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NBSIR 80-208

NDE Publications: 1978

Leonard Mordfin, editor

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Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

Decem.ber 1979

Issued June 1 980

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

80-2080

1980

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Leonard Mordfin, editor

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

December 1979

Issued June 1 980

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Productivity, Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Table of Contents

page

1 . Introduction

2. Bibliography and Abstracts

3. Subject Index

4. How to Obtain Copies
V T
NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1978

Leonard Mordfin

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, DC 20234

1. Introduction

This report is the first annual supplement to NBSIR 78-1557, "NDE

Publications: 1972-1977". It presents a bibliography of NBS publications

on nondestructive evaluation that appeared in the open literature during

calendar year 1978. Also included are citations for several publications

that appeared in 1977 or prior years but were not listed in the previous

compilation. Almost all of these publications were authored by members

of the NBS staff and include papers published in non-NBS media as well as papers and reports from the NBS publications series. A few of the publications cited were written for NBS media by non-NBS authors.

These publications address a wide variety of NDE methods, both those

that are widely used in industry and some that are relatively new. For

completeness, several publications dealing with technologies that directly

support NDE, such as pattern recognition and piezoelectricity, have been

i ncl uded.

The format of this report is the same as that used previously, with

one major exception; brief, edited abstracts are provided for most of the

1978 citations. The bibliography and the abstracts comprise Section 2 of

this report. The first 59 entries in the bibliography are listed in

alphabetical order by the surname of the first author. The last thirteen

entries. Nos. 60 through 72, were added later and do not follow this

sequence.

Section 3 of the report is a subject index for the publications listed.

This index is quite comprehensive and, when used together with the abstracts

and the alphabetical bibliography, may be expected to enable readers to

locate publications of interest without difficulty.

The last section of the report provides some assistance to readers

wishing to obtain copies of specific publications listed.

Present plans call for issuance of a 1979 supplement in about a year.

To this end, corrections or suggestions for improving the format would be

welcomed. Comments should be directed to the Office of Nondestructive

Evaluation, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234.

1
2.

Bibliography and Abstracts

1. Albus, J. S., Hierachical interaction between behavior generation

and pattern recognition, Proc. Seventh Annual Automation Imagery

Pattern Recognition Symp., College Park, MD, May 23-24, 1977 , pp. 343-383 (Electronic Industries Assoc., Washington, DC, 1977 )

.

2. Belanger, B. C. , The role of NBS in traceability to national

standards for advanced measurement systems, Proc. Industry/ Joint

Services Automatic Test Conf. and Workshop on Advanced Test

Technology Management and Support, San Diego, CA, Apr. 3-7, 1978 , pp. 295-296 (National Security Industrial Association,

Washington, DC, 1978).

NBS' s role in traceability to national standards for automated

test equipment (ATE) is described. The meaning of traceability

vis-a-vis ATE is discussed.

3. Bennett, L. H., Page, C. H., Swartzendruber, L. J., Comments on units in magnetism, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 83, No. 1,

9-12 (Jan. -Feb., 19787:

Suggestions are given on how to express magnetic quantities

in SI units.

4. Berger, H. , Californium-252 as a source for thermal neutron

radiography, Proc. Int. S,ymp. on Californium-252 Utilization , Paris, France, Apr. 26-28, 1976 , pp. V-1 to V-14 (E. I. du Pont

de Nemours and Co., Aiken, SC, 1978).

Thermal neutron radiography is compared to other methods for

nondestructive evaluation; it is shown to offer advantages in many

aerospace and nuclear inspection areas. Descriptions and economics

of neutron sources including reactors, subcritical assemblies, ac- celerators and radioactive sources are given. All can be considered

for in-plant inspection use; the higher yield sources offer initial

economic advantages. Radioactive sources are well suited for field

appl ications

.

5. Berger, H., Mordfin, L., Calibrations and standards for nondestructive

testing. Mater. Eval . 36 , No. 11, 36-39 (American Society for

Nondestructive Testing, Evanston, IL, Oct., 1978).

Improved nondestructive testing (NDT) standards and calibrations

are needed to provide greater reproducibility of NDT measurements and

to provide improvements in the quantitative characterization of defects.

Different calibration and standards concepts may be required to meet

these two needs. This theme is developed and illustrated by radiographic measurements of Trans-Alaska oil pipeline girth welds.

2
6. Berger, H., Nondestructive testing standards--The role of NBS,

Proc. 1978 Annual Meeting American Nuclear Society on Nondestructive

Testing in the Nuclear Power Industries, San Diego, CA, June 18-22 , 1978, 28, 124-125 (American Nuclear Society, Inc., La Grange Park,

IL, 1978).

Reliable, reproducible and meaningful nondestructive inspection

has been a goal of the nuclear power industry from the beginning. A new NBS program. Nondestructive Evalution (NDE), is beginning to

contribute toward that goal for nuclear power and other gualityconscious industries. A near-term objective of the program is to

provide means to improve nondestructive measurement reliability and

reproducibility. The long-term objective of the NBS work is to

gain a better understanding of the meaning of NDE measurements in

terms of material or system performance.

