UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTI ON AGENCY WASHI NGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
January 12 , 2007 MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Crop Grouping

– Part IV : Analy sis of the USDA IR
- 4 Petition to Amend

the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR § 180.41 (c) and Commodity Definitions [ 40 CFR 180.1 (h)] Related to the New Crop Group 2 0 Oilseed . MRID 467896
- 01
. FROM: Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry

and Exposure Branch Health Effects Division (7509 P ) THRU: William Donovan, Ph.D. and Michael Doherty , Ph.D. , Chairpersons

HED Chemistry

Science Advisory

Council (ChemSAC) Health Effects Division (7509 P ) TO: Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer

Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Eme rgency Response Branch (RIMUERB) Registration Division (7505 P )
cc: IR
- 4 Project, Hong Chen, Jerry Baron, Dan Kunkel REQUEST : Dr Hong Chen, Crop Grouping Project Coordinator , USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR
- 4) , State Agricultural Exp eriment Station, Rutgers University has submitted a petition ( February 7, 2006 ) on behalf of the IR
- 4 Project, and the2

Oilseeds Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (I CGCC) to amend the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR § 180.41 (c) (20) to amend the crop group 20 for Oilseeds and the Commodity Definitions 40 CFR 180.1 (h) for rapeseed. The above mentioned Oilseed crop group petition requested the following four amendments: 1. Add a new crop group to 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as “Oilse eds Group 20”. 2. Amend the Oilseeds crop group to include the following 27 members: 1. Borage , Borago officinalis (LINN.) ( Boraginaceae ) 2. Castor oil plant , Ricinus communis (LINN.) ( Euphorbiaceae ) 3. Chinese tallowtree , (tallowtree; popcorntree; candleberry - tree) , Triadica sebifera ( Euphorbiaceae) 4. Cottonseed , Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae) 5. Crambe, Crambe hispanica ; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ( Brassicaceae ) 6. Cuphea, Cuphea hyssopifolia (Lythraceae) 7. Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae) 8. Evening primrose/common , Cenothera biennis (LINN.) ( Onagraceae ) 9. Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae) 10. Gold of p leasure , Camelina sativa (Brassicaceae) 11. H are's ear mustard , (hare's
- ear cabbage) , Conringia orientalis (Brassicaceae) 12. Jo joba, Simm on dsia chinens is (Link) C.K. Schneider (Simmondsiaceae; Buxaceae) 13. Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata , ( Brassicaceae ) 14. Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Benth. (Limnanthacae) 15. Mustard seed , Brassica hirta , spp. (Brassicaceae) 16. Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (Compositae) 17. O il radish ( fodder radish) , Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis ( Brassicaceae) 18. Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum L. ssp. s omniferum (Papaveraceae) 19. Rap e seed , Brassica spp .; Brassica napus (Brassicaceae) 20. Rose hip , Rosa eglanteria (Rosaceae ) 21. Safflower , Carthamus tinctorious (Asteraceae) 22. Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. ; Sesamum radiatum (Pedaliaceae) 23. Sunflower , Helianthus annus (Asteraceae) 24. S weet rocket , (dame's
- violet; dame's rocket; damask
- vi olet) , Hesperis matronalis (Brassicaceae) 25. T allowwood , (tallow nuts; fals e sandalwood) , Ximenia americana (Olacaceae) 26. Tea oil plant, Camellia oleifera (Theaceae) 27. Vernonia, V ernonia galamensis (Asteraceae) 3. Amend the representative commodities for the Oilseeds crop group to be: the following three commodities : “ Rapeseed ( canola varieties only) ; S unflower, seed ; and Cottonseed”
. 4. Establish three new subgroups under the Oilseeds crop group as follows: 1. Rapeseed Subgroup ( Representative c ommodity : Rape seed , canola varieties only) : Borage , Crambe , Cuphea , Flax seed , Gold o f pleasure , Hare's
- ear mustard , Lesquerella , Meadowfoam , Mustard seed , Oil radish , Poppy seed , Rapeseed, Sesame, Sweet rocket
.3

2. Sunflower Subgroup ( Rep resentative c ommodity : Sunflower) : Castor oil plant , Chinese tallowtree , Euphorbia , Evening primrose/commo n , Jo joba , Niger seed , Rose hip , Safflower , Sunflower, Tallowwood , Tea oil plant , Vernonia
. And 3. Cottonseed Subgroup ( Representative c ommodity : Cottonseed) : Cottonseed. Each of these proposals will be reviewed in the following anal ys is:
BACKGROUND : In the last major revisions to the Crop Grouping regulation in 1995, the Agency received public comments from the California Department of Agriculture and the Dupont Agricultural Products Company requesting the Agency

to consider adding a new crop group f or oilseed commodities. The Agency response (Schneider, 1995 ) stated that new crop groups were beyond the scope of the 1995 revisions but new crop groups/subgroups would be considered in the future as part of harmonization efforts with CODEX and NAFTA. O n July

27, 2000, Dr. Michael Braverman and George Markle, USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR
- 4) submitted a proposal to amend the Crop Group Regulation (40 CFR § 180.41) to add a new Crop Group for Oilseeds. The petition was part of an effort t o harmonize with Canada which has an Oilseed Crop Group in their Crop Group Regulation (Pest Management Regulatory Agency
- PMRA. Residue Chemistry

Guidelines. Section 15. Crop Groups. Regulatory Directive
- Dir. 98
- 02, 15
- 41). The Canadian and U.S. Oilseed Crop Groups differ only with IR
- 4 requesting that borage and crambe be added to the group. Crambe and borage are two very minor oilseed crops which are only about 0. 2 % and < 0.1 %, respectively of the total acreage of the crops in the proposed group. According to the USDA IR
- 4, the additional expense to conduct magnitude of residue studies for these very minor crops is burdensome for the oilseed commodity industry , because there is no economic incentive for the research invested. L etters of support f or the establishment of the oilseed crop group were also submitted by scientists from the North Dakota State University Department of Plant Sciences. These letters discussed the growing importance of oilseed crops as alternative revenue crops to soy beans and wheat in their state, and also that the oilseed crops are lacking viable pest control agents. This crop group proposal was approved by the HED ChemSAC on July 8, 2002 (Bernard A. Schneider, Anal ys is of the proposal to amend the crop group petition by adding new oilseed crop group , DP Barcode #D272785) and included ten oilseed commodities listed in Table 1 . In addition to these oilseed crops being members of Canadian Crop Group 20, they are also classified by

CODEX as Oilseed Crops in their Food and An imal Feed Classification as Group 23. Therefore, this proposal will not only increase harmonization with the Canadian Crop Grouping s ys tem, but the international sy stem of CODEX. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 placed increased emphasis on using the CODEX maximum residue limits ( MRLs ) in establishing U
. S
. tolerances for pesticides. Future considerations for oilseed crop subgroups would be considered in future crop grouping petitions.4

Table 1. Oilseed Crop Group Commodities that were approve d by the US EPA HED ChemSAC on July

8, 2002. This proposal by

IR
- 4 is to amend the 40 CFR 180.41 by adding a new Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crops
- Commodities as listed below: Crop Group 20. Oilseed Crop Group. Representative commodities. Rapeseed (edible Canola oilseed varieties) and Sunflower. The following is a list of all the commodities included in Crop Group 20: Common Name Scientific Name Rapeseed Brassica napus var. napus Rapeseed, Indian Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera Mustard seed, Black Brass ica nigra Mustard seed, Indian Brassica juncea var. juncea Mustard seed, Field Brassica rapa ssp. trilocularis Flax, Linseed Linum usitatissimum Sunflower seed Helianthus annuus Safflower Carthamus tinctorius Crambe seed Crambe abyssinica Borage se ed Borage officinalis During the USDA/IR
- 4 Crop Grouping S ymposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 , the Oilseeds Workgroup , Chaired by IR
- 4 Coordinat or Frederick Salzman and Co
Chaired b y Felicia Fort and William Smith, EPA, and Rich Zollinger , North Dakota State University recommended adding over 60 oilseeds commodities to the oilseeds group
. Among those commodities proposed, some are tropical or subtropical fruits, tree nuts or ornamental species, and some are primarily used as food or ornamentals other than oilseeds, such as macadamia nut, apricot, pistachio, and coconut and other palms. The recommendations from the Sy mposium was further discussed and developed within the Oilseeds Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (I CGC C), which consists of more than 180 U.S. and international crop or regulatory experts from agriculture commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry , IR
- 4 Project, and regulatory agencies representing over 4 0 countries. Oilseed Crop Definition: Oilseeds include those crops from which oil is extracted from the ir seed and used to produce edible or inedible oils as well as a high
- protein livestock meal. Oils may be extracted from plants b y applying pressure to the seed, or by dissolving parts of the plants in water or another solvent, and distilling the oil, or by infusing parts of the plant in base oil
. The oilseeds are p rimarily soy beans, sunflower seed, canola, rapeseed, safflower,5

flax seed, or castor bean, mustard seed, peanut and cottonseed , used for the production of cooking oils, protein meals for livestock and industrial uses. For purposes of the Agricultural Market Transition Act , oilseeds refer to soy beans, sunflower seed , flax seed , safflower seed , rapeseed , canola , mustard seed , and "other" oilseeds as designated b y the USDA (Hoffman, 1996)
. There are also many crops that are a source of oil such as various tree nuts such as pecan, almond, macadamia, hazelnut, and walnut; tropical crops such as palm and coconut, vegetable and fruits such as pumpkin and avocado, apricot, and grape seed. The two major world oilseed crop s are soy bean that is grown on over 91 million hectares and cottonseed that is grown on over 31 million hectares
. However, for purposes of this oilseed crop group vario us oilseeds were not included in this analy sis because the ICGCC felt that they better fit within other crop groups such as walnut oil in the Tree nut crop group 14, corn oil in the Cereal grain crop group 16, palm oil in a tropical oil crop group, and soy bean oil and peanut oil in the Legume v egetable crop group 6.
RECOMMENDATIONS : Each of the four proposals and recommendations will be discussed below, followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology , database development, and harmonizati on with CODEX. The EPA would like to commend the valuable and high quality input of the ICGCC, all its members, leader, and the Workgroup Chairperson.
IR- 4 Proposal 1:

“Add a new crop group to 40 CFR § 180.41 (c) as Oilseeds Group”. HED Recommendati on for Proposal 1:
I recommend that ChemSAC concur to amend the Crop Group Regulation [40 CFR 180.41 (c)] to establish a new crop group for Oilseeds. The name of the new crop group will be Oilseed group 20. Oilseeds include those crops from which oil is extracted from the ir seed and used to produce edible or inedible oils as well as a high
- protein livestock meal and are primarily s oy beans, sunflower seed, canola, rapeseed, safflower, flax seed, castor bean, mustard seed, peanut and cottonseed, used for the production of cooking oils, protein meals for livestock and industrial uses. There are also many crops that are a source of oil such as various tree nuts such as pecan, almond, macadamia, hazelnut, and walnut; tropical crops such as palm and coconut, vegetable and fruits such as pumpkin and avocado, apricot, and grape seed. The two major world oilseed crops are soy bean that is grown on over 91 million hectares and cottonseed that is grown on over 31 million hectares. However, for purposes of this oi lseed crop group various oilseeds were not included in this anal ys is because the ICGCC felt that they better fit within other crop groups such as walnut oil in the Tree nut crop group 14, corn oil in the Cereal grain6

crop group 16, palm oil in a tropical o il crop group, and soy bean oil and peanut oil in the Legume vegetable crop group 6.
IR- 4 Proposal 2
. 2. Amend the Oilseeds crop group to include the following 27 members: 1. Borage , Borago officinalis (LINN.) ( Boraginaceae ) 2. Castor oil plant , Ricinus communis (LINN.) ( Euphorbiaceae ) 3. Chinese tallowtree , (tallowtree; popcorntree; candleberry
- tree) , Triadica sebifera ( Euphorbiaceae) 4. Cottonseed , Gossypium arboreum L. (Malvaceae) 5. Crambe, Crambe hispanica ; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ( Brassicaceae ) 6. Cuphea , Cuphea hyssopifolia (Lythraceae) 7. Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae) 8. Evening primrose/common , Cenothera biennis (LINN.) ( Onagraceae ) 9. Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae) 10. Gold of p leasure , Camelina sativa (Brassicaceae) 11. H are's ear must ard , (hare's
- ear cabbage) , Conringia orientalis (Brassicaceae) 12. Jo joba, Simmo n dsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneider (Simmondsiaceae; Buxaceae) 13. Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata , ( Brassicaceae ) 14. Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Benth. (Limnanthacae) 15. Mustard se ed , Brassica hirta , spp. (Brassicaceae) 16. Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (Compositae) 17. O il radish ( fodder radish) , Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis ( Brassicaceae) 18. Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum L. ssp. s omniferum (Papaveraceae) 19. Rap e seed , Brassica spp .; Brassica napus (Brassicaceae) 20. Rose hip , Rosa eglanteria (Rosaceae ) 21. Safflower , Carthamus tinctorious (Asteraceae) 22. Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. ; Sesamum radiatum (Pedaliaceae) 23. Sunflower , Helianthus annus (Asteraceae) 24. S weet rocket , (dame's
- violet; dame's rocket; damask
- vi olet) , Hesperis matronalis (Brassicaceae) 25. T allowwood , (tallow nuts; false sandalwood) , Ximenia americana (Olacaceae) 26. Tea oil plant, Camellia oleifera (Theaceae) 27. Vernonia, V ernonia galamensis (Asteraceae)
HED Recommendatio n for Proposal 2 : Based on similarities in cultural practices, edible food and animal feed portions, residue levels, geographical location, pest problems, and international harmonization purposes, I recommend that ChemSAC concur to amend and establish a new Crop Group 20
- Oilseed Crops. The representative commodities for the Oilseed Crop Group will be rapeseed (canola varieties only), sunflower, and cottonseed. In addition to the IR
- 4 oilseed crop group proposal with 27 commodities, HED is recommending to add four others commodities that meet the oilseed criteria to the group. The four commodities are: echium, lunaria, milkweed, and stokes aster. Lunaria, milkweed, and stokes aster, as well7

as several of the other minor oilseeds such as cuphea, meadow foam, and lesquerella are being researched b y the USDA Agricultural Research, New Crops and Processing Technology

Research Unit , National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, and the Food an d Industrial Crops Research Unit. Thes e groups are identifying alternative oilseed crops for food and industrial uses and generating market demand b y developing new uses and by improving the quality and functionality of these vegetable oils 1. Borage , Borago officinalis (L
. ) ( Boraginaceae

) 2. Cas tor oil plant , Ricinus communis (L.) ( Euphorbiaceae) 3. Chinese tallowtree , Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae) 4. Cottonseed , Gossypium spp. ( Malvaceae) 5. Crambe, Crambe hispanica L. ; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr. ( Brassicaceae ) 6. Cuphea, Cuphe a hyssopifolia Kunth ( Lythraceae) 7. Echium, Echium plantagine um L ( Boraginaceae ) 8. Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L. ( Euphorbiaceae) 9. Evening primrose , O enothera biennis (L.) ( Onagraceae ) 10. Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum L. ( Linaceae) 11. Gold of p leasure , Camelina s ativa L. Crantz ( Brassicaceae ) 12. H are's ear mustard , Conringia orientalis Dumort. ( Brassicaceae ) 13. Jojoba, Simmo n dsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid
. (Simmondsiaceae; Buxaceae) 14. Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) S. Watson ( Brassicaceae ) 15. Lunaria, Lunaria annua L., ( Brassicaceae) 16. Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Hartw. Ex Benth. ( Limnanthacae) 17. Milkweed, Asclepias spp. L . ( Asclepiadaceae , subfamily Apocynaceae) 18. Mustard seed , Brassica hirta , spp. ( Brassicaceae) 19. Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (L .f.) Cass. ( Asteraceae ) 20. O il radish , Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers. (Brassicaceae) 21. Poppy

seed, Papaver somniferum L. s ub sp. somniferum ( Papaveraceae ) 22. Rap e seed , Brassica spp.; Brassica napus L. ( Brassicaceae ) 23. Rose hip , Rosa rubiginosa L. ( Rosac eae) 24. Safflower , Carthamus tinctorious L. ( Asteraceae ) 25. Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. ; Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn. ( Pedaliaceae) 26. Stokes aster, Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene ( Asteraceae ) 27. Sunflower , Helianthus annuus L. ( Asteraceae) 28. S weet rocket , Hes

peris matronalis L. (

Brassicaceae) 29. T allowwood , Ximenia americana L. ( Olacaceae) 30. Tea oil plant, Camellia oleifera C. Abel ( Theaceae ) 31. Vernonia, Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. ( Asteraceae )8

IR- 4 Proposal 3 :

“ Select the following three commodities as representative crops for Oilseeds Group: Rapeseed (canola varieties only) ; S unflower, seed ; and Cottonseed”
. HED Recommendation for Proposal 3 : I recommend we concur to adopt rapeseed (canola varieties onl y) ; s unflower, seed ; and c ottonseed as the representative commodities for the Oilseed crop group 20. The representative commodities, except for cottonseed are identical to those approved by the HED ChemSAC on July

8, 2002 (Anal ys is of the proposal to amend the crop group petition by

adding new oilseed crop group , B. Schneider). The representative commodities are based on whether the seeds such as sunflower are partiall y exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season, or like rapeseed (canola varieties) completely

enclosed in pod
- like capsules (see Figure 1 for a picture of a canola seed pod) , as well as their high production (both acres and yield) and consumption
. Cottonseed is also selected as the warm season oilseed crop as well as being in a separate subgroup. The se three representative c ommodities account for > 95 % of the harvested acres for the Oilseed crop group.
IR- 4 Proposal s 4A, 4B, and 4C.: “Establish three new subgroups under the Oilseeds crop group as follows: 1. Rapeseed Subgroup ( Representative c ommodity : Rape seed , canola vari eties only) : Fourteen commodities proposed in this subgroup are: Borage , Crambe , Cuphea , Flax seed , Gold of pleasure , Hare's ear mustard , Lesquerella , Meadowfoam , Mustard seed , Oil radish , Poppy seed , Rapeseed, Sesame, Sweet rocket
. 2. Sunflower Subgroup ( Rep resentative c ommodity : Sunflower) : Twelve commodities proposed in this subgroup are: Castor oil plant , Chinese tallowtree , Euphorbia , Evening primrose/common , Jojoba , Niger seed , Rose hip , Safflower , Sunflower, Tallowwood , Tea oil plant , Vernonia
. And 3. Co ttonseed Subgroup ( Representative c ommodity : Cottonseed) : One commodity proposed in this subgroup are: Cottonseed. ”
HED Recommendation for Proposal 4A

– Rapeseed subgroup 20A : Rapeseed Subgroup 20A ( Rep resentative c ommodity : Rape seed , canola varieties o nly) : I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish three new subgroups , and the first subgroup will be the Rapeseed subgroup 20A with rapeseed, canola varieties only being the representative commodity
. The members of this subgroup are all like the representative commodity rapeseed9

(canola varieties) in that the seeds are completely enclosed in pods or pod
- like capsules. The members are the same as those proposed b y USDA IR
- 4 and include these other three commodities: echium, lunaria, and milkweed. The eighteen members of this subgroup include : Borage , Crambe , Cuphea , Echium, Flax seed , Gold of pleasure , Hare's
- ear mustard , Lesquerella , Lunaria, Meadowfoam , Milkweed, Mustard seed , Oil radish , Poppy seed , Rapeseed, Sesame, Stokes aster, and Sweet rocket
. HED Recommendation for Proposal 4B

– Sunflower subgroup 20B : Sunflower Subgroup 20B (Rep resentative c ommodity : Sunflower) : I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish the Sunflower subgroup 20B with sunflower being the representative commodity. The members of this subgroup are all similar to the representative commodity sunflower based on whether the seeds are partiall y exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season. The members are the same as those proposed by USDA IR
- 4 and include one other commodity stokes aster. The thirteen members of this subgroup include : Castor oil plant , Chinese tallowtree , Euphorbia , Evening primrose , Jojoba , Niger seed , Rose hip , Safflower , Stokes aster, Sunflower, Tallowwood , Tea oil plant , and Ve rnonia
. Recommendation for Proposal 4C

– Cottonseed subgroup 20C : Cottonseed Subgroup ( Rep resentative c ommodity : Cottonseed): Cottonseed. The representative commodity cottonseed is ties are based on many different species of cotton ( Gossypium spp.) all having the seeds in a pod
- like structure called a boll, as well as being a warm season crop, with a similar geographical distribution and high food consumption. There are over 55 separate species in the Gossypium genus, and include many types that can be hy bridized with other species, so the scientific name for cotton will be Gossypium spp. Cotton is also a member of the Malvaceae family and while having onl y one commodity in the subgroup it is made up of many cotton species with unique botanical prop erties , and members of this family have a capsular fruit
. The establishment of the subgroup allows options for adding other Malvaceae family members that will be developed like cotton or hy bridized with cotton. For example, the P lants for a Future Databa se ( http://www.pfaf.org/index.html ) considers one member of the Malvaceae called marsh mallow ( Althea officinalis L. ) as a potential oilseed for10 industrial use as well as a medicinal herb. A lso by being a member of a crop group, cotton can take advantage of a 25% field trial reduction.
Additional HED Recommendations / Conclusions : Recommendation 5: The EPA commodity

definition [40 CFR180.1 (h)] for “Rapeseed = B rassica napus , B. campestris and Crambe absyssinica (oilseed
- producing varieties only which include canola and crambe ” does not need to be revised except that the scientific names need to be updated.
Recommendation 6 : Guidance for HED SOP 99.6
- “Classification of Food Form s with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999, and HED SOP 2000.1

– “ Guidance for Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect the establishment of the Oilseed crop group 20
. Recommendation 7 : Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the Oilseed crop group 20 and the three pro posed subgroups ( Rapeseed subgroup 20A ; Sunflower subgroup 20B; and the Cottonseed crop group 20C ) are discussed under the “Tolerance expression guidance section of this anal ys is.
Recommendation 8 : The H ealth Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider , was updated on June 2006 in Table 25 for the Oilseed Crop Group
. Recommendation 9 : New lookup and preferred EPA terms for the members of the Oilseed crop group are listed in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary

section of this rep ort and these terms should be added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary website.11

ANALYSIS OF THE USDA IR- 4 PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A NEW OILSEED CROP GROUP BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES: The 1 6 plant families for the 31 proposed members of the Oilseed Crop Group include the following: As clepiadaceae, Milkweed Asteraceae, S

unflower, safflower, stokes aster, Niger seed, v ernonia , Boraginaceae , B orage seed , echium
. Brassicaceae, R apeseed, mustard, g old of p leas ure , h are's
- ear mustard , l esquerella ,

lunaria, oil radish, s weet rocket , and crambe, Euphorbiaceae, Castor oil plant , Chinese tallowtree , euphorbia, Limnanthacae, M

eadowfoam Linaceae, Flax, Lythraceae, Cuphea Malvaceae, Cottonseed Olacaceae , T al lowwood Onagraceae, Evening primrose Papaveraceae, Poppy

seed Pedaliaceae , Sesame Rosaceae, R ose hip Simmondsiacea ; Buxacae , J ojoba And Theaceae, T ea oil plant The main oilseed families for this crop group are the Brassicaceae which includes rapes eed and eight other members and the Asteraceae, which includes sunflower and four other commodities, the Euphorbiaceae , which includes the c astor oil plant and two other commodities , the Boraginaceae which includes , borage seed and echium, and several oth ers such as the As clepiadaceae, Limnanthacae, Linaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Olacaceae , Onagraceae, Papaveraceae, Pedaliaceae , Rosaceae, Simmondsiacea ; Buxacae , and the Theaceae that include one commodity
. Utilization of all these oilseed crops is similar in that they are grown for their oil, seed and meal. Borage, castor oil plant, cottonseed, cuphea, echium, evening primrose, flax, gold of pleasure, hare ’ s ear mustard, milkweed, mustard, oil radish, poppy seed, rapeseed canola varieties, safflower, sesame, s unflower, and tea oil plant are used to produce edible oils, while crambe, Chinese tallowtree, euphorbia, jojoba, lesquerella, lunaria, meadowfoam, rose hip, stokes aster, tallowwood, and non
- canola rapeseed are generall y used for industrial purp oses.12

