MBS Special LEAA Police

Publication Equipment

180 2 Survey of 1972,

Volume II

Communications

Equipment and

Supplies

Law Enforcement

Equipment

Technology

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

COMMERCE

National Bureau of

Standards

AUG 1 1977

NBS^pecial LEAA PoliCG

Publication Equipment ^sn ^ 2 Survey of 1972,

Volume II

Communications

Equipment and

Supplies

by

S. Mumford, P. Klaus, E. Bunten, R. Cunitz

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

prepared by

Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory

Center for Consumer Product Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

prepared for National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U.S. Department of Justice

Washington, D. C. 20531

Issued June 1977 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

V3.t>. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory.

LEAA police equipment survey of 1972. (NBS special publication ; 480-1—480-7)

"CODEN: XNBSAV."

CONTENTS: v. 1. Ku, R., Bunten, E., Klaus, P. The need for standards, priorities for police equipment. —v. 2. Mumford, S. et al. Communications equipment and supplies. —v. 3. Klaus, P. and Bunten,

E. Sirens and emergency warning lights, [etc.]

1. Police—Equipment and supphes—Collected works. I. National

Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. IL Title. III. Series: United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 480-1-^80-7. QC100.U57 no. 480-1—480-7 [HV7936.E7] 602Ms [363.2'028] 74-28442

j

National Bureau of Standards

Special Publication 480-2

Nat Bur Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 480-2 ,1 27pages

CODENiXNBSAV

U S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON:

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C. 20402

(Order by SD Catalog No. C13.10:480-2). Stock No. 003-003-01723-0 Price $2.75

(Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the 428 police departments throughout the United States who

contributed their time and knowledge to make this report possible. Special thanks go to the police departments whose officers and administrators helped the survey team

during the developmental and testing phases of the work. In addition, we thank

Marshall J. Treado, Communications Systems Program Manager, Jacob J. Diamond,

Chief of the NBS Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory, and Lester Shubin, NILECJ

Standards Program Manager, for their support and assistance.

We thank the many members of the Technical Analysis Division who provided

support: WUliam L. O'Neal for his help in computerizing the sample selection and for helping design and program the interactive recordkeeping system; Jenny L. Eldreth and

P. Clare Peiser for maintaining the computerized recordkeeping system; June R. Comog

for her advice, support, and help with initial interviews; Diane R. BeaU for the many

typings of the various versions of the questionnaires; SueUen Halpin, Mary L. Friend,

and Susan E. Bergsman for making foUow-up telephone calls; Lorraine S. Freeman for her administrative support; Karen Jackson for her help vdth questionnaire coding and

recordkeeping; Cassandra Hawkins for typing the report. Michael R. Vogt receives

special thanks for his help in carrying out the computerized edit and tabulation of the

data. SpecicJ thanks also go to Dwight F. Doxey for coding this questionnaire and

contributing to the preliminary data analysis.

Ill

CONTENTS

Page

Acknowledgments HI

List of Tables v: Foreword XI Executive Summary Xlll

1. Introduction 1 1.1. Project Background 1 1.2. Sample Design 2

1.3. Questionnaire Administration 4

1.4. Development and Design of the Communications DQ 5

1.5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups 5

2. Question by Question Discussion 7

2.1. Advice to the Reader 7

2.2. Discussion 9

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents 9

2.2.2. Number of Officers and Characteristics of Jurisdiction 10

2.2.3. Mobile Radios 12

2.2.3.1. Number of Mobile Radios 12

2.2.3.2. Spectrum UtUization: Mobile Radios 13

2.2.3.3. Characteristics of MobUe Radios 17

2.2.4. Portable Radios 21

2.2.4.1. Number of Portable Radios 22

2.2.4.2. Spectrum UtUization: Portable Radios 23

2.2.4.3. Characteristics of Portable Radios 26

2.2.5. Special Systems 33

2.2.5.1. Mobile Repeaters 33

2.2.5.2. Fixed Repeaters 35

2.2.5.3. Portamobile Radios v^dth Voting Systems 37

2.2.5.4. Scrambler Systems 39

2.2.5.5. Communications Helmet 43

2.2.6. General Information 44

2.2.6.1. Need for Standards and Expected Gains from

Standards 44

2.2.6.2. Communications Needs 47

2.2.6.3. Problems with and Failures of Communications Equipment 48

2.2.7. Comments 50

Appendix A. Communications Questionnaire

Appendix B. Raw Data Tables

V
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories 3

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type 3

Table 1.2-3. Number in sample of departments selected to receive the

Detailed Questionnaire: Communications—by region and

department type 3

Table 1.3-1. Number of sample of departments returning acceptable

Detailed Questionnaires: Communications 4

Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of that department

by department type, and percent of total departments

having each activity 6

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means) 6

Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means) 7 Table i. Rank of primary respondent for communications

questionnaire, by department type 9

Table ii. Years of experience in lawf enforcement of primary

respondent 9

Table iii. Average number of fuU-time officers, by department type 10

Table 5A-1. Average size of communications jurisdiction, by

department type 10

Table 5A-2. Comparison belween average number of officers in department

and average size of jurisdiction 11 Table 6. General character of jurisdiction, by LEAA region 11 Table 2A-1. Number of car radios, by department type 12 Table 2A-2. Estimated total population of pohce car radios in U.S., by department type 13

Table lA-1. Distribution of transmitting frequencies among bands,

by department type (406 departments responding) 14

Table lA-2. Percent use of more than 1 frequency band for transmitting

by the 65 departments reporting concurrent usage 14

Table lA-3. Mean number of transmitting frequencies per department,

by department type and band 15

Table lB-1. Percent departments whose transmitting and receiving

frequencies v^ere not all the same (n=130) 15

Table ID Comparison of channels authorized with channels in use for and E. mobile radios, by department type (department types hsted

from largest to smallest based on mean number of fuU-time officers) 16

Table ID and Comparison of average number of channels authorized, in use, E and 5B. and in area for mobile radios, by department type 17

Table lC-1. Frequency count of reported output power for all responding departments 18

Table lC-2. Percentages of each department type which cited output power

of 90-110 watts 18

Table lC-3. Average output power, by department type, arranged by

average size of jurisdiction 18

Table 3. Cumulative percentages for period of time within which

428 departments bought most of their car radios, by

department type 19

VI
Table 4. Cumulative percentages for cost of the car radios most Page

frequently used in a department (including base plate,

control head, microphone, and speaker), by department

type 20

Table 2B-1. Percentages of car radios in use in department made by

various manufacturers, by department type 20

Table 2B-2. Proportions of different manufacturers represented

within one department 21

Table 9. Use of portable radios, by department type 21

Table llA-1. Number of portable radios, by department type 22

Table llA-2. Comparison between mean number of officers per department

type, mean number of car radios, and mean number of portable radios 22

Table llA-3. Comparison of estimated number of police portable radios

and car radios in the United States, by department type 23

Table lOA-1. Comparison of percentages of total transmitting

frequencies, by band, for mobile and portable radios

for all departments 23

Table lOA-2. Percentages of total mobile and portable frequencies, by

band, for county and 50 largest city departments 24

Table lOA-3. Mean numbers of portable and mobile radio transmitting

frequencies, by department type (department types ordered

from largest to smallest by number of full-time officers) .... 24

Table lOB. Percentages of total portable radio frequencies used for both transmitting and receiving, by department type 24

Table lOD Comparison of channels authorized and in use for and E-1. portable radios, by department type 25

Table lOD Comparison of channels authorized and in use for portable

and E-2. and mobile radios, by aU department types 25

Table IOC. Mean output power in watts for portable radios, by

department type—arranged from smallest to largest mean

size of jurisdiction 26

Table 22. Priorities assigned to standards for power supplies for portable radios by 348 departments which used portable

radios as compared to average number of portables available,

by department type 27

Table 23. Comparison between batteries now in use and batteries

and 24. preferred, by the 348 departments using portable radios 27

Table 25. Use of batteries which must be recheu-ged, by 348 departments

which used portable radios 28

Table 25A., B.. Length of time to partially and completely recharge

C, and D. batteries: length of time batteries can be used before

needing recharging, and needing replacement, by departments

which use rechargeable batteries in their portable radios .... 29

Table 12. Weight of portable radios, by 348 departments using

and 13-1. portable radios 29

Table 12. Comparison between weight of most used portable radios and

and 13-2. respondents' feeUng about that weight 30

Table 12A. When departments bought most of their "most often used"

brands of portable radios 31

Table 12B. Cumulative percentages for costs of "most commonly used"

portable radios in 348 departments 31

VII
Table IIB. Percentage of portable radios in use in departments made by Page

various manufacturers, by department type 32

Table 12. Of the 348 departments using portable radios, percent listing

each of two "most used" models, by department type 33

Table 13-1. Percent departments which need repeaters within their

mobile systems, by department type, arranged according to average size of jurisdiction 33