7. Birnbaum, G. , "New" candidates for ultrasonic NDE standards and

calibrations, Proc. ARPA/AFML Review of Progress in Quantitative

NDE, Ithaca, NY, June 14-17, 1977 , Report AFML-TR-78-55, pp. 289-

293 {Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force

Base, OH, May 1978).

The National Bureau of Standards program in acoustic-ultrasonic

calibrations and standards, aimed at solving some of the immediate

problems, is reviewed. However, many other standards and calibration procedures for ultrasonic NDE have been proposed or are in use.

To provide a fresh look at this area, particularly as it applies

to DoD systems, NBS has initiated a program funded by ARPA to assess

the status of the field, determine current and future needs, and

propose a plan for realizing these needs.

8. Blackburn, D. L., Rubin, S., A nondestructive method for the

determination of forward-biased safe-operating-area limits for

power transitors, Proc. 1977 Power Electronics Specialists Conf.,

Palo Alto, CA, June 14-16, 1977 , pp. 17-22 (Oct. 1977).

9. Blackburn, D. L., Photovoltaic technique for measuring resistivity

variations of high resistivity silicon slices, J. Res. Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), 83 , No. 3, 265-271 (May- June 19787;

A description of an automated, photovoltaic system for measuring

the resistivity variation of high resistivity, large diameter silicon

wafers is given. The photovoltaic technique utilizes a scanning

light spot to induce a bulk photovoltage and a change in resistance

from which is calculated the local variation in resistivity. This

nondestructive technique requires no contacts to the useful fabrication area of the wafer.

3
10. Block, S. (Chairman, ANSI Subcomittee N43-1), American National

Standard N43.2; Radiation safety for x-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis equipment, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Handb. Ill

Revised, 20 pages (May 1978) SN003-003-01917, $1.00.

This standard reviews the types of injuries resulting from ac- cidental exposure to ionizing radiation resulting from the operation

of x-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis equipment, establishes

equipment design criteria, sets up requirements for approved operating procedures, and recommends the establishment of health sur- veillance, and personnel monitoring programs.

11. Broadhurst, M. G., Davis, G. T., McKinney, J. E., Collins, R. E.,

Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in polyvinyl idene fluoride—

A model, J. Appl . Phys. 49 , No. 10, 4992-4997 (Oct. 1978).

A description is given of the molecular and morphological

structure of polyvinyl idene fluoride and a classical model is proposed for calculating the piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties.

12. Busching, H. W., Mathey, R. G., Rossiter, W. J., Jr., Cullen, W. C.,

Effects of moisture in built-up roofing—A state-of-the art literature

survey, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 965, 78 pages (July 1978)

SN003-003-01 944-5, $2.40.

A literature review of the effects of moisture on built-up

roofing was made. Nondestructive evaluative methods to locate

moisture in roofing systems were summarized and include gravimetric,

nuclear, capacitance, infrared imagery, electrical resistance, and

microwave methods.

13. Caswell, R. S. , Neutron measurement intercomparisons, (Proc. Inti.

Course at Varenna, Italy, Sept. -Oct. 1974), Paper D-1 in Ionizing

Radiation Metrology, pp. 113-132 (Editrice Compositor! Bologna,

Italy, 1977).

14. Christou, A., Semiconductor measurement technology: Automated

scanning low-energy electron probe (ASLEEP) for semiconductor

wafer diagnostics, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 400-30,

38 pages (Apr. 1978) SN003-003-01 905-4, $1.50.

15. Chwirut, D. J., Boswell, G. D., The evaluation of search units used

for ultrasonic reference block calibrations, NBSIR 78-1454, 30 pages

(Feb. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB280311, $4.50.

The effects of using different (nominally identical) quartz

search units in the evaluation of ASTM-type standard reference

blocks are determined. Various characteristics of the search units ' are measured and correlated with the amplitude of the ultrasonic

4
response from reference blocks to determine which characteristics

must be specified if reproducible results are to be obtained. It

is shown by a series of experiments that the exact shape of the

distance-amplitude curve in water (axial profile) is a primary

characteristic that must be considered. When operational corrections

for differences in axial profiles are made, the variability in

ultrasonic responses from reference blocks, measured with different

search units, is reduced from about 25 percent to 4 percent.

16. Cramp, A. P. , Berger, H. W., The development of improved portable

x-ray fluorescent lead paint analyzers and lead paint reference

standards, Proc. 4th Joint Conf. on Sensing of Environmental

Pollutants, New Orleans, LA, Nov. 6-11, 1977 , pp. 354-359

(American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1 978 )

.

Portable x-ray fluorescent lead analyzers offer the most cost

effective rapid and adaptable means for the nondestructive detection

and measurement of lead paint in housing. This paper discusses

the performance and operating characteristics of the lead analyzers

developed under HUD contracts and the lead paint reference materials

developed by the National Bureau of Standards.

