FORMOS.A I$LAD 83

(1867)

In the early months.of this year the American bark Rover, while engaged in regi1ar commerce among the island gôps of the South Pacific, was wrecked on the southeast end of Formosa, and t was rumored that her crew had been

murdered This information reached Rear .Adm1al Henry I. Bell, commander—trchief, Asiatic Squadron, and he ordered Commander John 01 'ebiger, in the Ashuelot, to proceed to

the locality, gaul such inforriation as possible, and rescue

the survivors should any be found. He arrived at Tai—van--Foo

in April made known his inission, demanded an investiga.tion

of the outrage, the seizure and punishment of those im1i— cated, and the recovery of any of the crew who survived,

After considerable delay on the part of the authorities,.

and after many expressions of their willingness to comply,

they finally advised Commander Febiger that they were unable

to bring the perpetrators to justice, because they beLonged

to a horde of savages not obedient to their laws. The Corn..-

mander deemed hi.s force insufficieit to resort to. hostile

measures with these savages, so he returned and reported o Adjuiral sell, with such information as he had gained1

The •Adniiral was not disposed that so great a crime

should pass unnunished, and therefore left Shanghai in June, with the .rtford, (his flagship) and the Tyomin, with the

intention of destroying the lirking places of the savages

responsible for the murder of the crew of the Rover. Then

he reached Taka, he received on board Mr, Pickering (an

interpreter) Mr, .Ty1or (a merchant), and the British con— sul, Charles Carroll, who was anxious to accompany the

expedition. Mr. Carroll had humanely but unucoessful1.y

endeavored to communicate with the savages, and ransom any

of the crew of the Rover who survived.

On the 13th of June, the Admiral brought his ships to

anchor within half a mile of the beach, and immediately sent

a landing force ashore, This force consisted of Captain

James Forncy with 4. of his Marines, and 13.5 naval of±'icers

and rnen cornmaded by Commander George C. Belknap, with

Lieutenit-Commander Alexander S. Mackenzie as assistant.

Soon after landing, savacs dressed in clouts and their bodies paintcd,.vrcre by the aid ci field glasses, secn

assembled in parties on the cleared hills about two miles distant, their muskets ;littcring in the sun. As the lsnd

ing party ascended tie nills, the savages descended, to meet them arid, gliding throuh the high grass from cover to cover, displaying the stratcr and courage o± the American Indian. De1ivorin their ftre, they retreated without being seen bT

the Americans, who, charging on their covorts, ±'rQqucntiy
(Formosa islr'.nd) 84

fell intq ambuscades. The landlin pay followed them until 2:00 p.m., when they halted to rest. The savages took this opportunity to approach and fire into the party. Lieutenant—

Commander Mackenzie placed himself at the head of a company

and charged into the ambuscade, receiving a mortal wound

from which he died while being carried to the rear.

Several of the officers and men experienced severe

sunstrokes, and as the ccmL'iand was generally exhausted,

Commander Beiknap decided to return to the ships, which were

reached at 4:00 p.m., after a very trying march of six hours

under a tropical sun. The experience obtained during this

affair demonstrated the inutility of such an exp edition

against a savage enemy in a wild country, by sailors unaccustomed to ambuscades and bush life. Sailors, not being

adapted to this kind of warfare, a diflerent story might

well have been written had the Admiral's force been Corj—

posed entirely of Marines, who, because of the particular

training they zeceivo, are especially suited for missions

of this nature.

Admiral Bell decided to make no further attempt by

again landin: his force. They had burned a number of native

huts, chased them a considerable distance into the interior

and inflicted severe punishment on the natives themselves.

The Qxpedition returned, to Takao on the 14th, and there

buried the remains of Mackenzie in the grounds of the

British consulate.

References: Sec. Tavy An. Rep.,, l867 7—9; Memo Ballet

St. Dept., 58; Cdllumts Mist. U.S. Marine Corps,, 196,

197; Logs of Hartford and Wyoming; Marine Corps :Iuster

Rolls; Marine Corps Archives; Bu. NaT. Arcbivesb
FRANCE 85

(1878)

The Universal Exposition of Paris which took place

during this year was the scene of the first American Marine

Guard to be stationed in France. A guard was deemed

necessary for the protection of American exhibits, and the

United States Ma.rines were called upon to furnish the required number of men. First Lieutenant Benjamin R. Russell,

and Second Lieutenant. William F. Zeilin, with 29 enlisted

Marines, vere detailed for this duty. They embarked aboard.

the Comititution at Philadelphia, sailed on the 4th of

March, and arrived at Havre, France, on the 3rd of the

following month. A few days later they disembarked, proceeded to Paris where, upon arrival, they were quartered

in the Caserne de Latour, Maubourg.

This special duty of guarding the American exhibits

was continued until the 7th of January, 1879, when. they

returned to the Constitution for the return passage to the

United States. The Honorable R.C, McCormick, conmissioner

for the United States, reported to the Navy Department that

"their excellent conduct, both on and off duty, wa spoken

of in the most complimentary terms by the French author±ties,

by the citizens of Paris, and the visitors of the Exposition,"

and at the ceremonies attending the distribution o±' prizes,

in October, their military bearing elicited a grand outburst of enthusiasm, and they throuhcut r'eflected honor

upon our flag by their admirable performance of an important

duty in a foreign land.."

(1889)

Another E:po3ition took place in Paris during this

year and, because of the efficient mariner in which the

Marines had previously performed such duty, they were again

called upon to furnish a guard for the American exhibits at this ixooitiOn,

Captain Henry C, Oochrane, assisted by First Lieutenant Paul St. C. Murphy, and 30 enlisted Marines were detailed

for this purpose. They embarked aboard the steamer Gascoine, arrived at Havre on the 21st of April, and at

Paris the following day where they were quartered in the

Ecole Militaire. The Exposition opened on the 6th of May

with imposing ceremonies, and the detachment of American

Marines received not only the applause of their countrymen,

but the admiration of the French people and others present, On July 4th the Marines were marched th the grave of
(France) 86

Lafayette, and. there, under the direction of Captain

Cochrane, and. in the presence of a large multitude, including the American Minister, Thitelaw Reid, General LB.

Franklin, Consul—General Rathbone and many others, the

American Marines decorated with flowers the modest tomb

of America' hero.

On the 19th of Novem'oer the Marine detachment was

honored by the presentation of medals by the American exhibitors; the officers' medals being of gold. and those of the men of bronze. Captain Cochra.ne also had conferred upon hin the decoration of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and complimented in a general order upon his return to the United States. This detachment, after having conmieted

its special duty, re-turnea to the Marine Barracks, Brooklyn, N.Y., where it arrived on the 23rd. of ecember.

(1905)

Marines next had occasion to land on French soil when

they arrived to escort the body of John Paul Jones, the naval hero of the American Revolution, back to his final resting place within the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The preliminary arrangements between the French and UnLtecl.

States authorities having been concluded, Rear dmira1 Charles D. Sigsbee (the same officer who commanded the ill—

fated Maine when she was blown up in the harbor o Havana, Cuba, in 1898,) was selected t head this unusual mission.

Admiral Sigsbee selected the Brooklyn as his flagship, and together with the Chattanooga, Ga1yest, and Taco;a, each with its Marine detaclirnen-taboard, sailed from Tompkins—

yule, Staten Island, New York, on Sunday, June 18th. The

squadron arrived at Cherbour on the 30th, and on he following day Admiral Sigsbee, with his staff, proceeded by t:r'ain

to Paris, where he called upon the American ambassador, flobert B. McCormick, the French prime minister M. Rouv:Ler, the minister of marine, . Thomson, and• General Horace Porter, first special bac sador of the United States in Connection wjth the tinf or of the remains of John Pau:L Jono.

In the eantme Mr. Francis L Loomis, second spetal ambassador of the United States, had. arrived in Paris and,

on July 4th, the American Ambassador, Admiral Sigsbee with his staff and Mr. Loomis wore received by the President of France, it. Loü'oet. Upon leaving the palace, the American
(France) 8?

At 3:30 in the

mcriCan Church

e lying in state.

French soldiers

artillery caisson

officials were completely surrounded by a company of

cuirasslers, forming the same escort which had been given

the King of Spain on his first visit to the President of

France during the preceding month.

The ceremonies incident to the actual transfer of the

remains were scheduled to take place on the 6th of July A

few hours before daylight on this date, the Marines and

sailors, constituting a force of about 500 officers and men,

who were to participate, were landed from the ships at Che±—

bourg and boarded trains for Paris, where they arrived, at

about 11t40 the s&e forenoon ie Marines were under the

command of Captain Theodore H. Low and SecOnd Lieutenant

Benjamin A • Lewi of the Brookiy, First Lieutcnant Theodore

E. Backstrom of the ChattanoQgp, First Lieutenant Austin C.

Rogers of the alveston, and, First Lieutenant Paul 'E

Cham'oerlain of the Tacoma The enlisted Marines numbered 140.

afternoon the ceremonies took place at

the of the Holy Trinity where the remains

wer The American Marines and sailors, and

the were formed outside of the church, where

was also in waiting. A memorial service

was conducted by Reverend John B. Morgan, and at its cbnclu—

slon, General Porter made a short address transferring the

remains to the second special ambassador, Mr Loomis , who,

in turn, read an address of some length, eiding by transferring the remaino formally to the charge of Admiral Sigs'bec.

Later the remains were conducted to the railway depot, placed

in a car and sealed. At 9:10 that evening the car containing

the body of John Paul Jones, and the American landing party

as escort proceeded to herbourg.

Early the following morning, the 7th, the train arrived,

and the remains were deposited in a pavilion to await the

arrival of Admiral Sigebee who had remained in Paris. The

Admiral returned to Cherbourg early in the morning of the

8th, and at 'one 'o'clock in the afternoon the escort, which

had returned from Paris to the ships on the previou s day,

was again landed to take part in the last ceremonies before

the return voyage to the United State These having been

concluded, the casket was traLsf erred from shore to the

French torpedo boat ZouavQ, transported to the Brook1 and

the 4j:ericn squadron. then took its departure for the United

States.

References:' Sec Navy An. Rep., 187, 283; •., 1889,

Collum1s Hist, UdSö Marine Corps, 232, 276; Log of

Contitutio; Marine Corps Archives; John Paul Jones,

Commemoration, 101—114, Navy Library.

824;
HAITI 88

(1888)

The American etea:1cr tjan Repuh1ic sailed from the

port of New York on Oc;ober 4rth, bound for Haiti. On the

21st of the same month she was seized by the Haitian man of

war Dessalines, as 2he was leaving the Bay of St. Marc, on

the charge of breach of blockade, and was tken into the port

of Port au Prince. Uon arrival at the latter place, she was condemned by a special prize court, which had been convened

for the purpose,

The United States objccted to her seizure, and Rear

Admiral Stephen Bo Luce, U.S.N, was sent with the Galena and Yantjc to Port au Prince to take the Haytian Republic, in the event the Haitian authorities refused to give her up. These two ships carried one Marine officer, First Lieutenant

Benjamin 9. Russell, and 45 enlisted Marines, who were at

the disposal of the Admiral in carrying out his mission.

Admiral Luce arrived at Port au Prince on December 20th, informed the American Minister John E.. Thompson of his mission, who, in turn, represented the facts to the Iaitian officials, who finally agreed to release the American vcssel, paying an indemnity for her arrest and detention, Force was

not resorted to, but it is believed that its display contributed largely, in bringing about the desired results,

(1914)

Many revolutions, arc1, counter revolutions, had. occurred in thie island republic prior to the present year, but they 1ad not been serious enough to warrant landings or occupa- tions b,r foreign coverniients, ifl the present year, however, such action became necessary.

The government headed by President Theodor had been in disfavor for some time, and conditions were such that certain European governments, considering their nationals in danger, ordered warships to Haiti i' or observation purposec and, if necessary, to land their arines.

In January, the British, French and G'erman ships lying off Port au Prince landed their Marines for the protection of their Consulates, On the 29th the cruiser South Carolina of the American navy, arrived at this port, and landed. her Marine:Guard, under the command of First Lieutenant Andrew B. Drum, where they remained until the 9th of the following monh. Upon the display of this force conditions became more normal, and all Marines were withdrawn, those of a'eat Britain, France, and ermany departing before the American Marines.
(Haiti) 89

(1915)

The apparent tr.nquility which followed, the landings of' the year previous was shrt.-lived, but one year had. passed when the overimcnt under President Theodor was overthroi,

and., i:, rch, succeeded. by Vil'orun. Guillaume Srui. The

latterts rc;ime did not appear any more popular than had

that of Theodor. president Sam had not been in 'fice more

than four months when a new revolution broke ot•. In an

apparent effort to quickly crush this outbreak, he incar—

ce'ctted. a large number of the politically prominent citizens

of the Island, and, no doubt believing to make himself more

secure,. ordered the execution of the greater part of those

he had put in prison.

This action had in reality the opposite effect, and the

mob became so infuriated that Preci.ent Sam sought refuge in

the French Legation. TIis, however, did not save him from

the vengeance of their fury. They invaded the French Lega—

tion, seized President Sam,. removed him to the street, de- capitated him, cut his body to pieces, placed hi head .on a p.ke, and paraded with it through the streets of the c1ty

Naturally anarchy quickly followede

The United States Government. had been following the

trend of events for some time, and had placed naval vessels

in that locality to observe and report on conditions.. Rear

Admi.ral William B. Oaperton aboard the Washinrton, was at

Cape Haitien prior to this affair, where he had. landed the

Marine detachment, und.er the command f Captain George Van

Orden to ouch a d.iturbnc in that city, on the 9th of

July. Vhile procecd.in to Port ai Prince on the 27th he

receivod advices from the AmericanMinister, Mr. Arthur

Bailly—Blanchard, nctifying him o: the serious conditions

then prevailing in the cj.pita.l city.. In addition to the

regular Marine detachment, the Washington had the 12th Com

pany of Marines,. under the command of Captain Giles Bishop,

Jr.., aboard. Admiral Capertoi arrived at Port au rinoe on

the 28th of July, the dy of the aseassination but not until after the assassination had been committed., and inm.ediately

landed two battalions of arines and sailors to prevent

further rioting,, and for the protection of the lives of

foreigners and their property. Believing his available force

insufficient to cope with the conditions, the Admiral sent an

urgent dispatch to the Navy Department requesting the trans

fer of at least a full regiment of Marines to Port au Prince

as soon as possible. This received immediate response, and

on the 31st, five companies of the Scond Regiment under

Colonel Theodore P., Kane embarked on the Connecticut, and
(Haiti) 90

sailed for Port au Prince, In the meantime the 24th Company

o± Marji-ies under the cornrnandof CaptainWilJ.iam 0.. Fay,

stationed at the naval station, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, had

been tranaportod. to Haiti., and landed on the 29th.

The force was still inadequate for the duty at hand,

and Admiral Caperton made a second request for Marines.

.Thic time the Headquarters, let Brigade, under Colonel Litticton W. T. Waler, the 1st Regiment under Colonel Eli K. Cole, and the Artillery Ba alion under Major Robert H. Dunlap were ordered to Haiti to reinforce those preced- ing them to that island., The Brigade Headquarters and let Regiment sailed on Puuet 10th,, on the Tennessee, while the

Artillery attalion sailed on August 24, also on the Tenn— essee, on her second trip to Haiti..

A new President (Dartiguenave) was elected, and in- stalled on August 12th. One of hi first duties was the negotiation of a treaty with the United States. This was prepared and siaed foir days later (16th), and, in general terms, provided for a Financial Adviser, Receiver of Custorcia, Director of Public orks and. Sanitation, and a Gendarmerie,

Cori-iposccl of native Haitians, but officered by United States Marines, who were to he comiissioned as officers in that service and extra compensation from the Haitian Government, The Gendarmerie (now Garde d'Haiti) has been augmented, drilled and schooled, with native officers installed from

time to time, as their training' permitted, until it has ecorne a well disciplined oranizatjon capable of maintain- ing peace and. tranquility, if not undermined by revolut:ion— ary intrigue or civil strife.

On February 11, 1922, Brigadier General John H. Russell of the Marines (the present Major General Commandant) was appointed, American High Commissioner and Personal Rcpresents

tive of the President of the United States, with the rank of

Ambassador Extraordinary, which position he held until November 12, 1930. This is the first and only instance in

history, it i believed, that an officer of the Marine Corps, or Navy, has been appointed and served in a position sinilar to that whjch General Russell occupied in Haiti.

Since their landing, on July 28 1915, the United States Marines remained on ouch duty until &ugust 15, 1934, vrhen

they were withdrawn by direction of Presid.ent Franklin ]Delano Roosevelt.

The achieveentc of the Marines in Haiti, during this period of cl:Lrht1r over nineteen years, constitute, one of the brit peges of ierica.n history. They were a peopLe
(Haiti) 91

torn with revolution and. misery, but now peaceful conditions

reign, personal liberty, an prosperity prevail to such an

extent as never known before in that country.

References: Moore's mt.. Law Dig., VII, 117—118; eec. 1avy

An.. Rep.., 1891, 617; MajorGenera1 Commandant An. Rep.,

1915, 763; Log of Kearsarge; Marine Corps Archives;

St. Dept. Archives,
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 92

(1870)

The latter part of this year was the occasion for a

pall of sadness to descend upon this group of beautiful.

islands — The Crossroads of the Pacific. In September the

consort of ICing iehaiea 1V., Queen Kalama, was called by

death. This event enulfec1 the entire population in deepest

mourning. Shortly before the QueenTs demise, the Jamesto,

paid a visit to Honolulu, and was there when her death

occurred.

On the 2lstof September all flags of foreign countries

were to be placed at half—mast, in respect to the late Queens

However, the American Consul, Mr, Thomas Acaison, Jr., was

of the opinion that his authority CUd not permit of his corn—

pliance to half—mast the American flag which flew over the Consulate, and, consequently, refused to do so. This fact

came to the attention of Captain Wil1ian. T. Truxtbn of the

Jsmestovm, who did not agree with the Consuis opinion, and

ordered Lieutenant Henry C. Cochrane, of the Marine Guard, together with fic of his men, to proceed on shore and place

the £nerican colors at half—mast, which order was :promptly carried out.

(1074)

A new king was elected to the throne of those islands

in February of this year, which event was the occasion for riotous proceedings, and at the pressing roquest of the

authorities, Commandor Joseph S. Skerrett of the Portsmouth, and Commander George E. Bclknap of the Tuscarora, sent their Marine Guards (37 men), and a detachment of sailors ashore

on the 12th to preserve order, and to protect American iive and interests. Upon arriving ashore, they occupied the court

house, and oosted sontrjeo at other public buildings. No

further distureancos £oilo;fed, a-nd the new king was inaug uratod. On the 16th part of the landing party returned to

their roEcoectjve ohi::; 1avjnr 19 Marines and 14 sailors until tho 20th, when they also returned. There wcrc no

Marine officers •f:orJ those ti;o warships; their guards be— ing in charc of Orderly Sergeants Frederick R. Mann, and

Theodore Hoff, of the Portsmouth and Tuscarora, respectively.

(1889)

A revolution was in progress in this bland Kingdom, which grew to such proportions 1r the middle of the year as
(Hawaiian Islands)

to cause concern for the safety of foreign residents as well

as xoreign legationo. TLie Ams, Commander EWnn T. 7ood—

ward, was in the harbor at Honolulu at the time. The Commander, in consultation with the .\merican Minister, decided

that a landing force was necessary for protection of !a'ieri—

can interests Accordingly, he ordered the Marine Guard, under command of 2nd Lieutenant Charles A. Doyen, to proceed

ashore to the America Legation. They landed at 10:30 a.m., July 30th, and remained until the following day.

(1893)

The ancient native kingdom was overthrown early in this

year; Queen Liltuokalani deposed, and a provisional govern- ment formed, treparatory to the establishment of a republic. Because of the threatened disorder\ consequent to this event, it was deemed advisable to have a small Ar'erican force on

shore for its morel effect as well as for protection of American interests in case of necessity. The Boston, Captain Gilbert 0.- Wiltee, U.S. Navy, commanding, was at Honolulu at this time, and he ordered 1st Lieutenant Herbert L. Draper and his Marines ashore on January 16th to assist in maintaining order and protecting foreigners. This duty was continued until April 1st, when they returned to the Boston.

The Marines performed their duty in such an efficient manner that the Executive and Advisory Councils conveyed

their appreciation and thanks to Lieutcnant Draper in the

form of a resolution, dated April 3rd,.

