PRINT

750 GOTO 90

88
APPENDIX 0 Computer Program - PLUME TEMPERATURE

10 REM **'*'*'***'**'*'*'*’*'**'*FILE IS "TOP. BUD" ******'*****'*'*'A''**'*'*-*'*'.v-!!r'!t-*-*8 20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" " 50 PRINT" CEILING PLUME TEMPERATURE"

60 PRINT" " 70 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

80 GOTO 1270

90 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

100 PRINT

110 PRINT

120 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

130 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

140 PRINT

150 PRINT"

160 PRINT"THE CALCULATED TEMP. IS CONSERVATIVE ON THE HIGH SIDE. IT IS

RECOMMENDED"

170 PRINT "THAT THIS COMPUTATION BE USED WHEN ESTIMATING THE DAMAGING IMPACT

OF" : 180 PRINT"CEILING JETS. THESE VALUES ARE NOT RECOMMENDED WHEN ESTIMATING

CEILING"

190 PRINT"JET TEMPERATURES TO PREDICT DEVICE ACTUATION TIME."

200 PRINT

210 PRINT"UNLESS THE ROOM OR SPACE INVOLVED HAS CEILING VENTS TO REMOVE THE

HOT"

220 PRINT"BUILD UP SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE THE TEMPERATURES TO RISE ABOVE THAT"

230 PRINT" PREDICTED BY THIS PROCEDURE. THE PROCEDURE REPORTS THE APPROXIMATE

TIME"

240 PRINT "WHEN THIS RISE STARTS."

250 PRINT

260 PRINT "*****'***********'******************************'*********'**'******''***'** 270 PRINT

280 PRINT

290 PRINT"K VALUE - USE [1] WHEN THERE ARE NO NEARBY WALLS"

300 PRINT" - USE [2] WHEN THE FUEL PACKAGE IS NEAR A WALL"

310 PRINT" - USE [4] WHEN THE FUEL PACKAGE IS IN A CORNER"

320 PRINT

330 INPUT " K= ";K

340 IF K<1 OR K>4 THEN GOSUB 1560

350 PRINT

360 INPUT"BURNING RATE (btu/sec)=" ;Q

370 PRINT

380 PRINT "DISTANCE FUEL TO CEILING (Enter the distance from the base of"

390 INPUT "of the fire to the ceiling in ft.)";H

400 PRINT

410 INPUT "CEILING AREA (sq. ft.)=";A

420 PRINT

430 INPUT "AMBIENT (ROOM) TEMPERATURE (F)=";T1

440 T2=Tl+(300*( (K*Q) " (2/3) )/(H'' (5/3) )

450 GOTO 1320

89
460 PRINT

470 PRINT"*'****'*'*'**'*'**'*'*'*'*"* CEILING JET TEMPERATURE

480 PRINT

490 PRINT" "

500 PRINT USING "######" ;T2;

510 PRINT" DEGREES F"

520 GOTO 940

530 PRINT

540 PRINT " ********************************************************'*'**•)!:!!:* " 550 PRINT

560 IF P$="N" OR P$="n" THEN 740

570 LPRINT

580 IF K=1 THEN 870

590 IF K=2 THEN 890

600 IF K=4 THEN 920

610 LPRINT''*************** CEILING JET TEMPERATURE = *****************"

620 LPRINT"A ";Q;" btu/sec. FIRE ";K$:" POSITIONED ";H;" ft. BELOW " 630 LPRINT"THE CEILING IN A SPACE HAVING AN AMBIENT (ROOM) TEMPERATURE OF"

640 LPRINT" ";T1;" DEGREES F, WILL PRODUCE A JET OF HOT GAS IMPACTING ON " 650 LPRINT"THE CEILING OVER THE FIRE THAT HAS A TEMPERATURE OF; " 660 LPRINT

670 LPRINT"

680 LPRINT USING " ###### " ;T2;

690 LPRINT" DEGREES F"

700 GOTO 1100

710 LPRINT

720 LPRINT " **************************************************************

730 LPRINT

740 INPUT"REPEAT WITH REVISED VALUES/ Y/N?";X$

750 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

760 INPUT"CHANGE DISTANCE FUEL TO CEILING? Y/N?";X$

770 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 790

780 INPUT"NEW VALUE (ft)";H

790 INPUT "CHANGE BURNING RATE? Y/N?";X$

800 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 820

810 INPUT "NEW BURNING RATE (BTU PRINT SEC)=";Q

820 INPUT "REVISE K? Y/N?";X$

830 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 860

840 INPUT"NEW VALUE OF K";K

850 IF K<1 OR K>4 THEN GOSUB 1560

860 GOTO 440

870 K$-"LOCATED AWAY FROM WALLS"

880 GOTO 610

890 REM

900 K$="LOCATED NEAR A WALL"

910 GOTO 610

920 K$=-"LOCATED IN A CORNER"

930 GOTO 610

940 PRINT

950 TI = 4.1*A/(Q"(l/3))/(H"(2/3))

960 PRINT"UNLESS THE ROOM OR SPACE INVOLVED HAS CEILING VENTS TO REMOVE THE

HOT"

