NBSIR 80-2014

Safe Environments—Anthropometric,

Biomechanical, and Activity

Considerations

Clarke E. Jones

John V. Fechter

Consumer Sciences Division

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

September 1979

Issued June 1980

Final Report

Prepared for the

Center for Fire Research

National Bureau of Standards, in support of:

HEW-NBS Fire/ Life Safety Program

Sponsored by:

Rehabilitation Services Administration, Office of Human

^

Development Services

"~QC Department of Health, Education and Welfare

2QQ Washington, D.C. 20203

U56

80-2014

1980

S -

NBSIR 80-2014

(tt

SAFE ENVIRONMENTS-ANTHROPOMETRIC,

BIOMECHANICAL AND ACTIVITY

CONSIDERATIONS

Clarke E. Jones

John V. Fechter

IVATlOirAL StTBSAD OF aVAmJAKOS

LIBKART JUL 2 3 1980

ribiacc (UJr

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Consumer Sciences Division

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, D.C. 20234

September 1979

Issued June 1 980

Final Report

Prepared for the

Center for Fire Research

National Bureau of Standards, in support of:

HEW-NBS Fire/Life Safety Program

Sponsored by:

Rehabilitation Services Administration, Office of Human

Development Services

Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Washington, D.C. 20203

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
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Table of Contents

Page

Acknowledgments

Abstract viii

Introduction 1

Anthropometry and Biomechanics 2

Household Safety ^ Disability 9

Household Operations ^0

Summary and Conclusions 12

Illustrated Glossary of Selected Anthropometric and

Biomechanical Measurements 1^

List of Tables i-i Bibliography 123

Appendix A--Organizations of the Disabled Contacted

for this Report 136

1
List of Tables

Page

1 Anthropometric Data Summary - Height 27

2 Anthropometric Data Summary - Reach 29

3 Anthropometric Data Summary - Whole Body Position . 31

4 Anthropometric Data Summary - Wheelchair and

Occupant 3 3

5 Anthropometric Data Summary - Normal Routine

Passage Requirements 34

6 Anthropometric Data Summary - Ambulant Disabled

Space Requirements 35

Anthropometric Data Summary - Wheelchair Dimensions. 36

3 Anthropometric Data Summary - Wheelchair Maneuvering

Space Requirements 37

9 Biomechanics Data Summary - Grasp Reach Range ... 39

10 Biom.echanics Data Summary - Reach Envelope, Amputees 40

11 Biomechanics Data Summary - Range of Joint Motion . 41

12 Biomechanics, Motor Perform.ance Data Summary - Hand/Arm Manipulation 43

13 Biomechanics, Motor Performance Data Summary - Blind 44

14 Biomechanic Motor Performance Data Summary - Plegic De.xterity 45

15 Biomechanics, Motor Performance Data Summary - Walking 4 6

16 Biomechanics Data Summary - Grip Strength 47

17 Biomechanics Data Summary - Push-Pull 48

13 Biomechanics Data Summary - Whole Body Push .... 31

19 Biomechanics Data Summary - Safe Manual Force

Application 53

20 Biomechanics Data Summary - Lifting, User Acceptance ^2

2L Home Safety Data Summary - Accident Background - Personal Factors

i i

67
List of Tables (Continued)

Page

22 Home Safety Data Summary

Exercise Level

- Accident Background - 70

23 Home Safety Data Summary

Product Quality .....

- Accident Backgound - 71

24 Home Safety Data Summary

Tobacco

- Accident Background - 73

25 Home Safety Data Summary - Accident

Alcohol Consumption, Background . . Background - 74

26 Home Safety Data Summary

Alcohol Use

- Accident Background - 75

27 Home Safety Data Summary - Accident

Alcohol Consumotion , Injurv . . . , Background - 76

28 Home Safety Data Summary

Drug Availability . . .

- Accident Background - 77

29 Home Safety Data Summary - Accident

Type Medication Error Factor . . . . Background - 78

30 Home Safety Data Summary

Accident Site of Falls .

- Accident Background - 79

31 Home Safety Data Summary

In-Home Location ....

- Accident Background - 80

32 Home Safety Data Summary

Fixtures, Frequency . .

- Accident Background - 81

33 Home Safety Data Summary

Fixtures, Severity . . . - Occident Background - 82

34 Home Safety Data Summary - Accident

Floor Surface Effect in Falls . . . Background - 83

35 Home Safety Data Summary

Processes of Falls . . .

- Accident Background - 84

36 Home Safety Data Summary

Immediate Causes of Falls

- Accident Background - 85

37 Home Safety Data Summary

Fire Mortalitv . ...

- Accident Background - 86S
List of Tables (Continued)

Page

38 Home Safety Data Summary - Accident Background - Burn Hazards 87

39 Home Safety Data Summary - Accident Background - Pre-Existent Factors in Burns 88

40 Home Safety Design Recommendations Summary - Check

Lists . / 89

41 Home Safety Design Recommendations - Kitchen

Illumination ^5

42 Home Safety Design Recommendations Summary - Area

Illumination ^8

43 Disability Data Summary - General 88

44 Disability Data Summary - General Motor 99

45 Disability Data Summary - Deafness, Prevalence . . . 100

46 Disability Data Summary - Deafness, Level 101

47 Disability Data Summary - Other 102

48 Household Activity Data Summary - Activity Time - Housewives Time 10 9

49 Household Activity Data Summary - Activity Time - Housework Time Variation 110

50 Household Activity Data Summary - Activity Time - Meal Preparation il2

51 Household Activity Data Summary - Child Care Time . 113

52 Household Activity Data Sunmary - Personal Time . . 114

53 Household Activity Data Summary - Activity Times - Free Time 115

54 Household Activity Data Summary - Equipment Utilization - Heating and Cooling 116

55 Household Activity Data Summary - Equipment Utilization - Kitchen Equipment 117
List of Tables (Continued)

Page

56 Household Activity Data Summary - tion - Clothing CareEquipment Utilize118

57 Household

Factors - Activity Data Summary - Cognitive

Task Difficulty

119

58 Household

Factors - Activity Data Summary - Work Constraint ....

Task Difficulty

120

59 Household

Factors - Activity Data Summary - Housing and Equipment . Task Difficulty

121

60 Household

Factors - Activity Data Summary - Complexity, Difficulty,

Task Difficulty

Preference . . . . 122

V
Acknowledgements

The preparation of this report required permission to present

copyrighted material from a wide variety of publications.

The cooperation of publishers and authors in granting this

permission is gratefully acknowledged for the following

tables of this report, with sources of data as indicated.

Table 12 utilizes data from Kvalseth, T.O. Comparison

Between Information Rates Generated by Rotary Hand and Arm

Movements. Perceptual and Motor Skills . 1976, 42, 1115-1118,

Figure 1 and Table 1, reprinted with the permission of the

author and Perceptual and Motor Skills . Table 13 utilizes data from Elfant, E.E. Correlation Between

Kinesthetic Discrimination and Manual Dexterity. American

Journal o f Occupational Therapy Vol. 33, No., 1, pp 23-28,

Table 1, p. 25, reprinted with the permission of the American

Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., Copyright 1977.

Table 14 utilizes data from Bell, E., Jurek, K. and Wilson,

O.T.R. Handskill Measurement, A Gauge for Treatment, The

American Joumalof Occupational Therapy . Vol. 30, No. 2,

pp o 6-36. Figure pT , reprinted with the permission

of the American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.,

Copyright 1976.

Table 15 utilizes data from Finley, F.R., Cody, K.A. , and

Finizie R. V. Locomotion Patterns in Elderly Women. Archives

of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , March 1969, pp. 140-146,

Table 2 and text quote, p. 143, reprinted with the permission

of Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . Table 19 includes data and figures from papers by R. R. Davis

and D. A. Stubbs, Safe Levels of Manual Forces by Young Males (1)

and (2), which appeared in Volume 8, pp 140-150 and 219-228 of

Ap plied Ergonomics , published by IPC Science and Technology

Press Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, U.K.

Table 21 utilizes data from Guilford, J. S. Prediction of

Accidents in a Standardized Home Environment. Journal of

Applied Psychology , 1973, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp 306-313, Table 2,

p. 310, and Table 3, p. 311, Copyright 1973 by the American

Psychological Association, reprinted by permission of the

American Psychological Association and the author.

VL
Tables 22, 23, 24, 26, and 28 utilize data from Tokuhata, G.K.

et al. Consumer Behavior and Product Injuries. Journal of

Safety Research 1976, Vol. 8, pp 116-125, Tables 1, 4, 9, 10, 11,

reproduced by permission of the National Safety Council.

Table 29 utilizes data from Neely E. and Patrick, M. L.

Problems of Aged Persons Taking Medications at Home.

Nursing Research , 1968, Vol. 17, pp 32-35, Tables 1, 2 and 3.

Copyright 1968, American Journal of Nursing Company reproduced

with permission from Nursing Research, January-February , Vol. 17,

No. 1.

Tables 30, 34, 35, and 36 utilize data from Lucht, U.

A Prospective Study of Accidental Falls and Resulting Injuries

Among Elderly People, Acta Socio-Medica Scandinavia , 1971,

Vol. 2, pp 105-120, Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 reproduced with

permission of AlmqVist Et Wiksell International.

Table 42 utilizes data from Corwin Bennett, Spaces for People : Human Factors in Design , Copyright 1977, pp 94, Table 6.1,

reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs,

New Jersey.

Table 43 utilizes data from Templar J. and Jones, M.

Pedestrian Mobility: The Accessible City in Bednar, M. J.

Barrier Free Environments , Table 2.2, p. 22, reprinted with

permission of Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.

Tables 50, 54, 55 and 56 utilize data from Walker, K.E.

and Woods, M.E. Time Use : A Measure of Household P roduction

of Family Goods and Services , Tables 4.11, 4.13, 6.12 and 7.7,

Copyright 1977 by American Home Economics Association, reprinted

by permission of American Home Economics Association.

Tables 57, 53, 59 and

Difficulty Factors in

Environmental Design,

pp 471-482, Tables 1,

Human Factors Society

60 utilize data from Steidl, R.E.