References: Marine Corps Chronology; Log .of Jemestq; St. Dept. Archives; Sec. Nav'j An. Rep., 1874, 8; Log's of Portsmouth and Tuscarora; Marine Corps Archives; Log of Adams; Collum's Hics U.S. Marine Corps, 303;

Log of Boston.
HONDURAS 94

(1903)

Christopher Columbus was the first European to land on

the shores of Central America. On his fourth voyage to the

New World. in 1502, he landed at the mouth of the 3eovia

(Coco or Wanks) River at Cape Gracias a floe. Twenty_two

years later Cisto'oal de Cud, one of Corte' lieutenants, founded. the settlement of Triunfo de la Oruz, .e attem ted

to establish an independent goveriiment,, 'out was assassinated 'y an emissary of Cortes before his plans could materialize, A few years later, Hondur?.s was joined to guatemala as one of

her provincee, and. remained as such until te successful revolt against Spanish rule in 1821. Then for nearly two decades it was successively a iDart' of Iturbidet s Mexican

empire and a member of tne Unitea Provnoes of Central

Am orion,

On October 26, 1638, Honduras declared her coplete

independence, and maintained this statue until the Year

1847,, when she joined Nicara:ua and Salvador in a loose

confederation 'which lasted until 1663. In this rcar Hon- duras separated from this confederation and bocee an in- dependent republic,. This latter ctatu3 continued fo fort years, notwithstanding the fact that it has bean the scene of frequent revolutions, alternated w.th corrupt dictator— ships. Relatively week, this republic has suffered the

frequent interference of neiehboring countries in its domes— tic affairs which, added to its own internal turol1s, has

kept it in an almost continual state o± unreit

In this year (1903), I..:..nuel Bonilla gained the r)resj— clcncy and seemec. likely to repeat the success of Marco

Aurello Soto in maintaining order. However, as his term of office drew to a close, ancT. his' reelection appeared certain, the supporters of rival candidates and some of

his own c1.icsaisfied a,dhercnts intriued to secure the co- operation of Ticara:ua for hi ove:thror. Bonilla welcomed

the opportun. ty which a oucc e esful ceipain would assure for consolidati:. :.s om 'oosition. Jose Santos Zelaya, president of I'icara'ua, was equally tn-dous, and several

a.llec;ed vi.olatjons of territory had embittered popular feel- ing on IDoth icl.es The United States and Mexican governments endeavored to secure a peaceful settlement without inter- vention., but fa.1ed.

During this period of revolutjcnarv intrigue, the United States had several naval vessels in Honduran waters
(Honduras) 95

to look after Airterican interests. These vessels were the

Marietta, Lieutenant—Commander Smuei W. B. Diehl,. Olympia

(flagship of Rear Admiral J. B. Coghian), Commander

J. C. Wilson, Raleih,.Conimander Arthur P. Nazro, and San

Francisco, Captain Asa Walker. On March 15th this scuadron

sailed from Culebra, W.I., and arrived off the port of Puerto Cortez about the 21st. Different ships of the squadron

then visited the ports of La Ceiba, T-rujillo, Tela, and

Puerto Sierra. Conditions at all of these ports, with the

exception of Puerto Oortez, were quiet. At the latter port

conditions were quite serious and at the request of the

American Consul, William P. Alger, a Marine guard of 13

Marines from the Marietta was landed on the 23rd of March

for the protectionof the' Consulate. This guard remained

until the 30th or 31st, when it was withdrawn,

On the 24th of March, the f1ags1i.p Olympia landed a

detachment of 30 Marines, under the command of Captain

Henry . Carpenter, U.S.M.•C., and Mid.ahipmanICintnel, to

guard. the Steamship Vharf at Puerto Cortez. They returned

to tne snip on the 2bth,

(1907)

In February of this year a ne' outbreak of hostilities

occurred between tiiis republic and Nicaragua. The !oiduran

forces were commanded by Bonilla in erson and by General Sotero Baraliona, his Minister o± War. One of their chief

subordinates was Lee Christmas, en adventurer from Memphis,

Tenn., who had previously been a locomotive—driver., Hon

duras received active support from itB ally, Salvador, and

was favored by public opinion throughout Central America.

But from the outset the I'Ticaraguans proved victorious, largely owing to thir mobility. Their superior naval force

enabled them to capture Puerto Cortez and La Ceiba, and to

threaten other cities on the Caribbean Coast; on land they

were aided by a body of Bonduran rebels, who also st&

lished a provisional government. Zelaya captured Tuci—

ga.lpa after severe fighting, and besieged oni1la in Ama—

pala. Lee Christmas was killed, The surrender of Amapala

on the 11th of April practically ended the war, and Bci11a

took refuge on board the United States cruiser Chiccv"o. A

noteworthy feature of the war was the attitude of the American naval ofiicers, who landed Maaines, arranged the surrender of Ampa1a, and prevented icaragua prolonging hosti1itie. Hon.uras was now evacuated by the Ni.caraguans

and her provisional government was recognized by Zelaya.

Oot.nder Albert G. tnterha1ter, in the Faclucah, was

looking after American interests in the vicinity of Puerto

Cortez. Duo to the scroue state of affairs around Laguna

and Cholouia (on the Chamelicon River), he deemed it nec- essary to land hi iarinc uard for their protection.
(Honduras) 96

Accordingly, the entire guard of 12 Marines, under the corn—

hn( of Ensign Lawrence P, Treadwell, were landed at Laguna

on the 28th of April, and remained there until the of

May. On this date they were transfer±ed to Choloma, where

they guarded American interests until the 8th of June.

(1924)

Political conditions in this republic had remained peaceful for nearly seventeen years, until this year when

there was an outbreak of hostilities over the selection or

election of a president, During the latter part of February

and until the. latter part of April these disturbances were at their height, id considerable fear was entertained for the safety of foreigners — especially around La Ceiha,

Puerto Cortez arid Tela.

Rear Admiral John H, Dayton, commander of the Special Service Squadron, in the flagship chester, proceeded to Honduran waters late in the previous year, and. was present when the outbreak of hostilities occurred, The Admiral was now aboard the Denver and, on the 27th of February that ship anchored off Laiba, Early in the morning of the 28th, he went ashore to gain all inforraation possible from the American Consul, George P. tValler, relative to local condi- tions, He found that a battle between the revolutionists and government troops was imminent, end deemed that a land- ing force of Marines and sailors was necessary for the pro- tection of American interests, Returning to tho Denver he ordered the Marine detachment consisting of First Lieüten— ant Theodore H. Cartwright anà 46 enlisted men, together with a detachment of 'oluejackets, the whole under the com- mand of the Marine lieutenant, to he despatched ashore to protect the American Consulate. The expected battle took place early the following morning, the 29th.

The Denver remained at this port until the 2nd of March, when she proceeded to Tela. The following: day she sailed for Puerto Cortez, arrivin' in the forenoon of the same day, The Marine detachment of the Florida under the command of Captain Robert L, elson and Frst Lieutenant Charles H, Haseen'.ijller had been previously transferred to the iJJiaev and aq. was also the Fleet Marine officer, Major Edward i;, Sturcl.eirant, On the 3rd of March the 1Jligslev put in to La Ceiba and embarked the landing force •from the qver, and transported them to that vessel, which was then anchored at Puerto Cortes, One first ser- geant and 10 enlisted Marines were retained on the Billings— ley, and she sailed the osme day for Tela, At 9 otclock the same evening these Marines, under the command of Lieutenant Vincent H, Godfrey, U.S,IT,, together with a number of sailors,
(Honduras) 97

were landed to protoot American cijzens.

ed on shore

withdrawn to

until theirthe

shi

iorning

:.

of the 13th,

On March 0th, the Laid ner came to anchor off La Ceiba,

and her commander, Lieutenant Commander Frank E.. P., Uberroth,

found that the withdrawal of the landing force of the Denver, (landed on February 28th and withdrawn on March 3rd, had

been thopportune, for he had no more than anchored before

the American Consul, Mr. Va1ler, requested that another force be landed for the protection of American citizefls Captain Nelson, of the Marines, 40 enItetec'. Marines and 45 sailors were immediately despatched on shore jn accordance with the

Con8ults desires, and they remained until the afternoon of

the 13th, when they returned to the ship.

While these landings at La Cei'oa and Tela jere taking place, other landings were also being made. As stated before, th Denver arrived at Puerto Cortez early in the morn—

in of March 3rd. Upon arrival here Admiral Daytoit con—

I erred with the American Conu1, G.eorge P. Shaw, the result of which was the decision to ctablish. a neutral zone and

despatoh a landing force to maintain compliance with the

rules laid down for its enforcement, and protect foreigners

within this zone. A force of 8 officers and 159 Marine6

and sailors, under the comiand of Major Sturdevant, of the

Marines, was accordingly landed at 4:40 of the 4th,

This landing party returned to the ship about mid—afternoon of the 6th. During the time they were ashore, they d1—

armed some of the d.e facto overnment troops and sent their arms, including one field piece, two machine gunri, twenty—

three rifles besides a quantity of assorted ammunition,

aboard the Denver, Theee were returned to the shore the

following morning, and placed in custody of Major $turdevant.

On the morning of the 0th, the Denver iDrocecded to Tela

and anchored off that port. The canie afternoon a landing

force of 5 officers and 65 Marines and sailors, under the

comriand of kajor Sturdevant, were despatched ashore to aur—

mont the force from the 311?inRsley (previoucly mentioaied), and remained on this duty until the morning of the 9th, when

they wore withdrawn and the Denve sailed for La Ceiba. She

arrived at the latter port the same afternoon, encl immediatly landed Major Stürdcvant, two other officers and 21 Marines.

They remained ashore uitil the 13th.

No further landings were necessary for the protection

of American interests until the fore part of September, when

the pcheter sent an a,rmed party ashore at vessel had recently returned from the United

La Cei'ca. This

States,, and

Ad•rnjral Dayton transferred his flag from the Denv.I. to her

This force

when they

rerriain—

were

212—626 0—76 —
(ondurao) 98

shortly after her arrival. The Rochester came to anchor

off La Ceiba on the 7th, and A&dral Dayton and the American Consul, Mr. Wailer, conferred relative to the need of

an armed force to protect American interests. Api?arep.tly

it was agreed that such was required, for oi the 10th, a

force of 3 officers and 108 Marines and sailors, under the

command of Captain Jares M. Baja, TJ.S.MiC, was despatched

ashore and so reniained until noon of the 15th, when it was

returned to the ship.

(1925)

In April of this year other political uDheaval

was not of so serious a na

year, the American Consul,

Wi1liii N. Jefferc, of the

presence of an armed force

of foreirners at La Cejba.

The Denver had arrived

and, on the following clay, t

ant Theodore H. Cartvrright, maining until about noon the

Ref erences

Navy An.

8; Mann Panther,

________ _______

Denver,

_____________

, Honduras was the scene of an—

A1thouIi the state of affairs

tune as those of the previous george P. Wailer, and Captain

Denver, considered that the

ecossary for the protection

at La Ceiba, on -the 19th of

he Marines, under First Li

wore despatched on shore,

21st.

April

out on—

r Nov. Vessels, July 1897—June 1910 , 540; Sec.

Rep., 1903, 033; id., 1924, 10, 48; ni.., 1925,

e Corps Archives; Logs of Manictt.a, 0rmia,

Ra1eih, San Francisco, Paducah, Rocheor,

Billingaley, and Lardner.
JAPANESE EMPIRE

(1853)

For several years the erican government had endeavored. to break dovrn the barriers the Dai—Nippofl Empire had

maintained against foreign governments in commercial pursuits, but all such efforts were of no avail. Commodore

Biddle. came the nearest to success of any of the reprecenta—

tives despatcied from the United States when he paid. a visit

there in July, 1846. To all of his diplomacy, however, they

sttll remained adarnthit as regarc1-s the making of any treaty

with Christian nations which would open their ports to corn—

merce,

The fact that the Japanese remained obdurate to all

advances did not deter the Amer.can government in prosecuting the issue at every opportunity which presented itself.

Tn furtherance of this idea, President Fillmore, early in

1851, cohmissioned Commodore John H. Aulick an envoy, with

powers to negot.ate a treaty. He started on this mission,

but was later recalled and Commodore M. C. Perry was substituted for its oomplecion. Perry's sauactron consistoc. 01 the

Missis8ippi., Vermont, Vandalia, A1le;heny, Maccdonia, Pow—

hat 041, and. 8outhampton. The Plymouth, Saiatoa and Susquc—

hanna, taken by Oornmod.ore Aulick, wore to join Perry when

he arrived in Asiatic waters.

Considerable time was necessary to outfit so large a

squadron, and to asscb1e it at a base from which to commence the operations necessitated by his mission. Ho selec

ed Shanhai as his place of rendezvous, and about the middle

of May l853), had. everything in readiness for the actual

start of the treaty mission. On the 23rd the squadron sail- ed for the Lew Chow Io1and, arriving three days later at

the port.of Napha, where the Oommodoc was received by the Regent, and. 1vish1y entertained. On his visit, the Con—

modore was escorted by a force of Marines and sailors from

his chips.

On July 2nd Perry sailed from iTapha for Uraga, Japan, arriving six days later. On the 13th the Governor visIted

the Commodore, at which time arrangements were completed for

a landing of the Americans on the following day. This plan

was accomplished without mishap, and Perry landed with a

force of nearly 300 officers, Marines and. sailors. Major

Jacob Zeilin commanded the Marines, and was the second

person to set foot on Japanese soil. Prince Toda and Prince

Ido received the Commodore, to whom he presented President

Fillmore's letter.. His reception was anything but cordial

and, he was informed in substance, that as the letter had

been received,, he, ?err, could depart. To this the Commb—
(Japanese Empire) ioo

dore informed thorn that he would depart for the Lew Chew

Islands, and that they could communicate with him thcre

He also advised that he would return to Japan the following

spring.

The squadron finally returned to Shanghai, i.ts place of rendezvous, and while here (in November), the Commodore

became suspicious when the French frigate Constantine hur- riedly left Maoao under sealed orders, and. a Russian squad- ron (which had lately visited Nagasaki), arrived at Shanghais He thought it quite possible that they rniht proceed to

Japan and ruin his plans He decided to move at once, iid

was prepared to sail when he received orders to detach one of his vessels and place it at the disposal of the recently

appointed commissioner to OhinaE Robert M. McLane. AB this would, thwart his previous plan, be decided to wait until after his demonstration in. Yed.o Eay before carrying out th± order,

(1854)

The Comiod.oro sailed with his squadron on January 14th for the Lew Chew Islands, where he arrived on the 20th, ile at this port he despatchod. the LexiuRton, acedonian, Southampton and. Vandalia to the Bay of Yodo and followed

them with thc Miseicsippj, Powhatan, SaTatoa and Sus hanna on the 7th o±' February. Four days later ho arrived

off the Bay of Yeclo, but encoun-tcrccl a severe storm, and could not bring ilie ships to anchor near Uraga until the 13th Af'tôr the squadron ce to ë.nchor two minor officials

appeared with a message from the Ernperor. Propoals and countcr proposals were exchanged until the 25th '.thcn it

was agreed that )ilarch 8th should be the day of meeting for treaty conversations, tn the meantime Perry had changed the position of his vessels; had transferred his flag to

the Povratan, and had brought her opposite the village of Yokuheiuja (Yokoha), where he could see Yodo from hi :act— head.

Commodore Perry ordered "all the Larines of the squad- ron, who can be spared from duty,U as well as a considerable force of sailors, to act as his escort ashore1 This force

nurThered approximately 500 officers and men, and required

27 boats to transport them to the landing place. The escort preceded the Commodore ashore, and when he arrived he was
(Japanese Empire) 101

received with somewhat pompous ceremonies which seemed to

impress the Japanese concidrably. The Japanese commission- ers were awaiting his arrival and after the cereonies were

over, the conference was begun. One of the first subjects discussed 1riae to effect arrangements for interring the body

of a 1/larine (private Williams), who had died two days before

on the Mississippi.

About three in the afternoon of the

body escort, firing party and others who

funeral left the ship for the landing p1

by the Mayor of Uraga who conducted them

to a wooded hill near a temple, interment. The body was laid to

rites. (Incidentally, thic was

man buried in Japanese soil).

concluded, a Japanese Buddhis

ceremonies for the dead. over

day the

tend the

vrere met

Guarded by a company of Marines, presents were despatch—

ed to the Emperor by the Oommodore on MarCh 13th. JapaneEe

officials received these, and directed their disposition to

the locations where the Americans were to give demonstl'ationS

as to their use. At this cae time another meeting was arranged between Perry and the ComT1iceioners to take place

on the 17th. At this conference Perry was promised, a reply

from the Emperor on the 24th, relative to concluding a treaty

which promise was kept, and was olio\7ed by presents from the

Emperor.

The negotiations were followed by the signing of a

treaty of "?eace, Commerce, end NavigationU on the 31st of

March, 1854, which event was celebrated by a dinner ashore.

Perry had succeeded whore many others had failed-I This

treaty opened two ports to commerce, Shimoda and Hakodate,

and provided for the exchange of ratifications within cighteer

months from date of effectiveness. Commander Henry A. Adsis,

U.S. wavy, was designated bearer of the treatyu to the

At first the Commissioners stated

to permit the burial on Japanese soil. siderable ilpalaverU they finally conce

took place at, or near, the village of

lowing day, March 9th. The

been concluded, Perry, his

to their respeotive chips.

that it was impossible

However, after con—

nted and the interment

Yokohama on the fol—

conference for the clay

off1cer, and his escort

having

returned

following

were to at

ace. They

through the village

the site eelected for the

rest with the cuetomary

the first American military After the American rites were

t riest performed the Japiese

this jflQ5 grave.
(Japanese Empire) 102

United States, He sailed aboard the Saratoga on the 4th of April, reached the Hapaiian Islands on the 39th, trcnsf erred

to a "more speedy conveyance, " and reached Washington on the 10th of July.

So arduous had been the efforts of the Commodore in

effecting this treaty that his health was impaired and he asked to be sent home to recuperate. This request was granted, and in the latter part of July he turned over his command, having cuccenstully concluded his mission, took

passage on the English n-all steamer Mindostan, and. arrived

at the cort of ew York on January 12, 1855.

(1860)

In this year Japan sent to the United States the first Embassy that had ever gone to a foreign country. The Empire not having a vessel suitable to make such a lo:ra2' journey, requested the American Minister to permit theni to oroceed

on one of the United States men—of—war. This rccuest was

granted, and the Powhatan was se1eotd for the mission and

sailed from Yedo on February 13th. Captain Algernon S. Taylor, of the Marines, was d.etailed to accompany them, and look out for their welfare and comfort on tile trip. They arrived at Washington on the 14th of May.

(1863)

In June of this year, the Ame::ican steamer Pembroke was

making passage from Yokohoma to Nagasaki and while passing through the thtrajtc of Simonosol:f was fired upon by shore batteries and by an armed brig •be1oning to th Prince of Negate. ie was not struck but disdontinued her voyage anct returned to Nagasaki. he k-aeric.an Minister dcmand.ed redress for the insult to the American flag, and by his direction Commander McDougall, of the Wyoming, with a Marine

detachment, proceeded on July 1 :5th to retaliate upon the hostile daimio. lie arrived there on the 16th, found three vessels belonging to the Pvtnce, attacked tl-'om, and after a

sharp conflict with them and the shore hatterie!i, sank a brig and blew up a. steamer, oy which action some 40 perso:cis were said to have been killed. The vo:in lost 5 killed

and S wounded,
(Japanese Empire) 103

(1867)

During the early part of this year, the Tycoon invited

the foreign ministers resident in Japan to his country_rent—

dence for an interview. The American Minister, Mr. Van Val—.

kenburgh, requested Rear Aôniral Bell to accompany him on

the visit. To this the Admiral readily assented, and deemed

that the Minister should be conveyed tilere in his flagship, the Hartford, accomnanied by two other vessels of his squadron, the Shenandoah and Vyomtng. The fiartiord, ho'.icver, vias

disaolcd, but the Minster was accommodated on the

doah, and together with the Wyominr<, they proceeded and

landed on the let of May at Osaka with tho usual honors, and

escorted by the Marine Guard of both vessels.

(1668)

The civil war in Japan, over the abolition of the Sho—

gunate and restoration of the Mikado, coupled with the

events of the opening of the ports of Osaka and Eiogo, made

it necessary to land Marines on several occasions during

this year for the protection of American lives and property. Difficulties originating in the innovations on anci3nt customs, and opposition to intercourse with foreigners, appeared aong the Japanese, and soon developed into hostilities. On tile 27th of January the contending parties came

into conflict at Osaka. The Tycoon was defeated, and dur—

ing the night of the 31st sought refuge, with some of his

adherents, on board the Iroauois, which was tren lying in th

harbor. Shelter was afforded hit: until the next morning

(February 1st), when ho was transferred to one of his own

vessels of war.

