National bureau ot btandards MAR 6 194^
The program of research on building materials and structures, carried on by the

National Bureau of Standards, was undertaken with the assistance of the Central Housing Committee, an informal organization of governmental agencies concerned with

housing construction and finance, which is cooperating in the investigations through a committee of principal technicians.

CENTRAL HOUSING COMMITTEE

ON RESEARCH, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION

Howard P. Vermilya, Vice Chairman.

Federal Housing Administration.

Sterling R. March, Secretary.

A. C. Shire, Chairman.

United States Housing Authority.

Pierre Blouke,

Federal Home Loan Bank Board.

Hugh L. Dryden,

National Bureau of Standards.

Louis A. Simon,

Public Buildings Administration.

Luther M. Leisenring,

Construction Division (War).

Edward A. Poynton,

Ofiice of Indian Affairs.

John S. Donovan,

Farm Security Administration.

George W. Trayer,

Forest Service (F. P. Laboratory).

Joseph M. DallaValle,

Public Health Service.

George E. Knox,

Yards and Docks (Navy).

William R. Talbott,

Veterans' Administration.

Wallace Ashby,

Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

STAFF COMMITTEE ON ADMINISTRATION AND COORDINATION

Hugh L. Dryden, Chairman.

Mechanics and Sound.

Phaon H. Bates, Gustav E. F. Lundell,

Clay and Silicate Products. Chemistry.

HoBART C. Dickinson, Addams S. McAllister,

Heat and Power. Codes and Specifications.

Warren E. Emley, Henry S. Rawdon,

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Metallurgy.

The Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service is cooperating with both

committees on investigations of wood constructions.

[For list of BMS publications and directions for purchasing, see cover page iii]
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Jesse H. Jones, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • Lyman J. Briggs, Director

BUILDING MATERIALS

and STRUCTURES

REPORT BMS64

Solar Heating of Various Surfaces

by

HERMAN V. COTTONY and RICHARD S. DILL

ISSUED JANUARY 23, 1 94 1

The National Bureau of Standards is a fact-finding organization;

it does not "approve" any particular material or method of construction. The technical findings in this series of reports are to be construed accordingly.

i

)

i

1 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • WASHINGTON • I94I

I FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, D. C. • PRICE lO CENTS
Foreword

Methods of improving comfort conditions in homes during warm

weather were investigated in connection with the low-cost housing

program at the National Bureau of Standards, and this report presents one phase of this subject. During this study, the temperatures

attained by various surfaces exposed to the sun and weather, as if upon a roof, were observed. Heating by sunlight and cooling by

radiation to the sky at night of several paints and commonly used

roof coverings can be compared directly by means of the results

obtained.

Other factors affecting summer comfort in dwellmgs, such as the

effectivenesses of various insulating materials in the ceiling and of

window shades and blinds of several kinds, will be treated in other

reports.

Lyman J. Briggs, Director.

["]
Solar Heating of Various Surfaces

by HERMAN V. COTTONY and RICHARD S. DILL

CONTENTS

Page Page

Foreword n m. Specimens and test equipment 2

I. Introduction 1 ly. Results 4

II. Test procedure 2

ABSTRACT

Measurements were jnade on the temperatures at- tained by a number of painted and other surfaces ex- posed to the sun, and it was found that surfaces covered

with white or light-colored paint remained cooler under

this condition than those covered with dark paint. A

surface covered with glossy wh ite paint was cooler than

any other tried, while one covered with flat white paint was nearly as cool. A lampblack surface was the warmest of the surfaces

tried, and one covered with green trim paint was nearly

as warm. The temperature attained by surfaces painted with

various shades of gray, yellow, and ivory paint fell be- tween those reached by the white and the green surfaces. Three colors of commercial roll roofing material

aluminum, green, and red—were tried, and all attained temperatures practically as high as the green or the lampblack surfaces. A surface covered with aluminum foil was cooler than

another covered with aluminum paint but was consider- ably warmer than the white painted surfaces.

All the surfaces were shown to be cooled below the ambient air temperature on clear nights by radiation to the sky. The surfaces covered with house paints were

all cooled about the same amount under this condition,

regardless of color, and they were cooled more than the

other surfaces tried, whereas the aluminum foil-covered surface was cooled the least.

I. INTRODUCTION

In connection with the researches of the National Bureau of Standards on low-cost housing, a simple apparatus was constructed and

used to investigate the relative absorption of

heat from the sun by several materials or surfaces which are or might be used on roofs. The

practical importance of this problem to anyone

interested in keeping houses cool in summer is

shown by the fact that under some conditions

surfaces exposed to the sun have been observed

to be more than 60 degrees F warmer than the

air above them.