The seeds from these oilseeds fall basically into two groups based on whether the seeds are partiall y exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season or whether they are completel y enclosed in pod
- like capsules. Sunflower, borage, and safflower seeds are partiall y exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season, while flax, crambe, mustard, and rapeseed are completely enclosed in pod
- like capsules. Therefore, one of the representative commodities for the oilseed crop group w ould be sunflowers based on the seeds being partially exposed to the pesticides , its high production (both acres and yi eld) and consumption. The second representative commodity would be canola based on the seeds being completely enclosed that protect them from being full y exposed to pesticide applications and its high production (both acres and yi eld) and consumption. The third subgroup will be for cotton which is seeds form in a unique pod or boll, and based on its high production and possibility of addi tional members of the Malvaceae famil y. See the recommendation s for Proposal 4A

– Rapeseed subgroup 20A ; proposal 4B

– Sunflower subgroup 20B ; and proposal 4C

– Cottonseed subgroup 20C for a list of members for each of the subgroups.
GROWTH AND DEVELO PMENT OF THE OILSEED CROPS Understanding how the oilseed crops grow and develop is a key part of developing a pest control strategy

for optimum oilseed yi eld and quality and a helpful reference for anal ys is of residue field trials by EPA scientists
. Proper timing of pesticide applications, based on crop growth stage and pest growth cycle can improve a product’s efficacy and prevent crop injury

and yield losses. Pesticide labels often use crop growth stages and codes to identify

when to apply

a pesticid e. Some of the recognized growth stages for the following oilseed crops rapeseed (oilseed rape or canola), sunflower, cotton, and safflower are discussed in the below Tables. The developmental stages for the rapeseed canola varieties (adapted from Mei er, 2001, Sylvester
- Bradley , 1984, L ancashire, 1991) are shown in Table 2 and in Table 3 (adapted ND States University , 2004), the sunflower in Table 4 (adapted from Meier, 2001, L ancashire, 1991) and Table 5 (Schneiter and Miller, 1981), cotton in Table 6 (adapted from . Meier, 2001, Hutmacher, 2002) and growth and development of cotton in Table 7 (adapted from Wright and Sprenkel, 2005 and Hutmacher, 2002), and safflower in Table 8 (adapted from University Calif. Dept. Agronom y and Range Science, 2000).13

Table 2. Selected Growth Stages of Oilseed Rape (Canola Varieties) Using BBCH Id entification Codes (Adapted from S ylvester- Bradley , 1984, Lancashire, 1991, Harper and Berkenkamp, 1975, Meier, 2001). BBCH Code Growth Stage General Description 00 Seed planted Germination and emergence (00

– 09) 05 Radicle emerged from root 09 Cotyledons emerge from the soil Emergence occurs 4

– 10 day s after seeding 10 Cotyledons completel y emerged Leaf development (10

– 19) 11 First leaf unfolded First tr ue leaves develop 4

– 8 day s after emergence. 19 Nine or more leaves unfolded 30 Beginning of stem elongation Stem elongation (30

– 39) 39 Nine or more visibly extended internodes 50 Flower buds present but still enclosed

by leaves In florescence emergence (50

– 59) 59 First petals present, flower buds still

closed Vegetative stage from seedling to first bud cluster for B. napus ranges from 40

– 60 day s. 60 First flowers open Flowering (60

– 69) 65 Full flowering, 50% flowers open

older petals fal ling Flowering continues from 4

– 21 day s. 69 End of flowering 71 10 % of pods reach final stage Fruit Development (71

– 79) 79 Nearl y all pods have reached final

stage 80 Beginning of ripening seed green and

pod cavity

is filling Ripening (80

– 89) . Seed fill is complete in 35

– 45 day s after flower initiation. 85 50 % of the pods are ripe, seeds are

dark and hard 89 Fully

ripe nearl y all pods are ripe and seeds are dark and hard 97 Plant dry and dead Senescence (91

– 99) 99 Harvested produc t Spring varieties of B. napus mature in 85

– 110 day s after planting.14

Table 3 . Canola Five Principal Growth Stages Developed in Canada. (ND State University Extension Service ProCrop (http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/procrop/rps/growth06.htm).
Canola Growth Stages Stage Description of main flowering raceme 0 Pre
- emergence 1 Seedling 2 Rosette 2.1 First true leaf expanded

2.2 Second true leaf expanded 2.3 Continue for each additional leaf 3 Bud 3.2 Flower cluster visible at center of rosette

3. 3 Lower buds yellowing 4 Flower 4.1 First flower open

4.2 Many flowers opened, lower pods elongating 4.3 Lower pods starting to fill 4.4 Flowering is complete, seed enlarging in lower pods. Flowering continues from 14 to 21 days. 5 Ripening 5.1 Seed s in lower pods full size, translucent

5.2 Seeds in lower pods green 5.3 Seeds in lower pods green
-brown or green
-yellow mottled (1) 5.4 Seeds in lower pods yellow or brown (1) Seed filling the pod is complete after 35

– 40 days after flowers open. M ature pods contain 15 to 40 seeds. After 40

– 60 days after first flower the seeds in the lower pods have ripened and fully changed color. 5.5 Seeds in all pods are brown, plant dead. Average seed moisture is 30
- 35%. Mature pods are easily split along the center membrane and the seed is lost. (1). Canola in the 5.3 to early 5.4 stages should be near or at swathing stage. These stages change very rapidly during the ripening period if temperatures are warm and under dry conditions.15

Table 4. Selected Growth Stages of Sunflower Using BBCH Identification Codes (Meier, 2001, Lancashire, 1991).
BBCH Code Growth Stage General Description 00 Seed planted Germination and emergence (00

– 09) 05 Radicle emerged from root 09 Cotyledons emerge from the soil 10 Cotyledons completel y emerged and

unfolded Leaf development (10

– 19) 12 Two leaves unfolded 19 Nine or more leaves unfolded 30 Beginning of stem elongation Stem elongation (30

– 39) 39 Nine or more visibly extended internodes 51 In flores cence just visible between

yo unger leaves In florescence emergence (51

– 59) 59 Ray

florets visible between the bracts, flower still closed 61 Beginning of flowering Flowering (61

– 69) 65 Full flowering 69 End of flowering 71 Seeds on outer edge of the

inflorescence are grey

and have reached final size Fruit Development (71

– 79)
79 Seeds on inner third of the

inflorescence are grey

and have reached final size 80 Beginning of ripening seed on outer

third of anthocarp are black and hard Ripenin g (80

– 89) 85 Seeds on middle third of anthocarp are

black and hard, yellow bracts are brown and seeds about 60 % dry matter 89 Fully

ripe, seeds on inner third of anthocarp are dark and hard, and seeds about 85 % dry

matter 92 Seeds over 90 % dry matter Senescence (92

– 99) 99 Harvested product16

Table 5. Selected Growth Stages of Sunflower Developed b y North Dakota State University

Extension Service (Schneiter and Miller, 1981). Stage Designation Growth Stage Name General Description VE Ve getative Emergence Seedling has emerged; first leaf beyond the cotyledon is < 4 cm long. V

– 1 Vegetative Stages Stage determined b y counting the number of true leaves at least 4 cm in length. Stage numbers in order V
- 1, V
- 2, V
- 3, etc.). R

– 1 Rep roductive Stages Terminal bud forms a miniature floral head. R
- 3 The immature bud elongates more than 2 cm above the nearest leaf. R

– 4 The inflorescence begins to open. Immature ray

flowers are visible. R

– 5.1,
- 2, etc. Beginning of flowering. The stage can be divided into substages dependent upon the percent of the head area (disk flowers) that is completed or is in flowering. Ex. R

– 5.3 (30%). R

– 6 Flowering is complete and the ray flowers are wilting. R

– 7 The back of the head ha s started to turn a pale yellow. R

– 8 The back of the head is yellow and flower bracts are still green. R

– 9 The bract becomes yellow and brown. The back of the sunflower head may turn brown. This stage is phy siological maturity
.17

Table 6 . Selected Growth Stages of Cotton Using BBCH Identification Codes and Growth Stage Dates in Missouri ( Albers, 1993, Meier, 2001, Hutmacher, 2002). BBCH Code Growth Stage General Description 00 Seed planted Germination and emergence (00

– 09)
. May 1. 05 Radicle emerged from root 09 Cotyledons emerge from the soil “crook

stage” May 12. 10 Cotyledons completely emerged and

unfolded Leaf development (10

– 19) 12 Two leaves unfolded 19 Nine or more leaves unfolded 31 Beginning of crop cove r, 10 % of plants

meet between rows Main stem elongation (31

– 39) 39 Canopy closure, 90 % of the plants meet

between rows 51 First floral buds detectable “pin head

stage” Inflorescence emergence (51

– 59) In San Joaquin Valley time from emergence to first square ranges from 35 to 55 days Ju ne 17. 59 Petals visible, floral buds still closed 60 First flowers open Flowering (60

– 69). In San Jo aquin Valley time from emergence to first bloom ranges from 60 to 82 days. July 6. 65 Full flowering, “mid bloom” In San Joaquin Valley time from emergence to full bloom ranges from 82 to 95 days. 69 End of flowering, flowers faded 71 About 10 % of the bolls have attained

their final size Fruit and seed development (71

– 79) . August 20. 79 About 90 % of the bolls have attained

their final size 80 First open bolls on the fruiting branches Ripening of fruit and seeds (80

– 89). In San Joaquin Valley time from emergence to first open boll ranges from 120 to 145 days. 85 About 50 % of bolls open In San Joaquin Valley time from emergence to 60% open bolls ranges from 155 to 185 days. 89 About 90 % of the bolls open 91 About 10 % of the leaves discolored or

fallen Senescence (91

– 99) 95 About 50 % of the leaves discolored or

fallen 99 Harvested p roduct bolls and seeds September 21.18

Table 7 . Ty

pical Growth and D evelopment of a C otton P lant (Adapted from Wright and Sprenkel, 2005, Kohel, 1984, and Hutmacher, 2002)*
. Growth Stages Time Required (Range of Days) Average Time Required (Days) Planting to emergence 5
- 14 7 Planting to first true leaf 13

– 30 21 Emerge to first square 35
- 55 45 Emerge to first b loom or flower 60
- 82 68 Pinhead square to white flower 20
- 35 23 White flower to pink flower 1 1 Pink flower to open boll 50
- 60 55 Emerge to first open boll 115
- 145 130 Emerge to 60% open boll 155
- 185 165 (*) The number of day s can vary by variety and daytime temperatures. Table 8. Selected Growth Stages of Safflower (University Calif. Dept. Agronomy

and Range Scien ce, 2000). Safflower Growth Stage Days Since Emergence Emergence 0 Rosette

– Le aves are Flat to Ground 30 Stem Elongation

–Bud Formation 50 Initial Branching

– Flowering Petal Formation

– Plant 8

– 15 in tall 62 Full Branching

– Stamen, Pistil, and Pollen Formation 75 Flowering

– Plant height from 18 in to 5 ft. 100 Seed Mature 15019

U.S./NAFTA AND WORLD PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE OILSEEED COMMODITIES : Proposed members of the o ilseed crop group find widespread distribution throughout the world. Table 9 provides a list of the hectares and production from countries that grow linseed (flaxseed), mustard seed, rapeseed, safflower seed, sesame seed, and sunflower seed in 2004 , while Table 10 has world production and yield/hectare for cottonseed in 2003/2004. The most widely grown oilseed worldwide is cottonseed at 31,222,000 hectares and 35,532,000 Mt, followed by rapeseed (canola varieties) on over 26, 400,000 ha and 46,255,508 Mt, then sunflower seed on 21,436,397 ha and 26,108,358 Mt, and then sesame seed at 6,665,787 ha and 3,257,448 Mt. The U.S. does not lead the world in hectares in any of these oilseeds but is a major producer of sunflower seed and cottonseed. The world yield/hectare for cottonseed is 1.14 Mt. Can ada is a major world leader in rapeseed production (4,937,800 ha and 7,728,100 MT) and flaxseed (528,100 ha and 516,900 MT). The NAFTA co untries (Canada and U.S.) combined hectares leads the world in mustard seed production (331,809 ha). Table 9
. M ajor W orld Oilseed Crop Production in 200 4 (FAO STATISTICS 2004) Countries/ Regions Linseed Mustard seed Rapeseed Safflower seed Sesame seed Sunflower seed U.S. 208,820 Ha 1

265,980 Mt

2 27,800 Ha 25,530 Mt 338,240 Ha

612,530 Mt 64,350 Ha

79,730 Mt 0 Ha

0 Mt 692 ,420 Ha

928,900 Mt Australia 7,000 Ha

6,000 Mt 200 Ha

200 Mt 1,141,000 Ha

1,496,000 Mt 35,000 Ha

30,000 Mt NA 46,000 Ha 58,000 Mt Canada 528,100 Ha

516,900 Mt 304,000 Ha

305,500 Mt 4,937,800 Ha

7,728,100 Mt 2,000 Ha

2,000 Mt NA 58,600 Ha 54,400 Mt New Zealand 500 Ha

1,000 Mt NA 2,000 Ha 4,000 Mt NA NA 0 Ha 0 Mt Africa 168,861 Ha

105,063 Mt 2,500 Ha

1,500 Mt 46,098 Ha

60,784 Mt 87,000 Ha

43,000 Mt 1,952,582 Ha

888,559 Mt 982,080 Ha

889,443 Mt C
. America 5 Ha

3 Mt 9 Ha

19 Mt 10,500 Ha

14,000 Mt 85,000 Ha

212,765 Mt 111,417 Ha

67,418 Mt 900 Ha

680 Mt NAFTA 736,925 Ha

782,883 Mt 331,809 Ha

331,049 Mt 5,286,540 Ha

8,354,630 Mt 151,350 Ha

294,495 Mt 44,209 Ha

22,593 Mt 751,920 Ha

983,980 Mt S. America 39,495 Ha

39,668 Mt NA 55,926 Ha 98,000 Mt 30,000 Ha

18,000 Mt 111,835 Ha

72,446 Mt 2,254,784 Ha

3,693,170 Mt Asia 1,312,620 Ha

735,400 Mt 289,601 Ha

198,245 Mt 14,757,337 Ha

20,465,848 Mt 462,670 Ha

217,815 Mt 4,475,146 Ha

2,223,390 Mt 4,996,811 Ha

4,930,830 Mt Europe 354,995 Ha

232,674 Mt 260,641 Ha

172 ,744 Mt 5,136,484 Ha

15,776,246 Mt 1,101 Ha

847 Mt 307 Ha

1,835 Mt 12,404,802 Ha

15,552,935 Mt World Total 2,620,396 Ha

1,902,688 Mt 884,751 Ha

703,738 Mt 26,425,385 Ha

46,255,508 Mt 767,121 Ha

604,157 Mt 6,665,787 Ha

3,257,448 Mt 21,436,397 Ha

26,108,358 Mt

1 Ha = Hectare 2 Mt = Metric ton20

Table 10
. M ajor World Cottonseed Production and Y ield/H ectare in 2003/200 4 (FAO STATISTICS 2004 , USDA Agricultural Statistics .) Countries / Regions Cottonseed Yield/hectare (Mt) U.S. 4,858,000 Ha3

6,046,000 Mt

4 1
. 24 Mt Australia 196,000 Ha

48 0,000 Mt 2 .00 Mt Mexico 62,000 Ha

122,000 Mt 1
. 97 Mt Africa 4,276,000 Ha

2,814,000 Mt 0.66 Mt NAFTA 4,920,000 Ha

6,168,000 Mt 1.25 Mt S. America 1,590,000 Ha

2,531,000 Mt 1.30 Mt Asia 17,738,000 Ha

18,795,000 Mt 1.06 Mt Europe and former Soviet Union 2,900.000 Ha

3,420,000 Mt 1.23 Mt
World Total 31,222,000 Ha

35,532,000 Mt 1.14 Mt

In the U.S ., oilseed commodities are widel y consumed but the individual oilseed crops are not reported separatel y on a per capita consumption by the USDA Economic Rese arch Service. They

report the oilseeds together as “salad and cooking oils” with a U.S. per capita consumption in 2004 as 40.8 lb/capita (USDA ERS, 2006; Buzby and Farah, 2006). Salad and cooking oil consumption has almost doubled on a per capita basis s ince 1979 (20.9 lb/capita)
. Cottonseed oil made up 2.8% and canola oil 7.5% of the total salad and cooking oil manufactured in 2004. Cottonseed oil and soy bean oil are predominating baking and frying oils at 2.4% and 87.6%. Based on the USDA CSFII 1994

– 1996, 1998 survey , using two day individual consumption for determined oilseed c onsumption (g/day) is listed in Table 11
.

3 Ha = Hectare
4 Mt = Metric ton21

Table 11 . Consumption of the Oilseed Crops. (USDA CSFII 1994

– 1996, 1998 survey .) COMMODITY CONSUMPTI ON (g/day) Cottonseed, oil 1.38 Cottonseed, oil, babyfood 0.00065 Flaxseed, oil 0.0013 Rapeseed, oil 1.37 Rapeseed, oil , bab yfood 0.000181 Safflower, oil 0.035 Safflower, oil, bab yf

ood 0.038 Sunflower, oil 0.146 Sunflower, oil, bab yfood 0.29 Sunflower, see d 0.265 Sesame, oil 0.00885 Sesame, oil, babyfood 0.0414
IMPORTS/EXPORTS OF THE OILSEEDS: Despite the U.S. being a major producer of oilseed crops (Table s 2 , 3 , and 10 ) significant amounts of some of the oilseeds are still imported. The amount of a commodity

can vary widely from year to year based on differences in U.S. production, weather effects, and consumer demand. The USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) reported that in 2005 over 11,600 MT of sesame seed refined oil was imported from other countries with Japan accounting for 37%, Mexico for 26% and Taiwan and the Peoples Republic of China for 27%. Sunflower refined oil imports were over 20,371 MT with Mexico accounting for 45%, Argentina for 35% and Germany at 7%. Safflower refi ned oil imports were 772 MT with Mexico accounting for 65%, Spain for 27% and Canada for 6%. Niger seed is imported from Ethiopia, India, Myanmar, and Nepal. Approximately

5,021 Mt of poppy

seed was imported to the U.S. in 2003. Cottonseed imports were 4212 MT from China at 48%, Australia at 24% and Mexico at 12%. Flaxseed oil was imported at over 86,744 MT with Canada accounting for 97% and Peoples Republic of China at 2%. Cottonseed oil imports for 2004 were only from Canada at 88.6 MT. No jojoba oi l has been imported since 1999. The U.S. i s also a major exporter of oilseed commodities. For example, in 1995 (USDA FATUS) approximately 120,363 MT of sunflower seed was exported with Spain accounting for 28%, Canada for 17%, Germany for 15% and Mexico for 8%. Cotton refined oil was exported at over 14,725 MT to Canada at 86% and Mexico t 8%. Over 2003 Mt of mustard seeds were exported to Mexico at 53%, Canada at 27%, Japan at 10% and Germany at 5%. Approximately 894 MT of castor bean oil was exporte d to Canada at 33%, Mexico at 31%, Peoples Republic of China at 11% and Ireland at 7%. Safflower seed at over 1907 MT were exported to Canada at 47%, Japan at 25% and Mexico at 24%. Over 1443 MT of sesame seed was exported to Canada at 68%, Japan at22

27% and the Netherlands at 4%. In 2004 cottonseed oil exports were over 47,404 MT and were exported to Canada at 56%, Japan at 24% and Mexico at 18%.
U.S. Oilseed Production: Production in the U.S. is based on the USDA 200 5 Agricultural Statistics , FAO St atistics, 2005, USDA ERS 2005 Oilseed 2005 Summary , and the U.S. Agricultural Census, 2002: The harvested acreages for the oilseed crops in the United States are listed in Table 12
. Cottonseed has the highest acreages of the oilseed crops at over 13 mil lion acres ( 80.4 %) followed by sunflower at over 1.5 million acres ( 9.4 %) and rapeseed canola varieties at over 860,000 acres ( 5.3 %). If the cottonseed acres were not counted, sunflower would account for 48.3 % of the oilseed acres followed by rapeseed canola varieties at 27.1 %, flax at 16.5 %, safflower at 6.2 % and the rest of the oilseeds at 1.9%. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND U.S. PRODUCTION: Table 1 2
. Harvested Oilseed Crop Acreage in the United States for 2005.* OILSEED CROP ACREAGE (A) PE RCENT OF TO TAL OILSEED ACREAGE Cottonseed 13 , 057,0 00 80.4 % Sunflower (oil varieties) 1 , 533 ,000 9.4 % Rapeseed (canola varieties) 862 ,000 5.3 % Flax 523 ,000 3.2 % Safflower 1 97 ,000 1.2 % Crambe 29,705 0.2 % Mustard seed 22,900 0. 1 % Sesame 3,145 < 0. 1 % Rapeseed (non
- canola varieties) 2,000 < 0.1 % Jojoba 1,607 < 0.1 % Borage 1,000 < 0.1 % Other oilseed crops** <1,000 < 0.1 % TO TAL 16,232,357 > 99. 9 % * Based on Food and Feed Crops of the United States and the USDA Agricultural Statistics, and USDA NASS, 2006. * *Other oilseed crops include : c a stor oil plant , Chinese tallowtree , c uphea, e c hium, euphorbia, e vening primrose , g old of p leasure , h are's
- ear mustard , l esquerella, lunaria, m eadowfoam, milkweed, Niger seed, o il radish , p oppy seed, r ose hip , s tokes aster, s we et rocket , T allowwood , t ea oil plant, and V ernonia
.23

Specific Oilseed C rop Pr oduction : Borage: Borage is being grown under contract in North Dakota (EPA Regions 5 and 7 for its seed that is extracted to make edible oil high in gamma
- linolenic acid (GLA) that has been found to lo wer cholesterol. The average seed yield for borage is 300 lb/A. Itis n ative to the Mediterranean region. Borage is a rather coarse annual plant grown for culinary use in Europe, but little grown presently in the U.S. for culinary uses.
Castor oil plant : No castor oil plant production data is reported in the U.S. More than 40,591 Mt of castor oil was imported to the U.S. in 2004 from India. Itis n aturalized in the tropics and warm regions such as eastern Africa. Main producing countries are In dia, Brazil, and Thailand in 2004. In Asia the leaves are also fed to silkworms and cattle

. Chinese tallowtree: Chinese tallowtree is a subtropical plant native to China and was introduced into the United States as an ornamental. Itis a prolific see d producer and has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized. Itis naturalized from southernmost Cameron and Hidalgo County in Texas northward to southern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas eastward to North Carolina and Florida. Plants grow in ab andoned fields, pastures, waste areas, and forests. The species grows in a wide range of environmental conditions: wet to dry and shade to full sun. The plant is a fast
- growing tree, hence its popularity as a shade tree and as an oilseed
. Cotton: P roduction in the U.S. of cottonseed in 2004 was 8, 242 ,000 tons harvested from 13,057,000 acres with 81 % o f the total production is reported from seven states - Texas, California, Mississippi, Arkansas, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, and Arizona (USDA 2005 ). These States are commonly refereed to as the “Cotton Belt States”. See Figure 3 for a map of the harvested cotton acres for 2002. Average yi eld of cottonseed for 2004 was 1262 lb/A , 1,068, million lb of cottonseed oil was produced, and 1,439 ,000 t of meal were produced from the oilseed crushing. Inthe U.S. approximately 51 % are grown for oil production, 44 % for fiber, and 2 % for planting seed. C otton is grown primarily for its f ibers or lint, but the oil containing seeds are highly impo rtant. World production of cottonseed oil averaged 35,532,000 Mt in 2004 on over 32,200,000 hectares.24

Crambe: Crambe production in the U.S. in 2002 was reported at 13,262,400 lb on 1 2,320 A. The production is in Montana (39%) and North Dakota ( 61 %) which includes EPA Regions 5 and 7. Crambe is best grown in areas of Midwest, upper plains states and northwest U.S. Seed yi elds for crambe have ranged from 1,07 6 to 1,700 lb/A. Crambe is best grown in areas of Midwest, upper plains states and northwes t
. Other production regions: Mediterranean region
. Crambe is believed to have originated in the Turco
Iranian region and to have spread into the Mediterranean and Europe and through Ethiopia into East Africa. C

. hispanica occurs naturally in Mediterranean Europe, Morocco and the Middle East. It s native distribution extends into the highlands of Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and easternmost parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo. In Ethiopia it is traditionally grown on a small sc ale as a medicinal plant and minor oil crop. Crambe was first tested as an oil crop in the former USSR in the 1930s , and consequentl y it spread to Sweden and Poland and later to other parts of Europe, North America (1940’s) and China. Thus, crambe is being developed as a cool
- temperate oil crop although it occurs naturally in the subtropics and tropics. Crambe , with about 35 species, is one of the largest genera of the tribe Brassiceae