Home Making Tasks, Implications for

Human Factors, 1972, Vol. 14, Ho. 5

2, 3 and 4, Copyright 1972 by the

and reproduced by permission.

vii
I

ABSTRACT

This report has been prepared for, the National Bureau !• I of Standards' Center for Fire Research as part of their ' support for the Office of Human Development Services of the

U.3. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare- The purpose of

this report is to present a cataloque of data on a "normal"

home including certain characteristics of its able-bodied

and disabled residents, the activities carried out and

basic criteria for household design. This represents I! an environment in which the disabled should be able to

safety function in a non- institutional setting. The report U,

summarizes selected data pertaining to the physical charact- !

eristics of "normal" and disabled people, the spaces within

which they move, their limits of bodily action, the causes l|

of their injuries in the home and their use of residential fli rime. Specific and general evaluations of the applicability y

of the data to normal home activities are presented. F,
Safe Environments —Anthropometric, Biomechanical

and Activity Considerations

1.0 Introduction

The safety of people in a home environment can be

promoted by studying their body dimensions, the space through

which they move, their limitations, their use of time, and

the causes of their injuries.

This report focuses on people living in "normal homes" and

the activitie*^ ’performed ^*mthin those homes. For this report,

a "normal home" is one not specifically established to

accomodate the disabled, although disabled people may

certainly be residents of normal homes. Some data about

disabilities are also included to show the type of handicaps

and limitations that may be found among residents of homes

for the developmentally disabled.

Data summaries are organized into four sections:

Anthropometry and Biomechanics , Household Safety,

Disability, and Household Operations.

The data are those that v;ere considered to be the most

relevant in creating a safe environment- As an example, in

setting standards for emergency exit doors it is important

to know the dimensions of people and the push forces they can

exert on a panic door latch. Another example--knowina hov/

people spend their time in the house can provide an index

of exposure to hazards.

The information about the use of time and rooms in

normal homes can be used to compare normal homes to those

established for the disabled. This would assist in

evaluating the level of home safety achievable for residents

of a home for the disabled. The information would also be

helpful for creating a normal home environment in homes for

the disabled.

The data have been obtained almost entirely by literature

search, using computerized sources such as the Smithsonian

Science Information Exchange, Educational Resources Information Center, Psychological

Dissertation Abstracts and

disabilities were obtained

for the disabled.

Abstracts, MEDLINE, NTIS

,

other references. 'lost data on

directlv from national associations
In some cases, data have been included because they

were the best or only data available. More work is needed

to collect more and better ergonomics data*

The data are extremely diverse in origin, format, and

content and cover a wide range of study approaches. Those

differences are noted and discussed where they limit the

applicability of the data.

2.0 Anthropometry and Biomechanics

A.nthropometry and biomechanics are the study of body

measurements and movements and force capabilities of people.

The dara. tables for this section cover :•

Cateaor ies Tables

• Basic body dimensions 1 through 4

• Maneuvering space

requirements

5 through 8

• Motion envelopes 9 through 11

• Dexterity 12 through 15

• Muscular strength 16 through 20

Measurement points not illustrated in a

defi.ned are illustrated in the Glossary.

table or otherwise

Basic body dimension tables (1 t-hrough 4) describe how

rhe human body occupies space. Table 4 also illustrates

the change in txhat occupied space when the person is in a wheelchair. For example, vertical reach is restricted for

wheelchair occupants.

Because anthropometric measurement techniques may vary

from one srudy to another, differences in measurement

data may reflect data collection procedures as well as

real differences between populations. The worst case of

procedural difference is probably for the children's

data in Table 4, which were not originally collected

from subjects in wheelchairs.

9
On the whole, the most reliable anthropometric data

come from recent military studies. The least reliable,

due to age of data and unknown study factors ara probably

from the early studies cited in Van Cott and Kinkade (69)

and the children's wheelchair data from Goldsmith (23).

The extent to which a study's methodological limitations

affect the usefulness of any of these data depends upon

the desired level of precision. Such methodological

limitations should not cause serious problems for home

applications because dimensional interaction between occupants and space in a normal home is seldom "tight," except

for wheelchair occupants.

Tables 5 through 8 describe the maneuvering space

n^eeded for people v;hose walking ability is unimpaired,

and the space needed for "crippled ambulants" or

wheelchair occupants. Table 7 is a reference table of

wheelchair dimensions. The data in Tables. 7 and 8 do not

fully apply to attendant-propelled or motorized chairs,

vvhile the reliability of the data in Ta.ble 8 is

difficult to assess, the measurement requirements for

their utilization are generally not rigorous, although

some of the wheelchair-maneuvering space requirements are

rather complex, e.g. turning through a door.

In general:

1. A passage 90 cm wide, straight or L-shape, will

allow minimally adequate space for a wheelchair

or for an ambulant individual with shoulder

crutches — the most space-consuming walking aid.

2. A passage 120 cm wide will allow two people to

pass abreast and will allow a wheelchair to turn

through a doorway opening into the passage. Table 8 shows other passage dimensions which

might be involved.

3. A passage 180 cm wide will allow three normal

ambulatory people or two with shoulder crutches

to walk abreast. Such a passage is also adeauate

tor any wheelchair maneuver if passage length

is at least 180 cm.

3
The data in Tables 9 and 10 reflect a combination of

range of joint movement and arm length- Table 9 shows

locations above the floor which can be reached by a grasping

hand. The data in Table 10 reflect joint motion range and

arm length expressed in terms of a multidimensional volume

of space through which the hand moves. The data in both < tables show reach access capability but cannot be directly | compared across tables. Data in Table 11 illustrate the j maximum body flexibility envelope based on possible joint j move.ment only; they do not represent an access envelope.

j Subjects measured for Table 9 were chosen to represent

^ the range in body size for U.S. Air Force personnel in 1964

(type of personnel was not specified in the summary in Damon, 1 et al (13) ) but can be considered as representative of this

population) . Population samples of Tables 10 and 11 are 1 apparently not as rigorously standardized. The amputee ; sample for the data in Table 10 may be quite heterogeneous | wit.h respect to the exact location of amputation, even J though above and below elbow amputees are identified. ! Therefore, the data may not be highly valid for an individual i amputee although still generally descriptive of the reach j volume of amputees as a group.

Tables 12 through 15 present data from a number of | different experiments. These data are based on small ; numbers of subjects performing specified tasks in laboratory | settings to test somewhat limited hypotheses. Therefore, j these data reflect some of the factors involved in dexterity i but do not describe the performance of general populations.

| The essential point of the study by Kvalseth (31)

,

Table 12, is that an operator can "feel out" a precision task : much more accurately with hand movements than by whole arm !! movements. For example, setting a range burner control to

"high", "medium" or "low" can be done accurately using whole i arm movement; setting an oven control to exactly 325 degrees | is better ac.hieved by hand-finger manipulation. '

“"Ioann's maniou i a t i ve task oertc^mance study (20) , Table

j of snecial intei^est because the findinas do not support . the stereotype that blind people possess superior kinesthecic ' can '’b i 1 i t ies to the normally sighted. The kinesthetic test

results (arm position judcment) were no better for the blind ' than for the blind fo Lded-s iahted and may h.ave been in’^erior

for the blind.

4
The data on plegic dexterity in Table 14 show best performance

for the paraplegics and the worst for the left arm hemiplegics

(average standard score 44). Bell et al (6) conclude that the

paraplegics are in need of some retraining for general rehabilitation while the right-arm and left-arm hemiplegics are greatly

in need of retraining for such tasks as clothing management

.

It is further concluded that the hemiplegics have the lowest

dexterity capability because of more advanced age, poorer

general health, and possibly greater central nervous system

involvement than the paraplegics.

The comparison of walking characteristics of elderly

versus younq women, shown in Table 15, produced no unusual

results, but it is clear that the elderly have a shorter step

length. The authors make the following observation (Finley

et al (21) page 143)

"The average whole body velocity was 0.26

mile per hour slower for the elderly group

(elderly—group average, 1.57 miles per hour;

young —group average, 1.83 miles per hour).

However, when the data were distributed by

half mile per hour class intervals ranging

from 0.5 mile per hour through 2.5 miles per

hour, none of the young women appear in the 0.5

to 1.0 mile per hour class interval. For the

elderly women, the mode occurred in the interval,

1.0 to 1.5 miles per hour (48 per cent of

subjects) while 75 percent of the young women

were in the 1.5 to 2.0 miles per hour class."

The implication of this finding is that elderly women

are more likely than the young to be in the s low-v/alking

group, even though many of them walk as fast as younger

women in normal walking situations.

Data for applying whole body force are shown in

Table 16 for grip, in Tables 17 and 18 for push-pull

action, in Table 19 for a variety of actions, and in

Table 20 for lifting. Force exertion data are greatly

influenced by measurement technique, motivation, and maximi.im

force criteria. The data from Tables 16 and 17 were obtained

by using a variety of procedures and the various populations

cannot be equated for motivation, although maximum, effort was

sought from all subjects. The whole body push-pull data in

Table 18 are presented as a function of body position and

body bracing. These data, also, are maximum effort data.

The data presented in Table 19 are described by the authors

(Davis and Stubbs, 14a and 14b) as "safe" levels of force

application in terms of " intra-truncal " pressures generated
within the body when applying these types of forces.

However, the authors qualify their data as follows (14b,

page 219)

"The diagrams indicate single loads or forces

(kg) which can be applied safely by fit young adult

males in manual activity when standing, sitting or

kneeling. The weakest personnel will be at the limit

of safety when applying forces of the magnitudes

indicated in the diagrams. If the force has to be

applied at frequencies greater than once a minute

the safe load will be 70 percent of the values

sho\^m. Caution should be exercised in applying

these limiting values to men over 35 years of age.

They are not applicable to females."

These cautions are further emphasized by the small size of

the sample for this study.

In Table 20, the weights lifted in the studies are

presented in terms of user acceptance-- that is, the maximum

v/eight a oerson considered reasonable to carry, implyina that

these v/eiahts were less than the maximum which people were

eatable of lifting. This implication is most explicit in

the study by Kramer and Meguire (30) in which the orocess of

;;udging acceptability was in itself a subject of investigation

When considering force aoDlication data from Tables

16-20:

1. Data from Tables 16-18 should be considered

as emergency level force application data and

not as everyday force use data for the

populations involved.

2. Data from Table 19 can be considered as

occasional force use data for the populations

involved but should not be used for populations

where the weight lifting capability may be less

than that of young, fit males.

3. The data from Table 20 may be considered as

nominal force application data for the

populations involved.

