# Attachment 2

Displacement of Fossil based Energy Using Biomass Energy

1.0 Biomass Energy for processing crude pa lm oil (CPO) at the palm oil mill

The average power consum ption from turbine for per tonne of CPO is 2 

# 101 kW h (363.6

MJ) as show n in Table 1 (power from turbine).

This power f r om the turbine is a r e n e wable ener gy source. I n the palm oil m ills pre ssed

m e socarp fi bre and shell are us ed as fuel in the boiler and are burnt to produce heat to

convert water into steam as shown in Table 1 2 

# (Boiler fuel: shell and m e socarp fi bre).

This s t eam is then used to run a turbine wh ich g e nerates e l ec tric ity f o r

the m illing p r o c ess

and the wh ole m ill co mpound. If this renew a bl e en ergy source is not availab l e, the

m illing proc ess will h a v e to use the elec tricity f r o m the Gr id or d i ese l po wered gene r a tor

set. In this m a nner the use of this renewable energy in th e p a lm oil m ills displac e s th e use

of fossil based energy from the grid.

The press e d m e socarp fibre and s h ell are ac tually waste s f r om the FFB which are

recycled as boiler fuel. The press e d m e socarp fi bre is th e w a ste after oil has been pressed

out of the m e socarp of the fruit. The shell is the outer layer of the nut which when

cracked pro duces kernel and shell. Kernel wi ll be shipped to kernel crushing plants to

extra c t crud e palm kernel oil while shell is a waste. However in the p a lm oil m ill these

wastes are considered very valuable by produc ts which serve as an energy source for the

m ill. Due to the ex isten c e of these b y -products , the palm oil m ills are very self sufficient

producing their own energy to operate and also to supply energy to the surrounding

estates in so m e cases. The load to p r oduce el ectric ity using f o ssil f u el sources has been

taken off from the environm ent and at the sam e tim e the load to tr eat the recycled am ount

of pressed mesocarp fibre and shell has been removed from the environm ent.

1

# 1.1 Displacement of fossil based Energy to Process CPO for the year 2009

As m e ntioned above the palm oil m ills will hav e to use either the electricity from the grid

or diesel to generate power for processing CPO if the b i o m ass energy is not available.

The am ount of fossil energy displaced in th e year 2009 for processing CPO is as shown

in Table 2. In 2009 the amount of CPO produced: 17.56 m illion tones.

Table 2: Displacemen t of Fossil En ergy to pro cess CPO

Displacement of Electricity from the

Grid Displacement of Diesel

101 kW h/tonne CPO * 17.56 m illion tones

CPO = 1774 m illion kWh is disp laced

This equals to

1774 m illio n kW h * 4 

# 0.000594 tCO 2 

# eq/

kW h = 1.05 m illion t CO2 eq 363.6 MJ / tonne CPO * 17.56 m illion

tonnes CPO = 6385 m illion MJ is dis p laced

6385 m illio n MJ/ 1 

# 39.6 MJ/L diesel = 161

m illion L diesel

This equals to

161 m illion L * 4 

# 0.00268 t CO2 eq/ L

= 431,480 t CO2 eq

W ith the use of biom ass energy in th e palm oil mills,

1.05 m illion tones CO2 eq is saved (if the m ill w ill have to u s e Electr icity from the Grid

without the biom ass energy)

431,480 tones CO2 eq is saved (if the m ill will have to use Diesel to g e nerate Electricity

without the biom ass energy)

2

# 1.2 Displacement of fossil based fuels for pr oduction of process stream in the year

2009.

In the palm oil m ills s t e a m is an importan t element in the p r ocessing of CPO. Steam is

used f o r steriliza tion of the oil palm f r uitlets. At the palm oil m ills the steam that ha s

passed th rou gh the tu rbine to gene ra te electric ity is sto r ed a t a back press u re re ceiver tank.

This steam now which is at a lower pressure is used fo r the sterilization or cooking

process. Here this steam is recycled and th e load to produ ce steam again for this p r ocess

has been taken off from the environm ent.

The average steam consum ption for sterilization is 2 

# 2.59 t per tonne of CPO as shown in

Table 1 (s team for sterilization)

3 

# Specific heat of water = 4.186 J/ g oC

3 

# Latent Heat of vaporization = 2261 J/g

Water tem p eratu r e = 25 oC

In the year 2009, the steam required,

2.59 t steam/ t CPO * 17.56 m illion t CPO = 45.5 m illion t steam

The Energy required to p r oduce 45.5 m illion tones of steam

,

{4.55 x 10 13 

# g * (100 oC -25 oC) * 4.186 J/g} + {4.55 x 10 13 

# g * 2261 J/g}

= 117000 million MJ

The Energy needed to produce the steam woul d have eith e r com e f r om the Electric ity

f r om the Grid or Dies el if the ste a m wa s not produced with the biom ass energy or

recycled. Since the steam is recycled this am ou nt of energy is displaced is shown in Table

3.