Two properties, among others, are known to influence the temperature to which surfaces are heated by radiant heat from the sun. One is the absorption coefficient for sunlight, and the

other is the ability of the surface itself to radiate

heat. A black surface absorbs nearly all the

radiant heat falling upon it. Black surfaces

exposed to the sun attain higher temperatures

than most surfaces of other kinds under the same conditions.

A surface capable of emitting long-wave

radiation (radiant heat) will remain cooler

when exposed to the sun than another surface

which is similar with the exception that it emits less of such i^adiation. A surface must be

permitted to attain a materially higher temperature than its surroundings if this phenomenon

is to be of importance. For example, the surfaces of tanks containing water, gasoline, or other liquids will in many cases be cooled by the

liquid behind them, so that ability of the sur- face to radiate heat is unimportant. It is unlikely that any house, wall, or roof falls within

this category.

For the purposes of these tests, 17 materials

or surfaces, each 10 inches square, were arranged on a board and exposed to sunlight. As all the

surfaces were arranged in substantially the same way, it was assumed that the maximum

temperature attained by each sample was a measure of its tendency to impart heat to a house on which it might be used as a covering.

268335°—41 [1]
II. TEST PROCEDURE

The procedure consisted in exposing the

panel bearing the test surfaces to sunhght

during each of 5 days. Observation began at 8

a. m. and continued until 4 p. m. The test panel faced south in all cases. Tests were made

with the panel at inclinations of 90, 60, 45, and

30 degrees from the horizontal. Temperatures

of the various surfaces and of the air were observed at intervals of 30 minutes.

III. SPECIMENS AND TEST EQUIPMENT

The paints selected for the tests were ready

mixed and were purchased in the open market.

The manufacturers furnished formulas for the

paints used as follows

Glossy white: %byweight

Basic carbonate white lead 20 Basic sulfate white lead 11 Zinc oxide 19 Titanium magnesium pigment 16

Total pigment 66

Linseed oil 31 Japan drier 3

Total vehicle 34

Flat white: White lead (basic sulfate) 22

Zinc oxide 40 Magnesium silicate 8

Total pigment 70

Linseed oil 11 Drier 4 Mineral spirits 15

Total vehicle 30

Ivory: White lead carbonate 19 White lead sulfate 15 Zinc oxide 27 Magnesium silicate 7

Total pigment 68

Linseed oil 29 Japan drier 3

Total vehicle 32 The paint is tinted with yellow ochre.

Canary yellow: % by weight Basic lead carbonate 20 Basic lead sulfate 14 Zinc oxide 27 Magnesium silicate 6

Total pigment 67

Linseed oil 30 Japan drier 3

Total vehicle 33 The paint is tinted with chrome yellow.

Pearl gray: Basic lead carbonate 15 Basic lead sulfate 17 Zinc oxide 26 Magnesium silicate 6

Total pigment 64

Linseed oil 32 Japan drier 4

Total vehicle 36 The paint is tinted with ivory drop black and ultramarine blue.

Silver gray: Basic lead carbonate 19 Basic lead sulfate 15 Zinc oxide 26 Magnesium silicate 6

Total pigment 66

Linseed oil 31 Japan drier 3

Total vehicle 34 The paint is tinted with raw umber and

lampblack.

Light lead: Basic lead carbonate 19 Basic lead sulfate 15 Zinc oxide 26 Magnesium silicate 6

Total pigment 66

Linseed oil 31 Japan drier 3

Total vehicle 34 The paint is tinted with lampblack and

ultramarine blue.

[2]
Slate: % >>V weight Basic lead carbonate 12 Basic lead sulfate 17 Zinc oxide - 27 Magnesium silicate 8

Total pigment - 64

Linseed oil ' 32 Japan drier 4

Total vehicle 36 The paint is tinted with ultramarine blue and lampblack.

Medium green (trim color)

CP. Chrome green 14 Magnesium silicate 13

Total pigment 27

Linseed oil 46 Tung oil 5 Japan drier 11 Turpentine 5 Mineral spirits 6

Total vehicle 73 The black paint for the test was made of lampblack and

shellac in alcohol. The apparatus is shown in some detail in

figure 1. The test surfaces were mounted on

the sheet of K-inch plywood shown, and the

whole set-up, mounted on trunnions, could be

adjusted to any desired inclination.

A copper-constantan thermocouple system was used for surface temperature measurexruints.