6
3.0 Household Safety

This section concerns aspects of the home or of the

resident that are associated with accidents and household

safety. Data tables are presented in five general categories

Category

• Personal background of residents

involved in accidents

• Use of tobacco, alcohol,

and drugs

• Household equipment and facility

factors in accidents

• Fires and burns

• Safety recommendations

Tables

21 through 23

24 through 29

30 through 36

37 through 39

40 through 42

As a general caveat it must be noted that accident data

not collected under highly controlled and thoroughly observed

and documented real-world environments may have low validity

because many environmental and situational factors are

unknown. These conditions for collecting accident data do

not prevail in most homes and can rarely be produced in

controlled laboratory settings without distorting realworld accident processes. Therefore, data presented in

Tables 21 through 36 describe tendencies and scenarios but

are not accurate records of events and conditions in the

home

.

Resident background data presented in Table 21 illustrat

some of the cautions noted above. These data were obtained

under laboratory conditions designed to record accidents

during standardized task performance, but, hazards could not

be realistically produced. For example, spilled grease could

not be allowed to remain on the floor because a subject might

slip on it. Partly as a result of such constraints the

correlations, though statistically significant, reveal very

low levels of actual covariance.

Inspection of the correlations reveals numerous patterns

for example, the negative visual acuity correlations in

combination with the positive manual dexterity correlations.

However, recognition of such patterns would be greatly

enhanced if multivariate rather than univariate statistics

had been used.

7
Respondents from households v/ith no injuries (control)

and with injuries (code) answered questions on a variety

of household and personal factors (see Tables 22, 23)

.

Responses about exercise and product quality indicate that

respondents from households with injuries tend to have a

lower level of exercise, buy reconditioned or blemished

products, and assemble and repair products themselves. Where

differences between household cateaories were statistically

siqnif leant, they were not large.

Data on tobacco use (Tabl.e 24) were derived from the

sane procedures as those used in Tables 22 and 23. Generally

a higher accident tendency exists for cicarette and clear

smokers than for non-smokers; the difference is not significant: for Pice smokers.

The data in Table 25 on the association between high

breathalyzer alcohol level and home accidnets do not show

a higher percentage of intoxication than non-intoxication

for any factor considered- The greatest spreads of percentage points were for men versus women (31.5 percent versus

15.3 percent) and social class I and II versus social class

V (13.4 percent versus 26.1 percent). Tohuhata's data in

Table 26 show no statistically significant tendency toward

association of household injuries and alcohol use other than

for beer. However, these data did not consider level of

drinking. The highest percentages for cause of injuries

and type of injuries for intoxicated accident victims (Table

27) are cutting and piercing and collisions, and lacerations/

abrasions and head injuries. In general, victims cut themselves and collide with objects. Head injuries probably

result from both falls and collisions.

Data in Table 28 highlight drug availability as an

accident factor. The availability of antihistamines, tranquilizers, diet pills and hormones, but not the anticepressanrs, was most frequently reported for homes with

injuries. However, it is unknown how much of this effect

can be related to drug action and how much to the conditions

requiring drug use.

Table 29 presents data on several aspects of medication

error by the elderly. The significant medication management

factors seem to be related to the medication process and

not to the design of the house itself.

8
Tables 30 through 36 show data from various surveys of

home factors in accidents, especially falls. Unfortunately,

data provided by respondents about what actually happened

in a home accident are often unreliable. For that reason,

these tables should be used only to develop accident scenarios.

Generally, self-reported accidents tended to occur in the

living room, kitchen, or on the stairs, and on slippery,

non-concrete surfaces. As an accident factor, elderly

victims tended to report dizziness, sudden malaise or weakness, and difficulty in walking.

The fire mortality pattern shown in Table 37 is

familiar —high death rates among the very young, the very

old, and non-whites.

Regarding specific hazards. Table 38 indicates that

clothing is the most common source of fatal burns and that

hot water is the most common source of non-fatal burns.

Frequent pre-existent factors in burn cases are cardiovascular

disease and alcohol use for male victims and card iovascular

disease and 'obesity for female victims (see Table 39).

Tables 40-42 are recommendations for household safety

design. They are not a complete design guide but do

contain or are based upon recent and authoritative data

and standards.

4.0 Disability

The disability data are contained in the following

tables

Category Tables

• Disability background 43 and 44

• Hearing 45 and 46

• Disabilitv descriotion 47

Table 43 presents some background information on

distribution of disabilities in the U.S. oopulation.

Information in Table 44 is purely qualitative. Its

value lies in conceptualizing types of risk which might

be typical of disabled individuals. It should be noted

that the disabilities listed are primarily motor; but as

the figure indicates, they have implications for other

than motor problems.

9
Hearing condition data shown in Tables 45 and 46

apply only to children. However, it should be noted that

deaf children have many of the same problems in a home as

do deaf adults. Also, the children of 1963-65 are the

adults of today; thus, the data may be predictive of current

problems for deaf adults.

Table 47 lists organizations servincr various disabled

groups. These organizations can provide m.uch information about’

the disability they represent. Full address informarion

is listed in Appendix A for readers who wish to contact

the organizations directly.

5.0 Household Operations

The data on household operations are presented in

| the following tables:

Categor y Tables

• Household time use 48 through 53

• Household equipment use 54 through 56 \

• Task difficulty 57 through 60

Summarized data on household time use are taken primarily

from Robinson (49)

.

While other time use sources are avail- ; able, e.g. Manning (37) and Walker and Woods (75)

,

Robinson's

data are in the most useful format. They reflect primarily

urban people, based on diaries from a large sample of

2000 respondents. Robinson's data are generally compatible

with data from Walker and Woods and Manning.

The use of time diaries for a single day results in

some distortion of time when certain occasional or family I specific time data are averaged over many days and applied ! to the whole population or some large segment of it. For

example, unrealistically short daily time segments for

| child care may result. There are also some minor arithmetic |

inconsistencies in Robinson's data which are probably due

to data processing techniques. These data should be

interpreted as general tendencies rather than as specific ^ time values. ] A rank order of the major household weekly time totals I from Table 48, in order of magnitude for each type of ^ householder, is as follows: f

10
Employed Men Employed Women Housewives

Marketing

House upkeep

Cooking

Cooking

Housec leaning

Laundry/ironing

Cooking

Housecleaning

Laundry/ironing

Table 49 presents the results of a multivariate

analysis of factors associated with housework time for men

and women. This analysis emphasizes the limitations of

average task time data as a basis for housework time analysis--

for example, the disproportionate size of the standard

deviations with respect to the size of the means

.

Table 50 presents data on the time requirement for and

frequency of preparation of meals of various complexity.

Table 51 indicates that housewives spend the most time

on child care, employed men the least. These tendencies

probably reflect the use of out-of-home child care or in-home

babysitting, as well as the lower number of children of

employed men and women.

The personal time shown in Table 52 is personal maintenance

time. The greatest consumption of time (except for sleeping)

is for personal hygiene and snacking. Most of the eating by

employed men and employed women is done outside of the home,

and this probably includes snacking, if the cooking data in

Table 48 a re any indication of all in-home cooking.

Table 53 indicates that the most extensive use of free time

in the home involves watching TV, although it is not clear if

this is TV watching time or total time the TV is turned on.

In any event, the heavy time emphasis on TV suggests that

Robinson's 1956 data are indicative of present day household time use

The data presented in Tables 54 through 56 on household

equipment use are from Walker and Woods. Since these data

are now at least ten years old and pre-"energy crisis"

they may not reflect current practice. For example, current

use of air conditioning may be more extensive than shown in

Table 54.

Table 55 indicates a typical assortment of kitchen

equipment, although the reported percentage of use of

electric fry pans, griddle and fryers might be somewhat low

for present-day practice. There is no mention of microwave ovens

.

11
The task difficulty data in Tables 57 through 60

are taken from Steidl (60) . Her analysis categorizes various

household activities as high or low cognitive tasks. High

and low cognitive tasks are those which were judged to require

high and low amounts of attention, judgment and planning.

It is imporrant to note that high and low cognition is not

so much a dichotomy of difficulty as it is a two-part heading

for tabulating respondents' judgments into a matrix distributior

In principle, the cognitive level of a task is probably as

relevant to the evaluation of task performance by the disabled

as it is to task performance by others. However, specific

tasks may be judged differently by the disabled than by normals

and differently by some disabled than by others.

As seen in Table 57, food preparation tasks are relatively

high in both frequency of listing and cognitive level. Shelter

tasks are high in frequency and low in cognitive level as

are clothing care tasks, except sewing. However, Table 58

indicates a general "constraint" factor which cuts across

cognition level in making tasks more or less difficult.

Table 5 9 indicates that the most critical dom.iciliary

factors in housework difficulty are structure, and facilities

and equipment design and layout.

Table 60, however, does indicate that high vs low

cognition is still a factor is determining the complexity

and difficulty of tasks, as well as task preferences.

6.0 Summary and Conclusions

The data in this report, due to their range, complexity

and diversity of application, lead to general conclusions:

1. The quality of anthropometric and biomechanical

data are affected by the collecting procedures and

equipments utilized. However, these data can be

used as prescriptive, "design-to" data guides

according to the nature of the population sampled

and with caution as to the size and probable

representativeness of each sample.

2. The household safety data are valid as a description

of specific populations at specific time periods.

However, much of the data were obtained in laboratory

situations or were otherwise limited by the study.

L2
3. The disability data are descriptive samples

of disabilities which may be encountered within

an otherwise normal home. They are useful primarily

for familiarization with the general handicaps of

the disabled.

4. The household operations data are useful for

formulating scenarios. They may suggest design

considerations but should not be utilized as

standards

.