On the Tirst of February, several foreign mini3ters who

were compelled to abandon Osaka, were received on hoard the

Iroquois, and conveyed to Hiogo. The Fourth of the same

month an assault was nade on foreign rezidents by a detachment of Japanese troops, during which one of the crew of the

Oneida was seriously wounded. Thie to this outbreak the nava

forces present made a joint landing, and adopted measures

to protect the _oreibn settlement. Those forces, including

American Marines and sailors, remained ashore until February

8th. On this latter date a messenger arrived from the

Mikado with information of a change of government, and

assurances that foreigners would be protected. The Japanese officer who was responsible for this assault was subsoquenD
(Japanese Empire) 1o4

executed in the presence of a number of officers of the

vessels of tar then rrcsont in the harbor of Hiogo. On this swno date (February 8th), the American Con;ul at Naga— caki Mr. Moore, requested the commandcr of the Shenandoai to 1ind a force of Marines and sailors for the protection of the Conculato, This request iao granted.

On the Third of A1Dri1, the naval commanders then pr

sent at Yokohama rcrescnting Franco, En1and, Italy, Frussi nd the United States, urcuant to a request of the dipl

matic officials of their Tcepcctjvc COU11t±E-C, hold a con—

foronco to dcoide upon ways and means for the protection of

their interests, aic1 the forcig-i sott1cent in gener1. The c1.CClCiOiI reached :ra tnat eacj naval commander snould land

a certain force; the whole to be disposed as sugetcd by the American Minister, Mr. Vui Valkcnhurgh. This decision

.ias placed in opcraion, and a landing orce of 25 American

Marines from the Monocacy an.d Iroquois iere ashore from the

4th of April to the 12th of May. Lieutenant G.D,. Glidden,

of the U.S. Navy, commanded the Marines on thic ocCasion, A

monta later (June 12th) while ithe Iroguois ao ancnored in the horor o Yokoha it was perceived that tne Japanese

ship Kau;i No Keni ';ias preparing to leave the 1iaror in violation of the neutrality law. An officer and three Mar- ines from the Iroquois were deepatohed to board and prevent her departure. On June 13, this duty having been performed tney returned aboard their ship.

A Marine Guard ras maintained at the American Minister'r residence from Januar 19th and, on Septorbor 25th, the Minister stated A guard of farinos * * * is still stationccl. on shor The log o± the Pisca-baqua GX1OTS that Sccod

Lieutenant John C. Iorgan, U.3.Lj.C., and 4 Marines returned from the American Minister s on the 26th of September,

(1890)

Rear Admiral Geor,e E. Belknap, commander—in—chief of the Asiatic fleet, in his flagship Omaha, paid a visit to Yokohama in the latter part of the preceding year. During his stay at this port an extensive Conflagration occurred in the native tovm of Hodogaya, a suburb of Kanagawa, on the night of February 8th. The disasteT was so serious that the

LTnieLl. States Consul General, Mr. Olarence R. Greatnouse, requested Admiral 3elkna.p to land a force from his ship to

give assistance to the local authorities in subduing the

flames, This requect met with instant compliance on the
(Japanese Empire) 105

iart of the Adnira1, who clespatohod a large party ashore for

the purpose. The Marines, under the command of First Lieutenant William C. Turner, tJ.3.M.C., assisted, as a art of

the landing party. The G.overnor 0± Kanagawa cordic'lly ac—

knowled.gcd the asBistarice given by the force frOi the Omaha.

References: McClellant s I-list.

Int. Law Dig., VII, 116; Co

Marine Corps Muoter Rolls,

Japan Expeci; Dip. Corr., ,

Wyoming, Oneida, Pisoatacua,

Sec• 1'Tavy An. Rep., 1837, 5;

tjS Marine Corps; Moore's 11u's Hieb. U.S. Marine Corps;

Marine Corps Arohivec; gawk's 707, 824; Logs of Povhatan, :.onocac, Iroqoio nd Omaha;

1890, 134.
JOHANA ISLA1P.. 106

(1851)

The catain of the whaling brig Maria, Captain c:.:1es 0. :: of Mantucket, was unlawfully imprisoned by ing Se1:L o:: this island. In Augist of this year, the U. S.

sloop Dale, under the command of Commander William Pear2on, was in this vicinity on a regular cruise of the southern Pacific islands. Information of this outrage was communi- cated to Commander Pearson. He proceeded to theIsland for the purpose of exacting redress. Arriving there about

the 5th of August, he communicated his demands to the

authorities, On the morning of the 6th, Mr. Martindale,

an English merchant of the tow-n, repaired on board the Dale with a message from the King, in which he refused to

domply with the demands made by Commander Pearson.

Upon receiving thts refusal, the commander, no doubt, felt that a few round shot was necessary to bring

the obdurate monarch to terms. Combining action With the thought, at 9:06 a.m., he directed fire be opened upon the

fort on shore from his port battery. After the firing of

six guns, a white flag was seen flying over the shore

fortifications. All firing was stopped, and a boat carry- ing Acting Lieutenant Reginald Fairfax, was despatched

ashore to confer with the authorities. Lieutenant Fairfax

soon returned, but with little success for his trip, for

the King still refused compliance with previous demands

for redress.

Commander Pearson then ordered the boat to return

ashore and inform the authorities to haul down the white

flag, as he intended to reopen fire on the fort. This

message was delivered, the boat returned, and at 11:05 a.m.,

the guns of the Dale opened a second time on the fort and

bastjo at the extreme left of the town. Twenty—six round

shot and four shell were fired at the fort, and nine round

shot at the bastion. At 11:50 all firing ceased, and, at

1:00 p.m., Lieutenant Parker, accompanied by Mr. Martindale,

went ashore to learn if the authorities were now ready to

meet the terms of Commander Pearson.

The chastisement administered by the sloop had immediate results for the boat, it seemed, had hardly left

the ship's side before it was back, carrying the King's

Treasurer and an attendant. On the following day, the 7th, the Treasurer again repaired aboard with a quantity of money. (According to a letter of the U. S. State De•Dart— ment, dated December 17, 1852, the amount was l,O00.O0).

hjle the sloop Dale was anchored off this island an
(Johariria Island) 107

incident took place, not connected with the or.gina1 mission,

but, nevertheless, one well worth recording as an indication

of the watchfulness of Commander Pearson over the interests

of the American people, and the varied duties to which the

Marines are called upon to perform.

The American bark Paulina was at anchor in the harbor

at the sanc time as the Dale and, on the morning of Augist

9th, hoisted the American flag, union do'm. Commander

Pearson realized that something was sniss so he despatched. two boats with officers and Marines to board her and learn

the cause. This party boarded the Pina, found a portion

of her crew were about to mutiny, placed them in confine—

nment, and departed, with the admonition that a.repetition

would. bring forth severe action.

On August 29th, all difficulties having been settled,

the sloop saluted the Flag of King elim with 21 guas and, on Setemnbcr let, weighed anchor and sailed out of the

harbor,

References: Log Qf Dale; Moore's mt. Law Dig., VII, 112;

Dorm. Let. vol. 41, 1852 to Sept. 1853, 150—151; Marine

aorps Archives,
LUCHU ISLANDSS 108

(1853)

Chinese invasions of these islands may be traced hack

to the year 605 A.D., but they did not result in annexation,

and it was not until 1372 that China obtained froth the Lu—

chuans recognition of Supremacy, Luchuan relations with

Japan had long been friendly, but at the end of the 16th

century the king (regent) refused Jap assistance against Corea (now Chosen), and in 1609 the prince Satsuma invaded the islands wi.th 3000 men, took the capital by storm, cap— tued the king and carried him off to Kagosbima. A few years later he was restored to his throne on condition of acknowledging Japanese suzerainty, and the payment of tn— 'oute. Notwithstanding this agreement with the Japanese, the Luchuans continued to pay tribute to China also. The islanders were now in the impossible position of attempting

to serve two masters,

Commodore Matthew C. Perry was conversant with the affairs of the Luchu Regency, and considered it worth while

to pay a visit to the islands to establish fniondly rela- tions with the people and possibly negotiate a treaty with the regent. Accordingly, when he sailed from Shanhal for

Japan in May of this year, he stopped at the Luchu Islands

in furtherance of this plan. Perryts squadron arrived at the port of Napa (Maf a) about the 26th, and the Regent paid a visit to the flagship four days later, which Perry return- ed on the 6th of June. It was the Commodore's desire to visit the Regent at his palace, but the Luchuans apparently did not wish it so, and. practiced every subterfuge known by

them to inveigle Perry into changing his plans. HovTeve:r,

Perry was not to be so persuaded. He persevered in his

original intention, and finally won hi point to visit the

Regent at his palace.

Knowing the characteristics of the oriental race, Perry decided to make his visit to the Regent an elaborate ceremony — one to make a lastiiig impression on the people of the island, And to carr:. out this idea he had detailed the

entire Marine guard of the MississipDi and Susuehanna, in full dress uniform, under Major Jacob ei1in, together with the band of each ship and officers and sailors to a total of nearly 300, and not forgetting two brass field pieces with their crews of cailors to add to the attraction, landed the

* Several different spel1ins of the name of these islands have been used by writers of history and in official records of the Navy Department, such as: Loo Choo, Lew Chew, Luchu, Loochoo, Liukiu, and Riu Kiu. These islands came under Japanese control in 1879.
(Luchu Islands) 109

whole force at the village of Tumai, about two miles from

the Palace of Shul. Perry, himself, waited until the landing party had reached shore before he left the ship. When

the landing oarty had. been arranged for Perrys reception, he proceeded to the landing place, and the procession was

formed for the march to the Palace. Upon arrival there,

Perry was the first Aierican naval officer to be received

by the Regent. A grand entertaimncnt as held, very cordial

relations established, and Perry with his escort returned

to the ships of the squadron early in the afternoon.

Commodore Perry remained at this port until the 2nd

of July before continuing on to Japan. On the 28th of June,

the Regent and. the Treasurer of Luchu were invited aboard

Perry's flagship, the Susqehanna, to dine, and be enter

tamed.

On the 23rd. of July, Perry with his sauadron returned

to Luchu on his way from Japan to his rendezvous at Shanghai,

and on the 28th attended. a dinner given by the Regent to the

officers of the American vessels. While here, the Commodore

arranged for the rental of a coaling station for his ships,

in order that they might be refueled. without having to pro—

cecd to China or other place for the necessary coal. This

mission having been concluded, the squadron sailed for its

base of operations on the 1st of August, leaving Commander

John Kelly, and the Plymouth behind to keep alive the friendly relations established.

(1854)

perryts third visit to the Luchu Islands was Ofl hi

return from his second voyage to Japan. He arrived at the

port of Napa on the lt of July, end. there learned of the

murder o William Boaro-man and the injuries to another mi

named Scott, of the Lexington, hich occurred on the 19th of the previous month at t.hc market place in apa. The

Commodore, finding that the authorities were inclined to

procrastination instead of a prompt settlement of the affair, believed that an armed demonstration might influence

them in expediting the matter. He waited, however, until

the 6th before carrying out this plan. Tot having received

proper redress in the meantime, Captain Robert Tani11, COmmanding the Marines of the Powhatan, was ordered to select

20 of his men, proceed aahore and take possession of the Temple and Yard at Tumai, allovring no native to enter or remain within the precincts. The Regent was then advised

that the jIarines had oecn landed. This information L.ad the

desired result, for early the following day, the 7th, the affair as ett1ed to the satisfaction of all concerned.

The negotiation of a treaty with the tuchu regent had
(Luchu Islands) 110

not 'been forgotten by Perry — he was simply waiting for an

opportune occasion to begin conversations on the subject. The Boardman affair having been amicably concluded, Perry

believed that the time was now ripe to commence the treaty negotiations. On the 11th, he ordered an escort of Marines

to be made ready to accompany him, and about noon left the

ship for shore. Arriving there, accompanied by his escort

of Marines, be proceeded to the Town Hall, found the Regent awaiting him, and the conversations began. After some lit- tle time devoted to the subject of the treaty, a compact or

treaty was Bigned by the Regent, and the occasion was cele— brated by a handsome entertainment, furnished by the LeVT

Chew authorities," On the 14th, Perry gave a parting enter—

tainiment aboard his ship, and on the 17th sailed for Hong Kong.

The next American naval vessel to visit these islands

was the Vincennes, under the command of Lieutenant John

Rodgers, and her Marine guard in charge bf Orderly Sergeant

James Mcflonough. This ship arrived at Napa on the 16th of

November, 1854. Lieutenant Rodgers desired to purchase

firewood, and other articles for his vessel, but since the

Luchuans did not seem disposed to accommodate him, he ten

requested an audience with the Regent, which was granted0

It was arranged to hold this in the Court House at Napa Lieutenant Rodgers, accompanied by as many officers as csu]d

be spared, together with an escort of the Ma.rines, repaired

to the place of meeting, where he found the Regent waiting.

The resu1t of this audience were unsatisfactory — it appear-.

ing that. the Regent was not inclined to observe the terms of Perryts Treaty, and that his whole attitude was one of

manifest evasion. Further conversation appearcd useless,

so Rodgers issued an ultimatum to the effect that, "jf the

wood was no furnished in twenty—four hours (he) should take

an armed force with a field piece up to the Palace and 1e.rn

from the Regent why he infringed" the Oonvention of Commodore Perry.

However, the wood was not forthcoming, and little or no

attention was given to the threa.t issued 'by Lieutenant

Rodgers. To thie apparent defy, Rod ers replied by landing at the head of about 100 officers, Marines and sailors, all

well armed, and with a. field—piece marched up to 'the Palace

at Shui. Upon arrival, he found that the Regent was absent,

'out was iifformed that the person next in rank to the Regent was present, as was also the governor of Napa, and that 'they

would receive the Lieutenant Rodgers agreed to this, and

received a promise that the wood. would be fuiniehec1. without

delay, as well as other concessions. Tea was now scrvec' and

an entertainncnt furnished. for Rodgcrs and iiiS officors. About unsbt Rodgers and his armed party returned to the ship.
(Luchu IslandB) 111

Reforencos: McOlcilantS Hist. U.s. ?!arjflC CoTpc; Logs of

Mississippi, Susguchaa, Plymouth and Vinconnes; Marine

Corps Arohi\res; avy Archives.
ARQUESA5 I8LATDS 112

(1813)

Captain avid Porter was cruising in t1 South Pacific

during this year in search of enemy English vessels. Several had been captured and taken to the Island of Nookaheovab.

Captain Porter had with him a young arinc officer, First

Lieutenant John M. Gamble, under whom he placed the prizes

which had boon captured. Lieutenant Gamble was left at this

island pending the return of Porter from another short

cruise in the vicinity,

The prizes left under Lieutenant Gamblets command consisted of the Greenwich, Sir Andrew amrnond and Serinapatam.

On December 9th, shortly before Portr left the Island, a

fort was constructed upon . small hill, and the prizes were warped in close under it guns for their better protection. Ganb1e had as his force one midshipman and some 20 odd

Marines and sailors, who had volunteered to remain with him

until Porterts return,

Within a short time after the Essex (Porterts ship) departed, the natives of the island became very hostile in

their actions toward Lieutenant Gamble. Chief Gattenewa was quite friend].,y, but his influence was inadequate to restrain the members of his tribe, and it became neccsary

for Lieutenant Gamble to land a part of his force and, by a

show of arms, intimidate them, and re;ain the property they had pilfered from the encampment. This seemed to have the

desired effect, foi the Americans lived in perfect amity with the natives until May of the following year.

(1814)

In the early part of April Lieutenant Gamble having

despaired of Oaptain Portorts return, commenced riging two

of the prizes, the Hammond and Scrinapatam, ircparatorv

to sailing for Valparaiso as had, been earlier agreed to with Porter. Clear sai1i: was not, however, to he tho lot of this intrepid. youn Marine officer, who had actually

commanded the Greenwich during her cn:agomcnt with, and capture of the Serirapataa:i lote in the previous year.

On May 7th, a mutiny occurred. on the Scriagapatam,

Lieutenant Gamble was wounded, and the mUtinecre sailed out of the 'oay in tho chip. T7.ro days later the few Ameri- cans that remained., wore at-tacked by the natives and :i-.

shipman illiam Foltors and three men were maesacrcd., and

one of the Marines dan.crQus1y wounded. This loft Licut—

enant Gamble ith 1 midshipman, 3 Marines, 1 seaman and 2
(Marquesas Islands) 113

ordinary sc3mon to sail the Hmond, Then she ias ready

to put to sea, only t'vo of 'hom were really fit for duty, because of jounds, i11nos, etc. Notwithstanding all

these handicaps, Lieutenant Gam1c and his snal1 party

were undaunted, nd they redoubled, their efforts to rig

the :arnond for sea. She was finally ready to sail and,

on May 9th, amb1e havin ordered the one reiaainin prize,

the Greenwich, burned, the ond sailed from the harbor

where the Americans had suffered so many hardships.

The Hammond reached the Ya1ioo Islands on the 31st,

secured a crew of natives, and sailed from there June 11th,

only to be captured. by the Bitih ship Cherub the second

day out. Finally, after about nine months had elapsed, they

arrived at Rio de Janeiro, vthere the Americans were set at

liberty. In the following year (1815), Lieutenant Gamble

secured passage from Rio on a Swedish vessel bound for Havre

de Grace and while enroute fell in with the American ship Oliver Ellsworth, on August .1st, bound for New York, transhipped to her, and arrived in his native land the latter

part of the came month.

Commodore Porter felt so well disposed toward Lieutenant Gamble that he wrote the Secretary f the Navy: fl* * * I now avail myself of the opportunity of assuring you that no Marine officer in the service ever had. such stronc claims

as Captain Gamble, axid that none have been placed in such

consiicuous and critical positions, and that none could. have

extricated themselves from them more to their honor.U

References: Collum's :iet. U.S. Marine Corps, 52—53;

McClellan's Hint. U.S. Marine Corps.

212—626 0 —70 —9
MEXICO 114

(1870)

The merchant chip Forward, formerly a British gunboat,

was ostensibly employed in the fishing trade on the coact of Mexico, when she was seized by an armed party acting, su posedly under orders of Pacido Vega (a former governor of SinaloaS, i the latter part of May of this year. They raised. the Salvadoran flag and, on the night of May 27th,

made a raid upon Guayman, took possession of and robbed the

custom—house, forced the foreign merchants to contribute funds to a large amount, and, finally, compelled the United

States Consul, over his protest, to supply eoal for the vessel.

Comniander William T. Low, U. S. N., with the Mohican, was

in the vicinity, and a few days after the Forward was seized,

paid a visit to the neighboring port of Mazatlan. While at this port, on June 6th, the American Consul, Isaac Sisson, acquainted him with the facts of the seizure, and subsequent actions of the pirate crew of the Forward. It was rumored that she was still in the Gulf, so Commander Low decided to locate her if posibie, and exact proper redress for the

outrage at Guayrnas. He Bailed forthwith, and proceeded along the coast for several days without learning of her where- abouts. On the morning of the 13th he reached San Bias, and despatched an officer ashore for information that might lead

to her 1ocation The officer returned and reported that the Forward had gone to Boca Teacapan for the purpose of landing

her plunder. The Commander decided to proceed immediately

in pursuit. The next: morning (17th), he arrived off Boca Teacapan, ordered a landing force of Marines and sailors, under Lieutenant Willard H. Brornson, U. S0 N., embarked in six boats, and despatched them up the river with instructions to find the pira'tical steer and brin' her out. The landing party saw nothing of the steamer, nor did they hear of her, until they had proceeded up the river about 25 miles, when

they fell in with a fisherman who informed them that, the

forward was aground some 15 miles farther up the strear, They pushed on as rapidly as possible, and, at 7:45 in the evening, sighted their qucet about 200 yards off, aground, and heading inshore,

Lieutenant Brownson and his party pulled alongside,

gained the decks without opposition, took possession of the

vessel, and made prisoners of the six men who were on hoard..

As the American landing party was approaching the ship, a

boat was seen leaving the port bow0 nsign ainwright being

under orders to intercept and cut her off, if posib1e, capture her occupants, and bring them aboard the vessel, ordered

a shot fired to stop the escaping boat when, almost imn'odiatc

ly, a volley of musketry, canister and grape was fired from

shore, which raked the docks and sides of the stemcr, and
(Mexico) 115

the boat in whic1 he was pursuing the fugitives, This volley

was so severe that he had to fall back to tub steamer for

protection, with casualties of one killed.; Assistant nginoCr Townrow, two men, and himself woUnded. One of the two men

wounded was Private James iggins, of the Marines.