A thermocouple junction was placed in the

center of each test surface. Thermocouple

wires were secured to the surface for at least 5 inches from each junction. In the case of the

painted sui'faces, the wires were laid in shallow

grooves in the plywood and held there by small

staples. The paint was applied over wires and

staples. In the case of the three panels covered

with roofing roll, the wires were laid in grooves

in the asphalt coating just underneath the slate surfacmg. The roofing roll samples were tacked

to the plywood panel at intervals of 2 to 3 inches, sufficiently close to prevent formation of airpockets under them. For the panels covered by galvanized iron and alummum foil, the

thermocouples were attached to the wood surface. The galvanizcd-iron sheet was tacked

securely over the wires. The aluminum foil was secured to the plywood board over the wires

by shellac. The temperature of the air was measured by

a mercury-in-glass thermometer suspended in

the shade in the vicinity of the test panels.

The wind conditions prevalent during this

series of tests varied from still to light breezes.

No corrections were made for changes in wind

intensity during the course of the test, but the

results of tests during which the wind was too strong or gusty or during which the incident

Figure 1.—View of the apparatus and

arrangement of the test surfaces.

[3]
r

solar riidiation was varying- rapidly because of clouds were disregarded.

A Leeds & Northrup type K potentiometer was used for measuring thermocouple electro- motive forces. IV. RESULTS

Table 1 shows the observed average differ- ence between the surface temperature and the

ambient an- temperature for each material or

sm'face tested. Table 2 contains the same data

but in a different form. Here the difference

between sm'face temperature and air temperature for the lampblack coafcmg is arbitrarily

called 100, and the air-to- surface temperature

differences for the other materials are altered

proportionately.

Table 1.

Daily mean rise in temperature in degrees

Fahrenheit of test panels exposed to the sun

Date (1939)

Panel inclination from horizontal

Black flampblack) Galvanized iron Roofing shingle, aluminum

Roofing shinele, green Roofing shingle, red Aluminum foil White road-marking paint Aluminum paint Glossy irhite paint

Flat white paint Ivory paint Canary-yellow paint

Pearl-gray paint

Silver-gray paint Light lead paint

Slate paint Medium-green paint (trim color)

Aug.

2 Aug.

3 Aug.

1 July31 Aug.7

90° 90° 00° 45° 30° °F °F °F op op

20.9 21.0 37.4 46.3 48.5

in. 1 15.3 28.1 32.0 37.7

19.4 20.2 34.

1

40.7 41.6

19. 5 20. 7 33.3 41.3 43.4

21.5 23.1 37.2 44.8 46.0

9.8 8.3 15.0 17.3 19.7

12.3 12.

1

19.7 22.9 24.7

14.6 14. 5 24.4 29.0 29.3

8.9 7.9 12.

1

13.0 15.5

9.1 8.3 13,2 15.6 17.2 10.2 9.3 14.9 16.8 19.2 10.9 10.4 16.7 19.2 21.6

13.3 13. 7 20.3 24.3 25.6

13.9 14.2 20.3 24.6 26.3

15.

1

15. 2 22.9 27.4 29. 7 16.8 17.

1

26. 7 32.4 35.4 20.4 20.5 35.3 42.7 46.3

The air-to-surface temperature difference for a surface has been called the temperature rise of the surface and the results show that if the sun intensity varies, the temperature rise of any surface is a fairly constant fraction of the

temperature rise of the lampblack surface. It should therefore be possible to "rate" another

surface material in terms of the ratio of its temperature rise to that of a lampblack surface.

Table 2 shows that some roofing materials were heated ahnost as much as the black

surface. There appears to be little differ- ence between roofing felts of different colors. Although the roofing felt painted with aluminum paint was the coolest of the three roofing

felts tested, the difference between them was

smaU and of the order of the uncertainty of

measurement.

Table 2.

Relative rise in temperature of test panels

exposed to the sun

[Black taken as 100]

Date (1939)

Panel inclination from horizontal

Black (lampblack) Galvanized iron Roofing shingles, aluminum

Roofing shingles, green Roofing shingles, red .-_ Aluminum foil White road-marking paint Aluminum paint

Glossy white paint

Flat white paint Ivory paint Canary-yellow paint

Pearl-gray paint

Silver-gray paint Light lead paint

Slate paint Medium green (trim color)

Aug

2

7793

93

103

47

59

70

43

44

49

52

6467

7280

98

Aug

3

100

73

Aug

1

100

75

9189

100

40

5365

3235

3045

54

54

61

7194

July

31 Aug.

7

100

41

5160

3135

4045

53

54

61

7396

Alummum foil was undoubtedly the best re- flector of all the surfaces tested, but it proved

to be less effective than either of the two white

wall paints from the standpoint of coolness.