. C

. hispanica is generall y referred to as C

. abyssinica i n agricultural literature. Cuphea: Cuphea is a t emperate and subtropical plant o ccurs naturally in Central and South America. Ith as been grown in trials in Germany and USA
. The genus Cuphea comprises some 260 herbaceous or perennial species. The seeds of Cuphea s pp. weigh about 2 mg. There is no p roduction for the U.S. , but it c ould be adapted to Midwest U.S. and western U.S. There is a current USDA research project (#3620
- 4100
- 115
- 07) to develop cuphea into a commercial crop with high capric fatty acid content with reduce seed shattering at harvest
. It is wi del y distributed in Mexico and Brazil
. Echium: Echium like borage is an herbaceous biennial crop in the Boraginaceae family that produces a refined oil rich in omega
- 6 and omega
- 3 pol yunsaturated fatty acids. It is being grown in the UK and Canada as a novel food ingredient crop. It is distributed in the U.S
. in NY PA, MA, CA and OR. The Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, Canada has applied to the Food and Drug Administration for app roval of Echium oil as a new dietary ingredient. In UK, the Croda Chemicals Europe Ltd., East Yorkshire has also applied for approval for use of echium oil in foods. Echium is also distributed across Europe, the Mediterranean region, Madeira, the Canarie s and the Azores.25

Euphorbia: Euphorbia is an annual or biennial latex
- bearing plant. It requires a long growing period for seed set
. There is no production data for the U.S. , but it is n aturalized in North America . O ther production regions include Europe and they have produced yields up to 5t/ha. Evening primrose: Common evening primrose is an evening flowering winter biennial herb
. In Canada the seed oil is an approved dietary supplement. The oil contains gamma linolenic acid. In 1994, 150 ac res of evening primrose were grown for oil in Washington S tate which accounted for about 70% of the acreage in U.S. Itis n ative to North America and Canada
. Flax seed : Flax production in the U.S. for 200 4 was 10, 368,000 bushels planted on 523,000 acres . More than 94% of the acreage is grown in North Dakota, South Dakota Minnesota, and M ontana (EPA Regions 5 and 7 ) . The average yi eld is 20. 3 bu/A. Over 62% of the flax seed is utilized for oil production. About 36 % of the total flax seed utilized w as imported. Approximately, 1 3 , 600 ,000 bushels of flaxseed was crushed for oil in 200 4 with a resultant 245,000 tons of meal. Canada reported 1,239,730 acres grown for flax in 1995. Yields of flax have ranged from 1,000 to 1,500 lb/A. Two ty pes of fl ax are grown, the seed flax for oil in its seed and fiber flax for fiber in the stems. Producers in the upper Midwest and the Prairie Provinces of Canada grow the flax for oil. Flax mostly grown for fiber is in Europe and Asia. The fiber is used to make fine linen cloth. Li nseed oil, obtained from seed of the flax plant, is primarily used in industry ; but some is used for edible purposes in Eastern Europe. Flax seed for oil was grown in the U.S. on an average of about 2.7 million acres, 1964
- 66 but down in 1993 to 206,000 acres. World production of linseed oil is down and last reported 1991
- 92 at 569,800 tons. The downward production trend for flax may be reversed with the recent introduction of solin (so
- lin) which is a low (< 5%) linolenic acid flax. Solin oil is good for salad dressing and cooking oil. These varieties are called ‘ linola ’
. Gold of pleasure: Gold of pleasure is an annual oilseed crop originated in southwest, Central Asia and C entral Europe and well adapted to Minnesota. Cultiv ation probably began in Neolithic times, and by

the Iron Age in Europe. It is also called camelina and was commonly used as an oil
- supplying plant . It is listed as being adapted to the flax
- growing regions of the northern Midwest (Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota).26

H are's ear mustard : H are's ear mustard is grown in Europe to Mediterranean
. It is hardy to USDA plant hardiness zone 0 , and is distributed throughout eastern North America
. Jojoba : Jojoba is a s low growing evergreen perennial desert shrub native to the Sonora Desert
. The 2002 AG CENSUS reported 88,578 lb produced on 1,607 acres harvested in U.S. with 99% of the reported acres in California and Arizona ( EPA Regions 9 and 10 )
. In 1997 there were 1,551,385 lb produced on 4,919 A in California and Arizona . Jojoba is grown in the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. Lesquerella : Lesquerella is a perennial desert plant native to the Southwest (West Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Utah) that produce seed containing a hydrox ylv egetable oil
. It s cultural practices are similar to winter wheat or other small grains. All species of l esquerella are native to North and South America with 83 of 95 known species indigenous to North America. There are l imited f all plantings in Texas and Arizona; and spring plantings in Oregon. Itis also grown in Canada
. In the Netherlands limited plantings have produced yields u

p to 1390 kg/ha. There is a current USDA research project (#3620
- 4100
- 115
- 03) to develop lesquerella into a commercial crop for lesquerolic acid, a hydrox ylfatty

acid as an alternative t o imported castor oil plant.
L unaria: Lunaria is a biennial adapted to a temperate climate that is being grown in England and western Asia and can produce from 1800
- to 2,600 kg seed/ha. The oil content can be up to 47.8%. The long ch ained fatty acids are sim ilar to those in meadowfoam. Lunaria is also grown as an ornamental crop as a dried flower known as the money

plant.
Meadowfoam: Production in U.S.: Willamette Valley in Oreg on with about 400 acres in 1986. In 1993, about 1,000 acres were produced with a goal of about 3,000 acres in 1994. Other production regions: West coast of North America
. It was originate d from upland pasture in northern California and southern Oregon, and is endemic to North America which includes EPA Crop Production Region 12. Meadowfoam can be grown as a winter annual crop. Ithas been grown to a limited extent in parts of the eastern U.S. and Alaska.27

Meadowfoam is well adapted to cool wet Mediterranean climate of the Pacific Northwest.
Milkweed:
Milkweed is a native U.S. perennial herbaceous dicot plant, adapted to USDA pl ant hardiness zone 3. It is found mainly in areas between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountain ranges and from southern Canada to northern Mexico. Itis usually considered a weedy pest , but its seed oil is being researched as a biodiesel fuel and for cosmetic uses. Mustard: Mustard grown for seed in the U.S. has produced 47,198 tons of seed on 144,337 acres as reported in 2002 AG CENSUS. More than 96% of the U.S. production is in North Dakota , Montana , Idaho and Washington (EPA Regions 5, 7, and 11 with an average yi eld of 834 lb/A. Canada produces about 250,000 tons of seed on about 540,109 acres and is the U.S. larg est importer
. Niger seed: Niger seed is an important annual herb oil crop in Ethiopia and parts of India. It is native to Ethiopia. In dia and Ethiopia produces 350,000

– 375,000 t annually
. Niger seed oil has potential for edible and industrial us es, and the press cake for animal feed. It is being produced in Minnesota and North Dakota. The seed is also sold for birdseed, especiall y for finches.
Oil r adish: Young flower clusters can be eaten raw or cooked. A spicy flavor with a crisp pleasant texture, they

make a nice addition to salads or can be used as a broccoli substitute. They

have a hot spicy

flavor and go well in salads. Edible oil is obtained from the seed. Young seed pods can be eaten raw. This crop is also used as a livestock fe ed and in Michigan as a cover crop. Poppy seed: Annual herb that is n ative to Mediterranean region and Central Asia. Poppy seed is produced in the Netherlands, Australia, Romania, and Turkey
. U.S. imported about 5,284 tons from Australia, Netherlands and Turkey in 1992.28

Rapeseed: Rapeseed grown in the U.S. was planted on only 90,000 acres of canola in 1992 and in 2004 over 862,000A was produced. In 2003 there were 1,082,000 A of canola (99.7%), 3,900 A of rapeseed (0.3%) , and 22,900 A of must ard seed. It is mainly grown in I daho, North Dakota, Washington, Minnesota, and Michigan (EPA Regions 5, 7, 11 and 12 ) and North Dakota accounted for over 88% (780,000A) of the total production. About 10,040,000 acres of canola in Canada for 1995 produce d 1,008,475 t and rapeseed was grown on 5,750,000 A. See Figure 6 for a map of the harvested canola acres for 2002. The average yi eld in 2004 for canola established a new record at 1,618 lb/A. Over 1,976 million lb of canola was crushed for oil with 776 million lb oil produced, and 605,000 short tons of meal. In2000, rapeseed (non
- canola) production was 2,750 t. Rapeseed oil is obtained from the seeds primarily of the species B rassica . napus, B. juncea, and B. rapa and the oil from different species are not distinguished on the market, since all have similar properties. Production in the U.S. is limited, but rapeseed oil is of major importance in Europe, Canada and Asia. The term "colza" refers to refined oil. Low glucosinolate and erucic acid leve ls are now defined as “double low” or canola quality , which is less than 2 percent erucic acid and having less than 30 micromoles of aliphatic glucosinolates per gram of defatted meal and are called low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR). Rapeseed oil (non
- canol a type) is not usable as edible oils. Rose hip: The Sweetbrier or Eglantine rose forms an arching shrub 2
- 3 m high. It is native to Britain and northern Europe. In addition to its beautiful pink flowers, it is valued for the strong apple
- like fragran ce of its foliage, and the hips that form after the flowers and persist well into the winter. The flowers are followed by bright orange rose hips very high in Vitamin C.
Safflower: Acreage of safflower has ranged from 400,000 in 1968 to less than 100 ,000 acres in 1980. Safflower production in U.S. in 2002 was 192,490 tons of seed on 197,000 acres. The average yi eld is 1,434 lb/A. The top four safflower producing states are California, North Dakota, Montana , and South Dakota (EPA Regions 5, 7, 9, an d 10). Canada produced 500 tons of safflower seed on 2,719 acres in 1995 . EPA Crop Production Regions 7 and 10 account for 97 % of U.S.29

Sesame : The sesame plant is an erect growing annual, 3 to 6 feet high grown for the small, seeds, which are widely used on bread, rolls and other culinary items, and are also extracted for the oil. The genus consists of about 36 species of which 19 are indigenous to Africa. In Nigeria, three species, S. alatu m (Thonn), S. indicum L. and S. radiatum Schum & Thonn, ar e widely cultivated
. Besides the U.S. sesame is grown in India, China, Russia, Turkey , Mexico, South America, and Africa. Approximately 3,145 acres of sesame for seed were reported in the U.S. in the 2002 AG CENSUS , and 1,358,364 lb was produced. Over 7 0% of the sesame seed production was in Texas with the rest in California and Oklahoma ( EPA Crop Production Regions 6, 8 and 10 )
. It grows well in areas adapted for cotton. Sesame for oil is a major crop in Asia and Mexico. The oil is usually expressed in Europe and Asia. Culture and exposure are similar to those of soy bean. U.S. imported about 37,348 Mt of seed in 2004 and in 2005 the USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) reported that o ver 11,600 MT of sesame seed refined oil was imported from other countries with Japan accounting for 37%, Mexico for 26% and Taiwan and the Peoples Republic of China for 27%. Stokes Aster: Stokes aster is an herbaceous perennial plant native to Southeastern U.S. S tates that can also be an industrial oil seed crop. Itis adapted to the USDA plant hardiness zones 5

– 10. The seeds contain large amounts of vernolic acid (12, 13
- epoxy- cis
- 9
- octadecenoic acid) which is a source of epox y oil products to manufacture plastics and adhesives. Most of the U.S. epox y oil is derived from petrochemicals and processing of linseed and so ybean oil. It may be developed to replace some of the petrochemical use. There are no specific production data for stokes aster. Sunflower: Sunflower oilseed varieties were pl anted in 2004 on 1,533,000 acres with non
- oil varieties planted on 340 ,000 acres. More than 89 % of the oil varieties are produced in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, and Colorado (EPA Regions 5, 6, 7, and 8). Approximately, 89 % of the non
- oil varietie s are produced in North Dakota, Colorado, and Minnesota also in EPA Regions 5, 6, 7, and 8. See Figures 4 and 5 for a map of the harvested sunflower oil varieties and non
- oil varieties, respectivel y for 2002. Average yi elds of sunflower oilseed varieties were 1 23 8 lb/A , and 997 lb/A for non
- oil varieties. In 2004, 609 million lb were crushed for oil resulting in265 million lb of oil, and 147,000 short tons of sunflower meal from the oil crushing, 1390 million lb were used for n on - oil ty pes and seed produ ction (Ash and Dohlman, 2006a)
. Canada reported 9 5,000 hectares of sunflower grown in 2003/2004. Sunflower is native to the western U.S., but principal commercial production of the seed for oil is in other countries, especially the former Soviet Union
. World production of sunflower oil averaged from 2003 to 2004 near 169,758 Mt on 22,639 ha with a yield of 1.17 Mt/ha. Sunflowers are grown from southern Canada south through Mexico and Argentin a.30

Sweet rocket : Sweet rocket is an evergreen b iennial or p erennial grows to 90
- 120 cm tall. Itis n ative to Europe , and can be grown in all regions of North America.
Tallowwood: Tallowwood is a 3 m shrub originated in African tropics and is widespread in the tropics including Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, and Central and South America . The plant has pale grey bark, purple
- red branches with wax y bloom, and yellow/red edible fruit. The large seed contains a nut
like kernel. It is a thorny little tree with small leav es up to 5
- 7 m height. It is found in almost all regions in dry , moist and wet low
- and midlands (500
- 2,100m) and rarel y be found in places up to 2,450 m. The wood is heavy, hard and very durable. The bark is brown
- black. Twigs bear small scales, spi nes, 1cm, thin and strait. L eaves up to 7 x 3cm, blue
- gray- green, folding upwards along midrib , tip round or notched. Flowers are very fragrant, small green
- white. Fruits are oval to 2.5cm, thin skin red, yellow to orange pulp, around one large seed containing oil. The seed contains non
- drying oil suitable for soap and lubrication. Itis a Florida native
. Frequent in hammocks, scrub and flatwoods of peninsular Florida, also Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Blooms spring through fall, with 3 cm berry
- l ike fruit turning from green to yellow when mature. Tea oil plant: The tea oil plant is an exceptionally hardy evergreen plant (USDA P lant H ardiness Zones 6

– 9), fall blooming, tea
- oil camellia that can tolerate temperatures as low as
- 10° F. Seeds have been utilized in China for more than 1000 years. Tea oil is the main cooking oil in China’s southern provinces, especially Hunan where more than 50% of the vegetable cooking oil is from tea oil plant. The crop can grow from 1 8° to 34° North latitude and grows on acidic soils where January mean temperatures do not drop below 2°C. Other production regions: It is estimated that the need for tea oil in the year 2000 in China will range from 485,000 to 551,000 t/year. Approximately one - seventh of China’ s population uses tea oil for cooking. Vernonia: Vernonia is grown as a perennial herb in North America. It is native to equatorial Africa. There is li mited acreage of Vernonia in Puerto Rico and Arizona. Current USDA research shows that veronica c an be grown in the Mid
- Atlantic region. It is also grown in Central America31

COMPARISON OF OILSEED CULTURAL PRACTICES: Borage Borage is a rather coarse annual plant grown for culinary use in Europe, but little is grown in the US for this purpose. Recently , borage is being grown for its edible oil because it is a good source of gamma linoleic acid (GLA) that is used to reduce cholesterol. The crop contains edible oil 30
- 38% of which 20
- 30% is GLA. The plant is hairy and grows 1 1/2 to 3 feet high. Leaves are oval to oblong and up to 4 to 5 inches long. Onl y the young leaves are palatable and used in salads and test like cucumber . In the US, borage is also grown as an ornamental. Borage flowers are used for flavoring, mainly in drinks, such as lemonade and other fruit juice drinks and teas , as well as an ornamental crop . The flowers are blue or purple, borne in large racemes, and the resulting fruit each have 3 to 4 seeds. Borage is planted with a grain drill at a rate of 10 to 12 lb/A at 18 inches between rows. The seeds begin to emerge in 10 days, flower in 50 day s, and mature at 105 day s. Borage yields range from 80 to 800 lb/A with an average of 300 lb/A.
Castor Oil Plant: The plant is herbaceous to 15 feet perennial that acts as an annual in temperate regions, but may

become a small tree in the tropics. The wild ty pes are large perennials while the cultivated crops are short and annual. The leaves are large and palmate in shape with 5
- 7 lobes. The plant varies in its growth, foliage and stem color, seed size, color and oil content. The color has led to the development of cultivars for ornamental purposes. While often called castor bean it is not a legume. Highest yields occur in areas with annual rainfall between 600

– 700 mm, b ut acceptable yields are found in areas receiving 375

– 500 mm of rain. It is adapted to almost every soil and prefers sandy loams but not heavy

clays and poorly

drained soils with a soil pH of 5.0

– 6.5. Planting dates in northern areas range from March

– M ay and in southern areas January

– March. Dwarf varieties have been developed that grow to a height of 5 ft. The seedbed for dwarf castor oil plant is similar to that for cotton and corn and it can be planted with a corn or cotton planters with seeds planted to 5 cm deep. Giant seeded varieties are seeded b y hand and they

are transplanted about the middle of May since it is susceptible to frost in the earl y growing season
. There are 2,240 seeds/lb. The row spacing is 25

– 30 cm for dwarf and 30

– 4 0 cm for larger hybrids for about 25,000 to 30,000 plants/ha. Weeds are major problem to establish dwarf varieties and can be controlled with mechanical cultivation or herbicides. Inthe U.S. planting to emergence time averages 13 day s but may range from 10
- 123 day s depending upon planting date ; to flowering 47 day s; and to harvest 150

– 160 day s. O il formation in the seed begins 20 days after flowering in Canada. Fruits are harvested in about 95
- 180 days depending on cultivar. The seeds are borne in globular shaped capsules, generall y covered with soft spines. Some varieties have been developed that have soft non
- irritating spines. The capsules split, sometimes32

explosively, at ripening , but less so with dwarf varieties
. Each capsule normally has three seeds, ovoid in shape, variable in size, shinny seed color, generally from 1 to 3.5 gram s in weight. In the U.S. harvest begins in October. Commercial plantings of dwarf hy brids are full y mechanized. Capsules fall on a conveyer and are dehulled. Tw o row harvesters moving at 5 km/hr can harvest 0.75
- 1.5 ha/hr and yield up to 3000 kg/ha. Yield s in the U.S
. can range from 1776

– 2290 kg/ha on irrigated and on non
- irrigated field from 936

– 1370 kg/ha. The shelled beans contain 35 to 60 percent of oil , which is extracted by

pressure or by

solvents. The nondrying oil is used as a medicine and extensively

in industry , rarel y in cookery . In Asia the leaves are fed to silkworms and cattle. Whole seeds before processing are poisonous to animals and human s because of the toxin ricin. Food grade oil is used as an antistick agent in candy molds, and a flavor component in baked goods, beverages and candies. The untreated meal is used as fertilizer or as a fish feed. It needs to be detoxified before it is f ed to livestock . In the U.S., the meal is an insignificant livestock feed
. The recent isolation of high oleic/low ricinoleic mutations is an important advance in developing ricinoleic acid free/high oleic cid castor oil line that may increase its potenti al use in industrial and food applications.
Chinese tallowtree: Chinese tallowtree is a subtropical plant recently domesticated in China and is primarily grown for their large oily seeds. Chinese tallow tree was introduced into the United States as an ornamental by Ben Franklin in 1776. Itis a prolific seed producer and has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized. Chinese tallow tree is a small to medium
- sized monoecious tree and can grow to 50 ft. The leaves are alternate, simple, and net
- veined 1.5

– 3.5 in long
. The petiole is long with two glands on the upper side near the blade. The blade is rhombic
- ovate, entire, with an acuminate apex and a round to truncate base. Leaves of Chinese tallow tree turn red in the fall, making it a popular ornamental. The plant is a fast
- growing tree, hence its popularity as a shade tree ornamental. In Texas, 200,000 to 300,000 trees are being grown for ornamental uses. Tallowtree is also used for furniture making and incense. The flowers are imperfe ct, with green sepals and no petals, and are produced in a terminal spike. The staminate flowers are terminal in the spike and the pistillate ones are near the base. Flowering starts in April
- May

and matures in September
- October. The fruit is a thre e - lobed capsule about 1⁄2
- 3⁄4 in long and 3⁄4 in wide with three seeds. The seeds are globose
- flattened, 6
- 9 mm in diameter, turn white with age, and often persist on the tree into winter. The plant can be toxic to cattle and the milky sap can cause dermatitis. Plants grow in abandoned fields, pastures, waste areas, and forests. It can easily become a weedy species especiall y in Florida and the Gulf coast states, if not managed as a crop. The species grows in a wide range of environmental conditions: wet to dry and shade to full sun. It reproduces by seeds only , but one mature tree can produce over 100,000 seeds. The seeds seem to have a tremendous ability to germinate under adverse conditions. Chinese tallowtree oil is a source o f vegetable tallow or dryi ng oil and a protein food. The outer seed coat is a source of solid fat known as Chinese vegetable tallow and the kernels produce a drying oil called Stillingia oil. Candles, soap, varnishes, and fuel are made from the tallow. Seeds contain about 20% oil, 24% tallow, and 11% extracted meal. The oil is extracted33

the residual presscake is used a s for manure in tobacco fields
. Fruits and seeds are harvested b y hand in November or December after the leaves have fallen. Mechanical harvesting methods app ear to be readable adaptable. Trees can be planted at a rate of 400 trees/ha. The tree is also being researched for its biomass and oil to be used as a petroleum substitute. Yields of 4,000 to 10,000 kg/ha which could produce 25 barrels of oil/year. Ch inese tallowtree is also used as for medicinal uses.
Cotton seed : Cotton is grown primarily for the fibers or lint, but the oil containing seeds are highl y important. The cotton plant is a stiff growing herbaceous annual outside the tropics, with fairl y large, lobed leaves , and an indeterminate growth habit
. In the tropics a mature cotton plant can grow to 15

– 20 ft, but in the U.S. it attains a height of 2
- 5 ft. Seed size of different cultivars range f rom 4000

– 5 5 00/lb , and an adequate plant po pulation is at least 30,000
- <60,000. Fruiting flower buds are called a square. The fruits are capsules which dehisce as they ripen. There is a 21 day

period from square to bloom and several recognized developmental stages. The ‘pinhead” square is the first stage which identifies a square. The period of square development prior to bloom is called “squaring”. Once the cotton plant begins to bloom it is the flowering growth stage
. Bloom last 5

– 7 day s before they dry and fall exposing a small boll. Boll development has three phases called enlargement, filling, and maturation. The boll enlargement stage last 3 weeks to allow the fibers or lint on the seed to develop. The boll filling phase begins the fourth week after flowering and continues into 6 weeks after pollination and the fibers on the seed stop elongating. Boll maturation phase begins as the boll meets its maximum size. The fiber and seed maturation is completed and the bolls dehiscence occurs. Each capsule or boll contains up to 40 or 50 obovate, rounded or angular seeds, to which are attached the fibers or lint
. Cotton bolls are made up of 4 to 5 locks. When mature the bolls dry

out and fluff open. The lint and seeds are commercially harvested from the dehisced bolls, partly by stripp er or mechanical picker. The longer lint is removed from the seeds mechanically at cotton gins and then baled. The seeds of most varieties are still covered with short fibers or linters after the ginning. The seeds consist about half of hull and half of kernel. The kernels contain 28 to 40 percent oil. In extracting the oil the seeds are cleaned, delinted, and pressed or put through expellers either whole or after dehulling. With each 100 lb of fiber, the plant produces 165 lb cottonseed. It takes ab out 1470 lb of freshl y picked cotton from a spindle picker to produce 480 lb bale of lint, 780 lb seed, and 210 lb of gin b yproducts. It takes about 2350 lb of seed cotton from stripper harvesters to produce the same amount of lint and seed, since strippe rs have more leaves, stems, and burs. A two row stripper harvester can perform at the rate of 1.7 hours/ha, while the two row picker harvester can perform at 2.3 hours/ha. A two row spindle harvester can perform at 1.85 hours/ha (0.75 hours/A). Normally , 100