90
970 PRINT"GASES THAT ACCUMULATE AT THE CEILING, A HOT GAS LAYER WILL

EVENTUALLY"

980 PRINT"BUILD UP SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE THE TEMPERATURES TO RISE ABOVE THAT"

990 PRINT" INDICATED BY THIS FORMULA"

1000 PRINT

1010 PRINT"THE TEMPERATURE WILL START TO RISE IF A FIRE OF ";Q;" BTU/SEC LASTS"

1020 PRINT"MORE THAN APPROXIMATELY"

1030 PRINT USING " ########" ; TI

1040 PRINT" SECONDS (";

1050 MI - TI/60

1060 PRINT USING " #####.##" ; MI;

1070 PRINT" MINUTES)"

1080 PRINT

1090 GOTO 530

1100 LPRINT

1110 TI - 4.1*A/(Q"(l/3))/(H"(2/3))

1120 LPRINT"UNLESS THE ROOM OR SPACE INVOLVED HAS CEILING VENTS TO REMOVE THE

HOT"

1130 LPRINT"GASES THAT ACCUMULATE AT THE CEILING, A HOT GAS LAYER WILL

EVENTUALLY"

1140 LPRINT"BUILD UP SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE THE TEMPERATURES TO RISE ABOVE THAT"

1150 LPRINT" INDICATED BY THIS FORMULA"

1160 LPRINT

1170 LPRINT"THE TEMPERATURE WILL START TO RISE IF A FIRE OF ":Q;" BTU/SEC

LASTS"

1180 LPRINT"MORE THAN APPROXIMATELY"

1190 LPRINT USING "########"; TI

1200 LPRINT" SECONDS (";

1210 MI = TI/60

1220 LPRINT USING "#####.##"; MI;

1230 LPRINT" MINUTES)"

1240 PRINT

1250 LPRINT

1260 GOTO 710

1270 PRINT'

1280 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (U.S.)

1290 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

1300 PRINT

1310 GOTO 90

1320 FH=.11*Q".4

1330 FH=FH*3.25

1340 IF FH>=H THEN 1360

1350 GOTO 460

1360 PRINT

1370 PRINT" WARNING - 1380 PRINT

1390 PRINT"THE SOLID CORE OF A FLAME FROM A "; Q;" BTU/SEC FIRE IS EXPECTED"

1400 PRINT"TO BE ABOUT ";FH;" FEET HIGH. SUCH A FLAME WILL CONTACT A CEILING"

1410 PRINT H;" FEET ABOVE THE FIRE. THE FORMULA USED IN THIS PROCEDURE WOULD"

1420 PRINT"PREDICT A CEILING TEMPERATURE OF ";T2;" DEGREES F. SUCH A

PREDICTION"

91
1430 PRINT"WOULD BE ERRONEOUSLY HIGH. THE PREDICTED RESULT IS ARBITRARILY

SET, " 1440 PRINT"BY THIS PROGRAM AT 2000 DEGREES F, A REASONABLE MAXIMUM FLAME

TEMPERATURE"

1450 PRINT

1460 IF P$ O "Y" AND P$0"y" THEN 1550

1470 LPRINT " - WARNING " 1480 LPRINT"THE SOLID BODY OF A FIAME FROM A ";Q;" BTU/SEC FIRE IS EXPECTED TO"

1490 LPRINT"BE ABOUT ";FH;" FEET HIGH. SUCH A FLAME WILL CONTACT A CEILING " 1500 LPRINT H;" FEET ABOVE THE FIRE. THE FORMULA USED IN THIS PROCEDURE WOULD"

1510 LPRINT "PREDICT A CEILING TEMPERATURE OF ";T2;" DEGREES F. SUCH A

PREDICTION"

1520 LPRINT"WOULD BE ERRONEOUSLY HIGH. THE PREDICTED RESULT IS ARBITRARILY

SET, " 1530 LPRINT"BY THIS PROGRAM A 2000 DEGREES F, A REASONABLE FLAME TEMPERATURE."