The pirates had landed about 170 men (most of their crew) their battery of four 12—pounders, had flanked these by riflemen, and laced the whole in such a position as to

bring a cross and raking fire upon the aides and. decks of

the grounded ship. Lieutenant Bronson, after holding the vessel for about an hour, decided that it was irtipossible to

get her out and down the river becau6 of the falling tide,

and the maimer in which she was grounded, so he then made

preparations to destroy her. Placing his dead and wounded, the prieoners and most of her men in the boats, he with the

few remaining fired the vessel in the coal—bunker and evera1 p1aoes aft. As the party shoved off, they gave a parting

shot of shrapnel "between wind and water' to insure her corn

plete destruction.

The landing party pulled clo'rn the river, and regained

their om ship early in the afternoon of the 18th, after

having been absent about 32 hours. Lieutenant Brovinson cc - mended the officers and men of his party for their coo1n.. and courage under most trying circumstances, and picked o

several for special consideration, among whom were two Marinca — First Sergeant Philip Moore and Corporal F. Moulton.

A short time after the Forward had been destroyed, Rear Admiral Thomas Turner, commander of the Pacific Fleet, paid

his respects to Admiral Farquhar, of the British naval fcr'es

in the Pacific, and when about to depart from the British

Flagship, Admiral Farquhar stated, apropos the orwa af—

fair: "This is always the way with you Jmerican officers;

you are ahead of us when a ship of war is reauirec'. to be

on the spot."

(1913)

During thje year considerable fighting between different

factions in Mexico v-ae in progress, and nerican citizens were urged to leave the troubled area and return to the

United States. Some had heeded the warning, "out others had

remained with their property until conditions made it necessary for United. States naval forces to proceed there and

assist them in making their eparture..

On 3epterner 4th, Rear Admiral W. C. Oowles, coiander—

in—chief of the Paciic Fleet, directed Commander D.W. Bi&ier
(Mexico) lie

of the Buffalo which was at Guaymas, to proceod to Claris

Estero, and there land Mr. R.. Vail, American Consular.

Agent at Guaymas, who would proceed to the Richardson Construction Company's Headauarters in the Yaqut Valley for the purpose of bringing to the coast all Americans and

foreigners who wished to avail themselves of an opportunity

to leave the country, and to then sail for San Diego and

land the refugees.

The Buffalo arrived at Ciaris Ectero the following

morning, and at 9:05 Mr. Vail, First Lieutenant JoimR.

Henley, U.S. Marine Corps, Ensigns Hawley and Neilson, arid

Pilot Ross, landed and. proceeded to tile Yaqul Valley. This party returned on the 7th, bringing with them 12 American

refugees, and 83 others from the Richardson Construction

Company, who wished to leave the Country. On the 14th, the

Buffalo proceeded to San Diego, California where the refugees were landed,

(1914)

The culmination of indignities upon the United States

'by General Huerta in Mexico ceie in the arrest of the pay- master and boat's crew of the Dolphin at Tampico on APril 6th. This ship carried, both at her bow and stern, the

American flag.. Admiral Mayo, who as atTarnpico at the time, regarded this incident as so serious an affro:t as o

warrant the demand that the flag of the United States 'by saluted with special ceremony by the military corander of the port. A few days after this incident, an orderly from

the Minnesota, then at Vera Cruz, was arreste,d while on shore to obtain the ship's mail, and vras for a time in jail.

An official despatch from the American Government to its embassy in Mexico City was withheld by the authorities 0±

the telegraphic service until peremptorily demanded by th charge' d'affaires of the United States in person. President Wilson, in his special message to Congress, on April 20th, saId: *. * * I therefore felt it my duty to sustain Admiral Mayo in the whole of his deniand and to insist that the flag of the United States should be saluted in such a way as to indicate a new spirit and attitude on the part of the Huertaistas. Such a salute General Huerta has re- fused." The President asked and obtained the approval of Congress to use the arried forces "in such ways and to such

extent as may be necessary to obtain from General Huerta

and his adherents the fullest recognition of the rights

and dignity of the United States."

Before the fleet under Rear Admiral Badger reached the

Mexican shores, it became necessary to issie orders to Rear

Admiral Fletcher to seize the port of Vera Cruz. Accordingly, early in the morning of the 21st of April, Fletcher
(Mexico) 117

prepared a landing force of Marines and sailors from his

division, constituting approximately 700 of the former and

5000 of the latter, all under the command of Captain W. R.

Rush, U.S. Navy, sent them ashore in ships' boats, and the

capture of the city was in progress of accomplishment.. They

took possession of the custom—house under a rain of fire

from tsnipersI hidden in every conceivable place, then pr. ceeded. in small parties to take other parts of the city, and

to "mop up" the hiding places of the troublesome sharpshooters, Most of the Huerta soldiers had left the town, but

there were still a few left who, together with numerous

sympathizers, continued to fire upon the Americans from

ambush, house tops, and particularly from the militaly

academy. To quiet the fire from this latter place, t as

necessary for the Chester and San Francisco to use their 3

and 5 inch guns, which they did with telling effect.

Additional troop were landed the second clay, and the

occupation of the city continued. By the third day the

entire metropolis and its environs were in the hands of the

American Marines and sailors, and -the city was fairly quiet,

with only an occasional shot being fired. Still at a latc'r

date additional Marines vrerc clespatched from the United States, under the command of Colonel L..T. WalleT, at

tile the Marine deta.chmnts aS well as tiiC sailors :i'oii

fleet were returned to their ships, and the Larincs lef

organized into -the First, Second and Third Regiricnto, anc:

the Artillery Battalion, tIle whole being designated Firs Brigade of Marines, with a strength of 84 officers and

2,321 men.

The Mexican civil officials of the city quit their

offices as soon as the Pcrican force made its app>Lran:

and refused to resume their duties. Consequently, came necessary for Admiral Fletcher to appoint Marinc anc!. Naval officers to these offjce in order to reestablish a

regular civil government for the to'n. By the 27th of

April conditions were tranquil; shops and stores were opened for regular business and, from outward appearances, it

was difficult tO believe that the city vras in the hands

of an occupying force from a foreign country.

On the 1st of May General Frederick Funston, U.S. Army, with several army units, took over the command of all land

operations and the i'avy withdrew. The Marine brigade was

detached from naval jurisdiction, repbrted to General

Funston, and remained on such duty until the city ras

evacuated, on November 23rd, when they returned to the

United States, and to naval control.

212 —626 0 — 76 — 10
(..exico) 1:Ls

During this operation the arines suffered casual-ties

of 3 killed in action, 11 wounded in action, and 1 accidentally rounded. The Navy's loss was 16 killed in action and

about 58 vrounded,

References; Sect Navy . Rep., 187Q., l42l49; 914,452

470—471; Log of Mohican and Buffalo; Marine aorps

Archives; St. Dept. Archives.
NAVASSA ISLAND 119.

(1891)

For several years prior to the present one, an Anicrica

concern, the Navassa Phosphate Company, had been cnsged in

gathering guano from the island, and had experienOed con—

iderab1ë difficulty with their employees, who were negro

laborers. This condition continu,ed in varying degrees,

until the early spring of this year whenit grow worse, and

the lives of Americans became endangered.

The earsarge, under the command of Commander Horace

Elmer, USS.N.., was in the vicinity, and the Commander dècide

that the conditions warranted prompt action on his part0 Th€

quickest means at his disposal for the protection of Amoricar

interests, was the Marine Guarl of his vessel, which was under the command of an experienced officer of that COrpS,

First Lieutenant George T. Bates.

On June 2nd Lieutenant Bates was ordered to take hjo

Guard ashore and protect American citizens, tioi property,

and other interests of his government in general. T.is ciuy

was continued until Ji.ine 20th, when conditionS became sev.ic

and the Marines returned to their vessel.

References: Moore's mt. Law Dig., vol. I, 577; Sec. Navy

An. Rep., 1891, 617; Log of Kearsar; Marine Corps

Archives.
NICARAGuL 10

(1852)

Early in the 16th Century Gil Gonzalez de AvIla first

explored the Pacific Coast of what is now the Republic of

Nicaragua. His pilot, lonzo Nino, discovered Fonseca Bays

Pedraria Davila was the first governor of the province

and under his auspices the cities of Granada and Leon were

founded in 1524. Throughout the Spanish era Nicaragua was

apart of the Captaincy enera1 of Guatemala. At the end

of the Spanish regime in 1821, Nicaragua was successively a part of Iturbide's Mexican empire ad a member of the

Tjnjted. Provinces of Central America,

A constituent assembly at Managua declared an independ- ent sov.rcignty on April 30,1838, but intense political rivalry early became a major factor in its political history.

Corruption attended the traffic across the country, along

the San Juan River route, during the gold rush days of

California, which added to the political demoralizatio,

and the country has known little respite from internal and.

external trouble since 1823.. The Republic of Nicaragua, has

notprogressed as rapidly as other Central American republics, chiefly because of the frequent revolutions which

prevented development of useful industries.

The first landing in 'rhat is now the Republic of Ni!

aragua by United States Marines was that of a funeral from the Saranac, which landed on the 8th of January l

at Ban Juan del Sur, to bury a cornrade,Corporal Emory !I

Vandever. A little later in the year, Commander Charles T.

P18.tt, in the Albany, arrived at San Juan del Sur, and

shortly after midnigh.t o± the 5th of February, a serious fire

Was discovered on shore, Commander Platt decided to eerd

a landing party ashore to assist in fighting the coni&r:'atio, and detailed Lieutenant Armstrong, together w. h

detail of Marines and. sailors, and. the fire engine fcr the

purpose.. The fire having been oxt.nguished, the party r—

turned aboard about 5 a.rn. (1853)

Political disturbances around Ban Juan del Sur durig

this year ne'essjtated the landing of Marines for tb tectjon of American lives and interests0 Commander (•erge

N. •Hollins,, ln.the sloop Cyane, was at this place in the

early part of March, and on the 11th, landed his Marine

Guard under Orderly Sergeant James E. Thompson for the protection of the American Steamship CompanyTs property ana that of the Nicaraguan Transportation Company; also American prQerty t Punta Arenas where the Accessory Transit

Company was located. They rernned on this duty until the

13th, when withdrawn,
(Nicaragua) 121

(1854)

In the latter part of the preceding year, the meriean

Minister to Nicaragua, Mr. Forland, while in San Juan del

Sur (Greytown), was assaulted, and virtually kept a prisoner

all night, being prevented from returning to the ship from

which he had landed, Which was then in the harbor. Coin—

mander Hollins, who had not been at San Juan since March,

1853, as directed to return to that place in the Cyane,

and demand reparations for the indignity to the Minister,

as well as for damage done to the property of the iccessory

Transit Company, at Punta renas. He arrived there on the

9th of July, and forthwith demanded an apology of the de

facto government authorities for the assault on the meri—

can Minister, and. indemnity for the property damage. To

this demand, the authorities made no reply. The Commander

then iseued a public proclamation that unless his demand

was met, he would land his Marines and, if necessary, bombard the town.

Not having received a reply from the authorities by

noon of thel2th, he detailed Lieutenants Fauntleroy and

Pickering, the Marine Guard, under Orderly Sergeant James

E, Thompson, and 15 sailors, and despatched them ashore to

seize the arms and ammunition of the town. They captured

three field pieces, several muskcts, and destroyed a

quantity of powder .- returning to the Cyane late in the

afternoon. Still there was no reply forthcoming from the

de facto authorities. The doughty commander then prepared.

for the next step in exacting proper redress.

The following morning, the 13th, he directed the bombardment to commence. The starboard battery opened. fire at

9, and. continued, intermittently, until about 1:30 in the

afternoon, when all firing from the ships1 guns ceased —

having fired in all, 177 shot and shell. At 3 o'clock the

same afternoon, Cmmandr Hollins despatched the same landing force which had landed on the 12th, ashore to destroy

the town. At 730 in the evening they returned, having

accomplished their mission. On the morning of the 15th he

despatched a force, under Lieutenant Read, to Punta Arenas

to destroy a quantity of powder. Now believing that con—

dign punishment had been meted out to the Nicaraguans, the

Commander sailed for other waters on the 17th.

Nicaragua's minister to the United States presented

a demand for reparation for losses as a result of the born—

bard.ment of the Cyane, to which the Secretary of State,

Mr. Marcy, replied: 1'If Nicaragua chooses to maintain the

position you assume in your note to m, that her citizens

who incorporated themselves with the community at San Juan
(Nicaragua) 122

are still in friendly relations with her and entitled to

her protection, then she approves by an implication which

she is not at liberty to deny :the acts of that political

establishment planted on her own soil and becomes responsible for the mischiefe it has done to American citizens.

It would be a strange inconsistency for Nicaragua to re—

gard the organization at San Juan as a hostile establish

ment on her territory, and at the same time claim the right

to clothe with her nationality its members.

(1894)

The Tennessee adventurer, William Walker, was a spectacular figure in the Nicaraguan scene from about 18.55 to

the date of his death in 1860. After thirty years of Con—

eervative control, during which the capital Was permanently

located at Managua, Jose Santos Zelaya, in 1893, bega.n a

sixteen years dictatorship. His regine was chatacterized

by brazen speculations, and by mischievous intrigue in the

political affairs of other Latin—American nations. The

incidents surrounding the overthrow of Roberto Saca.sa and

the advent of Zelaya as President, caused the lives, as well

as property of foreigners to be placed in jeopardy The

United States had two cruisers, the Columbia, under Captain

Gerge W. Sumner, and the MarbJehead,. undr Commander

Charles O1Neil, stationed in Nicaraguan raters to lend aid

if and when necessary. About the middle of the year, the

point of most danger apeedto be at Bluefields. Commander

O'Neil put into this harbor on the 19th of June, and Captain

Sumner followed on the 29th of July.

Shortly after midnight of July 6th, Commander O'Neil

was awakened to receive important despatohes from the American Consul, B. B. Seat, in which a landing force was requested for the protection of American interests. Orders

were immediately iseued for a detachment of Marines, under

First Lieutenant Franklin J. Moses, and a company of blue—

jackets to be prepared for lancing. Sometime between 4 and

8 oc1ock, this force landed, under the command of Lieutenant Bowman, and remained ashore until the 7th of August. On the 31st of July, the force above mentioned, was reinforced by an additional landing party from the Marblehead, and the Marine Guard and a. company of seamen from the

Columbia, all under the command of Commander Charles 0.

Allibone, which were likewise withdrawn on the 7th of

August.

(1896)

The first term of Zelaya as president expired in this year, but he forced his l'e—electjon, and continued his regne

as virtual dictator. Thj caused a great deal of dissension
(1icaragua) 123

— there being more than the unusual unrest among the people,

and agitation between the different factions — which resulted in for•einers being again endangered. On this occasion

the threatened area was that of Corinto.

The British government had a representative present

in the person of the commander of ILLS. Cor, and the

United States was represented by Commander Franklin Hanford,

in the Alert. The Nicaraguan commandant requested the American Consul, Henry Palazio, to cause an American landing force

to be sent ashore, as he was unable to furnish protection to

foreigners with the forces at hi disposal. The Consul communicated this requeBt to Commander Hanford, who acquiesced

by sending 15 Marines, under First Sergeant Frederick W. M.

Poppe, and 19 sailors, all under the command of Lieutenant

Albert W. Dodd. This force landed about 2 o!clock in the

afternoon of May 2nd, and remained ashore until the morning of the 4th, when withdrawn. The British vessel also

had a landing party aehore at this time,

(1898)

During thie year the American Marines were again land.—

ed to protect the interests of the United States. Commander

Eugene H, C. Leutze relieved Commander Hanford in command of

the A]rt, and arrived off San Juan del Sur in the early

part of the year, In the first part of February the contending parties were engaged in open hostilities Musketry

firing was quite general, as well a.s artIllery at intermittent intervals — some shells from the latter exploding

in the water a short distance from the Alert. The American

Consular Agent, Charles Holman, had acquainted Commander Leutze with the conditions ashore, and apparently had an

understanding relative to the landing of Marines should their

services be required.

About 4 oclock in the afternoon of February 7th, the America.n Flag was hoisted over the Consulate, union down,

and Commander Leutze immediately ordered 14 Marines and 19

bluejackets, under Lieutenant Harry A. Field, and despatched

them ashore to protebt the lives and property of Americans.

Lieutenant Field and his 1andin party returned aboard about

noon the following day, as the commander of the Nicaraguan

Government forces stated he was then able to furnish adequate protection to all foreigners present,

(1s99)

The Reyes Insurrection was the cause of disturbances

in the first part of thjs year. The cause of the insurrec—

tionists appeared hopeless, but the attending circumstances

caused, great excitement, and disorders were imminent,
(Nicaragua) 124

The United States was represented by Cctnmander Frederick M. Symonds, in the Marietta. The British overnment

was also represented by H.LS. Intrepid. These two vessels

were at anchor at Bluefields, about the middle of February,

when the foreign merchants of the city petitioned their commanding officers to despatch a ]nding party ashore to pro—

tect the lives and property of foreigners, The kmerican

Vice—Consul from Greytown, F.Percy Scott, was aboard the

Marietta, and he together with Commander Symonds, went ashore

on the morning of February 16, to obtain first—hand information relative to conditions No landing was made, however, until late in the evening of the 24th, when Lieutenant

Frederic B. Bassett, Jr., a detachment of Marines and sail—

ore, nurnberin about 16 men and a Colt's automatic gun,

together with a like force from the British ship, were sent

ashore to guard. foreign interests, The American force returned to the Marietta about 7 o'clock on the evening of

the 28th,

(1910)

A Conference was held in Washington in 1907, by which

the Central American Republics agreed to avoid war and

revolutionary disturbances, President Z:1aya of Niaragua, had consistently violated these conventions, and the Govei'n—

mente of Costa Rica, Salvador, and uatemaia protested to the United States against Zelaya's coml-e disregard of the general treaty and other agreements which had been signed.

To make matters still worse, Zelaya sanctioned the execution of two Americans in. November, 1909. These Americans,

Lee Roy Cannon and Leonard Groce, had served with the revo—

lutionar3r forces under General Estrada, hut were later cap- tured by the Zelayaistas, euminxily tried and execute. UDor Zelaya'e acknowledgment of responsibility for this Jast crims against American citizens, Secretary of State I(nox informed. the Nicaraguan Charge' d'Affaires that President Zelaya h.d notoriously kept Central America in turmoil since the ash— ington Conention of 1907, as opposed to the patient efforts

of neighboring states to support the corivntious. He fur— ther pointed out that under Zelayas regime reoublican institutions had ceased to exist. except in name; that public

opinion and the press had. been throttled.; and that eny tendency to real patriotism had been rewarded by incarceration,

In the protests of.a majority of the Central American

Republics to which had been added the protest, through revolution, o a great body of Nicaraguan people, and the illegal

execution of the two Americans mentioned, coupled with

threats against the American Consul at Managua, the Deoart— ment of State found a sinister culriinatjon of the Zelaya regime, and considered iipraoticab1e any further delay in
(Nicaragua) 125

active response to the appeals which had been made to it,

and its duty towards its citizens, Central America, and

civilization. The Nicaraguan Charge dffajree was handed

his passport, whereupon President Zelaya attempted a reconciliation, but without success, and then resigned in favor

of Dr. Jose Madriz. This maneuver failed, and Madriz then

launched an offensive against the Conservatives and tried

to recapture Bluefields.

In view of these conditions, several vessels of the

Navy were cleepatched to Nicaraguan waters to protect American interests, and in the latter 'part o± 1909 several Marine

Corps units were likewise despatched, but no landings were

made until early in this year. A regiment of Marines was

embarked aboard the ffalo, under the command of Colonel

James L Mahoney, and, on the 22nd of February the vessel was

at anchor at Corinto, when Commander Guy N. Bro'n ordered

Captain John A. Hughe8, with a detachment of Marines to proceed ashore to gain information.. Captain Hughes landed about

8 o'clock in the evening, and returned aboard just before

midnight, having completed his mission.