17. Cramp, A. P., Berger, H. W., Evaluation of new portable x-ray

fluorescent lead analyzers for measuring lead in paint, NBSIR 78-

1466, 59 pages (May 1978). Order from NTIS as PB282254, $5.25.

18. Davis, G. T. , Broadhurst, M. G., Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity

in polar polymers, Proc. Inti. Symp. on Electrets and Dielectrics , Sao Carlos, Brazil, Sept. 1-6, 1975 , pp. 299-319 (Institute de

Fisica e Quimica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 13560

Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil, 1977).

19. Davis, G. T. , Broadhurst, M. G., Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity

in a polyvinyl idenefluoride copolymer, (Proc. Conf. on Electrical

Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Gaithersburg, MD, Nov. 3-6,

1975), 1975 Annual Report , pp. 37-44 (National Academy of Sciences,

Washi ngton, DC, 1978).

20. Davis, G. T. , McKinney, J. E., Broadhurst, M. G., Roth, S. C.,

Electric-field-induced phase changes in poly(vinyl idene fluoride),

J. Appl . Phys. 49 , No. 10, 4998-5002 (Oct. 1978).

21. Dick, C. E., Motz, J. W., New method for the experimental evaluation

of x-ray grids, Med. Phys. 5 , No. 2, 133-140 (Mar. -Apr. 1978).

22. Dick, C. E., Soares, C. G., Motz, J. W., X-ray scatter data for

diagnostic radiology, Phys. Med. Biol. 23 , No. 6, 1076-1085 (1978).

The ratio of the scattered to the total x-ray fluence (scatter

fraction) at the center of the image plane for x-rays transmitted

through polystyrene phantoms has been measured.

5
23. Dietz, D. R., Norton, S. J., Linzer, M., Wideband annular array

response, (Proc. 1978 Ultrasonics Symp.), IEEE Cat. No. 78CH

1344-1 SU , pp. 206-211 (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers, New York, NY, 1978).

Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of the

response of a wideband annular array are presented.

24. Duvall, K. C. , Meier, M. M., Wasson, 0. A., Huynh, V. D., Neutron

flux intercomparison at NBS, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 83,

No. 6, 555-561 (Nov. - Dec. iWSj:

NBS participation in an International Bureau of Weights and

Measures sponsored neutron flux intercomparison is described. The

efficiencies of two transfer instruments were determined and compared

to the quantities determined at other participating standards

1 aboratories.

25. Edelman, S., Piezoelectric and pyroelectric polymer sensors, Proc.

Conf. on Sensor Technology for Battlefield and Physical Security

Applications, Fort Belvoir, VA, July 13-15, 1977 , pp. 204-212 (U.S.

Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, Fort Belvoir,

VA, July 1977).

26. Eisenhower, E. H. (Chairman, ANSI Subcommittee N43-3.4), American

National Standard N433.1; Safe design and use of self-contained, dry

storage gamma irradiators (Category I), Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Handb. 127, 22 pages (July 1978) SN003-003-01913-5, $1.10.

This standard applies to self-contained, dry source storage irradiators (Category I) that contain sealed gamma emitting sources

for the irradiation of objects or materials. It establishes the

criteria to be used in the proper design, fabrication, installation,

use, and maintenance of these irradiators which will ensure a high

degree of radiation safety at all times.

27. Eisenhower, E. H. (Chairman, ANSI Subcommittee N43-3.3), American

National Standard N542; Sealed radioactive sources, classification,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Handb. 126, 28 pages (July 1978) SN003-003-

01903-8, $1.20.

This standard establishes a system of classification of sealed

radioactive sources based on performance specifications related to

radiation safety. It provides a manufacturer of sealed sources with

a series of tests for evaluating the safety of his product under

specified conditions, and also assists a user of such sources to

select a type which suits the intended application insofar as maintenance of source integrity is concerned.

6
28. Ellerbruch, D. A., Belsher, D. R., Electromagnetic technique of

measuring coal layer thickness, IEEE Trans. Geosci . Electron. GE-16,

No. 2, 126-133 (Apr. 1978).

An FM-CW microwave system was investigated for measuring coal

layer thickness. Measurements were made in three different mines.

The results indicate that layer thickness can be determined in most

cases

.

29. Engen, G. G., Advances in microwave measurement science, Proc.

IEEE 66 , No. 4, 374-384 (Apr. 1978).

With the recent impact of digital technology, a review of the

subject of microwave measurements is timely. Following a brief

summary of those features which make this a unique science, the

current status of the so-called "basic standards" for microwave

measurements is noted. This is followed by a review of the use of

digital techniques, power equation concepts, connector problems,

and related developments. Finally, certain projections for the

future are made.

30. Evans, J. M., Jr., Keynote address, Proc. Second Conf. Automatic

Inspection and Product Control, Chicago, IL, Oct. 19-21, 1976 , pp. XIII-XXIII (I IT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, 1976).

31. Feldman, A., Measurement of the photoelastic constants of optical

materials. Opt. Eng. 17 , No. 5, 453-462 (Sept. -Oct. 1978).