1540 LPRINT

1550 GOTO 740

1560 PRINT

1570 PRINT "YOU HAVE ENTERED ";K;" FOR THE VALUE OF K. THE RESEARCH UNDERLYING

THIS"

1580 PRINT"THIS PROGRAM SUGGEST THAT THE VALUE SHOULD BE BETWEEN 1 AND 4."

1590 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE YOUR ENTRY? Y/N?";X$

1600 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 1620

1610 INPUT" REVISED VALUE FOR K=";K

1620 RETURN

«

92
APPENDIX P Computer Program - CEILING JET TEMPERATURE

10 REM ********'****'*'***'*'*'*FILE IS "RADIAL. BUD"

20 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

30 PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT : PRINT : PRINT ; PRINT : PRINT

40 PRINT" •k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-Jrk'k-k-k-krkk-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'kirk'k'k-k-k'k-k'k'k'k'k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k'k" 50 PRINT"CEILING PLUME JET TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE PLUME IMPINGEMENT ZONE"

60 PRINT" •k^k'k^-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k'k-k'k'k'k'k-k'k'k-k-k'k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k'k-k-k-k-k-k'k'k-k-'k'k-k'k'k'k'k'k'k-k-k'k'krkrkrk-k-k'k-k-k'k " 70 GOTO 1280

80 PRINT"APPLIES AT POINTS ON THE CEILING THAT ARE SEPERATED FROM THE POINT OF"

90 PRINT"PLUME IMPACT BY AT LEAST 0.2 TIMES THE HEIGHT OF THE PLUME."

100 PRINT

110 PRINT"THE CALCULATED TEMP. IS CONSERVATIVE ON THE HIGH SIDE. IT IS

RECOMMENDED"

120 PRINT"THAT THIS COMPUTATION BE USED WHEN ESTIMATING THE DAMAGING IMPACT

OF" : 130 PRINT"CEILING JETS. THESE VALUES ARE NOT RECOMMENDED WHEN ESTIMATING

CEILING"

140 PRINT" JET TEMPERATURES TO PREDICT DEVICE ACTUATION TIME."

150 PRINT

160 PRINT"UNLESS THE ROOM OR SPACE INVOLVED HAS CEILING VENTS TO REMOVE THE HOT

170 PRINT"BUILD UP SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE THE TEMPERATURES TO RISE ABOVE THAT

180 PRINT"PREDICTED BY THIS PROCEDURE. THE PROCEDURE REPORTS THE APPROXIMATE

TIME

190 PRINT"WHEN THIS RISE STARTS.

200 PRINT

210 INPUT "STRIKE 'RETURN' KEY TO CONTINUE" ;ZZ

220 PRINT

230 INPUT "PRINT RESULTS? Y/N?";P$

240 PRINT

250 PRINT "K VALUE - USE [1] WHEN THERE ARE NO NEARBY WALLS"

260 PRINT" - USE [2] WHEN THE FUEL PACKAGE IS NEAR A WALL"

270 PRINT" - USE [4] WHEN THE FUEL PACKAGE IS IN A CORNER"

’ 280 PRINT

290 INPUT " K= ";K

300 PRINT

310 INPUT"BURNING RATE (btu/sec)=" ;

Q

320 PRINT

330 INPUT "DISTANCE FUEL TO CEILING (ft)=";H

340 PRINT

350 INPUT "CEILING AREA (sq. ft.)=";A

360 PRINT

370 INPUT "RADIAL DISTANCE FROM THE FIRE AXIS (ft) =";R

380 PRINT

390 INPUT "AMBIENT (ROOM) TEMPERATURE (F)=";T1 . 400 T2=Tl+(92*((K*Q/R)"(2/3))/H)

410 PRINT

420 PRINT"*'*'*'**'*"*'*'*'*'*'**'*'* CEILING JET TEMPERATURE = **•********•*•*••*••*•*••*•*•'' 430 PRINT

440 PRINT" "; 450 PRINT USING " ######" ;T2;

460 PRINT" DEGREES F"

93
470 PRINT

480 GOTO 960

490 PRINT "'*'>’f*'***'*'*'*****'****'’'^*'*****'>*'’'******'’'^'>*f'*'*'*'**'**'*'*'5^'***'!*^'*'*''*'>®!’'**'*'*''*'*'*'*'*''*'=*^'' 500 PRINT

510 IF P$="Y" OR P$="y" THEN 700

520 INPUT"REPEAT WITH REVISED VALUES/ Y/N?";X$

530 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN CHAIN "MM"

540 INPUT"CHANGE DISTANCE FUEL TO CEILING? Y/N?";X$

550 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 570

560 INPUT"NEW VALUE OF H (ft)";H

570 INPUT "CHANGE BURNING RATE? Y/N?";X$

580 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 600

590 INPUT "NEW BURNING RATE (BTU PRINT SEC)=";Q

600 INPUT "REVISE K? Y/N?";X$

610 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 630

620 INPUT"NEW VALUE OF K";K

630 INPUT "CHANGE RADIAL DISTANCE? Y/N?"; X$

640 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 660

650 INPUT "NEW VALUE (ft)=";R

660 INPUT "CHANGE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE? Y/N?";X$

670 IF X$="N" OR X$="n" THEN 690

680 INPUT "NEW VALUE =";T1

690 GOTO 400

700 LPRINT

710 IF K=1 THEN 880

720 IF K=2 THEN 910

730 IF K=4 THEN 940

740 LPRINT "***'************** CEILING TEMPERATURE = ***-^***************"

750 LPRINT

760 LPRINT"A FIRE OF ";Q;" btu/sec. ";K$

770 LPRINT "WILL PRODUCE A JET OF HOT GAS ESTIMATED AT " 780 LPRINT USING "######" ;T2;

790 LPRINT " DEGREES F

" 800 LPRINT"AT A POINT ":R;" ft RADIAL DISTANCE FROM THE FIRE AXIS " 810 LPRINT "UNDER A CEILING ";H;" ft OVER THE FIRE"

