U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 

1 

69–010 

" ! SENATE 115TH CONGRESS

1st Session 

REPORT

2017

115–157 

Calendar No. 221 

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY 

BLUE CAMPAIGN AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 

2017 

R E P O R T 

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND 

GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS 

UNITED STATES SENATE 

TO ACCOMPANY

S. 1103 

TO AMEND THE HOMELAND SECURITY ACT OF 2002 TO REQUIRE 

THE SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY TO ISSUE 

DEPARTMENT-WIDE GUIDANCE AND TO DEVELOP TRAINING 

PROGRAMS AS PART OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND 

SECURITY BLUE CAMPAIGN, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES 

SEPTEMBER 14, 2017.—Ordered to be printed 


e:\seals\Congress.#13
(II) 

COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS 

RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin, Chairman 

JOHN MCCAIN, Arizona 

ROB PORTMAN, Ohio 

RAND PAUL, Kentucky 

JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma 

MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming 

JOHN HOEVEN, North Dakota 

STEVE DAINES, Montana 

CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri 

THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware 

JON TESTER, Montana 

HEIDI HEITKAMP, North Dakota 

GARY C. PETERS, Michigan 

MAGGIE HASSAN, New Hampshire 

KAMALA D. HARRIS, California 

CHRISTOPHER R. HIXON, Staff Director 

GABRIELLE D’ADAMO SINGER, Chief Counsel 

REBECCA N. NUZZI, Professional Staff Member 

MARGARET E. DAUM, Minority Staff Director 

STACIA M. CARDILLE, Minority Chief Counsel 

CHARLES A. MOSKOWITZ, Minority Senior Legislative Counsel 

SUE RAMANATHAN, Minority Counsel 

LAURA W. KILBRIDE, Chief Clerk 

Calendar No. 221 

115TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! SENATE 1st Session 115–157 

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY BLUE CAMPAIGN 

AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2017 

SEPTEMBER 14, 2017.—Ordered to be printed 

Mr. JOHNSON, from the Committee on Homeland Security and 

Governmental Affairs, submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany S. 1103] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 

to which was referred the bill (S. 1103) to amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to require the Secretary of Homeland Security 

to issue Department-wide guidance and to develop training programs as part of the Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports 

favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the 

bill do pass. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

I. Purpose and Summary .................................................................................. 1 

II. Background and Need for the Legislation ................................................... 2 

III. Legislative History ......................................................................................... 6 

IV. Section-by-Section Analysis .......................................................................... 6 

V. Evaluation of Regulatory Impact .................................................................. 7 

VI. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate ................................................ 7 

VII. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported ........................... 7 

I. PURPOSE AND SUMMARY

The purpose of S. 1103, the Department of Homeland Security 

Blue Campaign Authorization Act of 2017, is to codify the existing 

Blue Campaign within the Department of Homeland Security 

(‘‘DHS’’ or ‘‘the Department’’). The bill requires the Secretary of 

Homeland Security to issue Department-wide guidance and to develop training programs as a part of the program. 

2 

1What Is Human Trafficking?, Dep’t of Homeland Sec., https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/ 

what-human-trafficking (last visited July 24, 2017). Trafficking in persons is defined by the 

United Nations as ‘‘the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, 

by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the 

purpose of exploitation.’’ U.N. Off. on Drugs & Crime, United Nations Convention Against 

Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto, 42 (2004), available at https:// 

www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf. 2The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated in 2012 that around 20.9 million 

people live as forced laborers. See International Labour Office, ILO Global Estimate of Forced 

Labour: Results and Methodology, 13 (2012), available at http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forcedlabour/publications/WCMS_182004/lang--en/index.htm. 3 International Labour Office, Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour, 13 (2014), 

available at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf. 4See Elzbieta Gozdziak, Data Matters: Issues and Challenges for Research on Trafficking, in 

Global Human Trafficking, Critical Issues and Contexts (Molly Dragiewicz ed., 2015). 5Dep’t. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, 6 (June 2017), available at https:// 

www.state.gov/documents/organization/271339.pdf. 6 International Organization for Migration, Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey, 12, 43 in International Migration (Frank Laczko and Elzbieta Godzdziak eds., Vol. 

