Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Hartwell Area 

Battle Road Unit 

Minute Man National Historical Park 

I. Inventory Status 

A. Completion 

Level I 

Level II 

Level III 

Date 1995 

Date 1995 

Date 

B. Inventory Included a Site Visit: Yes 

II. General Landscape Information 

A. Property Level 

1. Landscape 

2. Component Landscape 

B. Site Name 

1. Historic: Hartwell Farm 

Recorder David Uschold 

Recorder David Uschold 

Recorder 

2. Current: Bloody Angles, Hartwell Area 

C. CLI Number 

D. Associated CLI Number(s) 

I. Landscape: 

2. Component Landscape(s) 

E. Site Identification 

1. Park Alpha Code: MIMA 

2. Sub-Unit: Battle Road Unit 

3. Management District/Subdistrict: Bloody Angles/ Hartwell Area 

4. Tract Number: 02-106 thru 108, 02-110 thru 122, 02-124, 02-130, 02-131, 02-

133, 02-135, 02-137, 02-139, 02-140, 02-143, 02-145 thru 155, 02-158, 02-159, 02-

161 thru 166, 02-168, 03-101 thru 104, 03-106 thru Ill, 03-125, 03-128, 03-129 

thru 144, 03-148 thru 151, 03-154, 03-159 thru 162, 03-165, 03-167, 03-173, 03-

179. 

5. Region: Northeast Field Area 
6. State: Massachusetts 

7. County: Middlesex 

F. Site Location: 

1. USGS Quad: Concord 

2. Other: The Minute Man National Historical Park (MIMA) is located 

approximately 15 miles northwest of Boston. It contains three separate units totalling 

1040 acres and stretches approximately 5 miles from Concord to Lexington. The 

Battle Road Unit consists of approximately 800 acres along Route 2A from Concord, 

through Lincoln to Lexington. The Hartwell Area is a component landscape of the 

Battle Road Unit, centrally located within the unit and within the town of Lincoln. 

G. Cultural Landscape Boundary Description: The Hartwell Area extends the length of the 

Battle Road that diverges from Route 2A from its intersection at Old Bedford Road to its 

intersection with Virginia Road (see fig. 1). On the west is the Brooks Farm area and on the 

east is the Paul Revere area. The Hartwell Area extends to the park boundaries on the north 

and south. 

H. Boundary UTMs 

I. Cultural Landscape Size: approximately 210 acres 

J. Cultural Landscape Description: The Hartwell Area is centrally located along the Battle 

Road Unit of MIMA and contains a combination of historic structures and contemporary 

residences within a completely forested setting. Several roads traverse the area including 

Route 2A, Old Bedford Road, Bedford Lane, and Virginia Road. The Hartwell Area includes 

sites with archeological potential, three historic structures, a network of historic stone walls, 

and fifteen contemporary residences. The historic structures and contemporary homes are 

uniformly surrounded by areas of maintained grass lawn. The remainder of the Hartwell 

Area is forest. 

In addition to having the Battle Road traverse the Hartwell Area it can be described as having 

four identifiable areas of documented historic significance: Bloody Angles, the Hartwell sites, 

and the William Smith site. Bloody Angles, at the intersection of Old Bedford Road and 

Virginia Road, was an area that witnessed intense fighting during the 

Running Battle. The Ephriam Hartwell Tavern and the Samuel Hartwell site were both 

occupied by Hartwells on April 19, 1775. The William Smith House at the east end of the 

Hartwell Area was the home of a captain in the Colonial militia (see fig. 2). 

As noted Bloody Angles was the scene of intense fighting between the Minute Men and the 

British Regulars. The Concord Road bends at what is now the intersection of Old Bedford 

Road and Virginia Road creating the "Angle" where the Minute Men where able to attack the 

Regulars as the rounded the bend. The area surrounding the bend is completely wooded 

having been allowed to experience successional forest growth. Eight contemporary homes 

exist within this wooded area along Old Bedford Road and Virginia Road. 