– 120 bolls are required to produce a pound of seed cotton (160

– 170 for a pound of lint). One ton of seeds yield around 3 25 pounds of oil , 920 lb meal, 510 lb hulls, 167 lb linters, and 78 lb manufacturing loss. The meal or press cake is valuable high protein livestock feed and the cotton fields, after the harvest, may be used for34

livestock pasturage. The oil is used mainly for shortenings. Smaller quantities are used for cooking and salad oils, margarines, and soap manufacture
. Cotton emerges in 4 to 20 day s after planting , and b egin s to flower about 60 day s after planting
. At 50 day s after planting the cotton plant is 14 inches tall. F lowering continues for about 45 day s and individual bolls mature in about 55 day s. Planting to harvest day s can range from 140

– 160 day s after planting t o harvest. Most of the cottonseed is processed in four months from October

– January . Cottonseed products derived from the kernel, outer hulls, and linters have many commercial uses. The hulls are used for livestock feed, mulch, poultry litter, oil well drilling mud, and to make furfural to make sy nthetic rubber and plastic. Products from the linters include cellulose nitrate to make plastics, use in food casings, rayon, cosmetics, paint, toothpaste (cellul ose esters) felts for automobile upholstery , mattresses, cushions, yarns for lamps , twine and mops, medical grade cotton balls, paper, use in making film and yarns for fabrics. The kernel is used to make the meal and press cake for livestock feed and fer tilizer, fish bait, and crude oil to make refined oil for salad dressing and cooking oil,, soaps, gl yc erin for cosmetics, and fatty acids for soaps, rubber, and pesticides.
Crambe
Crambe is a cool season erect annual herb with numerous branches growin g to 3 feet tall with leaves large, oval and smooth adapted to the Great Plains . Crambe is seeded in the spring and produces white blossoms and light
- colored seeds. The seeds yield about 35% oil (dry

matter basis). Seeds containing more than 25% oil, su ch as crambe and rapeseed, typicall y warrant use of pre
- press/solvent extraction for processing. Dehulling the seed near the point of production reduces volume and eases transportation costs. Presently , the hull is considered part of the harvested produc t. The seed pod protects the seed from direct contact with pesticide residues. Harvest should be while the lower stem is still green to prevent shatter losses. Crambe matures from 90 to 120 days after seeding, with seed yi elds ranging from 1,070 to 1,70 0 lb/A. There is approximately 86,000 crambe seeds/lb with a test weight of 22
- 27 lb/bushel. C rambe is s eeded in the spring (Texas

– earl y Feb., Iowa

– earl y April). Itcan be grown on a variety of soils, with best yi elds well drained on sandy loam so ils with a soil pH between 6.0 and 7. 5
. It is very sensitive to herbicides and easily affected by

herbicide drift. Cultivation is similar to small gains, and it can be seeded with a grain drill. S eeding to harvest takes a bout 90 day s. Crambe has seeds with usually about 4 month dormancy
. Once the dormancy is broken, the seeds take 1

–2 weeks to germinate at temperatures of 10

– 20°C. Germination is retarded below 8°C and inhibited below 5°C , and takes 10

– 14 day s to germinate. Early

growth is rapid , and f

lowering starts 33

– 42 day s after germination. Phy siological maturity

is reached after about 80 day s. Crambe is propagated by seed. The weight of 1000 seeds is about 7 g. Seed rates vary from 10

–25 kg/ha for unhulled seeds. A fine, firm seedbed is required for even germination and vigorous seedling growth. Seed is placed at a depth of 1.5

– 2.5 cm , at 20
- 3 0 cm row spacing
. Flower buds develop at the 10

– 13 leaf stage. When crambe fruits approach maturity , the leaves turn yellow and drop; a few day s later the fruits and small branches turn straw
- colored.35

When the last seed
- bearing branches have turned color and the seed capsules are ye llow usually at 90

– 100 day s after planting , the crop is ready to harvest. Each capsul e contains a single s pherical seed and is windrowed with a moisture content of 25

– 30% , and should not be threshed until the moisture content has dropped below 15%. Crambe is cut, windrowed and threshed with a combine , similar to canola harvesting. Timely harvesting is impo rtant to avoid excessive shattering , and harvest should be done while lower stem is still green. Once established, crambe tolerates periods of drought as long as soil moisture is adequate during the flowering and fruit setting stages. A dry period prior to fruit maturity

is beneficial. Crambe is more tolerant of drought than maize, soy bean and mustard crops. Crambe seed must be cleaned and dried to 10% moisture for storage before processing. Processing is similar to canola oil processing. Use of c rambe meal at a concentration not to exceed 4.2% of the ration can be used as beef cattle feed. With pre
- cooking during processing or other methods to reduce glucosinolates before it can be fed. Oil is used for industrial purposes such as industrially as a lubricant and cooling agent. Erucic acid is easily modified and its chemical derivatives are valuable raw materials in the production of lubricants (erucamide), plasticizers, surfactants, corrosion inhibitors, rubber additives, nyl ons, paints, hydraulic and dielectric fluids, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The press cake , rich in glucosinolates, can be used as a feedstuff for ruminants , and also applied as a fertilizer. Glucosinolates extracted from the seed are being tested pharmaceuticall y. In Ethio pia, the fruits are used in traditional medicine to treat snake bites , and in Kenyathe leaves are eaten. Cuphea: Cuphea is an annual plant that grown to about 31⁄2 feet tall. In the U.S. Cuphea is grown as a summer annual crop in Oregon and Minnesota
. Leaves are simple, entire and opposite or whorled. The stems, leaves and flowers are covered with sticky or glandular hairs. The genus Cuphea comprises some 260 herbaceous or perennial species. The seeds of Cuphea s pp. weigh about 2 mg
. Cuphea is pro pagated from seeds or vegetativel y b y stem cuttings
. Cuphea oil is a rich source of medium
- chained fatty acids with similar u se like coconut or palm kernel oil for its lauric and capric fatty acids. The feed value of the defatted meal is being studied. Yields up to 900 kg/ha were obtained in CA , Minnesota, and OR trials. Oil contents of seeds ranges from 28

– 33%, with capric acid ranging from 67 to m73% of the total oil. C ultivars are being designed for candy and chewing gum, as well as in detergents and cosmetics. There is a current USDA research project (#3620
- 4100
- 115
- 07) to develop cuphea into a commercial crop with high capric fatty

acid content with reduce seed shattering at harvest,36

Echium: Echium like borage is an herbaceous vegetable c rop in the Boraginaceae family that produces from its seeds a refined oil rich in omega
- 6 and omega
- 3 poly unsaturated fatty acids and a source of stearidonic acid
. Stearidonic acid is useful in treating skin conditions such as eczema. Echium is planted b y a grain drill in 10cm rows in the spring from the end of March through mid
- May and germinates in 7

– 14 day s. It is grown as a biennial crop 20
- 60 cm tall hairy stems and produces clusters of blue

– pink flowers. It is harvested in August through lat e September. Postharvest seed moisture content is in the range of 10
- 18%. Echium is also considered a weedy pest in pastures in areas such as Australia , and it can be used as a source of pollen for bee production in Australia
. The plant is a prolific se ed produces up to 30,000 seeds/sq meter , and contains oil content about 20%. The seed nutlets are three cornered and 2.5 to 3 mm long. Potential yield is over 600 kg/ha, but in most cases ranges from 250
- 400 kg/ha. It is being grown in the UK and Canada as a novel food ingredient crop. It is distributed in the U.S. in NY PA, MA, CA and OR and in Canada
. The Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, Canada has applied to the Food and Drug Administration for approval of Echium oil to be markete d as a new dietary ingredient. Croda Chemicals Europe Ltd., East Yorkshire is appl yi ng to sell echium oil in Europe. If the ingredient is approved it will be used as an ingredient in milk and yogurt based drinks, cereals, nutritional bars and food supplements. Euphorbia: Euphorbia is an annual or biennial latex
- bearing plant to 3 feet tall. Stem leaves are green 4
- ranked and 2 to 6 inches long. The seed has oil content of about 50% of which oleic acid makes up 80 to 90%. Itcan be grown as a w inter or spring crop and requires a long growing period for seed set
. Its u se is like lard and tallow, in soaps, detergents, cosmetics, paints and lubricants. No data available on the palatability of the meal for livestock. Evening primrose: The common evening primrose is an evening flowering winter biennial herb 1 to 6 feet tall which normally germinate the first ye ar, making a taproot for the winter, then flowers the second season. The stems are branched with lance
- shaped leaves 4 to 12 inches long. Roots may

be eaten as a vegetable, and the shoots in salads. Evening primrose b looms from June to September. In Canada the seed oil is an approved dietary supplement. The oil contains gamma linolenic acid. The tufted evening primrose is a stem less perennial with leaves 1 to 4 inches long. Itcan be f all or spring seeded. Fall seedlings in August with over wintering are harvested for seeds the following August (12 months). Spring seedlings in late March to earl y April are harvested for seed in November. Its use is for the roots are sweet, somewhat resembling salsify or parsnips and eaten boiled or added to soups and stews. Young shoots used in salads or as pot herb. Evening primrose in Washington State is grown under a contract. Seed used for oil o r confectionary

as substitute for poppy

seed
.37

Flax seed : Flax is a broadleaf crop with narrow < 1 inch long, and grows to a height ranging from 30

– 36 in. Two types of flax are grown, the seed flax for oil in its seed and fiber flax for fiber from the straw. Producers in the upper Midwest and the Prairie Provinces of Canada grow the flax for oil. Flax mostly grown for fiber is in Europe and Asia. The fiber is used to make fine linen cloth. Fiber flax varieties are very tall with few branches and low seed production, while the seed flax varieties are short with several branches has high seed yi elds. The fiber in the seed flax stems can be used to make paper or furniture padding and cigarette paper. Linseed oil is obtained from seed of the flax p lant and it has been primaril y used for industrial purposes such as a drying agent for paints, varnishes, lacquer, linoleum floor tiles, and printing inks ; some is used for edible purposes in Eastern Europe. The flax plant is an erect growing, with a sing le stem from 2 to 4 feet with narrow leaves annual plant
. The fruit is a pod or capsule about 1/3 in diameter is similar to other Brassicas and contains 6 to 10 seeds/pod. The seeds contain around 35 to 44 percent of drying oil. In Eastern Europe, the s eed is generally first cold pressed, the cold
- press oil being used in foods. A later hot press yields additional industrial oil. In the U.S., oil extraction is generall y hot press, followed b y solvent extraction, and the oil is not used as food. The pre ss cake from hot pressing is a valuable livestock’s feed. Flax in Minnesota is a spring annual crop with a 90

– 110 day growing season, and i s adapted to fertile, well drained medium textured soils, with a soil pH in the range of 6.0

– 6.5. Management of flax is much like spring oats. The prepared seedbed is similar to small seeded grasses or legumes. Flax is planted with a cereal crop drill planter March through April at a rate of 25 to 50 lb/A, a row spacing of 6 to 8 inches, and a plant population of 750,000 plants/A. Seedlings emerge from 7 to 12 day s after planting, with a vegetative stage of 45

– 60 day s followed by a flowering period of 15 to 25 day s, and 30

– 40 day

maturation, and the plant matures from 90 to 120 day s after seeding with yi el ds ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 lb/A. Yields of linola in Washington and I daho ranged from 980

– 2300 lb/A. In 1998, 1500 acres were planted in Washington and Id aho. Flax has a yi eld that ranges from 14 to 20 bu/A. The flax flower contains a five
celle d boll or capsule that may contain from 6 to 10 seeds. When the 90% of the bolls turn brown the crop is ready for harvest. The crop is ready to harvest when the bolls and tops parts of the plant are dry and the seed is < 9%. There are about 82,000 seeds /lb with a bushel test weight of 56 lb/bu. Flax is harvested similar to small grains at 12% moisture. Seed needs to be stored at 8

– 10 % moisture. The downward production trend for flax because of the increase use of acrylic paint and vinyl flooring may

be reversed with the recent introduction of solin ( linola) developed in Canada and Australia in 1992
- 3 , which is a low (< 5%) linolenic acid flax compared to 50% in wild ty pe varieties , and its use of flax seed in human diets to reduce cholesterol. S olin oil is good for salad dressing and cooking oil. It is light yellow color oil with high linoleic acid around 65

– 75%. These varieties are called linola and are a good source of omega
- 3. The generall y recognized as safe (GRAS) petition (5G0416) was filed with the U.S. FDA by the Flax Council of Canada proposing that the low38

linolenic acid flaxseed soil be GRAS for use as a food oil (27 MAR 96 Federal Register : 61:13505
- 6). The seed of linola is golden yellow in color, while other linseed varieties are brown. The inedible linseed oil is a dark brown color. Other uses of flax seed is for medicinal uses. Flaxseed’s high dietary fiber content can play

a role in reducing diabetes, lowering blood cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease risk, preventing colon and rectal cancer, and reducing the incidence of obesity
. Seed oil is used primarily for industrial purposes. Flaxseed is also used in a variety of baked goods. Solin is used as cooking oil, and as poultry feed to produce eggs with enriched omega - 3 fatty acids. The meal which remains after oil extraction contains about 35 % protein is fed to livestock. The seed is used as a condiment in some breads and a feed supplement for laying hens. Straw cannot be fed to livestock because it is high in prussic acid. The straw is used for fiber in linen garments , webbing, and linen paper, e.g. cigarette paper. Li nola appears to be well adapted to the Pacific Northwest
. Gold of pleasure: Gold of pleasure is an annual oilseed crop originated in s outhwest, Central Asia and C entral Europe and well adapted to Minnesota. It was known as "gold of pleasure" to ancient European agriculturists. Cultivation probably began in Neolithic times, and by the Iron Age in Europe Camelina was commonl y used as an oil
- suppl yi ng plant , and as birdseed and industrial oil. Itis used as cooking oil in China. Itgrows as a large bush to 30 to 90 cm tall and has branched smooth or hairy stems that become woody at maturity. Leaves are arrow
- shaped, sharp
- pointed, 5 to 8 cm long with smooth edges. It produces small, pale yellow or greenish
- ye llow flowers with 4 petals. Seed pods are 6 to 14 mm long and superficiall y resemble the bolls of flax. Seeds are small (0.7 mm x 1.5 mm), pale yellow
- brown, and oblong with a ridg ed surface with 345,000

– 465,000 seeds/lb. The bushel weight is 50 lb. Seeds contain 29 to 4 3 % oil, and a protein content of 23

– 30%. Seeding rates range from 6

– 14 kg/ha. It is listed as being adapted to the flax
growing regions of the northern Mi dwest (Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota) and Montana and being researched in Georgia as an alternative crop
. Unlike flax, c amelina can be surface
- sown on frozen ground in the late fall or winter or earl y spring and produce good stands and yields c omparable to c onventionally
- sown Brassica crops. The crop is short
- seasoned (85 to 100 day) so that it could be incorporated into double cropping s ys tems during cool periods of growth, possibly in more tropical environments. It is harvested in October or November. Seed yields range from 600

– 2381 kg/ha and oil yi elds range from 604

– 1011 kg/ha , depending upon whether the crop is irrigated. Gold of pleasure meal is similar to soy bean meal, containing 45

– 47% crude protein and 10
- 11% fiber. The eruci c acid is much lower than crambe or high erucic acid rapeseed. The fatty acids in camelina oil are primarily unsaturated, with only

about 12% being saturated. About 54% of the fatty acids are pol yunsaturated, primarily linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3 ), and 34% are monounsaturated, primarily oleic (18:1) and eicosenoic (20:1). Camelina oil is less unsaturated than linseed (flax) oil and more unsaturated than sunflower or canola oils. The balance of saturated vs. unsaturated fats is similar to that of soy bean, but camelina contains significantl y higher proportion of C18:3 fatty acids. The gold of pleasure oil has been used in skin care products like creams, in production of39

soaps and detergents, in birdseed, as a replacement for marine oils and as a natural source of antioxidants (gamma
- tocopherols). It along with canola and flax is an excellent source of heart healthy omega - 3 fatty acids , and is being used in a wide range of foods from pure oil, salad dressings, and crushed oilseed cake
. The oil ha s an almond or sweet olive
- like flavor. Gold of pleasure is also being researches as a source of liquid biofuels , and as an ingredient for fish food.
H are's ear mustard : Hare’s ear mustard is grown in Europe to the Mediterranean
. It is hardy to p lant hardiness zone 0. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated b y m oths , b utterflies , and flies. It is distributed throughout eastern North America
. Flowers pale yellow, arranged in a small, terminal cluster. Seed pods elongate, thin, without an apical beak. Stem and leaves smooth, covered with a white, wax y bloom. Leaves are ovate, pale green, with a smooth outer margin. Upper leaves clasping the stem. Plant grows to 1 to 2.5 feet in height. F lowering occurs from May to July approximately

4

– 6 weeks after planting. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires moist soil
. Itpref ers acid, neutral and basic soils and can grow in very alkaline soil. Itcannot grow in the shade. The plant can tolerate s trong winds but not maritime exposure. Seed pods are about 5 cm in length. Yields range from 549

– 901 kg/ha in central North Dakota. Li ght
- yellow oil obtained from the seed is used for cooking. Leaves and stems can be eaten raw. Jojoba: Jojoba is a slow growing evergreen perennial semi
- arid desert shrub native to the Sonora Desert and Arizona may grow to 10 feet tall with a natural life span of over 100 ye ars. It can grow in areas with 75

– 450 mm annually . Jojoba requires a well drained sandy s oil with a soil pH ranging from 5

– 8, and is salt tolerant. The plant can be direct seeded or replanted from nursery seedlings. Seedlings can be transplanted in 8

– 10 weeks. The crop can be maintained like an orchard with 5 m spacing between rows and 2

– 1.6 m between plants. Emergence may take place in 5

– 7 day s, but the shoot may not emerge until 20

– 25 days after seeding. The plant produces fruit capsules that contain 1
- 3 oily brown seeds about the size of a hazelnut or peanut. Plants normally f lower in 20

– 24 months. Fruits can mature 3

– 6 months after flowering. A mature plant averages 5 pounds of seeds (dry

weight) per year. The fruit is a green, elongated, oval capsule containing 1

– 3 seeds. When ripe the capsule splits to expose the s eed for harvest. Irrigated plants can produce seed within three years with maximum yields after 6

– 8 ye ars. The jojoba seed resembles a pecan nut and is 12

– 18 mm long and 6

– 12 mm diameter. The seeds are extracted for its oil which is 50

– 60 % of the seeds dry weight, and is used for shampoo, in cosmetics, and as a sperm oil and carnuba wax substitute. The liquid wax is a clear golden color , and is a replacement for sperm whale oil in the cosmetic market
. The extracted oil seed meal has potential as an animal feed supplement in lamb rations at 5%. The treatment of the meal with La ctobacillus increases its palatability

for livestock
. The seed can be roasted and eaten or used as a coffee40

substitute. Harvesting small areas may be done manually. Co llecting seeds from the ground b y vacuum appears the most promising for mechanical harvesting. In southern California, flower from November to February with the first ripe fruit on the plant in May
. Yields of 0.5 kg/bush have been recorded. The growers wait until all mature fruits fall and vacuum them up in August. Planting to first commerci al harvest is about 5 years . Harvested seed needs cleaning and drying to around 10

– 12 % moisture. Lesquerella: Lesquerella is a p erennial desert plant native to the Southwest (West Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Utah) that are grown as a winter annual. Itgrows to a height of about 14 to 16 inches with several stems. Capsules develop along the stem and contain numerous small, flat seeds. Its croppi ng sy stem is similar to winter wheat or other small grains. Oil is very similar to castor oil. Protein content in the meal runs to 35% and can be used for cattle feed when thioglucosidase enzy me is inactivated. Oil is a substitute for castor oil. The s eed is harvested when it is 5

– 6% moisture and contains 25% oil by

weight. Oil is extracted by extrusion followed by

solvent extraction and the meal high in protein is being researched as an animal feed. Yields range from 950

– 1129 kg/ha. All species of Lesquerella are native to North and South America with 83 of 95 known species indigenous to North America. Interest in developing lesquerella began in the 1960s when three new hydroxy fatty acids (HFA), lesquerolic, densipolic, and auricolic, were disc overed in Lesquerella species. S eeding of the crop t o harvest takes a bout 7 to 8 months. Most species occurring in the western U.S. contain lesquerolic acid (C20:1
- OH) as the primary fatty acid in its seed
- oil. This HFA is very similar to ricinoleic aci d, the primary HFA of castor. Most species in the eastern U.S. contain densipolic acid (C18:2
- OH) as their primary seed
- oil component. There is a current USDA Research P roject (#3620
- 4100
- 115
- 03) to develop lesquerella into a commercial crop for lesquero lic acid, a hydroxyl fatty acid as an alternative to imported castor oil plant. Italso appears to be useful in cosmetics such as lipsticks.
Lunaria : Lunaria is a member of the mustard famil y that can produce seed oil that is greater than 90% of the acids are monounsaturated. The oil content of the seed varies from 30

– 40%. It can successfull y be established into a standing crop of winter wheat. Wheat is harvested in August leaving the young Lunaria to grow from the stubble. Lunaria is a biennial plant adapted to a temperate plant that grows to a height of 30

– 100 cm and it is being grown in England and can produce from 1800 to 2,600 kg seed/ha. It is seeded in mid
- July

to August. The plant flowers in April and May and has purple or white flower s. The seed pods are large, circular and attached to the plant. Seeds are large and compressed in the pod in two rows. The flat, thin walled translucent silicula are dried to be used in floral arrangements. The oil content can be up to 47.8%. The oil has potential industrial uses similar to meadowfoam such as a lubricant and for nylon . It is also commonly

grown as an ornamental plant known for its dried flowers called the money plant.41

Meadowfoam : Meadowfoam can be grown as a winter
- spring annual c rop. It is a small erect herbaceous crop, 10 to 18 inches tall, native to northern California and southern Oregon
. Leaves are pinnately

dissected, and flowers are solitary 1 inch across. The seeds (nutlet) are pear- shaped, striated and tiny , and yi eld a bout 1,000 pounds per acre and the seeds produce onl y 16 to 3 2 % oil. It has been grown to a limited extent in parts of the eastern U.S. and Alaska. Meadowfoam is well adapted to cool wet Mediterranean climate of the Pacific Northwest and is commerciall y grown in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The seeds can be harvested with the same equipment used in grass seed production and is cut when 90% of the seeds are mature. Itis allowed to dry in windrows for 7 to 10 day s to a seed moisture content of 12 to 16%. The meal can be feed to beef cattle. The meadowfoam oil unlike other seed oils consists almost entirely of long
- chain fatty

acids (more than 18 carbons). The oil is in direct competition with rapeseed oil as an industrial source. It also can be a substitute for sperm whale oil and jojoba oil. It was originate d from upland pasture in northern California and southern Oregon, and is endemic to North America. The name is derived from the ty pical white blooming canopy of plants which give the image of white foam covering the soil. Itgrows in a rosette from which flowering stems arise in late winter/earl y spring. Planting rates are 23 kg/ha with a grain drill yielding a plant populations are 400 plants/sq m. Meadowfoam is a prolific flowering plant and can produce up to 5.5 million flowers/ha over the 16 day period. Each flower can produce a 5 seeded nutlet, but 2
- 3 seeds are the norm
. Equipment used for grass seed production is well adapted to meadowfoam production and harvest , and cultural practi ces are similar to a grass seed crop or cereal grains. Meadowfoam is p lanted in the fall in early October and harvested in earl y summer, June
- July
. Over a 16 day period the plant produces masses of white flowers with an estimated 5.5 million flowers/ha d ail y over the 16 days. The recommended planting date is early
- mid October, seed rate 30
- 35 lb/A ( 23 kg/ha) , drilling depth 3
- 8 mm , row spacing 6

– 8 in, and an o ptimal plant population is 400 plants/m2
. L ow populations produce prostrate plants, difficult to harvest, high populations lead to lodging. The cultivar ‘Floral’ has a seed count ranging from 44,000 to 68,000 seeds/lb and averages 50,000. Seeds are ready to harvest when the moisture content is 42%. The plants are cut and placed in windrows for 7

– 10 day s before they

are threshed. Commercial seed yield ranges from 400

– 1200 lb/A. The seed oil ranges from 18
- 3 5 % and 1 6
- 25% p rotein
. The meal produced after crushing has a fib er content of 22% and protein content of 25%. The amino acid content is similar to rapeseed. Meadowfoam oil is used similar to jojoba in several commercial products like hair care, lip products, and body lotions.
Milkweed: Milkweed seed oil is being researched b y USDA (Holser and O’Kuru, 2006) as a potential altern ative fuel for diesel use. Ithas passed standard diesel fuel tests. Common milkweed is a perennial herb that grows from a rhizome and grows 2