The photoelastic constants describe the effect of stress or strain on the refractive indices of material. Interferometric and

polarimetric techniques are described for measuring piezo-optic

coefficients under static loading conditions. Acousto-optic and

Brillouin scattering techniques are described for measuring

elasto-optic constants.

32. Fong, J. T., Uncertainties in fatigue life prediction and a rational

definition of safety factors. Nuclear Engineering and Design 51,

45-54 (1978).

To cope with uncertainties in mechanical and structural design,

engineers exercise their judgement through the use of safety factors

based on service experience and laboratory data on relevant design

parameters. The relationship between the size of a safety factor

and the associated risk and cost-benefit estimates of the engineering

function, for a given set of data, is exhibited. A system of ranking

the importance of different sources of uncertainties, based on an analysis of service data, is proposed along with an example to "refine"

the system using up-to-date laboratory and field measurements. The

concept of a rational definition of safety factors as a tool for

engineers who design under uncertainty is discussed.

7
33. Fong, J. T. , Editor, Inservice data reporting and analysis for

pressure vessels, piping, pumps and valves , PVP-PB-Q32 , ASME Bk.

No. HOOT 37, 242 pages {^erican Society of Mechanical Engineers,

New York, NY, 1978).

This volume contains thirteen papers presented at a symposium on technical issues which are faced in connection wich the safe operations

of pressure vessels, piping, pumps and valves.

34. Grabner, L., Spectroscopic technique for the measurement of residual

stress in sintered Al202» J. Appl . Phys. 49 , No. 2, 580-583 (Feb. 1978).

Using the R-line fluorescence of trace Cr^"^ in sintered

alumina as an example, a method of analysis is outlined for determining the residual microstress and macrostress in a polycrystalline

aggregate. It uses the shift and broadening, induced by residual

stress, of a line due to a transition in an atomic system dissolved

in the aggregate.

35. Greenspan, M. , Breckenridge, F. R. Tschiegg, C. E., Ultrasonic

transducer power output by modulated radiation pressure, J. Acoust.

Soc. Am. 63 , No. 4, 1031-1038 (Apr. 1978).

We have set up and are using an apparatus for the measurement

of total sound power output of a piezoelectric transducer radiating

into water. This input is modulated at a low frequency and the output power is intercepted by a target which experiences a force at

the modulation frequency. The target is mounted on the armature

of an electromagnetic receiver provided with an independent coil

through which a current at the modulation frequency is adjusted in

amplitude and phase, either manually or automatically by feedback,

to arrest the motion of the armature. When the armature is

stationary the force depends only on the current, and the apparatus

can be calibrated using direct current and dead weights. It is

thus absolute.

36. Greenspan, M. , Breckenridge, F. R., Tschiegg, C. E., Ultrasonic

transducer power output by modulated radiation pressure (with details), NBSIR 78-1520, 53 pages (July 1978). Order from NTIS as PB289961, $5.25.

37. Heydemann, P. L. M., The exact fractions interferometer, Proc.

1976 Ultrasonics Symp., Annapolis, MD, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1976 , pp. 649-652 (institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Group on Sonics and Ultrasonics, New York, NY, 1976).

38. Hirshfield, A. T. , Hoppes, D. D., Schima, F. J., Germanium detector

efficiency calibration with NBS standards, Proc. ERDA X- and GammaRay Symp., Ann Arbor, MI, May 19-21, 1976, pp. 90-93 (Available as ERDA Conf. 760539 from NTIS, 1976).

8
39. Kirsch, R. A., Algorithms for image analysis of wood pulp fibers,

NBSIR 78-1442, 30 pages (Jan. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB278622,

$4.50.

Image analysis technology can be used to measure the visible

morphology of pulp fibers. But before such measurements can be

accepted, it is necessary to achieve precise definition of the

necessary measurements in the form of suitable algorithms that have

been experimentally tested on images of actual fiber data. We present such measurement results on both semiautomatically traced fiber

and on automatically scanned images. We suggest that the specification of the precise image analysis measurements needed in paper

manufacturing can facilitate a technology for process control that

will result in savings in paper manufacturing cost and in reduction

of energy requirements. "!'

40. Koyama, R. Y. , Detection of deep levels in high power semiconductor

materials and devices, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.). 83, No. 3,

273-281 (May-June 1978).

TSM and other deep level measurement techniques are used to detect,

characterize, and identify deep level defects which control lifetime

and leakage in semiconductor devices. Measurements of the gold acceptor

defect density in silicon reveal inhomogeneity in the defect distribution which is directly reflected in the leakage current distribution.

This apparatus is a useful extension of routine fabrication-line

diagnostic tools.

41. Kruger, J., Bertocci, U., Escalante, E., Mullen, J. L., Development of

in-si tu techniques for the detection and measurement of corrosion of

copper concentric neutrals in underground environments, NBSIR 78-1486,

60 pages (June 1978). Order from NTIS as PB283708, $5.25.