13
ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF SELECTED

ANTHROPOMETTIC AND BIOMECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

14
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Ajithropometric and Biomechanical Measurements

Measurement

Ankle Abduction and

Adduction

Table

11

Ankle Flexion and

Extension 11

Bent Torso Breadth

Bent Torso Height 3

Illustration

*Courtesy

Harvard University Press
Crawling

Illustrated Glossary of Selected

vnthroDometric and Biomechanical Measurements

Length 3

Crawling Height

Elbow Flexion 11

Elbow Rest Height 1

Forearm Supination and

Pronation 11

Foinvard (Finger Tip)

Arm Reach 2

•Courtesy

Harvard University Press

16
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Anthronometric and Biomechanical ’^.easurements

Forward Reach, Sitting

(Through Aparture) 2

Function (Grip) Arm Reach 2

Functional (Grip) Arm

Reach, Extended 2

Hip, Adduction and

Abduction 11

Hip Flexion 11

*Courtesy: Harvard University Press (13) *

17
Illustrated "Glossary of Selected

Anthropor?etr ic and 3iomechanical 'Measurements

Hip Rotation, Medial and

Lateral , Prone 11

Hip Rotation, Medial and

Lateral , Seated 11

Knee Flexion, Kneeling 11

Knee Flexion, Prone 11

Knee Flexion, Standing 11

•Courtesy: Harvard University Press

;i3)*

18
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Anthrooometric and Biomechanical Measurements

Knee Rotation, Medial

and Lateral

11

Crouched and Length,

Kneeling Height 3

Kneeling Height, upright 3

V

( 13 )*

*Courtesy

Harvard University Press

19
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

AnthroDome trie and Biomechanical Measurements

Meek Flexion, Dorsal

and Ventral 11

Neck Flexion, Right

and Left 11

Meek Rotation, Right

and Left 11

:i3) *

Overhead Reach, Standing

Two Arms , Grip

Popliteal Height

"Courtesy: Harvard University

(13) *

20
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Anthropometric and Biomechanical Measu^ cmcri v_s

Prone Length and

Height 3

Shoulder A.dduction

and Abduction 11

Shoulder Flexion

Extension 11

Shoulder Rotation, Lateral

and Medial 11

Sitting Eye Height 1

*CourtesyHarvard University Press

21
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Anthropometric and Biomechanical Measurements

Sitting Height, Erect 1

Sitting Height, Normal 1 T

Sitting Knee Height 1

( 8 )

22
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Anthropometric and Biomechanical Measurements

Squatting Height, Minimum

Stature (Standing Height)

Thigh Clearance Height

Vertical Reach, Finger Tip,

Sitting

( 69 )

23
Illustrated Glossary of Selected

Anthropometric and Biomechanical Measurements

Vertical Reach, Grip

Standing 2

Wrist Abduction and

A dduction 11

Harvard University Press

2 4

Courtesy
TABLES

25

ANTHROPOMETRY AND BIOMECHANICS

26

A'lTIIRiM’OMliTRIC

DATA

6UMMAHV

IlKIMIT
(til

Enoa,

et

•>,

lili,

Mclln*

E(ew<r(1rsie>

(EM

Snydar,

rt

*1,

19M,

U.S.

Inlanta

and

Children

(171

National

lUalth

Eurvay,

‘9tn-EJ,

r.ldetly,

Artnli

c.rniirnl

pn|>ulallon.

1101

Nnlta,

MEE,

U.K.

Erny

nala
TftBLE

2

ANTHROrOMETRIC

DATA

SIIMM\RY

-

RP;ACH

Female

C-7

Yrs. (55)

«N o c

r' ^ O u'*> ^ ^ ^ in u“-

1

-

(30)

120.3 130.2 143.7 159.0 164.2

Hale 6-7 Yrs. (55) (33) 469

47.1 51.2 57.5 61.9 (33)

127.5 128.1 144.2 150.0 163.5

Female 12-13

Yrs. (55)

O' n O 00

f'- vC r* ^ (N ^ in rr>) r- O m oocMxcr^ ^ r- r». X O ^

e-, r-* f-t <N PV»

Male

12-13

Yrs. (55) (30)

56.3 57.8 64.4 72.0 70.1 (30)

166.0 174.7 180.5 200.5 220.0

Female 17-19

Yrs. (55) (22)

62.0 62.8 66.5 73.4 75.2 (22)

100.4 108.4 196.4 205.6 218.6

Male

17-19 Yrs

.

(55) (22)

63.6 64.3 73.6 81.2 02.1 (22)

205.0 206.0 213.0 220.9 232.2

1

1

1 ®

1 JJ3 E ^

•U 4.' L-l < Ua

(422)

72.03 73.79 70.65 04.61 06.99

1

Adult

Female (1)

(302) 64

. 02

71.00 78

. 99 O re-w ^ rsi o

c ...

O j rn rsj 1 r> r* X O'

1

1

1

! C3 ^ ^ fN L“1 C 1 c ...

o ) lo X m i m X S' a-*

•.-a ^ ^ C4

4J ^ ^9 t-3 3 ^ O'

'C fC ^

< s ^

(NA)

02.04 05.09 91.94 97.79

100.58

Adult Male

(691) (HA)

80.26 83.06 90.60 97.03

100.33

1

1

Adu 1

1

Male

(691i)

1

1

1

!

i

j O O'

1 fl3 \D

1 < z ~

(HA)

81.03 83.37 90.68 97.54

100.33

i

1

1

Adult Male

(69e)

(HA)

*•

51.43 60.32 67.94 —I

i ;

1

1

Adult Male

(69c)

(HA)

195.07 209.55 224.79

Adul

t

Male

(69b)

(HA)

70.49 81.03 87.80 94.74 98.04 m ry o o

O O' ^

S ® <N Q fs: w pS. pw. QQ Q ^

I

Adult Male

(69a) ^ (N \o m —« o ^ >-H 2 r'l O' vC O'

r»- r*- CO ffl

!

i 1

Adul

t

Male (80)

(N O' O m rsi ® ® O' 9 O' vO

iCsO ^ CN o ^ f** p»“ ® O' ®

— i

Dimension

(See

Clonsary)

Forward

(H)

(Fingertip)

1st

Arm

Reacli

%

5t)i

(cm)

tile

50th 95th 99th

Functional

(H)

(Grip)

*lst

Arm

Reach

%

5th

(cm)

tile

50th 95th *99th

Functional

(H)

(Grip)

1st

Arm

Reacli

%

5tli

Extended

tile

50th

(cm)

95th 99t)i

Vertical

(N)

(Grip)

1st

Read)

»

*5tli

Standing

tile

50th

(cm)

95th *99th

Overliead

(H)

Reach

1st

Standing

'

5t)i

Two

Arms

tile

5ot)i

(Grip)

95th

(cm)

99th

<Ts

rs>
(d

lllli

I.I.Nll,))

AHVlIWIl'J

VLVU

)l(l

L'lKiMOflllLnv

'<• I

IIIVL

e t 03 —

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*0 IT.

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o s -- C (/) X

CO = 7 leXtjoc'X--^

Ir

I

i.

I

n

Snydor(ll)

“mininuim”

and

"maxir»um"

•Horizontal

nock

from

slwuldrr

throuqh

30.40

c-m

aprittiro

(

f

nr»fM

iona

1

nrip

arm

(latoral

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reach)
TABLE 3. ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA SUMT-IARY - I'THOLE BODY POSITION

Adult Adult Adult Adult ! Dimension Male Male Male Female

. (see Glossary) (69a) (69b) (69c) (1)

!

' Bent Torso (N) (NA) (300)

i

: Height 1st - -

1

1 (cm) % 5th 117.60 112.73

i

1 tile 50th 132.03 126.28

1

i 95th 141.99 138.61

i

1

I 99 th - -

1

1 Bent Torso (N) (NA) (300)

' Breadth 1st _ -

' (cm) % 5 th 41.40 36.77

tile 50th 44.45 46.10

95th 48.51 43.48

99th -

Kneeling Height, (N) (NA) (300)

Upright 1st - -

(cm) % 5 th 122.43 114.47

tile 50th 129.54 122.92

95 th 138.18 130.26

99 th - -

, Kneeling Height, (N) (NA)

i Crouched 1st 1

i I (cm) % 5 th 75.44 i

1 tile 50th SI .28 ! 95th 87.63 1 99 th

— 1

1 Squatting Height

(cm)

o.'O tile

1 (N)

1st

5 th

50th

95th

99 th

(^,A)

103.63 1 110.74 i 119.38 ;

I

Mininun Squattinc^ (N)

: (NA)

Height 1st -

(cm) 5 th 1 54.61

tile 50th 62.99

95th i 71.12

99th

' Crawling Height (N)

.

! (NA)

(cm) 1st i % 5 th i 66.55

tile 50th

j 72.14

95th 1 77.47

L

99th 1

1 31
TA51E 3. A.\THRO?CMETRIC DATA SLWLARY - WHOLE BODY POSITION (CONTINUED)

(1) U.S. Army Natick, 1977, U.S. Army, Viomen

(69a) Van Cott and Kiik^de, fron Altixander and Clauser, 1965, USAF , Male

(69b) Van Cott and Kir.kade, from Hertzberg et al , 1956, USAJF , Male

(69c) Van Cott and Kinkade, from Snow and Snyder, 1965, Air traffic

control trainees, Male

32
TAni.K 4

ANTIIKOt'UMDTRIC

DATA

SUMMARY -

WlIKKU'MAIR

AND

OlCUl'ANT I I!i > 0 ' X Z X. C“--He

cn i- 5 t c c i 3

cn (MC >1 ^ G;U

C-.

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(/: CT} T3 XI

<C ^

04 04

33
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i’a,':sa(;i’

h’l'/.aii

ui7'ii:M'ir.

i

i

(

{

34

Reference

(69)

Van

Cott

and

Kirkade,

nominal

male

adult,

not

otherwise

specified
Dimensions

(cm 0)

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in -f.1 dj c

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ru

A

Reference:

(23)

Goldsmith,

"f,arqe

man,"

not

otherwise

syiecified

Data

and

figures

reprinted

from

Designing

for

the

Disabled

by

Selwyn

Goldsmith

with

the

kind

permission

of

RIBA

Publications

Ltd.

F’iqure

1.

Dimension

Key

(not

drawn

to

scale)
MRASUHEMI-INTS

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X

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cn0)uc

0)u

QJ

M-lQJ PC

Oe c

fO (T3 Q > m a\

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n,

et

al,

from

Kennedy,

1964,

USAF.

Courtesy:

Harvard

University

Press

Cott

and

Kinkade,

from

Kennedy,

1964,

USAF
TAMI.F.

10,

lUOMl-.niANK'S

DATA

SllMMAKY -

RKACIl

KMVFI-OI’i: ,

AMl’im^KS

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TABLE 11. BIOMECHANICS DATA SUMiMARY RANGE OF JOINT MOTION

' Joint and Movement

j (See Glossary)

Range (Degrees)

1

Remarks

5 th

%tile Mean

95th

%tile

Reference

and N

j Wrist (13a), 39, "Forced" movei Flexion 70 90 110 Male ments of fore1 Extension 78 99 120 arm about wrist

Total F and E 154 189 224 with hand

Adduction 12 27 42 restrained, more

Abduction 35 47 59 exiirsion than

Total Ad and Ab 53 74 95 normal hand about

wrist motion.

j Forearm

i

j Supination 77 113 149 (13a), 39, Elbow at 90° j Pronation 38 77 116 Male

Total S and P 141 190 239

Elbow (13a), 39,

i

\

1 Flexion 126 142 158 Male i

Shoulder (13a), 39, !

j Flexion 168 188 208 Male 1

1 Extension 38 61 84 1

1 Total F and E 218 249 280 j Adduction 33 48 63 i Abduction 106 134 162 1 Total Ad and Ab 149 132 215 ! Rotation, Medial 61 97 133 i Rotation, Lateral 13 34 55 I Total RM and RL

.