East of Bloody Angles on Virginia Road is the Ephriam Hartwell Tavern. The Ephriam 

Hartwell Tavern, constructed in 1732, has been restored by the NPS and is open to the public 

for interpretation to the public (see fig. 4). A wayside with an interpretive plaque is at the 

front of the site. The area immediately surrounding the Tavern is open grass lawn. A row of 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

large maples stands in front of the Tavern and stone walls border the sides and rear. A small 

pasture enclosed by stone walls and split.rail fencing stands on the Tavern's east side. The 

pasture holds livestock as part of the NPS interpretive program for the park (see fig. 5). The 

McHugh Barn is located at the rear of the Tavern. The barn is a 1939 structure constructed 

on an 1820 foundation (see fig. 6). 

The Samuel Hartwell site, historically the houselot of the Samuel Hartwell farm, is the site of 

the foundation and chimney of the farmhouse. The house was a constructed around 1693 and 

destroyed by a fire in 1968. A shelter constructed by the NPS now protects the remains of 

the house and mimics its original size and shape (see fig. 7). The shelter is surrounded by an 

area of maintained grass lawn fronting Virginia Road. The sides and rear of the lawn area 

are bordered by successional forest. A combination of stone wall and split-rail fence stands 

along the front of the site. A wayside with an interpretive plaque is at the front of the site. 

The William Smith House, a post-1693 construction, is located at the east end of the area 

where Virginia Road meets Route 2A. The house has been restored by the NPS and is set on 

the top of a small knoll in an area maintained as open grass lawn. A retaining wall within the 

lawn approximately one foot high and thirty feet long curves around the north corner of the 

house (see fig. 8). The lawn area extends to Virginia Road and has a picnic area by the road. 

A dirt drive connects Route 2A with the house and a row of Norway Spruce border the west 

side of the drive (see fig. 9). An interpretive plaque stands at the front of the house. 

In addition to the Samuel Hartwell site the Mason site is an area with potential archeological 

significance. The Mason site, a farmstead in 1775, is located between Bloody Angles and the 

Hartwell Tavern on Virginia Road. The area is now completely forested and investigation has 

been limited and no features have been located. 

In addition to the historic structures the Hartwell Area has a high concentration of stone 

walls. The walls surround the houselots, line the roads and extend through the woods in 

areas historically planted as agricultural fields. 

In general the Hartwell Area is a rural residential area within a successional forest. The area 

contains several historic and contemporary structures, a vast network of stone walls and is 

traversed by several secondary roads and a major highway (see fig. 10). 

K. Cultural Landscape Contexts 

1. Physiographic: The Hartwell Area is a mostly flat plateau at approximately 210 

feet above sea level. The plateau drops down along the northern edge of the area. 

Most of the area is successional forest. 

2. Political : The Hartwell Area is within the town of Lincoln and is within the 5th 

and 7th congressional districts. 

3. Cultural: The Hartwell Area maintains a mostly rural character within a suburban 

surrounding. The majority of the area is forested with residential development within 

the park boundaries. 

L. Assessment of Overall Condition of Landscape 

3 
Cullural Landscape Inventory 

1. Good 

2. Fair 

3. Poor 

4. Unknown 

M. Assessment of Overall Level of Impact Severity 

1. Severe 

2. Moderate 

3. Low 

4. Unknown 

N. Immediate Threats to Landscape 

1. Impending Development 

2. Release to Succession 

3. Adjacent Lands 

4. Unknown/Other: Development and successional forest growth has occurred, but 

no immediate threats exist within this area. 

0. Adjacent Lands are Determined Contributing to the Significance of the Landscape and are 

included in the Inventory 

1. Yes 

2. No: Much of the surrounding land historically was agricultural but very little 

remains so today. Some development has taken place hut the largest change is the 

successional forest growth within the agricultural fields. The adjacent lands are 

discussed within this CLI but they are not inventoried. 

3. Undetermined 

4 
III. Location Map 

z 

"" ... 

c. "' 

"' 0 

... 

