Nicosulfuron PC Code 129008 Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP # 417840

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION



### MEMORANDUM 

### DATE: 03/17/2014 

### SUBJECT : Nicosulfuron: Chronic Aggregate Dietary (Food plus Drinking Water) Exposure and Risk Assessments in Support of a Section 3 Registration on Acetolactase Synthase (ALS) Tolerant Grain Sorghum. 

### PC Code: 129008 

### DP Barcode: D417840 

### Decision Number: 473409 

### Petition Number: 2F8132 

### Risk Assessment Type: NA 

### TXR Number: NA 

### Registration Numbers: 352-560, 352-816 

### Regulatory Action: Section 3 Registration 

### Case Number: NA 

### CAS Number: 111991-09-4 40CFR : 

### § 180.454 

### MRID Numbers: NA
FROM: C f-/- / 

## e ·· / 

## ,Jc_9L#<**·~** 

### Meheret Negussie, hemist 1 

### r<A1 'f'C.T 

### U 

### Risk Assessment Branch 

## III (RAB3) Health Effects Division (HED; 7509P)

, 

### THROUGH: Th
. urston Morton, Senior Chemist
_ 1 _ _ _ 

## c .**L~** (;)

_, "'"
. / 

### Mohsen Sahafeyan, Chemist

## ~**~0-rv.w-** OOJ'

## ~**~­** Dietary Exposure Science Advisory Council (DESA Health Effects Division (HED; 7509P) and 

# /J f /**/~** Christine Olinger, Branch Chief

### ~ 

# r /- ' RAB3/HED (7509P)


### TO: Kristin Rury, Biologist/Risk Assessor RAB3/HED (7509P) and Mindy Ondish and Kable Davis, RM# 25 Herbicide Branch Registration Division (7505P)

Page 1 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP# 417840 PC Code 129008 

### Executive Summary 

### Chronic aggregate dietary (food and drinking water) exposure and risk assessment was conducted using the Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model software with the Food Commodity Intake Database (DEEM-FCID) Version 3.16
. This software uses 2003-2008 food consumption data from the U.S. Department ofAgriculture's (USDA's) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, What We Eat in America, (NHANES/WWEIA). The analyses were conducted in support of a human health risk assessment for the proposed Section 3 requests on acetolactase synthase (ALS) tolerant grain sorghum. This memorandum was reviewed by two peer reviewers ofthe DESAC, per DESAC SOP 2012.1. Acute and Cancer Dietary Exposure No acute dietary toxicity endpoint could be identified based on the toxicology data currently available for nicosulfuron; therefore, an acute assessment was not performed. The Cancer Assessment Review Committee (CARC) classified nicosulfuron as "not likely to be carcinogenic to humans;" therefore, a cancer assessment was not performed. Chronic Dietary Exposure Results and Characterization Chronic (food and drinking water) dietary assessment was conducted assuming tolerance level residues for all crops, 100% crops are treated (CT), and DEEM version 7.81 default processing factors. The estimated drinking water concentration (EDWC) (19.2 ppb) was incorporated directly into the dietary assessment. The results ofthe chronic dietary (food and drinking water) analysis indicate that exposure and risk does not exceed RED's level ofconcern (LOC) for the U.S. population and all population subgroups. The dietary exposure for food and water is estimated at 

### <1% ofthe chronic Population Adjusted Dose (cP AD) for the general U
.S. population and all population subgroups. 

### I. Introduction Dietary risk assessment incorporates both exposure and toxicity of a given pesticide. For acute and chronic assessments, the risk is expressed as a percentage of a maximum acceptable dose (i
.e., the dose which HED has concluded will result in no unreasonable adverse health effects). This dose is referred to as the population adjusted dose (PAD). The PAD is equivalent to point of departure (POD, NOAEL, LOAEL, e.g.) divided by the required uncertainty or safety factors. For acute and non-cancer chronic exposures, HED is concerned when estimated dietary risk exceeds 100% ofthe PAD. HED is generally concerned when estimated cancer risk exceeds one in one million. References which discuss the acute and chronic risk assessments in more detail are available on the EPA/pesticides web site: "Available

Page 2 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP# 41 7 840 PC Code 129008 

### Informa tion on Assessing Exposure from Pesticides, A User's Guide," 21-JUN-2000, web link: http:/ /www.epa.gov /fedrgstr /EP A-PEST /2000 /July /Day-12/606l.pdf**~** 

### or see SOP 99.6 (20

-AUG-1 999). The most recent dietary risk assessment for nicosulfuron was conducted by M. Doherty (DP# 369744, 10 / 15/2009). 