Table 13-2. If "yes," why do you need mobile repeaters? 34

Table 13-3. If "no," why don't you need mobile repeaters? 34

Fable 7A-1. Use of fixed repeaters by department type, as compared

to average size of jurisdiction 3.5 Table 7B-1. Percentage of total repeaters in use, and mean number per

department of those being repeaters, by department type 36

Table 7B-2. Average number of fixed repeaters, by LEAA region, compared

to percentage of departments in region which use fixed

repeaters 36

Table 8A. Preference for FlFl or F1F2 repeaters, by department type .... 37

Table 14-1 Of the 348 departments with portable radios, percentages of responses about voting systems, by department type 38

Table 14-2. Reasons given for favoring a portamobUe radio with a voting

system, by 98 departments which favored this system 38

Table 14-3. Reasons given for not favoring a portamobile radio with a

voting system, by 58 departments which do not favor this system 39

Table 17-1 Availabihty of scramblers, by department type 39

Table 17-2. Perceived need for scrambler system by 388 departments which

currently do not have the system, by department type 40

Table 18. Purposes for which scramblers were (or would be) used, by all departments currently using scramblers and all departments

saying scramblers were needed 41

Table 19. Use of scramblers with car radios, portable radios, and

special vehicles, by all departments currently using

scramblers and all departments saying scramblers were needed 41

Table 20. Amounts the 265 departments which used or said they needed

scramblers would be willing to pay for a reliable scrambler

system, by department type 42

Table 21-1. Need for buUt-in communications in helmets, by department

type (all respondents, n=428) 43

Table 21-2. Reasons for needing built-in helmet communications, by 139

departments which said they needed this system 43

Table 21-3. Reasons for not needing built-in communications, by 286

departments which said they did not need this system 44

Table 15-1. Need for standards for communications equipment, by all respondents 45

Table 15-2. Items said to need standards by 40 percent or more of the

departments within a department type. Ordered from highest

to lowest frequency of response by all 428 departments 45

Table 16-1. Expected gains from standardization of communications

equipment, by aU respondents 46

Table 16-2. Expected geiins from standardization of communications

equipment, by department type 47

VIII
Page

Table 26-1. Most critical communications needs, by all departments 48

Table 26-2. Most critical communications needs indicated by 40 percent or more of the departments within each department type 48

Table 27. Most serious problems with communications equipment, by

all respondents 49

Table 28. Most common equipment failures, by all respondents 49

Table 29. Additional comments/observations about communications

equipment, by department type 50

IX

FOREWORD

The Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) furnishes techniccd support to the National Institute of Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) program to strengthen law enforcement and

criminal justice in the United States. LESL's function is to conduct research that wiU

assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in the selection and procurement of quaUty equipment.

LESL is: (1) Subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing and evaluation and

(2) conducting research leading to the development of several series of documents,

including national voluntary equipment standards, user guidelines, state-of-the-art surveys and other reports.

This document is a law enforcement equipment report developed by LESL under

the sponsorship of NILECJ. Additional reports as well as other documents are being

issued under the LESL program in the areas of protective equipment, communications

equipment, security systems, weapons, emergency equipment, investigative aids,

vehicles and clothing.

Technical comments and suggestions concerning the subject matter of this report

are invited from aU interested parties. Comments should be addressed to the Law

Enforcement Standards Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.

20234.

Jacob J. Diamond, Chief

Law Enforcement Standards

Laboratory

XI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY

A. Background

° Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) was established in 1971 under the

sponsorship of the NILECJ Advanced Technology Division (ATD).

° NILECJ asked the Behavioral Sciences Group of the National Bureau of

Standards to develop and carry out a procedure to get information from the users of law

enforcement equipment.

° "User" information would aid NILECJ in setting priorities for LESL programs

and would provide some detailed information in support of the research to develop

standards and guidelines.

° In addition, gathering information from the users would help to make police

agencies aware of LESL and ATD.

A nationwide mail sample survey was selected as the best procedure to collect user information.

° An Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ) and six Detailed Questionnaires

(DQs) were developed and administered. A separate report was prepared for each of these seven questionnaires.

B. Design of Questionnaires

° Questionnaires were developed in conjunction with NILECJ, LESL, and

cooperating pohce departments. Questionnaires were pretested at various times with

approximately 45 police departments.

° The EPQ was designed to provide information about priority needs for standards

for various types of equipment.

° In addition, the EPQ asked for data about numbers of full- and part-time officers, activities performed in the department, budget, size of jurisdiction, etc.

° The six DQs (Alarms, Security and Surveillance Equipment; Communications

Equipment and Supplies; Handguns and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency

Warning Lights; Body Armor and Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars) were each

developed separately.

° The DQs asked about kinds and quantities of equipment in use, problems with

existing equipment, suggestions for improving equipment, needs for standards related to the equipment, etc. Although entitled Detailed Questionnaires, these questionnaires were designed to give an overview of the use of specific items of equipment.

C. Sample

° The population sampled was made up of all pohce departments hsted in a computerized file and maintained by the LEAA Statistical Service.

° Courts, correctional institutions, forensic labs, special police agencies, etc., were

excluded.

° The sample was stratified by LEAA geographic region (10 regions) and by

department type (7 department types: state poUce; county pohce and sheriffs; city

departments with 1-9 officers; city departments with 10-49 officers; city departments

with 50 or more officers, excluding the 50 largest cities; the 50 largest U.S. cities by

population; and township departments).

XIII
° Overall, approximately 10 percent of the 12,836 departments in the population were selected as respondents (see table 1.2-2).

° The Equipment Priorities Questionnaire was sent to every sample department

(1,386). Each Detailed Questionnaire was sent to aU states, to all of the 50 largest cities,

and to a randomly selected subsample of the main sample (about 530 departments

received each DQ).

° Thus, states and the 50 largest cities were asked to fill in all 7 questionnaiires.

Each of the remaining 1,286 departments was asked to fill in the EPQ and 2 of the DQs.

° The sample for the Communications DQ consisted of 528 departments (see table

1.2-3).

D. Questionnaire Administration

° Stringent control of administration was required.

° Introductory letters were sent to heads of departments asking cooperation.

° On June 1, 1972, questionnaire packages were meiiled.

° In July 1972, foUow-up by self-return post card was begun.

° In August 1972, foUow-up by telephone was begun. Departments which had not returned questionnaires were called. Also, calls were made to clear up ambiguities in

the returned questionnaires. About 1,300 calls were made. About 70 percent of the

sample departments were called at least once.

° Each questionnaire was edited and coded by a specialized team to ensure

consistency; it was then keypunched and tabulated.

° Completed questionnaires were accepted for tabulation through January 7, 1973.

E. Rates of Return

° Eighty-three percent of the 1,386 departments returned usable EPQs.

° Eighty-one percent of the 528 departments returned usable Communications DQs.

° Between 81 and 85 {)ercent of the other DQ subsamples returned usable

questionnaires.

° Highest rates of return (over 90%) were from states, the 50 largest cities, and

cities with 50 or more officers.

° Lowest rates of return were from counties and townships (less than 75%).

F. Characteristics of Responding Departments

° The activities most commonly carried out by the respondents (to the EPQ) were

serving traffic and criminal warrants (88%), traffic safety and trsiffic control (87%), and

intradepartmental communications (87%).

° All of the responding 50 largest cities said they provided inhouse training and

criminEd investigations. This compared to 68 percent and 86 percent, respectively, of all responding departments.

° Only 13 percent of all respondents had crime laboratories. Seventy-three percent

of the 50 largest cities and 55 percent of the states had crime laboratories.

° About three-fifths of the departments in all department types were providing

emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60 percent of the cities with 50 or more officers

to 67 percent of the counties.

° Overall, the reported equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the total budgets reported.

° Among department types, there was a wide range of total equipment

expenditures, from a mean of about $10,000 for cities with 1-9 officers to a mean of

almost $2.7 milhon for the 50 largest cities. One of the 50 largest cities reported an equipment budget of $40 mUhon.

XIV
° Overall, the 50 largest cities reported a mean of 2,491 full-time sworn officers. However, 1 of the 50 largest cities had 27 percent of aU the full-time officers reported by

that department type and another had about 12 percent.

G. Presentation of Data

° Data in this report are presented in two forms: text tables and full tables (app. B).

Text tables do not always present a complete breakdown of the data.

° AU tables (text and full) present the data in unweighted form (i.e., numbers and

percentages of the responding departments from the sample for this questionnaire, not

figures that have been weighted to expand the data to the total population of poUce

departments in the U.S.).

° The sample selected for this questionnaire was not proportionjj to the total population of poUce departments. If decisions are to be made which require estimates of population figures, the appropriate extrapolation must be performed. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS

A. Car Radios

° A total of 67,807 car radios were reported by the 428 respondents.

° About nine-tenths of the car radios reported were in state and 50 largest city

departments.

° About two-thirds of the car radios were bought within the last 5 years.

° Three-fourths of the car radios reported cost less than $1,001.