0 

-.. 

:r: 

<II 

c 

0 

<II 

z 

c 

<II 

:::E 

Q) 

-:I 

c 

:::E 

0 

. ! - . 1 

0 

z 

0 

0 

= 

! -.'. ·' ·. ;>"' ' 

; 

Figure 1: Minute Man National Historical Park (MIMA ACMP VI, 1987). 

5 

0 

"' 0 

" z 

0 

" 

Cultural lAndscape I nvemory 
Cultural Landscape Invenlory 

IV. Site Plan 

Figure 2: Hartwell Area, MIMA, 1996 (MIMA ACMP V3, 1986; OCLP overlay, 1996). 

6 
Cullural Landscape Inventory 

V. Period Plan 

LEGEND 

WIUDOW &:C!f-. 

--

Figure 3: 1775 Base Plan, Hartwell Area (Malcolm, 1985). 

7 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

VI. Historical Information 

A. Landscape Type 

1. Designed 

2. Vernacular 

3. Historic Site: The Hartwell Area, as part of the Battle Road Unit of Minute Man 

NHP, is significant for its association with the American Revolution. Specifically, the 

Hartwell Area was one of several component landscapes along the Battle Road that 

witnessed the Running Battle, as the Colonial Minute Man forced the British Regulars 

to retreat toward Lexington at the outbreak of the American Revolution. 

4. Ethnographic 

B. Land Use 

1. Historic: Small-scale agriculture. 

2. Current: The Hartwell Area currently is maintained as part of the Minute Man 

NHP. The area is interpreted as part of the site and setting of the Running Battle, 

with waysides at the Ephriam Hartwell Tavern, Samuel Hartwell site and William 

Smith House. Limited residential development also has occurred within the Hartwell 

Area. 

C. Chronology 

pre1635 

pre1700 

ca.1693 

post1693 

ca.1733 

1754 

1756 

1775 

ca.1830 

1938 

1939 

1959 

1967 

1968 

1985 

1986 

Native American habitation. 

First Colonial settlement. 

Samuel Hartwell house constructed. 

William Smith house constructed. 

Ephriam Hartwell Tavern constructed. 

Lincoln incorporated as a town. 

Ephriam Hartwell licensed as an Inn Keeper. 

Running Battle and Outbreak of American Revolution. 

McHugh barn constructed. · 

McHugh barn destroyed by hurricane. 

McHugh barn reconstructed on original foundation. 

Designation of area as Minute Man NHP. 

NPS acquires Hartwell property. 

Samuel Hartwell house destroyed by fire. 

William Smith house restored. 

Samuel Hartwell shelter constructed. 

D. Site History: The Hartwell family first settled in Middlesex County from 

Buckingharnshire, England in the 1640s. Samuel Hartwell Sr., a son of the original settlers, 

acquired land along the road between Lexington and Concord, in an area that eventually 

would become the Lincoln township. He constructed a house around 1693 on the Concord 

Road (Battle Road). His house would eventually become known as the Sergeant Samuel 

Hartwell House, after his grandson (son of Ephriam Hartwell) who inherited the farm in 

8 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

1769.' The Samuel Hartwell Jr. farm consisted of approximately 20 acres: a 10-acre parcel 

north of the road containing the house and outbuildings and 10 acres south of the road. The 

houselot contained Samuel's house, barn and blacksmith shop. 

At some point soon after 1693 William Smith, a Captain of the Lincoln company of minute 

men, constructed a house and established a 120-acre farm at the east end of the Hartwell 

Area. This farm has been documented to have contained a house (extant), two barns, 

plowland, mowing, pasture, woodland, and an orchard (see fig. 11). The area between the 

Smith house and the Samuel Hartwell site was pasture and the area to the east of the Smith 

house was part pasture and part orchard. Another orchard stood behind the house. A 

network of stone walls served to separate and enclose the fields and orchards. One of the 

barns seems to have been located east of the house.2 

Ephriam Hartwell, Samuel Sr.'s youngest son, was given 18 acres of Samuel's land, on which 

he built a house in 1733. Samuel Sr. died in 1774, leaving the remainder of his land to 