– 6 ft tall and is adapted to sandy, clayey , or calcareous soils. In each inflorescence there are 20

– 120 small flowers (11
- 17 mm). The inflorescence produces seed pod clusters which can generate three ty

pes of products: a fine silky fiber, seed for oil, and the pod hulls.42

Currently , the seed floss or fiber is being used as a non
- allergic fill to replace impo rted goose and down feathers in comforters and for making ropes
. When used for fiber the milkweed is collected in the autumn after the leaves have begun to fall off. Milkweed seed oil is high in vitamin E. Most of the milkweed seed oil development is be ing conducted in the Midwest. Milkweed is a sole source of food for the Monarch butterfl y. The seeds must be dehulled before oil extraction and contain 20
- 25% oil by weight
. It s seed oil also can reduce fatty deposits in arteries, and can be used as c ooking oil. The seed oil is highl y unsaturated and high in oleic and linoleic fatty acid. Nonfood uses for the seed oil are for use as a moisturizer in cosmetics, as soap, and as a lubricant, and in paints. The seed meal can control nematodes and contains 36% protein. The milkweed oil is highly

unsaturated and is cardenolide
- free. The main source of milkweed oil is obtained from Natural Fibers Corporation, Ogallala, NE. In the Nebraska area, m ilkweed is seeded in the spring to obtain a population of 2 48,000 plants/A. Itcan be propagated by seed and rhizome cuttings. It flowers from May to October depending on location , and has a fragrance similar to lilacs. The seed pods are spindle shaped and contain small, round hairy

seeds (0.2

– 0.3 mm) in diam eter. Harvest is usually begins at the end of summer by

a modified ear corn picker. M ilkweed oil could become a profitable crop in a value added niche market. The unopened flower buds can be cooked and taste like peas. Pink f lowers and young buds are u sed as a flavoring agent and a thickener in s o ups. The indigenous groups of eastern and Midwestern America would boil young shoots, stems, flower buds, and roots to eat as a vegetable. The pods look like large okra. There are several medicinal uses from the dried roots and l e aves. Mustard The condiment mustards of commerce are the ground seeds of these three annual plants which grow from 30 to 45 inches tall, mainly with the seed coats removed. The seeds are near round, 1/10 inch or less in diamet er, and produced two in a pod, which are removed b y threshing. Three types of mustards the yellow, brown, and oriental are grown in North America. Black mustard seed is yellow inside and is the kind of major commercial production. The ground brown or bl ack mustard seeds exhibit a strong odor while the white or yellow does not. The mustard is a specialty crop usually grown under contract
. The oilseed is protected from pesticides applied during the growing season by the pod or shell. The seed contains u p to 30% oil. At 5%, the oil has the lowest saturated fat of the edible oils. Oil may be extracted by

three methods. Fixed oil is extracted by cold press, and the remaining press cake is steam distilled or solvent extracted for the essential oil. There are basically four types of condiment mustard
- whole mustard seed; ground mustard mainly

for the meat industry ; mustard flour for sauces, salad dressings, baked beans, and Chinese or hot English mustard; and oleoresin mustard. Mustard prefers a well drain ed sandy loam soil with a pH of 7.0. Yellow mustard is seeded with a grain drill at 8 to 14 lb/A, oriental and brown mustards are seeded at 4 to 7 lb/A. The crop emerges from 7 to 10 day s after planting, flowers 30 40 day s after planting and ye llow mustard matures in 80 to 85 day s and oriental mustard matures in 90 to 95 day s. At harvest the crop is windrowed and dried n the field for 10

– 14 day s. The average mustard seed yi elds range from 800 to 1,500 lb/A with 180,000 seeds/lb43

Niger seed: Niger se ed is an important oil crop in Ethiopia and parts of India. The annual crop is tolerant to high salinity, high boron and low soil oxygen levels , and prefers sandy clay and clayey

loam soils with a soil pH range of 5.5

– 6.5. Row widths vary from 30

– 50 cm. Oil content of the Niger seeds range s from 3 5 to 4 5% and improved varieties are to 50
- 60%. Niger is an annual herb that grows from 3 to 7 feet tall , and cultural practices and seeding are similar to cereal grain crops. The seeding rate ranges 6.5 to 12 kg/ha and germination occurs from 3 to 10 day s. A single plant often bears 20 to 40 flower heads with yellow flowers and small black seeds. The weight of 1,000 seed is approximately

is approximately

3.25g. Flower heads are 5

– 50 mm wide with 5

– 20 mm long ray

flowers. Flowering begins 50 to 110 day s after sowing , and can last for 15 to 3 0 day s. Flowers can include both yellow disc and ray florets similar to sunflower and safflower, and the fruit is an achene. The seeds are shinny black about 1 /8. There are usually 15 to 4 0 mature seeds/h ead. In Ethiopia, generall y 1 2 0 to 180 day s are required from emergence to maturity . The crop is normally planted in July, flowers in earl y October and is harvested in December or January . In India the crop matures in 75 to 150 day s. The Niger seed oil is pale yellow with a nutty taste and is used as a substitute for sesame seed oil. The crop is harvested manuall y i n Ethiopia and India or threshed similar to in harvesters. Seed yi elds range from 500

– 1000 kg/ha. Clean Niger seed stores well when dried to a moisture content of 12%. Harvesting Niger is the U.S. is similar to canola. In most of the world Niger seed is harvested as an oilseed crop. Domestic consumption of Niger is about 70 million lb. The oil is used in foods, soaps, and as an illuminant, and as an olive oil substitute. In India seeds can be fried or used as a condiment, and pressed into cakes with honey
. The meal may make an animal feed since its protein content is about 33%. N iger see d in the U.S. is often called thistle seed and used as birdseed, especially for finches. Most Niger seed sold in the U.S. for birdseed is imported.
Oil radish: The oil radish is an annual plant growing from 1

– 3 ft tall
. Oil radish can be planted in the spring, late summer, r early fall and is a rapid grower. Seeding rates range from 10
- 20 lb/A, and is planted with a seed drill or broadcast 1⁄4
- 1⁄2 in depth. Radish seeds germinate in 3
- 14 d ay s . Itis not frost tender , and the flowers are hermap hrodite and are pollinated b y bees and flies. It flowers from June to August, and the seeds ripen from July to September. The root is best harvested before the plant flowers. The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and requires moist soil. It can grow in semi
- shade (light woodland) or no shade. 6. The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked and are used in salads and as a cooked greens. Young flower clusters can also be eaten raw or c ooked. A spicy flavor with a crisp pleasant texture, they make a nice addition to salads or can be used as a broccoli substitute. Seeds can be eaten raw. The seed can be soaked for 12 hours in warm water and then allowed to sprout for about 6 days. The y have a hot spicy flavor and go well in salads. Young seed pods can be eaten raw. Edible oil is obtained from the seed ; originally

the root was also used for oil production
. InMichigan and Canada the oil44

radish is widely

used as a cover crop and produ ces up to 4 T/A for grazing in about 60 day s . While it can be used for forage for earl y and late season, i t is considered an insignificant livestock feed. The oil radish also has several medicinal uses such as the roots stimulate the appetite and dige stion, having a tonic and laxative effect upon the intestines and indirectly stimulating the flow of bile. The plant can be used in the treatment of intestinal parasites. The leaves, seeds and old roots are used in the treatment of asthma and other chest complaints. The juice of the fresh leaves is diuretic and laxative. The seed is carminative, diuretic, expectorant, and laxative. The root is crushed and used as a poultice for burns and bruises. The plant contains raphanin, which is antibacterial and antifungal , and it inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus , E. coli , streptococci, Pneumococci , etc. The plant may also show anti
- tumor activity
. Poppy seed : Poppy seed i s an annual herb native to the Mediterranean region and Central Asia. Th e p oppy

seed is not narcotic. Generall y, blue
- seeded cultivars are superior in seed oil yi eld to white
- seeded ones. White
- seeded ones are used more in confectionery trade
. S eeding to harvest takes a bout 7 months
. Dried seeds as a topping for baked good s, fill for pastry , seed oil for use in salads and cooking oil and seed cake is also used as food. Seeds also added to curry paste, pasta, salads and vegetables. Rapeseed/Canola: Rapeseed is grown as annual crop for its edible oil and as a livestock feed. Some non - oil uses of rape (

Brassica napus ) are for its young edible leaves that are specifically grown as a pot herb. In exposure of edible parts young rape plants used as pot herbs are similar to spinach. Rape greens are currentl y a member of th e Brassica leafy vegetable crop group 5. As a forage crop, rapeseed can produce 1

– 2 tons dry matter in a growing season, but when grown for its seed, canola is not used as forage. Leaves of canola are generall y lobed, 4 to 12 inches long, half as wi de, near glabrous, but with scattered hairs. Flower stems are much branched with a height of 3 to 5 feet, and pods are 3 to 5 inches long. Rapeseed oil is obtained from the seeds primaril y of the species B. napus (Argentine canola), B. juncea (quality canola brown mustard ), and B. rapa (Polish canola) and the oil from different species is not distinguished on the market, since all have similar properties. The oil is high in poly unsaturated fatty

acids such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. The term "co lza" refers to refined oil. Canola is similar to soy

bean in high quality

protein and oil contents. Lo w glucosinolates and erucic acid levels are now defined as “double low” or canola quality , which is less than 2 percent erucic acid and having less than 30 micromoles of aliphatic glucosinolates per gram of defatted meal and are called low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR). Rapeseed oil (non
- canola ty

pe) is not usable as edible oils , but a small demand for high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) still remains for use in plastics, lubricants, lacquers and detergents
.45

Canola has become major edible oil in the U.S. in a short time period . In 1992 only 90,000 acres of canola were produced and in 2004 over 862,0000A was produced. Canola is adapted to cool temperate regio ns and grows best on medium textured well drained soils with a pH as low as 5.5. The small, near globular seeds are borne in elongated, closed capsules. The pods or capsules are 1/2

– 3 in long, 1/8 in wide and contain 15

– 30 small brown to black seeds. They contain 30 to 45 percent of semi
drying oil. The oil is separated either by solvent extraction or by

cold or hot pressing. Canola can be seeded in either fall or spring depending upon the variety. There are both spring and winter annual rapese ed varieties that are used depending upon cultivar either in industrial or edible oils. Only spring cultivars are grown in the north to survive the winter. Canola is seeded with a grain drill at 4 to 6 lb/A with 6 to 12 inches between the rows and a plant population of 250,000 plants/A. Canola can be grown in either a conventional tillage or no
- tillage s ys tem. In canola, the seed accounts for 23 to 31% of the total plant dry weight. Seeds germinate in 4
- 21 day s , depending upon the soil temperature
. Flowers are bright yellow. Flowering at growth stage 4 begins form 43 to 59 day s after planting and continues for 14 to 21 day s. Brassica napus varieties can vary from the other varieties in maturity by 10 day s or more. Depending upon the variety, c anol a matures in 80 to 100 day s, and yields average 1322 lb/A. The canola at harvest is cut into windrows and a stubble height of 10
- 15 inches is left. It is cured in the windrow for 10
- 14 day s before combining. Yield s depend upon planting rates can range f rom 500 to 2 200 lb/A under optimum growing conditions
. Brassica napus varieties have seeds at 3.5

– 4.5 g/1,000 seeds (222,000 to 286,000 seeds/kg) or 101,000 to 130,000 seeds/lb, while Brassica rapa varieties have seed weights at 2 to 3 g/1,000 seeds (33 3,000 to 500,000 seeds/kg or 150,000 to 227,000 seeds/lb). Bushel test weight varies from 43

– 52 lb, and the seed weight varies from 116,000 to 250,000 /lb. Storing canola seed for longer than six months should be kept at < 8% moisture. Canola is the sec ond most consumed vegetable oil following so ybean oil in the U.S. Rose hip: The Sweetbrier or Eglantine rose forms an arching shrub 2
- 3 m high and across. It is native to Britain and northern Europe. In addition to its beautiful pink flowers, it is v alued for the strong apple
- like fragrance of its foliage, and the hips that form after the flowers and persist well into the winter. The stems are armed with many sharp, hooked thorns. Ithas a pale pink flower and can grow up to 10 to 12 feet tall. The sweetbrier rose ( R. rubinigos a ) is a favorite in England, is a large, arching shrub of 6
- 8', armed with hooked thorns
- ideal where an impenetrable hedge is wanted. The foliage has the fragrance of apples, particularl y noticeable when crushed or in a damp breeze. The flowers are followed b y bright orange hips very high in Vitamin C. The oil is a light bluish wine colored and extremely high in essential fatty

acids. The oil can be extracted as cold pressed and is high in essential fatty acids and is used a s a skin lotion
.46

Safflower Safflower is an annual grown from seed, and is 1.5 to 6 feet (0.4 to 2.0 cm) tall with spiny

thistle
- like leaves, which are almost as broad as long. It is grown o n a wide range of soils and prefers a s andy loam at pH of 5

– 8. Safflower is mechanized similar to the small grain cultural practices. It develops a dense flower
- head which tapers upward, and has 20 to 180 flowers/head; each head has one seed/flower and each flower can produce seeds. The yellow to orange flow ers are used to color and flavor foods. The flower
- heads yield a dye stuff that is used on fabrics, especially silk. The seeds yield a valuable salad and cooking oil. Flower heads to color and flavor foods; the primary use is for the edible oil from the seed
. Seeds are borne partiall y exposed in globular heads, with 15 to 50 seeds per head and 1 to 5 heads per plant with each flower head producing 20 to 100 seeds. Seeds are elongated, 1/4 to 1/3 inch long and a third as much in diameter. Hulls around the seed make up 35 to 38% of the seed dry matter. The seed contains 32 to 40 percent oils and 15% protein
. Seed moisture for storage is between 5

– 8 %. The seed coats are fibrous, so seeds are decorticated before pressing or putting through expellers t o obtain the oil. Most of the oil is used for edible purposes, but it is also comparable to linseed oil for industrial use, and for birdseed. The birdseed varieties produce mostly

white seeds, and they

are grown primarily

in Canada and the Midwest High o leic fatty acid (similar to olive oil) and linoleic acid cultivars and are harvested separately
. The press cake is a valuable high protein feed supplement for cattle, sheep and poultry
. Seeding rates average 30 kg/ha and 60 kg/ha on irrigated fields, with row widths ranging from 76

– 150 cm. Planting rates with a grain drill range from 15 to 40 lb/A with a 15 to 30 cm row spacing, and the final plant population is 130,000 to 140,000 plants/A. There are approximately 13,000 seeds/lb. The crop emerges 7 to 10 day s after planting and begins to head at 60 day s, flower 30 day s later, and mature 30 day s after flowering. Harvesting can begin 35

– 40 day s after flowering when the seed moisture is < 8%. Most cultivars require a minimum growing period of 110 days , while in central California the growing period extends to 150 day s, while yields range from 800 to 2 , 0 00 lb/A, with a test weight of 45 lb/bushel (range from 39 to 46 lb)
. InNorth Dakota safflower is planted in late April to earl y May and is harveste d in late summer to late September. Harvesting safflower which does not lodge is by grain combines. The press cake is a valuable high protein feed supplement for cattle, sheep and poultry
. M ost cultivars require a minimum growing period of 120 day s. In central California the growing period extends to 150 day s.
Sesame: Sesame is one of the oilseeds first domesticated for cultivation. The genus consists of about 36 species of which 19 are indigenous to Africa. In Nigeria, three species, S. alatum (Thonn), S. indicum L. and S. radiatum Schum & Thonn, are widel y cultivated (IPGRI). The sesame plant is a broadleaf erect growing annual, 3 to 6 feet high, grown for the small, obovate, flattened seeds, which are widel y used on bread, rolls and other culin ary

items, and are also extracted for the oil. Itgrows on s andy to medium47

well drained soils with a pH ranging from 5. 0

– 8.0. The leaves are entire, 3 to 5 inches long, oblong or lanceolate, and somewhat roughened. Flowering begins 36

– 45 day s after planting and is completed 70

– 90 day s after planting. S eeds are produced in capsule pods 1
- 1.5 inches long with eight rows of seed in each capsule with 50 to 80 seeds/capsule
. Approximately 15,000 seeds are in one pound. The plant requires a fairl y lon g, warm growing season ranging from 80 to 1 6 0 day s depending upon the cultivar
. Sesame is planted in rows between 15 in (38 cm) to 40 in. (102 cm) , at a recommended plant population of at least 300,000 plants/ha at a rate of 2.5

– 4.5 lb/A ( 3

– 4 kg/ha)
. Only the seeds are utilized. The small, flattened seeds are borne in two
- valved pods or capsule , and have a content of semi
- drying oil of 50 percent or more, up to 25% protein, and a moisture percent less than 6 %
. The number of capsules per plant is directly related o the number of flowers. Itis usuall y planted in May in the U.S. Cultural practices are similar to the small cereal grain crops. Yields of sesame seed can range from 2000

– 2500 kg/ha. About 3,145 acres of sesame for seed were reported in the U.S. in the 2002 AG CENSUS
. Inthe U.S. the sesame crop is mechani call y harvested, while over 90% of other countries still manually harvest the crop. Sesame for oil is a major crop in Asia and Mexico. The oil is usually expressed in Europe and Asia in three stages. The first is a cold press, followed b y hot presses. Hot pressed oil is refined before being suitable for edible use. Sesame seed is a high value dual purpose crop being harvested both for whole seed used for baking and on top of loafs of bread or bagels and for its cooking oil extracted from the seed. Sesame oil is used mainly as a salad and cooking oil, and in the manufacture of margarine and shortening. Culture and exposure are similar to those of soy bean. Non
- shattering or shatter resistant varieties have been developed for direct harvesting.
Stokes aster: Stokes aster is an herbaceous perennial plant that growth ranges from 6 to a height of 28 inches (70 cm), native to Southeastern coastal plain of the U.S. that has potenti al to be used as an industrial oilseed crop. It also prefers a well
- drained soil with a pH 5.6

– 6.6 and it can grow in semi
- shade or full sun. Leaves can be 4

– 12 in long and up to 2 inches wide. The flower head are typi cally 3

– 4 inches in width ha s white, lavender to blue
- violet flowers. It can be propagated by seed, divisions, or root cuttings. Seeds can germinate in 14

– 21 day s, and are propagated in individuals cell plugs in the greenhouse. Root cuttings can be made anytime during the ye ar. The plants are spaced 12
- 15 in (30
- 38cm) apart. It ' s seeds contain large amounts of oil 36
- 49% and vernolic acid (12, 13
- epox y - cis
- 9
- octadecenoic acid) which is a source of epox y oil products to manufacture plastics and adhesives. Seed yi elds are es timated from 300

– 1000 lb/A. Most of the U.S. epox y oil is derived from petrochemicals and processing of linseed and soy bean oil. It may

be developed to replace some of the petrochemical use48

Sunflower The sunflower is native to the western U.S (Nebraska) , but principal commercial production of the seed for oil is in other countries, especiall y Russia. Even though sunflower was native to North America, it did not become a major crop in the U.S. until 1979. Oilseed sunflowers have been a crop in th e U.S
. since 1986. Sunflower is adapted to well
- drained soils with a pH of 6.5

– 7.5. The plant is a large, rough annual, broadleaf plant with a stiff stem from 3 to 7 feet tall, depending upon the cultivar and adapted to sandy loam soils
. Semi
- dwarf sunflower are 25

– 35% shorter than normal height sunflower. Leaves are rough and up to 12 inches long. The angular seeds are up to 1/2 inch long, and are densely packed in the flat, terminal heads, which may be more than a foot across, and contain 1,000 t o 2,000 individual flowers. The ye llow flowers around the edge of the head are individual ray flowers, and the face of the head is comprised of hundreds of disk flowers that each one forms into a seed called an achene. Seeds are exposed in the head durin g growth. Seeds normally contain about 25 percent of the semi
drying oil, but this has been increased by breeding to above 40 percent. High oleic acid varieties called ‘NuSun’ have been developed. Oil is usually expressed by

an initial cold press, follo wed b y hot pressing. The cold
- press oil is used as a salad and cooking oil and for the margarine, the hot
- press mainl y for industrial purposes. The meal is a very valuable livestock feed. Hulls can be used as a roughage, poultry litter, or fireplace kin dling. Seeds are also consumed like nuts with the non
- oil varieties for human food and feeding birds. Industrial uses of sunflower oil are for paints, plastics, soaps, detergents, and as a pesticide carrier, surfactant and lubricant. Use as a snack food has grown over the last 20 years, the non
- oil varieties with larger seeds are used for snacking. Confectionary

types are grown under contracts with smallest seeds being used for bird seed markets. The confectionary ty pes have a large striped seed with l ow oil content, sometimes called non
- oil sunflower types. Oil ty pes have a smaller black seed containing up to 40% oi l and have 20

– 25% hulls. Sunflowers can also be use d as a silage crop and can be doubled cropped in areas with small grains or vegetabl es and the season is too short to produce mature corn for silage. They are also used as an ornamental crop. Sunflowers are usuall y planted with a corn planter or grain drill from April through mid
July at a rate of 3

– 4 lb/A with a final population of 1 5 ,000 to 25,000 plants/A. Sunflowers grown for confectionary uses are seeded at 17,000 to 20,000 plants/A. There is about 5,000 to 8,000 seeds/lb and this seed size range has test weights for oilseed varieties ranging 24

– 32 lb/bushel
. The minimum U.S. Grade test weight per bushel is 25 lb. They

germinate 4
- 7 day s after planting, and are harvested with grain combines 30 to 45 day s after blooming. Plants are ready to harvest when the back of the flower heads turns yellow or brown and the seed moisture is 10

– 12%. Harvesting can be done with the use o f combines suitable for harvesting small grains. Short varieties of s unflowers mature 90 to 120 day s after planting , and tall varieties 120

– 160 day s after planting and yi elds average 1363 lb/A with a range of 1.5

– 4 t/ha. In 2004 yields of sunflower seed was 1,119/A. Sunflower seed needs to be stored at 8
- 10% moisture or less. Sunflower varieties for snack food (confectionary) markets must be free of insect damaged and cleaned well to meet food s afety standards.49

Sweet rocket: Sweet rocket is an evergreen b iennial or p erennial grows to 36
- 48 in. (90
- 120 cm) tall. Itblooms at late spring to early summer with v iolet/l avender or white flowers
. It is n ative to Europe , and can be grown in al l regions of North America. This wildflower likes moist conditions, but is quite adaptable. It is a short
- lived perennial or biennial that remains in the garden for years as a result of prolific self
- seeding
. Itcan grow in a wide range of soil ty

pe s with a pH > 7.0. It is planted from seed outdoors in fall with a plant spacing of 15
- 24 in (38
- 60 cm) under full sun to partial shade
. Germination takes up to three weeks. It is easil y grown from seed in average, medium wet, well
- drained soil in full sun t o part shade. It grows b est in partial shade in hot summer climates. Flowers have a clove
- like fragrance. Prompt removal of spent flowers may encourage a second flush of bloom. Plants can become woody at the base and persist for a number of years, but are best replaced with new seedlings. The seed contains 50% of edible oil. The essential oil can be used in perfumes. The young leaves are edible and can be used as a substitute in salads. Sweet rocket is also used as an ornamental crop.
T allowwood: Tallowwood is a 3 m shrub originated in African tropics that has pale grey to brown black b ark, purple
- red branches with waxy bloom, and yellow/red edible fruit. The large seed contains a nut
- like kernel. It is a thorny little tree whose zigzag branches with small leaves up to 5
- 7 m height , with a trunk diameter < 10 cm, and it is found in almost all of the regions in dry , moist and wet low and midlands (500
- 2,100m) and rarely be found in places up to 2,450 m with a rainfall exceeding 500mm. Soil pH range from 6.1 to 7.8, and can be grown in sandy , sandy loam or clay loam soils . Recommended row spacing are 90
- 120 cm. It can be used as an ornamental. The tree can produce fruit at 3 years old. The wood is heav y, hard and very durable. Twigs bear small scales, spines, 1cm, thin and strai ght. Leaves are up to 7 x 3cm, blue
- gray- green, folding upwards along midrib with the tip round or notched. Flowers are very fragrant, small green
- white and 5

- 10 mm long. Fruits are drupes oval to 2.5cm, thin skin red, yellow to reddish
- orange pulp, around one large seed containing oil. The seeds are 1.5 cm b y 1/0 cm and have a thousand weight of 600