## II. Residue Information 

### For plants and livestock, the residue ofconcern (ROC) for tolerance enforcement and risk assessment is the parent compound, nicosulfuron. The residues ofconcern for drinking water include parent nicosulfuron and all major degradates which maintain the sulfonylurea bridge which include degradates identified as IN-HYY21 and IN-37740 (DP# D416835, K. Rury, 12/18/20 12). Therefore, the total residue method was used to estimate exposure in drinking water sources. Existing and recommended tolerance-level residues (40 CFR §180.454] have been used for all food commodities in this assessment. The existing tolerances are 0.1 ppm for all com commodities. The recommended to lerances for live stock commodities (of cattle, horses, and sheep only) are 0.01 ppm for meat and fat, 0.05 ppm for meat byproducts, and 0.01 ppm for milk. DEEM default processing factor was used where available. In addition, it was assumed that 100% offoods in the assessment had residues of nicosulfuron (i.e.• 100% crop treated). The inputs used in the assessment are provided in Attachment 1. The USDA Pesticide Data Program (PDP) monitored pesticide residues in catfish in 2008 , 2009 , and 2010. In general, pesticide residues would not be expected to be found in fish unless the pesticide bioaccumulates or has an aquatic use. To determine whether or not residues are present in fish, HED now routinely checks PDP monitoring data regardless ofthe pesticide ' s uses and physicochemical properties. However, PDP did not analyze catfish samples for nicosulfuron. As a result, residues in fish were not included in the assessment. For the proposed new use on sorghum, tolerance level (0
. 8 ppm) is recommended (DP# D417854 , M. Negussie , 03/ 17/2014). 

## III. Percent Crop Treated Information 

### 100% CT was assumed for all crops. IV. Drinking Water Data 

### The drinking water residues used in the dietary risk assessment were provided by the Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) (DP# 414505, G. Rothman, 03/ 13/2014) and incorporated directly into this dietary assessment. Water residues were incorporated in DEEM-FCID into the food categories " water, direct, all sources " and "water, indirect, all sources. "
Page 3 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP# 417840 PC Code 129008 

### Estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) in surface waters are estimated using the Tier 2 model PRZM/EXAMS (Pesticide Root Zone Model)/(Exposure Analysis Modeling System). Based on PRZM/EXAMS, the concentrations ofnicosulfuron, INHYY21, and IN-37740 in surface drinking water sources are not likely to exceed 9.67 jlg/L (9.67 ppb) for the acute peak concentration, 2.80 jlg/L (2.80 ppb) for the chronic concentration, and 2.15 jlg/ L (2.15 ppb) for the cancer concentra tion. Ground water estimates ofconcentrations are estimated using the PRZM-GW (Ground Water). PRZM-GW model estimates upper-bound concentrations ofnicosulfuron, INHYY21 , and IN-37740 in ground drinking water sources are not likely to exceed 26.3 jlg/L (26.3 ppb) for acute exposure and 19.2jlg/L (19.2 ppb) for chronic and cancer exposure. The PRZM-GW estimate was higher compared to surface water estimated concentrations. Therefore, the chronic ground water estimate (19.2 ppb) was used in the assessment. Estimates were derived based on the use on sorghum and are considered worst-case. The model and its description are available at the EPA internet site: http://www.epa.govIoppefed 1/models/water/

I 

### Table 1. Comparison ofPRZM-GW, SCI-GROW, and PRZMIEXAMS estimated upper bound concentrations for nicosulfuron and degradates ofconcern including IN

-HYY21 and IN-37740. PRZM

- GW SCI-GROW Exposure Duration (ppb) (ppb)l PRZMIEXAMS Highest Daily Cone. 26.3 9.67 (Acute) Post-Breakthrough

Average Cone. 1.42 2.80 (Chronic and Cancer) 

### 19.22 30-year Mean 2.15 (Cancer) SCI-GROW modeling conservatively assumes that ground water concentratiOns are umform over time and therefore, acute, chronic, and cancer concentration are the same. 2 The highest est imated concentration is bolded. 