In the early part of April the Dubugue, under Commander

Haro3d K. Hines and the Paducah, under Commar;der L W

Gilmer were 1oocing after Amercan i .erut at B.efie:Lds

where General Larrá. was conducting opetions Both these

vessels sent a landing force ashore on the 19th of May, uidr

Commander Hines. These two detachments not bein considered

sufficient to adequately protect American interests, the

Dubugue sailed for Colon, Panama, on the 27th of May, to

transport a force of Marines from that place. She arrived

at Colon, embarked a force of 6 offiOere and 200 enlisted

Marines, under the command of Major Smedley D. Butler, returned to Bluefielde and, on the 30th, sent half of the

battalion on board the Paducah. On the following day, Major

Butler and the remainder of the battalion was landed in

Bluefields, as was also those on the acah. On the 5th

of June the bluejacket landing forces returned to their

respective ships. MajOr Butler proceede to Colon, Panama,

on the 9th f August, secured the Marine band of 2 pieces,

and returned with them to Bluefields. This battalton remained on shore at Bluefielde until the 4th of Seember,

when. it was withdrawn and returned to Panama via the Tacoma.

(1912)

In the latter part of 1910, the American Minister to

Panama, Mr. Dawson, was directed to proceed to Nicaragua to

present the views of the United States to General Estrada,

In October (1910), the Dawson agreements were signed. Elec—

ttOfl8 were held in, November; Esrada was elected, and
(Nicaragua) 126

assumed office on the let of January, 1911. The Zelaya party

began to be a constant source of annóyanoe, and riots and

vandalism were frequent throughout the iepuh1io. The Cha—

morro faction ithi the Conservative Party sought to control the administration. This faction prevented ctrada from

carrying through desirable reconstruction legislation, failed to cooperate in carrying out the Dawson agreemer-s, and,

on the 5th of April (1911), President Estrada dissclved the

Assembly. The President then appealed to the United Stakes

for assistance, as in addition to his difficu1tio wift •;be

Conservative Chamorro faction, the Liberal leac.ers in the

neighboring Republics were actively fomenting a revo1ut.on

against hi government. General Mena, Estradas Minister of

War, was arrested on the 9th of May 1911, by the Presidente

orders. And on the same day Estrada resigned, turning over

his office to the Vice President, Adolfo Diaz, who in turn

released iena. On the 31st of May (1911), as a result of a

Liberal plot, Lonia Fort in Managua was blown up, killing

over 60 people, and two days later a magazine was exploded

with additional casualties. A well defined revolution broke

out on the 29th of July, 1912, and because of this unsettled

state of affairs, the United States despatched several naval

vessels to Nicaraguan waters for the piotection of American

lives and interests.

The Annapolis was the first of these ships to reach

the troubled. area and, on the 4th of August landed a force

of b].uejackets (at the request of the President of NiCaraua)

and they proceeded to Managua to protect American interests

during the bombardment of that city by the revolutionists.

The Tacoma, under Commander E. H. Durell, arrived on the 6th

of August at Blueftelde, and on the 17th landed 19 4arines

and 38 sailors, under Lieutenant Bradford Barnette, where

they remained until the 13th of October. A battalion of

Marines, consisting of 13 officers and 341 men, under Major

Smedley D. Butler, was hurried from Panama. via the Justin,

on the 10th of August. They arrived at Corinto on the 1'th,

and immediately 1aded. In the latter part of August, the

Denver, and California arriveLl off Corinto, and together wit1

the Annapolis, which was already there, prepared to sending

landing forces ashore. On the 27th, Second Lieutenant arl

J Long, with 15 of his Marines, was landed to reconnoiter

the ra1road at Cornto and vicinity. He established a

guard at Chinandega to protect the railroad, which was retained there until the 22nd of October, when withdrawn. On

the evening of the 29th, a combined force from the ships

above mentioned, consisting of Marinee and sailors, entrained at Corinto for Managua. The Denver then proceeded. to San

Juan del Sur, arrived there on th morning of the 30th, and

landed a force of bluejaokets• to protect the American Con—

su 1 at e.
(Nicaragua) 127

The California sailed for Panama on the 29th of Auuet

to transport a force of Marines from that place to CoXtnto.

She arrived there on the following day, and on the let, of

SeDtember embarked the 1st Provisional Regiment 0±' Marines,

consisting of 29 Marine officers, 4 naval officers, 744

Marines a.nd 11 naval enlisted men, the whole under the corn—

mand of Colonel Joseph H, Pendleton, This vessel returned

to Corinto on the 4th and transferred the Marines to the

Annapolis for further transfer ashore, where they landed the

same. day. The Colorado also landed her Marine detachment at

Corinto, under First Lieutenant Lauren S. Wi11s, together

with a dtachment of sailors, on the 5th of September, where

the Marines remained until the 11th of November. The C1eveland. arrived at Corinto on September 14th, and, the fàllowing

day landed her Marine detachment, under Second Lieutenant

Dan.iel M. Gardner, Jr., together with a company of seamen,

1 section of arti1lry and. 2 Coltts automatic guns, the

whole force under the command of Lieutenant Commander Edward

Woodc, This landing party remained ashore until the 23rd of

October,

The greater part of the Panama battalion, under Major

Butler, and the let Provisional Regiment, under 'Colonel Pen—

dleton, was withdrawn on the 21st of Novçrnber, leaving only

a legation guard at Mana.gua, under the command of Lieutenant

Colonel Charles G, Long which consisted of 1 battalion of

400 officers and thei. This battalion was relieved on the

9th of January, 1913, by a regular Legation Guard of about

105 officers and men, under the command. of Captain Edward

A. Greene,

During this occupation the Iarines, unfortunately, had

to resort to force of arms in order to dislodge a band" of

revolutionists from the Barranca, a fortified position consisting of two hills near Masaya., from which the revolution—

jets controlled and threatened the railroad and held the

town of Masaya in a state of pitiable destitution. A short

but gallant assault succeeded in overcoming the resistance,

This engagement took place on the 4th o' October, and as a

result 4 men were killed and 5 wounded, In another engagement the same day at Chi.chigalpa, 5 other Marines were

wounded, while on the 6th resistance was encountered in en- tering Leon, as a result of which, 3 were killed and 3

wounded.

Rear Admiral William H. H. Southerlanci commanded all of

the operations on shore f both Marines and the navy personnel, as well as the operations of all, naval vessels involved.

General Mena surrendered to him, and shortly after General

Zeledon died, and the revolutionary movement quickly ended.
(Nicaragua) 128

(1922)

During the latter part of the preceding year and the

first part of this year, conditions became somewhat unsettled, and it was deemed adv.sable to increase the Legartion Guard. to enable it to handle the situation should circumstances so require. The Galveston, under Captain C. S.

Kempff, arid the Denver, under Captain A. Kautz, were at

Corinto the latter part of January, when the Commandant .15th

Naval District ordered that the Legation Guard be reinforced.

First Lieutenant Edward E. Mann, commanding the Marines of

the Galveston, together with 30 of his men were ordered to

proceed td •Manaua on the 25th of January. On the 29th,

this detachment was followed by First Lieütenatit Arnold C.

Larsen and 52 men, Additional Marines were despatched on

the th of February. Thee consisted of Second Lieutenant

il1iam 8 Fellers and 46 Marines, who had beeri transported

to Corinto on the Nitro Lieutenant Larsen and 13 of hjs

men returned to the Denver, on the 11th of February, and the

Galveston's Marines did l.kewise,

During the attempted revQlt in May, the Legation Guard

prevented the contemplated destruction of Managua, and

through the good offices of the American officials, an

amicable settlement of the difficulties was reached by the

rival parties without blcodshed.

(1925)

Prior to this year the United States Government had

informed the Nicaraguan Government of its intention to with.-

draw the Marines then stationed at Managua as a guard for

the American Legation. President Martinez endeavored to

have that policy changed, but was informed that owing to

the notification of some fourteen months previously, in

which time the Nicaraguan Government had ample opportunity

to perfect plans, the policy would be carried out.

In November, 1924, Carlos Solorzano who was elected on

a coalition ticket, to succeed President Martinez, was inaugurated on the 1st of January of this year. The United

States formally recognized the Solorzano Government six

days after Solorzano took office. The CostaTbulary, nich

had been provided for, had not as yet been organized, and President Solorzano requested that the Marines be not withdrawn until its organizátion, under American instructors,

could be effected. This request was grated and the date

of withdrawal was changed to the let of September, instead

of that previously decided upon.

The Constabulary was finally organized, trained by

three Americans (not Marines), and by the latter part of
(Nicaragua) 129

July, It was thought that the Consthu1.92y had progresed

to such an extent as to permit them to assume the duties

of maintaining order, and allow the contemplated withdrawal of the Marines.

Instructions were acoor5.inly iseued to Major Ralph

S. Keyser, who was then commanding the Guard, to make preparations for abandoning the post on the let of August. These

instructions were carried out as planned, and the Iegition Guard left Managua on that date, and sailed from Cori.nto

three days later.

It is quite apparent that there wa.s somp apprehension

as to the advisability of the Mrines' withdrawal, due to

a lack of confidence in the ability of the Nicaraguan Gov- ernment officials to maintain order, and furnish proer protection to foreigners and foreign inteests Ho'r well

grounded were these fears will be cleari.:,r sho'n in u'oee—

quent incidents which occurred in the affairs of the Republic.

Within a short time after the withdrawal of the Ma— rine8, variouc Liberal leaders, including the Minister of

Finance, were arrested — it being aJiegel. tht these per- sons were implicated in a revoLt aainst the Gove:iment,

flieturbances increased, martial law was deolared,and the

railway wa.s temporarily suspended through revolutionary

act i vi t y.

On the 25th of October, supporters of General Chamorro

seized the Loma Fort in Managua and. announced their purpose

of driving from the Cabinet the Liberal Members, and the

restoring of the Conservatives The pact entered into by

the political parties whereby the caorano—Saasa gove:n— merit had come into being was iiedi.ately broken, and so:.or—

zano signed instead a pact with Chiorro, by which the latter was.appo±nted General in Chief of the Prmy and. his sup—

porters placed in the Cab.net. In the following month,

November, Vice Presid'ent Sacasa fled from the RelDubli.c —

8ta ing thet he was compelled to do so ie'auee of Lreats against ltfe :n Decmbe:, the i.Jicaaguan Cor

ord.reo. Ecrj.sa to aopear to sw€.r charges of conpiaOy., but he did. not return to Nicaragua,

(1926)

General Ohamorro, continuinc his climb to power, eav

to it his upprters in the Cabinet ec;ed him to

Ccigres, and, i.ing gained a seat in th,t 1.'ody, hai himself elected fist ãesignat fo. th On he

12th of January, the Congress i.mpeached Jice Presidunt

Sacasa and banished him fo a period of two years. Four
(Nicaragua) 130

days later President Solorzano was granted an indefinite

leave of absence by the Nicaraguan Congress, and eneraJ.

Ohamorro assumed the executive power of the Government,

even though he had been advised on several occasions by

the United States Government that he would not be recognized if he assumed that office.

Notwithstanding this refusal, and the refusal of the

Central American Governments, G'eneral Chamorro proceeded

in his administration, apoarently in the expectation that

he could force recognition. Revolutionary aOtivitiee

broke out in May, which resulted in the necessity of again

landing American Marines to protect the interests of the

United States.

Captain John W. Wainwri,g'ht, commanding the Cleveland.,

arrived at Bluefields on the 6th of May, and on the following day despatched his Marine detachment, under First Lieut—

onant Charles S. Finch, together with a detachment of seamen, on shore to look after their Countryts interests.

TI-Us landing party was commanded by Lieutenant Commander

9.8. Lewte,and remained ashore until the 5th of June,

when withdrawn. About two months later Captain Julius

C. TownBend, in the Galveston, arrived at Bluefields, and,

in accordance with orders of the Commander Special Service

Squadron, despatched a laning force ashore consisting of

the Mar.ne detachment, under Captain Joseph W. Knighton,

6 naval officers and 132 bluejackets. This force landed

on the afternoon of the 27th of August, and remained un-.

til the let of November. The IDenver, under Captain Henry

L.. Wyman, arrived at Cori,nto on the 25th of September,

and on the 10th of October sent her landing force ashore.

Thia force consisted of the Marine detachment, under First

Lieutenant Henry T. Nicholas, 5 naval officers and 63

bluejackete, the whole under command of Commander Selah

M. La Bounty, They remained ashore until the 27th, when

all were withdrawn except a Marine patrol of 12 men under

Lieutenant Nicholas. Beginning with the 28th, this patrol

was quartered aboard the Denver, but went ashore about 1

o'clock each afternoon, remaining until 6 in the evening,

which practice was maintained until the 13th of November.

Shortly after this the Denver sailed for Panama, but returned to Bluefields on the 27th, and on the 30th sent her

landing force ashore there. This force was the sane as

that landed previously at Corinto, and the last day of

this year found them still, ashore.

In the meantime the Rochester, under comma.nd of 0ap—

tam Burrel]. C. Allen, with a Marine company of 2 officers

and 103 men, oommanded by Captain John W. Thomason.,

anchored off BluefjeJds o the 2nd of September, and on

the 11th, Lieutenant—Commander Clarence Guibranson., Captain
(Nicaragua) 131

Thomason, and two oquads of Marines boarded the steamer

Dictator, which was lying in the harbor, and returned a

few hours afterward. On the 13th they again boarded this

steser, remained a few hours then returned. A little

later in the day tht same party boarded the steamer Cama—

uey, remained aboard a short time, and returned, On the

31st of October, two detachments of the Rochester'.s Marines

were landed — one in Bluefields proper, and the other at

El Bluff. These detachments were commanded by Second Lieutenant Kenneth B.. Chappell, and Captain Thomason, respectively. They were withdrawn on the 30th of November.. The

Rodhester sailed for Rio Grande on December 23rd, arrived

the sa,me day, and immediately despatohed a landing force of

one battalion, inoluding the Marines, for duty ashore, and

they were still on thie duty on the last day of the year

On this same day (December 23) the Rochester sailed for Rio

Grande a.nd the Cleveland again landed her force of Marines

and sailors, at Bragmarxs Bluff, where they remained until

the 4th of January, .1927.

It may be well here to give a very brief outline of

the political set—up in the Nicaraguan Republic as they

existed in the closing days of this year. A conference had

been negotiated between the two political factions — Liber&..

and Conservative — which, after reaching an impas state

In the latter part of October, abruptly ended, and hoeti].i—

ties were again resumed. On the 11th of November, the

Congress designated Adolfo Oiaz for the Presidency, and

the United States accorded recognition on the 17th of the

saie month. Two days prior to this recognition, Diaz

through the American Charge' d'Affaires sought the assistance of the United States to protect American and foreign

lives and property. Doctor Sacasa (the former vice presi—

dent) landed at Puerto Cabezae on the let of December and,

surrounded by a small group of followers, wa8 on the same

day inaugurated by them as the °Gonstitutlonal President,

He, in turn, named a cabinet, and. became Commander—in—

Chief of the revolutionary forces. General Chamorro, who

had previously deposited the Executive power with Senator

Uriza, resigned his- office as General—in—Chief of the Army

on December 8th, and on the 15th, he turned over the Army

to the Diaz Government.

(192?)

The first of this year found the Marines from the

land, Denver and Rochester.still on Nicaraguan soil, where

they had previously established several neutral zones for

the protection of Americans and such other foreigners as

might wish to avail themselves of the security afforded by

the Amer±can forces.
(Nicaragua) 132

The revolutionary activities begun in the latter part

of 1926, increased to such an extent that additional American forces were deemed necessary to furnish the proper pro—

tectiori to all foreigners, and to maintain the neutral zones.

Accordingly, Captain Townsend, of the Galveston, was in.-

Etructed to despatch ashore his landing force of Marines

and b'luejackete This landing party went on shore the 6th

o January, and proceeded to Managua, remaining there un.—

til the let of February. The Marine detachment of this

force was again landed on the 19th of February, taking up

a position at Outpost #1, at Leon, where they remained Un—

til the 15th of June, when withdrawn. At the, beginning of

January the Denver had Marine detachments at Pearl Cay

Lagoon and at El Bluff, and they remained at these places

until the 27th of May. On the 15th of July, Lieutenant

Nicholas and 20 of his Marines landed at El Gallo, rema.in—

ing there until August 8th, and on the same date First

Lieutenant Charles Oorinette, with 19 Marines from thee 51t

Company, left for Puerto Cabezas via the Robert Smith. The

Roohesters Marine landing force, now under comnand of Cap-.

tam Franklin A Hart, was withdrawn from ahore duty on the

13th of 'June. The Marines which were on shore

at Bragman'e Bluff, were withdrawn on he 4th of January,

and on the 7th 30 of them, under Lieutenant Finch, were

again landed a- Rio Grands. On the 9th, 22 other Marines

were landed at Prinzapoloa, under Lieutenant E.G. Hanson,

U.S.N., both detachments remaining on this duty until the

6th of June. The Marine detachment of the Tulsa, under

First Lieutenant John A. Tebbe, was landed at Bragman's

Bluff, on the 17th of September, remaining until the 23rd,

when they were relieved by Lieutenant Finch; with 27 Marines from the Cleveland, This latter detachment was in

turn relieved oii'the 26th, by I.i.eutenant Connette with 25

Marines of the 51st Company, which wa,s a part of the 5th

Regiment.

Thile all of these landings were taking place, especially those during the month of January, the commander of

the Special Service Squadron deemed that the ships' detachments were not of Bufficient strength to care for the situation, and requested additional Marines from the United. State.

This request was answered by deapatOhing the 2nd Battalion

of the 5th Regimnt, (under command of Lieutenant Colonel

James J..Meade, which was at auantananio Bay), on the 7th of

January via the Argonne. This Battalion landed at Blue—

fields three days later. The next unit to proceed tq Nica—

ragua was Observation Squadron #1, together with 1 rifle

company, under Major Ross E. Rowell, via the Aitair and

Melville, sailing on the 26th of February. The 2nd Brigade

Headqutere, under Brigadier General Logan Feland, and the

5th Regiment, lees its 2nd Battalion (previously sent) followed shortly thereafter, and landed at Corinto on the 7th

of March.
(Nicaragua) 133

The opposing factions in the Republic reached an agree—

rnent on the 7th of May whereby the aimed forces were to die—

arm, In view of this it ws desired to have ad.itiona1 Ma- rines to act as intermediaries in carrying out the pact. Tn

pursuance of this plan, the 11th Regiment and Obeervaticn

Squadron #4, the whole under Colonel Randolph C. Berkeley,

was despatched to Corinto, the different units arriving be-..

tween May 17th and 22nd. The Marine forces on shore in Nica-.

ragua were gradually reduced, beginning about the mid-le of

June, and by the last of September, consisted only of the

5th Regiment, less one battalion, together with one aviation

squadron.

(1928—1933)

The withdrawal of the forces mentioned above, was ap—

parently Inopoortune, because in the first part of this year

it was necessary to reinforce the troops who were retained

in the Republic, due to a renewal of bandit activities. The

11th Regiment, of 2 battalions together with 1 squadron of

aviation, were again despatcheã for Nicaraga early in January. General Logan Feland was also ordered to return to

command the brigade, The different units of this last force

arrived and. disembarked between January 9th and 19th.

The outlaw leader, Sandino, began his active operations

on the 16th of July, by attacking the garrison at Ocotal

with abo.ut 500 of his men. This attack was aoarent1y the

signal for an increased activity on the part of the banditti.

throughout the mountainous part of the country, and it was

necessary to distribute the units of th Brigade at all strategic points. These points were then held until the Guardia

had. been organized, trained, and property fitted to take the

over and maintain them against opposition.

A nur2ber of the Marine officers attached to the Brigade

together with worthy noncommissioned officers, were temporarily detached from their i.nits, and detailed to duty with

the Guardia Nacional as instructors and unit commanders —

many remaining on this duty until a short time before the

entire Marine force was withdrawn from Nicaraguan soil, Jan.-

uary 3, 1933.

References: Sec. Navy An. Rep., 1853, 297; j4 1910, 20—21,

803—804; id,, 1912, 12—13 582; Id., l913,54; Id., 192.

5; Id., 15, 59; Id,, l97, 7—8ejor—Genera1 5mñiand—

antn. Rep., 19277Th_9; Id,, 198, 14—17; For. Rel. of

US, 1907, 665; Id., l909,46—452; id., 1911,625—652;

Lags of Saranac, Albany, Portsmouth, Cyane, Marblehead,

Columbia, Alert, Marietta, Buffalo, bupue,Paducah,

Annapolis, Tacoma, Denvq, California, Colorado, eve.—

land, Galveston, Rochester 1nd Tuls,

212—626 0 — 76 — ii
PANAMA 134

(1903)

The present Republic of Panama Was part of the original

viceroyalty of New Granada created in 1718, and. about a year

later became a part of the indenendent nation of Colombia.