Ephriam upon his widow's death. Ephriam obtained an innkeeper's license in 1756 and began 

operating his house as an inn (see fig. 12). 3 

Ephriam 's inn, which was probably known as Hartwell Inn, eventually became known as 

Hartwell Tavern although no evidence of serving food and drink has been found. It is clear 

that Ephriam must have had several other structures on his property to serve the needs of both 

his farm and his inn. Tax records document a large number of livestock that would have 

needed shelter, adding to the need for additional structures. A wood house and well are 

mentioned in historic documentation! 

On April 18, 1775 the British began a march from Boston to Concord. It was their intention 

to locate and destroy the colonists store of ammunitions believed to be held in Concord. On 

that morning, colonists Paul Revere and William Dawes rode to Concord to warn the town of 

the approaching British. The two were stopped by British scoutsjust east of the Hartwell 

Area. Revere was held but Dawes escaped and the word of the British troops approaching 

was spread throughout the area. The skirmishes between the Minute Men and the British 

2 

3 

4 

Malcolm, Joyce Lee. Historic Grounds Report, Minute Man National Historical Park. Boston, 

National Park Service, NESO, 1985, p56. 

Historic Grounds Report, Hartwell Tavern, MlMA, 1972, p57. 

Malcolm, Joyce Lee. Historic Grounds Report, Minute Man National Historical Park. Boston, 

National Park Service, NESO, 1985, p56. 

U.S. Department of the Interior. Archeological Collections Management at Minute Man National 

Historical Park, Volume 1. Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, 

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Boston, MA, 1987, p56. 

Malcolm, Joyce Lee. Historic Grounds Report, Minute Man National Historical Park. Boston, 

National Park Service, NESO, 1985, p58. 

9 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Regulars began the next day, April 19th, at the North Bridge in Concord from which point 

the Minute Men forced the British back along the Concord Road. The first exchange of shot 

took place at Meriam's Corner beginning the Running Battle. From Meriam's Corner the 

Running Battle progressed east through the Hartwell Area where heavy fighting took place at 

a bend in the road now known as Bloody Angles (intersection of Old Bedford Road and 

Virginia Road), one of the most significant locations associated with the Running Battle. At 

this curve in the road, the surrounding landscape combined stone walls, agricultural land, tree 

cover, and glacial erratics. During the Running Battle, this bend and adjacent landscape 

provided the Colonial Minute Men with a strategic opportunity to attack the British as they 

slowed to round the bend during their retreat toward Lexington. The Minute Men used the 

cover to conceal themselves against the passing British, making this location the scene of 

some of the day's fiercest fighting. 

After the war in 1777 John Hartwell, Ephriam's son and an officer in the local militia, took 

over the management of the tavern. He continued to operate the property as an inn until 

1787. Ephriam died in 1793, leaving the tavern and its surrounding 68 acres to John.' The 

property then became known as the Deacon John Hartwell Farm. During John's tenure, the 

neighboring Mason farm was added to the Hartwell property. John died in 1820 leaving his 

property to his son John Hartwell Jr. During his tenure a barn (known as the McHugh barn) 

was constructed behind the tavern around 1830. The entire Hartwell farm was sold out of the 

Hartwell family in 1873, ending a 140 year holding. 

After the Hartwell family tenure the property passed through many ownerships. In 1938 the 

McHugh barn was destroyed by a hurricane and rebuilt on the original foundation later that 

year. The Samuel Hartwell house was used as a restaurant during the beginning of the 20th 

century. Referred to as the Hartwell Inn (as was Ephriam 's 18th-century establishment) the 

house had a large addition on its west end at this time (see fig. 13). Minute Man National 

Historical Park was established in 1959 incorporating much of the Hartwell area. The NPS 

acquired a portion of the Hartwell property in 1968. The Samuel Hartwell house burned that 

same year. In 1985 the NPS restored the William Smith house and in 1986 constructed the 

Samuel Hartwell shelter. 