° Almost 6 out of every 10 car radios were made by 1 manufacturer.

B. Portable Radios

° A total of 22,660 portable radios were reported by the 347 respondents which

were using portable radios.

° Almost three-fourths of the portable radios reported were in the 50 largest cities.

° More than four-fifths of these radios were bought within the last 5 years.

° Slightly more than three-fourths of the portable radios cost less than $901.

° About 7 out of every 10 were made by 1 manufacturer.

° About seven-tenths of them weighed between 1-1/4 and 2-1/2 pounds.

° Nickel-Cadmium batteries were used in about seven-tenths of them.

° Ninety percent of the departments used rechargeable batteries in their portables.

C. Channels and Frequencies

° An average of 3.5 channels per department was authorized to responding

departments.

° An average of 3.2 channels per department was currently in use.

° About one-half of the reported channels was being used by the 50 largest cities and state poUce.

D. Fixed Repeaters

° About one-third of the departments used fixed repeaters.

° About nine-tenths of the departments with fixed repeaters were state or 50 largest

cities departments.

XV
E. Scramblers

° Scramblers were currently being used by only 9 percent (n=40) of the

respondents.

° Of departments which did not have a scrambler system, almost 60 percent felt they needed that system.

° Departments most commonly used (or would use) scramblers for undercover

investigations and long term stakeouts.

° More than four-fifths of the departments which had or said they needed

scramblers, said they would be wiUing to pay no more than $500 for a reUable

scrambler.

F. Need for Other Communications Equipment

° About one-third of the departments expressed a need for helmets with built-in communications. This need was most often expressed by state poUce and departments

in the 50 largest cities.

° Slightly more than two-fifths of the respondents indicated a need for mobile

repeaters.

° Twenty-eight percent of the departments favored the voting system; over half of

the departments were unfamiliar with this system.

G. Need for Standards for Communications Equipment

° The three items most commonly chosen as needing standards were mobile radios,

portable radios, and batteries.

° State police and larger city departments chose more items as needing standards

than did other department types.

° Gains expected from standardization were more often expected to come from

interchangeabUity of equipment than from either savings in training costs or savings in equipment costs.

H. Most Critical Communications Needs

° The four most critical communications needs of the respondents were for new

equipment, more frequencies, personal transceivers for each officer, and standardization

of all equipment.

° Personal transceivers for all officers was the most criticed need of larger city

departments.

° New equipment was the greatest need of small city departments and counties.

° More channels was the greatest need of state police.

XVI
LEAA POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY OF 1972

Volume II: Communications Equipment and Supplies

S. Mumford, P. Klaus, E. Bunten, and R. Cunitz

Institute for Applied Technology , National Bureau of Standards , Washington , D.C. 20234

The report outlines the methodology of and summarizes a portion of the data from the LEAA

Police Equipment Survey of 1972. One of a series of 7 reports resulting from this nationwide maU survey of a stratified random sample of police departments, the present report summarizes

the answers of 428 poUce departments concerning their communications equipment and

supplies: Use of mobile radios and portable radios; power supphes for portable radios; scramblers; portable/mobUe radios; helmets with built-in communications; and needs for standards and problems associated with communications equipment and supplies. The data are presented by all responding departments and by seven department types. Key words: Communications; mobUe radio; poUce; police equipment; portable radio; standards.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background

During the past several years, law enforcement agencies in the United States have

become more aware of the importance of equipment in the performance of their duties.

Much of their equipment had originally been designed for other uses and had to be

modified. Other equipment items had to be used as given. No standards existed agciinst

which equipment performance could be measured nor were any standard test methods

or procedures available. It has been difficult for agencies to compare the performance of equipment items. Recognizing this problem, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) of the Department of Justice began a concentrated program in 1971,

toward the improvement of law enforcement equipment.

As the first step in its program, LEAA in cooperation with the Department of

Commerce estabhshed a Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory (LESL) at the National

Bureau of Standards (NBS). The broad goal of LESL is to prepare performance

standards which can be promulgated by LEAA as voluntary aids for the selection of

equipment by law enforcement agencies. Additionally, LESL is developing standard test methods and procedures, so that the relative performance of similar items may be

evaluated by departments themselves.

In order to provide equipment user information for the program, in 1971 the

Nationzd Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (NILECJ) of LEAA asked

the Behavioral Science Group of the Technical Analysis Division at NBS to gather

information from the users of law enforcement equipment about their speciahzed

equipment needs and problems. Although face-to-face interviews with a large sample of representatives from law enforcement agencies would have been desirable, time and

manpower constraints led to the development of a nationwide maiil sample survey having

two general objectives: (1) To assist NILECJ in the establishment of priorities for LESL's standards development activities; and (2) to obtain deteiiled information about

certain broad equipment categories in support of the research to develop standards and

guideUnes in these areas. This report fulfills part of the second general objective and the associated survey

questionnaire (see app. A) will be referred to as the Communications Detailed

Questionnaire (DQ). The remainder of the second objective is accompUshed in the

reports of the other five DQs: Alarms, Security and Surveillance Systems; Handguns

1

226-297 0 - 77 -2
and Handgun Ammunition; Sirens and Emergency Warning Lights; Body Armor and

Confiscated Weapons; and Patrol Cars. The first general objective (above) is accomplished in the report on the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire (EPQ).

'

1.2. Sample Design

Although the objective of ATD is to serve all types of law enforcement agencies,

this particular study was purposefully limited to police departments as the largest single

group of law enforcement agencies with identifiable equipment needs. No attempt was made to survey correctional institutions, courts, forensic laboratories, or specieil police

agencies such as park poHce, harbor patrols, or university pohce. The computerized

directory of approximately 14,000 police agencies, compiled and maintained by LEAA's

Statistics Division, provided the population from which the sample was drawn. Care was

taken to exclude the double Ustings that existed for some agencies. (Details of the

selection process are given in app. B of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire.)

The final list of 12,842 departments was cross-stratified by LEAA geographic

region and department type by the mutual agreement of NBS and NILECJ. The

assignment of states to regions and the seven department types chosen for study are shown in table 1.2-1. The breakdown of the population of police departments by cross-strata is exhibited

in table 1.2-2. As can be seen from the table, there were no townships in regions 4, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10. Almost 63 percent of the departments were city police, 43 percent having 1-9 full-time officers. County departments comprised about 24 percent of the population. By

region, the smallest (region 10) contained only 3.4 percent of the pohce departments,

while region 5, the largest, had 22.5 percent. The variation in the number of

departments in a cell (region/department type combination) was even greater than that across the strata, i.e., the number of departments in each cell ranged from 0 to 1,470.

The considerations discussed in the previous paragraph led to the samphng plan

discussed briefly below. AU of the state departments and the 50 largest city departments were included in the sample and were asked to complete all 6 DQs, i.e., they were sent

the entire package of 7 questionnedres. For the remaining ceUs the variation in cell size

presented a problem: If the same fraction of the entire population was to be selected

from the members of each cell, a constant samphng fraction small enough to make the

total sample manageable Would yield too few sample units in small cells. To solve this problem, a fixed sample of 30 pohce departments/cell was chosen, wherever possible,

resulting in a different samphng fraction for each cell. A fixed sample size of 30

departments/cell was chosen to facilitate the equitable distribution of the 6 DQs. This

plan resulted in sending the Communications DQ to 528 departments.

The departments were selected randomly within each cell, from the total cell population, each department (other than the states and 50 largest cities) receiving 2 DQs. Thus, in cells having 30 sample units, the Communications DQ was meiiled to 10

departments; cells having fewer sample units were allocated proportionedly fewer

Communications DQs. Table 1.2-3 presents the total sample for the Communications

DQ by region and department type.

Once the sample was selected, each sample unit was assigned a unique seven-digit

identification number, coding region, type, and questionnaire assignment.

LEAA Police Equipment Survey of 1972, Vol. I: The Need for Standards—Priorities for Police Equipment.

2
Table 1.2-1. Stratification categories

Department types LEAA geographic region

I — V^OIlll., f\nn A^aintfi IVldlllC^ A^qgc iVldSS., M T-T R T \/t I't.lT., rV.l., VI. County police and sheriffs 2 = N.J., N.Y.

City with 1-9 officers 3 = Del., Md., Pa., Va., W. Va., D.C.

City with 10-49 officers 4 = Ala Fla Ca Kv Mi«« NT ST T*.nn

City with 50 or more officers

'

5 = 111., Ind., Mich., Ohio, Wis., Minn. Ihe 50 largest ll.s. cities 6 = Ark., La., N. Mex., Okla., Tex. Township departments 7 = Iowa, Kans., Mo., Nebr.

8 = Colo., Mont., N. Dak., S. Dak., Utah, Wyo.

9 = Ariz., Calif., Nev., Hawaii

10 = Alaska, Idaho, Oreg., Wash.

^Does not include the 50 largest cities. By population, U.S. 1970 census.