## V. DEEM-FCIDTM Program and Consumption Information Nicosulfuron chronic dietary exposure assessment was conducted using the DEEMFCID, Version 3.16, which incorporates 2003 -2008 consumption data from USDA's NHANES/WWEIA. The data are based on the reported consumption ofmore than 20,000 individuals over two non-consecutive survey days. Foods "as consumed" (e.g., apple pie) are linked to EPA-defined food commodities (e.g., apples, peeled fruitcooked; fresh or N/S; baked; or wheat flour

- cooked; fresh or N/S, baked) using publicly available recipe translation files developedjointly by USDA/ARS and EPA. For chronic exposure assessment, consumption data are averaged for the entire U.S. population and within population subgroups. However, for acute exposure assessment, consumption data are retained as individual consumption events. Based on analysis ofthe 2003-2008 WWEIA consumption data, which took into account dietary patterns and survey respondents, HED concluded tha t it is most appropriate to report risk for the following population subgroups: the general U.S. population, all infants (<1 year old), children 1-2,

Page 4 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP # 417840 PC Code 129008 

### children 3-5, children 6-12, youth 13-19, adults 20

-49, females 13-49, and adults 50

-99 years old. For chronic dietary exposure assessment, an estimate ofthe residue level in each food or food

-form (e.g., orange or orangejuice) on the food commodity residue list is multiplied by the average daily consumption estimate for that food/food form to produce a residue intake estimate. The resulting residue intake estimate for each food/food form is summed with the residue intake estimat es for all other food/food forms on the commodity residue list to arrive at the total average estimated exposure. Exposure is expressed in mglkg body weight/day and as a percent ofthe cPAD
. This procedure is performed for each population subgroup. 

## VI. Toxicological Information No acute hazard, attributable to a single dose, was identified; therefore, an acute dietary endpoint was not selected for quantitative risk assessment. The toxicity endpoints pertinent for human health dietary risk assessment are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of Toxicological Doses and Endpoints for Nicosulfuron for Use in Dietary Human Health Risk Assessments Exposure/ Point of Uncertainty RfD&PAD, Study and Toxicological Effects and FQPA for Risk Scenario Departure Safety Factors Assessment Acute Dietary An endpoint ofconcern attributable to a single dose was not identified. (All populations) Oral toxicity

- dog NOAEL = 125 mglkg/day based upon decreased body weight gain Chronic RID in males and the statistically Chronic Dietary UFA= lOx = significant increase in the relative (All NOAEL= 12 UFH= lOx cPAD = liver and kidney weights ofmales Populations) 5 mglkg/day FQPA SF= lx 1.25mglkg/da at the LOAEL of 500 mglkg/day. y Supported by the NOAEL of 1 00 mglkglday / LOAEL 500 mglkglday in the rabbit developmental toxicity study. Cancer (oral, Classification: "Not likely to be Carcinogenic to Humans" based on lack of dermal, tumorigenic effects in rodent (rats and mice) bioassays at the limit doses and lack of inhalation) mutagenic effects in the in vitro and in vivogenotoxicity assays. Point ofDeparture (POD) = A data pomt or an est• mated pomt that IS denved from observed dose-response data and used to mark the beginning ofextrapolation to determine risk associated with lower environmentally relevant human exposures. NOAEL = no observed adverse effect level. LOAEL = lowest observed adverse effect level. UF 

### = uncertainty factor. UF A

### = extrapolation from animal to human (interspecies). UFH = potential variation in sensitivity among members ofthe human population (intraspecies). FQPA SF = FQPA Safety Factor. PAD = population adjusted dose (a = acute, c =chronic). RID = reference dose. 