820 LPRINT" ": 830 LPRINT

840 GOTO 1120

850 LPRINT

860 LPRINT

870 GOTO 520

880 REM

890 K$="LOCATED AWAY FROM WALLS"

900 GOTO 740

910 REM

920 K$=" LOCATED NEAR A WALL"

930 GOTO 740

940 K$»"LOCATED IN A CORNER"

950 GOTO 740

960 PRINT

970 TI - 4.1*A/(Q^(l/3))/(H^(2/3))

94
980 PRINT"UNLESS THE ROOM OR SPACE INVOLVED HAS CEILING VENTS TO REMOVE THE

HOT"

990 PRINT"GASES THAT ACCUMULATE AT THE CEILING, A HOT GAS LAYER WILL

EVENTUALLY"

1000 PRINT"BUILD UP SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE THE TEMPERATURES TO RISE ABOVE THAT"

1010 PRINT" INDICATED BY THIS FORMULA"

1020 PRINT

1030 PRINT"THE TEMPERATURE WILL START TO RISE IF A FIRE OF ":Q;" BTU/SEC LASTS"

1040 PRINT "MORE THAN APPROXIMATLY"

1050 PRINT USING " ######## "

; TI

1060 PRINT" SECONDS (";

1070 MI - TI/60

1080 PRINT USING "#####.##"; MI;

1090 PRINT" MINUTES)"

1100 PRINT

1110 GOTO 490

1120 LPRINT

1130 TI = 4.1*A/(Q''(l/3))/(H^(2/3))

1140 LPRINT"UNLESS THE ROOM OR SPACE INVOLVED HAS CEILING VENTS TO REMOVE THE

HOT" • 1150 LPRINT"GASES THAT ACCUMULATE AT THE CEILING, A HOT GAS LAYER WILL

EVENTUALLY"

1160 LPRINT"BUILD UP SUFFICIENTLY TO CAUSE THE TEMPERATURES TO RISE ABOVE THAT"

1170 LPRINT" INDICATED BY THIS FORMULA"

1180 LPRINT

1190 LPRINT"THE TEMPERATURE WILL START TO RISE IF A FIRE OF ";Q;" BTU/SEC

LASTS"

1200 LPRINT"MORE THAN APPROXIMATLY"

1210 LPRINT USING "########"; TI

1220 LPRINT" SECONDS (";

1230 MI = TI/60

1240 LPRINT USING "#####.##"; MI;

1250 LPRINT" MINUTES)"

1260 LPRINT

1270 GOTO 850

1280 PRINT'

1290 PRINT" CONTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF .STANDARDS (U.S.)

1300 PRINT"NOT SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT"

1310 PRINT

1320 GOTO 80

95
NBS-»n4A <REv. 2o6C) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instruct/ons^

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR-86/3308

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date April 1986

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

"FIREFORM" - A COMPUTERIZED COLLECTION OF CONVENIENT FIRE SAFETY

COMPUTATIONS

5c AUTHOR(S) Harold E. Nelson

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint of other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

7. Contract/Grant No.

S. Type of Report & Period Covered

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State. ZIP)

United States Air Force and

T3mdall Air Force Base,

Florida

Department of Health

and Human Services

Washington , D . C

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information, if document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here) A computerized system of convenient fire safety computations is presented.

Subjects covered include smoke filling in a room, sprinkler/detector

activation, smoke flow through (small) openings, temperatures and pressures

developed by fires, flashover and fire severity prediction, fire propagation

(in special cases), and simple egress estimation. All programs are based on established formulas and are programmed in BASIC for microcomputers. The

largest single program is less than 9000 bytes. The programming was done on HP

series 100 computers using Microsoft BASIC (Version 5.28.) The entire package

has been operated on both Hewlett Packard Series 100 and IBM PC machines and

has run properly using Microsoft, GWBASIC, and BASICA interpreters.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

building fires, computer programs, egress, fire detection, fire

models, fire plumes, flame spread, manuals, smoke movement, sprinkler response;

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

1 ^ 1 Unlimited

PRINTED PAGES

1 1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

1 1 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

100

15. Price

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $11.95

USCOMM-DC e043-PS0