This is not as surprising as it may seem at first because the aluminum foil has very poor emissivity at long wavelengths, whereas the paints

are comparatively good radiators and can emit

much heat by radiation.

Alimiinmn paint was definitely inferior to aluminum foil and to most of the house paints.

The aluminum paint used in the test was fresldy

made. Spar varnish was used as the vehicle.

No attempt was made to test aluminum paint

made with other vehicles. Values other than

those obtained are possible if amyl acetate or some other vehicle is used in the alimiinum

paint.

The paints gave fairly uniform results. The

surface which remained coolest was that covered

with glossy white paint. This surface had a temperature rise of about one-third as much as the black surface. Flat white paint produced

the second coolest surface, v/ith a temperature

rise only slightly higher than that covered \\ath

glossy white paint. Darker paints tried pro- duced warmer surfaces. The different shades

of gray produced the warmest surfaces of all the house wall paints tested. The one trun

color tested, a medium green, produced the

4]

I
warmest surface of all the paints. This surface attained nearly the same temperature as

the black surface.

The results indicate in general tliab the relative heating by the sun of different house

paints can be foretold approximately by the

darkness of the paint because practically all house paints radiate heat at about the same

rate at long wavelengths, whereas the darker

colored paints absorb a higher percentage of

the radiation from the sun. The fact that the surface covered with green

trun paint was warmed by the sun more than

that covered with gray paint and nearly as much as the black surface is of interest because

green and similar dark colors are frequently

used on shutters. If shutters are habitually

closed for protection against the sun at midday,

a lighter color might be more desirable.

Aletallic aluminum foil was less effective as a production against sun than white paint,

but if the conditions were such that heat absorbed was rapidly conducted away, as for example in the case of a gasoline storage tank,

the loss of heat by radiation would become less important, since the rise in temperature in the

latter case is small, and a good reflector, such

as aluminum foil, might be the more valuable

because the reflecting property and not the

ability of the surface to reradiate heat could

have the predominating influence.

Of the roofing surfaces the plain galvanized

iron proved to be the coolest, although not

particularly cool. The more common felt roofing rolls covered with crushed slate were found

to be almost as warm as the black surface even when the coloring of the granules was aluminum paint. This is as one would expect because a roughened surface is a good absorber of

radiant energy.

No tests were made on stained wood shingles,

but, on the basis of the results obtained from

the tests of paints, it is expected that they

would be little, if any, cooler than the roofing

rolls. The results of the tests indicate that the best

surface for protection against heat from the sun would be some smooth covering painted

white. This would unquestionably be an unusual practice and moreover, frequent repainting would pro])ably be necessary to maintain

the eft'ectivencss of the surface.

In addition to the above, as an incidental

study, measurements of the surface temperatures when the surfaces were in the horizontal

position were made at night. It was expected

that the radiation to the clear night sky by the

surfaces would reduce the surface temperatures

below the air temperature. The temperature

of the black panel and of all the surfaces covered

with house paints dropped to a point nearly

13 degrees F. below the air temperature. The

aluminum foil surface was the warmest, being

about 7 degrees F. below the air temperature,

while the temperatures of the surfaces with

aluminum paint, traffic road paint, and galvanized iron were about 11 degrees F. below

the air temperature. These observations have

no direct bearing on the protection against

solar heat but are of interest in connection

with insulation of houses against loss of heat

in winter. In general, surfaces which were good radiators of energy at long wavelength were the coolest at night.

The observations on the night cooling of the

siu-faces by radiation to the sky are not by any means complete, but they indicate that, at

least in the case of roofs, the radiation of heat

to the sky may reduce the surface temperature

considerably below the air temperature and

hence slightly increase the loss of heat from

the house at night. The materials used in this

investigation were new, and the surfaces were

clean when the observations were made. The

results, therefore, contain no information on what the relative effectivenesses of the various

surfaces in resisting heating by the sun would

be after a period of use during which corrosion

or soiling occurred. Oxidation of the aluminum-foil surface or of the galvanized-iron surface, for instance, would render them less effective in resisting heating by the sun during

the day and would cause them to cool more

rapidly by radiation at night. Soiling of the

white painted surfaces would have a similar

effect on them.

Washington, July 22, 1940.

o

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

On request, the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

D. C, will place your name on a special mailing list to receive notices of new reports in this

series as soon as they are issued. There will be no charge for receiving such notices. An alternative method is to deposit with the Superintendent of Documents the sum of $5.00,

with the request that the reports be sent to you as soon as issued, and that the cost thereof be charged against your deposit. This will provide for the mailing of the publications without

delay. You will be notified when the amount of your deposit has become exhausted.