E. National Register Status 

5 

l. Landscape is Listed on the National Register 

a. Landscape Documentation is 

l. Adequate 

2. Inadequate: The Hartwell Area was listed on the National 

Register in 1966 with its designation as a National Historical Park. A 

Register form for all three units of the entire Minute Man NHP (North 

Bridge, Wayside, Battle Road) was filled out in 1981. The form 

never officially signed or entered on the National Register 

U.S. Department of the Interior. Archeological Collections Management at Minute Man National 

Historical Park, Volume J. Division of Cultural Resources, North Atlantic Regional Office, 

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Boston, MA, 1987, p56. 

10 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

concentrates on the park's buildings and structures and does not 

describe the surrounding landscape. 

The current nomination form for the Battle Road Unit should be 

revised and completed. The Hartwell Area should remain under the 

canopy of the larger Battle Road Historic District. It is the 

combination of several contiguous areas, such as the Hartwell Area, 

along the battle. Road that combine to preserve the historic setting of 

the Running Battle. 

b. Dates of Documentation: 

1. National Register Nomination Form: 1981 

2. Amendment to NR Nomination: 

2. Landscape is Not Listed on National Register and is Determined Potentially 

Significant Based on the Findings of (highlight choice) 

a. Level I - CLI 

b. Level II - CLI 

3. Landscape has been determined eligible by SHPO. Date: __ 

4. Landscape has been determined of No Potential Significance based on the findings 

of: 

a. Level I - CLI 

b. Level II - CLI 

F. National Register Classification: 

1. District: The entire Minute Man NHP should be listed as a historic district, 

containing several component landscapes such as Meriam's Corner and the Hartwell 

Area. 

2. Site 

3. Multiple Property 

4. Undetermined 

G. National Register Significance Level 

1. National 

2. State 

3. Local 

4. Contributing 

5. Undetermined 

H. National Register Significance Criteria: 

1. A: Association with an Important Event 

2. B 

3. c 

4. D 

5. Undetermined 

I. Historical Context 

1. American Revolution. 

11 
----

Cultural Landscape Inventory 

2. 18th-century agricultural settlement patterns in New England (potential). 

J. Statement of Significance: The Hartwell Area is significant under National Register 

Criterion A: Association with an important event, the American Revolution. The Hartwell 

Area is one of several component landscapes that combined to create the site and setting of 

the Running Battle at the outbreak of the American Revolution. 

As the British troops retreated from their confrontation with the Minute Men at the North 

Bridge in concord, the first shots of the Running Battle took place at Meriam's Corner. The 

Running Battle progressed east from Meriam's Corner as the Colonial Minute Men forced the 

British retreat. 

The Minute Men used the agricultural setting to their advantage allowing them success in 

forcing the British retreat. The agricultural fields, stone walls, and, in the Hartwell Area, 

Bloody Angles provided cover and opportunity for the Minute Men to attack the British. 

Bloody Angles in particular was the scene of intense fighting. The period of significance for 

the Hartwell Area is the day of the Running Battle, April 19, 1775. Additional areas of 

significance may be identified with further research. 

K. National Historic Landmark Status 

NO Date: Theme: 

L. World Heritage Site Status 

NO Date: 

M. List of Primary Contributing Features 

Battle Road 

Bloody Angles 

Joseph Mason site 

Ephriam Hartwell Tavern (LCS# 00931) 

McHugh barn (contributing in character)(LCS# 40029) 

Foundation at Ephriam Hartwell site (LCS# 40251) 

Samuel Hartwell site (LCS# 00930) 

Foundation/cellar at Samuel Hartwell site (LCS# 40252) 

William Smith house (LCS# 06553) 

Stone wall network (LCS# 40189-40193) 

N. List of Noncontributing Features 

Route 2A 

Contemporary homes (15) 