– 800g. The fruit can be eaten raw or used to make beer and the pulp to make a jelly
. The seed contains non
- drying oil up to 60% suitable for soap , leather softener, skin ointment, and for lubrication. The wood is hard and used for tool handles. It is a Florida native and also common in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Blooms spring through fall, with 3 cm berry
- like fruit turning from green to yellow when mature. The large seed contains a nut
- like kernel that can be roasted . Fruits are harvested b y hand or b y shaking the branches. The root, bark and leaves are used for medicinal purp oses .50

Tea oil plant : The tea oil plant is an exceptionally hardy ( USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 6

– 9) , fall blooming, tea
- oil that can tolerate temperatures as low as
- 10° F. Smooth, velvety , cinnamon brown bark and fragrant white flowers appear in the fall and winter garden
. It is a large evergreen shrub or small flowering tree which can provide garden pleasure throughout the ye ar. It can grow to 23 feet tall and 20 feet wide at 50 years with a growth rate of 6
- 12 inches per year when young and 4
- 6 inches per ye ar at maturity
. Gloss y, deep forest green leaves approximately 3 inches long and 1.5 inches wide. Flowers open sequentially

at tips of branches. The f ruit is a shiny

green capsule and the seeds have been utilized in China for more than 10 00 years. Tea oil is the main cooking oil in China’s southern provinces, especially Hunan where it is more than 50% of the vegetable cooking oil s. Tea oil residues have been used for effective control of the following pests: rice blast, sheath and culm b light of rice, wheat rust, rice hopper, cutworms, cotton aphids, certain scale insects, long
- horned beetles, and leeches. Extracts of the seed cake left over after processing are known to deter larval development in insects. There is a possibility

of dev eloping new biologically
- based pesticides exists for this extract. Tea oil p refers acidic, well
- drained soil with ample organic matter and consistent moisture. Requires partial shade and flowers best in very light shade. Li ttle pruning is required. Plant in a location protected from early fall frosts to avoid damage to flowers. The crop roots easily

from cuttings in late spring or early summer in a mixture of sand and peat under shade. Camellia oleifera occurs from 18° to 34° North latitude and grows on acidic soils where January mean temperatures do not drop below 2°C
. Tea oil is high quality cooking oil which is comparative to olive oil and it stores well at room temperature. Oil content of the seed is 40% to 50% and oleic acid constitutes up to 88% of the fatty acids
. The triterpenoid saponin from tea oil has been shown to improve immune function, enhance antibacterial and antiviral activities, and to have anti
- mutation and antioxidation properties in humans and animals
. Tea oil is a good raw material for industrial uses and is used to manufacture soap, margarine, hair oil, lubricants, paint, sy nthesis of other high
- molecular weight compounds, and rustproof oil. Camellia oil has been proven to have its place in all emulsions used in the cosmetology and derm atology fields. Uses include day

or night creams, anti
- wrinkle compounds, lipstick, hair creams, make
- up, anti
- sun preparations, rouge, and make
- up remover products. Extraction of the fruit hulls also yields useful compounds such as saponin, tannin, and pentosan. Saponin is used as an emulsifying agent in pesticides, for foam
- forming fire extinguishers and in detergents. Extracts from the residues of tea oil processing have also been used to feed livestock and are used to formulate pesticides, feeds, and fertilizers
. Vernonia: Vernonia is a p erennial herb native to eastern and southeastern parts of Ethiopia and grows well in N orth America. Leaves are alternate and the f lowers are usually

purple and in terminal clusters in late summer. P lant height ranges from 0.2 m to 5.0 m depending on the subspecies and the geographic location. V. galamensis differs from other annual species of Vernonia in leaf and flower forms and sizes and grow as an annual crop
. It is e asily cultivated and propagated b y division, seeds or cuttings
. It prefers a sandy loam51

with a pH ranging from 5.1
- 8.5. There is an advantage to space plants closer to provide support for other plants. The day s to emergence range from 9

– 11 day s, day s to heading 97

– 114, day s to flo wering 105

– 131 and day s to maturity range from 162

– 257 day s. The closer spacing may

also force flowering on the top and outside canopy , achieving better plant architecture for ease of harvesting. Seeds yield in Virginia from 490

– 1 934 kg/ha, while in Ethiopia yield can be over 4000 kg/ha. The seed contains 38% oil w ith about 72% as vernolic acid. Itproduces oil high in epoxy fatty acids and is used as drying agent in paints and plastics and reduces the emissions of volatile chemicals
. The mid
- Atl antic region appears to be feasible. Further research is needed on using the defatted meal for livestock feed.
COMPARISON OF HARVESTING , RAW AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY (RAC), EDIBLE PORTIONS, AND PROCESSED FOOD ITEMS FO R THE OILSEEDS : Mechanical harvesting is used for all the oilseed crops, none are hand harvested , and grain combines are adapted to planting and harvesting Brassica oilseed crops, as well as the other oilseed crops. Cotton is harvested by a stripper or mechanical picker combine
. A two row stripper harvester can perform at the rate of 1.7 hours/ha, while the two row picker harvester can perform at 2.3 hours/ha. A two row spindle harvester can perform at 1.85 hours/ha (0.75 hours/A). The raw agricultural commodity (RAC) and processed fo ods for all the commodities in the proposed oilseed crop group are the same. The following members of the proposed Oilseed group are listed in the Residue Chemistry Guidelines, Table 1, OPPTS 860.1 0 00: canola, cotton, flax, safflower, sesame, and sunflower . The RAC is the seed and the processed foods are meal and refined oil (see Table 13)
. Most of the meals are edible to livestock but are not considered significant feedstuffs because of here limited national production. Codex guidance for portion of th e commodity to analyze is the seed or kernel after removal of the shell or husk.52

Table 13
. Oilseed Portion Analyzed for the Raw A gricultural C ommodity (RAC) and the Processed Commodity

(40CFR Vol. 58, No. 187, 9/29, 1993, pp. 50888

– 50893. Portion of Food Commodities Analyzed Pesticide Residues: Proposed Rule), and Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities Derived from Crops (EPA Residue Chemistry Guidelines OPPTS 860.1 0 00). Commodity Portion Analyzed (RAC), Use as a

Feedstuff (F) Processed Commodity and Use as a Feedstuff (F) Canola Analyze the seed. Refined oil Meal (F) Cotton Analyze the undelinted seed (F) and

the cotton gin b yproducts (F). Meal (F) Hulls (F) Gin by products (F) Refined oil Flax seed Analyze the seed. Meal (F) Refined oil * Rapeseed Analyze the seed and the forage (F). Meal (F) Safflower Analyze the seed. Meal (F) Refined oil Sesame Analyze the seed. Refined oil Sunflower Analyze the seed. Meal (F) Refined oil All of the other twenty oilseed members ** Analyze the seed Meal (F) Refined oil * Flax seed refined oil is not in the current Table 1, but since the Table was proposed the refined oil from flax seed solin or linola has become a popular oil. ** Not all of the edible oils require meal, since they are not significant livestock feeds. Other uses for the specific commodities include the young leaves, stems, and flowers of borage as a salad garnish; the straw of flax is used for fiber in garments and linen paper, e.g., cigarette paper; the flower he ads of safflower are used to color and flavor foods; sunflower seeds are also used as a snack food and as birdseed, as well as an ornamental flower; safflower seeds are also used as birdseed. Several oilseeds such as sunflower are being researched as potential sources of biodiesel fuel. Some specific uses of the oilseed crops are listed below: Borage : Borage seed is extracted to make edible oil high in gamma
- linolenic acid (GLA) that has been found to lower cholesterol. Borage is grown for culinary us e in Europe, but little grown presently in the U.S. for culinary uses. Only the young leaves are palatable and used in salads and t aste like cucumber s . In the US, borage is also grown as an ornamental. Borage flowers are used for flavoring, mainly in drinks, such as lemonade and other fruit juice drinks and teas, as well as an ornamental crop.53

Canola : Canola oil is lower in saturated fats (6
- 7%) than any other vegetable oil such as safflower

– 9%, sunflower

– 11%, and cottonseed

– 27% (See Figure 2 ). Castor oil plant : Castor oil has medicinal and ornamental use s. In Asia the leaves are fed to silkworms and cattle. Commercially , the oil is used in paints, plastics, printing inks, cosmetics, greases, and hydraulic fluids. Cottonseed : Cottonseed products derived from the kernel, outer hulls, and linters have many commercial uses. The hulls are used for livestock feed, mulch, poultry litter, oil well drilling mud, and to make furfural to make s ynthetic rubber and plastic. Products from the linters include cellulose nitrate to make plastics, use in food casings, rayon, cosmetics, paint, toothpaste (cellulose esters) felts for automobile upholstery, mattresses, cushions, yarns for lamps , twine and mops, medical grade cotton balls, paper, use in making film and yarns for fabrics. The kernel is used to make the meal and press cake for livestock feed and fertilizer, fish bait, and crude oil to make refined oil for salad dressing and cooking oil,, soaps, gl yc erin for cosmetics, and fatty acids for soa ps, rubber, and pesticides. Chinese tallowtree : Chinese tallowtree oil is a source f vegetable tallow or drying oil and a protein food. The outer seed coat is a source of solid fat known as Chinese vegetable tallow and the kernels produce a drying oil c alled Stillingia oil. Candles, soap, varnishes, and fuel are made from the tallow. Common evening primr ose: Common evening primrose is an evening flowering winter biennial herb
. In Canada the seed oil is an approved dietary supplement. The oil contains gamma linolenic acid. Flax : Two ty

pes of flax are grown, the seed flax for oil in its seed and fiber flax for fiber in the stems. Flax mostly grown for fiber is in Europe and Asia. The fiber is used to make fine linen cloth. Flax seed used in a variety of bakery products. Flax has a high fiber content and sometimes used as a laxative. It is used in fruit juice drinks and sprinkled on cereals or salads. The recent introduction of solin (so
- lin) which is a low (< 5%) linolenic acid flax may increa se its importance. Solin oil is good for salad dressing and cooking oil. Li nseed oil, obtained from seed of the flax plant, is primarily used in industry ; but some is used for edible purposes in Eastern Europe
. Gold of Pleasure: Gold of pleasure or c am elina oil is less unsaturated than linseed (flax) oil and more unsaturated than sunflower or canola oils. The balance of saturated vs. unsaturated fats is similar to that of soy bean, but camelina contains significantly higher proportion of C18:3 fatty aci ds. It along with canola and flax is an excellent source of heart healthy

omega - 3 fatty

acids, and is being used in a wide range of foods from pure oil, salad dressings, and crushed oilseed cake. The oil has an almond or sweet olive
- like flavor. The g old of pleasure oil has been used in skin care products like creams, in production of soaps and detergents, in birdseed, as a replacement for marine oils and as a natural source of antioxidants as gamma
- tocopherols, and is being researched as a source of liquid biofuels, and as an ingredient for fish food.54

Mustard Seed : Besides being grown for oil, mustard produces four typ es of condiment mustard
- whole mustard seed; ground mustard mainly for the meat industry ; mustard flour for sauces, salad dressings, baked beans, and Chinese or hot English mustard; and oleoresin mustard. Oil radish : The oil radish, young flower clusters can be eaten raw or cooked. A spicy flavor with a crisp pleasant texture, they make a nice addition to salads or can be used as a broccoli substitute. They have a hot spicy

flavor and go well in salads. Young seed pods can be eaten raw. Safflower : Safflower is grown for its edible oil and use as birdseed. It is excellent for cooking oil. Sunflower : Sunflower oil is light i n taste and has more vitamin E than any other vegetable oil and is good for frying and has health benefits. It is a combination of monosaturated and pol ys aturated fats with low saturated fat levels ( < 11%) see figure
-- . There are three types of sunflower oil (National Sunflower Association) and are called NuSun ® , linoleic, and high oleic acid content each developed b y plant breeders. Sunflower oil

– only

safflower oil contains a higher level of linoleic cid. The m ain use of sunflower oil is as a salad oil and some in margarine. NuSun ® oil is also used for frying, baking, popping corn, and for deep frying. Industrial uses of sunflower oil are for paints, plastics, soaps, detergents, and as a pesticide carrier, surfactant and lubricant. The non
oil sun flower varieties with larger seeds are used. Tea oil plant : Tea oil is the main cooking oil in China’s southern provinces, especiall y Hunan where more than 50% of the vegetable cooking oil is from tea oil plant. Seeds are cold pressed to make the pale amber green oil. Also used for stir frying, salad dressings, condiments and marinade. Processing of the Oilseed Crops for Their Oil : Oilseed crops are processed by one of three methods. The methods are batch hydraulic pressing in which the oil is expressed by hydraulic pressure at a high temperature ; continuous mechanical pressing a cold press method ; and the third is by solvent extraction followed by boiling, bleaching, deodorizing, and heating to remove the solvents. Since the processing methods are fairl y s imilar the processing of three crops: canola, cotton, and sunflower are discussed below: C anola oil:
- Canola seeds are crushed into an oil and meal. Clean seed which will be processed into oil and meal is first preconditioned with mild heat and then crushed and flaked for oil recovery . Then the canola flakes are prepressed in screw presses or expellers to reduce the oil content from about 42% in the seed to between 16

– 20%. Screw pressing compresses the flakes into denser flakes called press cake. The press cake is either55

subjected to a solvent extraction with hexane or a cold pressed or expeller pressed without solvents. Oil extraction with hexane is approximately 96%. Cold pressed canola oil is generally

marketed in specialty

food sto res. Impurities from the crude oil re removed and then bleached to a purer color and then deodorization by steam distillation to remove any residual compounds such as chlorophyll which could affect the taste and odor of the oil. This oil is then called r efined and is used as a salad or cooking o il. Canola meal commonly

used in livestock feeds.
C ottonseed oil : After harvest the cotton bales are taken to the cottonseed processors for the first step to clean seeds to remove leaves, stems, broken boll s or sand picked up from the fields. After screening the trash, the seed go to the lint room where short fibers (linters) are removed and the seeds separated. After the linters are removed the seed moves to the hullers, who cut off the hulls and the seed s pass through a series of screens and shakers. The hulls are bagged and saved for other uses, and the seed kernels are ready for oil extraction. Oil is removed by mechanical screw, by

solvent extraction or a combination of the two processes. The kernel s are rolled into flakes and move to a cooker or conditioner where the moisture is reduced. The flakes then are exposed to high pressure and the oil is forced from the kernel, where the oil is then piped through a filter to remove impurities. The extract ed flakes are cut and ground into a meal used for livestock feed. The meal contains about 3
- 4% oil. If the cottonseed is extracted b y a solvent such as hexane it is then put through a series of evaporators to remove the solvent. Extracted flakes are then put through a deodorizer to remove the last traces of solvent. He flakes can be ground or toasted and ground into meal or processed into pellets. The crude cottonseed oil then is refined by adding sodium hydroxide and removes impurities and soapstock that are separated form the oil. Most cottonseed oil is bleached to remove coloring agents and is then filtered. It is then deodorized with steam under a partial vacuum to remove any off flavors.
S unflower oil : First processing s tep is to dehull th e seeds and the hulls can be used for livestock feed or as a fuel source. The sunflower seeds are crushed and then extracted with hexane. The kernels are then flaked and pressed containing 15

– 20% oil. The resultant meal contains about 1.5% oil. The n ext step is degumming the crude oil b y removing the phosphatides with hot water and centrifugation. The oil is then refined b y caustic refining or b y phys i cal refining. The caustic refining by low temperatures removes waxes and phy sical refining by steam by adding phosphoric acid and then bleach. Additional dewaxing and deo dori zation is then completed to further refine the oil.56

LIVESTOCK FEED ITEMS: There are livestock feed items associated with many of the oilseed crops. Most have a meal high in protein used for a feedstuff ( See Table 13 ). Besides the meal, cotton has hulls and gin b yproducts as animal feed items. Rapeseed , non - canola varieties also has forage as a feedstuff. While some of the oilseeds have other items that can be feed to liv estock like sunflower hulls, they are considered insignificant feedstuffs (Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities Derived from Crops EPA Residue Chemistry Guidelines OPPTS 860.1 0 00)
. The oilseed crops that meet the criteria for significant liv estock feeds are canola, flax, safflower, sunflower, and cotton. The main livestock feed items for most of the members of the proposed crop group would be the meal. The meal of oilseeds is a very valuable livestock feed. Crambe meal at a concentratio n not to exceed 4.2% of the ration can be used as beef cattle feed. With precooking during processing or other methods to reduce glucosinolates , the meal can be used for all livestock and poultry
. Many oilseed meals such as sunflower or cotton can substi tute for soy

bean meal for a protein source of livestock diet. Sunflower hulls can be used as roughage, and its seeds are also consumed as nuts with the non
- oil varieties for human food and feeding birds. Sunflowers can also be used as silage crop and c an be doubled cropped in areas with small grains or vegetables and the season is too short to produce mature corn for silage. Sunflower, safflower , Niger seed, and flax seed are also used as birdseed.

PEST PROBLEMS : (Developed from USDA Crop Profil es from AL, AR, AZ, CA, GA, KS, LA, MN, MO, MS. MT, NB, NC, OK, OR, SD, TN, and TX, Extension Bulletins, and Research Literature )
. The proposed members of the Oilseed Crop Group share many of the same pest problems. Because of the similarity in the bo tany, cultivars and culture among these crops, they

have similar pest problems in both the U S and Canada. This further justifies the need to increase the harmonization of crop groups and pesticides’ tolerances, because the availability

of adequate pest c ontrol measures could also prevent the spread of new pests across the border. Availability of a similar set of pest control options for the U S and Canada would be useful in promoting integrated pest management ( IP M ) strategies for the oilseeds. All o f the commodities are generall y weak competitors with both grass y and broadleaf weeds at germination and earl y growth development stages. Oilseeds all share the same annual and perennial grassy and broadleaf weed problems because of their similarities in cultural practices such as their seeding methods. Some of these pests will be listed
. The Brassicas (rapeseed, mustard, and crambe) share the same plant diseases as flax ( Fusarium wilt, aster yellows, rusts, Sclerotinia white mold, Alternaria stem rot, etc.), and seed diseases (damping off, Phytophtora root rot, etc.), and insect problems (cutworms, maggots, wireworms) are common to all the seeds of this proposed group.57

Insects that attack the leaves and flowers are also common to most members of the group such as grasshoppers, aphids, thistle caterpillars, armyworms, flea beetles, and weevils
. Nematodes are also a problem and include root knot nematode; leaf and stem nematode, cy st nematode, root lesion, and dagger nematode. Weeds include quackgrass ; foxtail, barnyardgrass, Bermudagrass, Johnsongrass, and many broadleaf annual , biennial, and perennial weeds such henbit, chickweed , dandelion, lambsquarter, nettle, wild carrot, burdock, hairy

nightshade, mustards, common purslane, morningglory , plantains , ragweed, cocklebur, nutsedge, and redroot pigweed. Animal pest problems include meadow voles, birds, squirrels, deer, raccoons, bears, and rabbits. Proposed oilseed commodities that are being added to the crop group share many of the same pest problem s because of their similar cultural practices and their highl y desirable seeds to many

pests
. The three subgroups also share many similar pest problems. From the available information collected, major pest species associated with the Rapeseed Subgrou p are insect p ests such as aphids, A ster leafhopper , f lea beetles diamondback moth ; cabbage seedpod weevil, crucifer flea beetle, armywo rm, cutworms, grasshoppers, blister beetles, cabbage aphids, and l ygus bugs; diseases such as A ster yellows , root rot, S clerotinia stalk rot , black leg disease (

Leptosphaeria maculans ), Sclerotinia stem rot, Alternaria black spot, white rust, and downy mildew ; and weeds including annual grass w eeds , annual b roadleaf w eeds and p erennial w eeds such as Canada thistle, barnyard grass, and wild oats
. Seed treatments are also necessary for the subgroups. The Sunflower s ubgroup: has insect pests such as cutworms , grasshoppers , mole crickets, scabs, sunflower head moth, wireworm , maggot, s unflower b eetles , s potted s unflower s tem w e evil , and b anded s unflower m oth ; diseases such as Sclerotinia diseases (stem and root rots) , Rhizopus head rot, red rust (

Puccinia helianthi) , Alternaria diseases (leaf spots) , mildew, white mold, and weeds including foxtail species , kochia, wild mustard, lambsquarter, thistle , and some annual weed species
. Stem borers, foliage eaters, bollworm, aphids, whiteflies, leafworm, bird control is difficult . Also viruses like aster yellow virus, and tobacco curl virus
. Weeds are a major problem for reducing sunflower yi elds. Birds are major pests by eating the exposed seeds, deer, rabbits, and mice are also pests. The Cottonseed subgroup pests include insects such as boll weevil, bollworm, fleahoppers, aphids, and thrips , as well as some occasional species su ch as cutworms, beet army worms, spider mites, and other foliage feeders ; diseases such as b acterial b light , c otton root rot , Fusarium w ilt , and n ematodes ; and weeds including w inter annuals , s ummer annuals , and p erennials species
. In formation on pest p roblems in some of the other members of the oilseed crop group is: Niger seed has many weed pest problems including grass y and broadleaf weeds. Leaf eating caterpillars, aphids, mole crickets, grasshoppers, and cutworms are often pests. Bollworms and l eaf worms, thrips and aphids may damage the flower head.58

Diseases include leaf spots ( Cercospora and Alternaria spp.). Also bacterial blight ( Pseudomonas spp.) and a root rot ( Phytophthora spp.) and powdery mildew has been reported as problems. Birds are also pe sts to the exposed seed heads. Jojoba

– Weed control is needed during establishment of the crop. Insect pests are sc ales, meal y bugs, and false cinch bugs , browsing animals are a threat as well as rodents that eat the seeds, and ants that rem ove leaves of seedlings. Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. can be very damaging seedling diseases. Castor oil plant
- seedling diseases need control similar to other oilseeds such as Fusarium spp., Fusarium spp . , and Phytophthora spp. L eaf spots and rust diseases can cause damage. Southeastern U.S. seed capsules and cotton root rot are attacked by Alternaria spp. and Botryris spp. Weeds are major problem when establishing crop, especiall y for dwarf varieties. Itis attacked by many insect pests suc h as the sucking bugs, stem borers, cutworms, mole crickets and grasshoppers, bollworms.
Crambe

– false cinch bug, moths, flea beetle aphids, lygus bug, similar to canola in pest problems l ike clubroot, stem rot, leaf black spot weeds such as ragweed, pigweed, kochia , lambsquarter , and foxtail can be a major problem, as well as being susceptible to turnip mosaic virus.
Flax
- has weeds such as both grass y and broadleaf as a major problem. Disease problems include rust, wilt, root rot, seedling bli ght and aster yellows. Common insect pests are cutworms, arm yworms, wireworms, aphids, aster leafhopper, mites, grubs, tarnished plant bug, grasshopper, and the beet webworm.
Gold of Pleasure

– pest problems include downy mildew, turnip mosaic virus, flea beetle , and the s ame weed problems as canola. Weed problems include w ild mustards sow thistle, and the p erennial and biennial weeds are harder to control.
Mustard seed

– pests include seedpod weevil, aphid, cutworm, wireworms, cabbage maggot, l ooper, and several annual and perennial broadleaf weeds and grasses.
Meadowfoam

– flies (Scaptomyza ) , grey mold ( Botrytis cinerea ) and weed s need to be controlled. Oil radish has several fungal diseases such as clubfoot and insects such as cabba ge root maggot and the flea beetle.59

Safflower

– aphids, lygus bugs, mites, leafworm (Spordoptera litura ) attacks lower leaves; cutworms (

Agrotis spp.) stem borers can also cause significant damage, bollworms are common pests. Plant parasites occasionall y cause important ( Orobanche spp.) Diseases wide range of seed and leaf diseases such as rusts ( Puccinia spp.), root rots ( Phytopthora spp.), leaf spots Alternaria spp., Cercosp o ra spp.), Verticillium and Fusarium wilt, damping off ( Pythium spp.) Viruses such as cucumber mosaic, aster ye llows, and nematodes such as root knot. Sesame pests

– weeds include grass y like crabgrass and Johnsongrass and broadleaf weeds like groundcherry
. Sesame attacked b y many insects that like flower head and fruit and f oliage eaters. Cutworms widespread , rasshoppers, stem borers, leafworms, thrips, white fly , green peach aphids, caterpillars and moths attack flower heads, aphids attack all growth stages, and as virus vectors, leafhoppers, whiteflies the most economicall y important pests are those that attack flowers, fruit, or seed. Stink buds attack developing seed capsules
. Storage pests are a problem to stored seed such as the red flour beetle , khapa beetle and the tropical warehouse beetle. Diseases Cotton root rot ( Phymatotrichum omnivorum ) and other root rots (Fusarium spp ., Phytopthora spp, bacterial leaf spots (

Pseudomonas sesami) is a worldwide pest, bacterial leaf spot ( Alternaria sesami)and C ercospora leaf spot wilts by Fusarium oxysporum , blight, charcoal; rot, stem anthracnose , mildew , Phyllody virus deforms flowers, little leaf disease
. Stokes aster

– susceptible to head blight ( Botrytis cinerea ) and leaf spot, powdery mildew, aphids, white flies, and mosaic virus.
CROP ROTATIONS: Crop rotations are important for the oilseed crop group to help reduce weed problems and disease and insect severity , and essential to promote integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Ty pical crop rotations for the proposed oilseed crops in the United States are listed in Table 14.60

Table 14. Ty

pical Crop Rotations for the Proposed Oilseed Crops in the United States. OILSEED COMMODITY ROTATIONS NOTES Canola Canola follows cereal grains such as corn or w

heat or fallow
. Up to a four year rotation is

recommended to avoid pest problems. Avoid planting sunflower, dry bean, other Brassicas, and chickpea before canola. Recommended crop rotations for weeds in canola are to rotate with crops that have different life cycles; for root maggots, Sclerotinia, Alternaria, staghorn, brown girdling rot, and blackleg grow

not more than one year in every four. Castor oil plant Field crops such as corn. Do not plant more than two years in the same field. Cotton Rotate to corn or wheat or soy bean, sudangrass, sorghum, alfalfa, onion, or fallow. Fallow commonly used in dryland areas. Three year rotations can be cotton, winter legume, corn, and then soy bean. Crambe Rotate with wheat. Flax Corn, small grains, forage legume, buckwheat should precede flax. Use at least a three year rotation before replanting to flax. Do not follow potatoes, canola, or sugar beets. Gold of Pleasure Rotate follow a small grain crop like wheat. Use 3

– 4 year rotations to avoid pest buildups. Lunaria Rotate with wheat Meadowfoam Rotate with a grass seed crop. Mustard seed Rotate with wheat or any other small grain Avoid rotations with flax, canola, clover, soybean, lentil, and sunflower. Niger seed Rotated to corn or millet or follows a rice crop or dry pea or bean. Often gro wn two
– three years in a row then rotated. Oil Radish Can only be grown in same field for two years before rotating to non - Brassica crops. Rotate with snap beans. Rotate after wheat, rye, potato, celery, or cucumber. Do not rotate to any Brassica crop group 5 members.