43 [1/2] 2005), available at http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/global_survey.pdf. 7Dep’t. of Justice, Dep’t. of Health & Human Serv’s., Dep’t. of Homeland Sec., Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States 2013–2017, 

25 (2014), available at https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf. 8 U.N. Off. on Drugs and Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, 51 (2016), available 

at http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_ 

in_Persons.pdf. 

Since its creation in 2010, the Blue Campaign has operated on 

a continuing appropriation and lacked permanent leadership to 

oversee and coordinate related activities across DHS agencies involved in the program. S. 1103 requires the Secretary to appoint 

a director and establish formal Department-wide guidance and 

training programs. 

II. BACKGROUND AND THE NEED FOR LEGISLATION

Background 

Human trafficking, or trafficking in persons, is one of the most 

pervasive and lucrative crimes in the world.1 Each year, human 

traffickers exploit tens of millions of men, women, and children.2

Such modern day slavery has been estimated to generate more 

than $150 billion annually.3

Although increased national and international attention has resulted in a larger number of reports of suspected human trafficking, the number of reported incidences vastly underplays the 

scale of the industry.4 According to the State Department’s 2017 

Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report, fewer than 10,000 human traffickers were convicted worldwide in 2016, while the estimated 

number of victims remains in the tens of millions.5

Victims are unlikely to self-report, due to fears that the victims 

might themselves become targets for prosecution by authorities, or 

fears of reprisal and intimidation from their traffickers.6 In addition, the public remains largely unaware of the existence, let alone 

the prevalence, of the problem.7 This has created an environment 

in which traffickers are able to operate under a presumption of impunity in virtually every country in the world, including the United 

States.8

3 

9 Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106–386 (2000); Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, 22 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7112 (2000). 10TVPA was reauthorized in 2006, 2008, and in 2013. See Pub. L. No. 108–64 (2006); Pub. 

L. No. 110–457 (2008); as an amendment of the Violence Against Women Act, Pub. L. No. 113– 

4 Title XII (2013). 11Department of State, supra note 5, at 420. 12Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, 

supra note 5, at 5. 13 Id. 14Dep’t. of Justice, Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2005, 3 (June 2006), available at https:// 

www.justice.gov/archive/ag/annualreports/tr2005/agreporthumantrafficing2005.pdf. 15DOJ estimates that as many as 80 percent of individuals trafficked internationally are 

women and young girls and that 70 percent are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. 

Id. at 5. 

16Dep’t. of Justice, Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons: Fiscal Year 2005, 3 (June 2006), available at https:// 

www.justice.gov/archive/ag/annualreports/tr2005/agreporthumantrafficing2005.pdf. 17Louise Shelley, Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective, 262 (Eric Crahan ed., 2010). 18 Citing limitations in data, the authors of the study reported a wider range of 4,457–20,995 

victims. Center for Court Innovation, Youth Involvement in the Sex Trade: A National Study, 

88 (June 2016), available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/ 

249952.pdf?ed2f26df2d9c416fbddddd2330a778c6=jaccjssvkj-jdvsadwa. 19 Blue Campaign, Dep’t. of Homeland Sec., https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign (last visited 

July 24, 2017). 

Trafficking in the United States 

In 2000, Congress passed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act 

(TVPA).9 The TVPA defined human trafficking as ‘‘the illicit enslavement of individuals into labor or commercial sex through 

means of force, fraud, or coercion.’’ 10 The State Department has 

characterized the United States as a source, transit, and destination country for trafficking victims.11 With no formal estimate of 

the total number of victims in the United States, it is difficult to 

define the scope of domestic human trafficking. However, DHS and 

its partners have identified cases of trafficking in all 50 states, 

where victims, including citizens and non-citizens, are defrauded, 

threatened, and coerced into forced labor or commercial sex on a 

daily basis.12 Victims can be found working in both legitimate and 

illegitimate fields of employment including the hospitality, agriculture, construction, and restaurant industries, as well as in 

sweatshops, massage parlors, and in domestic service.13

In the past, the Department of Justice (DOJ) has estimated that 

as many as 600,000 to 800,000 victims are trafficked across international borders annually.14 The majority of victims are women 

and young girls, most of whom are exploited as sex workers.15 Although the exact numbers are uncertain, DOJ estimated that anywhere from 14,500 to 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United 