92 131 170

i

j Ankle (13a), 39,

Flexion 23 35 47 Male i

] Extension 18 38 58

Total F and E 50 73 96

Adduction 9 24 39 Or Inversion/

Abduction 11 23 35 Aversion

Total Ad and Ab 26 47 68

Hip (13a), 39,

Flexion 92 113 134 Male

Adduction 11 13 51 1 Abduction 33 53 73

1 Total Ad and Ab 61 84 107 1 Rotation, Medial (Seated) 16 31 46

Rotation, Lateral i (Seated) 15 30 45 j Total R, M and L

(Seated) 38 61 84

Rotation, Medial (Prone) 23 39 55 1

1

' Rotation, Lateral (Prone) 18 34 50 {

' Total Rotation M and 1 L (Prone) 47 73 99

-t 1- 1
TA5LZ 11. BIOMECHANICS DATA SL'^LMARY - RANGE OF JOINT MOTION (CONTINUED) .

Range (Degrees

)

; Joint and Movement 5th 95th Reference

1 (See Glossary) fetile Mean %tile and N Remarks

j

i Knee (13a), 29,

j Flexion (Standing) 92 113 134 Male

1 Flexion (Kneeling) 144 139 174

[ Flexion (Prone) 109 125 141

j Roration, Medial 15 35 55

1 Rotanion, Lateral 23 43 63

1 Toral RM and RL 52 7 6 104

Neck (13d), 10, Male

Flexion, Ventral

Flexion, Venrral

- 60

67

- (13b), 100,

Male + Female

Looking

J down

Flexion, Doral 61 - (13d) , 10, Male 1 Looking

Flexion, Dorsal 77 (13b) , 100,

Male + Female

j uo

Flexion, Right or Left

!

1

41 - (13d), 10, Male Head inclined

right or left

1 Rotation, Right or Left

1

79 _ (13d), 10, Male Looking right or left

; Rotation, Right - 73 - (13b), 100, Looking right

1 Rotation, Left - 74 - Male + Female Looking left

1 Handgrip (Right) (13c), 79 Seated, grasping ^ Flexion, Extreme 20 46 72 Male vertical handgrip

Flexion, Comfortable 64 91 118 48.26 cm forward

Extension, Extreme 11 33.6 56 and 34.18 cm above

Exnennion, Comfortable 46 71.8 98 Seat Reference

Total, F-E, Comfortable 38 76.6 115 Point. Flexion

Total, F-E, Extreme 127 164.2 201 and extension were

left and right,

respectively

,

from comfortable

"neutral .

(13a)

(13b)

(13c)

(13d)

Damon et al.

Damon et al

,

Damon et al.

Damon et al

,

from Barter et al , 1957

from 3uc)c et al , 1959

from Daniels and Hertzberq,

from Glanville and Kreezer,

1952

1937

42
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TAI1I.E

H

BIOMEUIANIC

MOTOR

PERK)RMANCE

DATA

SUMMARY

-

PI.EGIC

DEXTERITY

I

L
TABLE

I'V.

nrOMECIIANlCS,

M01X)R

I’ERFOl^^lANCE

DATA

SUMMARY -

WALKING

46

Reference:

(21)

Finley

et

al,

1969,

elderly

and

young

women.
TABLE

16

BIOMECHANICS

DATA

SUMMARY

-

GRIP

STRENGTH

Female 6

Yrs

(43) (25)

34.30 55.86 02.32

109.76 127.40

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r: c 0 u (T a u U 0 0 cn 2 -H •rn 4J 0 O -H (T3 0 L A (C o cn <C3 CJ 2 > 04 a a

I — e •>« 9 c-s ^ ^ n O tft — — n

S

o * « ^ CM CM O lA ® O

CM o —' lA CM ^

O GO O ® O —« ^ -- O <JD CM

SIC c liii 2 S

Zl O <£> CM *r o

CM -• o o o •-« CM ^

^ pM M (>. CO O tA « O «

ri CM CM o

O CM LA C5 ® O

o in o r- CM S 2

Iri

31

£ 55

g 2 % 1

*6

<s t «

I, g

O 3

Sf £ 2 M

V u* c. o I

C£ ^ O

03 o o o 2 CM CA « ® o o . M CA ^ <A

§ I

^ -3 ® <7) *S 3 ii §

£ ® ^

o> £ i; g -3 £ «

JS C Ch ^ o w O - o e ;= jC ^ u = g " 2 8 § ««u-^whSz X

I

'<*< qL ^

» e > a

O U

I TT-T

»—

4

0

04 w

c 0

-r4 O 0 c

jr E 0

cnL CT 4-1 4J o C (0 4J **"1 'H u O L L

(0 C O fO a 0 3 >

110

Not

raarriod

(251)

-29

(110)

Family

composition

No

children

(422)

-32

(323)

At

least

one

child

under

(our

years
Activity

Minutes

per

Day

Variation

from

Average

Remarks

CM CM O rs r- ^ o CNj CM c>j ^ ^ r5 CM Ift

<

CM t- ® rs ^

c- r3 cc ©

r5 ®

irt «

© ^ ^ n cz

<

LO CM © rt CM

CM O I ^

^ © m o CM C^ © CD 5^

>,= 1 I S' o -B <o

© ao © © 'c*

m © © CM c-5 O CD © o ©

U 2t

•• u

o in y>

^ cz

o c*: — c2 ®

c li u fi e

g

o 3 c) a II II

* 3 - ° s ^ 3

< t. 3 2 ^ *2 5 s (i

‘ O >i >i > fl rt _

*a *a >• w 3 c

c c; a £ o

>s :> *5 a ® S

© in ^

t- © in ©

•r CM ^ eg

o © © ©

. o o o © -r 2 S g g

° ®. J =

§ 2 _- o* 2 ii 2 O ^ 3 V# W S X

=

c = e a n u.

Ill

Reference:

(49)

Robinson,

>

an-^

1'^"’),

Mi

b-'oa

le

rn

honseholdei

:
TAM1.K

'iO.

Iiniisilioi.n

ArnV'ITY

OA'I’A

siimmamy

<

I

W- X? - 0) u X ^ • C. 1

i a C O’ >. 5

1 tn • -i-' 0

1 0 — — 1) u

i z o X V a c G c D « -u • u £ E >> a: M 'Z

cc > -» >. C G’ LD CO c cn —! fc £

<T3 X "C X

rsj cc c 3 0 O P,

t X ”c ^ o ar G

.—

.

1— j-i U

1 ^ C .— “X ” S c

1 X — *- w CJ C T.

1 ZZ 4-> G > = U lu. c

t ^ z. X u C 5 X o G c G >i-. jj G

u cn 0 M 3p rH — u o <n

CD W X G O JZ <D X

>1 u a O’ M s G

X X w >i-H O f—

<

•< w X3 ^ ^ iM Ln a

ou

2 V*.

rCNi

^ I

•X I o

> — ; e o •

• • ; X - !

; l : u:ni

S

- a^ —a--cr 0

X

(/) 3 ir> o

n "C • rN m 4^ c U 73 >> as Z A > 0

0 S • m CA u

0 X z •. >1 0 c c 0 o J3 V) rsi m 4J <u 0

U (A •c T3 3

o 3 o tn O' XJ

CJ >. 0 (A 00 -o CN o <0 U (C 3 u V u

W w v£) dJ o o %4 10 (A 0 (A (T3 o (A

cr. 0 rsi 3 v£> 01 0 T3 o m

3 « 0 >.0' cr> c u o t = -3L-2.

0<

0

u 4J o

<—

1

X O'

10 O 3 o ^ (0 z as

112

Reference

(75)

Walker

and

VJoods,
TABLE

51

.

lIOUSEIlOl.n

ACTIVITY

HAta

SUYIMARY--Clin,n

CARE

'[’

rME

9

>i

fd Q

!-i (Da

inQ) JJ3

•H

I N

I « O)

_ a

3 -= a

c

"SS sji;

OD f-'ooj^orC'J ^

ou':»-'oor3

f—© o I o o c-5

00

CSJ ^ O I TT

o o lO o csj c^a

^ ^ ®

n : = 3

o ^ “3U'w -

w. o

. « = >. J2 J' 5

= - f 4 '^2 ir ^ ? o r = c. t

c

u

g.

u.s.

5 a a a

o S

>l

JJ*H>

•H

4Ju<

(D

5-I (do

r—

-H >,

JZ +-• U -H>

-P -H U -P

(D U

P

-HQ

fd

11-3 i

Reference

(49)

Robinson,

.1956

,

Midwestern

householders;

N=generally

2000

male

and

female
TABI.i:

S2.

IIOllSKHni,|)

ACTIVI'VV

DATA

SUMMARY

>-

a| -

CJJ 3 I 9

csj esj ca ^ I o r- o LT5 -r U5 ® Cl o I » o o o in m » n r*5 —t

35 Icnio o <Si

c^»^c5|in 3) o to oa m ^ iP^ m ^ o o o o —• — TTOC5 licit* Cisa ^ rH O I o o ca ^ ca

<— ea 1 00 m ^ I o —

o o 7 O O S o B a ^ c "g c " c c i; o a o = n cn ^ w W ^ u *• u u ^ w ^ ^ ^ ^ V

a qj

u ^ ^ ® y “

to

a i sp ^ ^ •"

to

C 2 c o oa ^ e»« so 3: o o

pH

tn lO o orH

cn o o^ tn

cn o o ca

f-H c*u o o

ca ca

pH pH

H* 00 <s o o ^ pH

GO 9

C5 C5

oa 'T o ^ ^ c. X ^

05 cn

05 05

>> 2to - X

a

a 3 o o H H

O

>1

4-» u< ow

)H<D CU

114

Reference:

(49)

Robinson,

1956,

Midwestern

householders

N=generally

2000

male

and

female
TABLE

53.