Safflower Wheat , barley or millet, grasses, corn, rice, cotton, follow s fallow
. Do not plant after grain sorghum. In San Joaquin Valley commonly rotated to cotton. Use in three year crop rotations. Sesame Cotton, peanut, wheat, alf alfa, sorghum, or soybean. Recommend using 2

– 3 year rotations with sesame. Sunflower Wheat then sunflower or wheat
fallow and then sunflower. Frequent with cereal grain such as wheat, soybean, safflower, sorghum, legumes, and corn.61

COMPARISON OF PO TENTIAL RESIDUE LEVELS: Magness, Markle, and Compton in 1971 classified food and feed crops based on predicting the potential for pesticide residues based on exposure of the edible parts to applied pesticides , which led to the development of the crop groups. The oilseeds were classified in the Edible Food Oil Crop Category I and II. Category Iand II includes the food oil crops in which the source of oil is the seeds. Category Ioil crops have the seeds completely

enclosed in capsules , pods, or other plant structures during development. These include castor oil plant, rapeseed and canola, cottonseed oil, flax, seed, mustard seed, and sesame seed. Category II oil crops have the seeds partially exposed during development and include sunflower and saf flower. One would expect pesticide residues to be similar in most of the members of the oilseed crop group, and distinct oilseed crop subgroups may

be based on potential of residue to be deposited on the seed. We expect that all proposed members of th e oilseed crop group will have similar residue levels based on similarities of the raw agricultural commodities ( RAC ’ s ) , cultural practices, and pest problems. A comparison of established tolerances on oilseed commodities also supports that residue levels will be similar between members of the group (See Tables 15, 16, 17, and 18)
. Rapeseed , sunflower , and cottonseed represent over 95% o f the acreage of the crops in this group and they also tend to be an equal or more conservative estimate of toleranc es and potential residues. Based on existing tolerances in 40 CFR, a comparison of these tolerances for the representative commodities is listed in Table 15 , and for the Canadian MRL’s in Table 16
. Table 17 compares established tolerances between members (canola, borage, flax, and mustard) of the proposed Rapeseed crop subgroup 20A. In all cases the tolerance levels for the representative commodity rapeseed, canola varieties were identical or higher than the other three commodities in the subgroup. Tabl e 18 compares established tolerances between members ( sunflower and safflower) of the proposed Sunflower crop subgroup 20B. Again, in all cases the tolerance levels for the representative commodity sunflower were higher than the other member of the subgro up safflower. Some of the differences in tolerances is caused b y dissimilar use patterns (preharvest vs. postharvest) with the 8.0 ppm being associated with a postharvest application while the rest are preharvest applications. The gl yphosate tolerance fo r rapeseed at 10.0 ppm, but this is greater than 5X. However, the use patterns for gl yphosate are not similar, since it was established for use on “Roundup
- Ready Canola,” which is applied directl y on the plant as opposed to directed spray in the row middl es.62

Table 1 5 . MRLs E stablished in U . S . on Representative O ilseed Crops Compound Rapeseed

(Canola) Sunflower Cotton, undelinted seed Azoxystrobin 1 0.5 0.02 Bifenthrin 0.05
- 0.5 B oscalid 3.5; 5 (oil) 0.6
- Carbaryl
- 1 5 Carfentrazone
ethyl 0. 1 0.1 0.2 Clethodim 0.5; 1 (meal) 5; 10 (meal) 1, 2 (meal) Clopyralid 3; 6 (meal) 3
- Cyfluthrin 1, 2 (oil) 0.02
- Deltamethrin 2.5 0.1 0.04 Endosulfan 0.2 2 1 EPTC
- 0.1 0.1 Ethalfluralin 0.05 0.05
- Fludioxonil 0.01 , 0.01 (meal) 0.01 0.05 Glyph osate 10; 15 ( meal) 0.1 35 Imidacloprid 0.05 0.05 6, 8 (meal) Lambda cy halothrin 1, 2 (oil) 0.2, 0.3 (oil) 0.05 Malathion
- 8 2 Metalaxyl
- 0.1 0.1 Methidathion
- 0.5 0.2 Methyl parathion 0.2 0.2 0.75 Oxadiyl
- 0.1 0.1 Paraquat dichloride - 2 0.5 Pendimethalin
- 0.1 0.1 Phosphine
- 0.1 0.1 Sethoxydim 35, 40 (meal) 7; 20 (meal) 5 Tebu fenozide 2, 4 (meal)
- 1.5 Thiamethoxam 0.02 0.02 0.1 Tralomethrin
- 0.5 0.2 Tribenuron 0.02
- 0.02 Trifluralin 0.05 0.05 0.0563

Table 1 6 . MRLs E stablish ed in Canada on O ilseed C rops .  Com pound Rapeseed

(Canola) Flax

seed Mustard

seed Sunflower Clethodim 0.05 0.30 0.40 0.20 Difenoconazole 0.03

– 0.05

– Diquat 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.05 Fluazifop
-butyl

– 0.20 0.30

– Fludioxonil 0.01 0.05 0.05 Glyphosate 10. 00 3.00

– Imidacloprid 0.05

– 0.05

– Lambda
- cyhalothrin 0.30 (seed); 0.50 (oil) 0.02 – – Metalaxyl 0.10

– 0.10 0.10 Quizalofop
- ethyl 0.05 0.05 Sethoxydim

– 0.20 2.00 7.00 Tepraloxydim

– 0.10

– – Thifensulfuron
- me thyl 0.02 0.02

– – Tribenuron
- me thyl 0.02 0.02 Trimethylsulfonium cation 10.00 3.00

– –
Table 1 7 . Tolerance Comparison B etween M embers of the Rapeseed S ubgroup 20A. (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 8/11 /200 6 ) . Compound Rapeseed ( Canola) Borage Flax seed Mustard seed Acet amiprid 0.01

– – 0.01 B oscalid 3.5; 5 (meal)

– 3.5

– Carfentrazone
- ethyl 0.1 0.1 0 .1 0.1 Clethodim 0.5; 1 (meal)
- 0 .5 ; 1 (meal) 0.5 Clopyralid 3; 6 (meal)
- 3 ; 6 (meal) 3 Endosulfan 0.2
- - 0.2 Fludioxonil 0.01
- 0 .05
- Glyphosate 10; 15 (meal) 0.1 8 ; 4 (meal) 0.1 Imidacloprid 0.05
- - 0.05 Lambda cyhalothrin 0.1
- 0.1
- Methyl parathion 0.2
- 0.2 0.2 Sethoxydim 35, 40 (meal) 6.0, 10 (meal) 5 ; 7 (meal)
- Thiamethoxam 0.02 0 .02 0 .02 0.02 Thifensulfuron 0.02
- 0 .02
- Tribenuron 0.02
- 0 .02
- T rifluralin 0.05
- - 0.05

 For the purposes of comparison this list only includes MRLs on multiple commodities for each ingredient.64

Table 1 8 . Tolerance Comparison B etween M embers of the Sunflower S ubgroup 20B. (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 8/11 /200 6 ) . Compound Sunflower* Safflower Aluminum phosphide 0.1 0.1 4
- Aminopyridine 0.1 0.1 Azoxystrobin 0.5 0.5 Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl
- , S
ethyl ester 0.1 0.01
Carfentrazone
ethyl 0.1 0.1 Endosulfan 2 0.2 EPTC 0.1 0.1 Ethalfluralin 0.05 0.05 Fludioxonil 0.01 0.01 Glyphosate 0.1 0 .1 Imidacloprid 0.1 0.1 Malathion 8 (postharvest) 0.2 M ethidathion 0.5 0.5 Paraquat dichloride 2 0.05 Phosphine 0.1 0. 1 Sethoxydim 0.1 0.1 S
- Metolachlor 0.5 0.1 Tebuconazole 0.5; 1 0.1 Thiamethoxam 0.3 0.02 Thifensulfuron 0.02 0 .02 Trifluralin 0.05 0.05 * Representative commodity for Crop subgroup 20B
.65

REQUIRED NUMBER OF CROP FIELD TRIALS FOR CROP GROUP 20 AND COMPARISON OF EPA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS WITH THE NAFTA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS : A reevaluation of crop production data fro the 2002 USDA Agricultural Census shows that the new Oilseed crop group 20 may require additional field trials because the acreage for sunflower, canola, cotton, and flax has increase significantl y from the 1991 data used in the current field trial guidelines (EPA OPPTS 860.1500). The proposed number of crop field trials for Crop group 20 Oilseed, as well as the required number of crop field trials for Crop subgroups 20A, 20B, and 20C is l isted in Tables 19, 20 and 2 1 , respectivel y. Table 1 9
. Minimum Number of Field Trials and Minimum Number of Treated Samples for Individual Oilseed Crops [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 2). Oilseed Commodity Minimum Number of

Residue Field Trials Minimum Number of Treated Samples Sunflower** 8 in current

guidelines needs to be raised to 12* 16 raise to 24 Rapeseed* 3 6 Canola* 8 in current

guidelines may

need to be raised to 12* based on new AGCensus data. 16 may be raise d to 24

Cotton 12 in current

guidelines may

need to be raised to 16 based on new AGCensus data. 24 may be raised to 36

Flax 5 in current

guidelines m ay

need to be raised to 8 based on new AGCensus data. 10 may be raised to 16

Safflower 5 10 Sesame 3 6 * Rapeseed non
- canola varieties need 3 field trials and canola varieties need 8 field trials. ** Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number o f Field Trials, in Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials.66

The oilseed crops in this group are adapted best to the cool temperate growing season areas of the US. Generally , all of these oilseed crops are grown as annuals, primarily in the upper Midwest (U S EPA Crop Group Regions 5 and 7), which are adjacent to the areas where these crops are grown in Canada. These crops are well adapted to the semiarid cropping areas of the northern and central Great Plains. Specificall y, for canol a greater than 92 % of the US crop is grown in EPA regions 5 and 7 (B. Schneider, 1999), and these adjoin Canadian regions 5A, 5B, 7, 7A, 9, 11, and 14 which contain about 98% of the Canadian canola acreage. For sunflowers, about 93% of the U.S. crop is grown in EPA Regions 5 and 7. These regions correspond to Canadian regions 5, 5A, 5B, 7, 7A, and 14 which account for about 99% of Canadian sunflower acreage. Table 20
. Required Number of Field Trials for Oilseed Commodities to Establish An Oilseed Crop Group 20. (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 2). Representative Commodity Number of Field Trials for

Commodities if Not Part of the Crop Group Number of Field Trials for

Commodities as Part of the Crop Group Based on 2002 AGCensus Rapeseed (canol a varieties only) 8 in current guidelines needs to be raised to 12* 9 Sunflower 8 in current guidelines needs to be raised to 12* 9 Cotton 12 9 Total 28* updated to 36 Was 28 updated to 27 * Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Fi eld Trials, in Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials.
Table 2 1 . Required Number of Field Trials for Crop Subgroup 20A, 20B, and 20C. (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 3). Crop Subgroup Representative

Commodity Production Acres 2 002 Number of Field

Trials 20A Rapeseed (Canola

varieties onl y) 1, 208 , 251 8 in current guidelines may need to be raised to 12 * 20B Sunflower (oilseed

varieties) 1 , 833 , 435 8 in current guidelines needs to be raised to 9* 20C Cotton 12 , 456, 1 62 12 * Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Field Trials, in Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials.67

Table 2 2 A . EPA Crop Production Regions for the Oilseed Crop . Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group. Commodity * * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Borage X X X X X X X Canola * X X Castor oil X X X X X Chinese tallowtree X X X X X X Cottonseed* X X X X X Crambe X X X Cuphea X X X Echium X X X Euphorbia X X X X X X Evening primrose X X X X X X X X X X Flax seed X X Gold of pleasure X X X X X XX X X Hare’s ear mustard X X X X X X X X X X X Jojoba X X X X Lesquerella X X X X X Lunaria X X X X X X X Meadowfo am X X X X X Milkweed X X X X X X X Mustard seed X X X Niger seed Oil radish X X X X X X X Poppy seed X X X X X X X X X X X Rapeseed* X X Rose hip X X X X X X X X Safflower X X Sesame X X Stokes aster X X X Sunflower* X X X Sweet rocket X X X X X X X X X X X Tallowwood X Tea oil plant Vernonia X X X X X X X X ** Commodities that are not representative commodities have field trial regions generall y based on the USDA Plants Database, 2006.68

Table 2 2 B. NAFTA Field Production Regions for the Oilseed Crop Group
. Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group. Commodity 1 1a 2 3 4 5 5a 5b 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 Canola * X X X X Flaxseed X X X Mustard seed X X Safflower X X Sunflower* X X X The NAFTA Regions (Table 22 B) vary some from the EPA Crop Production Regions b y having three additional regions (Region 1a, 5b, 14). The NAFTA Regions are currentl y being updated, and any regional differences may be lessened with the new update. Any conflict in testing between regions can generally be resolved by having the ChemSAC review the test protocol regions before residue trials are initiated and any differences can be resolved by the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (I CGCC).
Table 22 C. EPA Crop Production Regions Suggested Distribution of the Oilseed Crop Field Trials > 3. Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group
. Commodity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Canola

– 8 trials* 4 4 Canola
- 6 trials* 3 3 Cottonseed*
- 12 trials 3 3 1 4 1 Cottonseed*
- 9 trials 2 2 1 3 1 Rapeseed 1 2 Safflower 2 3 Sesame seed 3 Sunflower*
- 8 trials 4 3 1 Sunflower*
- 6 trials 3 2 169

AVAILABILITY AND STORAGE LIFE OF THE OILSEED C ROP GROUP MEMBERS IN THE MARKETPLACE: The oil from the oilseed crops is plentiful enough to be available in the marketplace for the entire ye ar. Oils are sensitive to heat, light, and exposure to air. They are best stored in a refrigerator after opening the container. Refined oils that are high in monosaturated fats can be stored up to one year, while refined oils high in poly unsaturated acids can be stored for about six months. Specific food uses for the oilseeds are discussed under the Comparison of harvesting, raw agricultural commodity (RAC), edible portions, and processed food item section of this report.
COOKING PREPARATION AND COOKING METHODS FOR THE OILSEED CROP GROUP: Oilseeds are a source of edible cooking oil and are liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats are unhealthy in excess, but small amounts of these oils are essential. Unsaturated fats include monosaturated and pol yunsaturated oils are generally considered healthy oils. The culinary

uses of oilseed crops are used in cooking, baking, condiments, sautéing, sauce, flavoring, flavoring, margarine, salad dressings, fried products, and shortenings. Characteristics of the cooking oils are listed in Table 23, while Figure 2 shows comparison of the dietary fats and their fatty

acid contents for some of the oilseeds. Smoke points are the temperature, at which the oil begins to smoke, become discolored, and decompose and will burn the food. The smoke point can vary by the typ e of test used to evaluate it.
Table 23. Ty

pes of Some of the Edible Oils and Their Characteristics (Adapted from Wikipedia , http://en.wikipedia.org) , the Canola Organization , and Cooking for Engineers (http://www.cookingforengineers.com).
. Ty pe of Oil or Fat Saturated

fat Monounsaturated fat Polyunsaturated fat Smoke point* Uses Canola oil 6 % 62% 32% 238 ° C (460 ° F) Frying, baking,

sautéing, salad dressings Corn, oil** 13% 27% 60% 232°C ( 450°F ) Frying, stir fry,

grill, broil, baking , salad dressing, margarine, shortening Cottonseed oil 24% 26% 50% 216 ° C (420°F) Margarine,

shortening, salad dr essings,70 commercially fried products Flax seed oil 9% 16% 75% 107 ° C (225°F) Cooking,

frying, salad dressing, condiment Margarine, hard 80% 14% 16% 150
- 160 ° C (300
- 320 ° F) Cooking,

baking, condiment Margarine, soft 20% 47% 33% 150
- 160 ° C (300
- 320 ° F) Cooking ,

baking, condiment Olive oil** 14% 77% 9% 190 ° C (375°F) Frying,

cooking, broil, grill, stir frying, salad dressings, condiments Peanut oil** 19% 51% 30% 232°C (450°F) Baking, grilling,

stir frying, sautéing, deep frying , margarine Safflower, oil 10% 13 % 77% 265°C (509°F) Cooking,

baking, frying, salad dressings, margarine Sesame seed oil 13% 46% 41% 210°C ( 410°F ) Stir frying,

sautéing, baking, salad dressing, marinades. Soy bean, oil** 15% 24% 61% 241°C (466°F) Cooking, stir

frying, sautéing, baking, b roil, grilling, salad dressings, margarine, shortening Sunflower, oil 11% 20% 69% 246°C (475°F) Cooking,

baking, frying, sautéing, salad dressings, margarine, shortening * There is a general lack of consensus on the smoke points of many popular oils, as well as a lack of standardization for qualifiers such as "refined". Empirical tests are heavily dependent on the qualities of the particular samples (brand, composition, process) available, but appear to be the major source of available data. A crude gui de is that lighter, more refined oils have higher smoke points
. ** Olive and soybean while not part of the proposed Oilseed crop group 20 are in the Table for comparison use only.71

CHANGES TO EPA DATABASES: The proposed new Oilseed Crop Group 2 0 will affect the need to update many Risk Assessment Models, Residue Chemistry Guidelines, OPP databases, and/or HED Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). The affected EPA databases may include the following: (1) Risk Assessment Models
- The terminology in the Food Exposure Modules of our current Risk assessment Models from DEEM
- FCID, Lifeline, and Cares will need to be updated to reflect new terminology and the new Crop Group terminology. (2) EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1000, Background), Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities and Feedstuffs Derived from Crops and EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1000, Background), EPA Residue Chemistry

Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1500, Crop Field Trials), Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field Trials by Region for Crops Requiring > 3 trials and Table 6 Regional Distribution of Crop Production. Any differences between the EPA and NAFTA Crop Production Regions after the NAFTA Regions are updated will be addressed b y the I CCGR W orkgroup. The EPA Residue Chemistry

Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1500, Crop Field Trials) Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field Trials b y Region for Crops Requiring >3 trials and Table 6 Regional Distribution of Crop Production will be updated to reflect more recent crop production information. (3) Health Effects Division Standard Operating Procedures: HED SOP 99.3
-– “Translation of Monitoring Data” issued March 26, 1999. This policy provides guidance on translating pesticide m onitoring data from one commodity to other similar commodities. The policy is based on the crop groupings in the 40 CFR 180.41. Members of the Oilseed crop group were not included in the policy and this policy does not need to be updated at this time. (4) HED SOP 99.6
- “Classification of Food Forms with Respect to L evel of Blending” issued August 20, 1999. This SOP provides rationale and guidance to HED on revised criteria for inputting residue values and pesticide usage inform ation into acute dietary exposure and risk assessments based on commodities. These revisions permit the Agency to more fully

utilize data generated by the USDA Pesticide Data Program.72

Some of the Oilseed crop group members are included in the HED S OP 99.6. See Table below. Other members not in the original SOP will need to be added to the HED SOP 99.6. All of the oils are considered refined and blended, while the seeds can be uncooked, cooked, baked, or boiled.
TABLE 24 . Classification of Foo d Forms with Respect to Level of Blending for the Oilseed Crop Group. (HED SOP 99.6). COMMODITY FOOD FORM CLASSIFICATION Castor bean 12
- Cooked : NFS B
- blended Cottonseed, meal 13
- Baked B
- blended Cottonseed, oil 98
- Refined B
- blended Safflo wer, seed 11
- Uncooked B
- blended Safflower, oil 98
- Refined B
- blended Sesame, seed 11
- Uncooked B
- blended Sesame, seed 13
- Baked B
- blended Sesame, seed 14

– Boiled B
- blended Sesame, seed 42

– Frozen: Cooked B
- blended Sesame, oil 98
- Refined B
- blended Sunflower, seed 11
- Uncooked PB

– Partially blended Sunflower, seed 13
- Baked PB

– Partially blended Sunflower, oil 98
- Refined B
- blended (5) HED SOP 2000.1

– “ Guidance for Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000. There is no guidance in the SOP for the new Oilseed crop group, so the following guidance for translation of the representative commodities to other members of the group /subgroups will be provided below:73

C rop Group 20: Oilseed Representative Commodities: Rapeseed (canola varieties onl y); Sunflower, and Cotton, undelinted seed. CROP GROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Borage Rapeseed* Castor oil plant Sunflower Chinese tallowtree Sunflower Cottonseed Cotton, undelinted seed Crambe Rapeseed * Cuphea Rapeseed * Echium Rapeseed * Euphorbia Sunflower Evening primrose Sunflower Flax seed Rapeseed * Gold of p leasure Rapeseed * H are's
- ear mustard Rapeseed * Jojoba Sunflower Lesquerella Rapeseed * Lunaria Rapeseed * Meadowfoam Rapeseed* Milkweed Rapeseed* Mustard seed Rapeseed* Niger seed Sunflower O il radi sh Rapeseed* Poppy seed Rapeseed* Rap e seed Rapeseed* Rose hip Sunflower Safflower Sunflower Sesame Rapeseed* Stokes aster Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower S weet rocket Rapeseed* T allowwood Sunflower Tea oil plant Sunflower Ver nonia Sunflower * Rapeseed use canola varieties only
.

________________________________________________________________________74 The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities to other commodities in the Rapeseed subgroup 20A would be as follows: Crop Subgroup 20A: Rapeseed subgroup Representative Commodity : Rapeseed, canola varieties only
CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Borage Rapeseed* Crambe Rapeseed* Cuphea Rapeseed* Echium Rapeseed* Flax seed Rapeseed* Gold of p leasure Rapeseed* H are's
- ear mustard Rapeseed* Lesquerella Rapeseed* Lunaria Rapeseed* Meadowfoam Rapeseed* Milkweed Rapeseed* Mustard seed Rapeseed* O il radish Rapeseed* Poppy seed Rapes eed* Rap e seed Rapeseed* Sesame Rapeseed* S weet rocket Rapeseed* * Rapeseed use canola varieties only
.