Forest growth 

12 
Cullural Landscape Inventory 

VI. Potential Ethnographic Value 

A. Ethnographic Survey has been conducted 

1. Yes: Ethnographic Values Identified: 

a. Restricted Information 

b. Unrestricted: 

2. No: Values potentially exist, but unidentified. 

B. List Groups potentially associated with landscape historically and/or currently: 

C. Description of known Ethnographic Value: Undetermined at this time. 

13 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Vll. Documentation 

A. Overall Assessment of Documentation of the Cultural Landscape 

1. Good 

2. Fair 

3. Poor 

B. Documentation Checklist: (add date of document's completion and highlight its adequacy 

for addressing the cultural landscape) 

General Management Plan, 

1989. 

Development Concept Plan 

Resource Management Plan 

Historic Resource Study 

Historical Base Map, 1985. 

Land Protection Plan 

Report 

Focus is the entire park, but 

does address some specific 

issues at the Hartwell Area. 

The Scene of the Battle, 

1775, Malcolm. A very 

thorough historical 

background, but limited 

information on individual 

landscape feature. Does 

include somewhat conjectural 

1775 base maps of the entire 

park. 

14 

Comments Adequately 

Address Landscape ? 

NO 

NO 
Special Resource Study 

Administrative History, 1985. 

Cultural Landscape Report, 

1993. 

Historic Grounds Report, 

Hartwell Tavern, 1972. 

Historic Structure Report, 

Hartwell Tavern, 1975. 

Archeological Survey, 

Hartwell Tavern, 1981. 

Archeological Report 

A Management Plan to 

Balance Cultural and Natural 

Resources, University of 

Massachusetts. Addresses the 

park as a whole but does 

cover specific issues at the 

Hartwell Area at a conceptual 

level. 

C. Graphic Documentation 

1. Topography - existing/needed 

2. Boundary - existing/needed 

3. Site Plan -existing/needed 

15 

Cultural Landscape Inventory 

NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 

NO 
VIII. Management 

A. Management Category 

1. A-Must be Preserved 

2. B-Should be Preserved 

3. C-May be Preserved 

4. D-May be Released/altered/destroyed 

5. Not Specified 

B. Approved Treatment 

1. Preservation '· · 

Completed? 

yin 

2. Stabilization 

3. Rehabilitation 

4. Restoration (selective) 

5. Reconstruction 

6. Neglect 

7. Destruction 

8. Undetermined 

yin 

yin 

NO 

yin 

yin 

yin 

C. Management Agreement (highlight choice(s)) 

1. Concession Contract 

2. Cooperative Agreement 

3. Special Use Permit 

4. Lease (Historic Property) 

5. Interagency Agreement 

6. Memorandum of Agreement 

7. Memorandum of Understanding 

8. Other: 

D. NPS Legal Interest 

1. Fee 

2. Less-than-fee: 

a. Preservation Easement 

b. Development Easement 

c. Other 

3. Fee Simple Reservation 

a. Life Tenancy 

b. Period Tenancy 

4. None: 

a. Private 

b. Other Federal Agency 

c. Local Government 

E. Public Access to Site 

16 

Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Document Date 

GMP, 1989 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

1. Unrestricted 

2. With Permission 

3. Other Restrictions 

4. No Access Currently 

17 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

IX. Analysis and Evaluation 

The Hartwell Area, centrally located within the Battle Road Unit of MIMA, is one of several 

component landscapes that when combined create the site and setting of the start of the American 

Revolution. Today the National Park Service manages and interprets the Hartwell Area 

(approximately 210 acres) as part of the rural agricultural setting of the Running Battle. The Running 

Battle, the first exchange of shots in the war, began at the Meriam House at the west end of the Battle 

Road Unit. The battle progressed east through Bloody Angles and the Hartwell farms on April 19, 

1775. Bloody Angles was the location of some of the fiercest fighting that took place during the 

Running Battle. 