## VII. Results/Discussion
Page 5 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP# 4 17840 PC Code I29008


### As stated above, for chronic assessments, HED is concerned when dietary risk exceeds 100% ofthe PAD. The DEEM

-FCID analyses estimate the dietary exposure ofthe U.S. population and various population subgroups . The results reported in Table 3 are for the general U
. S. Population, all infants (<1 year old), children 1-2, children 3-5, children 6- 12, youth 13

- 19, females 13-49, adults 20

-49, and adults 50

-99 years. Results of Chronic Dietary (Food and Drinking Water) Exposure Analysis The results ofthe chronic dietary (food and drinking water) analysis indicate that exposure and risk does not exceed HED's LOC for the U.S. population and all population subgroups. The dietary exposure for food and water is estimated at < 1% ofthe cPAD for the general U.S
. population and all population subgroups. The results of the chronic dietary analyses (food plus drinking water) are reported in Table 3 below.

Table 3. Result ofChronic Dietary Exposure and Risk Estimates for Nicosulfuron. Population Subgroup cPAD, Chronic Estimates (Food and Drinking Water) mg/kg/day Exposure, mg/kg/day Risk,% cPAD U.S. Population 1.25 0.000678 <I 

### All infants 0.001548 <1 Children l-2 yrs 0.001462 <I Chi ldren 3-5 yrs 0.001208 <l Children 6-12 yrs 0.000846 <1 Youth 13 -19 yrs 0.000603 <1 Adults 20-49 yrs 0.000623 <1 Adults 50-99 yrs 0.000541 <I Females 13-49 yrs 0.000612 <I The populatiOn subgroup with the highest estimated exposure/nsk 1s bolded
. 

### VIII. Characterization of Inputs/Outputs The dietary exposure and risk estimates are unrefined since they assume tolerance level residues, 100 %CT, and include default processing factors. Additional refinements may be implemented such as the use ofanticipated residues, incorpora tion of %CT data, and inclusion ofempirical processing factors. HED concludes that the chronic dietary exposure and risk estimates are not underestimated. 

### IX
. Conclusions An unrefined dietar y (food and drinking water) exposure and risk assessment was performed for nicosulfuron. The inputs and assumptions used in this assessment are highly conservative with respect to dietary exposure and the exposure estimates presented in Table 3 are likely to overestimate any actual dietary exposures to nicosulfuron. The chronic dietary (food and drinking water) exposure estimates are below HED's LOC (<100% cPAD) for the general U.S. population and all population subgroups. Nicosulfuron dietary (food and drinking water) risk is < 1% ofthe cPAD for the U.S. population and all population subgroups.
Page 6 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP # 417840 PC Code 129008 

### X. List ofAttachments 1. Attachment 1. Chronic Food Plus Water Residue Input file 2. Attachment 2. Chronic Results files: Food Plus Water 3. Attachment 3. Chronic Results files: Food Alone

Page 7 of 10Nicosulfuron D ietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP# 417840 PC Code 129008 

### Attachment 

### 1. Chronic Food Plus Water Residue Input file
U.S
. EPA Ver
. 3
. 16, 03

- 08-d DEEM-FCI D Chronic analysis for N I COSULFURON Residue fi l e : C:\Documents and Settings\MNEGUSS I \My Documents\DEEM Version 3.16\Nicosulfuron\Chronic