HOUSEHOLD

ACTIVITY

DATA

SUMriARY--AC'i'IV

I

TYT

IMES--l'’REl'l

q;e

•fH

0)

OJu

l-L(

4Jc

(Uo

Sq

0)

Cl,

hi

•co " A

c- O "i M ^ z

f COCMCVJ^OCMcOf^.-**^ I ^oo

2-S

a ^ 1

O C9 Cd o«cva-*e^cvjt-.c^ l« l^e^c ^ o

t^^C^CMC^lrt < 0>C'l»^«^C*»C'j5SiC*jF^C4 I CS1C30

^ -n i

E ^

=: o K H

>1

H 2i o ^ X -si

s ^ - r

o k 'ti 8_

*3, £3, M 05 ^ ^ g = 2 2^2

CO CO sis C s CJ u a:

S H

®0 « u ^

01 M

>1 u

•H>

•H

jju<

(DW

D

OJ£

(D

(U

S-l [IH

115

J

Reference:

(75)

Robinson,

1956,

Midwestern

houseliolders
Activity

Percent

of

Respondents

Reportiny

Use

<

00 ^ fn SO

<N CN

;z:

I

£

!>

UJ '

o

t 6 ^

Q E -H

4^ U 0) 3< :»

CJ U

o a; CL Li CO O

T3Co

u

o

E Q O C V. C 3 o OZ ^

T T3 •H

r;

(T3 4-> 0) C CP

cr> Di o c C £ •«-* 'H •rH Qli I—

I

r-H •r1 rH

(T3 0 3 O

O 0 cr IS MM o o t:

116

J

Reference:

(75)

Walker

and

Woods,

1967-68,

Syracuse

N=1296

husband

and

wife

householders
TABLE

55.

IlOUSLIIOLD

ACTTVITV

DATA S

UMMA

RY--

RQH I

UTT

r.I Z

ATT

ON-- KT

TCI I

EN

EQDIPMENT.

117
Activity

Percent

of

Respondents

Report

incj

Use

j 1 i

I

jJ

C

0)c

Qj •H

O' a

S - T

4Jc Vj cr

dJ 0

rU-l •rH a

T3 XJ o O 0

cr U5 fO u D u u

118

Reference:

(75)

Walker

and

Woods,

1967-68,

Syracuse,
rAlU.F

57.

IlOIJSF.HOT.n

ACTTVT'!’Y

HA'^^A

SUMMARY -

n’ASK

DiFFlCUI/l’Y

FACTORS--COr,N 1Tf

VI • 1 a

V. ^ a

p c • p

tC fO -H

p c u

cn - cn

on PS cn 0)

p -p cn PS "C • r~ rc3 cn

cn o 4P ra PS P

Ti -P cn 0 0 c (U fC3 cr •H Q > 0 -P cu jJ a, -p -P

cn

r\—

cn -p -P ta Pi •H o •p -P CM u P P p C -P VD 2 U cr c X £ cn CO 0 cr 11 u

QJ CD o u 0 ta Gi r3 CM u C3 0 O

PC 1—

C-' 5 CM cn

cn

u •P 0 p

to

—

PC rP

X 0

PC + ro P)

n

—

x:

Cn •H

in

to

cn

cn

jT3

E-'

4-^ 0) 0 >

•iH cn -P

-P -rH c c

OJ tJi £ O

t7>UO

P!

U-;O PO Cc

OJa

cr

OJp ? § ^ I 8 S

<& " g 2 S"R S e n no ^ < U3 o g I S ;;2S'’2 S 5 ”S2 58 S2 SS£ S 2 5 <N •- •"

Sfsl 2 ® *5 u « j< — _ S E J’S £ 2 g S-E 5 °50

lo? f

?!

11— >

JS -1 E

_C c > ? s ° 5 1 • 135 =2

is| =2

IrP ?| •£5u

a> comc = 1 5 S 13

tt£ i|l

III I'll c t 2 ~ - « I £ "C • S dj —

±c eE = —- ^ »

-D ? c g> ^ £ E « E • Q • |u

J.r! 2? = l M

"iu)5

u

£41

«•£ C ffl 2 oT c - &s 2 £

^’-'S = E J 0 s X ui a. c £ ^ II - 7 1 ? r IS; II Ol 3 5 ? C CO & CO S

te ^ 5 O >4J*H>

•H

Jju<

Pi

cn

tT3 cn -P -P

(u 5 > £

-H Qj -P P

‘H -H C 3

cn cr O 0) U p

Reference:

(60)

Steic^ll,

1967,

Urban

housewives
TAMI.r

SH.

Iionsniol.h

AC'TIVITY

data

.DIIMMAHV

-

TA;;K

D

l

hi'

I

CIII.TY

I’ArTniAS

-

-wdkk

constkaint

I

n

c:

cu

X

I

cfi c

tn

r—0 ^t ^

1 in rn f)

• rH O 2

X c E -r^ X OJ .-0 u C i-l 4J • c i- J c; J-i r» 4J >. w o CD o cn c E

K/* rv' r—i CP 0 CD L. 0 fT3 C o U 0

u Z. -r- •H 5

4J X D

a CC •'H X !T CD E (U CD c C -r^ U -lJ s *

* -K

e 9 53

® O » ^ 0 «N S'"" > — O n o r* rt

^ ! 5.

I <

1 1! :

i ^ 9

^ ; s £

*e 5 -c

« < o

• * e •

I I u I I I

I ' J 1 1 i

I < i II

8 2 S

25R; S' sr a

r> r* ^lorj® «iAor>0 ®0

g

O gonn r« ®

t%rt at (orton^

o oooc n

g g o <s ^ n S R SR°S'-

c •tc •K

I , II I 2 f = * * • r?|3* 5i j 1 1 ! Mil lill« II i f ^ I l-SOO£ <o

2 d 8 <

8 0 1

1

f'-M s

5 o 3 T d {Zou. H 200 «.

? i

11

CTi

•H

0)

ino

VD

QJu

c

dJu

OJ

U-l(U CC

4J c

1. a & o c

CD

! o W4 O' 0 1

1 r-, cn ns 0

1

1 cn CJ

fl3 (C

E-* 120
HOUSICflOLD

ACTIVITY

DATA

SUMMARY

--

TASK

DIFFICULTY

F

ACTORS

-

-

HOUS

I

NO

AND

FQUIPMFNT

w

cn

03

E-t

o;>

O

U

5

o

Cn

03

S-i O

4Ju

fO

4J3

U

•H

M-l

4-^ Q

» •“53C5C5aeNnc ^ ^ fc la fv(io>o ^

f>< r* ta n r< r5 ja •- p« <n n q — — c 3

cnV * ir ^ ok i COhV «r

CN r> n •-

H I ss5ssas« ss ? I ssggssss sis s U iT l£ •• a •-

8 8 ? S.

E

«' 3 2 ^ •

7C S E

I I

§ s -

$ « a

C C •

«J *1 ^

c c =

c S i

£ E

B c 3

• 9*? 3 H ^ S? 5 2 2

E ? -o 2 = = “ ax j £ -5 = ?

s s fl

2 - J

E i

2 E e a « > f 8 = o s

•

- c E -

w w X. a

" £ 5 "

• JO I E?I1 o ca C

«

-. -. 2 I a« b •>) a ^ o muo • ® » tf «

C 2 -O E “ . o 22||S? >

t; 3 5 c », o “ 2 I I 5

S S 2 c c ® .?£=€ 3 -2 ?

o >

*5 e < 'J

“ F I S ! i 2 . Lo-.^£ ‘

: : i £ 7 . :.2 2 3 l.-iE

; 2 5 -2 2 > 10 3 ^- -

^ -i u. < < u.

?x s

O'. LT >1

4J

-Uu<

a

•H3

tra;

>1

+j m

TD s-i c o

rO 4-> CJ

cr> 03 -r-i 3 4-1 03

*rH

Cfi -l-l 3 C 03 O 03 03 33 S 4J

A*

Reference:

(60)

Steidl,

1967,

Urban

housewives
>

'X. <<c o — 2

'X

U)

fO

E-* a>ou50

(0

U5c

•H

iJ

4Ju< w

03

tr: c

(DUO

\D

a\m

O 2

Cfi

(r. (Zo —> OJ

:: II cnC 2 U S-J

CP

!T>

U nD

<u f?

QJ -U 4J

03 •H U X

a

a 03

u

0—iCu U-l

w E

rj 0

Eu T3

in in

CTi 03 (MCP

CD f\l LD E r~ (Ti CD o CP r- D CN CD 'T in CD o 2 in in CM n

VD 'T CD ro

ro

>^r LD

n

CD C—I c

'a" CM

O CN

(T. CM CN ro

O CN

r-H

O

LO

(C •H 'C

c: jj 0

(T3 T! JJ 0 CO o jJ u 4J

rr^ >. <0 *H 0 u c JJ u rH jJ a u 0

cn •H •H

a 0 c j«:

X E D •H 0 Ti •H

S-l 03 a, 0 U CM Jj 0 f—i 0 rH E u •H CM in 0 j«: 0

4J a. 0 c CM •H CO CM •r-t •H u E u 2 CM Q CJ 0 a

CO 0 *H Jj

Cl.

u

Q Cu

n

122

Reference:

(60)

Steicil,

1967,

Urban

housewives
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with special subsamples of 200 - 300 women for

special measurements.

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124
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125
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London, England: RIBA Publications, Ltd., 1976.

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This chapter makes several recommendations for a safe,

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product portability.

31. Kvalseth, T.A. Comparison between information rates

generated by rotary hand and arm movements. Perceptual

and Motor Skills

1976, 42, pp. 1115-1118.

32.

Lang, J., Burnette, C. , Moleski, W., and Vachon, D.

Designing for Human Behavior : Architecture and the

Behavioral Sciences. Stroudsberg, Pa: Dawden,

Hutchinson, and Ross Inc. 1974,

This book discusses why modern architecture fails to

meet users’ needs and discusses seven architects views

which cover three areas: the nature of the problem, new

ways to program, design and evaluate buildings, and the

interface between architecture and environmental

psychology

127
33. Laubach, L.L. Muscular strength of men and women:

A comparative study, AMRL-TR-75-32 . Aerospace Medical

Research Laboratory, Wr ight-Patterson Air Force Base,

Ohio, May 1976.

An analysis of static muscular strength data obtained

from three young female subjects as compared with

sim.ilar muscular strength data previously (1969)

obtained from a group of young men by other investigators.

A suirmary of strength related literature data is also

included

.

34. Linder, R.L. and Lerner, S.E. Self-medication and

the Only Child. Journal of Drug Education, 1972,

2(4), pp. 361-370.