At the time of the battle, in 1775, the stretch of the Battle Road extending through the Hartwell Area 

was surrounded by agricultural lands and a few scattered farmsteads. The land adjacent to the curve 

that would be called Bloody Angles was characterized by fields and meadows bordered by stone walls 

and scattered tree cover. While these features allowed the Minute Men to conceal themselves the area 

had an open character allowing views to surrounding fields. East of Bloody Angles were the inn and 

three farmsteads that maintained fields in the area: the Ephriam Hartwell Inn, Joseph Mason, Samuel 

Hartwell, and William Smith farms. 

Today, the Bloody Angles area has become completely overgrown with successional forest. The area 

is no longer used for agriculture but many of the stone walls that divided the fields are extant. No 

features of the Mason Farm have been located and the site could be researched through archeology. 

The Ephriam Hartwell Tavern is extant and, as a resource itself, retains high integrity. Its 

surrounding landscape, historically agricultural, has become successional forest. One adjacent field 

remains intact east of the tavern. The field is maintained for livestock as part of the park's 

interpretive program. The 19th-century McHugh barn is the tavern's only extant farm structure. 

Only the foundation and central chimney of the Samuel Hartwell house are extant and contained 

within a shelter constructed to replicate the frame of the original house. Its surrounding landscape 

also has become overgrown with successional forest. At the east end of the Hartwell Area, the 

William Smith House is extant and retains high integrity. Its landscape is maintained as an open grass 

lawn, with no documented historic features extant. 

The character of the Hartwell Area has changed drastically since 1775. In 1775 the Hartwell area 

had a very open agricultural character of farmsteads with small agricultural fields and orchards 

separated by stone walls. It had views and vistas to the larger surrounding landscape. The 

agricultural fields and views no longer exist, however, many features from 1775 are extant. The 

most significant feature, the Battle Road, is extant and retains some of its character. The Ephriam 

Hartwell Tavern, Samuel Hartwell foundation, and William Smith house also are extant. Much of the 

stone wall network is also extant. The major difference in the area since the historic period is the 

loss of the agricultural land to successional forest growth. 

Contemporary additions to this area have been extensive although their effects have been masked by 

the forest growth. Unlike the other component landscapes of the Battle Road Unit, the improvement 

of Route 2A has not greatly detracted from the historic character of the Hartwell Area. The addition 

of Route 2A into this area is less obtrusive since it does not follow the path of the Battle Road. 

18 
Cultural Landscape I11ventory 

However, as many as 13 contemporary homes exist within the area. These residences exist along 

Route 2A, Old Bedford Road, Virginia Road and Bedford Lane. 

19 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

X. Bibliography 

A. NRID#: 

B. HABS#: 

C. HAER#: 

D. ASMIS#: 

E. Sources: (include CRBIB#, DSCrflC# if available) 

XI. Supplemental Information 

20 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Figure 4: Ephriam Hartwell Tavern (OCLP, 1996). 

21 
Cull ural Landscape l nvelllory 

Figure 5: Pasture adjacent to Hartwell Tavern (OCLP, 1996). 

22 
Cullural Landscape [nVt?ntory 

Figure 6: McHugh Bam (OCLP, 1996). 

23 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Figure 7: Samuel Hartwell house shelter (OCLP, 1996). 

24 
Cullural Landscape [.,ventory 

-- -r-:- -~ . 

Figure 8: William Smith House (OCLP, 1996). 

25 
~-. 

Figure 9: William Smith House (OCLP, !996). 

26 

' r 

.. 

'· 

Cullural Lant#cape Invemory 

.. ,, 

'-li 

j 

' . ' : 

I 

y 

:. .. -~. --· ."-:_? 
Cullural Landscape Inventory 

Figure 10: Hartwell Area stone walls (OCLP, 1996). 

27 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Figure 11: William Smith House, ca.!936 (SPNEA). 

28 
Cullural Landscape Inventory 

Figure 12: Epbriam Hartwell Tavern, date unknown, prel959 (SPNEA). 

29 
Cultural Landscape Inventory 

Figure 13: Samuel Hartwell house (Hartwell Inn), ca.1935 (SPNEA). 

30