States; 16 however, unlike other Western democracies, where the 

majority of sex trafficking victims are foreign, most sex trafficking 

victims in the United States are U.S.-born minors.17 A 2016 DOJfunded study estimated the total number of juveniles in the sex 

trade in the United States to be between 9,000 and 10,000.18

The DHS Blue Campaign 

DHS utilizes a victim-centered strategy to confront domestic 

human trafficking and is dually committed to identifying victims 

and to finding and prosecuting traffickers.19 In 2010, DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano launched the Blue Campaign program to 

serve as the Department’s unified voice in the fight against human 

4 

20 Blue Campaign: About, Dep’t. of Homeland Sec., https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/aboutblue-campaign (last visited July 24, 2017). 21 Blue Campaign: Partnerships, Dep’t. of Homeland Sec., https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/ 

partnerships (last visited July 31, 2017). 22See Combating Human Trafficking: Federal, State, and Local Perspectives: Hearing Before 

the S. Comm. On Homeland Sec. & Governmental Affairs, 113th Cong. (2013), available at 

https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/hearings/combating-human-trafficking-federal-state-and-local-perspectives. 23 Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act, Pub. L. No. 114–22 (2015). 24 Id. at Title IX, § 902. 25Dep’t. of Homeland Sec., Dir. 045–03, Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (Mar. 22, 2016). 26Dep’t. of Homeland Sec., Human Trafficking Awareness Training for Department of Homeland Security Personnel (2017) (on file with Committee staff). 27 Id. at 6. 28DHS Blue Campaign Five Year Milestone, U.S. Dep’t. of Homeland Sec. (July 22, 2015, 2:31 

PM), https://www.dhs.gov/blog/2015/07/22/dhs-blue-campaign-five-year-milestone. 29 Blue Lightning, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Nov. 7, 2016), https://www.cbp.gov/ 

border-security/human-trafficking/blue-lightning. 30Department of Homeland Security, supra note 24, at 8. 31 Briefing between Dep’t of Homeland Sec. and S. Comm. of Homeland Sec. and Governmental Affairs (2017). 32 Id. 

trafficking and to raise public awareness about human trafficking 

taking place within the United States’ national borders.20

Through the Blue Campaign, DHS provides formal training on 

indicators of human trafficking to people who are most likely to encounter a victim or a trafficker, including first responders, 

healthcare providers, social workers, community volunteers, and 

law enforcement officers.21 The program includes formal training 

on methods and techniques to recognize and report possible instances of human trafficking.22

Section 902 of the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act of 2015 23

requires mandatory human trafficking awareness and training for 

‘‘relevant personnel’’ working for the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and any 

other appropriate Department personnel.24 DHS issued a directive 

requiring mandatory human trafficking awareness training on an 

annual basis for CBP and TSA employees, as well as on an annual 

basis for relevant personnel at the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, U.S. 

Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), Immigration and 

Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and U.S. 

Secret Service.25 The Blue Campaign provides updated information 

and training strategies to ensure all relevant personnel remain informed of the latest anti-human trafficking trends and policies.26

As a result, the Blue Campaign reported that over 130,000 DHS 

employees and 319 USCG units completed human trafficking training, in 2016.27

As of 2015, the DHS Blue Campaign had provided training to 

Federal human trafficking task forces in all 50 states, educating 

more than 10,000 state, local, and campus law enforcement professionals, and over 2,000 foreign law enforcement partners.28 More 

than 70,000 aviation industry personnel completed anti-human 

trafficking training through the Blue Campaign’s Blue Lightning 

Initiative.29

In fiscal year (FY) 2016, ICE’s Homeland Security Investigations 

unit opened 1,029 investigations possibly involving human trafficking.30 These investigations led to 1,952 arrests, 631 convictions 

of perpetrators, and ultimately the rescue of over 2,000 human 

trafficking victims.31 A total of 437 victims were identified and assisted.32 USCIS, granted immigration relief through T visas for 

5 

33Dep’t. of State, supra note 5, at 418. 34 U.S. Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General, OIG–16–17, ICE and 

USCIS Could Improve Data Quality and Exchange to Help Identify Potential Human Trafficking 

Cases (2016), available at https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2016/OIG-16-17-Jan16.pdf. 35 Id. at 7. 36 Id. at 2. 37 Briefing, supra note 29. 38Dep’t. of State, supra note 5, at 416; see also Dep’t. of State, Trafficking in Persons Report 

391 (June 2016), available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271339.pdf. 

nonimmigrant status to 750 victims and 986 family members in 

FY2016, an increase from FY2015 when T visas were granted to 

610 victims and 694 family members.33

S. 1103 

S. 1103, the Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign 

Authorization Act of 2017, formally authorizes the Blue Campaign 

within DHS. Additionally, the bill requires the Secretary of DHS 

to appoint a Director to manage the Blue Campaign, which has operated without statutorily-formalized leadership or structure since 

its inception. 

