22-198-pr

Dublino v. Biegaj

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 2nd day of February, two thousand twenty-four.

PRESENT:

ROBERT D. SACK,

REENA RAGGI,

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

MARK THOMAS DUBLINO,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 22-198-pr

SGT. JUSTIN BIEGAJ, SGT. ROBERT DEE, 

DEP. BRIAN THOMPSON, DEP. FRANK 

GELSTER, SGT. CROSS, SGT. ROBINSON, 

DEPT. P. GIARDINA, DEPT. SHAWN WILSON,

Defendants-Appellees,

C.O. VINCENT TERRANA,

Defendant.

_____________________________________

FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Mark Thomas Dublino, pro se, Alden, New 

York.
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FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: Erin Molisani, Assistant County Attorney, for 

Erie County Department of Law, Buffalo, New 

York.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of New 

York (David G. Larimer, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment, entered on January 19, 2022, is AFFIRMED. 

Plaintiff Mark Dublino, a prisoner suing pro se, appeals from an award of summary 

judgment in favor of defendants, officers at the Erie County Holding Center (“ECHC”) in Buffalo, 

New York, on his Eighth Amendment claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, on grounds of failure 

to exhaust administrative remedies. Dublino alleged that, on March 9, 2018, defendants subjected 

him to excessive force and denied him medical treatment in the aftermath. After discovery and 

motions practice, for which Dublino was represented by temporary pro bono counsel, the district 

court concluded that Dublino failed to exhaust the available administrative remedies in connection 

with this incident, as required by the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 

1997e(a), and had not established a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the grievance 

process was available to him; the district court granted summary judgment to defendants on that 

basis. See Dublino v. Biegaj, No. 19-CV-6269L, 2022 WL 170407 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2022). 

“We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo, resolving all 

ambiguities and drawing all permissible factual inferences in favor of the party against whom 

summary judgment is sought.” Burg v. Gosselin, 591 F.3d 95, 97 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting Wright 

v. Goord, 554 F.3d 255, 266 (2d Cir. 2009)). We also conduct de novo review of “a district court’s 

ruling on whether a plaintiff has exhausted administrative remedies under the PLRA.” Romano 
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v. Ulrich, 49 F.4th 148, 152–53 (2d Cir. 2022). Moreover, although we “liberally construe 

pleadings and briefs submitted by pro se litigants” to “raise the strongest arguments they suggest,” 

Kravitz v. Purcell, 87 F.4th 111, 119 (2d Cir. 2023) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted),

a party cannot defeat a motion for summary judgment with “conclusory allegations or 

unsubstantiated speculation,” Fujitsu Ltd. v. Fed. Express Corp., 247 F.3d 423, 428 (2d Cir. 2001) 

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the 

underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal, which we reference 

only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm. 

The PLRA mandates that inmates in correctional facilities exhaust administrative remedies 

before filing suit under Section 1983. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Saeli v. Chautauqua Cnty., 36 

F.4th 445, 453 (2d Cir. 2022); Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532 (2002) (applying exhaustion 

requirement to excessive-force claims). Exhaustion entails full compliance with the facility’s 

grievance procedure and with “deadlines and other critical procedural rules.” Woodford v. Ngo, 

548 U.S. 81, 90–91 (2006). However, an inmate need only exhaust those administrative remedies 

available to him or her. Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 642 (2016). An administrative remedy is 

unavailable when (1) it “operates as a simple dead end—with officers unable or consistently 

unwilling to provide any relief to aggrieved inmates”; (2) it is “so opaque that it becomes, 

practically speaking, incapable of use”; or (3) “prison administrators thwart inmates from taking 

advantage of a grievance process through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation.” 

Saeli, 36 F.4th at 453 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

Dublino does not dispute that a grievance process existed. Instead, he contends that 

administrative remedies were unavailable to him because ECHC staff denied him access to pens 
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and grievance forms following the March 9 incident, when he was transferred to “keeplock status” 

at ECHC without access to his personal property. Special App’x at 13. However, Dublino 

conceded in a sworn admission that he was able to file a grievance about a separate mail issue two 

days after the March 9 incident on March 11, using a pen and grievance form. More specifically, 

in response to a defense request for admission, Dublino’s counsel conceded, inter alia: (1) that

an exhibit consisting of the March 11 grievance form was “genuine[]”; (2) that the exhibit was “a 

grievance written by plaintiff”; and (3) that the exhibit “was submitted . . . on March 11, 2018 at 

3:00 p.m.” Special App’x at 394. Dublino’s counsel further noted that the exhibit was “the 

second part of a formal grievance that [Dublino] started before March 9, 2018.” Id. Dublino 

personally signed an accompanying declaration confirming these admissions. Id. at 396. The 

copy of the grievance form and Dublino’s admissions regarding it thus demonstrate that the 

grievance process was available to him on, at the very latest, March 11. 

These admissions contradicted Dublino’s deposition testimony that he never received or 

submitted a grievance form at any point in the two weeks after March 9, 2018. Dublino did not 

put forth any evidence below that adequately explained how the grievance process, including 

access to a pen and blank grievance form, was available to him for his March 11 grievance about 

his mail, but not the March 9 incident or the alleged failure to provide medical treatment in its 

aftermath. The grievance form itself does not state that forms are limited to a single issue and 

appears to account for the possibility of containing grievances on multiple issues because a 

grievance can be accepted in part and denied in part. 

Although we construe Dublino’s arguments liberally and view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to him, Dublino did not “come forward with specific evidence demonstrating the 
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existence of a genuine dispute” regarding the availability of the grievance process. Brown v. Eli 

Lilly & Co., 654 F.3d 347, 358 (2d Cir. 2011) (emphasis added). His conclusory assertion during 

his deposition and in his summary judgment briefing that the grievance process was unavailable 

to him for the March 9 incident does not create a dispute of material fact that precludes summary 

judgment because defendants offered unrebutted evidence that he was able to file a grievance, on 

a grievance form with a pen, on March 11 while he remained in keeplock. See Saeli, 36 F.4th at

457 (no reasonable factfinder could conclude that the plaintiff inmate completed the grievance 

process in a timely manner where his testimony was incompatible with the information on the 

documentation and his other statements); Agosto v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 982 F.3d 86, 102–03 

(2d Cir. 2020) (holding that plaintiff’s deposition testimony could not defeat summary judgment 

when it contradicted his sworn affidavit).

We also decline to consider Dublino’s contention, raised for the first time on appeal and in 

tension with his sworn admission below, that the March 11 grievance was not genuine or was 

drafted in its totality before the March 9 incident at the heart of his claims. See Bogle-Assegai v. 

Connecticut, 470 F.3d 498, 504 (2d Cir. 2006) (declining to consider argument not raised in district 

court when litigant had “ample incentive” to raise it below).

* * *

We have considered Dublino’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are without 

merit. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court