In 1841. Panama and Veragua provinces seceded as the state of

the Isthmus of Panama. The constitution of the Grenadine

Confederation of 1853 gave the states the right to withdraw,

and in 1857 Panama seceded again, but soon returned. In 188.

a Constitution was drawn which denied Panama sovereign rightr

and made it a department, thetead of a state of Colombia.

A treaty was entered into between the United St.9,tes and

New Granada, in 1846, which granted transportation faci1itie

etc., to the Aierioan government across the Isthmus, and in

turn the United States guaranteed the sovereignty of New

Granada. This had been considered the first step toward the

establishment of an .Anerican protectorate over the Isthmus.

Another treaty, the Hay—Pauncefote, was negotiated and ratified by the United States Senate, December 16, 1901, which

gave the United States alone the right to build and control

an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of Panama. In January 1903, still another treaty was negotiated, but it was

not ratified by the Colombian Congress, possibly because it

was hoped that settlement might be d1ayed until the coicession of the company expired, and that then the payment

from the United States would come directly to the Colombian

government. The Congress, which had been spcia1ly called

to ratify this treaty, adjourned on October 30th, and four

days later Panama declared her independence. The uprising

incident to this declaration occurred at 6:00 p.m. November

3rd, and the overthrow was accomplished without bloodehe&,

The organization of a new government was immediately started

which was virtually recognized by the United States onthe6tb

Rumors of an intended revolution had persisted for some

time prior to its actual occurrence, and the United States

government had despatohed evera1 naval vessels to that locality to observe and report on conditions. The coimnanders

of these vessels had received special instructions as to

their actions and. duties, upon reaching the Isthmus, should

an uprising occur or 'be in progress at the time.

The gunboat Nashville, under the command of Commander

John Hubbard, was the first of these vessels to arrive in

the area, She arrived at Colon and came to anchor at 5:30

p.m. November 2nd. Shortly before midnight the Cartaena,

a Colombian troop ship came in and anchored near the

ville, and about 8:00 a.m. the 3rd, she disembarked her

troops, which numbered 500, ino.uding the general commanding

The destination of these troops was reported to be Panama
(Panama) 135

City, 'out it was desirable that they not be permitted to

proceed there, and the general commanding them was finally

persuaded to that effect.

While these Colombian troops remained on shore almost

anything could have happened. quite a number of American

citizens where in the city, an American consulate was 10—

cated there, and it was a terminus for the American owned

Panama railroad. As Commander Hubbard's instructions were

to protect all American.interests, he landed the Marines

from the Nashville shortly after noon of the 4th, under tne

Command of Lieutenant—Commander HSM. Witzel, and they took

up a position in the railroad office. This landing party

returned aboard at about 7:00 p.m., but were landed again

the following morning, the 5th.

On the evening of the 5th, the Dixie, under the command

of Commander Fiancis H. Delano, the second American shio to

arrive at Colon, came in and anchored in the harbor. Short—

ly after her arrival, the Colombian troops sailed from Colon

on the Royal Mail steamer Orinoco. Commander Hubbard and

Commander Delano conferred together relative to conditions o

shore and as to future action ôo be taken on their part, and

decided that a larger landing force was required for the pro.

tection of American interests.' Accordingly, two companies

of Marines, under command ofMajor John A Lejeune, were

landed about 7:55 p.m. of the 5th, relieving those from the

Nashville, Who returned to their ship. The latter force re.-

turned to their ship shortly after noon, the 6th.

At 8:35 p.m. the 6th, the Nashville left Colon for

Porto Bello, where she arrived the following day. The Dixie

remained at Colon, On te 15th a small detachment of Mat—

rinee were sent ashore, due to a slight disturbance on the

Hamburg dock,' but were withdrawn the following morning after

a conference between the five Colombian commissioners, who

had arrived earlier, and Rear Admiral Coh1an, on the

flower. However, the same evening (16t15, Marines were

again landed to act as a signal squad during the night, a'id Continued this duty until the 6th of December. On this

date Captain N.G.' Burton and W. MoCreary and Lieutenant F.A.

Ramsey, U.$.M.C.., and a part of Company B, Marine Battalion%

on the Dixie, were landed and proceeded to Empire (about

30 miles from Colon on the Panama Railroad), for the purpose of establishing a camp. The same afternoon the remaixder of the company was also landed., and on the 16th, the en- tire battalion under Major J.A. Lejeune, went into camp at Empire.

In the meantime other Marine organizations were being

assembled at Philadelphia, Pa., and oher places for service
(Panama) 136

in Panama. The Prairie, under command of Commander AV.

WaCin, sailed from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for Colon, on

December 11th, with a battalion of Marines under Major L.C.

Lucas to augment the force already there, and arrived on

the lth. The battalion was landed on the 24th, and went

into camp. The flixie left Colon on December 17th for Phila—

deiphia, where she embarked a regiment, under Colonel L.W.

T. Wailer, and sailed for Colon on the 28th.

(1904)

The Dixie arrived at Colon the firt part of January,

and on the 7th landed both battalions — the First under

James E. Mahoney, proceeding to Baa Obispo, and the Second under Major Eli K. Cole, to Empire, Panama. The battalion which landed from the Prairie on December 24th, was reem—

barked on February 15th, and returned to Guantanamo Bay,

Cuba.

From the time of the first landing (November 4, 1903) until January 21, 1914, with the exceptions previously

noted, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus of Panama to guard the interests of the American Government. On the latter date, all Marines were withdrawn.

References: Latane, U.S. & Latin America, 181,188—189;

Logs of Nashville, Prairie, Dixie and Atlanta; Marine

Corps Archives; St. Dept. Archives,
PERU 137

(1835)

From the date of the Peruvian Congress of 1822, to the

administration of President Gamarra, internal disturbancea

had continued in this republic. Toward the close of his

term of office an incident occurred which finally brought

about the rev'iution of February, 1835. The partisans of

Orbegoso and. Bermude illegally nominated them as successors

to Gamarra, which nearly brought the contending foons to

a test of arms. A reconciliation of their differences took

1acè on the eve of battle; and Orbegoso was elected to govern the affairs of State,

Prominent in this affair had been (eneraI) Salaverry,

a man anxious to gain control for himself ,. and his conetitu—

ent8, Therefore, he induced disturbances to distract attention from his activities, secretly organized a consid.er— able army, ousted Orbegoso, proclaimed himself chief of Peru

and galloped into Lime. as its master on February 25th, However, Orbegoso was not to be so easily deposed, as indicated

by tmmedjate resort to the use of the forces remaining loyal

to him, The subsequent actions of these forces brought &oout

deplorable conditions throughout the country, especially at

Lirna the Oapital, and Oallao, the chief port of entry.

On December 6th several American citizens petitioned

t.he American Qharge'dlAffaires, Mr. Sam•e1 Lamed "to cause

4Q to 50 Mar.nes to be landed" for their proteCtion end the

guadig f their property. The United States flagship

pnd.ywine under Captain David Deacon,, with the Commander

of the Pacific squadron, Captain Alexander S. WadsUorth, a—

board, was in the harbor at Callao at the time. Just prior

to. the 10th of December, the Charge, believingthe: erioan

Coneulate to be in danger, requested Commodore Wadswbrth to

send a Marine guard for its protection. This request

Oomplied with on the 10th, and Corporal Henry Bell, ad Pri—

yates John Batham, De.ád.atur Nicklin and George Preston were

Sent to Lima for the pupose. Both actio.ne having temporarily transferred their activities to other points,. Lima

was.left without either military or civil government for

several days, and conditions in the city became more chaotic.

The American Oharge again having requested Marines, the

Commodore on the 17th sent the remainder of the Marine Guard

ashore under Captain Charles C. Tupper. of the Marines, These

Marines were quartered in different American houses, but the

majority were at the Consulate, Captain Wadsworth, 'in his

report says: * * * there is no doubt butt the presence 0±'

the Marines prevented a general plunder. As it was no foreign houses were plundered. The English and French Marines

were sent up a few days after our own. * * •
(Peru) 138

1 1836)

The first of this year found the United States Marines

of the Brandywine, etill on duty in the capital City, Li.ma. All cmmunjcatjons between this city and Callao had been

severed, and a blockade of the port had been decreed. President Orbegoso then made Ohorillos the port of entry, but

Colonel Solar — one of Sa1averrys men, who was commandant

of Callao — notified Commodore Wadsworth that tlat port,

too, had been declared in a state of blockade. The Commodore denied the CommandantTs right to declare a blockade,

informed him that American vessels would be protected a—

gainet molestation for any infraotion of it, and immediately sent •the Boxer to that port to enforce his decision.

The Marines under Captain Tupper remained on duty at'

Lima until January 24th, when they were withdrawn, and returned to their ship. The Brandywine sailed from Callao on

March 1st, but returned several times during the remainder

f the year. One of these occasions was on August 3lt, at Which time Private Alexander Cady was sent to Lima for

duty at the American Consulate. He remained until December

end, when he rejoined the ship at Callao.

From January 19th to 23rd, 1836, several people were given shelter on board the Brandywine because f the serious Conditions in Callao..

Ref erences: Enock, Hi.et, Peru, 66—70; Log of Brandywine; Cap1aL Letters, Jan0 '36, #45, and Feb T36 #32

Navy Archives; Marine Corps Archives.
PO.RTO RICO 139

(1824)

In the.latter part of this yeax, an American mercantile

house in St. Thothas had been robbed, and there wa satisfactory evidence that the goods stolen had been carried by

pirates into Foxardo, a small port on the east end of Porto

Rico, then a colonial possession Of Spain. In the latter

part of October Lieutenant C.T.. ,P.latt, of the U.S.S. Beagle

was. in this vicinity, and was informed of the robbery. He

agreed to aid in recovering the stolen goods, and proceeded

to the Port of Foxardo forthat purpose.. Arriving there

on the. 26th, he waited upon the proper civil off icere, who

treated him roughly demanded his .oominiEsion,.WhiCh, when

eent.f or, they pronornceda forgery., charged him with being

a:pirat.e, and finally arrest,ed him and Lieutenant Ritohie,

who had aocoanied him, and detained them.under; guard dir—

..ing the day1 M'ter enduring various insu1,on.the part

of the officials and the inhabitants, they were permitted

..te return to their vessel.

Lieutenant Platt iynmediately.?et, sail and, as he was

.runiing off the coast.,met the Jpbn Adane standing in, with

Commodore David Porter aboard. He went aboard her. and reported the treathent he had received to the Commodore. The

deolsionOf the latter was•soon formed.; he deemed this an ineult.t the American Flag, which must:be atoned for, The, OOmmodorë'e ship could not enter the..harborat Foxardô be.-

cause of shallow water, so she was anchored outside. Tk—, :jng.hr bOate and the Beagle and Grampus, he proceeded ttothe harbor, tO carry out his pians,'On the way into

the harbor., and whenthe ships were about to anchor, itwac

peoeived that n, shore battery was preparing to fire upon

the laiid.i.ng party. A boat was. immediately sent with a de-.

taohmeit of'14 Marines, under Lieutenant.ThOmaS B, Barton

of the Marines, a passenger on board the Grainus)., to spike

the gune; meeting no resistance: from the Spaniards they

quickly accomplished their mission and returned,.

Commodore Thr.ter anded witb 200 Marines and sailorS

(offioete and men), and. addresSeda letter toth.e Alcalde,

dated 1TOvember l2t.., reciting the facts of the injury, de—

manding explanati.o.n and atonement, threatening 'to make the

• town responsible in case of refusal, and deepatohed.it by

Lieutenant Stribling uride a flag of truce. One hour was

given for a reply. Ueutenant H.N Crabh, with 27 of his

Marin.es Was ordered to place himself in advance of the

column and escort the flag of truce to the town. When

within a short distance of the town the .Ma.,ri.nes halted to

await the return of Lieutenant :Sibiing. A short time

aftcward he teturned, in otnpanywith th Goyernor and

Captain of th.é Port, who huhly.apologized for the wrong

they had done and promised thereafter to respect the rights
(Porto Rico) 140

of Aerioan officers. This apology was accepted, and after

marching through the town the party returned to their yes—.

se 16,

Commodore Porter's report o. this affair called forth

an order, dated December 27th, for his return home. The

United States Government deemed that he had overstepped

his authority. He was subsequently tried by a general courtmartial, at the Marine Barracks in Washington, and convicted

on August 10, 1.825. With the sentence of six monthte sus-. pension was coupled a tribute to his zeal for the naval servtce,.but Porter promptly resigned0 . little later he

was engaged by Mexico, aB "General of Marine.,' to reorganize

and command her naval forces as oom,iianderjn-.chjef1 He 'e—

mained in that duty until 1829, when he left the Mexican

servtoe and returned to his home in Mayland., where he ax—

rived 1n the month of October.

Andrew Jackson, having become President of the United

States,. offered to reinstate Commodore Porter in hIs old

position in the Navy, but Porter declined. Faiiig in this,

Jackson appointed him Consul General to Algiers on March

18, 1830, which position he held until appointed Charge

d'AffaIres in Turkey April 15, l83i EQ became Minister Resident on March 3, 1839 and died exactly four years later,

Referenoest MoOlel].ants Hlst0 U,S Marine Corps; MQmo S1ic, St. Dept,, 49—50; Nay0 Inst. Proc,, Dec. 1911,

1235—1238; Cooper, Hist. Navy, III, 29; Log of John

Adams; Marine Corps Archives; St.. bept. Archives; Ad drsa, Con, Gen, Ravndal, July 4, t22,
RUSSIA 141

(i 905)

In this year the firtt landing by American Marines

took place on Russian soil. Honorable George von L. Meyer,

American Ambassador at St. Petersburg, was appointed in

March of this year, and a short time after taking over his

new duties apparently desired a small Marine Guard for the

Embassy. he Brigadier General, Commandant of the Marine

Corps, George F. Elliott was consulted in the matter, and

informed the Secretary o the Navy that such a guard could

be furnished whenever so ordered.

A few days later the Secretary directed the Commandant

to select two trustworthy Marines, and order them to proceed, to Paris, France, where upon arrival they were to r—

port to Commander Roy C. Smith, U.S. Navy, Naval Attaoh,

United States Embassy, for such duty as might be assigned.

QuartermasteY• Sergeant Edward H.W.. Holt, and Gunnery

Sergeant Edward F. Larkin, were selected for this Important duty, and sailed from the port of New York on th.e Kron—

prinz Wilhelm on the 21st of November. Later they proceeded

to St Petersburg, reported to Mr. Meyer, and remained on

this duty until the 1st of January,. 1907, when they were

relieved and returned to the United States,

(1918)

The overthrow of the Czarist government by the Ed—

eheviki, was the occasion for great excitement, rioting,

pillaging and murder, which soon spread to all parts Of

the Russian Empire. Vladivostok, even though many thousands of miles from White Russia, soon felt the effects

of the Boisheviki movement, and it, too, was soon in turmoil

Early in this year Rear Admiral Austin M. Knight in

the Brooklyn arrived at Vladivostok to look after the in—

tereets of the United States. A number of other foreign

powers also had vessels and troops at this place. The

Czech and Boisheviki troops were almost constantly engaged

in active hostilities which endangered foreign lives,

These aotivit.es grew more serious from day to day and

on the 29th of June the Czeoho—Slovak troops moved in to

occupy the city and its suburbs. They disarmed and imprisoned the Red Guard, arrested Germans and Austriana and

assumed complete control of the city pending the formaion

of a responsible government. Abut 5 Otclock in the eve.-

fling Admiral Knight despatched. Second Lieutenant Conrad S.

Grove and 31 of the Marines on shore to guard the •American

Consulate. Two hours later Captain ArchieF. Howard proceeded ashore to relieve Lieutenant Grove. English marines
(Russia) l4

were landed from H.M.S. Suffolk, and the Chinese landed a

force from the cruiser Hai—Yuno

This state of affairs continued until the th of July.

On this date Admiral Knightts chief of staff, together with

representatives of the other powers presert, called officially on the mayor of Vladivostok and delivered the following proclamation '11n view of the dangers which threaten

Vladivostok and. the Allied Forces here aasthnbled from the.

open and secret activities, of Austro—German war prisoners,

spies and emissaries, the City and its vicinity are hereby taken under the temporary protection of the Allied Pow—

era and all necessary measures will IDe taken for Its defense against dangers both external and internal. All orders heretofore issued by the Czeoho—tlvak authorities

continue in force, The authority of the Zemstov and. Mu—

niGipality will be recognized in local affairs but the

local military force and policies will be supplemented by

such Allied Force as may be found necessary in emergency

to prevent danger from Austro—German agencies and influence which are known to be at work in the city. This action is taken in a spirit of sympathetic friendship for

the Russian people without reference to any political faction or party and in the hope that the period of tranquility which will result may permit the reconciling of all

factions and their cooperation in a harmonious and patriotic effort for the establishment of a stable and permanent

government and for throwing off the yoke of tyrannical

dIctation which the A.ustro—German Powers are, endeavoring

to fasten permanently upon the Russian people. Aligood

citizens are enjoined to cooperate in the maintenance of

law and order." This proclamation was signed by Admiral

Knight and 'representatives of Japan, England, France, China,,

and of the Czecho—Siovak Army.

The Consulate guard (established 29th June) was apparently continued until the 10th of August, as that is

the last d.ate on whioh it Is mentioned in the log of the

Brooklyn. From August 4th to 24th, a U.S. Marine Corps

patrol was maintained at the Russian Navy Yard., commanded

by one of the two Marine of1icera mentioned.

(1919)

The next landing by Aerican Marines at this plaoc

was on the 30th of July of this year, at Tyutuke Bay, which

is only •a short distance from Vladivostok. Captain Edgar

B. Larimer, in the New Orleans, arrived at this place on

the morning of the above mentioned date and immediately

sent .a landing force ashore to protect American. interests.

Firat Lieutenant Lelarid S. Swindler commanded the 31 Ma—

rinez which this vessel carried. This landing party returnea aboard in the early afternoon of August 1st.
(Rseia) 143

(1920)

The United States maintained a radio station on Russian Island (Bay of Vladivostok) and due to the unsatisfactory conditions in Vladivostok, deemed it advisable to

establish a Marine guard to protect the station and property0 On February 16th this guard Was organized, consisting of First Sergeant Thomas J. Treadwell and 17 other Marines, and a like guard was maintained until November 19th.,

1922.

(1934)

The Goverhment of the United States had recognized

the Soviet Republic at 11:45 p0m. on the 16th of November

of the previous year. The fo1lowirg day Willisin 0. Bullitt

Was selected to represent his country.,, as the firet Ambassador to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics0 He

received a recess appointment on the 21st of November, presented his credentials on the 13th of December and was

confirmed on the 11th of January of the present year,

After the recognition of the Soviet Republic it was

the desire of the United States State Department o have

detailed five naval and Marine Corps officers as attaches

to the Embassy at Moscow, but owing to a lack of funds for

their maintenance only one was appointed0 This appointment fell to the Marines, and ciaptain David Ro Nimmer (then

on detail in the Office of Naval Intelligence) was detailed

as Assistant Naval Attache on the 29th of January, this

year.

In addition to attaches, a suitable Marine Guard for

the Embassy was alsO desired by the State Department, and

on the 12th of February the Navy Department was requested

to detail Six.Marifles fox such duty, The Ma1'ifle Corps se—

leoted six noncommissioned officers and despatohed them to

Moscow on the 13th. They sailed from New York aboard the

3,3. Washington, arrived at Hamburg, Germany, the 23rd, and.

there entrained for Moscow via Berlin, finally arriving at

their destination on the let of March, where they are still

on duty.

References: asG of Hot, E,H.W.. #76312; Logs of rook1yn

and New Orleans; Marine Corps Archives; St, Dept. Archives; Navy Archives,
AM.OA 144

(1841)

wo yeazs previous to this time the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, headed 'by Commander Charles W.ilkeo, U.S. Navy,

Was surveyingi.n. the Southern Archipelago, andin October,

1839k his work.brought him to the island.of Samoa. Aieri—

can merchant veSel had been carrying on considerable trade with these natives for a number of years, The commerce had

jncreased to such an extent that; the United States established a commercial agency on the island in 1820, to loOk

after merican interests. Wilkes. saw the possibility of

increasing this trade, and also the neOessity for rules and

regulations governing both natives and foreigners in this

intercourse0 He deemed it essential too, that his government should be represented by n official with greater authority. than that of a commercial agent

Realizing these facts. to be 'of paramount importance,

he. immediately set about negotiating ' sort of treaty with

the principal chiefs of the Island. A conference which had

been arranged with the seven chiefs revealed, their *i1ling.a

ness to enter into written agreements for the future guid-. ance of both parties. The British Coxisul, W.C. Cunningham,

Was present during,these negotiations, and expressed his ap.- proval.of promulgating a set of regulations which would bind all parties t certain modes Of conduct in future relations.