The bill also requires the Department to improve information 

sharing between components to prevent trafficking to address a 

recommendation provided by the DHS Inspector General. A 2016 

DHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) report identified inefficiencies in information sharing within DHS components that hinder 

the Department’s ability to identify and prevent human trafficking.34 The Inspector General identified ‘‘known human traffickers used work and fiance ́ visas to bring victims into the country.’’ 35 The Inspector General also found that ‘‘274 subjects of ICE 

human trafficking investigations successfully petitioned USCIS to 

bring 425 family members and fiance ́s into the United States.’’ 36

Since the DHS OIG report, DHS has attempted to modernize information technology systems and information sharing capacity.37 S. 

1103 requires the Department to complete these efforts by requiring the Secretary of DHS ensure the integration of technology systems utilized within the Department to record and track information regarding individuals suspected or convicted of human trafficking. 

Under S. 1103, the Secretary and Blue Campaign director are required to ensure information sharing is consistent across DHS. The 

information relied upon by DHS components must be as accurate 

and accessible as possible, particularly when the information is 

being used to track down and prosecute perpetrators of human 

trafficking, and protect their victims from further harm or mistreatment. 

According to the State Department’s 2016 and 2017 TIP reports, 

survivor advocates continued to report cases of local and state authorities detaining or prosecuting trafficking victims for conduct 

committed as a direct result of being subjected to trafficking.38 This 

bill seeks to address those concerns by granting DHS permanent 

authority to continue its education and outreach efforts to promote 

understanding and awareness of human trafficking. It also prevents victims from being treated as criminals rather than victims 

by law enforcement and social services. 

Finally, the bill requires the Secretary to submit an annual report describing the overall effectiveness of the Blue Campaign and 

the changes required by the bill. 

6 

III. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

Chairman Ron Johnson (R–WI) and Ranking Member Claire 

McCaskill (D–MO) introduced S. 1103, the Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign Authorization Act of 2017, on May 

11, 2017. The bill was referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. 

The Committee considered S. 1103 at a business meeting on May 

17, 2017. The legislation was reported favorably by voice vote en 

bloc. Senators Johnson, McCain, Portman, Lankford, Enzi, Hoeven, 

Daines, McCaskill, Tester, Heitkamp, Peters, Hassan, and Harris 

were present. 

IV. SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS OF THE BILL, AS REPORTED

Section 1. Short title 

This section provides the bill’s short title, the ‘‘Department of 

Homeland Security Blue Campaign Authorization Act of 2017.’’ 

Section 2. Enhanced Department of Homeland Security coordination through the Blue Campaign 

Subsections (a), (b), and (c) of this section define the term 

‘‘human trafficking’’ and establish the Blue Campaign within the 

Department of Homeland Security for the purpose of coordinating 

the Department’s human trafficking efforts. 

Subsection (d) of this section outlines the responsibilities of the 

Secretary—acting through the Director—in carrying out the Blue 

Campaign program: issuing Department-wide guidance; developing 

training programs; and coordinating the Department’s training efforts. 

Finally, subsection (e) of this section mandates that the Blue 

Campaign provide guidance and training to appropriate DHS, Federal, state, tribal, and law enforcement personnel, including regarding: how to identify human traffickers and human trafficking victims; how to collect information that can be utilized to help identify 

human traffickers; and proper information sharing. 

Section 3. Information technology systems 

This section directs the Secretary of Homeland Security to ensure the integration of information technology systems utilized 

within the Department to record and track information regarding 

individuals suspected or convicted of human trafficking. 

Section 4. Report 

This section requires the Secretary of Homeland Security to submit a report to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security of the House of Representatives on (1) the effectiveness of 

the Blue Campaign and (2) the appropriate office within DHS to 

place the Blue Campaign. 

This report must be issued no later than 18 months after the 

date of the enactment of this bill. 