Table 1.2-2. Number of police departments by region and type

LEAA region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State 6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 66 84 257 764 536 506 413 288 103 120 3,137

City (1-9 officers) 27 348 713 979 1,470 703 611 283 135 217 5,486

City (10-49 officers) 40 237 166 344 508 230 142 71 168 79 1,985 City (50 or more

officers) 60 64 36 83 119 46 23 19 87 17 554

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Township 629 349 362 234 1,574

Total 829 1,088 1,544 2,186 2,883 1,498 1,196 668 505 439 12,836

1 Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without

reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies as described in vol.

I, app. B, p. B-2.

Table 1.2-3. Number in sample of departments selected to receive the detailed

questionnaire: Communications — by region and department type

LEAA geographic region

Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total

State

'

6 2 5 8 6 5 4 6 4 4 50 County 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City 1-9 officers 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 99

City 10-49 officers 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

City 50-1- officers 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 10 5 89

50 largest cities 1 4 5 8 10 8 3 1 8 2 50 Townships^ 10 10 10 10 40

Total 56 56 60 56 66 53 45 43 52 41 528

'Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state police departments since therf were 6 s ate departments which 1 sted 2 p( lice agencies without

Reference to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies. Township departments exist only in regions 1, ^, 3, and 5.

3
1 .3. Questionnaire Administration

From the beginning of the project, it was evident that stringent control would be

required in administering the questionnaires to ensure a high rate of response.

Computer-stored daily status records were input via a teletypewriter for each sample

department. In general, the following procedure was used:

(1) Each department in the sample was mailed a letter, signed by the director of

NILECJ, addressed to the head of the department. This letter introduced the survey

and requested cooperation.

(2) About 1 week later, the questionnaire packages were mailed.

(3) Departments not returning the questionnaires within a month were identified

by the computer and were sent a self-return post card requesting information as to the

status of the questionnaires. Departments not receiving the questionnaire package were

sent another; those not returning the post card were placed on a list for telephone

follow-up.

(4) About a month and a half later, departments with which no contact had been

made were called by telephone. ^

(5) Returned questionnaires were reviewed for completeness and either coded

for keypunching or fUed for telephone callback to supply missing data or to resolve

ambiguities.

Considerable effort was expended to ensure a high rate of response, and this effort was rewarded with an 80 percent response for the Communications DQ, and between 80

percent and 85 percent for each of the other questionnaires. In the course of the survey more than 70 percent of the sample departments were contacted at least once by

telephone. More than 1,300 phone calls were made by the survey team.

The distribution of respondents (departments which returned usable

Communications DQs) is exhibited in table 1.3-1. The highest percentages of response were from the states and larger cities (89-94%), while counties and townships had the

poorest response rates (under 70%).

Table 1.3-1. Number of sample of departments returning acceptable

detailed questionnaires: Communications

LEAA geographic region

Percent

total Department type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total sample

State' 6 2 5 8 6 5 3 6 3 3 47 94 County 5 7 5 7 8 6 8 6 10 7 69 69

City 1-9 officers 6 8 8 9 9 10 7 5 9 7 78 79

City 10-49 officers 7 9 9 6 10 8 8 10 9 10 86 86

City 50-1- officers 8 9 10 10 7 9 7 5 9 5 79 89

50 largest cities 1 3 4 7 9 8 3 1 8 2 46 92 Townships^ 8 8 5 2 23 58

Total 41 46 46 47 51 46 36 33 48 34 428 80

Percent total sample 73 82 77 84 77 87 80 77 92 83 81

'Questionnaires were actually sent to 56 state departments since there were 6 state departments which listed 2 police agencies without refer- ence to a common central agency. However, only one set of questionnaires was accepted from each of these six agencies. Township departments exist only in regions 1, 2, 3, and 5.

4
1 .4. Development and Design of the Communications DQ

The survey plan and questionnaire design (of all seven questionnaires) evolved

over a 12-month period. During this time, the survey team consulted at length with

NILECJ equipment experts, LESL program managers, and equipment manufacturers.

In addition, the officers and administrators of about 40 pohce departments served as

consultants and/or as respondents for pretests of various versions of the questionnaires.

The Communications DQ, in its final form, is reproduced in appendix A. This DQ

asked respondents to provide data about car radios and portable radios in use in their

departments; to answer questions about the power supphes used in portable radios; to provide information about other kinds of communications equipment such as scramblers, helmets with built-in communications and portable/mobile radios; to indi- cate the need for standards for various kinds of communications equipment and to discuss problems with communications equipment. The questionnaire was Umited to general topics because: (1) It was not possible, considering the scope of the present

survey, to explore in a detailed manner all of the many facets of the various

communications systems in use in police departments throughout the United States,

and (2) it was felt that the general data gathered in the present effort would provide

important direction for research in the development of standards, the main objective of the survey.

1 .5. Characteristics of Subsample Groups

The EPQ of the LEAA Police Equipment Survey requested data from each

department about population served, physical size of jurisdiction served, type of

jurisdiction, number of fuU- and part-time officers, approximate total, equipment, and

personnel budgets during 1971, and activities handled by the department.

Table 1.5-1 presents a partial tabulation, by department type, of the responses to a

checklist of 30 typiced pohce activities by the respondents to the EPQ. (The EPQ

respondents include, but are not limited to, the respondents to the Communications

DQ. See sec. 1.2.) The activities most frequently checked by all departments were: (1) Serve traffic and criminal warrants (88%), (2) traffic safety and traffic control (87%), and

(3) communications for own department (87%). The activity with the most consistent

level across all department types was that of emergency aid and rescue, ranging from 60

percent (cities with 50+ officers) to 67 percent (counties).

Higher percentages of state and 50 largest city departments than of other

department types were handhng certain of the 30 activities. For example, all of the 50

largest city departments responding, and 98 percent of the responding state departments

said that their departments provided police training for their own department. These

compare to 68 percent for all responding departments. All of the responding 50 largest

cities said that they handled crimined investigation in their own departments. This

compares to 86 percent of the total sample of departments. Although only 13 percent of the departments overall had crime laboratories, 73 percent of the 50 largest cities and 55

percent of the states had them.

Counties appeared to be the only department type with significant responsibUities

for custody and detention for more than 1 week. Seventy-eight percent of those departments had custody/detention up to 1 year, as compared with 22 percent of all responding departments.

Tables 1.5-2 and 1.5-3 present summaries of descriptive data by department type

and LEAA region, respectively. As can be seen from the column for "Annual equipment

budget" (table 1.5-2), there was a wide range of expenditures among different

department types: from a mean of about $10,000 for cities (1-9) to almost $2.7 miUion for the 50 largest cities. Overall, equipment budgets represented somewhat over 10 percent

of the annual total budgets.

5
Table 1.5-1. Activities handled by at least one-third of the departments by department

type, and percent of total departments having each activity

Description of activity State County

City

1 Q City

/O)

City 50

largest Township 1 Oldl

Serve traffic and criminal warrants 70 89 84 89 94 87 93 88

Traffic safety and traffic control 92 56 94 96 96 98 94 87 Communications for own department 94 86 76 95 94 96 70 87

Criminal investigation 66 86 71 95 97 100 79 86

Police training for own department 98 55 48 11 87 100 42 68 Custody/detention—less than 1 day 79 51 73 72 80 43 65

Breath-alcohol test 89 46 47 72 83 91 49 64 Emergency aid and rescue 62 67 62 63 60 67 62 63

Public building protection - 40 63 60 58 44 68 54

Service function - 48 55 60 60 42 48 Animal control (dogcatcher) - - 58 63 42 - 37 44 Highway patrol 96 38 48 36 - - 88 43 Maintenance of police buildings 51 36 34 41 48 47 40 Custody/detention—1 week or less 73 36 46 49 38 Communications for other agency 66 56 40 - - 36 Serve civil process 88 - 32

Police training for other agency 77 42 84 24 Custody/detention—up to 1 year 78 - - 22 Underwater recovery 34 42 - 42 19 Bomb disposal 45 - 82 17 Polygraph 62 36 90 17 Vehicle inspection 55 - 17 Crime laboratory 55 73 13 Narcotics laboratory analysis 43 62 11 Harbor patrol - 7 Lab analysis for blood alcohol 34 53 7 Other 6 Coroner 5 Test for driver's license 34 3 Custody/detention—more than 1 year 3

Table 1.5-2. Descriptive data by department type (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual Department type Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

50 largest 187 851,342 2,491 1,115 $43,268,865 $2,669,9?0 $34,712,818

State 62,580 3,936,410 889 18 16,377,358 2,304,339 12,020,572 County 1,518 130,254 60 25 1,089,919 58,539 859,984

City (50-I-) 31 83,334 132 26 1,733,340 173,099 1,407,177

City (10-49) 12 15,849 22 9 257,927 24,362 206,187

Township 28 13,228 14 8 175,654 20,854 141,675

City (1-9) 9 5,038 8 5 82,381 9,764 60,061

6
Table 1.5-3. Descriptive data by LEAA region (means)

Number of Number of Annual Annual LEAA region Area Population full-time part-time Annual total equipment personnel