If 100 copies or more of any paper are ordered at one time, a discount of 25 percent is allowed. Send all orders and remittances to the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D. C.

The following publications in this series are available by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents at the prices indicated:

BMSl Research on Building Materials and Structures for Use in Low-Cost Housing 10(4 BMS2 Methods of Determining the Structural Properties of Low-Cost House Constructions lOji BMS3 Suitability of Fiber Insulating Lath as a Plaster Base 10(4 BMS4 Accelerated Aging of Fiber Building Boards 10^ BMS5 Structural Properties of Six Masonry Wall Constructions 15(4 BMS6 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Southeastern States 15)4 BMS7 Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS8 Methods of Investigation of Surface Treatment for Corrosion Protection of Steel 100 BMS9 Structural Properties of the Insulated Steel Construction Company's "Frameless-Steel"

Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs 10(4 BMSIO Structural Properties of One of the "Keystone Beam Steel Floor" Constructions Sponsored by the H. H. Robertson Co 100 BMSll Structural Properties of the Curren Fabrihome Corporation's "Fabrihome" Constructions

for Walls and Partitions 100 BMS12 Structural Properties of "Steelox" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, Floors, and Roofs

Sponsored by Steel Buildings, Inc 150 BMS13 Properties of Some Fiber Building Boards of Current Manufacture 100 BMS14 Indentation and Recovery of Low-Cost Floor Coverings 100 BMS15 Structural Properties of "Wheeling Long-Span Steel Floor" Construction Sponsored by

Wheeling Corrugating Co 100 BMS16 Structural Properties of a "Tilecrete" Floor Construction Sponsored by Tilecrete

Floors, Inc 100 BMSl7 Sound Insulation of Wall and Floor Constructions 100 BMS18 Structural Properties of "Pre-Fab" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by the Harnischfeger Corporation 100 BMS19 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes 150 BMS20 Structural Properties of "Twachtman" Constructions for Walls and Floors Sponsored

by Connecticut Pre-Cast Buildings Corporation 100 BMS21 Structural Properties of a Concrete-Block Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association 100 BMS22 Structural Properties of "Dun-Ti-Stone" Wall Construction Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn

Manufacturing Co 100 BMS23 Structural Properties of a Brick Cavity-Wall Construction Sponsored by the Brick

Manufacturers Association of New York, Inc 100 BMS24 Structural Properties of a Reinforced-Brick Wall Construction and a Brick-Tile CavityWall Construction Sponsored by the Structural Clay Products Institute 100 BMS25 Structural Properties of Conventional Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions,

Floors, and Roofs 150 BMS26 Structural Properties of "Nelson Pre-Cast Concrete Foundation" Wall Construction

Sponsored by the Nelson Cement Stone Co., Inc 100 BMS27 Structural Properties of "Bender Steel Home" Wall Construction Sponsored by The

Bender Body Co 100 BMS28 Backflow Prevention in Over-Rim Water Supplies 100

[List continued on cover page iv]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page iii] BMS29 Survey of Roofing Materials in the Northeastern States 10)4 BMS30 Structural Properties of a Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Douglas

Fir Plywood Association 10^ BMS31 Structural Properties of "Insulite" Wall and "Insulite" Partition Constructions Sponsored by The Insulite Co 15(4 BMS32 Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. lOji BMS33 Plastic Calking Materials 10(4 BMS34 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 10^4 BMS35 Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10(4 BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions with

"Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co lOjJ BMS37 Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes 10(4 BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co . 10(4 BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 10(4 BMS40 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored

by Knap America, Inc 10(4 BMS41 Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 10(4 BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Corporation 10(4 BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 10j4 BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 10^ BMS45 Air Infiltration Through Windows 10^ BMS46 Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co 10(4 BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 10(4 BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame Wall and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 10^4 BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 10(4 BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10(4 BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Co 10^ BMS52 Effect of Ceiling Insulation Upon Summer Comfort 10(4 BMS53 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick" Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 10^ BMS54 Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 10^ BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls lOji BMS56 A Survey of Humidities in Residences 10^ BMS57 Roofing in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire 10(4 BMS58 Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 100 BMS59 Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 10(4 BMS60 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building

Bricks Produced in the United States 15(4 BMS61 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete Wall Constructions 10(4 BMS62 Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by the Portland Cement Association 10(4 BMS63 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 10(4 BMS64 Solar Heating of Various Surfaces 10(4