The report describes work to develop in-si tu methods for detecting

corrosion on buried copper wires. Potential and polarization measurements on buried cables have been performed, and methods for distinguishing

the signals of interest from interference due to a.c. applied to the

cables, as well as d.c. earth currents, have been developed. Laboratory measurements to test possible corrosion detection techniques

have been performed. Analysis of electrochemical noise has been developed and tested, and measurements on some electrochemical systems

carried out.

42. Linzer, M. , Dietz, D., Parks, S. I., Development of high-sensitivity

ultrasonic techniques for in-service inspection of nuclear reactors,

NUREG-CR-0460, 34 pages (Oct. 1978). Order from NTIS.

An ultrasensitive ultrasonic system, incorporating real-time signal

averaging, pulse compression, dynamic focusing and transducer matching,

has been developed. The system was shown to be capable of penetrating

highly-attenuating material, such as austenitic stee'i , and of detecting

reflections in the presence of strong background signals due to grain

scattering.

9
43. McKinney, J. E. Davis, G. T., Piezo- and pyroelectricity of poly

(vinylidene fluoride) from plasma poling, (Proc. 175th Meeting of

the American Chemical Society, Anaheim, CA, Mar. 12-17, 1978), Paper

in Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry 38 , 271-277 (American

Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1978).

A plasma poling device is described which allows essentially

instantaneous poling of polymeric films at room temperature at very

high fields. The piezoelectric coefficients were measured and com- pared with those estimated from the theory of Mopsik and Broadhurst.

The theory gives an accurate representation of the piezoelectric

coefficients.

44. Mordfin, L. , Ed., NDE publications: 1972-1977, NBSIR 78-1557, 35 pages

(Nov. 1978). Order from NTIS as PB289755, $4.50.

This report is a bibliography of 211 NBS publications on NDE

and related technologies for the years 1972 through 1977. A detailed

subject index is included, as well as information on how copies of

many of the publications may be obtained. A preface by Harold Berger,

Chief of the NBS Office of Nondestructive Evaluation, cites several

early and significant NBS contributions to NDE, some of them dating

back fifty years or more.

45. Motz, J. W. , Danos, M., Image information content and patient exposure,

Med. Phys. 5 , No. T, 8-22 (Jan. -Feb. 1978).

Presently, patient exposure and x-ray tube kilovoltage are determined by image visibility requirements on x-ray film. With

image-processing techniques, image visibility may be manipulated and

the exposure may be determined only by the desired information content.

This work gives quantitative relationships between image information

content and patient exposure. Also, for subject thickness larger

than approximately 5 cm, the maximum information content may be obtained

at a single kilovoltage and filtration with the simultaneous employment

of image-enhancement and antiscatter techniques.

46. Novotny, D. B., Ciarlo, D. R., Semiconductor measurement technology:

Automated photomask inspection, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ

400-46, 38 pages (Apr. 1978) SN003-003-01912-7, $1.50.

Methods suitable for automated photomask inspection for visual

defects (spots, pinholes, etc.) or dimensional compliance are analyzed

and discussed. The analysis includes examinations of the physical

principles and the amount of misalignment that can be tolerated. The

methods analyzed for visual defect inspection are the optical-overlay;

the dual -beam, flying-spot-scanner; the TV-microscope; and the spatial

filtering methods. For dimensional inspection, an analysis of lineedge location and operating criteria for the microdensitometer are presented.

10
47. Prince, E., Wlodawer, A., Santoro, A., Flat-cone diffractometer

utilizing a linear position-sensitive detector, J. Appl . Cryst. 11 173-178 (1978).

The recent development of linear position-sensitive detectors

for neutrons and x-rays leads to the possibility of large improvements

in the efficiency of data collection in single-crystal diffractometers.

In order to take advantage of the properties of a linear positionsensitive detector it is desirable to use a diffraction geometry which

causes the diffracted beams from many different reflecting planes to

lie in a common plane. A diffractometer utilizing the flat-cone

geometry has been constructed.

48. Read, D. T. , Ledbetter, H. M., Temperature dependence of the elastic

constants of an NbTi/Cu superconducting composite. Composites 9,

No. 2, 100-104 (Apr. 1978).

Low- temperature elastic properties are reported for a commercial

superconducting composite consisting of niobium-titanium filaments

in a copper matrix. Both an ultrasonic pulse-superposition technique

and a composite-oscillator technique were used.

49. Reite, M. , Zimmerman, J., Magnetic phenomena of the central nervous

system, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 7 , 167-188 (1978).

Several laboratories have contributed to the present state of

knowledge of magnetic phenomena of the central nervous system. A

useful feature of magnetic detection is that sources in the brain

can be localized more precisely, and more easily, than by surface

electric potential measurements.

50. Reneker, D. H., Edelman, S., DeReggi, A. S., Vanderhart, D. L.,

An ndt method using piezoelectric polymer transducers and computerized

vibrational spectroscopy, NDT Inti . 11 , No. 1, pp. 15-16 (Feb. 1978).

The normal mode vibrational spectrum of an object contains a wealth of information about the mechanical integrity of the object.