_ Nicosulfuron2014
. R08 Adjust
. #2 NOT used Ana l ysis Date 02

- 18

- 20 14 Residue file dated: 02-18-2014/14:40 : 39 Reference dose (RfDl 

## = 1.25 m g/kg bw/day Comment:Sorghum use Crop Food EPA Code Grp Food Name 3100044000 3 1 3100044001 3 1 3 100045000 31 310004 6000 31 3 100046001 31 310004 7000 31 3 100047001 31 3 100048000 31 3100049000 3 1 310004900 1 3 1 1500120000 15 150012000 1 1 5 15 00 12 1000 15 15 00 12 1001 15 15 00 12 2000 15 15 00 12 3000 15 1500123001 15 1 500 124 000 15 15 00124001 15 15 00 12 5000 15 15 00 125 00 1 15 1 500126000 15 1500127000 15 1500127001 15 3200169000 32 3200 17 0000 32 32001 71 000 32 3200 172 000 32 3200173000 32 3300189000 33 3800221000 38 3600222000 36 3600222001 36 3600223000 36 3600223001 36 3600224000 36 3600224001 36 3600225001 36 3500339000 35 3500339001 35 3500340000 35 3500341000 35 350034100 1 35 3500342000 35 3500343000 35 15 00344000 1 5 1500345000 15 8601000000 86A 8602000000 86B Beef, meat Beef, meat
- babyfood Beef, meat, dried Bee f, meat byproducts Beef, meat byproducts
- babyfood Beef, fat Beef, fat

- babyfood Beef, kidney Bee f , l iver Bee f , l iver-babyfood Corn , field, flour Corn, field , flour-babyfood Corn, field, meal Corn, field, meal-babyfood Corn, field, bran Corn, field, starch Corn, field, starch-babyfood Corn, field, syrup Corn, field, syrup-babyf ood Corn, fie l d, oil Corn, fie l d, oi l -babyfood Corn, pop Corn, sweet Corn, sweet-babyfood Goat, meat Goat, meat byproduc ts Goat, fat Goat, kidney Goat, l iver H

orse, meat Meat, game Milk, fat Milk, fat-baby food/ infant formu Milk, nonfat solids Milk, nonfat solids-baby food/ i n Milk, water Milk, water-babyfood/infant form Milk, sugar (lactose)

- baby food/ Sheep, meat Sheep, meat-babyf ood Sheep, meat byproducts Sheep, f a t Sheep, fat-babyfood Sheep, kidney Sheep, l iver Sorghum, gra i n Sorghum, syrup Water, direct, all sources Water, indirect , all sources

Page 8 of 10 Residue (ppm) 0.010000 0.010000 0
. 010000 0
. 050000 0
. 050000 0.010000 0
. 010000 0
. 050000 0
. 050000 0.050000 0
. 100000 0
. 100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000 0
. 100000 0
. 100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.100000 0.010000 0
. 050000 0
. 010000 0
. 050000 0
. 050000 0.010000 0.010000 0.010000 0 .0 10000 0
. 010000 0.010000 0.010000 0.010000 0
. 010000 0.010000 0.010000 0
. 050000 0
. 010000 0
. 010000 0.050000 0.050000 0.800000 0.800000 0
. 019200 0.019200 Adj.Factors #1 #2 1. 000 1. 000 1
. 920 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1. 000 1 .000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1 .000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1.000 1.000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1. 000 1.000 1. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1. 000 1 .000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1
. 000 1.000 1.000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1 .000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1.000 1.000 1
. 000 1.000 1.000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1 .000 1.000 1.000 1 .000 1.000 1 .000 1.000 1 .000 1.000 1.000 1
. 000 1
. 000 1 .000 1
. 000 1 .000 1 .000 1
. 000 1.000 1.000 1. 000 1. 000 1 .000Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment DP# 417840 PC Code 129008 

### Attachment 2. Chronic Results files: Food Plus Water U
. S. EPA Ver. 3 .16, 03-08 -d DEEM

- FCID Chronic ana lysis for NICOSOLFORON NHANES 2003-2008 2-day Residue fi l e name: C:\Documents and Settings\MNEGUSSI\My Documents\DEEM Version 3.16\Nicosulfuron\Chronic_Ni cosulfuron2014
. R08 Adjus tmen t factor #2 NOT used. Anal ysis Date 02-18-2014/14:42:05 Residue file dated: 02 -1 8-2014/14:40:39 Reference dose (RfD, Chronic) 