"

A study of 839 students' birth order versus ingestion

of various psychoactive (alcohol, tobacco, LSD, etc.)

drugs without medical supervision.

35. Lucht, U. A perspective study of accidental falls and

resulting injuries among elderly people. Acta Socio - Medica Scandinavia , 1971, pp. i05-120.

36. Maloch, F. Properties, qualities, and characteristics

of most and least liked household tasks. Cornell

University, Agricultural Experiment Station, New York

State College of Home Economics, Ithaca, NY, Memoir 384,

July 1963.

An analysis of task like and dislike based on ratings

of task characteristics by 120 Binghamton, NY "middle"

and "lower middle" class homemakers.

37. Manning, S.L. Time use in Household Tasks by Indiana

Families. Research Bulletin, 837. Purdue University

Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.

Project No. 1169, January 1968.

An analysis of one week's daily time records from 111

Indiana families, tour times during the year 1961-62.

38. Matthews, J.J. Functional assessment of perceived

mental and physical health, social and economic

resources, activities of daily living, and needed services

of elderly participants and non participants of the

Columbus, Ohio congregated meals program. (Doctoral

dissertation, Ohio State University, 1976). Dissertation

Abstracts International, 1976. (University Mifro films

No. 77-2

,

455)

.

128
Examination of a Federal program for the aged, congregate

meals, to identify the level of functioning of participants, drop-out, and non participants in the program.

39. -Mortality from fires and conflagrations. Statistical

Bulletin December 1975, pp. 6-9.

40. National Safety Council, Accident Facts 1977 edition,

Chicago

41. Neely, E. and Patrick, M.L. Problems of aged persons

taking medi ation at home. Nursing Research 1968,

17(1) , pp. 32-55.

42. Neutra, R. and McFarland, R.A. Accident epidemiology

and the design of the residential environment. Human

Factors , 1972, ^(5), 405.

The design of the home in the near future can have

a positive or negative impact on the safety of its

occupants. This is a review of studies of fire,

pedestrian accidents and poisoning that attempted

to quantify the effect of design elements on accidents.

43. Owings, C.L. Strength characteristics of U.S. children

for product safety design. Final Report, Consumer Product

Safety Commission, Washington, D.C., October 1975.

A study of muscular strength of 502 children between

the ages of two and ten years. The study reports

on 33 isometric exertion measurements involving

torque, hand grip and punch.

44. Parsons, H.M. The Bedroom. Human Factors, 1972,

14(5), 421-450.

A review of the major and minor uses of the bedroom

from a human engineering view.

45. Pickering, E. Shelter for Living . New York: John

Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1941.

This book presents a functional approach to the design

of a home for family life in a single family home.

46 . Raschko, B. Physiological and Behavioral Characteristics of the Elderly: A Basis for Design Criteria for

Interior Space and Furnishings. Rehabilitation

Literature 1974, 35(1).

129
47 . Reynolds, H.M. and Allgood, M.A. Functional Strength

of Commercial Airline Stewardesses. FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, November

1975.

Reported data from thirteen body measurements and four

strength tests of 152 female flight attendants.

48. Robinson, J.P. Changes in Americans' Use of Time:

1965-1975: A Progress Report, Communications Research

Center, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio,

August, 1977.

The use of time is shown to differ between 1965 and

1975 based on comparisons of time diary studies done

in 1965 and 1975. Study excludes rural residents,

unemployed, retired, farmers and those over 65.

49. Robinson, J.P. How Americans Use Time: A Social

Psychological Analyses of Everyday Behavior.

New York: Praeger Publishers, 1977.

An analysis of use of time by 2,000 Americans,

characterized as urban and employed, between ages of

18 and 65. Data was collected between Fall of 1965

and Spring of 1966 on one day's activities.

50. Rozier, C.K. Three dimensional Work Space of the

Amputee. Human Factors , 1977, 19(5), pp. 525-533.

A report of a study of three dimensional search work

space of twenty male above and below elbow amputees.

Data are reported for representative normal and for

prosthetic extremities.

51. Selected body measurements of children six through

eleven years —United States. Vital and Health

Statistics from the National Health Survey. Series

11, No. 123, U.S. Department of Health, Education

and Welfare, Public Health Service, January, 1973.

A report on measurement o twenty-one anthropometric

dimensions of children six through eleven years old,

1963-65.

52. Sitkei, E.G. Systematic planning and programming

for group homes and handbook for operators. Rehabilitation Research and Training Center in Mental Retardation, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR. February , 1976

.

This gives both a rationale and a guide for systematic

management of group homes.

130
53. Snow, C.C., Reynolds, H.M. and Allgood, M.A. Anthropoinetry of Airline Stewardesses. FAA-AM-75-2, FAA Civil

Aeronautics Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma,

March 1975.

A report of body measurements of 423 stewardesses

trainees enrolled in the American Airline Stewardess

Training Academy, Forth Worth, Texas, between February

and June 1971.

54. Snyder, R.G_, Spencer, M.L., Owings, C.L., Schneider, L.W

Anthropometry of U.S. infants and children SP-394, 1975

A report of the results of a three year anthropometric

study of 4,027 United States infants and children from

newborn to twelve years of age.

55. Snyder, R.G., Schneider, L.W. , Owings, C.L., Reynolds, H.

Golomb, D.H . and Schork, M.A. Anthropometry of infants,

children and youths to age eighteen for product safety

design. Final Report. WM-HSRI-77-17 Highway Safety

Research Institute, University of Michigan, May 31, 1977.

A report of 87 body measurements from a sample of

4,127 U.S. infants, children and youths aged two weeks

to eighteen years.

56. Somer, R. Tight Spaces ; Hard Architecture and How to

Humanize it. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall, Inc.,

1974 . Somer discusses the assumptions behind hard architecture,

its effect on human occupants, and what can be done to

humanize the built environment.

57. Stefl, M.E., Goodman, P.C., Ramey, A.M., and Bents, F.D.

Accidents involving small selected appliances: Summary

and descriptive analysis. National Bureau of Standards,

Washington, D.C., December 1975. (NBSIR 75-969).

An analysis of accident reports for appliance listed

in top 50 of the Consumer Product Safety Commission

Hazard Index for 1974.

58. Steidl, R.E. Complexity of Home Making Tasks. Home

Economics Research Journal , 1975, ^(4), pp. 223-240.

A study of ratings of 208 young wives of cognitive

demands of homemaking tasks associated with food,

shelter, clothing, family and general management.

131
59. Steidl, R.E. Continuity of Household Work. Memoir 383,

Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University,

Ithaca, NY, June 1963.

A study of data from a 1952 study of the use of time

by 248 homemakers recorded to reflect continuity of

work by blocks of time. (Note: Continuity is not

clearly shown in the data)

.

60. Steidl, R.E. Difficulty factors in homeraaking tasks:

Imolications for environmental design. Human Factors,

1972, 14(5), pp. 471-482.

A study of homemakers ' opinion on the sources of

difficulty in home tasks they rated as high and low

in cognitive requirements.

61. Steidl, R.E. Food tasks, complexity, difficulty,

preference. Home Ecology Forum , 1972, ^(1)

.

A report on the judgment of homemaking tasks as being

high or low in attention, judgment and planning by

208 housewives, mean age 24.

62. Steidl, R.E. Functional Kitchens. Cornell Extension

Bulletin 1166, New York State College of Human Ecology,

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, July, 1969.

A guide for planning kitchens for efficient location

and design of work centers and facilities therein.

63. Steidl, R.E. Use of time during family meal preparation

and cleanup. Journal of Home Economics , 1958, 30(6)

,

pp. 447-450.

A study of the amount of time spent in the kitchen,

and where in the kitchen during meal preparation and

cleanup during preparation of breakfast and dinner

menus

.

64.

Steidl, R.E. What Makes Homemaking Tasks Complicated?

New York State College of Human Ecology, Cornell

University, Ithaca, NY, March, 1974. (College

Project 402)

.

A report on the source of homemaking task complexity

as cited by 208 housewives, mean age 24.

65. Steidl, R.E. and Bratton, S.C. Work in the Home . John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1968.

132
66 . Szalai, A. (ed.) The Use of Time : Daily Activities

of Urban and Suburban Populations Twelve Counties

Mouton and Co., The Hague, Paris. 1972.

67. Thorndike, E.L. How We Spend Our Time and What We

Spend It For. The Scientific Monthly , 1937, 44, 464-469.

A discussion of the use of time by working girls and

an estimate on the use of time according to a panel of

psychologists and the author.

68. Tokuhata, G.K., Colflesh, N., Smith, R.N. , Rameswamy, K.,

Digon, E. Consumer Behavior and Product Injuries.

Journal of Safety Research , 1976, ^(3)

pp. 116 - 125.

69. Van Cott, H.P. and Kinkade, R.G. Human Engineering

Guide to Equipment Desian. (Rev. ed. )

Los Angeles,

CA: McGraw Hill, 1972.'

A human engineering system design guide primarily

focused on human capabilities and requirements data

for utilization of military systems.

70. Vaughn, J.L. Standardized estimates of time required

and quality of various tasks in household employment.

Purdue Research Foundation, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Ind., January, 1972.

A study of furniture dusting and floor vacuuming to

develop a formula for estimating the components in

and time required for the dusting and floor vacuuming

in cleaning house. Thirty-two houses were studied.

A regression equation for estimated time is presented.

71. Walker, K.E. How Much Help for Working Mothers?

Human Ecology Forum, 1970, 1(2)

An analysis of the amou of time contributed by

school age children to household work.

72. Walker, K.E. Time Use Homemaking Work. Presented

at 14th Closta Congress, Helsinki, July 1968.

(Available from New York State College of Human

Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY).

An analysis of time used in homemaking in New York

State, The Netherlands, and Sweden in relation to

family size and employment.

133
73. Walker, K.E. Time Use Patterns for Household Work

Related to Homemakers' Emplo^^Tuent . Presented at

National Agricultural Outlook Conference, Washington,

D.C., February 18, 1970. (Reproduced by U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service)

.

A time record study of housework performed by members

of families in relation to employment of homemakers.

74. Walker, K.E. Time Used by Husbands for Household Work.

Family Economics Review , 1970.

An analysis of the amount of time spent by husbands

of employed vs non employed wives on household work.

75. Walker, K.E. and Woods, M.E. Time Use : A Measure of

Household Production of Fam.ily Goods and Service s

.

Center for the Family of the American Home Econom.ics

Association, Washington, D.C. 1976.

76. Walker, K.E. and Gauger, W.H. Time and Its Dollar

Value in Household Work. Familv Economics Review,

Fall, 1973.

An analysis of the dollar value of housework based on

the kind and hours of work performed by family members

and the price of the work in the labor market.

77. Weight, Height and Selected Body Dimensions of Adults

in the United States, 1960-1962. Vital and Health

Statistics Data from the National Health Survey,

Series 11, No. 8. U.S. Department of Health, Education

and Welfare, Public Health Service, June 1965.

A report on findings on certain of the physical

measurements of adults obtained in the first cycle

of the Health Survey.

78. VJerber , M. Home Accidents and Safety. Psychology

Search Association, Silver Spring, Md., for National

Bureau of Standards, NBS-GCR 76-76, September, 1975.

A summarization of published research on home accidents

and safety with abstracted and non abstracted bibliography.

79. Weschler, H., Kasey, E.G., Thom, D., and Demone, H.W.

Alcohol Level and Home Accidents. Public Health

Reports

,

1969, 84(12), pp. 1043-1050.

134
80 . White, R.M. and Churchill, E. The Body Size of

Soldiers: U.S. Army Anthropometry - 1966, TR-72-51-CE,

Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass. December 1971.

A report of the U.S. Army anthropometric survey of

1966 on 6,682 Army basic trainees, infantry men,

armed crew men and aviation oersonnel.

135
Appendix A

Organizations of the Disabled

Contacted for this Report

American Academy for Cerebral Palsy

1255 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

202-659-8251

American Academy on Mental Retardation

916 64th Avenue East

Tacoma, WA 98424

206-922-5859

American Association on Mental Deficiency

5201 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20015

202-686-5400

American Council of the Blind

1211 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.

Suite 506, Washington, D.C. 20036

202-833-1251''

American Foundation for the Blind, Inc.

15 W. 16th Street

New York, NY 10011

212-924-0420

American Speech and Hearing Association

9030 Old Georgetown Road

Washington, D.C. 20014

202-897-5700

Arthritis Foundation

3400 Peachtree Road, N.E.

Suite 1101

Atlanta, GA 30326

Committee to Combat Huntington's Disease

250 W. 57th Street

Suite 2016

New 'York, NY 10019

212-757-0443

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation

3379 Peachtree Road, N.E.

Atlanta, GA 30326

404-262-1100

136
Epilepsy Foundation of America

1828 L Street N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

202-293-2930

Little People of America

P.O. Box 126

Owatonna, MN 55060

507-451-1320 (Dwarfism)

Muscular Dystrophy Assoc., Inc.

810 Seventh Avenue

New York, NY 10019

212-586-0808

Myasthenia Gravis Foundation

230 Park Avenue

New York, NY 10017

212-986-9487

National Amputation Foundation

12-45 150th Street

Whitestone, NY 11357

212-767-0596

National Association of the Deaf

814 Thayer Avenue

Silver Spring, MD 20910

301-587-1788

National Epilepsy League

Six N. Michigan Avenue

Chicago, IL 60602

312-332-6888

National Hemophilia Foundation

25 W. 39th Street

New York NY 10018

212-869-9740

National Multiple Sclerosis Society

205 E. 42nd Street

New York, NY 10017

212-986-3240

National Paraplegia Foundation

369 Elliot Street

Newton Upper Falls, MA 02164

312-346-4779

137
National Parkinson Foundation

1501 N-W. Ninth Avenue

Miami, FL 33136

305-324-0156

National Society for Autistic Children

306 31st Srreet

Huntington, W\" 2 57 02

304-697-2638

Orton Society

8415 Bellona Lane

Towson, MD 21204

301-296-0232 (Dyslexia)

Parkinson's Disease Foundation, Inc.

William Black Medical Research Bldg.

Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center

640 W. 168th Street

New York, NY 10032

United Cerebral Palsy Assoc., Inc.

66 E. 34th Street

New York, NY 10016

212-481-6300

138
INDEX

A

Page

Accident background 67-8S

Accident site 79,80

Accident data collection 7-9

Alcohol 00 1

Ankle joint motion 41

Anthropometric data collection 2,3

Anthropometry 12, 27-38

Anthropometry glossary 15-24

B

Bathroom design 92-94

Biomechanics 12 , 39-65

Biomechanics glossary 15-24

Blindness 107

Burns 9

Burn hazards 87

Burns, pre-existing pathological conditions 88

C

Cerebral palsy 106

Child care time 11,113

Clothing care time 118

Crawling height 31

Crawling length 32

D

Deafness 100,101,107

Design checklists, housing 89-94

Design recommendation, housing 89-96

Dexterity, measurement 4,5

Disability 9,13,98-107

Disability organizations 10 , 102-107

Door design 91,92

Drug use CO u 00 139
Page

IT Elbow Crutch utilization 35

Elbow joint range 41

Elbow rest height 28

Eoileosv 104/105

Equipment utilization, household 11,116-113

Exercise level

IT rails, causes 85

rails, processes 84

Eire mortality 86

Fixture design, household 81,82

Fixture spacing, bathroom 93,94

Floor surface design 83

Forearm joint motion 41

Forward arm reach 29

Forward reach, sitting 30

Free time 11,115

Functional arm reach 29

Functional arm reach extended 29

G

Grasp reach range 4 , 39

Grip strength 5,6,47

adult female 47

adult male 47

child female 47

child male 47

young child, female 47

young child. male 47

H

Hand grip joint motion 42

Hand rail design 89,90

Hand arm manipulation 4 ,43

140
Page

Hearing 10

Heating and cooling equipment utilization 116

Height 27,28

adolescent female 27,28

adolescent male 27,28

adult female 27,28

adult male 27,28

child, female 27,28

child, male 27,28

old female 27,28

old male 27,28

young child, female 27,28

young child, male 27,28

Hemophila 105,106

Hip joint motion 41

Home safety 67-96

Home safety data conclusion 12

Household activity 109-122

Household activity data conclusion 12

Household activity time 10,11,112-115

Household data sources 10

Household equipment sources 11

Housewife activity times 109

Housework time variation 11,110,111

Housing and equipment, task difficulty factors 121

I

Illumination, area 96

Illumination, kitchen 95

J

Joint motion 4,41,42

K

Kitchen design 92

Kitchen equipm.ent utilization

141

117
Page

Knee joint motion 42

Kneeling height, crouched 31

Kneeling height, upright 31

Kneeling length 32

T Lifting, user acceptance 62-65

adult female 62-65

adult male 62-65

Lareral grip reach 30

M

Maneuvering space, disabled 3

Manipulative dexterity, blind 4,44

.Manipulative dexterity, plegies 5,45

.Manual force application, safe 57-61

-Meal preparation time 112

.Motor disability effects 99

Multiple schlerosis 107

.Muscular dystrophy 107

.Myasthenia gravis 102,103

N

Neck joint motion 42

Normal home definition 1

0

One stick utilization 35

Overhead reach, standing, two arms 29

P

Paraplegia 102

Parkinson's Disease 106

142
Page

Passage requirements, normal 34

Personal factors in accidents 67-69

Personal time 11,114

Popliteal height 28

Product quality in accidents 71,72

Prone height 32

Prone length 32

Push-pull 5 , 6 ,48-50

adult female 48,49

young child, female 49,50

young child, male 49,50

R

Reach 29,30

adolescent female 29,30

adolescent male 29,30

adult female 29,30

adult male 29,30

young child, female 29,30

young child, male 29,30

Reach envelope, amputees 4,40

Risk population 98

S

Shoulder crutches utilization 35

Shoulder joint motion 41

Sitting eye height 27

Sitting height 27

Sitting knee height 27,28

Squatting height 31

Squatting height, minimum 31

Stairs and ramps design 89

Stature 27

143
Page

rp

T'ask cognitive factors 119

Task complexity, difficulty 122

Task difficulty 12,119

Thigh clearance height 28

Tobacco use 8,73

Torso breadth, bent 31

Torso height, bent 31

Tripod walker utilization 35

Two stick utilization 35

V

Vertical reach, sitting 30

Vertical reach, standing 29

W

Walking 5,46

elderly 46

young adult 46

V?alking aid, terrule tip, utilization 35

Walking aid, wheeled, utilization 35

Walking, disabled space requirements 35

Water supply control

Wheelchair dimensions 36

Wheelchair and occupant dimensions 33

adult female 33

adult male 33

child female 33

child male 33

Wheelchair maneuvering space 37,38

V7hole body force measurement 5,6

Whole body position 31,32

adult female 31,32

adult male 31,32

144
Page

Whole body push 51,52

adult female 51,52

adult male 51,52

Window design 90

Work constraint factors 12,120

Wrist joint motion 42

145
H3S-J14A =4Ev. a-78

J.5. i:£OT. OF comm. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. publication or report no. XBSIR 80-2014 (HEW)2. Gov't. Accession No.

%N

3. Recipteril's Accession No. .1 \ •

4. title and subtitle

Safe Environments —Anthropometric, Biomechanical,

and Activicy Considerations

5. Publication Date i June 1980 j 4. Performing Organization Code ^

7. author 5 Clarke E. Jones, John V. Fechter8. Performing Organ. Report No. I

5. PERFCRV.ING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL 3UREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

-WASHINGTON, DC 2023X

18. ?ro|sct/Task,^'ork Unit No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS rS(r«f, City, State. ZIP) 13. Type of Report & Period Covered

14. Sfxjnswlng Agaicy Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document Describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, Is attached.

16. A BS I RACT (A 200-word or less ia ctual summary o( most significant information. If docume.'U includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.) 'Ihis report has been prepared for the National Bureau of Standards' Center for

Fire Research as part of their support to the Office of Human Development Services

of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The rajor objective of this

report is to surmBrize data describing the physical characteristics of "normal"

and disabled people as actual or potential resident's of "normal" homes, the space

through v^ch they move, their limits of bodily action, the causes of their injuries,

and the factors influencing their use of residential time. The data have been obtained

almost entirely from published literature. Specific and general evaluaticns of the

applicability of the data to normal home activities are presented.

17. KEY to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only (he first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Accidents; Anthropometry; Biomechanics; Disability; Disability

organizations; Home safety; Household activities; Household design;

.Mobility aids; Room use

18. availability iX. Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS 21. NO. OF

(THIS REPORT) PRINTED PAGES ~ For Official Distnbotion. Do Not Release to NTIS UNCLASSIFIED 155 " Order Frorr Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003-

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

22. Price

~T. Order Ffoir National Technical Information Service (NTlS), Springfield,

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