(mi') officers officers budget budget budget

11 I o\j ICQ loo, 119 11^ vo 1 ft ^l,.30U, lOo *i 1^ 1 * Q7Q 01 1 9 t> W) 9d.n 7ni ODD Q7 7 ^A^^ "xi k t , 14<J,o lO 1 /IP 1 79 0,ZOO,O^K) 3 1 096 216 7

a 4,19 c,f,-7 4*00, loo 4 3 691 340 996 151 \ \ 9 ^18 ^89 94R 600 1 767 9Q9

5 2 652 448 174 288 4 Qlfi fin7 AQI 4,7Q 0,0 Q «7Q1 7,0^74i" 5 5 738 971 386 160 Yl 9 10^ R9^ 1 709 910

7 2,379 112,094 84 9 1,220,385 121,001 983,696 8 6,346 83,023 54 9 728,549 77,081 568,463

9 4,218 372,094 281 46 5,743,553 728,801 4,528,692

10 3,580 104,877 69 9 1,253,894 82,198 1,011,604

The mean number of part-time officers was based on those respondents having

part-time officers in their departments. Of the 45 responding from the 50 largest cities,

only 6 had part-time officers, including 1 city which had neju-ly 6,000. Thus, the mean

value of 1,115 for this department type is somewhat misleading. It should be noted that

the category part-time officers included officers described as auxiliary, volunteer,

reserve, school-crossing guard, dispatcher, summer, special agent, traffic supervisor, posse, and cadet. All of these classifications were counted in the part-time officer

category since it has different meanings for different departments.

Variations in these descriptive averages by LEAA region (table 1.5-3) were

considerably smaller than variations by department type. Regions 1 and 8 had smaller

budgets than the others, primarily because each had only 1 of the 50 largest cities.

2. QUESTION BY QUESTION DISCUSSION

2.1. Advice to the Reader

In reading section 2, certain points should be kept in mind:

(1) This report is not an evaluation of any of the equipment described or discussed within it. It is a presentation of information and opinions of a stratified random sample of poUce departments given in response to a specific set of questions. It does not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any equipment by the National Bureau

of Standards.

(2) The report reflects only what pohce departments were wilUng and able to say

in response to a specific set of questions. In most cases, no attempt was made to verify

the accuracy of the information given or the level of sophistication of the respondent.

(3) Each discussion begins with the presentation of the question that appeared in

the questionnaire, and in most cases the choices supplied, if any, set off in bold face

type. However, the reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire sent

to sample departments (see app. A) and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(4) The text tables that appear in section 2 are almost never the complete tables

that were tabulated for that question. Data categories for text tables may have been

coUapsed from the full table, or certain categories of interest may have been singled out

for fuller discussion. Appendix B contains the complete tables from which the text

7
tables were extracted. Text tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g.,

the text tables for question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.) The tables in appendix B are also numbered the same as question number, in the same manner. In some cases, tables that appear in appendix B wiU not have been discussed at all in the

text.

(5) Data in the text of this report are usually presented by nearest whole percent

of the group under consideration. In appendix B, the data are usually presented by

number of respondents and percent. Because of statistical hmitations imposed by the

sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be wary of assigning

importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when percentages are based

on the total number of respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(6) Data were always tabulated by each of the choices suppUed, if any, in the

questionnaire. Any "other" choices written in by the respondents were also tabulated

and/or recorded verbatim. In most cases, the numbers of respondents giving a specific

"other" response do not reflect the numbers of respondents who might have marked

that choice if it had been one of those provided. Therefore, in most cases, this report

lists or gives examples of "other" responses, but does not present numbers or percents

of departments giving that response. For those questions for which choices were not provided in the questionnaire, coding categories were developed after approximately

one-fourth of the questionnaires had been returned.

(7) The following convention has been adopted in the report to designate the four

city department types:

City with 1-9 officers = city (1-9) City with 10-49 officers = city (10-49)

City with 50 or more officers = city (50+)^

The 50 largest cities = 50 largest' In table headings this same convention has been used except that the parentheses have

been removed.

(8) Questions which asked departments to identify manufacturers of their

equipment were asked in this manner only to make the question clearer; not to evaluate

a manufacturer's product.

(9) In an attempt to make this report more readable, the main topics of the

questionnaire have been reordered in the report; the discussion of the findings does not foUow the order of the questions. To find the discussion of a particular question quickly,

consult the Contents or the List of Tables.

(10) When the subsample groups are discussed (e.g., "counties said..." or "cities

(1-9) said...") the reference is to the responding departments from one of the sample

strata. It is particularly important to note that when the text or tables refer to "all departments" or "all responding departments," the reference is to all responding

departments from the sample described in section 1.2. This sample was not proportional

to the total population of poHce departments, and although it is possible to do so, the

data in this report have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population. (See app. B, p. B-1.)

Excluding the 50 largest U.S. cities.

I By population, 1970 U.S. Census.

8
2.2. Discussion

2.2.1. Characteristics of Respondents

a. Rank/Title of Respondents

All of the questionnaires in the LEAA Police Equipment Survey were mailed to the chief (or highest official) of the department with a request that the questionnaires be

directed to the person or persons within the department who were felt to be best

qualified to answer the questions.

The communications questionnaire was usually filled in by the chief/unit head in smaller city departments and townships and by a communications speciahst in states and the 50 largest cities. (See table i.) In cities (50+) about one-fourth (28%) of the primary respondents were

communications specialists and one-fifth (20%) were either chiefs or assistant chiefs. Questionnaires from counties were most often filled in by the sheriff.

Table i. Rank of primary respondent for communications

questionnaire , by department type

'

Department type

(in %)

City City City 50

Rank/Title 1-9 10-49 50+ largest State Township

Chief 73 42 14 4 0 52

Assistant chief 3 9 6 0 0 0 Communications specialist 0 2 28 67 77 4

1 Excluding counties.

b. Number of Years of Law Enforcement Experience of Respondent

In general, the questionneiire was filled in by experienced officers. About threefourths of the respondents had more than 5 years of experience. Although a majority of the respondents had more than 10 years of experience in law enforcement, there were

variations among department types. More than 70 percent of the respondents in the

states and 50 largest cities had this much experience, while less than half of the

respondents in counties, cities (1-9), and townships had more than 10 years in law

enforcement work. (See table ii.)

Table ii. Years of experience in law enforcement of primary respondent

Number of years of law enforcement experience

(by % of department types) Department More than More than More than More than

type 5 years 10 years 20 years 25 years

50 largest 88 77 24 13 State 81 72 17 4

City (10-49) 84 57 13 5

City (50+) 77 61 22 14

City (1-9) 62 43 21 13 County 58 36 17 13 Township 57 48 9 9

9
2.2.2. Number of Officers and Characteristics Of Jurisdiction

The communications needs and requirements of police departments are usually

based on two prime considerations: (1) Number of officers in the department and (2) size

of jurisdiction.

Data about the average number of officers per department type are reproduced in table iii. The largest mean number of officers per department was in the 50 largest cities. States averaged sUghtly less than one-third as many officers as the 50 largest cities,

counties averaged about five times as many officers as did cities (10-49). (See table 5A-1.)

Table iii. Average number of full-time officers, by department type

Number of Department type full-time

officers

50 largest 2,491

State 890

City (50+) 125 County 113

City (10-49) 23 Township 16 City (1-9) 9

Table 5A-1. Average size of communications

jurisdiction , by department type

Size (mi^) Department type Overall mean Minimum Maximum

State 62,704 1,497 263,449

County 2,551 14 64,000

50 largest 237 24 841

City (10-49) 68 1 2,000

City (1-9) 67 1 1,200

City (50-I-) 34 2 310 Township 32 5 67

5A. What is the total area within your jurisdiction which must be

covered by a communications system? (In Square Miles)

Square Miles

The average sizes of communications jurisdictions which state and county pohce

had to cover were larger than those of all types of city departments and townships. The

larger cities, in terms of number of officers, were not necessarily larger in geographical

size. Cities (1-9) and cities (10-49) had geographically larger jurisdictions than cities (50+).

The relationship between number of officers and geographical size can be seen more clearly

in table 5A-2.

10
Table 5A-2. Comparison between average number of

officers in department and average size of jurisdiction

Number of officers and size of jurisdiction Mean number of Mean size of Department type fuU-time jurisdiction

officers (mi^)

State ftl 704. City (50+) 125 34 County 113 2,551

City (10-49) 23 68 Township 16 32

City (1-9) 9 67

6. Which of the following best describes the general character of

your jurisdiction? (Mark X by More Than One, if Necessary)

Skyscrapers, many tall buildings

Some tall buildings

Almost no tall buildings

Primarily mountainous or very hilly

Valley area surrounded by mountains

Generally flat with some hills

Flat area, no hills

The departments which characterized their jurisdictions as being mountainous or

in a valley surrounded by mountains were most often located in LEAA regions 1 (New

England), 8 (Mountain States), 9 (Far West/Hawaii), and 10 (Northwest/Alaska).