________________________________________________________________________ The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities to other commodities in the Sunflower subgroup 20B would be as follows:75

Crop Subgroup 20B: Sunflower subgroup Representative Commodity : Sunflower SUBGROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Castor oil plant Sunflower Chi nese tallowtree Sunflower Euphorbia Sunflower Evening primrose Sunflower Jojoba Sunflower Niger seed Sunflower Rose hip Sunflower Safflower Sunflower Stokes aster Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower T allowwood Sunflower Tea oil plant Sunflower Vernonia Sunflower

________________________________________________________________________
The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative commodities to other commodities in the Cottonseed subgroup 20C would be as follows: Crop Subgroup 20C: Cottonseed subgroup Representative Commodity : Cottonseed (cotton, undelinted seed)
CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY Cottonseed Cotton, undelinted seed

_____________________________________________ ________________________76

(5) H ealth Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database for the Oilseed Crop Group, prepared by

Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider , June 2006, are shown in Table 24 below: Table 25
. Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database. Oilseed Crop Group. Prepared b y Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider. June 2006
. Commodity % Dry Matter Canola, seed 90.0, 91.0, 92.0 Canola, meal 88.0, 89.0, 90.0, 90.4 Canola, refined oil 0.0 Castor oil plant 92.0, 92.9, 9 3.5, 94.2, 94.9, 95.5, 96.9 Cotton, undelinted seed 88.0, 91.0 Cotton, meal 89.0 Cotton, refined oil 0.0 Cotton, hulls 90.0 Cotton gin, by

products 90.0 Crambe, seed 93.5 Flax, seed 96.0 Flax, meal 88.0, 90.0 Jojoba , seed 95.3 Mustard seed, meal 93.0 Niger seed 92.2, 93.8, 94.0, 94.5 Rapeseed, seed 90.0, 91.0, 92.0 Rapeseed, meal 88.0, 90.0 Rapeseed, forage 30.0 Safflower, seed 93.0, 94.0, 94.3 Safflower, meal 91.0, 92.0 Safflower, refined oil 0.0 Safflower, hay 91.0 Sesame seed 94.3, 94 .6, 95.0 Sesame meal 92.0 Sesame, flour, high fat 98.9 Sesame, flour, low fat 92.9 Sesame, oil 0.0 Sunflower, seed 93.0, 95.0 Sunflower, meal 92.0 Sunflower, refined oil 0.077

CODEX CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES AND EPA FOOD AND FEED COM MODITY VOCABULARY: See Table 26 . Comparison of Oilseed Crop Groups: C ODEX (0 23 ) and EPA ( 20 ) (Data prepared by Dr ’s . Yuen - Shaung NG , Hong Chen, and Dr. Bernard A. Schneider, US EPA and USDA IR- 4 , 2004 , 2006 ) . EPA is proposing 31 commodities for the Oil seed Crop Group, and CODEX has a current Oilseed crop group 23, which has 28 commodity terms. Sixteen CODEX commodity

terms match those in the proposed EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary (See Table 26)
. CODEX has nine commodities in their group that will be considered b y EPA as members of other crop groups such as the tropical /subtropical fruit groups. Borage is classified by CODEX as an herb (HH 723) and a dried vegetable (DH 724). CODEX at the time only had borage leaves as a commodity , since then its edible oil has become a commercial product. Crambe is also not in the CODEX system and is a fairl y new crop. In addition the proposed EPA Oilseed Crop Group has fifteen commodities not in the CODEX Oilseed Group. In the next proposed revision to the CODEX Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds we would expect both to be considered as an oilseed crop. Therefore, this proposal will not only increase harmonization with the Canadian and NAFTA crop grouping s ys tem, but it is compatible with the inter

national sy stem of CODEX. The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 placed increased emphasis on using CODEX MRLs in setting U. S. tolerances for pesticides. The individual listing of the oilseed commodities (Group 23
- SO) for the CODEX classification is as follows: flax, seed is listed as linseed (SO 693); mustard, seed is SO 485; field mustard seed is SO 694; Indian mustard seed is SO 478; Indian rapeseed is SO 4721; rapeseed is SO 495; safflower seed is SO 699; sunflower seed is SO 0702
. Table 26 . EP A/ Codex Oilseeds Group C omparison ( B ased on Ng and Schneider, 2006 )
. Codex Group # Codex Commodity Name Current EPA Group # Proposed

EPA Group # EPA Commodity Name
023 C olza, see rape seed 99 20 Rapeseed 023 C olza, Indian, see mustard seed, field 99 20 Rapeseed 023 C otton seed 99 20 C otton, undelinted seed 023 F lax
- seed, see linseed 99 20 F lax, seed 023 L inseed 99 20 F lax, seed 023 Mustard seed 19 20 Mustard, seed 023 Mustard seeds  19 20 Mustard, seed 023 Mustard seed, field* 99 20 Rapeseed , seed 023 Mustard seed , Indian1* 19 20 Mustard, seed 023 N iger seed 99 20 N iger seed , seed

 Duplicated commodities.78

Codex Group # Codex Commodity Name Current EPA Group # Proposed

EPA Group # EPA Commodity Name
023 P oppy seed * 19 20 P oppy, seed 023 Rape seed 99 20 Rapeseed, seed 023 Rape seed, Indian, see mustard seed, field* 99 20 Rapeseed 023 S afflower seed 99 20 S afflower , seed 023 S esame seed 99 20 S esame, seed 023 S unflower seed 99 20 S unflower, seed NA NA NA 20 Borage NA NA NA 20 Castor oil plant NA NA NA 20 Chinese tallowtree NA NA NA 20 Crambe NA NA NA 20 Cuphea NA NA NA 20 Echium NA NA NA 20 Euphorbia NA NA NA 20 Evening primrose NA NA NA 20 Gold of p leasure NA NA NA 20 H are's ear mustard NA NA NA 20 Jo joba NA NA NA 20 Lesquerella NA NA MA 20 Lunaria NA NA NA 20 Meadowfoam NA NA NA 20 Milkweed NA NA NA 20 O il radish NA NA NA 20 Rose hip NA NA NA 20 Rose hip NA NA NA 20 Stokes aster NA NA NA 20 S weet rocket NA NA NA 20 T allowwood NA NA NA 20 Tea oil plant NA NA NA 20 Vernonia 023 B en moringa seed 99 Tropical/ subtropical B en moringa seed 023 C oconut, see Group 022: Tree nuts 99 Tropical/ subtropical C oconut 023 D esert date, see Group 005: A ssorted tropical and sub
-tropic 99 Tropical/ subtropical D ate, dried fruit 023 D rumstick tree seed , see ben moringa seed 99 Tropical/ subtropical B en moringa seed 023 Groundnut, see peanut 99 Other group t o be determined P eanut
023 H orseradish tree seed , see ben moringa seed 99 Tropical/ subtropical Ben moringa seed 023 K apok 99 Tropical/ subtropical K apok , oil 023 O live, see Group 005: Assorted 99 Tropical/ O live79

Codex Group # Codex Commodity Name Current EPA Group # Proposed

EPA Group # EPA Commodity Name tropical and sub
-tropical subtropical 0 23 P ala nut 99 Tropical/ subtropical P alm, oil 023 P eanut 99 Other group to be determined P eanut
023 P eanut, whole* 99 Other group P eanut 023 S hea nuts 99 Tropical/ subtropical S hea butter tree 023 S oya bean ( dry), see Group 015: P ulses 06 Legume veget ables S oybean, seed

TOLERANCE EXPRESSION GUIDANCE :
Until the Federal Register Notice is issued revising the Crop Group Regulation to establish the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 with three Crop subgroups the commodities approved for the crop group and s ubgroups will have to be listed as separate commodities at the same tolerance level. This also applied to the new Crop subgroups, the individual commodities will have to be listed separately with each at the same tolerance level. When ChemSAC approve s th e new Oilseed crop group 20, the Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency

Response Branch (RIMUERB) of the Registration Division can immediately

implement the new Crop Group and Crop Subgroups with new tolerance expressions located in the Section F submi ssions
. The seven tolerance expression examples will provide an expedited way to establish tolerances in or on oilseed crops, especiall y for new reduced risk pesticides, without requiring additional residue data for all the crops noted. This will create a practice in the United States which is already formalized in Canada and promote international harmonization. Several tolerance expression examples for guidance purposes for use by RIMUERB and HED reviewers will be listed below: Example 1 . What is the tolerance expression for the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 ? Answer to Example 1: The tolerance expression for the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 will be “ Oilseed group 20 .”80 Example 2. What is the correct Section F tolerance expression for the three new Oilse ed Crop Group Subgroups ? Answer to Example 2: The tolerance expression for the eight Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group subgroups is as follows:
Name of Crop Subgroup Tolerance Expression for the Crop Subgroup Rapeseed subgroup 20A Rapeseed subgroup 2 0A Sunflower subgroup 20B Sunflower subgroup 20B Cottonseed subgroup 20 C Cottonseed subgroup 20C Example 3 : How will the Crop group and subgroups appear in the Federal Register for the proposed crop group regulation [40CFR 180.41(c)]? This example i s for the Field and External Affairs Division (FEAD) use in preparing the new Federal Register Regulation. The example follows the same format as the current Crop Grouping Regulation Federal Register Notice (FR 60, No.95, 5/17/95, 26626
- 26643). Answer t o Example 3: “Crop Group 20 : Oilseed Crop Group. (i) Representative commodities. Rapeseed, canola varieties onl y; sunflower, and cottonseed, undelinted seed. (ii) Table. The following Table 1 lists all the commodities listed in Crop Group 20 and identifies the related crop subgroups and includes cultivars and/or varieties of these commodities
. TABLE 1
- Crop Group 20 : Oilseed Crop Group Commodities Related crop subgroups Borage , Borago officinalis (L
. ) 20A Castor oil plant , Ricinus communis (L.) 20B Chines e tallowtree , Triadica sebifera (L.) Small 20B Cottonseed , Gossypium spp.L
. 20C Crambe, Crambe hispanica L. ; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr. 20A Cuphea, Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth 20A Echium, Echium plantagine um L 20A Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L
. 20B Evening primrose , O enothera biennis (L.) 20B81

Commodities Related crop subgroups Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum L. 20A Gold of p leasure , Camelina sativa L. Crantz 20A H are's ear mustard , Conringia orientalis Dumort. 20A Jojoba, Simmo n dsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid
. 20B Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) S. Watson 20A Lunaria, Lunaria annua L. 20A Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Hartw. Ex Benth. 20A Milkweed, Asclepias spp. L
. 20A Mustard seed , Brassica hirta , spp. 20A Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (L .f. ) Cass. 20 B O il radish , Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers 20A Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum L. s ub sp. somniferum 20A Rap e seed , Brassica spp.; Brassica napus L. 20A Rose hip , Rosa rubiginosa L. 20B Safflower , Carthamus tinctorious L. 20B Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. ; Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn. 20A Stokes aster, Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene 20B Sunflower , Helianthus annuus L. 20B S weet rocket , Hesperis matronalis L. 20A T allowwood , Ximenia americana L. 20B Tea oil plant, Camellia oleif era C. Abel 1 20B Vernonia, Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. 20B (iii) Table. The following Table 2 identifies the crop subgroups for Crop Group 20 , specifies the representative commodities for each subgroup and lists all the commodities included in each sub group. TABLE 2
- Crop Group 20 : Subgroup Listing Representative commodities Commodities S ubgroup 20 A: Rapeseed subgroup. Rapeseed, canola varieties only. Borage , Crambe , Cuphea , Echium, Flax seed , Gold of pleasure , Hare's ear mustard , Lesquerella , Lunaria, Meadowfoam , Milkweed, Mustard seed , Oil radish , Poppy seed , Rapeseed, Sesame, Sweet rocket, cultivars and/or hybrids of these
. S ubgroup 20 B: Sunflower
. Sunflower
. Castor oil plant , Chinese tallowtree , Euphorbia , Evening primrose/common , Jojoba , Nige r seed , Rose hip , Safflower , Stokes aster, Sunflower, Tallowwood , Tea oil plant , Vernonia
. S ubgroup 20 C: Cottonseed subgroup. Cotton, undelinted seed
. Cotton seed82
Example 4 : How will Iexpress the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Regist er Notice is final for the Oilseed crop group 20, fo r example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. A ll the new proposed commodities will have to be listed separately from the crop group tolerance and at the same level as the crop group
. Answer to Example 4: Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Borage , seed 1.5 Castor oil plant , seed 1.5 Chinese tallowtree, seed 1.5 Cotton, undelint ed seed 1.5 Crambe, seed 1.5 Cuphea, seed 1.5 Echium, seed 1.5 Euphorbia, seed 1.5 Evening primrose, seed 1.5 Flax, seed 1.5 Gold of p leasure , seed 1.5 H are's ear mustard , seed 1.5 Jojoba, seed 1.5 Lesquerella, seed 1.5 Lunaria, seed 1.5 Meado wfoam, seed 1.5 Milkweed, seed 1.5 Mustard, seed 1.5 Niger seed, seed 1.5 Oil radish, seed 1.5 Poppy , seed 1.5 Rapeseed, seed 1.5 Rose hip, seed 1.5 Safflower, seed 1.5 Sesame, seed 1.5 Stokes aster, seed 1.5 Sunflower, seed 1.5 Sweet rocket, s eed 1.5 Tallowwood, seed 1.5 Tea oil plant, seed 1.5 Vernonia, seed 1.5 Cultivars and/or hy

brids of those above commodities83 Example 5 : How will Iexpress the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Register Notice is final for the Rapeseed subgroup 20 A for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. Answer to Example 5 for the Rapeseed su bgroup 20 A: Commodity Parts pe r million (ppm) Borage, seed 1.5 Crambe, seed 1.5 Cuphea, seed 1.5 Echium, seed 1.5 Flax, seed 1.5 Gold of p leasure, seed 1.5 H are's ear mustard, seed 1.5 Lesquerella, seed 1.5 Lunaria, seed 1.5 Meadowfoam, seed 1.5 Milkweed, seed 1.5 Mustard, seed 1.5 Oil radish, seed 1.5 Poppy, seed 1.5 Rapeseed, seed 1.5 Sesame, seed 1.5 Sweet rocket, seed 1.5 Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities Example 6 : How will Iexpress the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Regist er Notice is final for the Sunflower subgroup 20B, for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. Answer to Example 6 for the Sunf lower su bgroup 20 B : Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Castor oil plant, seed 1.5 Chinese tallowtree, seed 1.5 Euphorbia, seed 1.5 Evening primrose, seed 1.5 Jojoba, seed 1.5 Niger seed, seed 1.5 Rose hip, seed 1.5 Safflower, seed 1.5 Stokes aste r, seed 1.5 Sunflower, seed 1.5 Tallowwood, seed 1.5 Tea oil plant, seed 1.5 Vernonia, seed 1.5 Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities84

Example 7 : How will Iexpress the tolerances on an interim basis until the Federal Register Noti ce is final for the C ottonseed subgroup 20C, for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm? This example will be useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to prepare tolerance tables. Answer to Example 7 for the Cottonseed su bgroup 20C : Commodity Parts per million (ppm) Cotton, undelinted seed 1.5

EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY FOR THE OILSEED CROP GROUP : The following terms for the oilseed commodities will be incorporated to the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Database (http://www.epa.govopp/foodfeed). The Table below is identical to the current Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary format. A search of the lookup terms will link to the EPA preferred tolerance/commo dity term , and the Base crop/Animal term is the specific crop animal terms associated with the preferred term. The tolerance terms for oil , and meal are not listed in this Table, th ey will be the same as the preferred term without the seed, and for exampl e the correct meal term for crambe is crambe, meal. Until the Federal Register Notice for the Crop Group is final, the Crop Group designation on each term will be listed as no crop group or crop subgroup and given the crop group 99 for the present.

E PA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY SEARCH LOOKUP TERM FOR OILSEED COMMODITIES PREFERRED TOLERANCE TERM BASE CROP/ANIMAL TERM Borage; Borage, seed; Seed, borage; Beebread; Beeplant; Talewort; Borraja; Common borage; Borage, common; Bourrache; Bouragem; Boretsch; Starflower; Gurkenkraut Borage, seed Borage

Canola; Canola, seed; Seed, canola; Edible oil rape; Rape, edible oil Canola, seed Canola Castor, oil plant; Oil, castor; Castorbean; Koli; Pa’aila; La’au
- ’aila; Palma christi; Wonder tree; Higueril la; Ricin; Herba Castor oil plant, seed Castor oil plant85

SEARCH LOOKUP TERM FOR OILSEED COMMODITIES PREFERRED TOLERANCE TERM BASE CROP/ANIMAL TERM mora; Castor bean; Bean, castor; Castor; Ricino; Rizinus; Kasterolieboom; Tick hemp; Mbono; Gulo; Bedanjir; Kiewa; Ruvuka; Eranda; Mahung; Pi
- ma ; Castor oil plant, seed Chinese tallow tree; Tallowtree, Chinese; Popcorntree; Candleberry
-tree; Tree, candleberry a suif; Boire; Arbol del sebo; Chinesischer talgbaum; Florida aspen; Popcorn tree ; Chinese tallowtree, seed Chinese tallowtree, seed Chinese tallowtree
Cottonseed; Cotton, seed; Seed, cotton; Cotton, undelinted seed; Undelinted seed, cotton; Cotton; Algodonera; Algodon; Algodociro Americano; American
Egyptian ; American pima cotton; Brazilian cotton; Egyptian cotton; Gallini cotton; Cotton, gallini; Kidney cotton; Peruvian cotton; Pima cotton; S ea island cotton; Extra
- long staple cotton; Long
- staple cotton; Cottonseed oil; Upland cotton ; American cotton; American upland cotton; Bourbon cotton; Cotton, bourbon; Brazilian cotton; Hawaiian cotton; Short
staple cotton ; Arabian cotton;, Lecant cotton; Levant cotton; Cotton, levant; Coton velu; Cotton des Indes occidentals; Oak leaf cotton; Short staple cotton; Maltese cotton; Syrian cotton; Tree cotton Cotton, undelinted seed Cottonseed

Crambe; Crambe, seed; Seed, crambe; Colewort; Krambe; Abyssium kale ; Crambe, seed Crambe, seed Crambe Cuphea; Waxweed; Mexican heather ; Cuphea, seed Cuphea, seed Cuphea Echium; Echium oil; Salvation Jane; Pattersons curse; Purple vipers bugloss; Patersons curse; Riverina bluebell; Blueweed; Purple buglosa; Purple bugl oss; Sonaja ; Echium, seed Echium, seed Echium

Euphorbia; Leafy spurge ; Euphorbia, seed Euphorbia, seed Euphorbia Evening primrose, common; Common e vening primrose; Onagre; Onagra; Nachtkerze; German rampion; Tufted evening primrose ; Evening primrose, see d Evening primrose, seed Evening primrose
Flax seed; Seed, flax; Flaxseed; Solin; Linsed; Saatlein; Linho; Linseed oil; Oil, linseed; Lino; Lin; Lein; Flachs; Linaza ; Flax, seed Flax, seed Flax86

SEARCH LOOKUP TERM FOR OILSEED COMMODITIES PREFERRED TOLERANCE TERM BASE CROP/ANIMAL TERM Gold of p leasure ; F alse flax ; L inseed dodder ; Big seed fals e flax; Leindotter; Camelina; Camelina pilosa; Tea oil camellia ; Gold of pleasure, seed Gold of pleasure, seed Gold of pleasure

Hare’s

–ear mustard; Mustard, hare’s

–ear; Hare's
- ear cabbage ; Orientalischer akerkohlnelt ; Hare’s ear mustard, seed; Hare’s ear mustard Hare’s ear mustard, seed Hare’s ear mustard
Jo joba ; Goatnut ; Deernut ; Bucknut; Pignut ; Jo joba, seed Jo joba, seed Jo joba Lesquerella; Bladderpod ; Fendler’s bladderpod ; Lesquerella, seed Lesquerella, seed Lesquerella Lunaria; Honesty; Mongviole; Annual honesty; Honesty, annual; Moneyplant; Silver penny ; Lunaria, seed Lunaria, seed Lunaria
Meadowfoam ; Meadowfoam, seed Meadowfoam, seed Meadowfoam Milkweed; Common milkweed; Milkweed, common; Virginia silk; Algodoncillo; Silky swallowwort; Herbe a l a ouate; Seidenplanze Butterfly milkweed; Milkweed, butterfly ; Milkweed, seed Milkweed, seed Milkweed

Mustard, seed; Seed, mustard; Yellow mustard; Mustard, yellow ; Mustard , seed , Indian; Indian mustard seed; Seed, Indian mustard; Mustard seed; Brown must ard; Mustard, brown; Oriental mustard; Mustard, oriental; Mustard, seed, field; Field mustard seed; Seed, field mustard; Brown sarson; Sarson, brown; Toria; Indian rape; Rape, Indian; Mustard, seed, black; Black mustard seed; Seed, black mustard Mustard, s eed Mustard

Niger seed; Seed, Niger; Nug; Neuk; Noog; Noug; Ramtil; Niger thistle; Abiscini negrillo; Ramtilla; Nigerseed; Nigersaat; Kalatil; Karala; Sarguia; Nigrt; Niger pea ; Niger seed, seed Niger seed, seed Niger seed

Oil Radish; F odder radish ; Radi sh, fodder; Radis fourrage; Rabano oleaginosor ; Oil radish, seed Oil radish, seed Oil radish Poppy seed; Seed, poppy; Poppy, seed; Opium poppy; Oeillette papoula; Schlafmohn; Dormideira Poppy, seed Poppy Rapeseed, seed; Seed, rapeseed; C olza, Colsat Rap eseed, seed Rapeseed Rose hip ; Hip. Rose; Sweetbrier rose ; Shakespeare's rose ; Eglantine rose ; S weet Rose hip, seed Rose hip87

SEARCH LOOKUP TERM FOR OILSEED COMMODITIES PREFERRED TOLERANCE TERM BASE CROP/ANIMAL TERM Briar ; Sweetbriar; Sweetbrier; Wilderoos ; Rose hip, oil Safflower; Safflower, seed; Seed, safflower; False saffron; Cartamo Saffl ower, seed Safflower Sesame; Sesame seed; Seed, sesame; Benne; Benneseed ; Beniseed ; Simsim ; Sesamo ; Sesame oil ; Oil , sesame; Ellu; Sesam ; Aj onjoli Sesame, seed Sesame
Stokes aster; Aster, stokes; Cornflower aster; Aster, cornflower ; Stokes aster, seed St okes aster, seed Stokes aster Sunflower; Sunflower, seed; Seed, sunflower; Sunflower seed oil; Oil, sunflower seed; Hopi sunflower; Sunflower, hopi; Girasol; Polocote; Girasole; Sunseed; Sunoil; Sunmeal Sunflower, seed Sunflower

S weet rocket ; D ame's
- viol et ; D ame's rocket Damesviolet , Violette; Garden rocket; Damastbloem; Dammask violet ; Sweet rocket, seed Sweet rocket, seed Sweet rocket
Tallowwood; T allow nut s; F alse sandalwood ; Monkey Plum ; Tallow Nut ; Tallownut ; Seaside Plum ; Hog plum tree ; Blue sour p lum; Hai tan mu; Mutoywo; Mtundakula; Madarau; Miehtta ; Tallowwood, seed Tallowwood, seed Tallowwood

Tea oil plant; Oil, tea plant; Lu s han s now ; Camellia ; Himalayan ; Oltee; Abura

– tsubaki ; Tea oil plant, seed Tea oil plant, seed Tea oil plant Vernonia; Ironweed; Vernonia oil ; Vernonia, seed Vernonia, seed Vernonia88

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Figure 1. T ypical Seed Pods of Canola Ty pical for the Proposed Rapeseed Subgroup.105

Fi gure 2. Comparison of Dietary Fats of Various Oilseed Crops.106107

Figure 3. Harves ted Cotton Acres in 2002 Ag Census.108

Figure 4. Harvested Sunflower Seed (Oil Varieties) Acres in 2002 Ag Census.109

Figure 5. Harvested Sunflower Seed (Non
- Oil Varieties) Acres in 2002 Ag Census.110

Figure 6. Harvested Canola Acres in 2002 Ag Census.