Commander 'Wilke.s then prepared written "commercial regula— tions embracing 16 articles which, in general, provided

fort .PrOteOtion for all foreign. consuls — All .oreign.ves— eels to b.e received in ports of the Island Full prote'c tion for ehip's wrecked on the shores — Natives guilty of murder to be given up '. Payment of port charges — Work on

the S&b.bath prohibited — Trading in or landing of liquor

fobid.den , Apprehension of deserters —. Permission to be

Obtained before landing passengers — Sick left on shore to

be cared for by consul — Arrest of seamen after 9 aloOk

at ilight — Fines to be paid in specie — Magistrates and

chiefs to erLforce these rules — Chiefs to elect one of their

number as magistrate —"And,,that the regulations be printed,

promulgated, and. a copy furnished to masters of all visiting vessels,

These regulations were approved and signed on November

5, 1839, by Commander Wilkes, John C. Williams, W.C. Cunning

hai, and the, seven chiefs, Malietoa, Jamalanji, Matcian,

Peea, Tooa, MOli and Saga, . The day prior to this Commander

Wilkes"appoi.nted John C', Williams Consul of the United Stat

of NOrth America for the Samoa or Navigator roup of islands

until 'the pleasure of the United States is known. * Mr.

Williams formally accepted the appointment on• November 5th and signed the regulations as "Tl,$. Conaui4'
(Samoa) 145

Approximately a year after Commander Wiltes negotiated

the "COmmercial Regulations " with the chiefs of. Samoa, an

mer1can seaman was murdered, by the natives of the town of

Saulafata, Island of Upolu, An effort was made tp have

the person reeponaible forthe crime given up to American

authority (as provided for by the Regulations previously

mentioned.0) These efforts, however, were of no avail, and

other methods were necessary to exact compliance with the

provisions Of the treaty. Lieutenant William .L. Hudson,

rf the sloop PeaOock, was ordered to proceed to that Is'—

land, and obtain redress for the murder committed.

The Peacock, accompanied by the schooner Flyin—Fish,

arrived at tJpoiu Island on.the 24th of February, l8l

Lieutenant Hudson made a peremptory demand for the murderer, which was answered by a positive refusal from the principal chief, Resort to the landing of a party of Marines

and sailors was the only alternative, and, at daylight the

following morning, the Lieutenant made all preparations

necessary for such a landing. He selected "70 odd men,N

divided, them into three divisions under Lieutenants

(William M.) Walker and (Edward. J.) De Haven; (George F.)

Emmos and Passed Midshipman (Alonzo B.) Davis; (Roger)

Perry and Passed Midshipman Hawson (?), respectively.

In the meantime the sloop was Kedged to bring her broadside to bear on the town, and the "long güns made ready

to fire, The landing party was ordered into the boats

and instructed to take up a position on the starboard

quarter while the ship fired on the town.

When all was in readiness, orders were given to open

fire on the village with round shot and grape, The grape

fell short but the round shot took effect, and after the

first gun was fired, nothing more could be seen of the

ativee who had previously collected on the beach. After

some 18 shots had been fired, the landing party pulled to

the beach, and landed without difficulty. Two of the divisions were assigned to the destruction of the huts (some

40 or 50), while the third was held in reserve at the boats.

The natives were conspicuous because of their absence —

they had decamped with all of their belongings — and the

Americans captured the town without meeting resistance. The match was applied, and the village was soon in ashes.

This completed, the party returned to the ship. Upon arriving there, however, they were held in the boats, "a

taste of grog" was given each man, orders issued for them

to destroy the other towns — Fusi and Sallesesi and they

again pulled away for the shore.

They landed this time midway between these two villages, one division proceeded to each and the third remaining with the boats, where they found conditions as in
(Samoa;) 14i3

the first — totally deserted. There were upward of 100

huts in the two towns) and they were destroyed in a like

manner as was the first. The mission having been completed, the entire party assembled on the beach, destroyed all of the canoes •they could find and. then returned to

their ship,. apparently satisfied that a. well—deserved pun—

ishment had been promptly administered for the murder of

an American seaman,

(1888)

That the punishment meted out to these natives, in

1841, had beneficial results, was evidenced by the fact

that nearly five decades elapsed. before the presence of

another American landing force was necessary for the pro—

tection of Americans and American interests.

In September of this year a revolt took place against

the Government of Tarnasese. Mataafa was proclaimed king

by the opposition, and a civil war ensued. In waging a

warfare of this nature — especially between natives of

cannibalistic tendencies — all forei.gnr.resident on the

Island were more or less in danger of losing their lives

as well as their property0 Even foreign consuls were ap—

prehensivé for the safety of their consulates, and their

own lives as well, This strife between the natives reached such proportions by the month of November, that the American Consul General, Harold M. Sewell, requested Commander Dennis W. Mullan, U.S. Navy, f the vhioh was then

in the harbor of Apia, to land a suitable guard of Marines

for the protection f American citizens, and the Consulate.

Commander Mullan immediately complied with this request

by detailing First Lieutenant T. 1over Fillette and 10 of

the enlisted Marines for the purposes and. sending them ashor n the 14th of November where they remained untiL March 20th of the fo1lwing year, when they were withdrawn.

(1899)

A few days short of a decade had elapsed since the withdrawal of the Marine Guard frOm the American Consulate, before their preJence was again required. for the protection of American interests, Thic, as in the previous case, was

Occasioned by the outbreak of hostilities over the right

of Succession of the opposing chiefs — Mataafa. and Malietoa.

The islaiad had been recognized as a quasi—independency

under the combined suzerainty of the United States and Great Britain, nd the naval forces of both nations were actively drawn into the dispute, interfering to establish the claims
(Samoa) 147

of Maltetoa as against those of Mataafa, and to put down

the uprising against the former,

In February of this year Rear Admiral Albert Yautz,

of the Pacific squadron, with his flagship Philadephia,

was ordered to Samoa to observe aDd report on conditiorie,

and to take such action in case of enrgency as he might

d.eem warranted for the protection of American intereeteq

He arrived at Apia on the 6th of March, and found that the

British a.overriment had also sent naval forces to the island,

which consisted of H,MS Tauranga, Porpoise, Royal, and

the gunboat HOM.S, Falke. Captain Le'slie C, Stuart, R.N,

was the senior offioer, and in command of the Taurana,

Admiral Kautz and Captain Stuart oonferred reiative tc aO—

tion to be taken in the case at hand and apparently de-.

cided. that a combined 1andiig was necessary in order to

$ettle the dispute between the two chiefs and their ad,-

herents,

A proclamation was issued by Admiral Kautz on March

12th, in which he adjured the Beveral chiefs to repair to

their respective homes and obey the laws of Samoa, and respect the Berlin Treaty of 1869, etc0 On the 13th, conditions having become worse, a guard was despatohed to the

American Consulate for its protection and the protection

of American nationa.],e,

The following day the whole Marine guard, under First

Lieutenant Constantine L Perkins, together with a company

of sailors under Lieutenant Field, a Colt's gun, and an ar•

tillery squad of 22 men under Lieutenant Brown were 1and

ed at Mulinu Point "to remain indefinitely.' n the 15th

the natives began to gather in the woods back of Apa and

back of Vailca. The Philadelphia and H,M.S. .oyaliSt open—

ed. fire on the former while H.M.S. Porpoise fired on the

latter, with six—inch and S—pounder shells for a period

of about three houre. About 4 in the afternoon the Amen—

can Consul, Mr Osborne, his wife and son, went aboard the

Philadelphia for safety., as did. several other Americans and

one Englishman.

Conditions grew even worse as the days passed and, on

April let, it wa decided to pursue the hostile natives into

the interior defeat or capture them, and bring the troubled

conditions to an end. Accordingly, Captain Stuart selected Lieutenant Freeman, and British marines and sailors to the

number of about 62, whtle Admiral Kautz selected Lieutenant

Philip V Lonedale, two other naval officers, First Lieutenant Perkins, 20 Marines and about 33 sailors, and as—

aembled the whole on share for the expedition, In addition

to these forces, the assistance of about 100 friendly Sarmoans enlisted, and they accompanied the Americans and
(Samoa) 148

British in the attac. Lieutenazt Freeman, R.N.,, being

the senior, took charge of the. column, arid the march commenced along the shore in the following order: British ma-.

rines, American Marines, the seamen next, then the natives,

and the civilians bringing up the rear, The landing party, after gassing the town of Fagiti, cut inland, throtgb a de-.

file., and climbed to a higher plateau. They had proceeded along this for only a short distance when they were suddenly attacked n force from the left and left rear, by na,- tives hidden in the grass. It appeared that the Column was

about to be cut off from the rear, and Lieutenant Perkins

of the American Marines ordered the left flank to fall bacic

to a wire fence about 3tQ yards in the rear. By this time

several men had been wounded., and were being assisted to

the rear by Lieutenant Cave R.N., and Dr. Lung., who agreed

with Lieutenant Perkins thai a retreat to the shore was

the only altenatjve,

This course of action having been decided upon, a

stand was made at the wire fence until the column could

be assembled, he wounded evacuated, and the retreat be

gun when the opportunity afforded. Accordingly, four of the American Marines took position, and held the natives

at bay while the command assembled0 The retreat was now

commenced, and the column finally reached the village of Faglii, where a stgnal was made to HM.S, Royalist for re- inforoemente, After the landing force had arrested, its retreat at Faglil, it was noted that Lieutenant Lonedale and Ensign Monaghan of the American forces, and Lieutenant Freeman, R.N. , were absent, and. grave fear was entertained for their safety. This anxiety proved to be well founded, for on the following day the heads of the

three officers were recovered from the place where the natives had beheaded them, and were buried with their

bodies,

Besides Lieutenant Lonedale and Ensign Monaghan, there were two sailors killed, and one Marine and four

sailors wounded, as the casualties suffered by the Americans. Lieutenant Perkins, in hic report of the affair,

especially mentions three Marines as worthy of particular

consideration: Sergeant.s Michael J. McNally and Bruno A. Forsterer, and P.ivate Henry L. Hulbert. These three M rifles were subsequently awarded the Congressional Medal

of Honor for their conspjcuus duty in upholding the traditions of their Corps.

A guard of Marines was maintained at the American

Consulate until May 18th., when all forces were withdrawn and returned to their ship. On May 13th The Samoan Commission, which had arrived shortly before, was re—
(Samoa) 149

ceived aboard the fiagshio Philadelphia., with customary honors, and the conditions in Sioa were discussed. The

bodies of Lieutenant Lonedale and Ensign Monaghan were

taken aboard the Philadelphia on the 20th, and sailed

the next day enrout'e to the United States. She arrived

at San Francisco on June 21st. On the 22nd and 23rd, respectively, the remains of Ensign Monaghan and Lieutenant

Ionsdale were sent ashore accompanied by as many of the

ship?s company as could be spared, and a salute of three

volleys was fired over the boats as they were about to

shove off for shore,

References: Moorets mt. Law Dig., vol. I, 536—554;

Wilkes Exp1o Exped,, vol 1, 1838—9, Let. #53;

$eo,. Navy An. RepQ, 1399, 4, 922—923; Marine Corps

Ar?hives; Navy Archives; Logs of Peacock. and Phila—

delphi a.

212—020 0—70 — 12
SIAM 150

(1853)

As an illustration of the diversity of the duties performed by, and the reliance placed in the faithfulness and

efficiency of the United States Marines, no better incident

could be found for their portrayal than the recording of an

affair which took place at Blenheim Reach, in the Canton

River about sixty miles from Hong Kong, China.

On the night of September 11th, several naval vessels

were lying at anchor in the roadetead, among which was the United States steam frigate MississipM, with a Sianese man

of war not far distant. Commander Sidney Smith Lee commanded the American ship, and was at the time asleep in his cabin. Shortly after midnight he Was rudely awakened in consequence of the advent aboard his vessel of an overwrought

foreign naval officer in the person of the Captain of the

Siamese vessel, who stated that a serious mutiny had broken

out aboard his ship, that he was unable to cope with the

situation, and who begged the assistance of Captain Lee in

regaining oontrol of his crew

Commander Lee, having had long experience in the naval service of his own country and possessing all of the

characteristtc and qualities attributed to the average

American readily understood from the manner and earnest

repreeenation the predicament in which the Siamese officer was plaoed He agreed to lend succor in quelling the

disturbance, but at the same time realized that the situation was fraught with dangerous possibilities. Whether the

whole crew of the Siamese vessel or only a part of them had

joined the mtineere, he did not know; the only information

from which he could form an estimate being that from the

commander, who was too excited to give a coherent deecrip.-.

tion f the true state of affairs. Nevertheless, there was

the spice of adventure dear to the heart of all Americans

and, in addition, he had the faithful Marines to back him

up in any undertaking he might elect to pursue.

Commander Lee considering the possibilities involved,

quickly came. to a ãecision, ordered t.e members of his Ma—

rne Guard to repair to the quarterdeck, a cutter to be made

ready to embark in, and he, together with the still much excited 3iaese officer, shoved off and proceeded to the vesse

in distress. Arriving at his destination, he with the small

party of Marines, boarded the ship of the inutinied crew, and

in less than an hour regained control over the situation. Or

der had been brought about where chaos had reigned. His mie—

sion now having been completed, the doughty American officer

returned to his o'm vessel, after an absence of less thanfou

hours, and was reacl.y for any new eventuality that might arts

Reference; Log of the Ltseiesippi0
SUMATRA 151

(1832)

This Island waS the scene of many depreciations by pirates for a number of years prior to the landing of Americans to avenge such outrages. Merchant vessels attemoting

to carry on commerce with the inhabitants were on numerous

occasions plundered, burnt, set adrift, or otherwise die—

posed of as the fancy or interest of the natives indicated;

the officers, crews and passengers were treated with Indignity and violence, murdered, and, in some instances their

bodies abused with disgusting barbarity. Conditions of this

nature could not be tolerated indefinitely; the time had now

come for the visitation of retribution.

The immediate cause f this retribution was the murder

of the mate and two seamen of the American merchantman

Friendship on February 7th, 1831, which was loading a cargo

of pepper in the harbor of Q,uallah Battoo. Withoit warning,

and without provocation the natives attacked the vessel, committed the outrage mentioned,: and then p1indered her of everything of value. Captain Endioott of the Friendship, with

the assistance of several other merchantmen, was able to recover his vessel, but not until the savages had robbed her

of about1a,OOO0OO worth of specie., and other proierty to

a large amount0 The voye..ge had to be abandor..ed, causing a

lose to her owners of some $4O,OOOOO, besides the unfortunate deaths of the mate and the to 8eanin.

Captain Endicott, with his vessel, finally reached his

home port in America, reported all of the facts to his employers who, ip. turn represented them to the United States

government, with the request that such action be taken as

would prevent future occurrences of this kind, and to de—

mand redress for the outrage perpetrated upon the crew of

the Friendship and the vessel itself. The authorities readi

ly agreeing to thie request selected Commodore Johncwnes,

in the frigate Potomac, aS t1eir representative and instructed him accordingly. He sailed from New York on the

21st of August, l8l, touching at the Cape of good I-loDe for information, and arrived off Sumatra on the 5th of February

the following year. He disguised his ship as a merchant—

man, and then stood in and anchored about three miles from

the town. Early in the afternoon of the Gth. the Commodore

Bent the whaleboat ashore with a party consisting of Lieutenant Irvine Shubrick, U.S.NO, lieutenant of Marines"

Alvin Edson, Lieutenants R.R. Pinkham, Henry K. Hoff and

Jonathan Ingersoll, Acting Sailing—Master B.J. Totten, and Midshipman Henry Tooley, all dressed in sailor's costumes, to reconnoitre preparatory to his intended attack. This party returned aboard at 5t00 p.mo, reporting that the natives had made a considerable display of armed men.
(Sumatra) 152

The Q.dore ordered out all boats and had them made

ready for an early attack upon the town. At 2:15 a.m. of the

7th, the landing party, consisting of the Marines and sailors, to the number of about 250, together with the division

officers, the whole under the direct command of Lieutenant

Shubrick, embarked in the boats, and proceeded towards their

objective, This party reached the shore about 5:15, and Irn—

niediat-ely commenced the attack on the principal forts: Lieut- enant Edso and his Marines in the advance. Lieutenant Shu—

brick had previously divided his force into three divisions - one of Marines, and two of sailors — and now directed one

of the sailor civisions to take the first fort, while Lieutenant Edson attacked one in the rear of the town. The sailor divIsion finally captured their fort after two hours of

fierce fighting. The Marines stormed and took the second fort while the remainder of the force attacked another fort.

This third fort proved to be a Tartar. The defenders fought with desperation, and it was not until the Marines and he

other division of sailors arrived that the Malays were finally subdued and the position carried. The town was then

fired and most of it reduced to ashes, The last fort Was

discovered when it opened fire, but was carried 'by assault and, by seven—thirty occupied and the Mierican Flag hoisted

over them all as a signal to the ship that they had been

conquered. This victory had not been a bloodless one, how- ever, for two had been killed (Benjamin T. Brown, a Marine and William P. Smith, a sailor), end 7 wounded, two of whom were Marines (Privates Daniel H, Cole and James G. Huston).

Having destroyed all the forts, and leaving the town in

flames, the landing party returned to the ship before i]OO

a.m., 'bringing with them those who had been killed, toRc her with such wounded as had not previously been sent aboar, °At ll:3 (a,m.) committed the bodies of William P. Smi.th and Benjamin D. (T.,) Brown to the deep with the usual funer- al servIce.U

Shortly before midni1it of the 7th, the Commodore moved his vessel closer in towards shore — about one mile distant, At 12:20 p.m. the 8th, he opened fire, and bombarded the forts ar town with his long guns and cannonades. This bom- bardment he continued for an hour, after which time a white flag

dore was seen flying over the forts on shore, a.nd the Cornmo— decided, beZore taking any further action, to give the natives a little mare time for reflection.

The following morning, the 9th, a boat containing Lieut. enant James P. Wilson, U.S,N., four other officers, anc. sev- eral Marines, was despatched to Pub Kb, under a flag of truce, to reconnoitre, and investigate the Conditions ashore Tnis party returned at 2:30-p,m, reporting that they had dis- covered white flags all along the shore line, After waitinr
(Sumatra) 153

until 6:10 p.m. the OommodoreT$ vigilance was rewarded by

the apperanCe of a native boat putting off from shore, headed apparently for the American irtan of war. It soon came

alongside, and it was ascertained that it contained a delegation of the principal chiefs, who expressed the greatest

penitence for their misdeeds, sued most humbly for peace,

begged especialy that no more big guns" be fired, and,

finally, requested that all hostilities cease. The Commodore

believing that they were sincere in their pleadings, readily

acquiesced, but warned them that a repetition of these crimer

against American citizens would be more severely dealt with

than had the present one. His m±eeiofl• having been completed

Commodore Downes weighed anchor, and the Potomac sailed from

the Island of Sumatra for her regular station in the Pacific.

(1836)

The Chiefs of Quallah Battoo apparently soon forgot

the visit paid to them by the PotomaO, for less than five

years had elapsed before a repetition of the same crimes

made it necessary for another United States man of war to

return to the Island, and bombard the town and forts •as a

punishment for such transgression. On. this occasion i was

the frigate. Columbia, under Captaion eorge C. Read, and the

sloop (corvette) John Adams, under Commander Thomas W.Wyman,

that administered the punishment to the inhabitants, and the

towns of Q,uallah Battoo and Muckie, or Mukki,for repeated

offenses against Americans. These two vessels arrived off th

coast December 21st and at 3:50 puma the next day, stood in

and oe to anchor off the town of Q,uallah Battoo. On the

24th they stood in closer to shore, anchoring about one mile

distant. Captain Read then communicated with the authorities

on shore, and made known his mission, together with demands

for redress. He then waited until the 25th, Christmas Day,

and not having received a satisfactory reply, decided to resort to other means to exact compliance with his wishes. Abu

noon of this day, he ordered the commander of the John Adams

to open fire. At 1:30 she complied with grape on some armed

native boats in the river, and a few moments later with rouri

shot at the fort. She continued this bombardment until 3:00

p.m. when the Columbia signaled her to cease firing. The

Columbia then continued the fire until 3:30 when she, too,

ceased. The two ships remained idle until the forenoon of

the 28th. At lOOO a,m. the natives hoisted a white flag in

token of surrender.,A boat was sent in to communicate with

the authorities and it returned thirty miutes later with

the information that a chief would repai1 aboard the Columbi

in a few minutes. Shortly before 11:00 a boat arrived, beaT—

ing one of the principal chiefs of the town. Commodore Read.

conferred with him for about thirty minutes and, apparently

being satisfied, permitted him to return ashore. The follow—
(Bumatra) 154

.ng evening, the 29th, the two vessels set sail foi Muckie,

the secord town to be visited, but had proceeded only a few

miles when they were forced to anchor because of a lull in

the wind. Due to this delay it was not until 1:10 p0rn, the

31st that they arrived and anchored in Muckie Roads.