Respondents who reported flat, with some or no hills, were most often in LEAA regions

6 (South/Southwest) and 7 (Midwest). There were few differences among the LEAA

regions in the percentages of departments which S2iid they had almost no tall buildings.

Departments in region 5 (Great Lakes) gave the greatest percentage of responses for skyscrapers, many tall buildings, or some teiU buildings; this response was given least often by departments in region 1 (New England). (See table 6.)

Table 6. General character of jurisdiction , by LEAA region

Character (by % of region)

LEAA region Flat/some

or no hills

Valley surrounded by

mountains/or mountainous, very hilly

Almost

no tall buildings

Skyscrapers

or some tall buildings

New England 31 81 32 12 New York/New Jersey 63 43 33 31 Middle Atlantic 33 67 20 35 South 79 36 28 30

Great Lakes 73 22 27 53 South/Southwest 91 18 28 28 Midwest 86 11 28 28 Mountain 45 81 27 24

Far West/Hawaii 46 80 35 31 Northwest/Alaska 35 70 26 18

11
2.2.3. Mobile Radios

2.2.3.1. Number of Mobile Radios

2A. How many car radios are there in your department?

Number

State departments accounted for slightly more than half (51%) of all the car radios

reported by the 428 responding departments. The 50 largest cities accounted for an

additional 40 percent of all radios reported. Thus, less than 10 percent of all radios

reported were found in the other five department types. (See table 2A-1.)

Within the seven department types, there were wide ranges of minimum and

maximum numbers of mobile radios reported. For example, some county departments

had as few as 1 car radio, while 1 county had 900.

Total numbers of car radios were compared with the numbers of patrol cars reported in response to the patrol cars questionnaire.* A total of 67,807 car radios was

reported by the respondents to the communications questionnaire. A total of 46,462

patrol cars was reported by the respondents to the patrol cars questionnaire. Therefore,

about 46 percent more car radios than patrol cars were reported by these subsample

groups.

Ccdls were made to a few departments to determine possible reasons for the large

observed difference between the number of cars and the number of car radios. Several reasons were given for this apparent discrepancy: (1) Many departments said that they

kept extra mobile radios available; some said that they kept a 10-20 percent backup

inventory. (2) Many departments are using communications channels on two different

frequency bands, and needed two radios in each patrol car in order to operate on both

bands. In some departments, one band was used for emergencies (and was sometimes

part of an area or statewide communications) and the other was used to handle local jurisdiction communications. (3) In a smaller number of departments, it appeared that errors in reporting the numbers of mobile radios may have occurred. For instance, some

of the county departments contacted said that they had included other mobile radios in

their jurisdictions which, although they were not used by the county pohce, were tied

4These 2 questionnaires were sent to different but equivalent subsamples, except for state and the 50 largest cities always filled in both.

Table 2A-1. Number of car radios, by department type

Total Percent Mean Maximum Minimum

Department type Number of number total no. per in any in any

respondents radios radios department department department

State 47 36,365 51 731 3,510 97

50 largest 46 27,221 40 592 4,275 101 County 69 2,653 4 38 900

City (50+) 79 2,597 4 33 177

City (10-49) 86 631 1 7 21

City (1-9) 78 239 * 3 28 Township 23 101 * 4 26

All departments 428 67,807 100 158 4,275 1

*Less than 1 percent.

12
into the central dispatch system operated by the county. It was also possible that a small number of departments may have included portable radios in their statistics on car

radios, even though information about portable radios was specifically requested in Question 11 A. In summary, while it appears that departments did, in fact, have

considerably more mobile radios in their departments than they had patrol cars, there is reason to beUeve that the total of 67,807 car radios reported in the survey may have

been somewhat high. Nevertheless, the estimate of the total number of police mobile

radios in the country, shown in table 2A-2, is not likely to have been seriously affected.

Table 2A-2. Estimated total population of police car radios in U.S., by department type

Mean number Number departments Estimated Department type car radios that type: total number car per department population radios

County 38 3,137 119,206

State 731 50 36,550 50 largest 592 50 29,600

City (50+) 33 554 19,282

City (1-9) 3 5,486 16,458

City (10-49) 7 1,985 13,895 Township 4 1,574 6,296

Total 240,287

2.2.3.2. Spectrum Utilization: Mobile Radios

In this section, mobile communications are considered in terms of poUce

department spectrum utilization. The frequency bands used for transmitting and

receiving and the number of channels authorized and in use by the responding

departments are reported.

1. Give the following information about your car radios:

lA. List ALL transmitting frequencies (in kHz, MHz, etc.)

The reported frequencies were compiled in four categories: VHF low band (30-50

MHz), VHF high band (150-174 MHz), UHF band (450-470 MHz), and an "other"

category which included such answers as call letters, which could not be categorized by

band.

VHF high band and UHF frequencies can usually be received in buildings. VHF

high band has better penetration, while UHF frequencies are more likely to pass through

windows and other nonmetallic openings. One of the main attractions of the UHF band

is the availabUity of unused frequencies compared to VHF low and high bands, which

are relatively saturated.

Of all the transmitting frequencies reported by responding departments, almost

half (49%) were in the VHF high band (150-174 MHz). The VHF low band (30-50 MHz)

accounted for 29 percent of the reported frequencies and only 19 percent were in the

UHF band.

13
Since VHF low band frequencies provide the greatest range and are least affected

by terrain and foliage, they are more suitable for those departments with the largest

jurisdictions, such as states and counties. In both of these department types, over half

of the reported transmitting frequencies were in the VHF low band. (See table lA-1.)

The three largest city department types and townships reported the greatest

proportions of VHF high band transmitting frequencies. VHF high band, being more

Une-of-sight, does not provide as much range as low band does, but does transmit

farther than UHF for the same transmitter output power. VHF frequencies have been

available for law enforcement use longer than the UHF frequencies. As shown by the

data, UHF frequencies were not generally being used, with the exception of the 2 largest

city department types (50+ and 50 largest).

Of the responding departments, 79 percent seiid all their transmitting frequencies were in a single band. The remaining 21 percent used one of the combinations shown in

table lA-2. Only five departments reported using transmitting frequencies in aJl three

bands.

The means shown in table lA-3 were calculated by counting the total number of transmitting frequencies reported within a particular band by departments within a

particular department type and dividing this total by the number of departments within

that department type who reported at least one transmitting frequency within the band

in question. Thus, for example, if 20 departments of a particular type reported using a

total of 30 transmitting frequencies in the VHF low band, the statistic entered in the

table would be "1.5."

Historically, the VHF low band has been aveiilable for pohce department use

longer than the other two bands. Increasing pressure for channel assignments and

technological improvements have permitted the opening of the VHF high band and.

Table lA-1. Distribution of transmitting frequencies among bands,

by department type (406 departments responding

)

Department type

(by % of frequencies)

Frequency AH City City City 50 band depts. State County 1-9 1049 50-^ largest Township

30-50 MHz 29 59 51 37 28 13 3 29

150-174 MHz 49 35 42 40 61 63 53 61

450-470 MHz 19 6 5 12 8 23 42 - 8 Other 1 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 (n= 1,333) (n=292) (n=168) (n=109) (n=153) (n=181) (n=393) (n=37)

Table lA-2. Percent use of more than one frequency

band for transmitting by the 65 departments reporting concurrent usage

Percent of all departments which

Band combination were using more than one band

(n=65)

30-50 and 150-174 MHz 60

30-50 and 450-470 MHz 10 150-174 and 450470 MHz 30

14
Table lA-3. Mean number of transmitting frequencies per department , by department type and band

Department type Frequency All City City City 50 band departments State County 1-9 10-49 50+ largest Township

30-50 MHz 2.3 4.2 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.4 150-175 MHz 2.7 5.7 2.8 1.4 1.6 2.1 5.6 1.6 450470 MHz 4.4 5.7 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.6 6.8 3.0

All bands 3.3 6.2 2.6 1.6 1.8 2.3 8.7 1.7

most recently, the UHF band for law enforcement communications. With the exception

of counties, ail department types, if they had made the switch to UHF at all, were using more channels per department in the UHF band than in the lower two bands. This trend was particularly noticeable in the 50 largest cities which reported 5.6 and 6.8

frequencies per department in the VHF high and UHF bands, respectively, vs. only 1.7 frequencies per department in the VHF low band. Increased spectrum space and the

absence of co-channel interference at the UHF frequencies should residt in an increase

in the proportion of frequency assignments (now 19%, see table lA-1) in this band.

IB. List ALL receiving frequencies; if different from Question lA.

About two-thirds of the 50 largest city departments indicated that they were using

at least 1 receiving frequency which was different from their transmitting frequencies.