The nondestructive evaluation of objects by observation of their

vibrational spectra is facilitated by the combination of recently

developed low mass, high compliance piezoelectric polymer transducers;

a synchronized method for exciting the sample; and a small minicomputer

capable of making digital Fourier transforms which convert the com- plicated, oscillatory, decaying signal from the transducer into the

intensities and frequencies of normal modes.

51. Ruff, A. W. , Discussion on the Paper, "Ferrographic analysis of wear

debris from boundary lubrication experiments with a five ring polyphenyl ether," ASLE Trans. 18 , No. 3, 162 (1975).

11
52. Ruff, A. W. , Quantitative methods in wear debris analysis (Proc.

Inti. Conf. on Wear of Materials, St. Louis, MO, Apr. 26-28, 1977),

Wear 46 , 263-272 (1978).

Wear debris has been recovered from a number of test systems and

analyzed using different methods. A magnetic debris recovery method

was quantitatively evaluated using actual debris samples and collections

of manufactured particulates having known sizes and compositions. Small

spheres, some containing nickel, were used to simulate debris. Other

particulates in different size ranges were used to investigate size

resolution, lubricant dilution techniques, particle overlap difficulties,

and the general problem of calibration of debris recovery system. A

comparison between chemical analysis and particulate analysis is presented. The application of optical and electron microscope methods

and x-ray microanalysis in characterizing the wear particulates was carried out.

53. Scott, P. B., Johnson, S. E., Watson, G. W., Berger, H., Neutron

radiographs using the ionographic process, J. Appl . Phys. 49, No. 10,

5078-5080 (Oct. 1978).

Thermal neutron radiographs have been made using ionographic

techniques. With a fluence of 10'^ neutrons/cm^ at the image plane,

image resolution of three line pairs per nm was demonstrated. It

appears possible to make ionographic neutron radiographs using a transmitted fluence of 10^ neutrons/cm^

.

54. Shorten, F. J. , Ed., NBS Reactor: Summary of activities July 1976

to June 1977, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 969, 188 pages

(Apr. 1978) SN003-003-01907-1, $3.50.

This report summarizes all those programs which depend on the

NBS reactor. The programs range from the use of neutron beams to

study the structure and dynamics of materials to sample irradiations

for neutron radiography and nondestructive evaluations.

55. Teague, E. C., Uncertainties in calibrating a stylus type surface

texture measuring instrument with an interferometrically measured

step, Metroloqia 14 , 39-44 (1978).

56. Tighe, N. J., Wiederhorn, S. M., Fracture of brittle materials at

high temperature. Report AFML-TR-78-83, 48 pages (Air Force Materials

Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, July 1978).

The brittle nature of ceramic materials requires a design approach

based on consideration of crack nucleation and growth. If the initial

sizes of pre-existing cracks and their rates of growth are known then

the time to reach critical size can be predicted. However, state-ofthe-art NOT equipment does not have the sensitivity to detect the

flaws in question, which are generally 100 micrometers or less. An

upper limit on tolerable flaw size can be obtained by proof testing,

but the validity of this approach needs to be demonstrated.

12
57. Wiederhorn, S. M., Tighe, N. J., Application of proof testing to

silicon nitride, Proc. ERDA Workshop on Ceramics for Advanced Heat

Engines, Orlando, FL, Jan. 24-26, 1977, pp. 247-258 (Available as ERDA CONF-770110 from NTIS, 1977).

58. Yonemura, G. T., Light and vision. Paper in Developments in Liqhtinq-1 , J. A. Lynes, Ed., Chapter 2, 25-45 (Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,

Essex, England, 1978).

Three levels of visual information needs are defined. The criteria

for recommending levels of illumination should be 'goodness of seeing'

rather than 'just barely able to see'. Blur is introduced as a parameter

that has been neglected in task description for lighting. The relative

contributions of physiological and psychological variables in visual

task performance studies are discussed.

59. Zapf, T. L. , Harvey, M. E., Larsen, N. T., Stoltenberg, R. E.,

Ultrasonic calorimeter for beam power measurements from 1 to 15

megahertz, (Proc. 1976 Ultrasonics Symp., Annapolis, MD, Sept. 29-

Oct. 1, 1976), IEEE Cat. No. 76CH 1120-5 SU , pp. 573-576 (Institute

of Electrical Engineers, New York, NY, 1977).

60. Blackburn, D. L., Larrabee, R.D., Automated photovoltaic technique

for nondestructively measuring resistivity variations of high re- sistivity silicon slices, (Proc. Topical Conf. on Characterization

Techniques for Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Seattle, WA,

May 21-26, 1978), Chapter in Electrochemical Society , P. A. Barnes

and G. A. Rozgonyi , Eds., 78-3 , 168-179 (Electrochemical Society,

Princeton, NJ, 1978).

An automated, nondestructive photovoltaic technique for measuring

the resistivity variation of high resistivity slices is described.