(1839)

About the middle of th forenoon of January let, Commodore Read sent Lieutenant Turner ashore to confer with

the authorjtjes However, the result of his mission Was not

satisfactory and it was decided to bombard the town. The

Commodore waited, however, until the following forenoon,

the 2nd — apparently giving the shore authorities twenty—

four hours to reply to his demands0 In the meantime both

ships were hauled in closer to shore, and their broadsides

brought to bear upon the towii, No reply having been re- ceived the John Adams opened fire at about 9:30 a.in. She opened with round shot and grape on the forts and town. At 11:00 the guns of the Columbia joined those of the John Adams. Both vessels then kept up a brisk fir.e until about

11:aO, when firing practically ceased, and the John Adams

was ordered to send a landing party, under the command of

Cemmander Wyman, ashore to destroy the forts and town0 This

party proceeded to the beach at 11:30, and landed without

misbap, marched to the town and commenced its destruction.

At 12:.35 p.m. the Columbia sent a landing force ashore to

join those under Commander Wyman, consisting of Uthe Musket—

eere, Pikernen, Ma:rines and Pioneers01' Both vessels kept up

a slow fire on the forte until 1:05, when orders were given

cease firing. At 1:45 the Columbia signaled to return aboard,

The whole landing force rethrned to their respective ships

at 2:30 p.m., having destroyed all of the forts, the town,

and bringing two prisoners with them,. The prisoners (native

chiefs), were kept aboard the CQlum'oia until early the following morning, when they were etuned to shore. (Note:

Lieutenant D.D.Baker, U.S.M.C,,was apparently squadron Marine Officer)0

The mission now having been accomplished, both ships

weighed anchor on the morning of the 4th of January and.

stood out to sea.

References: Cooper, Hist. Navy, vol. III, 31—36; Vet0 Bu.

pamphlet of exped.tions, 7; Logs of Potomac, umbia

and John Adams; Muster Rolls, Marine Corps Archives;

Collum's Hist, UI0., 65—68; Navy Archives; Hamerely,

ceneral Register for 100 Years0
SYRIA 155

(1903)

arly tn September of this year Rear Admiral 0.5.

Cotton, US. Navy, coninanderin—Chie of the European

Squadron, aboard his flagship Brooklyn, accompanied by

the Ban FrancieC, dropped anchor in the harbor of Bei—

rut, About this time the Moslem and Christian people

in this locality were experiencing difficulties to BUOb

an extent that a upriei.ng was feared0

Admiral Cotton considered that the American Consulate might be in danger in the event qf such an uprising, and took steps to protect it by making ready a landing

force of the Marines and one company of sailors. This

force was not needed, but a guard of Marines, and a few

ailors, were furnished, at the request of the American

consul, Mr. Gabriel Bie Ravndal, from the 7th to 12th

of September, at which latter date they returned to t1ieir

ship, the Brooklyi.

Refereneet og of Brooklyn4 Muster Rolls, Marine Corps

ArchiveB; St. Dept Archives.
T R.I N I DD 156

(British West Iniee)

(1895)

The mission of the United States Navy and the Marine Corps is not confined to that of exacting redress from

sonie leland potentate, putting down rebellions in island

republjc.s, or fighting Americats battles in time of actual

war. Of len they •have served in bringing succor to some devastated country, relief to a city or town in times of serious conflagration, earthquake, or other Catastrophe, when assistance was needed by suffering humanity.

Ouch an occasion aros.e when, on the 4th of March of this year, a Serious fire broke out in the city of Port of Spain, Trinidad, which destroyed the whOle of the bus— nes section, a large part of the residential area, and

caused a property damage of about five million dollars.

Nearly the whole populace were attending a or.cket game outside of the city when the fire was discovered. The water service was defective, and the conflagration had gained such headway before it was discerned that Uttle hope cou1d be entertained for its control by local au- thorities.

Rear Admiral Richard W. Meade, U.S. Navy, with his squadron, Consisting of the New York (flagship), iphi— trite, Cincinnati, Columbia, Minneapolis, Montgome and Raleigh, was at anchor about seven miles off the city when, at about 4:25 inthe afternoon, billows of smoke were observed rising from the direction of the center

of the city.. Soon after observing the smoke, flames appeared and it was easily seen that the conflagration

was out of control, and that herculean efforts were nec— essary to prevent the city's total destruction.

The flagship signalled the. CincinnatI and Raleigh., each to immediately select 50 picked men for duty ashore as a fire brigade. The flagship selected 25 Marines., under the command of Captain Benjamin R. Russell, and 100 sail- ors, and at 7:00 p.m. despatched them ashore under the direct command of Lieutenant CommanderWilijam Swift to assit the local authorities to bring the fire under Control,

The Marines and sailors fought side by side with the local fire department for over four hours before the flames could be extinguished, and the Governor, Sir F. Napier Broome, addressed a letter of thanks to Admiral Meade for the assistance rendered by his force during this a!fair.

References: Seo.Navy An. Rep., 1895, XXIII; A & N R.e., March 23, 1895; Logs of New York, Cincinnati and Raleigh.
TRIPOLI 157

(1804)

Early in 1800 the Mediterranean "Pot", with its evil

contents, began to boil. Treaties with the Barbary States

and. "presents" to them had. kept the peace for many years0

The system was vicious and voracious — they were never eat—

isf ted, At first we find th.t the only Anericans who felt

the sting of dishonor, were those. who had to suffer the

degradation of personally laying the tribute before the

feet of the barbarians. The American navy and Marines

long experienced this ignominy. Not only did. they carry

tribute, but they also suffered the insults and derision

of the corsairs who, neglected no opportunity of impressing them with the idea that they were "inferiors." It

was upon these Americans that the odium of a base foreign

policy rested, and it is to their undying credit that,

notwithstanding all this and their abhorrence, of such

duty, they performed it with their accustomed efficiency.

Algiers, Morocco and Tunis were more or less complacent

but not altogether satisfied, whereas Tripoli, feeling that

she had made a bad bargain, indulged in threats against the

Americans and remained adamant to all persuasive efforts on

their part. The United States continued paying tribute at

the point of a gun, which was completely at variance with

the stirring battle cry f the Revolution: "Taxation without representation is tyianny"

On the 1.4th of May, 1801, the Bashaw, to emphasize

h,i dissatisfaction, ordered 'the flagstaff cut down in

front of the erican Consulate. Before the news of this

act. had reached Amerida, President Jefferson had despatohed

a squadron of .warshipe, under Commodore Dale, to the Medi—

teranean for its moral effect, but at the same time, It

carried a "present" of ten thousand dollars for the Bashaw.

This squadron remained on this station for several years.

On Oôtober 31, 1803, the Philadelphia, one of the ships of

the squadron, went on the rocks and her crew was captured,

and. carried into the harbor and imprisoned. SecOnd Lieutenant WillIam S. Osborne and 44 enlisted Marines were among

the captives'.

About the middle of February, 1804, Commodore Preble

(who was then commanding the squadron), decided to destroy

the Philadelphia1, w4- 'e tj11 jeled on the rocke he-.

fore Tri'ooli. This was finally acooniplished by Lieutenant

Stephen Decatur and 70 volunteers, including 8 Marines.

In August of. the same year the Commodore bombarded Trip.oii, but the release of the crew of.the ill—fated Phi1adehia

could nqt. be effected. Even the proffer of the sum of

10O,0O0.O0 as ransom proved of no avail. More ships were
(Tripoli) 158

sent to augment those undr Preble, but the combined power of these, and the offer of still larger sums as ransom

were insufficient to force, or tempt, the Bashaw to release the American prisoners. It required an "expeditionary force" on land to finally bring the BaBhaw to terms.

turing the summer of this year William Eaton, who

had been "Navy agent for the several Barbary Regencies,"

conceived the idea of making a combined land and water

attack on Tripoli, restoring Hamet Carae1li as Bashaw,

and securing the release of the crew of the Philadelphip,

together with a treaty foregoing payment of any further

tribute, Commodore Barren was now in command of the

squadron, and Eaton applied to him for a detachment of

100 Marines to lead his "coup de main" but was refused

on the grounds that the Commodore did not believe his authority would permit such a step. However, Eaton was

permitted passage on the Arpus to Alexandria, from which—

place he intended to start his search f or Hemet, He arrived at the latter place sometime in the latter part of

November, 1804. On the 29th, aton, Lieutenant Presley

N. OBannon of the Marines, Midshipman eorge Mann and

7 Marines landed and left for Cairo.

(1805)

Eaton and his party arrived at Cairo on January 8th. Here he learned that Hamet with a few Tripolitanc had

joined the Mamelukes at Miniet, where he was besieged.

Eaton then pushed .on to Fiaum, only to be stopped by the

Turks who refused to permit him to proceed farther. Undaunted, however, by this setback, he found ways and means

of ooaimunicating with Haniet, and made arrangements with

him for his cooperation with the expedition against IJerne,

Tripoli. The next step in his plan was the gathering together of a force of sufficient strength to assure success of the venture, and to assemble them at some point

from which he could make an early star, Eaton selected

Arab's Tower, about 40 miles west of Alexandria, as hie

place of rendezvous, and here assembled a "motley" lot to

the number of about 500. He also assembled 107 camels and

a few asses 'to furnish the necessary transportation.

Having surmounted unnumbered difficulties Eaton and lus party were finally ready to start the expedition proper, and onMaroh 8 the long trek of nearly 600 miles to

Derne was started hy Eaton and his "conglomerate army."

Many difficulties were experienced, such as dissatisfaction, mutinies and quibbling among leaders of the different factions, lack of rations, and many others. At one

stage of the trip it was necessary to slaughter camels
(Tripoli) 159

for food. On th. .15th they reached Bomba, and "the force

was about to dissipate in disorder" when the Argus appeared with supplies A few days later the Hornet. arrived.

Drawing on these two ships for supplies, Eaton procured

the necessary food, etc., for his force, arid resumed his

march on the 25th. He arrived in front of Derne the same

day. Under a "flag of truce," Eaton offered terms of amity

to the Governor of Derne on condition of allegiance and

fidelity to Hamet. The reply to this offer was "My head

or yours." The Nautilus hove in sight this day, while the

Argus and Hornet dropped anchor early the followix day. Everything now being in readiness, the attack commenced

"FROM T LAND AND FROM THE SEA," Lieutenant O'Bannon

with his Marines, a few Greeks, and suoh of the cannon—

iers as could be spared from the field piece, paBsed through

a shower of musketry, took possession of one of the enemy's

batteries, PLANTED THE AMERICAN FLAG UPON ITS RAMPARTS,

AND TURNED ITS GUNS UPQT THE ENEMYO After two hours of

hand—to—hand fighting, the etionghold was occupied, and,

f9r the first time in history THEFLAG OF TI UNITED STATES.

FLEW OVER A. FORTRESS OF THE OLD WORLD where it had been

planted by an American Marine — Lieutenant O'Bannon.

The Tripolitans counter—attacked the fortress several

times, but the Americans would not give up the laurels so

dearly won, and the enemy were repulsed each time with

heavy losses. Finally, on the 28th of May, the Americans,

by a spirited bayonet charge caused the retreat of the

enemy from the vicinity of Tripoli. Memories of the Americans still linger in the Songs of the women of Derne —

"Din din Mohammed U Ryas Melekan mahandi", which neans —

Mohammed for Religion a.nd the Americans for stubbornness,

This "Old World" fortress was held by the Americans

until June 12. In the meantime, the American Consul Gen—

eral,Lear, had negotiated a treaty with the Basha.W, without mention of any "periodical tributefF but paying a sum

of 6O,OOO.OO as ransom for the American captives of the

ilifated Philadelphia., Indicating the confidence in which

the Marines were rield, they were given the honor of being

the last troops (rear guard) to evacuate this foreign

strong hold.

Before parting with Lieutenant O'Bannon, Hamet presented his "brave American" friend with the jeweled sword with

a MAMELUICE hilt which he himself had carried while with the

Mamelukes in Egypt. And so flamet, through O'Bannon, gave tc

the Marine Corps THE SWORD OARRID BY ITS. OFFICERS TODAY.

Refereno: McClellan's lust. U.S. Marine Corps.
URUGUAy 160

(1855)

Revolution, and revolutionary intrigue had held sway

in.the greater part of. South America for a number of years

prior to 1855., Argentina, one of the adjoining states,

had been the scene of several uprisinga during prior years.1 and it is quite possible that the unrest manifested by

the inhabitants of that state had been communicated to

those of Uruguay0 Be that as it may, the fact is that

about mid—summer of this year an uprising of revolutionary proportions spread over thiB country, arid attained a

character so sanguinary and djsastrous that foreign resi.. dents were beseeching their diplomatic representatives for

protection for themselves and for their property0

Ao had been the practice for a number of years, the

United States had a quadron of her naval foroes in South

American Waters, whose duty it was to furnish protection

to American citizens in cases of .ethergency, Brazil, France and Spain, also had vessels of war in this locality to

look after their respective interests. These vessels and

the American squadron were at anchor in the harbor of

Montevideo, The United States was represented by Commander William F. Lynch, who commanded the sloop ermantown

and the American Consul Robert M, Hamilton. The command.-

era for the foreign vessels, together with the diplo..

matlo representatives of their respective governments, held a conf?renøe and decided to make a combined landing

of a portion of their forces for the protectIon of thei±

nationals and consulates,

The landing previously agreed upon was effected on

the 25th of November. The force was composed of the Marine Guard of the Germantown, under First Lieutenant

Augustus S. Nicholson, and marines from the ships of the

three other countries represented. After landing, they proceeded to place guards at the different consulates and

the Custom—House, On the 27th, owing to the seriousness

of the conflict being waged between the different factions

ashore, additional forces were despatched to reinforce

the Marine detachments that were landed two days prevjous..

ly, These additional forces, as well, as the first detachments, were placed under the direct command of Lieutenant

Nicholson. The reinforcements, however were returned

to their ships the same date,. but the original detachments still remained on duty ashore, The American Marines were

withdrawn on the 30th,. after the revolutionists had oapit— ulated, and condjtjon had become tranquil.

A short time before Lieutenant Nicholson and his Ma— rifles returned aboard their ship, an incident took place
(Uruguay) 161

which indicates the resourcefulness, bravery, and ability

of the American Marine to act in emergencies. The in—

surgents had capitulated to the government. After they

had been disarmed, the nationalists charged them, and a

massacre would have ensued had not Lieutenant Njholofl

and his Marines interposed themselves between the gov—

ernment •troope. and the insurgents to prevent such a

catastrophe.

(1858)

Less than three years had passed when another revolution broke out in this small republic. No one faction

seemed able to hold the reins of government for more than

two or three consecutive years before it would be deposed,

and another of revolutionary origin take its place. The

lives of foreigners were jeopardized, and their property

imperilled by this almost constant strife between the

different factions who strove to control the administration of government0

Flag Officer French Forrest, flying his broad pennant

from the St. Lawrenc, with the Falmouth in Company, was

at Montevideo when conditions be meiO chaotic that he

deemed a landing of Marines necessary for the protection

of his countrymen and the American/Consulate. England

Was also represented by a war vessel in the harbor. The

American and English commanders conferred as to action

to be taken, and agreed, as they had some two years previously, to combine their efforts in the form of a joint

landing. Flag Officer Forrest was to command the combined

force.

On the 2nd 0±' January, in accordance with the prearranged plan, Forrest selected the entire Marine Guard of

the St. Lawrence, under the command of Captain and Brevet

Major John . Reynolds, with 2nd Lieutenant William B.

Stark as an assistant, and d.espatched them ashore. After

the British had joined them on shore, the forces were combined, and distributed between the American and British

Consulates and the Custom House. The American Marines remained on this duty until the 27th of the same month, at

which time they were relieved by an increa force from

the British ship, when they returned aboard the St. Law—

r e nc e. (1868)

Little more than ten years of comparative tranquility was accorded the people of this revolutionary—ridden

country before another outbreak occurred. On this occasion an armed force from the warships of six different
(tJruguay 162

foreign nations then present in the harbor of Montevideo

were 1ar.ed. These foreign vessels represented Brazil,

France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain anø- the United States.

General Flores was governoi, while his son Colonel

Fortunio Flares, was in command of the Battalion de Li—

bertad, which was the regular guard of the city. This

Battalion had been turned against constituted authority,

and was in armed revolt against the Governor.. The Governor feared for his personal -safety., and those who were

loyal to him. Consequently, he applied to the American Consul, James D. Long, for protection for himself, his 1oyalita, and the Custom house in the port.

This request was communicated to Rear Admiral Charles

H. Davis, U.S. Navy, commanding the South Atlantic Squad— ran of the United States, who was then in the harbor with hje flagship Guerriere which was accompanied by the Q'4nnebauR1 Shaokin, kansas and Wasp. AdmIral Davis re— ceived the Consul's letter On the'6th of February, and a

little later in the day, also received a letter from the British Admiral relative to participation in a combined landing i,n the city, After consideringthe matter, he

decided to cooperate with the foreign forces present,

Who, it seems, had received a like request from the Governdr for the landing of armed forces.

The combined landing took place 'at 5:50 a,m." of

the 7th, The United States forces consisted of Second Lieutenant of Marines R.R. Neill, 15 of his Marines and 30 sailors, the whole under the command of Lieutenant—

Commander Henry B, Rumsey of the G.ierriere. When the

various forces arived on shore, they were plaoed under

he direct oommand. of Rear Admiral Amilcare Anguissola,

who was in command of the Italian squadron then present in the harbor of Montevideo. This was done in consequence of his seniority,

These several forces remained ashore until shortly

after noon of the following day,, when upon receip: of a

letter from the Governor, stating that the diffic1ties

had ceased to exist, the foreign forces were retu:cned to

their respective ships.

This uprising had little or no political significance;

it was devoid of any fixed- purpose, Colonel Flores (the

eon), appointed no officials,. made no attempt to exercise

political authority, nor enforce police regulations. His

Conduct appeared to be that of a mutineer at the head of

some three or four hundred armed soldiers who lawlessly

throwe into consernatlon and a state of siege a-city of
(truguay) 163

70,000 inhabitants, two thirds of whom are actually foreigni

era, and leaving the sole reliance for security of lives

and. property to the aid of foreign men—of--war.

Admiral Davis in his report of this affair stated: "The

predominance of foreign interests here (ontevideo), and in

the large cities of the Argentine Republic, will probably

render it expedient at no distant period, to confer upon

them a permanent defence against these frequent .insurrec—

tions or revolts, very few of which possess any color of a

motive, such as Would justify resistance of legal authority."

The u.nnbau and Sharnokin sailed a few days after

this affair;, and Admiral Davis followed them in the Guer—

riere on the 19th of February, leaving the Xansas and Wasp,

with detailed instructions, to look after the interests of

the United States during his absence. It appears that he

had hardly cleared. the harbor before a new outbreak occurred with disastrous results0 Late in the afternoon of

this date Governor Flores "was butchered in the street." by

agents of the opposite party, and his friends rose in: return and killed thtrty,or forty belonging to the party of

the assassins. This incident,of course, threw the city

into a state of chaos, and the assistance of the foreign

warships was again requested to protect the custom house

and resident foreigners.

Following Admiral Davis' instructions and in oomph—

anCe with thi8 later request, the commanding officers of

the Kansas and Wasp landed 50 officers and men, who guarded the custom house, and the American Consulate from the

evening of the 19th to the 27th. On the latter date they

were withdrawn at the request of the President of the Republic.

References: Logs of Germantown, St. Lawrence, Qrriere

and Quinnebaug; Collum's Hist.. UO$.M.0,.., 105—106,

110.-ill; Sec. Iavy An. Rep., 1868, XVI, St.. Dept.

Archives; Marine Corps Archives; So. AhO 8qd0 tB±azil),

Rear Admiral 0.H. Davis, June 1867, Sept. l861 vol.

I, letters #78., 92, 93, and 96, Navy Archives

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 976 0—212-626