Their responses imply the use of some type of duplex system.^ The majority of departments in other department types appeared to be operating in the simplex mode.

Since the 50 largest cities were the primary users of different receiving frequencies, as

well as being the primary users of the UHF band, they heavily influenced this picture.

(See table lB-1.)

Note, that if one wishes, it is possible to determine the number of departments using simplex and duplex systems by calculating the number n

different transmitting and receiving frequencies (from Question lA and Question IB) and the number of channels (Question ID).

Table lB-1. Percent departments whose transmitting and

receiving frequencies were not all the same (n=130)

Department types

Different transmitting and

receiving frequencies

Township 14

City (10-49) 20

City (1-9) 24 County 25

State 36

City (50-I-) 40

50 largest 67

15
ID. Number of Channels Authorized

IE. Number of Channels in Use

Although the data for this question (and for Question 5B to foUow) are reported,

the reader is cautioned to interpret them carefully. Discussions with departments and

the FCC after the survey was conducted, revealed that the term "channel" was defined

differently by different people. The major area of confusion was concerned with the

meaning of simplex and duplex channel assignments.

In terms of all responding departments, 1,452 authorized channels were reported

and 1,332 channels were reported in use. At the time of this survey, of the channels

authorized but not in use (120 channels), state departments and the 50 largest cities accounted for just over half (68). (See table ID and E.) In general, the more officers in the department, the greater was the number of channels authorized for its communications, and departments were using almost all (92%) of the channels authorized to them. The overall average number of authorized

channels per department was 3.5 and the average number in use was 3.2.

Table ID and E. Comparison of channels authorized with channels

in use for mobile radios, by department type (department types listed from largest to smallest based on mean number of full-time officers)

Percent of Department type No. channels No. channels authorized authorized in use in use

50 largest 411 378 92

State 309 274 89 County 195 186 95

City (50+) 184 174 95

City (10-49)' 169 158 94

City (1-9) 144 124 86 Township 40 38 95

All departments 1,452 1,332 92

5B. If possible, please tell us how many different law enforcement

channels serve this area. This figure would include not only those

channels used by your department, but also those used by other

law enforcement agencies operating in the same geographical area

(e.g., state and local police).

Channels

Don' t Know

Responding departments reported an average of 11.6 law enforcement

communications channels in use in their areas. This is sUghtly over three times the

average number reported for their own use. However, of the 428 departments which

returned Communications Questionnaires, 132 departments (31%) did not answer or did

not know the number of different law enforcement channels serving their areas. (See

table ID and E and 5B.)

Although state departments who answered this question (18 departments) reported

the greatest number of channels in their areas, they also had by far the largest areas. The 50 largest cities had sUghtly less than half as many authorized channels in their areas as state departments, but these channels were concentrated in much smaller

jurisdictions.

16
Table ID and E and 5B. Comparison of average number of channels

authorized , in use, and in area for mobile radios, by department type^

Channel

Department type Authorized In use In area (n=417) (n=418) (n=296)

oU largest 0 1 po. OZ.O

State ^ ft 71 7 County 2.9 2.8 5.7 City (50+) 2.4 2.5 6.2 City (10-49) 2.0 1.8 4.9

City (1-9) 2.0 1.7 4.0 Township 1.7 1.6 5.1

"No Answers" were excluded Irom the calculation of averages.

5C. Do you have one common frequency for routine and

emergency traffic?

Yes

No (If " No" ) Do you think you need a common frequency?

Yes

No

This question was originally intended to obtain information on interdepartmental

sharing of frequencies. That is: Did the different departments in one district or region have

a common frequency for communicating with each other on both a routine and emergency

basis? It was subsequently discovered that it had sometimes been interpreted to refer to intradepartmental capabiHty. Consequently, the data received in answer to this question

are not presented here.

2.2.3.3. Characteristics of Mobile Radios

1. Give the following information about your car radios:

IC. Output power (in watts)

This was a difficult question for some departments to answer and 39 of the

respondents did not answer it. Four departments gave output powers under 10 watts

(they were using repeaters) and 36 departments gave output powers above 110 watts

(probably their base station output power since the maximum power available from

commerciEd mobile radios is 110 watts). (See table lC-1.)

The frequency count shows that the most frequently cited output power was in the

90-110 watt range. State departments, as expected by the size of their jurisdictions,

showed the greatest use (81%) of high (90-110 watts) output power. Only in the 50

largest cities did the highest proportion of departments cite one of the lower ranges of output power (i.e., 33% of the 50 largest cities reported output in the 30-49 watt range

while 26% reported output powers of 90-110 watts). (See table lC-2.)

The overall average (mean) output power reported by poUce departments in this survey was 70.9 watts, the median was 75 watts, and the most often cited (mode) output

power was 100 watts. The average output power per department type arranged

according to average size of jurisdiction is shown in table lC-3. County and state departments had the highest average output power and also were larger in physical size than other department types.

17

0-77-3
Table lC-1. Frequency count of reported output power , for all responding departments

All department types Output power in watts Number Percent

Less than 10 4 1 10-29 28 7 3049 73 17 50-69 65 15

70-89 24 6

90-110 159 37 More than 110 36 8 No answer 39 9

Total 428 100

Table lC-2. Percentages of each department type which

cited output power of 90-110 watts

Department type

Percent of department type

citing 90-110 watts

State 81 County 52 Township 35

City (50+) 34

50 largest 26

City (10-49) 24

City (1-9) 22

Table lC-3. Average output power, by department

type , arranged by average size of jurisdiction

Output power

Department type mean number watts

(smallest) Township 74

City (50-1-) 68

City (1-9) 64

City (10-49) 64

50 largest 56 County 84

(largest) State 91

18
3. How recently were most of the car radios bought by your

department? (Mark X by Your Best Estimate)

Within the last calendar year

1-3 years ago

4r5 years ago

More than 5 years ago

Almost half (47%) of the responding departments (evenly across department types)

had purchased the bulk of their car radios within the last 3 years and about two-thirds of the departments (65%) had bought most of their car radios within the last 5 years. The

other one-third (34%) bought them more than 5 years ago.'' Of the 65 percent which had bought most of their radios within the last 5 years, about half had bought them 1 to 3 years ago, about one-fourth had bought them 4 to 5

years ago and the remaining one-fourth had bought them within the last year. (See table

3.) There were no major differences among department types, although townships were sUghtly more likely than the others to have bought their car radios within the last 5

years.

Table 3. Cumulative percentages for period of time

within which 428 departments bought most of their car

radios , by department type

Time period Within the 3 years ago 5 years ago Department type last year or less or less

City (50-h) 25 42 62 Township 22 44 79

City (10-49) 19 56 65 County 13 40 63

City (1-9) 10 48 61

50 largest 7 48 68

State 6 46 67

All departments 15 47 65

4. About how much did each of the car radios cost that are most

frequently used in your department (including base plate, control

head, microphone, and speaker)? For example, if most of the

radios now in use are Motorolas, please give us the cost of one set. (Mark X by Your Best Estimate Below)

Less than $ 700

$701$ 800

$801-900

$901-1,000

$1,001-1,500

Over $ 1,500

More than half (56%) of the responding departments paid $900 or less for their

most frequently used car radios. Very few departments (4% overall) paid more than

$1,500 per unit; state departments paid significantly less per unit; and counties and

townships paid significantly more per unit. It might have been expected that states and

6 Data about purchase of equipment was provided as of summer 1972. The term "most" in the question was used to solicit responses concerning

the most recent major purchasefs) of mobile radios.

19
counties would pay more per unit because of a need for higher output power and

increased channel capacity to serve their larger jurisdictions. However, this hypothesis

held true only for the counties, suggesting, perhaps, that a further examination of the

purchasing practices of these two department types would be needed to explain the

survey results. (See table 4.)

Table 4. Cumulative percentages for cost of the ear radios most

frequently used in a department (including base plate, control head,

microphone , and speaker ), by department type

Department type Cumulative percentages of departments

AU City 50 City City Cost departments State 1-9 largest 10-49 County 50-1- Township

$700 or less 22 51 29 24 15 14 13 9 $800 or less 40 64 52 44 38 23 33 22 $900 or less 56 83 70 57 54 32 53 31 $1000 or less 73 87 79 61 81 54 75 57 $1500 or less 96 98 97 91 98 93 94 87

2B. (How many car radios are there in your department? ) Of those car radios, about how many were made by each of the following

manufacturers?

Number Manufacturer

Motorola

RCA

GE

Other

Ninety-nine percent of all the car radios reported were manufactured by only three

companies, and over half (57%) were produced by just one manufacturer. The three

largest city department types seemed to favor manufacturer C for roughly two-thirds of

their car radio purchases. State departments distributed their buying equally between

manufacturers B and C. Manufacturer A captured only 8 percent of the reported

market. Other manufacturers combined represented 1 percent of the respondents'

poUce mobile radio purchases. (See table 2B-1.)