Section 5. Authorization of appropriations 

This section authorizes $819,000 to be appropriated to carry out 

the requirements of this bill. 

7 

V. EVALUATION OF REGULATORY IMPACT

Pursuant to the requirements of paragraph 11(b) of rule XXVI of 

the Standing Rules of the Senate, the Committee has considered 

the regulatory impact of this bill and determined that the bill will 

have no regulatory impact within the meaning of the rules. The 

Committee agrees with the Congressional Budget Office’s statement that the bill contains no intergovernmental or private-sector 

mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

(UMRA) and would impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

VI. CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE COST ESTIMATE

AUGUST 17, 2017. 

Hon. RON JOHNSON, Chairman, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. 

DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: The Congressional Budget Office has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for S. 1103, the Department of 

Homeland Security Blue Campaign Authorization Act of 2017. 

If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Mark Grabowicz. 

Sincerely, 

KEITH HALL. 

Enclosure. 

S. 1103—Department of Homeland Security Blue Campaign Authorization Act of 2017 

S. 1103 would authorize the Department of Homeland Security 

(DHS) to implement a program to combat human trafficking; this 

program would be known as the Blue Campaign. (DHS currently 

carries out a similar program, which includes activities to raise 

awareness of human trafficking and training for law enforcement 

personnel.) The bill would authorize a total appropriation of 

$819,000 for the campaign. Assuming appropriation of that 

amount, CBO estimates that implementing the bill would cost 

$819,000. 

Enacting the bill would not affect direct spending or revenues; 

therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures do not apply. CBO estimates 

that enacting S. 1103 would not increase net direct spending or onbudget deficits in any of the four consecutive 10-year periods beginning in 2028. 

S. 1103 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act and would 

impose no costs on state, local, or tribal governments. 

The CBO staff contact for this estimate is Mark Grabowicz. The 

estimate was approved by Theresa Gullo, Assistant Director for 

Budget Analysis. 

VII. CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW MADE BY THE BILL, AS REPORTED

In compliance with paragraph 12 of rule XXVI of the Standing 

Rules of the Senate, changes in existing law made by S. 1103 as 

reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted 

8 

is enclosed in brackets, new matter is printed in italic, and existing 

law in which no change is proposed is shown in roman): 

HOMELAND SECURITY ACT OF 2002 

* * * * * * * 

TITLE IV—BORDER, MARITIME, AND 

TRANSPORTATION SECURITY 

* * * * * * * 

Subtitle C—Miscellaneous Provisions 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 434. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY BLUE CAMPAIGN. 

(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section, the term ‘human trafficking’ 

means an act or practice described in paragraph (9) or (10) of section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2002 (22 U.S.C. 

7102). 

(b) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established within the Department 

a program, which shall be known as the ‘Blue Campaign.’ The Blue 

Campaign shall be headed by a Director, who shall be appointed by 

the Secretary. 

(c) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Blue Campaign shall be to 

unify and coordinate Department efforts to address human trafficking. 

(d) RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Secretary, working through the Director, shall, in accordance with subsection (e)— 

(1) issue Department-wide guidance to appropriate Department personnel; 

(2) develop training programs for such personnel; and 

(3) coordinate departmental efforts, including training for 

such personnel. 

(e) GUIDANCE AND TRAINING.—The Blue Campaign shall provide 

guidance and training to appropriate Department personnel and 

other Federal, State, tribal, and law enforcement personnel, as appropriate regarding— 

(1) programs to help identify instances of human trafficking; 

(2) the types of information that should be collected and recorded in information technology systems utilized by the Department to help identify individuals suspected or convicted of 

human trafficking; 

(3) systematic and routine information sharing within the Department and among Federal, State, tribal, and local law enforcement agencies regarding— 

(A) individuals suspected or convicted of human trafficking; and 

(B) patterns and practices of human trafficking; 

(4) techniques to identify suspected victims of trafficking 

along the United States border and at airport security checkpoints; 

(5) methods to be used by the Transportation Security Administration and personnel from other appropriate agencies— 

9 

(A) to educate partners and stakeholders; 

(B) to increase public awareness of human trafficking; 

(7) leveraging partnerships with State and local governmental, nongovernmental, and private sector organizations to 

raise public awareness of human trafficking; and 

(8) any other activities the Secretary determines necessary to 

carry out the Blue Campaign. 

* * * * * * * 

Æ