3

# Table 3: Displacemen t of Fossil En ergy for Stream Production

Displacement of Electricity from the

Grid Displacement of Diesel

117000 m illion MJ / 1 

# 3.6 MJ/ kWh =

32500 m illion kW h

This equals to

32500 m illion kW h * 4 

# 0.000594 tCO 2 

# eq/

kW h = 19.3 m illion t CO 2 

# eq 117000 m illion MJ / 1 

# 39.6 MJ/L diesel =

2954 m illio n L diesel

This equals to

2954 m illio n L * 4 

# 0.00268 t CO 2 

# eq/ L

= 7.9 m illion t CO 2 

# eq

W ith the us e of biom ass energy in the palm oil m ills to produce steam and due to the

recycling of the steam

,

19.3 m illion tonnes CO 2 

# eq is saved ( i f the m ill will hav e to u s e Elec tricity f r om the Grid

without the biom ass energy)

7.9 m illion tonnes CO 2 

# eq is s a ve d (if the m ill will h a v e to use Diesel to gen e rate

Electricity without the biom ass energy)

2.0 Conclusion

The recyclin g of biom ass as boiler fuel as we ll as the recycling of steam displaces larg e

am ounts of fossil fuels m a inly el ectricity and diesel use.

4

# 3.0 Referen ces

1) IOR Energy Pty L t d (2008). E ngineering Conversion Factors.

http://www.ior.com

. au/ecflist.htm l

2) Vijaya Subram ania m. (2008). Environm enta l Perform a nc e of the Milling process of

Malays ian Palm Oil Using the Lif e Cycle Assessm ent Approach. Am erican Journal of

Environm ental Scien ces 4 (4):310-315.

3) W a terencyclopedia. (2008). Fresh wate r, Physics and Chem istry of wa ter.

http://www.watercyclopedia.com / En-Ge/Fresh-Water-Physics- and-Chem istry-of.htm l

4) W i sions Sustainable Energy Support Pr ogram SEPS. Ba seline Calculations.

http://www.wisions.net/Download-Date ien/CO2BaselineCalculation_new.pdf (2009)

52Table 1: Palm Oil Milling Inventory DataPalmOilMill123456789101112MillTypePLPLPRPRPLPLPLPLPLPLPLPRProcessingCapacity(t/hr)203040404545505060657090Fuel FlowRate(t/hr)2.503.505.604.504.885.006.005.907.507.5013.0011.00Fuel Ratio Fibre:ShellSteam output(t/hr)10.0014.0022.5017.5019.0018.0024.0023.5030.0030.5052.0042.50Environmental InputsFresh fruit bunch(t)4.935.075.345.485.274.675.475.104.674.674.875.39Power fromturbine (kWh)98.59101.38106.73109.57105.4893.41109.34101.9193.4893.4697.36107.71Power from Grid(kWh)2.001.990.180.252.950.000.000.000.000.000.000.10Diesel forMillUse (L)2.1701.291.982.922.862.452.124.473.374.510.38Diesel forVehicles in Mill(L)0.280.152.602.960.843.541.081.253.403.410.682.100.130.270.220.140.200.060.140.130.110.110.360.07Boiler fuel : Shell(t)MesocarpFibre(t)0.510.630.520.570.470.580.550.520.430.430.550.60Boiler waterconsumption (t)2.503.642.922.792.662.352.882.542.102.143.642.55Steam forSterilization (t)2.463.292.772.632.642.342.842.552.102.103.162.53Steam to turbine(t)2.503.642.922.792.662.352.882.542.102.143.642.55Waterconsumption forprocess t)3.422.953.483.793.673.263.683.573.513.473.663.38Environmental OutputsKernel(t)0.390.410.430.440.420.370.440.410.370.370.390.43MesocarpFibre(t)0.080.000.120.090.160.000.100.090.130.130.040.05Shell(t)0.220.090.150.240.170.260.240.230.220.220.000.31EmptyFruit1.131.171.231.261.211.071.261.171.081.071.121.246Bunch (t)Palm Oil MillEffluent (t)2.963.043.203.293.162.803.283.062.802.802.923.23Methane formPOME pond(m3)53.8355.3558.2759.8257.5951.0059.7055.6451.0451.0353.1658.81CO2formPOMEpond (m3)28.9929.8131.3832.2131.0127.4632.1529.9627.4827.4828.6231.67BoilerAsh(t)0.010.020.020.020.020.010.020.020.010.010.010.02Flue gas from stackParticulateMatter (kg)0.070.150.110.130.140.130.150.150.160.170.450.70CO(kg)0.020.050.060.050.060.060.060.060.070.070.140.13CO2(kg)13.7443.4756.8757.3956.0660.7260.7059.4167.9968.81161.2142.18SOx(kg)0.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0030.003NOx(kg)0.040.080.120.100.090.110.100.090.100.100.200.25WastesEFBMulchingMulchingShreddedfor fuel useMulchingMulchingMulchingMulchingMulchingMulchingMulchingMulchingMulchingPOMETreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreated&sold asfertilizerTreated&DischargedTreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreatedforfertilizeruseTreated&dischargedExcessMesocarpFiber& ShellSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelSold asfuelBoiler ashLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplicationLandApplication7