# Patent

## Title
Protein complex, bispecific antibody including the protein complex, and method of preparation thereof

## Abstract

A protein complex comprising a first polypeptide comprising a first antigen-binding region; a second polypeptide comprising a second antigen-binding region; and
a linker connecting the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, wherein the first antigen-binding region is a single stranded polypeptide comprising a first light chain antigen-binding region and a first heavy chain antigen-binding region, the second antigen-binding region is a single stranded polypeptide comprising a second light chain antigen-binding region and a second heavy chain antigen-binding region, and the linker connects the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, and comprises a tag including a cleavable amino acid sequence at one terminal or both terminals of the linker; as well as a bispecific antibody derived from the protein complex, and related compositions and methods.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0073358, filed on Jun. 25, 2013, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2013-0073361, filed on Jun. 25, 2013, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY
Incorporated by reference in its entirety herein is a computer-readable nucleotide/amino acid sequence listing submitted concurrently herewith and identified as follows: One 307,762 Bytes ASCII (Text) file named “716609_ST.25.TXT,” created on Jun. 25, 2014.
BACKGROUND
1. Field
A protein complex including two different antigen-binding regions, a bispecific antibody obtained from the protein complex, and a method of the same are provided.
2. Description of the Related Art
As monoclonal antibodies have emerged as strong candidates of new drug markets, they have been developed into therapeutic agents against various targets. However, they have failed to show satisfactory drug efficacy on many occasions, and antibody production can be very expensive. Thus, developing new drugs based on such antibodies can be challenging. As one of the methods for solving such problems, research on bispecific antibodies has been steadily conducted since the mid-1980s but despite numerous efforts, a leading technology has not yet materialized.
Producing homogeneous bispecific antibodies in large quantities using existing methods for preparing bispecific antibodies has proven difficult, and due to their low efficacy and side effects, there have been difficulties in their practical use. Lately, competitive new antibody platforms have emerged utilizing antibody engineering technology, but they are still in the verification stage.
Therefore, there is need of developing bispecific antibodies having excellent efficacy and little side effects, and more efficient methods for preparing them.
SUMMARY
Provided is a protein complex including a first polypeptide including a first antigen-binding region; a second polypeptide including a second antigen-binding region; and a linker connecting the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide. The first antigen-binding region is a polypeptide including a first light chain antigen-binding region and a first heavy chain antigen-binding region, and the second antigen-binding region is a polypeptide including a second light chain antigen-binding region and a second heavy chain antigen-binding region. The linker connects the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, and includes a tag including a cleavable amino acid sequence at one terminal or both terminals of the linker. In an embodiment, one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide includes at least one amino acid residue forming at least one knob on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, and the other of the first or second polypeptide includes at least one amino acid residue forming at least one hole on a site not located within the antigen-binding region. The knob and hole can be coupled to one another.
Also provided is a bispecific antibody that can be obtained by cleaving the tag of the protein complex. Thus, the bispecific antibody includes a first polypeptide including a first antigen-binding region and a second polypeptide including a second antigen-binding region, wherein the first antigen-binding region is a polypeptide including a first light chain antigen-binding region and a first heavy chain antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region is a polypeptide including a second light chain antigen-binding region and a second heavy chain antigen-binding region. One of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide includes at least one amino acid residue forming at least one knob on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, and the other of the first or second polypeptide includes at least one amino acid residue forming at least one hole on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, such that the knob of one polypeptide is coupled to the hole of the other polypeptide.
A polynucleotide encoding the protein complex, as well as a method of preparing the protein complex or bispecific antibody, and related compositions and methods, also are provided.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates the preparation of a bispecific antibody using a single stranded first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a linker, and a tag;
FIG. 2 illustrates preparation of a bispecific antibody using a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a linker, a first tag, a second tag, and a knob-hole formed in the CH3 domain of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide;
FIG. 3 illustrates preparation of a bispecific antibody using a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, a linker, a tag, and a knob-hole formed in the CH3 domain of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing DNA sequences (A)-(C) to be inserted into an expression vector for preparing a c-Met/Her2 double binding protein complex;
FIG. 5 is an electrophoresis gel showing the heterodimerization of a c-Met/Her2 double binding protein complex;
FIGS. 6A and 6B are graphs showing the mass analysis of a bispecific antibody prepared through heterodimerization from a c-Met/Her2 double binding protein complex;
FIGS. 6C-6E are graphs showing the mass analysis of two antibodies co-expressed;
FIG. 7 is a sensorgram showing the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of a bispecific antibody prepared from a c-Met/Her2 double binding protein complex;
FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the structure of an anti c-Met/EGFR bispecific antibody produced by the cleavage of a c-Met/EGFR double binding protein complex;
FIG. 9 is an electrophoresis photograph and SEC profile of a bispecific antibody produced by the cleavage of a c-Met/EGFR double binding protein complex;
FIG. 10A is a graph and illustration showing the binding affinity result of the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of an anti c-Met/EGFR bispecific antibody produced from a c-Met/EGFR double binding protein complex according to one embodiment, measured by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) methods;
FIG. 10B are graphs showing the binding affinity results of an anti c-Met/EGFR bispecific antibody (M×E) according to one embodiment toward EGFR and c-Met, compared to a monovalent antibody (M×M or E×E, wherein M: c-Met, E: EGFR);
FIG. 11A is a graph showing the c-Met degradation level result of an anti c-Met/EGFR bispecific antibody (anti-cMET (M-One Arm): anti-cMET monospecific monovalent Ab);
FIG. 11B is a graph showing the Akt phosphorylation (agonism) result of an anti c-Met/EGFR bispecific antibody;
FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the structure of a bispecific antibody produced by the cleavage of a c-Met/Her3 double binding protein complex;
FIGS. 13A-13C depict an electrophoresis gel and SEC profile of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody produced by the cleavage of a c-Met/Her3 double binding protein complex (not including a knob-hole);
FIG. 13D is an electrophoresis gel and SEC profile of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody produced by the cleavage of a c-Met/Her3 double binding protein complex (including a knob-hole) (in 13B, (1): UV 1 280 Chrom.1:MonoS M×HS scoBA 20120209 d4 001, (2): Conc B Chrom.1:MonoS N×H3 scoBA 20120209 d4 001; and (3): Fraction Chrom.1:MonoS M×H3 scoBA 20120209 d4 001);
FIG. 14A is a graph and illustration showing the binding affinity result of the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody measured by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) methods;
FIG. 14B are graphs showing the binding affinity results of Her-3 of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody to ErbB3, compared to ErbB3 commercial Ab (left: ErbB3 commercial Ab, right: Her-3 of a bispecific antigen binding protein complex);
FIG. 15A is a graph showing the c-Met degradation level result of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody;
FIG. 15B is a graph showing the Akt phosphorylation (agonism) result of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody;
FIG. 16 are graphs showing the stability of an anti c-Met/Her3 bispecific antibody in a buffer;
FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing DNA sequences (A) and (B) to be inserted into an expression vector for preparing a c-Met/Ang2 double binding protein complex;
FIG. 18A is an electrophoresis photograph with accompanying illustration showing the SDS-PAGE result of a bispecific antibody produced from a c-Met/Ang2 double binding protein complex;
FIG. 18B is a graph showing the absorbance results of a bispecific antibody obtained through ion-exchange chromatography at 280 nm (wherein, (1): UV 1 280 Chrom.1:MonoS M×N scoBA 20120209 d8 001, (2): Conc B Chrom.1:MonoS N×N scoBA 20120209 d8 001; and (3): Fraction Chrom.1:MonoS M×N scoBA 20120208 d4 001);
FIG. 19 is a table showing the affinity result of a c-Met/Ang2 bispecific antibody produced from a c-Met/Ang2 double binding protein complex toward c-Met (M×M: anti-cMet monospecific bivalent Ab);
FIG. 20 is a table and illustration showing the affinity result of a c-Met/Ang2 bispecific antibody produced from a c-Met/Ang2 double binding protein complex toward Ang2 (N×N: anti-Ang2 monospecific bivalent Ab);
FIG. 21A is a graph showing the c-Met degradation activity of a bispecific antibody produced from a c-Met/Ang2 double binding protein complex;
FIG. 21B is a graph showing the Akt phosphorylation level of a bispecific antibody produced from a protein complex;
FIGS. 22A and 22B are the electrophoresis photograph and CEX profile, respectively, of an anti c-Met/VEGF bispecific antibody prepared via the cleavage of a single stranded polypeptide;
FIG. 23 is a graph showing the binding degree of an anti c-Met/VEGF bispecific antibody to c-Met and VEGF;
FIG. 24 is a graph showing the c-Met degradation degree of an anti c-Met/VEGF bispecific antibody;
FIG. 25 is a graph showing the Akt phosphorylation degree of an anti c-Met/VEGF bispecific antibody;
FIG. 26 is a graph showing the growth inhibitory degree of human cancer cell line (HUVEC cells) by an anti c-Met/VEGF bispecific antibody;
FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of an anti c-Met/VEGF bispecific antibody;
FIG. 28 shows the interface residues of the CH3 domain of the immunoglobulins IgG (SEQ ID NO: 147), IgA (SEQ ID NO: 148), IgD (SEQ ID NO: 149), IgE (SEQ ID NO: 150) and IgM (SEQ ID NO: 151).



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A dimer is formed via Fc regions during the general formation process of an antibody. The formation rate of a bispecific antibody having a right and left asymmetric structure (heterodimer) can be low in comparison to a bispecific antibody having a symmetric structure (homodimer).
Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a technology of preparing a scFv-Fc bispecific antibody that, in at least some embodiments, yields an improved heterodimer formation rate.
One embodiment provides a protein complex, wherein the protein complex may include a first polypeptide including a first antigen-binding region; a second polypeptide including a second antigen-binding region; and a first linker connecting the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide.
The first antigen-binding region may include a first light chain antigen-binding region or a first heavy chain antigen-binding region, or may be a single stranded polypeptide including the first light chain antigen-binding region and the first heavy chain antigen-binding region, where the first light chain antigen-binding region and the first heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked. The first antigen-binding region may be located at the N-terminal of the first polypeptide.
The second antigen-binding region may include a second light chain antigen-binding region or a second heavy chain antigen-binding region, or may be a single stranded polypeptide including the second light chain antigen-binding region and the second heavy chain antigen-binding region, where the second light chain antigen-binding region and the second heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked. The second antigen-binding region may be located at the N-terminal of the second polypeptide.
The first linker may connect the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide. The first linker may be linked to a tag including a cleavable amino acid sequence (e.g., cleavage site to be cleaved by enzymes such as proteases) at one terminal or both terminals of the linker, that is, toward either one terminal linked to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide or toward both terminals.
In particular, the protein complex may include a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide linked toward the C-terminal of the first polypeptide, and a first linker connecting the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide.
The term “linked toward” as used in the specification may refer to being directly linked to the terminal or indirectly linked via a linker, etc.
The first antigen-binding region of the first polypeptide may be a polypeptide in a single stranded form (scFv; single-chain variable-region fragment) where a first light chain antigen-binding region and a first heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked. The first light chain antigen-binding region and the first heavy chain antigen-binding region may be linked at any position and/or in any order. The first light chain antigen-binding region and the first heavy chain antigen-binding region may be linked via a linker (hereafter, referred to as a second linker) or without it (e.g., directly). For example, the first polypeptide may be a form where the C-terminal of the first light chain antigen-binding region and the N-terminal of the first heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked via the second linker or without it, or a form where the C-terminal of the first heavy chain antigen-binding region and the N-terminal of the first light chain antigen-binding region are linked via the second linker or without it. In other words, the first antigen-binding region of the first polypeptide may include the first light chain antigen-binding region toward its N-terminal and the first heavy chain antigen-binding region toward its C-terminal, or include the first heavy chain antigen-binding region toward its N-terminal and the first light chain antigen-binding region toward its C-terminal, and optionally include the second linker connecting them.
Likewise, the second antigen-binding region of the second polypeptide may be a polypeptide in a single stranded form (scFv) where a second light chain antigen-binding region and a second heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked. The second light chain antigen-binding region and the second heavy chain antigen-binding region may be linked at any position and/or in any order. The second light chain antigen-binding region and the second heavy chain antigen-binding region may be linked via a linker (hereafter, referred to as a third linker) or without it. For example, the second polypeptide may be a form where the C-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region and the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked through the third linker or without it, or a form where the C-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region and the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region are linked via the third linker or without it. In other words, the second antigen-binding region of the second polypeptide may include the second light chain antigen-binding region toward its N-terminal and the second heavy chain antigen-binding region toward its C-terminal, or include the second heavy chain antigen-binding region toward its N-terminal and the second light chain antigen-binding region toward its C-terminal, and optionally include the third linker connecting them.
The first linker, the second linker, and the third linker may be peptide linkers identical to or different from one another. The first linker may be linked to a tag including a cleavable amino acid sequence inside the linker toward either one end terminal (toward the C-terminal of the first polypeptide or toward the N-terminal of the second polypeptide) or toward both terminals, and the cleavable amino acid sequence may refer to a cleavage site to be cleaved by enzymes such as proteases.
Further, the remaining regions of the protein complex (excluding the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide) may include all or part of the heavy chain constant regions of an antibody, for example, all or part of Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain and/or CH2 domain) and/or a hinge region connecting the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region, respectively to all or part of the Fc region. The Fc region can be of any immunoglobulin subtype.
In one embodiment, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide in the protein complex may contain some mutations of amino acid residues to the region of the protein complex excluding (i.e., not located within) the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region such that the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide can form a dimer. Such mutations can be introduced to the heavy chain constant regions of each polypeptide, for example, the Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain) of immunoglobulin.
The design of such mutations can be informed, for example, through the introduction of a “knob-into-hole” principle. Specifically, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide may include amino acid residues that form one or more knobs or one or more holes which can be mutually coupled in the region of the protein complex excluding (i.e., not located within) the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region (all or part of the heavy chain constant regions), for example, the Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain). For example, the knobs may be formed in the all or part of the heavy chain constant regions of any one polypeptide of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, for example, the Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain), the holes may be formed in the all or part of the heavy chain constant regions of the other polypeptide, for example, the Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain), and in particular, the knobs and the holes may be formed at mutually corresponding locations on the Fc region of each polypeptide (e.g., CH3 domain). One or more knob-hole pairs may be included in the region of the protein complex excluding (i.e., not including) each antigen-binding region of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide.
As described above, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide may include amino acid residues that form one or more knobs or holes in the region of the protein complex excluding (i.e., not including) the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region (all or part of the heavy chain constant regions), for example, the Fc region, particularly CH3 domain, and form a dimer (heterodimer) by being mutually coupled through them. For example, the Fc region of any one polypeptide of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide (e.g., CH3 domain) include one or more knobs, the Fc region of the other polypeptide (e.g., CH3 domain) include one or more holes, and they are mutually coupled, whereby a bispecific antibody having a right and left asymmetric structure can be formed.
In general, when an antibody is formed in the cells, two heavy chain Fc regions are mutually coupled to form a dimer. In particular, as in the process of preparing a bispecific antibody, the chances that homodimers and heterodimers are to be formed are similar according to the above general antibody production method, the formation rate of a bispecific antibody having a right and left asymmetric structure (heterodimer) can become low.
The protein complex according to one embodiment of the present invention includes amino acid residues that form one or more knobs or one or more holes which can be mutually coupled to each other in the region of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide excluding the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region (e.g., Fc regions, specifically CH3 domain), thereby forming a knob-hole binding to increase the formation rate of heterodimers so that it can improve the production efficiency of a bispecific antibody having a right and left asymmetric structure.
The terms “knob” and “hole” as used in the specification refer to structures in relatively protruding (knob) or indented (hole) forms on the three dimensional structure of a protein complex, which are formed by the mutation of amino acid residues on the remainder region except the antigen-binding regions of the first polypeptide or the second polypeptide, preferably, on CH3 domain of each polypeptide.
The knob-into-hole principle is a technology of increasing the formation rate of an antibody in an intended heterodimer form by mutating at least one (e.g., about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 16, about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 6, or about 1 to about 3) residue present at contact surfaces (interfaces) between the constant regions of each heavy chain, for example, Fc regions, particularly CH3 domain, wherein the mutations may be each carried out differently on each heavy chain constant region of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, for example, Fc regions, particularly, CH3 domain. In detail, the Fc region of any one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, particularly CH3 domain may be mutated to include residues having relatively larger (protruding) side chains than neighboring amino acid residues, and the Fc region of the other, particularly CH3 domain may be mutated to include residues having relatively smaller (indented) side chains than neighboring amino acid residues. The knobs and holes may be present at locations corresponding to each other in each Fc region of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, particularly CH3 domain, such that the knob of one polypeptide is coupled to the hole of the other polypeptide. More than one knob/hole pair can be present.
The knob is formed (or created) by replacing at least one (e.g., about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 16, about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 6, or about 1 to about 3) amino acid within Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain) of one polypeptide with at least one amino acid residue forming a protruding structure by having relatively larger side chains than neighboring amino acid residues on the three dimensional structure of a protein and for example, the amino acid residue having larger side chains may be one or more selected from the group consisting of Arg, Phe, Tyr, and Trp. The hole is formed (or created) by replacing at least one (e.g., about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 16, about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 6, or about 1 to about 3) amino acid within Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain) of the other polypeptide with at least one amino acid residue forming an indented structure by having relatively smaller side chains than neighboring amino acid residues on the three dimensional structure of a protein and preferably, the amino acid residue having smaller side chains may be one or more selected from the group consisting of Ala, Ser, Thr, Gly and Val. The amino acid residues may be selected from natural or non-natural amino acids. The protein complex may comprise at least one knob/hole pair, for example, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 10, about 1 to about 5, or about 1 to about 3 knob/hole pairs. The knob and hole may be naturally or non-naturally occurring. The Fc region (e.g., CH3 domain) may be from any immunoglobulin subtype, for example, an immunoglobulin selected from the group consisting of IgG (e.g., a subtype selected from the group consisting of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3 and IgG4), IgA, IgD, IgE and IgM. The contact residue to be replaced on the first or second polypeptide can correspond to at least one IgG residue selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues 347, 349, 350, 351, 366, 368, 370, 392, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 405, 407 and 409, for example, selected from the group consisting of amino acid residues 366, 368, 370, 405, 407 and 409, according to the amino acid numbering as shown in FIG. 28.
FIG. 28 shows the interface residues of the CH3 domain of the immunoglobulins IgG (SEQ ID NO: 147), IgA (SEQ ID NO: 148), IgD (SEQ ID NO: 149), IgE (SEQ ID NO: 150) and IgM (SEQ ID NO: 151). The CH3 domain of each of these immunoglobulins is made up of a “β-sandwich”, which is comprised of two separate and parallel “β-sheets”. One of the β-sheets provides the interface residues, the other is the “exterior β-sheet”. The β-sheet forming the interface is formed from four “β-strands”. The residues of each of the seven β-strands of the CH3 domain of the various immunoglobulins are identified by dashed overlining. The residues in the middle and edge β-strands of the interface are identified, as are those of the exterior β-sheet. Residue numbering is according to Fc crystal structure. The residues buried in the interior of the CH3 domain are identified with a “B”, those which are partially buried in the interior of the CH3 domain are identified with a “b”, those “contact” residues which are partially buried at the interface (i.e. 26%-10% exposed) are identified with an “i” and those which are buried at the interface (i.e. <6% exposed) are identified with an “I”. The bold residues are optimal candidate original residues for replacement with import residues. The amino acids forming the knob and hole can be any combinations of amino acids as long as the amino acid residues can be mutually coupled to each other. For example, the pair of the amino acid sequences forming the knob and hole, respectively, may be Arg/Ala (knob/hole), Phe/Ser(knob/hole), Tyr/Thr(knob/hole), or Trp/Val(knob/hole), but is not limited thereto.
For example, the protein complex may have a structure including a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a first linker containing tags at both of its terminals, wherein the tags are each attached to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide includes amino acid residues forming one or more knobs at its heavy chain constant region, for example, CH3 domain, and the other includes amino acid residues forming one or more holes at its heavy chain constant region, for example, CH3 domain region (see FIG. 2). Alternatively, the protein complex may have a structure including a first polypeptide, a second polypeptide, and a first linker containing a tag at its one terminal, wherein the tag is attached to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide or the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide includes amino acid residues forming one or more knobs at its heavy chain constant region, for example, CH3 domain region, and the other includes amino acid residues forming one or more holes at its heavy chain constant region, for example, CH3 domain region (see FIG. 3).
According to one embodiment, the remainder region except the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region where the knobs and holes are located may be Fc portions of an antibody, for example, CH3 domain.
The protein complex according to one embodiment of the disclosure can increase binding ability between the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide by including one or more knobs and holes that can be mutually coupled to each other as described above, to thereby enhance the formation rate of a dimer.
The term “antigen-binding region” as used in the specification is interpreted, as a generic term, to encompass sites in an immunoglobulin molecule to which an antigen or an epitope binds, and the antigen-binding region may include CDR (complementarity determining region). The CDR refers to an amino acid sequence found in the hypervariable region of a heavy chain and a light chain of an immunoglobulin. The heavy and light chain may each include three CDRs (CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, and CDRL1, CDRL2, CDRL3). The CDRs of an antibody can provide an essential contact residue for binding to an antigen or an epitope.
Throughout the specification, the term “antigen-binding region” includes a “heavy chain antigen-binding region” and a “light chain antigen-binding region” of an antibody. The “heavy chain antigen-binding region” may include one or more selected from the group consisting of three heavy chain CDRs (CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3) and for example, it may be a heavy chain variable region of an antibody. The “light chain antigen-binding region” may include one or more selected from the group consisting of three light chain CDRs (CDRL1, CDRL2, and CDRL3) and for example, it may be a light chain variable region of an antibody.
The term “heavy chain” is taken to include a full-length heavy chain and fragments thereof, the full-length heavy chain including a variable region domain VH including an amino acid sequence including sufficient variable region sequences that determine specificity for antigens and three constant region domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3 domains. The term “light chain” is taken to include a full-length light chain and fragments thereof, the full-length light chain including a variable region domain VL including an amino acid sequence including sufficient variable region sequences that determine specificity for antigens and a constant region domain, CL.
According to one embodiment, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide each may be a polypeptide including an antigen-binding region in a single stranded Fab, a single stranded Fab′, or a single stranded Fv (scFv) form, and all or part of an Fc (fragment crystalline) domain (e.g., CH3, or CH2 domain). The Fab, which is a structure having the light chain and heavy chain variable regions, the light chain constant region, and the heavy chain first constant region (CH1), has one antigen-binding region. The Fab′ differs from Fab in that Fab′ has a hinge region including one or more cysteine residues at the C-terminal of the heavy chain CH1 domain. The scFv (single-chain Fv), in general, refers to a structure where the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region are linked via a peptide linker.
For example, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide each may be a single stranded polypeptide including the single stranded antigen-binding region (scFv) where the light chain antigen-binding region and the heavy chain antigen-binding region are linked, and all or part of the Fc domain. The portions of the protein complex excluding (i.e., not including) the antigen-binding regions of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide may be derived from all kinds of immunoglobulins, for example, IgG types (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, etc.), IgE type, IgD type, etc., but are not limited thereto.
In the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, the antigen-binding region (scFv) and the Fc domain (all or part) may be linked via a hinge or without it. In particular embodiments, the hinge may have an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100, SEQ ID NO: 101, SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 104 or SEQ ID NO: 105.
According to one embodiment, the protein complex includes a first linker for connecting the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide. The first linker may link the C-terminal of the first polypeptide, and the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region or the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region of the second polypeptide. Further, the protein complex may include a second linker for connecting the first light chain antigen-binding region and the first heavy chain antigen-binding region inside the first polypeptide, and/or a third linker for connecting the second light chain antigen-binding region and the second heavy chain antigen-binding region inside the second polypeptide.
The first linker, the second linker, and the third linker may be peptide linkers identical to or different from one another. According to one embodiment, the peptide linker may be a polypeptide, for example, consisting of about 1 to about 100 or about 2 to about 50 arbitrary amino acids. The peptide linker, for example, may include Gly, Asn, and Ser residues, and further include neutral amino acids such as Thr and Ala. Amino acid sequences suitable for the peptide linker are known in the art. Furthermore, the length of the linker may be variably determined within such a limit that does not affect the functions of the fusion protein. In other words, the first, second, and third linkers each independently may include a total of about 1 to about 100, or about 2 to about 50 amino acids selected from the group consisting of Gly, Asn, Ser, Thr, and Ala.
In one embodiment, the first linker may include a tag attached to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide, and link the C-terminal of the tag attached to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide (for example, the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region or the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region). In another embodiment, the first linker may include a tag attached to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide (for example, the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region or the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region), and link the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the tag attached to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide. In still another embodiment, the first linker may include a tag attached to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and a tag attached to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide (for example, the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region or the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region), and link the C-terminal of the tag attached to the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the tag attached to the second polypeptide.
The first linker separates space between the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide by a sufficient distance, thereby providing favorable distances so that each polypeptide can be folded into suitable two and three dimensional structures for its proper functioning and at the same time, preventing the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide from being spaced apart more than a certain distance to increase a binding possibility between them and lower the possibility of unwanted homodimers being formed and thus, it can serve to obtain the protein complex in a heterodimer form where the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide are coupled, in a high efficiency.
According to one embodiment, the first linker may include a tag inside it and/or at least one terminal of the both terminals. For example, the tag may be bound to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide, the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, or both of them, and it may include a cleavable amino acid sequence on at least one terminal or inside it. The tag to be bound to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide may be bound to the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region or the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region.
The term “tag” as used in the specification refers to a protein or polypeptide which is bound to the terminal of the first linker and is a mediator for connecting the polypeptides different from each other. According to one embodiment, the tag may have one terminal bound to the first linker and the other terminal linked to the N-terminal and/or C-terminal of the first polypeptide and/or the second polypeptide. For example, the tag may be bound to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide, and the first linker linked to the tag may link the C-terminal of the tag and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide (see FIG. 3). In another embodiment, the tag may be bound to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide and the first linker linked to the tag may link the N-terminal of the tag and the C-terminal of the first polypeptide. When the tag is a tag to be bound to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, it may be bound to the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region or the N-terminal of the second heavy chain antigen-binding region. In another embodiment, the tag may be bound to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, respectively and the linker may link the C-terminal of the tag bound to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the tag bound to the N-terminal of the second polypeptide (see FIG. 2).
According to one embodiment, the tag may include an in vitro or in vivo cleavable amino acid sequence. The in vitro or in vivo cleavage may be conducted by proteases. According to one embodiment, the tag may be one or more selected from the group consisting of ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like protein, TEV cleavage peptide (peptide including TEV protease cleavage site), and furin cleavage peptide (peptide including furin protease cleavage site), but is not limited thereto.
The TEV protease cleavage site included in the TEV cleavage peptide may be Glu-Asn-Leu-Tyr-Phe-Gln-(Gly/Ser), and the cleavage occurs between Gln-(Gly/Ser). The furin protease cleavage site included in the furin cleavage peptide may be Arg-X-(Arg/Lys)-Arg (X is any amino acid), and the cleavage occurs right after the target sequence.
Ubiquitin (Ub; Gene Accession No.: NP_001170884, NM_001177413), which is the most conservative protein that has been found in nature, consists of 76 amino acids and it is a water-soluble protein showing perfect homology among evolutionally various species such as insects, trout, and humans. Also, ubiquitin is stable against pH changes, is not readily degradable at a high temperature, and is known to be stable against proteases. In this regard, the ubiquitin can improve insolubility of the protein complex and can be cleaved in vitro or in vivo in a safe and easy way.
The ubiquitin-like protein is a protein having similar properties to the ubiquitin and for example, it may be selected from the group consisting of Nedd8 (NP_006147.1, NM_006156.1), SUMO-1 (NP_001005781.1, NM_001005781), SUMO-2 (NP_008868.3, NM_006937.3), NUB1 (NP_001230280.1, NM_001243351.1), PIC1 (AAB40388), UBL3 (NP_009037.1, NM_007106.3), UBL5 (NP_001041706.1, NM_001048241.2), ISG15 (NP_005092.1, NM_005101.3), etc., but is not limited thereto.
The ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like protein (Ubl) may be selected from the group consisting of a wild-type ubiquitin, a wild-type ubiquitin-like protein, a mutant ubiquitin, and a mutant ubiquitin-like protein.
The mutant ubiquitins refer to those where one or more amino acid sequences of the wild-type ubiquitin are replaced by other amino acid sequences and for example, it may include ubiquitin where Lys of the wild-type ubiquitin is substituted by Arg. According to one embodiment, in the mutant-type ubiquitin where Lys of the wild-type ubiquitin is substituted by Arg, the substitution may occur at one or more selected from the group consisting of Lys present at the 6th, 11th, 27th, 29th, 33rd, 48th and 63rd positions of the wild-type ubiquitin, and the substitution may occur independently or in combination at the above Lys locations. Accordingly, the mutant ubiquitin may be those where one or more selected from the group consisting of Lys present at the 6th, 11th, 27th, 29th, 33rd, 48th and 63rd positions of the wild-type ubiquitin (Gene Accession No.: NP_001170884, NM_001177413) are substituted by an amino acid other than Lys (e.g., an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, Val, Asn, Cys, Gln, Gly, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Asp, Glu, Arg and His, for example, Arg or Ala).
According to one embodiment, the ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like protein may include, at its C-terminal, amino acid sequences that are cleavable by proteases for in vitro or in vivo cleavage. The amino acid sequences cleavable by proteases can be identified through search database known in the pertinent art. For example, the proteases and the amino acid sequences cleavable thereby that are searchable in the PEPTIDECUTTERTM operated by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (<<www.expasy.org/tools/peptidecutter/peptidecutter_enzymes.html>>) may be employed. In case that the cleavable amino acid sequences are included, the tag included in the protein complex is in vitro or in vivo cleaved from the protein complex, whereby two or more fusion proteins are able to perform their functions as a protein complex including a bispecific or multi-specific antigen binding sties.
The antigen-binding region of a specific antibody used in the specification refers to a site which, of the antibody structures, is involved in recognizing and binding to an antigen, and it may be selected from the group consisting of an antibody heavy chain and/or light chain complementarity determining region (CDR), a heavy chain variable region and/or light chain variable region including the CDR, scFv, (scFv)2, Fab, Fab′, and F(ab′)2.
According to one embodiment, the protein complex may have antigen-binding regions identical to or different from each other. That is, the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region which are the antigen-binding regions of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide may consist of antigen-binding regions against antigens identical to or different from each other. Further, although the antigens used are the same, it is interpreted to include antigen-binding regions capable of binding to different epitopes.
Since the invention is directed to a complex protein including a heterodimer structure where two kinds of antigen-binding regions that bind to different antigens or different epitopes in case of the same antigen are coupled in a specific structure, it is not limited by such antigens or epitopes.
In an embodiment, the antigens capable of binding to the antigen-binding regions may include different regions of one selected from or two selected from the group consisting of DLL4, VEGFR2, Notch1, Notch2, Notch3, Notch4, Notch(pan), JAG1, JAG2, DLL(pan), JAG(pan), ERBB(pan), c-Met, IGF-1R, PDGFR, Patched, Hedgehog family polypeptides, Hedgehog(pan), WNT family polypeptides, WNT(pan), FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZD10, FZD(pan), LRP5, LRP6, CD20, IL-17, CD86, Muc16, PSCA, CD44, c-Kit, DDR1, DDR2, RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3, RSPO4, RSPO(pan), BMP family polypeptides, BMP(pan), BMPR1a, BMPR1b, EpCAM, tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), tumor-associated antigen CA 125, Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), High molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA), tumor-associated antigen expressing Lewis Y related carbohydrate, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CEACAM5, HMFG PEM, mucin MUC1, MUC18 and cytokeratin tumor-associated antigen, bacterial antigens, viral antigens, allergens, fluorescein, lysozyme, toll-like receptor 9, erythropoietin, CD2, CD3, CD3E, CD4, CD11, CD11a, CD14, CD18, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD28, CD29, CD30, CD33 (p67 protein), CD38, CD40, CD40L, CD52, CD54, CD56, CD80, CD147, GD3, IL-1, IL-1R, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-6R, IL-8, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23, interferon alpha, interferon beta, interferon gamma; TNF-alpha, TNF-beta2, TNF-alpha, TNF-alphabeta, TNF-R1, TNF-R11, FasL, CD27L, CD30L, 4-1BBL, TRAIL, RANKL, TWEAK, APRIL, BAFF, LIGHT, VEG1, OX40L, TRAIL Receptor-1, A1 Adenosine Receptor, Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor, TACI, BAFF-R, EPO; LFA-3, ICAM-1, ICAM-3, integrin beta1, integrin beta2, integrin alpha4/beta7, integrin alpha2, integrin alpha3, integrin alpha4, integrin alpha5, integrin alpha6, integrin alphav, alphaVbeta3 integrin, FGFR-3, Keratinocyte Growth Factor, VLA-1, VLA-4, L-selectin, anti-Id, E-selectin, HLA, HLADR, CTLA-4, T cell receptor, B7-1, B7-2, VNRintegrin, TGFbeta1, TGFbeta2, eotaxin1, BLyS (B-lymphocyte Stimulator), complement C5, IgE, factor VII, CD64, CBL, NCA 90, EGFR (ErbB-1), Her2/neu (ErbB-2), Her3 (ErbB-3), Her4 (ErbB4), Tissue Factor, VEGF, VEGFR, endothelin receptor, VLA-4, carbohydrate such as blood group antigen and carbohydrates associated therewith, Galili-Glycosylation, Gastrin, Gastrin receptors, tumor associated carbohydrate, Hapten NP-cap or NIP-cap, T cell receptor alpha/beta, E-selectin, digoxin, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), testicular PLAP-like alkaline phosphatase, transferrin receptor, Heparanase I, human cardiac myosin, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gH envelope glycoprotein, HIV gp120, HCMV, respiratory syncital virus RSV F, RSVF Fgp, VNR integrin, Hep B gp120, CMV, gpIIbIIIa, HIV IIIB gp120 V3 loop, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Fgp, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) gD glycoprotein, HSV gB glycoprotein, HCMV gB envelope glycoprotein, Clostridium perfringens toxin and fragments thereof, and the like, but may not be limited thereto.
In a particular embodiment, one of the first antigen-binding region of the first polypeptide and the second antigen-binding region of the second polypeptide may be an antigen-binding region of an antibody which specifically binds to c-Met.
“c-Met” or “c-Met protein” refers to a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) which binds hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). c-Met may be derived from any species, particularly a mammal, for instance, primates such as human c-Met (e.g., NP_000236), monkey c-Met (e.g., Macaca mulatta, NP_001162100), or rodents such as mouse c-Met (e.g., NP_032617.2), rat c-Met (e.g., NP_113705.1), and the like. The c-Met protein may include a polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence identified as GenBank Accession Number NM_000245, a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence identified as GenBank Accession Number NP_000236 or extracellular domains thereof. The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met participates in various mechanisms, such as cancer incidence, metastasis, migration of cancer cell, invasion of cancer cell, angiogenesis, and the like.
The anti-c-Met antibody providing an antigen-binding region that specifically recognizes and binds to c-Met, be any antibody capable of recognizing a specific region of c-Met, e.g., a specific region in the SEMA domain, as an epitope. The anti-c-Met antibody may be any antibody or antigen-binding fragment that acts on c-Met to induce c-Met intracellular internalization and degradation.
c-Met, a receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), may be divided into three portions: extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular. The extracellular portion is composed of an α-subunit and a β-subunit which are linked to each other through a disulfide bond, and contains a SEMA domain responsible for binding HGF, a PSI domain (plexin-semaphorins-integrin identity/homology domain) and an IPT domain (immunoglobulin-like fold shared by plexins and transcriptional factors domain). The SEMA domain of c-Met protein may have the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79, and is an extracellular domain that functions to bind HGF. A specific region of the SEMA domain, that is, a region including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, which corresponds to a range from amino acid residues 106 to 124 of the amino acid sequence of the SEMA domain (SEQ ID NO: 79), is a loop region between the second and the third propellers within the epitopes of the SEMA domain. This region acts as an epitope for the anti-c-Met antibody provided in the present invention.
The term “epitope,” as used herein, refers to an antigenic determinant, a part of an antigen recognized by an antibody. In one embodiment, the epitope may be a region comprising 5 or more contiguous (consecutive or non-consecutive) amino acid residues within the SEMA domain (SEQ ID NO: 79) of c-Met protein, for instance, 5 to 19 consecutive amino acid residues within the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. For example, the epitope may be a polypeptide including 5 to 19 contiguous amino acids selected from among partial combinations of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, wherein the polypeptide includes the amino sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73 (EEPSQ) serving as an essential element for the epitope. For example, the epitope may be a polypeptide comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, or SEQ ID NO: 73.
The epitope including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72 corresponds to the outermost part of the loop between the second and third propellers within the SEMA domain of a c-Met protein. The epitope including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73 is a site to which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment may bind. Thus, the anti-c-Met antibody may specifically bind to an epitope which has 5 to 19 consecutive or non-consecutive amino acids selected from among partial combinations of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, including SEQ ID NO: 73 as an essential element. For example, the anti-c-Met antibody may specifically bind to an epitope including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, or SEQ ID NO: 73. The epitope including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73 is a site to which the antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to one embodiment most specifically binds.
Thus, the anti-c-Met antibody may specifically bind to an epitope which has 5 to 19 consecutive or non-consecutive amino acids selected from among partial combinations of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, including SEQ ID NO: 73 as an essential element. For example, the anti-c-Met antibody may specifically bind to an epitope including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, SEQ ID NO: 72, or SEQ ID NO: 73.
In one embodiment, the antigen-binding region of the anti-c-Met antibody (an antigen-binding region specifically binding to a c-Met) may include:
at least one heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDR) selected from the group consisting of (a) a CDR-H1 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; (b) a CDR-H2 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 2, or an amino acid sequence including 8-19 consecutive amino acids within SEQ ID NO: 2 including amino acid residues from the 3rd to 10th positions of SEQ ID NO: 2; and (c) a CDR-H3 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 85, or an amino acid sequence including 6-13 consecutive amino acids within SEQ ID NO: 85 including amino acid residues from the 1st to 6th positions of SEQ ID NO: 85, or a heavy chain variable region including the at least one heavy chain complementarity determining region;
at least one light chain complementarity determining region (CDR) selected from the group consisting of (a) a CDR-L1 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, (b) a CDR-L2 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, and (c) a CDR-L3 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 86, or an amino acid sequence including 9-17 consecutive amino acids within SEQ ID NO: 89 including amino acid residues from the 1st to 9th positions of SEQ ID NO: 89, or a light chain variable region including the at least one light chain complementarity determining region;
a combination of the at least one heavy chain complementarity determining region and at least one light chain complementarity determining region; or
a combination of the heavy chain variable region and the light chain variable region.
Herein, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 4 to 9 are respectively represented by following Formulas I to VI, below:









Formula I



(SEQ ID NO: 4)



Xaa1-Xaa2-Tyr-Tyr-Met-Ser,



wherein



 



Xaa1 is absent or Pro or Ser,



and



 



Xaa2 is Glu or Asp,



 



Formula II



(SEQ ID NO: 5)



Arg-Asn-Xaa3-Xaa4-Asn-Gly-Xaa5-Thr,



wherein



 



Xaa3 is Asn or Lys, Xaa4 is Ala or Val,



and



 



Xaa5 is Asn or Thr,



 



Formula III



(SEQ ID NO: 6)



Asp-Asn-Trp-Leu-Xaa6-Tyr,



wherein



 



Xaa6 is Ser or Thr,



 



Formula IV



(SEQ ID NO: 7)



Lys-Ser-Ser-Xaa7-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ala-Xaa8-



 



Gly-Asn-Xaa9-Xaa10-Asn-Tyr-Leu-Ala



wherein



 



Xaa7 is His, Arg, Gln, or Lys, Xaa8 is



Ser or Trp, Xaa9 is His or Gln,



and



 



Xaa10 is Lys or Asn,



 



Formula V



(SEQ ID NO: 8)



Trp-Xaa11-Ser-Xaa12-Arg-Val-Xaa13



wherein



 



Xaa11 is Ala or Gly, Xaa12 is Thr or Lys,



and



 



Xaa13 is Ser or Pro,



and



 



Formula VI



(SEQ ID NO: 9)



Xaa14-Gln-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Xaa15-Pro-Xaa16-Thr



wherein



 



Xaa14 is Gly, Ala, or Gln, Xaa15 is Arg,



His, Ser, Ala, Gly, or Lys,



and



 



Xaa16 is Leu, Tyr, Phe, or Met.






In one embodiment, the CDR-H1 may include an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 22, 23, and 24. The CDR-H2 may include an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 25, and 26. The CDR-H3 may include an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 27, 28, and 85.
The CDR-L1 may include an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 10, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 106. The CDR-L2 may include an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 11, 34, 35, and 36. The CDR-L3 may include an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 37, 86, and 89.
In another embodiment, the antigen-binding region of the anti-c-Met antibody (the antigen-binding region specifically binding to c-Met) may include:
a heavy chain variable region including a polypeptide (CDR-H1) including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1, 22, 23, and 24, a polypeptide (CDR-H2) including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 25, and 26, and a polypeptide (CDR-H3) including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 3, 27, 28, and 85; and/or
a light chain variable region including a polypeptide (CDR-L1) including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 10, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 and 106, a polypeptide (CDR-L2) including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 11, 34, 35, and 36, and a polypeptide (CDR-L3) including an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 37, 86, and 89.
In one particular embodiment, the antigen-binding region specifically binding to c-Met may include the variable domain of the heavy chain including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, 74, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, or 94 and the variable domain of the light chain including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, 20, 21, 75, 88, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 107. According to one embodiment, the protein complex may be a single stranded polypeptide including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109, SEQ ID NO: 115, SEQ ID NO: 119, SEQ ID NO: 121, SEQ ID NO: 124, or SEQ ID NO: 126. The protein complex, which is a single stranded polypeptide including double-specific (specific to two antigens) properties linked by a tag and a linker, may serve as an antibody precursor protein capable of being manufactured into a bispecific antibody by the cleavage of the tag.
Another embodiment provides a bispecific antibody including the aforementioned protein complex. The bispecific antibody may be the protein complex itself or those having an intact antibody formed by the dimerization of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide of the protein complex (e.g., through a general disulfide bond, knob/hole formation, etc.) and/or by the cleavage of the cleavage site of the tag included in the complex. For example, the bispecific antibody, in case that the protein complex includes one tag, may be those where the cleavage site of the tag is cleaved, and in case that the protein complex includes a total of two tags (first tag and second tag) at both terminals of the first linker, may be those where the cleavage sites of the two tags are cleaved whereby the first linker, or a form of the first tag, the second tag, or the first tag and the second tag being linked to the terminal of the first linker is eliminated.
Since the bispecific antibody has antigen-binding regions different from each other on each monomer, it may simultaneously recognize two different kinds of antigens selected from the group consisting of the aforementioned antigens as its targets, or simultaneously recognize different epitopes of one antigen as its targets.
According to one embodiment, the bispecific antibody may be a mouse-derived antibody, a human-derived antibody, a mouse-human chimeric antibody, or a humanized antibody. The bispecific antibody may be isolated from a living body or be non-naturally occurring. The bispecific antibody may be recombinant or synthetic.
The bispecific antibody may be F(ab′)2, (scFv)2, Diabody, Di-scFv, nanobody, or IgG type.
When an animal-derived antibody goes through a chimerization process, an animal-derived IgG1 hinge is replaced by a human IgG1 hinge, but the animal-derived IgG1 hinge is shorter in length than the human IgG1 hinge, and disulfide bonds between the two heavy chains are reduced to 2 from 3. Thus, the rigidity of the hinges may have different effects. Therefore, modification of a hinge region can increase an antigen binding efficiency of a humanized antibody. Methods of deleting, inserting, or substituting an amino acid for modifying the amino acid sequences of the hinge region are well known to an ordinary person in the art.
Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition including the protein complex and/or the bispecific antibody.
Another embodiment provides a polynucleotide encoding the aforementioned protein complex.
The term “polynucleotide” is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides present in a single-stranded or double-stranded form. The polynucleotides encompass RNA genome sequences, DNA (gDNA and cDNA) and RNA sequences transcripted therefrom, and include analogues of natural polynucleotides unless particularly mentioned otherwise.
The polynucleotide includes not only nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of the protein complex but also nucleotide sequences complementary thereto. The complementary sequences include not only completely complementary sequences but also substantially complementary sequences, which refer to sequences hybridizable with the nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of the protein complex under stringent conditions known in the pertinent art.
The nucleotide sequences encoding the amino acid sequences of the protein complex may be mutated. The mutations include addition, deletion, or non-conservative or conservative substitution. A polynucleotide encoding the amino acid sequence of the protein complex is understood to include nucleotide sequences substantially identical to the nucleotide sequences described above. The substantially identical nucleotide sequences may be sequences with at least 80% homology, at least 90% homology, or at least 95% homology to the above described nucleotide sequences, when the sequences are aligned to correspond to each other as much as possible, and the aligned nucleotide sequences are analyzed using any algorithm commonly used in the art.
Another embodiment provides a recombinant vector (expression vector) including the polynucleotide encoding the protein complex and expression regulating factors (e.g., promoter, etc.) operatively linked to the polynucleotide.
The term “vector” used herein refers to a means for expressing a target gene in a host cell. For example, it includes a plasmid vector, a cosmid vector, and a virus vector such as a bacteriophage vector, an adenovirus vector, a retrovirus vector and an adeno-associated virus vector. Suitable recombinant vectors may be constructed by manipulating plasmids often used in the art (for example, pSC101, pGV1106, pACYC177, ColE1, pKT230, pME290, pBR322, pUC8/9, pUC6, pBD9, pHC79, pIJ61, pLAFR1, pHV14, pGEX series, pET series, and pUC19), a phage (for example, λgt4λB, λ-Charon, λΔz1, and M13), or a virus (for example, SV40).
The recombinant vector may include the polynucleotides encoding the protein complex and an expression regulating factor (sequence) such as promoter, which are operatively linked to each other. The term “operatively linked” used herein refers to a functional linkage between a nucleotide expression regulating sequence (for example, a promoter sequence) and other nucleotide sequences. Thus, the expression regulating sequence may regulate the transcription and/or translation of the other nucleotide sequences by being operatively linked.
The recombinant vector may be constructed typically for either cloning or expression. The expression vector may be any ordinary vectors known in the pertinent art for expressing an exogenous protein in plants, animals, or microorganisms. The recombinant vector may be constructed using various methods known in the art.
The recombinant vector may be constructed using a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell as a host. For example, when a prokaryotic cell is used as a host cell, the expression vector used generally includes a strong promoter capable of initiating transcription (for example, pLλ promoter, CMV promoter, trp promoter, lac promoter, tac promoter, T7 promoter, etc.), a ribosome binding site for initiating translation, and a transcription/translation termination sequence. When a eukaryotic cell is used as a host cell, the vector used generally includes the origin of replication acting in the eukaryotic cell, for example, a f1 replication origin, a SV40 replication origin, a pMB1 replication origin, an adeno replication origin, an AAV replication origin, or a BBV replication origin, but is not limited thereto. A promoter in an expression vector for a eukaryotic host cell may be a promoter derived from the genomes of mammalian cells (for example, a metallothionein promoter) or a promoter derived from mammalian viruses (for example, an adenovirus late promoter, a vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter, a SV40 promoter, a cytomegalovirus promoter, and a tk promoter of HSV). A transcription termination sequence in an expression vector for a eukaryotic host cell may be, in general, a polyadenylation sequence.
Another embodiment provides a recombinant cell including the recombinant vector.
The recombinant cell may be those obtained by transfecting the recombinant vector into a suitable host cell. Any host cells known in the pertinent art to enable stable and continuous cloning or expression of the recombinant vector may be used as the hose cell. Suitable prokaryotic host cells may include E. coli JM109, E. coli BL21, E. coli RR1, E. coli LE392, E. coli B, E. coli X 1776, E. coli W3110, Bacillus species strains such as Bacillus subtillis or Bacillus thuringiensis, intestinal bacteria and strains such as Salmonella typhymurum, Serratia marcescens, and various Pseudomonas species. Suitable eukaryotic host cells to be transformed may include yeasts, such as Saccharomyce cerevisiae, insect cells, plant cells, and animal cells, for example, Sp2/0, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1, CHO, CHO-s, HEK293, HEK293f, DG44, PER.C6, W138, BHK, COS-7, 293, HepG2, Huh7, 3T3, RIN, and MDCK cell lines, but are not limited thereto.
The polynucleotide or the recombinant vector including the same may be transferred (transfected) into a host cell by using known transfer methods. Suitable transfer methods for prokaryotic host cells may include a method using CaCl2 and electroporation. Suitable transfer methods for eukaryotic host cells may include microinjection, calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, liposome-mediated transfection, and gene bombardment, but are not limited thereto.
A transformed host cell may be selected using a phenotype expressed by a selected marker by any methods known in the art. For example, if the selected marker is a gene that is resistant to a specific antibiotic, a transformant may be easily selected by being cultured in a medium including the antibiotic.
Another embodiment provides a method of preparing a bispecific antibody including preparing the protein complex. As described above, since the protein complex improves the formation rate of a heterodimer having a right and left asymmetric structure in the process of forming an antibody, a bispecific antibody having a right and left asymmetric structure can be more efficiently prepared according to the above preparation method.
In one embodiment, the preparation of the protein complex can be carried out by expressing the above recombinant vector in a host cell or culturing the recombinant cell including the recombinant vector, thereby producing the protein complex. In another embodiment, the preparation of the protein complex may be carried out chemically by peptide synthesis for linking amino acids in accordance with the amino acid sequence of the protein complex.
The preparation of the bispecific antibody may be carried out in vivo or inside the cell, or in vitro or outside the cell.
When the bispecific antibody is prepared in vivo or inside the cell, the recombinant vector is expressed within a host cell, or the recombinant cell is cultured to produce a protein complex, which becomes an intact form of the bispecific antibody inside the cell, and then can be released outside the cell or outside the living body. Thus, the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, after translated in endoplasmic reticulum, form a voluntary dimer by neighboring to each other via a linker and can form the protein complex. Thereafter, cleavable amino acid sequences present in the tag are cleaved from the protein complex by proteases present within the cell, whereby an intact form of the bispecific antibody can be generated. Due to one or more amino acid sequences being mutually coupled (knob or hole) in the region excluding the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region present in the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, the formation rate of the bispecific antibody can be further increased. After that, the generated bispecific antibody may be purified using purification methods known in the art and then used.
When the bispecific antibody is prepared in vitro or outside the cell, for example, in case that the protein complex expressed from the recombinant vector is secreted, in a single stranded form, outside the cell or outside the living body, or in case that the protein complex is produced chemically by peptide synthesis, the preparation of the bispecific antibody may further include a step of cleaving the tag included in the protein complex, subsequent to the step of producing the protein complex by expressing the recombinant vector within the cell or producing the protein complex by peptide synthesis.
The protein complex is present in vitro or outside the cell in such a state that the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide are linked via a linker, and the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide are adjacent to each other so that they can voluntarily form a dimer. Due to one or more amino acid sequences to be mutually coupled (knob or hole) in the remainder region except the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region present in the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide, the formation rate of the bispecific antibody can be more increased.
According to one embodiment, the step of cleaving the tag may be carried out by adding a protease recognizing the cleavable amino acid sequences included in the tag. The tag may be selected from the group consisting of ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like protein, TEV cleavage peptide and furin cleavage peptide, but is not limited thereto. For example, the tag may be cleaved by adding a protease capable of cleaving ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like protein, TEV cleavage peptide or furin cleavage peptide to the protein complex, wherein the ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like protein, TEV cleavage peptide or furin cleavage peptide is cleaved by the protease and separated and thus, the bispecific antibody can be generated from the protein complex.
The step of cleaving the tag may be performed before or after the formation of the dimer.
Using the protein complex according to one embodiment, a bispecific antibody system having two antigens or two epitopes as its targets at the same time can be effectively constructed, and it can be thus favorably applied to develop antibody drugs due to the synergistic effects resultant from the double antibody functions.
One or more embodiments of the present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the following Examples. However, these examples are for the illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 are the schematic diagrams of a protein complex including a first polypeptide containing a first antigen-binding region and a second polypeptide containing a second antigen-binding region.
FIG. 1 illustratively shows a protein complex (left and right) including a first polypeptide including a first antigen-binding region (red: including a first light chain antigen-binding region and a first heavy chain antigen-binding region), a second polypeptide including a second antigen-binding region (blue: including a second light chain antigen-binding region and a second heavy chain antigen-binding region), a tag bound to the C-terminal of the first polypeptide (yellow), and a linker for connecting the C-terminal of the tag and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, and a bispecific antibody (right) in a complete form where the cleavable site of the tag is cleaved therefrom.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, a first polypeptide (100) including first antigen-binding regions (101 and 102) and a second polypeptide (200) including second antigen-binding regions (201 and 202) are each linked to a first tag (302) and a second tag (303) at their terminal, and the first tag (302) and the second tag (303) are linked to the terminals of a linker (300) consisting of a polypeptide. The first tag (302) and the second tag (303) include proteins such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins and thus, they can be in vitro or in vivo cleaved. The first polypeptide (100) including the first antigen-binding regions (101 and 102) and the second polypeptide (200) including the second antigen binding sties (201 and 202) are in vitro or in vivo coupled through completely voluntary coupling by neighboring to each other, wherein a knob (400) formed on the CH3 domain of the first polypeptide (100) and a hole (500) formed on the CH3 domain of the second polypeptide (200) are mutually coupled to increase the formation rate of a bispecific protein complex having different antigen-binding regions from each other.
FIG. 3 shows an example where the second tag (301) is missing from the protein complex including the first polypeptide including the first antigen-binding regions and the second polypeptide including the second antigen-binding regions according to one embodiment disclosed in FIG. 2. As explained in the above, a bispecific protein complex having different antigen-binding regions from each other is formed through in vitro or in vivo cleavage of the protein complex, wherein the protein complex disclosed in FIG. 3 exists in such a form that a linker (300) is bound to the N-terminal of the second light chain antigen-binding region (201) or the second heavy chain binding site (202) of the second polypeptide (200) including the second antigen-binding regions (201 and 202) because it does not have the second tag (303), but the linker (300) does not affect the functions of the second polypeptide (200) including the second antigen-binding regions (201 and 202) as it only contains a short sequence of 2 to 50 amino acids.
Example 1: Preparation of Protein Complex Including Two Different Kinds of Antigen Binding Regions (Her2 and c-Met Double Specific Binding Protein Complex)
1.1. Preparation of Expression Vector
In order to prepare the precursor protein complex of a bispecific antibody including specific binding sites to Her2 and cMet, respectively, an expression vector for the protein complex was prepared by Genotech Co. Ltd. As a vector for protein overexpression, pCEP4 (Invitrogen) was used.
Specifically, as set forth in FIG. 4(A), a single sequence DNA (SEQ ID NO: 110) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 109) of the protein complex including a single chain polypeptide consisting of a secretion signal sequence (ss), a Her2 binding site H, and an Fc domain including a hinge and having an amino acid sequence forming a hole, a single chain polypeptide consisting of a cMet binding site M, and an Fc domain having an amino acid sequence forming a knob, a ubiquitin tag, and a linker was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 (Invitrogen), thereby to prepare a protein complex expression vector.
The insert DNA fragment includes at its 5′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by HindIII (SEQ ID NO: 113) and at its 3′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by XhoI (SEQ ID NO: 114), and was inserted into the HindIII-XhoI restriction enzyme sequences of pCEP4 vector.
Further, for the comparison of a bispecific antibody induced from the protein complex and a bispecific antibody generated by each single chain polypeptide, the following two types of DNAs were synthesized.
As set forth in FIG. 4(B), DNA (SEQ ID NO: 111) corresponding to the amino acid sequence of a single chain polypeptide consisting of a secretion signal sequence, a Her2 binding site H, and an Fc domain including a hinge and having an amino acid sequence forming a hole was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 vector via the HindIII-XhoI restriction enzyme sequences.
Likewise, as shown in FIG. 4(C), DNA (SEQ ID NO: 112) corresponding to the amino acid sequence of a single chain polypeptide consisting of a secretion signal sequence, a cMet binding site M, and an Fc domain having an amino acid sequence forming a knob was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 vector via the HindIII-XhoI restriction enzyme sequences.
1.2. Expression of Protein Complex and Purification of Bispecific Antibody
In order to see the expression of the protein complex using the vector prepared in Example 1.1 above, the vector was introduced into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293-F, Invitrogen) and after the transfection, the expression of the protein was evaluated. The HEK293-F cells were maintained in an orbital shaking incubator of 130 rpm, at 37° C., 8% CO2 conditions. In order to introduce the vector into HEK293-F, after the cells were separated from the medium using centrifugation, they were suspended again with a fresh Freestyle 293 Expression medium (Invitrogen) at a cell concentration of 1×106/mL and then, 100 μg of the vector was introduced into the HEK293-F cells using a FreeStyleTM MAX reagent (Invitrogen) to transfect the cells.
On 7 to 8 days after the transfection, a cell culture solution including the protein complex was collected using centrifugation (4000×g, 10 min, 4° C.), and it was filtered using a filter having a pore size of 0.22 micron to eliminate the cell debris generated from the cell culture. A bispecific antibody was separated from the obtained filtrate, using Protein A affinity column (GE Healthcare).
First, Protein A affinity column was equilibrated with 1×PBS (Invitrogen) solution, then the filtrate was applied to Protein A affinity column equilibrated with the above solution, washed with a wash buffer (1×PBS) corresponding to 5 times the column volume, and then treated with an elution buffer including 10% glycerol (IgG elution buffer, Thermo Scientific) to elute the bispecific antibody. The eluted solution was neutralized immediately with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) solution. The eluted solution was loaded onto HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 column equilibrated with 1×PBS to perform size exclusion chromatography. The purified protein concentration was measured using a gamma globulin antibody as a standard material. Thereafter, the concentrated bispecific antibody was verified finally through SDS-PAGE.
Prior to loading onto the gel, the bispecific antibody was divided into two samples, one was treated with 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (reducing condition: R), and the other was loaded in a state of not being treated with β-mercaptoethanol (non-reducing condition: NR). The result is shown in FIG. 5. As shown in FIG. 5, the generation of disulfide bond which is the intrinsic property of an antibody was confirmed through the comparison in R/NR conditions, and homodimeric antibodies were not observed.
1.3. Ratio Analysis of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex
In order to analyze the ratio of the bispecific antibody (heterodimer) among the protein complex purified in Example 1.2, mass analysis was carried out. The mass analysis was conducted using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LTQ Orbitrap MS system (Thermo scientific). Presto FF-C18 column (Imtakt) was connected to LC system, where the temperature and flow rate were set to 37° C. and 150 uL/min, respectively, and 20 ug of the protein complex was loaded onto the column. 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution in water solvent was used as buffer A, and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid solution in acetonitrile solvent was used as buffer B. The protein was separated while the ratio of buffer B in the total solution (buffer A+buffer B) was being increased from 3% to 70% for 32 minutes, and it was introduced into the LTQ Orbitrap MS system to analyze the mass of the protein complex (LC-mass spectrometry). The result is shown in FIGS. 6A-6E.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show the mass analysis results of the heterodimers formed from the protein complex purified in Example 1.2 above, and FIGS. 6C-6E show the mass analysis results obtained by co-expressing two antibody polypeptides (encoded by the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 (see FIG. 4(B) and encoded by the DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 (see FIG. 4(C)) and purifying them according to the method set forth in Example 1.2. FIG. 6A is the liquid chromatography (LC) result, and FIG. 6B is the mass spectrometry result. As shown in the liquid chromatography and the mass spectrometry results in FIGS. 6A-6E, the products obtained from the protein complex expression consisted mostly of one substance, particularly, a substance having the heterodimer mass value, whereas the products obtained through the co-expression of the two polypeptides consisted of a mixture of substances having several mass values.
1.4. Bispecific Antigen-Antibody Reaction of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex
In order to see the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 1.2, a surface plasmon resonance experiment was carried out using BiacoreT100 instrument (GE healthcare). As a running buffer and dilution buffer, 1×HBS-EP (GE healthcare) was used. Her2 molecules (RnD systems) with Fc fused thereto were immobilized on the surface of CM5 chip (GE healthcare) at about 2500 RU (response unit).
About 500 nM bispecific antibody was flowed onto the surface and then cMet (RnD systems) with Fc fused thereto was flowed at a rate of 10 μL/min. Surface regeneration was carried out by flowing glycine-HCl (pH 2.0) (GE Healthcare) buffer for one minute at 10 μL/min. The generated sensorgram was fitted using BIA evaluation software and the result is shown in FIG. 7. As shown in FIG. 7, the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 1.2 exhibited bispecific antigen-antibody reaction by specifically recognizing its unique antigens c-Met and Her2.
Example 2: Preparation of Protein Complex Including Two Different Kinds of Antigen Binding Regions (c-Met and EGFR Double Specific Binding Protein Complex)
2.1. Preparation of Expression Vector
In order to prepare the precursor protein complex of a bispecific antibody including specific binding sites to c-Met and EGFR, respectively, an expression vector for the protein complex was prepared by Genotech Co. Ltd. As an animal cell expression vector for protein overexpression, pCEP4 (Invitrogen) was used.
Specifically, in order to express the precursor protein complex of the bispecific antibody, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 116) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 115) of a single chain polypeptide having a structure as set forth in FIG. 8 (a secretion signal sequence, anti c-Met site (c-Met binding site), Fc (including a knob), tag (ubiquitin), GS linker, anti EGFR site (EGFR binding site), and Fc (including a hole)) was designed. The insert DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 116) includes at its 5′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by HindIII (SEQ ID NO: 113) and at its 3′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by XhoI (SEQ ID NO: 114), and was inserted into the HindIII-XhoI restriction enzyme sequences of pCEP4 vector.
Further, for the comparison of a bispecific antibody induced from the protein complex and a bispecific antibody generated by each single chain polypeptide, the following two types of DNAs were synthesized. Specifically, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 115) encoding the amino acid sequence of a single chain polypeptide including a secretion signal sequence, an anti cMet site and a hinge, and an Fc domain was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 vector via the HindIII-XhoI restriction enzyme sequences. Likewise, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 116) encoding the amino acid sequence of a single chain polypeptide including a secretion signal sequence, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) binding site, and an Fc domain was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 vector via the HindIII-XhoI restriction enzyme sequences.
2.2. Expression of Protein Complex and Purification of Bispecific Antibody
In order to over-express the protein complex using the vector prepared in Example 2.1 above, human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293-F, Invitrogen) transformed with the vector was used. The HEK293-F cells were maintained in an orbital shaker of 130 rpm, at 37° C., 8% CO2 conditions. For transfection, the cells were separated from the medium using centrifugation, they were then suspended again with a fresh Freestyle 293 Expression medium (Invitrogen) at a cell concentration of 1×106/mL and then, the HEK293-F cells were transfected with 100 μg of the vector, using a FreeStyleTM MAX reagent (Invitrogen). On 7 to 8 days after the transfection, a cell culture solution including the protein complex was collected using centrifugation (4000×g, 10 min, 4° C.), and it was filtered using a filter having a pore size of 0.22 micron to eliminate the cell debris from the cell culture solution. The thus obtained supernatant (filtrate) was used for the purification of a bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody was separated, using Protein A affinity column (GE Healthcare). First, Protein A affinity column was equilibrated with 1×PBS (Invitrogen) solution and then, the supernatant was applied to Protein A affinity column equilibrated with the above solution, washed with a wash buffer (1×PBS) corresponding to 5 times the column volume, and then treated with an elution buffer including 10% glycerol (IgG elution buffer, Thermo Scientific) to elute the bispecific antibody. The eluted solution was neutralized immediately with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) solution. The eluted solution was loaded onto HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 column equilibrated with 1×PBS to perform size exclusion chromatography. The purified protein concentration was measured using a Herceptin antibody as a standard material. Thereafter, the concentrated bispecific antibody was verified finally through SDS-PAGE. Prior to loading onto the gel, the bispecific antibody was divided into two, one was treated with 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (reducing condition: R), and the other was loaded in a state of not being treated with β-mercaptoethanol (non-reducing condition: NR). As a result, the generation of disulfide bond which is the intrinsic property of an antibody was confirmed through the comparison in R/NR conditions, and homodimeric antibodies were not observed, as shown in FIG. 9.
2.3. Bispecific Antigen-Antibody Reaction of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex
In order to see the binding affinity of the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 2.2, the binding ability of the antibody to c-Met and EGFR was evaluated through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiment, using BiacoreT100 instrument (GE healthcare). As a running buffer and dilution buffer, 1×HBS-EP (GE healthcare) was used.
Human c-Met (Sino Biologicals) was immobilized on the surface of CM5 chip (GE healthcare) at about 2000 RU (response unit), using a standard amine-coupling reaction. The bispecific antibody prepared in Example 2.2 was flowed onto the surface at a rate of 10 μL/min for one minute and after their binding was confirmed, human EGFR extracellular domain (Prospec) was flowed at a flow rate of 10 μL/min for one minute. After each binding cycle was complete, surface regeneration was carried out by flowing the regeneration solution glycine-HCl (pH 2.0) (GE Healthcare) for one minute at a rate of 10 μL/min to eliminate the bound antigens and antibodies from the chip. As a result of analysis, the bispecific antigen binding protein complex was confirmed to have binding abilities to human c-Met and human EGFR at the same time (FIG. 10A).
The generated sensorgram was fitted in BIA evaluation software using 1:1 Langmuir binding model and the result is shown in FIG. 10B. As shown in FIG. 10B, when compared to monovalent antibodies (M×M or E×E), the bivalent antibody M×E maintained Kd values and thus, it was confirmed that there was no significant difference in binding ability to EGFR and c-Met, respectively.
2.4. c-Met Degradation by Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex (MKN45): Efficacy
To evaluate the efficacy of the bispecific antibody, the change of the total amount of c-Met was measured, using the fact that the antibody bound to c-Met degrades c-Met via internalization. It has already been known that the binding of c-Met and HGF accelerates the growth of cancer cells and therefore, the above evaluation is based on the idea that a reduction in the total amount of c-Met leads to the decrease of cancer cell growth. Human total HGF Receptor/c-Met ELISA kit (R&D system) was used and the experiment was carried out using the MKN45 stomach cancer cell line (ATCC). 2×105 cells/mL of the cells in DMEM medium (GIBCO) was mixed with 5 mg/mL of anti-c-Met antibody and cultured in 37° C., 5% CO2 incubator for 24 hours, followed by ELISA experiment. The reaction was carried out ultimately using Super Aquablue (eBiosciences) and colorimetric signals were measured as OD values at 450 wavelengths. The value of a control group treated with no anti-c-Met antibody (group treated with media) was converted to 100% and the values obtained when anti-c-Met antibodies were treated were relatively calculated. The results are shown in a graph (FIG. 11A). As a result of measurement via quantitative ELISA methods, referring to FIG. 11A, the bispecific antibody (M×E) of Example 2.2 showed c-Met degradation level similar to single antibody (M×M).
2.5. Akt Phosphorylation of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex (Caki): Agonism
Safety and efficacy for a therapeutic antibody were investigated by mechanism-based experiments. That is, agonism that might happen by the binding of the bispecific antibody and c-Met was evaluated through the measurement of a phosphorylation degree of AKT kinase using quantitative ELISA methods. A site within AKT to be phosphorylated is Ser 473, and PathScan phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) chemiluminescent Sandwich ELISA kit (Cell signaling) was employed. Caki-1 kidney cancer cell line (ATCC® HTB-46) which was cultured to 2×105 cells/ml one day prior was mixed with 5 ug/ml of antibody in serum-free DMEM media (Gibco) and treated for 30 minutes, followed by an experiment using ELISA kit. The result was obtained by measuring with a machine (2104 Envision® Multilabel Reader; Perkins Elmer). The phosphorylation degree of AKT was calculated in such a manner that phosphorylation by 5D5 (an anti-c-Met antibody, separated and purified from ATCC Cat. #HB-11895 hybridoma cells obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.)) was set as 100% and phosphorylation degrees by other anti-c-Met antibodies were calculated by comparison with that value. Cellular functions to be regulated by AKT include cell proliferation, cell survival, cell size regulation, response to available nutrients, intermediate metabolism, angiogenesis, tissue invasion, etc. All these processes represent the characteristics of cancer and many oncoproteins and tumor suppressors intersect in the AKT pathway, finely regulating cellular functions at the interface of signal transduction and classical metabolic regulation. Thus, as the degree of phosphorylated AKT that is an active form of AKT increases, the activity of cancer cells increases. In this regard, the degree of inhibiting AKT phosphorylation by the antibody was evaluated. As a result, it was confirmed that the bispecific antibody (M×E) of Example 2.2 inhibited AKT phosphorylation more highly than the single antibody (M×M), as shown in FIG. 11B.
Example 3: Preparation of Protein Complex Including Two Different Kinds of Antigen Binding Regions (c-Met and Her3 Double Specific Binding Protein Complex)
3.1. Preparation of Expression Vector
In order to prepare the precursor protein complex of a bispecific antibody including specific binding sites to c-Met and Her-3, respectively, an expression vector for the protein complex was prepared by Genotech Co. Ltd. As an animal cell expression vector for protein overexpression, pCEP4 (Invitrogen) was used.
Specifically, in order to express the precursor protein complex of the bispecific antibody, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 120) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 119) of a single chain polypeptide having a structure as set forth in FIG. 12 (a secretion signal sequence, anti c-Met site (c-Met binding site), Fc (including a knob), tag (ubiquitin), GS linker, anti Her3 site (Her3 binding site), and Fc (including a hole) was designed. The insert DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 120) includes at its 5′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by HindIII (SEQ ID NO: 113) and at its 3′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by XhoI (SEQ ID NO: 114), and was inserted into the HindIII-Xho1 restriction enzyme sequences of pCEP4 vector.
Further, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 122) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 121) of a single chain polypeptide, except that the Fc does not include a knob or a hole in the structure shown in FIG. 12, having other portions identical to the structure as shown in FIG. 12 was designed. The insert DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 122) includes at its 5′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by HindIII (SEQ ID NO: 113) and at its 3′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by XhoI (SEQ ID NO: 114), and was inserted into the HindIII-Xho1 restriction enzyme sequences of pCEP4 vector.
Further, for the comparison of a bispecific antibody induced from the protein complex and a bispecific antibody generated by each single chain polypeptide, the following two types of DNAs were synthesized. Specifically, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 117) encoding the amino acid sequence of a single chain polypeptide including a secretion signal sequence, an anti cMet site which is a hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met) binding site and a hinge, and an Fc domain was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 vector via the HindIII-Xho1 restriction enzyme sequences. Likewise, a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 123) encoding the amino acid sequence of a single chain polypeptide including a secretion signal sequence, a Her3 binding site, and an Fc domain was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 vector via the HindIII-Xho1 restriction enzyme sequences.
3.2. Expression of Protein Complex and Purification of Bispecific Antibody
In order to see the expression of the protein complex using the vector prepared in Example 3.1 above, the vector was introduced into a human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293-F, Invitrogen) and after the transfection, the expression of the protein was evaluated. The HEK293-F cells were maintained in an orbital shaker of 130 rpm, at 37° C., 8% CO2 conditions. For transfection, the cells were separated from the medium using centrifugation, they were then suspended again with a fresh Freestyle 293 Expression medium (Invitrogen) at a cell concentration of 1×106/mL and then, the HEK293-F cells were transfected with 100 μg of the vector, using a FreeStyleTM MAX reagent (Invitrogen). On 7 to 8 days after the transfection, a cell culture solution including the protein complex was collected using centrifugation (4000×g, 10 min, 4° C.), and it was filtered using a filter having a pore size of 0.22 micron to eliminate the cell debris from the cell culture solution. The thus obtained supernatant (filtrate) was used for the purification of a bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody was separated, using Protein A affinity column (GE Healthcare). First, Protein A affinity column was equilibrated with 1×PBS (Invitrogen) solution and then, the supernatant was applied to Protein A affinity column equilibrated with the above solution, washed with a wash buffer (1×PBS) corresponding to 5 times the column volume, and then treated with an elution buffer including 10% glycerol (IgG elution buffer, Thermo Scientific) to elute the bispecific antibody. The eluted solution was neutralized immediately with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) solution. The eluted solution was loaded onto HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 column equilibrated with 1×PBS to perform size exclusion chromatography. The purified protein concentration was measured using a Herceptin antibody as a standard material. Thereafter, the concentrated bispecific antibody was verified finally through SDS-PAGE. Prior to loading onto the gel, the bispecific antibody was divided into two, one was treated with 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (reducing condition: R), and the other was loaded in a state of not being treated with β-mercaptoethanol (non-reducing condition: NR). As a result, the generation of disulfide bond which is the intrinsic property of an antibody was confirmed through the comparison in R/NR conditions, and homodimeric antibodies were not observed, as shown in FIGS. 13A-13C (the result obtained from the double antibody vector of Example 3.1) and FIG. 13D (the result obtained from the control antibody vector of Example 3.1).
3.3. Bispecific Antigen-Antibody Reaction of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex
In order to see the binding affinity of the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 3.2, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiment was carried out, using a BiacoreT100 instrument (GE healthcare). As a running buffer and dilution buffer, 1×HBS-EP (GE healthcare) was used.
An extracellular domain protein of c-Met (RnD systems, Accession number: P08581) was immobilized on the surface of CM5 chip (GE healthcare) at about 5000 RU (response unit), using standard amine-coupling reaction. The bispecific antibody of about 500 RU was flowed to the surface and after their binding, human Her-3 (Sino Biologicals) was flowed at a flow rate of 50 μL/min. Association phase was 180 seconds, and separation phase (washed with a running buffer) was 600 seconds. After each binding cycle was complete, the regeneration solution glycine-HCl (pH 2.0) (GE Healthcare) was flowed for one minute at a rate of 10 μL/min to eliminate the bound antigens and antibodies from the chip. As a result of analysis, the bispecific antigen binding protein complex was confirmed to have binding abilities to human c-Met and human Her-3 at the same time (FIG. 14A).
Further, in order to see the binding of the antigen-antibody reaction (ErbB3 and anti-Her-3) of the bispecific antibody, antigen-antibody reaction was carried out using MCF7 (breast cancer cell line) cells (ATCC) expressing ErbB3 and then measurement was performed using FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorter). ErbB3 commercial Ab (R&D) was used, as a control, in MCF7 (breast cancer cell line) expressing ErbB3 and the binding of Her-3 scFv of the bispecific antigen binding protein complex was evaluated. As a result, it was confirmed that the bispecific antigen binding protein complex showed no significant difference in binding, when compared to ErbB3 commercial Ab (FIG. 14B).
3.4. c-Met Degradation by Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex (MKN45): Efficacy
A relative total amount of c-Met is to evaluate the efficacy of an antibody by measuring the change of the total amount of c-Met, using the fact that the antibody bound to c-Met degrades c-Met via internalization. It has already been known that the binding of c-met and HGF accelerates the growth of cancer cells and therefore, the above evaluation is based on the idea that a reduction in the total amount of c-Met leads to the decrease of cancer cell growth. Human total HGF R/c-Met ELISA kit (R&D system) was used and the experiment was carried out using MKN45 stomach cancer cell line (JCRB, JCRB1379). 2×105 cells/mL of the cells in 10% FBS-containing RPMI medium (Invitrogen, Gibco) was mixed with 5 mg/mL of anti-c-Met antibody and cultured in 37° C. incubator for 24 hours, followed by ELISA experiment. The reaction was carried out ultimately using Super Aquablue (eBiosciences) and colorimetric signals were measured as OD values at 450 wavelengths. The value of a control group treated with no anti-c-Met antibody (group treated with media) was converted to 100% and the values obtained when anti-c-Met antibodies were treated were relatively calculated. The results are shown in a graph (FIG. 15A). As a result of measurement via quantitative ELISA methods, referring to FIG. 15A, the bispecific antibody (M×H3) of Example 3.2 showed similar or a little increased c-Met degradation level, when compared to the single antibodies (M, H3).
3.5. Akt Phosphorylation of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex (Caki): Agonism
Safety and efficacy for a therapeutic antibody were investigated by mechanism-based experiments. In order to see safety, the phosphorylation degree of AKT kinase was measured using quantitative ELISA methods. A site within AKT to be phosphorylated is Ser 473, and PathScan phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) chemiluminescent Sandwich ELISA kit (Cell signaling) was employed. Caki-1 kidney cancer cell line (ATCC® HTB-46TM) which was cultured to 2×105 cells/ml one day before was mixed with 5 ug/ml of antibody in serum-free DMEM media (Invitrogen) and treated for 30 min, followed by an experiment using ELISA kit. The result was obtained by measuring with 2104 Envision® Multilabel Reader (Perkins Elmer). The phosphorylation degree of AKT was calculated in such a manner that phosphorylation by 5D5 was set 100% and phosphorylation degrees by other anti-c-Met antibodies were calculated by comparison with that value. Cellular functions to be regulated by AKT include cell proliferation, cell survival, cell size regulation, response to available nutrients, intermediate metabolism, angiogenesis, tissue invasion, etc. All these processes represent the characteristics of cancer and many oncoproteins and tumor suppressors intersect in the AKT pathway, finely regulating cellular functions at the interface of signal transduction and classical metabolic regulation. Thus, as the degree of phosphorylated AKT that is an active form of AKT increases, the activity of cancer cells increases. In this regard, the degree of inhibiting AKT phosphorylation by the antibody was evaluated. As a result, it was confirmed that the bispecific antibody of Example 3.2 unexpectedly inhibited AKT phosphorylation more highly than the single antibody, as shown in FIG. 15B.
Example 4: Preparation of Protein Complex Including Two Different Kinds of Antigen Binding Regions (c-Met and Ang2 Double Specific Binding Protein Complex)
4.1. Preparation of Expression Vector
In order to prepare the precursor protein complex of a bispecific antibody including specific binding sites to c-Met and Ang2, respectively, an expression vector for the protein complex was prepared by Genotech Co. Ltd. As an expression vector for protein overexpression, pCEP4 (Invitrogen) was used.
Specifically, as set forth in FIG. 17(A), a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 125) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 124) of a protein complex including a single chain polypeptide consisting of a secretion signal sequence (ss), a cMet binding site, and an Fc domain including hinge, a single chain polypeptide consisting of an Ang2 binding site, and an Fc domain, a ubiquitin tag, and a linker was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 (Invitrogen), thereby to prepare a protein complex expression vector.
Further, as set forth in FIG. 17(B), a single stranded DNA (SEQ ID NO: 127) encoding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 126) of a protein complex including a secretion signal sequence (ss), a single chain polypeptide including a cMet binding site and a hinge, and an Fc domain including an amino acid sequence forming a knob, a single chain polypeptide including an Ang2 binding site, and an Fc domain including an amino acid sequence forming a hole, a ubiquitin tag, and a linker was synthesized and inserted into pCEP4 (Invitrogen), thereby to prepare a protein complex expression vector.
The insert DNA fragment includes at its 5′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by HindIII (SEQ ID NO: 113) and at its 3′ end a nucleotide sequence to be cleavable by XhoI (SEQ ID NO: 114), and was inserted into the HindIII-Xho 1 restriction enzyme sequences of pCEP4 vector.
4.2. Expression of Protein Complex and Purification of Bispecific Antibody
In order to over-express the protein complex using the vector prepared in Example 4.1 above, human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293-F, Korean Cell Line Bank) transfected with the vector was used. The HEK293-F cells were maintained in an orbital shaker of 130 rpm, at 37° C., 8% CO2 conditions. For transfection, 1×106 cells were separated from the medium using centrifugation, they were then suspended again with a fresh Freestyle 293 Expression medium (Invitrogen) and then, the HEK293-F cells were transfected with 100 μg of the vector, using a FreeStyleTM MAX reagent (Invitrogen). On 7 to 8 days after the transfection, a supernatant was collected using centrifugation (4000×g, 10 min, 4° C.), and it was filtered using a filter having a pore size of 0.22 micron. The thus obtained supernatant was used for the purification of a protein complex. The protein complex was separated, using Protein A affinity column (GE Healthcare). First, Protein A affinity column was equilibrated with 1×PBS (Invitrogen) solution and then, the supernatant was applied to Protein A affinity column equilibrated with the above solution, washed with a wash buffer (1×PBS) corresponding to 5 times the column volume, and then treated with an elution buffer including 10% glycerol (IgG elution buffer, Thermo Scientific) to elute the protein complex. The eluted solution was neutralized immediately with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) solution. The eluted solution obtained via Protein A affinity column was applied again to Mono S column (GE Healthcare) column equilibrated with an equilibration solution (30 mM MES (pH 5.0)). The proteins that were not bound to the column were removed through the application of the equilibration solution, and the proteins bound to the column were eluted, using a wash solution including 25 mM MES and salt (NaCl), by gradually increasing the concentration of the salt from 150 mM to 300 mM. The fractions including the protein complex were evaluated via absorbance at 280 nm (FIG. 18B) and SDS-PAGE using a non-reducing gel (FIG. 18A). As a result, it was confirmed that a heterodimer was formed from the antibody having a cMet binding site and Hinge-Fc and ubiquitin and the antibody having an Ang2 binding site and Hinge-Fc, as shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B.
4.3. Antigen-Antibody Reaction
In order to see the binding affinity of the antibody prepared in Example 4.2 to their respective antigen, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiment was carried out, using BiacoreT100 instrument (GE healthcare). As a running buffer and dilution buffer, 1×HBS-EP (GE healthcare) was used. Each of the antibody was immobilized on the surface of CM5 chip (GE healthcare) at about 5000 RU (response unit), using a standard amine-coupling reaction. A single specific antibody or anti-human FC antibody (GE healthcare) was immobilized on the bottom of the chip, and the antigens (c-MET or Ang2; RnD systems) were flowed at several concentrations (6.25 ̃100 nM) at a rate of 10 μL/min. Association phase was 180 seconds, and separation phase (washed with a running buffer) was 600 seconds. After each binding cycle was complete, the regeneration solution glycine-HCl (pH 2.0) (GE Healthcare) was flowed for one minute at a rate of 50 μL/min to eliminate the bound antigens and antibodies from the chip. The generated sensorgram was fitted in BIA evaluation software using 1:1 Langmuir binding model. It was confirmed from FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 that two monospecific antibodies, which are used for the construction of the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 4.2, specifically bound to their respective antigens.
4.4. Anti c-Met Efficacy and Agonistic Effect of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex
Low side effects and efficacy of the bispecific antibody proposed in the invention to c-Met were investigated by mechanism-based experiments.
Whether the c-Met binding portion of the bispecific antibody has c-Met degradation activity was evaluated by measuring a total amount of c-Met. It has already been known that the binding of c-met and HGF accelerates the growth of cancer cells and therefore, if antibody treatment reduces the total amount of c-Met, it leads to the decrease of cancer cell growth and through this, the anticancer activity of the antibody can be supported.
2×105 cells/mL of MKN45 stomach cancer cell line (JCRB0254, Shinjuku, Japan) were mixed with 5 ug/ml of each antibody and cultured (RPMI media, GIBCO) for 24 hours and then, ELISA experiment was carried out using Human total HGF R/c-Met ELISA kit (R&D system). The reaction was carried out ultimately by adding Super Aquablue (eBiosciences) and colorimetric signals were measured as OD values at 450 wavelengths. The values measured with regard to each antibody were converted into relative values against the control group treated with no antibody (media only, 100%) and shown in FIG. 21A. In FIG. 21A, M indicates an anti-c-Met antibody (anti c-Met scFv-Fc antibody including c-Met binding site (SEQ ID NO: 128) and Fc (SEQ ID NO: 129)), N indicates an anti Ang2 antibody (anti Ang2 scFv-Fc antibody having the amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO: 130), and M×N indicates the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 4.2 above.
As shown in FIG. 21A, the bispecific antibody showed excellent c-Met degradation efficacy, when compared to the untreated control group.
In order to see the safety of the antibody, the phosphorylation degree of AKT was quantitatively measured using ELISA methods. Cellular functions to be regulated by AKT include cell proliferation, cell survival, cell size regulation, response to available nutrients, intermediate metabolism, angiogenesis, tissue invasion, etc. All these processes represent the characteristics of cancer and many oncoproteins and tumor suppressors intersect in the AKT pathway, finely regulating cellular functions at the interface of signal transduction and classical metabolic regulation. Thus, as the degree of AKT activated by phosphorylation increases, a tumor formation potential increases. In this regard, the degree of inhibiting AKT phosphorylation by the antibody was evaluated to see anticancer effects of the antibody.
A site within AKT to be phosphorylated is Ser 473, and AKT phosphorylation was measured using PathScan phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) chemiluminescent Sandwich ELISA kit (Cell signaling).
Caki-1 kidney cancer cell line (HTB-46; American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va.) which was cultured to 2×105 cells/ml one day before was mixed with 5 ug/ml of the antibody in serum-free DMEM media and treated for 30 minutes, followed by an experiment using an ELISA kit.
The obtained result was measured with a machine (Perkins Elmer). The phosphorylation degrees of AKT by the antibodies were obtained as relative values against the phosphorylation degree (100%) by the positive control 5D5.
The obtained result is shown in FIG. 21B. As shown in FIG. 21B, the bispecific antibody showed remarkably high AKT phosphorylation inhibitory effects, when compared to the positive control 5D5 (as an anti-c-Met antibody, separated and purified from ATCC Cat. #HB-11895 hybridoma cells obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.)).
Example 5: Preparation of Protein Complex Including Two Different Kinds of Antigen Binding Regions (c-Met and VEGF Double Specific Binding Protein Complex)
5.1: Preparation of Expression Vector for Protein Complex Including c-Met Antigen-Binding Region and VEGF Antigen-Binding Region
In order to prepare the precursor protein complex of a bispecific antibody including specific binding sites to c-Met and VEGF, respectively, an expression vector for the protein complex was prepared by Genotech Co. Ltd, and as an animal cell expression vector for protein overexpression, pCEP4 (Invitrogen) was used.
Specifically, as set forth in FIG. 27, a DNA insert (SEQ ID NO: 141) encoding a single chain polypeptide including a single chain polypeptide consisting of a secretion signal sequence (ss, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 131, coding base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 132), a c-Met binding site (anti-cMet, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 133, coding base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 134), and an Fc domain including a hinge and having a knob formed thereon (Hinge-C2-C3, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 135, knob; 151st amino acid (Y)); a ubiquitin tag (amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 137, coding base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 138); a GS linker (coding base sequence: ggatcc); a single chain polypeptide consisting of a VEGF binding site (anti-VEGF, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 139, coding base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 140), and an Fc domain including a hinge and having a hole formed thereon (Hinge-C2-C3, amino acid sequence: SEQ ID NO: 136, hole; 192nd amino acid (T)); and a nucleotide sequence at 5′ end to be cleavable with HindIII (SEQ ID NO: 113) and a nucleotide sequence at 3′ end to be cleavable with XhoI (SEQ ID NO: 114) was synthesized.
The multicloning sites of pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen) were cleaved with HindIII and XhoI, and the above synthesized DNA insert was introduced thereto, thereby to prepare a vector for expressing a protein complex including specific binding sites to c-Met and VEGF, respectively.
Further, a protein complex (SEQ ID NO: 146) including an Fc domain where a knob and hole were not formed (SEQ ID NO: 144; base sequence: SEQ ID NO: 145), instead of the Fc domains where a knob or hole was formed of SEQ ID NO: 135 and SEQ ID NO: 136, was synthesized.
5.2: Expression of Protein Complex and Purification of Bispecific Antibody
In order to overexpress the protein complex using the vector prepared in Example 1 above, human embryonic kidney cell (HEK293-F, Invitrogen) transformed with the vector was used. The HEK293-F cells were maintained in an orbital shaker of 130 rpm, at 37° C., 8% CO2 conditions. For transformation, the cells were separated from the medium using centrifugation, they were then suspended again with fresh Freestyle 293 Expression media (Invitrogen) at a cell concentration of 1×106/mL and then, the HEK293-F cells were transformed with 100 μg of the vector, using a FreeStyleTM MAX reagent (Invitrogen). On 7 to 8 days after the transformation, a cell culture solution including the protein complex was collected using centrifugation (4000×g, 10 min, 4° C.), and it was filtered using a filter having a pore size of 0.22 micron to eliminate the cell debris from the cell culture solution. The thus obtained supernatant (filtrate) was used for the purification of a bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody was separated, using Protein A affinity column (GE Healthcare). First, Protein A affinity column was equilibrated with 1×PBS (Invitrogen) solution and then, the supernatant was applied to Protein A affinity column equilibrated with the above solution, washed with a wash buffer (1×PBS) corresponding to 5 times the column volume, and then treated with an elution buffer including 10% glycerol (IgG elution buffer, Thermo Scientific) to elute the bispecific antibody. The eluted solution was neutralized immediately with 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) solution.
The buffer in the eluted solution was exchanged with 25 mM MES (pH 6.0) using HiTrap Desalting column (GE). The solution was loaded onto MonoS column (GE) equilibrated with 25 mM MES (pH 6.0) to perform cation exchange chromatography. The solution including the antibody was loaded onto MonoS column and then, the bispecific antibody (anti c-Met/anti VEGF double antibody) was eluted while the concentration of NaCl was being increased to 0 ̃300 mM.
The purified protein concentration was measured using a Herceptin antibody as a standard material. Thereafter, the concentrated bispecific antibody was verified finally through SDS-PAGE. Prior to loading onto the gel, the bispecific antibody was divided into two, one was treated with 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol (reducing condition: R), and the other was loaded in a state of not being treated with β-mercaptoethanol (non-reducing condition: NR). As a result, the heterodimer formation of a peptide having the c-Met binding site, Hinge-Fc and ubiquitin, and a peptide having the VEGF binding site and Hinge-Fc was observed, as shown in FIGS. 22A and 22B.
5.3: Bispecific Antigen-Antibody Reaction of Bispecific Antibody Prepared from Protein Complex (Affinity Test)
In order to see the bispecific antigen-antibody reaction of the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 2, a binding assay using ELISA methods was carried out. c-Met antigen (R&D systems) diluted in PBS (Invitrogen) was seeded onto a 96-well immunoplate (Nunc) at 200 ng per well and reacted overnight at 4° C. The immnuoplate with the antigen attached thereto was blocked with 2% BSA solution at a room temperature for one hour and the, the bispecific antibody was seeded onto each well by 2-fold serial dilution starting from 1 ug/ml concentration and reacted at a room temperature for one hour. The plate was washed three times with PBS containing 0.5% Tween-20 and then, VEGF antigen (R&D systems) with 6×His tag bound thereto was seeded at 100 ng per well and reacted for one hour. For detection, anti-His-HRP antibody (abcam) diluted in 1:5000 was seeded and reacted for one hour and after the reaction was complete, 100 ul of TMB substrate (eBioscience) was seeded and then, absorbance was measured at 405 nm. The results are shown in FIG. 23. As in FIG. 23, the bispecific antibody prepared in Example 2 showed bispecific antigen-antibody reaction by specifically recognizing its unique antigens c-Met and VEGF.
5.4: c-Met Degradation ELISA (MKN45)
The efficacy of the antibody was evaluated by measuring the change of the total amount of c-Met, using the fact that an antibody bound to c-Met degrades c-Met via internalization. It has already been known that the binding of c-met and HGF accelerates the growth of cancer cells and therefore, the above evaluation is based on the idea that a reduction in the total amount of c-Met leads to the decrease of cancer cell growth.
The amount of c-Met was measured using quantitative ELISA methods, and the experiment was performed in MKN45 stomach cancer cell line (JCRB0254; Health Science Research Resource Bank (HSRRB, Shinjuku, Japan)), using human total HGF R/c-Met ELISA kit(R&D systems). 200,000 cells/ml of MKN45 cells were mixed with 5 ug/ml of the bispecific antibody prepared in the above and cultured for 24 hours (media: RPMI with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum), followed by the ELISA experiment. The reaction was carried out ultimately using Super Aquablue (eBiosciences) and colorimetric signals were measured as OD values at 450 wavelengths. The value of a control group treated with no anti-c-Met antibody (media) was set 100%, and the values obtained when the anti-c-Met antibodies were treated were converted into relative values to the control group.
The obtained results are shown in FIG. 24. As seen in FIG. 24, the bispecific antibody (M×V) of Example 2 showed c-Met degradation potentials equivalent to or above the single antibody (M×M). The single antibody (M×M) is a single antibody prepared to include only Anti-cMET scFv of SEQ ID NO: 133 as its antigen-binding region, referring to the preparation method of the bispecific antibody (M×V) of Examples 1 and 2.
5.5: Akt Phosphorylation (Caki) (Agonism Test of Antibody)
Safety and efficacy for a therapeutic antibody were investigated by mechanism-based experiments. In order to see the safety, the phosphorylation degree of AKT kinase was measured using quantitative ELISA methods. Cellular functions to be regulated by AKT include cell proliferation, cell survival, cell size regulation, response to available nutrients, intermediate metabolism, angiogenesis, tissue invasion, etc. All these processes represent the characteristics of cancer and many oncoproteins and tumor suppressors intersect in the AKT pathway, finely regulating cellular functions at the interface of signal transduction and classical metabolic regulation. Thus, as the degree of phosphorylated AKT that is an active form of AKT increases, the activity of cancer cells increases. In this regard, this Example evaluates how much the above prepared bispecific antibody can inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT, compared to the treatment with the positive control antibody 5D5.
A site within AKT to be phosphorylated is Ser 473, and AKT phosphorylation was measured using PathScan phospho-AKT1 (Ser473) chemiluminescent Sandwich ELISA kit (Cell signaling). Caki-1 kidney cancer cell line (HTB-46; American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va.) which was cultured to 200,000 cells/ml one day before was mixed with 5 ug/ml of the above prepared bispecific antibody in serum-free DMEM media (GIBCO, Invitrogen) and treated for 30 min, followed by an experiment using ELISA kit. The result was obtained by measuring with a machine (Perkins Elmer). The phosphorylation degree of AKT was calculated in such a manner that phosphorylation degree by the positive control 5D5 (American Type Culture Collection; ATCC, Manassas, Va.) was set 100% and phosphorylation degrees by other anti-c-Met antibodies and the dual targeting antibody were calculated by comparison with that value.
The obtained result is shown in FIG. 25. As seen in FIG. 25, the bispecific antibody (M×V) inhibited AKT phosphorylation more significantly strongly than the single antibody (M×M).
5.6: HUVEC Growth Inhibitory Test (Antibody Efficacy Test)
Human cancer cell line HUVEC cells were obtained from Health Science Research Resource Bank (HSRRB, Shinjuku, Japan). The cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 media (GIBCO, Cat. #11875-119) containing 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, GIBCO Cat. #16000-044) and 1% (v/v) penicillin/streptomycin (GIBCO, Cat. #15410-122). The cell line was cultured under a humid atmosphere containing 5% CO2 at 37° C., and they were subcultured before confluence. The number of the cells was measured using a CEDEX Analyzer (Roche Diagnostics). In order to see tumor cell proliferation according to in vitro antibody treatment, Celltiter Glo (CTG: Promega Co.) luminescent assay was employed.
This analysis was carried out according to the manufacturer's manual. In brief, the HUVEC cells in the FBS 10% (v/v) containing RPMI1640 media were seeded at a concentration of 1×104 cells per well onto a black 96-well plate (Corning Incorporated, Cat. #Costar 3603), which was then treated with the antibody that was diluted using 10% FBS containing RPMI 1640 media to final concentrations 0.008 ug/mL, 0.04 ug/mL, 0.2 ug/mL, and 1 ug/mL. After 72-hour incubation, 100 ul of CTG solution (Promega) was added to each well, which was then incubated at a room temperature for 30 min. The obtained luminescent signals were recorded using Envision 2104 Multi-label Reader (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass., USA).
The result corresponding to 1 ug/ml of the obtained results is shown in FIG. 26. The anti-VEGF (V×V) is a single antibody prepared to include only anti-VEGF scFv of SEQ ID NO: 139 as its antigen-binding region, referring to the preparation method of the bispecific antibody (M×V) of Examples 1 and 2, and avastin was obtained from Samsung Medical Center. As seen in FIG. 26, the bispecific antibody (M×V) had HUVEC cancer cell line growth inhibitory effects, using only one antigen-binding region.
REFERENCE NUMERALS


    
    
        100: first polypeptide
        101: first light chain antigen-binding region
        102: first heavy chain antigen-binding region
        200: second polypeptide
        201: second light chain antigen-binding region
        202: second heavy chain antigen-binding region
        300: first linker
        301: tag
        302: first tag
        303: second tag
        400: knob
        500: hole
    
    


All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and “at least one” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The use of the term “at least one” followed by a list of one or more items (for example, “at least one of A and B”) is to be construed to mean one item selected from the listed items (A or B) or any combination of two or more of the listed items (A and B), unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

## Claims

1. A fusion protein comprising:
a first polypeptide;
a second polypeptide; and
a linker connecting the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide,
wherein the first polypeptide comprises (a) a first antigen-binding region comprising a single stranded Fab, a single stranded Fab′, or a single stranded Fv (scFv), and (b) an Fc domain comprising a CH3 domain, a CH2 domain, or a combination thereof,
the second polypeptide comprises (a) a second antigen-binding region comprising a single stranded Fab, a single stranded Fab′, or a single stranded Fv (scFv), and (b) an Fc domain comprising a CH3 domain, a CH2 domain, or a combination thereof, and
the linker connects the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, and comprises a tag including a cleavable amino acid sequence at one terminal or both terminals of the linker, and
wherein one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid residue forming at least one knob on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, and the other of the first or second polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid residue forming at least one hole on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, and wherein the knob and hole are located such that the knob of one polypeptide couples to the hole of the other polypeptide.

2. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the knob is formed on a CH3 domain of one polypeptide of the first polypeptide or the second polypeptide, and the hole is formed on a CH3 domain of the other polypeptide.

3. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein
the amino acid residue forming a knob is at least one selected from the group consisting of Arg, Phe, Tyr, and Trp, and
the amino acid residue forming a hole is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ala, Ser, Thr, Gly, and Val.

4. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the first antigen-binding
region and the second antigen-binding region bind to different antigens or recognize different epitopes.

5. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the tag is one or more selected from the group consisting of ubiquitin, an ubiquitin-like protein, a peptide comprising TEV protease cleavage site, and a peptide comprising a furin protease cleavage site.

6. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein the linker is a polypeptide linker comprising about 2 to about 50 amino acids.

7. A bispecific antibody comprising the fusion protein of claim 1.

8. A bispecific antibody comprising
a first polypeptide;
a second polypeptide; and
a linker connecting the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide,
wherein the first polypeptide comprises (a) a first antigen-binding region comprising a single stranded Fab, a single stranded Fab′, or a single stranded Fv (scFv), and (b) an Fc domain comprising a CH3 domain, a CH2 domain, or a combination thereof; and
the second polypeptide comprises (a) a second antigen-binding region comprising a single stranded Fab, a single stranded Fab′, or a single stranded Fv (scFv), and (b) an Fc domain comprising a CH3 domain, a CH2 domain, or a combination thereof, and
the linker connects the C-terminal of the first polypeptide and the N-terminal of the second polypeptide, and comprises a tag including a cleavable amino acid sequence at one terminal or both terminals of the linker, wherein in case that the linker comprises one tag at one terminal, the cleavable amino acid sequence of the tag is cleaved, and in case the linker comprises tags at both terminals, the cleavable amino acid sequences of both tags are cleaved whereby the linker is eliminated, and
wherein one of the first polypeptide and the second polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid residue forming at least one knob on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, and the other of the first or second polypeptide comprises at least one amino acid residue forming at least one hole on a site not located within the antigen-binding region, and wherein the knob and hole are located such that the knob of one polypeptide couples to the hole of the other polypeptide.

9. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of claim 1.

10. A recombinant vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 9 and an expression regulating sequence which is operatively linked to the polynucleotide.

11. A cultured recombinant cell comprising the recombinant vector of claim 10.

12. A method of preparing a the fusion protein of claim 1 comprising expressing a recombinant vector comprising the polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of claim 1 and an expression regulating sequence which is operatively linked to the polynucleotide.

13. A method of preparing a bispecific antibody comprising preparing a fusion protein of claim 1 and cleaving the tag of the fusion protein to provide the bispecific antibody.

14. The method according to claim 13, wherein the step of cleaving the tag is performed by adding a protease that recognizes the cleavable amino acid sequence in the tag.

15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the fusion protein of claim 1.

16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the bispecific antibody of claim 8.

17. The fusion protein according to claim 1, wherein one of the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region specifically binds c-Met and comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising (a) a CDR-H1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (b) a CDR-H2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (c) a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and a light chain variable region comprising (d) a CDR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 106, (e) a CDR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and (f) a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 16.

18. The bispecific antibody according to claim 8, wherein one of the first antigen-binding region and the second antigen-binding region specifically binds c-Met and comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising (a) a CDR-H1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (b) a CDR-H2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (c) a CDR-H3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and a light chain variable region comprising (d) a CDR-L1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 106, (e) a CDR-L2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, and (f) a CDR-L3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 15, or SEQ ID NO: 16.