### = 1.25 mg/kg bw/day COMMENT 1: Sorghum use 

### ===============================================================================

Population

Subgroup Total US Populat i on H

ispanic Non-Hisp-Whi te Non-Hisp-B lack Non

- Hisp

- Other Nursing Infants Non-Nursing Infants Fema l e 13+ PREG Children 1- 6 Children 7 -1 2 Male 1 3 -1 9 Female 13-19/NP Male 20+ Female 20+/NP Seniors 55+ All Infa nts Female 13-50 Children 1-2 Children 3-5 Children 6-12 Youth 13-19 Adults 20

- 49 Adults 50-99 Fema le 13-49 Tota l exposure by population subgroup
Total Exposure mg/kg Percent of body wt/day Rfd



## ----- -------- -------- -------- 0.000678 0.1% 0
. 000723 0.1% 0
. 000678 0 .1% 0.0006 1 4 0
. 0% 0.000716 0.1% 0.000560 0 . 0% 0.001990 0.2% 0.0006 1 5 0
. 0% 0.001274 0.1% 0.000808 0.1% 0 .0 00628 0.1% 0.000578 0.0% 0.000584 0.0% 0.000592 0.0% 0
. 000528 0.0% 0
. 001548 0.1% 0
. 000611 0.0% 0.001462 0.1% 0.001208 0.1% 0.000846 0.1% 0.000603 0.0% 0.000623 0.0% 0.000541 0.0% 0.000612 0.0%

Page 9 of 10Nicosulfuron Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment PC Code 129008 

### Attachment 3. Chronic Results files : Food Alone U. S
. EPA D

EEM-FCI D Chro n i c ana l y s i s f or NICOSULFURON Re sid u e file n a me : C:\Docum e nts a n d Se t t ings\MNEGUSS I \My 3.16\Ni cosu l f u ron\Chr onicFoodAl one_Nicosul f u r on2014.R08 DP# 417840

Ve r . 3
. 16 , 03

- 08

- d NHANES 2003

- 2008 2

- day Documents\D EEM v e r sion Adj ustment factor #2 NOT used. Ana l y s i s D ate 02

- 18

- 20 1 4/ 1 4: 4 4:08 Re f eren ce dose ( RfD , Chronic) 

### = 1.2 5 COMMENT 1 : Sor g hum use Residue fi l e dated: 02

- 05

- 201 4 /16 : 1 1 :29 mg/kg bw/day
Tot al exposure by pop ulati o n s ub group

Popul ation

Subgr oup Total US Popu l a ti on Hispanic N

o n - Hi sp -Whi t e N

o n - H isp -B lack N

o n - Hisp-Other Nur s ing In f ants No n - Nursing I nfants Female 1 3+ PREG Children 1

- 6 Chi l dren 7-12 M

a l e 1 3

- 19 Female 1 3

- 19/NP M

a l e 2 0 + Female 2 0+/NP S eniors 55+ All I n fan t s F e m a le 1 3 -5 0 Ch ild r en 1-2 Child r en 3

- 5 Ch i l d ren 6

- 12 Youth 1 3- 1 9 Adul ts 2 0

- 49 Adul ts 50-99 Fe ma l e 1 3-49 Tota l Exposure mg/k g body wt/day 0.000277 0.000340 0.000265 0.000283 0. 000254 0.000 1 97 0
. 000656 0.000237 0
. 000760 0.000473 0.00035 1 0.000268 0.000 2 1 0 0
. 000 1 70 0
. 000 1 40 0
. 0005 1 4 0
. 000211 0
. 0008 8 2 0
. 000720 0
. 000494 0.0003 1 0 0
. 000222 0.0001 4 5 0.0002 1 2

Page 10 of 10 Pe r cen t o f R

f d 0 . 0 % 0
. 0% 0 . 0% 0
. 0% 0 . 0 % 0 . 0 % 0.1 % 0 . 0 % 0.1% 0
. 0% 0 . 0% 0
. 0 % 0
. 0% 0.0% 0
. 0% 0.0% 0.0% 0. 1 % 0. 1 % 0
. 0% 0 . 0% 0
. 0% 0
. 0% 0 . 0%