61. Eitzen, D. G., Chwirut, D. J., Improved reliability of ultrasonic

measurements: Recent NBS activities (abstract only). Paper Summaries , ASNT National Spring Conf., New Orleans, LA, April 3-6, 1978, p. 62

(American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, 1978)

.

62. Ellerbruch, D. A., Jesch, R. L., Jones, R. N., Bussey, H. E., Boyne,

H. S., Electromagnetic scattering properties of soils and snow,

Proc. 12th Int. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor,

MI, Apr. 20-26, 1978, II , 957-974 (Environmental Research Institute

of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1978).

The electromagnetic scattering properties of soils and snow are being measured in situ under natural environmental conditions. A

physical analysis is done at each test site to determine the physical

properties of the sample for correlation with its electromagnetic

signature.

13
63. Hsu, N. N., Simmons, J. A., Hardy, S. C., Approach to acoustic

emission signal analysis - theory and experiment, Proc. ARPA/AFML

Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, Ithaca, NY, June 14-17, 1977 , Report AFML-TR-78-55, 166-169 (Air Force Materials Laboratory,

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, May 1978).

64. Hsu, N. N., Sachse, W. , Review of ultrasonic techniques for measuring

residual stress. Paper Summaries, ASNT National Fall Conf., Denver,

CO, Oct. 2-6, 1978 (American Society for Nondestructive Testing,

Columbus, OH, 1978)

Various measurement schemes utilizing surface or bulk elastic

waves are described with emphasis on approaches to overcome problems

with the field of coverage, transducer coupling effects, texturerelated effects, calibration and resolution. Some analytical work

is also described.

65. Hsu, N. N., Hardy, S. C., Experiments in acoustic emission waveform

analysis for characterization of AE sources, sensors and structures.

Paper in Elastic Waves and Non-Destructive Testing of Materials , AMD 29 , Y. H. Pao, Ed., ASME Bk. No. H00112, 85-106 (American Society

of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1978).

We review signal processing techniques used to characterize

detected AE signals and then report an experimental system consisting

of a large plate, a mechanical step-impulse simulator, and a capacitive transducer. The transfer function of the plate can be computed;

it provides a basis for analysis. The transfer function of the

transducer is shown to be true displacement measurements. The system

is used to explicitly determine unknown sources in terms of forcetime functions through a time-domain deconvolution algorithm. The

system also provides means to characterize sensors and structures.

Finally, we compare spectral and direct time-domain analyses.

66. Kamper, R. A., Status of RF and microwave calibration services at

NBS, NCSL Newsletter 18 , No. 3, 40 (Dec. 1978).

This note describes the status of rf microwave calibration

services at NBS, and gives a schedule for restoration of some services that had been temporarily closed down.

67. Lindstrom, R. M., Harrison, S. H., Harris, J. M., Accurate calibration

of gold film standards by neutron activation and gravimetry, J. Appl

Phys. 49 , No. 12, 5903-5908 (Dec. 1978).

A set of evaporated gold films on silicon substrates has been

prepared for use as standards in the measurement of film thickness

by Rutherford backscattering.

14
68. Linzer, M., An ultrasensitive ultrasonic system with applications to

nondestructive evaluation and medical diagnosis, Proc. Ultrasonics

International 77, Brighton, England, June 28-30, 1977 , pp. 28-29

(IPC Science and Technology Press, Guildford, Surrey, England, 1977).

69. Miller, E. B. , Ultrasonic resolution (letter to the editor), Physics

Today 31 , No. 6, 48-49 (June 1978).

70. Naegele, D., Yoon, D. Y., Broadhurst, M. G., Fonnation of a new

crystal form (a ) of poly(vinyl idene fluoride) under electric field.

Macromolecules ^11 , No. 6, 1297-1298 (Dec. 1978).

71. Sachse, W. , Hsu, N. N., Eitzen, D. G., Visualization of transducerproduced sound fields in solids, (Proc. 1978 Ultrasonics Symp.),

IEEE Cat. No. 78CH 1344-1 SU (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers, New York, NY, 1978).

Broadband ultrasonic pulses and monochromatic ultrasonic waves

are visualized in transparent solids using a photoelastic technique.

Application is made to the characterization of the sound field radiated

by various transducers operating under various excitation and

coupling conditions.

72. Sachse, W. , Golan, S., The scattering of elastic pulses and the

nondestructive evaluation of materials. Paper in Elastic Waves and

Non-Destructive Testing of Materials, AMD 29 , Y. H. Pao, Ed.,

ASME Bk. No. H00112, 11-31 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

New York, NY, 1978).

This paper is a review of the results of experiments and their

interpretation of the scattering of bulk ultrasonic pulses from

various smooth and crack-like obstacles imbedded in an elastic solid.

For smooth obstacles, either arrival time or spectral analysis of

scattered signals can be used to characterize such obstacles. Crack

size can be ascertained from the time delays of various signals

scattered by the crack.

15
3. Subject Index

Acoustic emission, 7, 25, 63, 65.

Automated inspection, 2, 9, 14, 28, 30, 39, 46, 60.

Bibliography, 44.

Calibration (also see Transducer calibration), 5, 6, 16, 17, 24, 61, 64, 66, 67.

Californium-252, 4.

Ceramics, 9, 14, 34, 56, 57.

Coal , 28

Composite material, 48.

Corrosion detection, 41.

Elastic constants, 48.

Electrochemical noise, 41.

Electron probe, 14.

Electronic applications and materials, 8, 9, 14, 40, 46, 60.

Energy conservation (see also Nuclear applications), 28, 39, 41, 56, 57.

Gamma rays, 26, 27, 38.

Gold film, 67.

Image analysis, 39.

Image processing, 45.

In-process inspection, 30, 40.

Inservice inspection, 33, 42.

Lead in paint, 17, 18.

Leak testing, 27.

Length measurement, 37.

Magnetic measurements, 3, 49.

Medical applications, 4, 6, 33, 42, 49, 68, 69.

Microwave measurements, 12, 28, 29, 62, 66.

Moisture measurement, 12, 62.

Neutron

activation, 67.

detection, 24, 27.

diffraction, 47.

flux, 13, 24.

radiography, 4, 53, 54.

sources, 4, 14, 27.

Nuclear applications, 4, 6, 33, 42, 68.

Optical measurements, 9, 31, 46, 52, 55, 60.

16
Pattern recognition, 1, 39.

Photoelasticity, 31, 71.

Photomasks (see Electronic applications).

Photovoltaic technique, 9, 60.

Piezoelectric polymers, 11, 18-20, 25, 43, 50, 70.

Piezospectroscopy, 34.

Pi pel i nes , 5

.

Polyvinyl i dene fluoride (see Piezoelectric polymers).

Pressure vessels, 33.

Productivity enhancement (see Automated inspection. In-process inspection).

Proof testing, 56, 57.

Pumps, 33.

Radiation safety, 10, 21, 22, 26, 27, 45.

Residual stress (see Stress and strain).

Resistance and resistivity measurements, 9, 12, 14, 60.

Roofing, 12.

Safety (see also Radiation safety), 28, 32.

Safety factors, 32.

Semiconductors (see Electronic applications).

Signal processing, 42, 65, 68.

Signature analysis, 25, 62, 63.

Snow, 62.

Soil , 62.

Standards, 2, 5-7, 10, 15, 24, 26, 27, 29, 54, 61, 66, 67.

Steel, austenitic, 42, 68.

Stress and strain, 25, 31, 34, 64.

Superconductors, 48.

Surface texture, 55.

Thermal measurements, 8, 12, 59.

Thickness measurement, 28, 62, 67.

Transducer calibration and characterization, 7, 15, 35, 36, 59, 61, 63, 65, 71.

Transducers, 15, 23, 25, 35, 36, 50, 63, 65, 68.

Transistors (see Electronic applications).

Ultrasonic testing, 23, 37, 43, 48, 61, 64, 68.

Ultrasonics, 7, 15, 23, 35, 36, 59, 69, 72.

Vibration testing, 25, 27, 50.

Visual testing, 46, 58.

Wear debris analysis, 51, 52.

Wood, 39.

X-ray

detection, 47.

diffraction, 10, 47, 70.

fluorescence, 10, 16, 17.

grids , 21 , 22, 45.

radiography, 5, 21 , 45.

scatter, 22, 45.

17
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16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or leaa tactual aammary oi moat aignificant information. It document includea a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.)

This report is a supplement to NBSIR 78-1557, "NDE Publications: 1972-1977."

It is a bibliography, with selected abstracts, of 72 National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) publications on nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and related technologies,

primarily for the calendar year 1978. A detailed subject index is included, as*’ well

as information on how copies of many of the publications may be obtained.

17. KEY WORDS ("six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the firat letter of the first key word unleaa a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Abstracts; acoustic emission; bibliography; eddy currents; index; National Bureau of

Standards; nondestructive evaluation; publications; radiography; ultrasonics.

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JOURNAL OF RESEARCH—The Journal of Research

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include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and

computer sciences. Papjers cover a broad range of subjects, with major emphasis on measurement methodology, and

the basic technology underlying standardization. Also in- cluded from time to time are survey articles on topics closely

related to the Bureau’s technical and scientific programs. As

a special service to subscribers each issue contains complete

citations to all recent NBS publications in NBS and non- NHS media. Issued six times a year. Annual subscription:

domestic $17.00; foreign $21.25. Single copy, $3.00 domestic; $3.75 foreign. Note: The Journal was formerly published in two sections: Section A “Physics and Chemistry” and Section B “Mathematical Sciences.” DIMENSIONS/NBS

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I I Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS’ Software Summary, is attached.

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This report is a supplement to NBSIR 78-1557, "NDE Publications: 1972-1977."

It is a bibliography, with selected abstracts, of 72 National Bureau of Standards

(NBS) publications on nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and related technologies,

primarily for the calendar year 1978. A detailed subject index is included, as well as information on how copies of many of the publications may be obtained.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

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Abstracts; acoustic emission; bibliography; eddy currents; index; National Bureau of

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