Table 2B-1. Percentages of car radios in use in department

made by various manufacturers , by department type

Manufacturer Department type A B C Othei

50 largest 5 23 71 0

City (10-49) 6 23 69 2

City (504-) 14 22 63 0 County 3 38 59 0

City (1-9) 5 37 52 5 Township 3 44 52 1 State 11 44 45 1 AU departments 8 34 57 1

20
Thirty-nine percent of the responding departments had a mixture of brands of

mobile radios within their departments. Radios produced by different manufacturers are

not always compatible, that is, control heads, microphone jacks, etc. may not mate, and

interchangeabihty of equipment is difficult. This problem was mentioned by many

departments (see sec. 2.2.6). On the other hand, these data may only be a reflection of the fact that many departments (see sec. 2.2.3.2) operated communications equipment

on more than one band and consequently may have purchased the radios for use on one band from one manufacturer and those for use on the other band from another

manufacturer (see sec. 2.2.3.1). (See table 2B-2.)

Table 2B-2. Proportions of different manufacturers represented within one department

Percent all Radios made by departments

One manufacturer 60 Two manufacturers 30 Three manufacturers 8 Four manufacturers 1 No answer 1

2.2.4. Portable Radios

9. Do you now use portable (hand-held) radios in your

department?

Yes

No

Most of the responding departments (81%) used portable radios, with the greatest

proportions of users in the larger departments. AU of the responding state and 50 largest

city departments reported using them. (See table 9.)

Table 9. Use of portable radios, by department type

Departments using

Department type portable radios (% dept. type)

50 largest 100

State 100

City (50+) 99

City (10-49) 90 Township 70 County 62

City (1-9) 53

21
2.2.4.1. Number of Portable Radios

1 1 A. How many portable radios do you now have in your department?

Number

Almost three-fourths (72%) of the portable radios reported were used in the 50

largest cities. Although departments in the 50 largest cities averaged about 356 portable

radios per department, use of these radios varied greatly among particular cities. For

example, the numbers of portable radios available in any single pohce department,

within the 50 largest cities group, ranged from a maximum of 4,500 radios in 1 of these

departments to a minimum of only 15 radios in another. (See table llA-1.)

As the mean number of officers per department type increased, the mean number

of portable radios per department type increased. As was discussed in section 2.2.3.1 (and is repeated in table llA-2, below), state departments averaged many more mobile

radios per department than did the 50 largest cities, even though they averaged fewer

officers per department. This anomaly did not occur with respect to portable radios.

(See table llA-3.)

Table llA-1. Number of portable radios by department type

Total no. Percent Mean no. Maximum Minimum

Department type No. of portable total per in any in any

respondents radios radios department department department

50 largest 46 16,363 72 355.7 4,500

State 47 3,621 16 77.0 419

City 78'; 1,682 7 21.6 108 County 42 464 2 11.1 125

City (10-49) 77 366 2 4.8 21

City (1-9) 41 109 * 2.7 11 Township 16 55 * 3.4 17

All departments 347 22,660 100 65.3 4,500

155

2

• Leas than 1 percent.

Table llA-2. Comparison between mean number of officers per department type , mean number of car radios and mean

number of portable radios

Mean no. Department type Mean no. Mean no. portable

officers car radios radios

50 largest 2491 591.8 355.7

State 890 731.2 77.0

City (50+) 125 32.9 32.6 County 113 38.5 11.1 City (10-49) 23 7.3 4.8 Township 16 4.4 3.4 City (1-9) 9 3.1 2.7

22
Table llA-3. Comparison of estimated number of

police portable radios and car radios in the United States , by department type

Estimated no. Estimated no. Department type portable radios car radios

Du largest 1 7 IR'^ State 3,850 36,550

City (50+) 11,966 18,282 County 34,820 119,206

City (10-49) 9,528 13,895 Township 5,352 6,296

City (1-9) 14,812 16,458

Total 98,113 240,287

2.2.4.2. Spectrum Utilization: Portable Radios

10. Give the following information about your portable radios.

A. List all transmitting frequencies (in kHz, MHz, etc.)

Five percent of the 348 departments using portable radios did not report their

transmitting frequencies. Of the remaining 329 departments, the most used transmitting

band for portable radios was the VHF high band (150-174 MHz), with approximately the same proportion of total frequencies as was found for mobile radios. (See table lOA-1.)

Within department types, in all but two cases (counties and 50 largest cities), the

band in which the highest percentage of total mobile transmitting frequencies were

used was also the band in which the highest percentage of portable transmitting

frequencies existed. In contrast, over half of the portable radio transmitting frequencies

reported by counties were in the VHF high band, while the majority of their mobile

transmitting frequencies were VHF low band. The 50 largest cities, which tended to use

a greater proportion of UHF frequencies for their mobile radios, tended to use a greater

proportion of VHF high band frequencies for their portable radios. (See table lOA-2.)

Within the seven department types, the numbers of transmitting frequencies per

department for mobile and portable radios were very similar, except for state departments. It is probable that the higher mean number of mobile radio transmitting

frequencies reported by states was a reflection of their relative emphasis on highway

patrol activities. (See table lOA-3.)

Table lOA-1. Comparison of percentages of total transmitting frequencies , by band , for mobile and

portable radios for all departments

Percent of frequencies in: Radio VHF low band VHF high band UHF band

Mobile 29 49 19 Portable 22 51 24

23
Table lOA-2. Percentages of total mobile and portable

frequencies , by band , for county and 50 largest city departments

Department type County 50 largest Frequency band Percent Percent Percent Percent

mobile portable mobile portable

30-50 MHz 51 36 3 3 150-174 MHz 42 59 33 50 450470 MHz 5 1 42 44

Table lOA-3. Mean' numbers of portable and mobile radio

transmitting frequencies , by department type (department types ordered from largest to smallest by number of full-time officers)

Portable radios MobUe radios Department type Mean no. Mean no. frequencies frequencies

50 largest 8.6 8.7 State 4.1 6.2 City (50+) 1.9 2.4 County 2.1 2.6 City (10-49) 1.4 1.8 Township 1.7 1.7 City (1-9) 1.5 1.6

Means calculated only for those departments reporting any mobile transmitting frequencies or any portable transmitting frequencies.

lOB. List ALL receiving frequencies, if different from lOA.

Most departments were using the same set of frequencies for receiving as for trans- mitting to their portable radios. Only 62 departments reported receiving frequencies that were different from their transmitting frequencies, and the majority of these were departments in the 50 largest cities. (See table lOB.)

Table lOB. Percentages of total portable radio frequencies used for both transmitting and

receiving , by department type

Percent Department type same

City (1-9) 97

City (10-49) 93

State 91 Township 87 County 82

City (50-I-) 77 50 largest 43

24
10. Give the following information about your portable radios.

lOD. Number of Channels Authorized

lOE. Number of Channels in Use

The three largest department types (by average number of officers) accounted for 71 percent of all the authorized portable radio channels reported by responding

departments and 72 percent of those actually in use. These department types also

accounted for almost two-thirds (64%) of the authorized but not yet used channels. A

total of 162 channels (14% of all authorized channels) was reported to be authorized but

not used. (See table lOD and E-1.)

The number of channels used for mobile communications exceeded that for portable radios. (See table lOD and E-2.)

Table lOD and E-1. Comparison of channels authorized and in use for portable radios , by department type

Channels

Authorized In use

Department type No. Percent No. Percent

50 largest 431 37 374 37

State 228 19 205 20

City(50-l-) 171 15 148 15

City (10-49) 126 11 111 11 County 96 8 84 8

City (1-9) 95 8 65 6 Township 27 2 25 2

All departments 1,774 100 1,015 100

Table lOD and E-2. Comparison of channels authorized and in use for portable and mobile radios , by all department types

Cha

Portable Mobile

Use category Total no. Average Total no. Average

Authorized

In use

1,174 3.4 1,012 2.9 (n=247)

1,452 3.5 1,332 3.2 (n=417)

25
2.2.4.3. Characteristics of Portable Radios

10. Give the following information about your portable radios:

IOC. Output Power in Watts

As was expected, due to the nature of the power suppUes employed, the average

output power for portable radios was far lower than the output power for mobile radios.

The mean output power, for all departments, for portable radios was 3.9 watts, while

the mean output power for mobile radios was 70.9 watts. (Most portable radios currently on the market transmit with an RF output of five watts or less.) In general, the larger the average size of department type jurisdiction, the greater

the mean reported output power for portable radios. There was only one exception to

this general trend: The 50 largest cities, which had the third largest mean size of

jurisdiction, reported the lowest mean output power for their portable radios. (See table

IOC.)

A few departments reported very high portable radio output powers, but the

problem was not as great, either in frequency or degree, as for mobile radios. Follow-up

telephone calls to some of these departments revealed that they had estimated the

output power of their portable equipment rather than actually checking the

specifications.

Table IOC. Mean output power in watts for

portable radios , by department type —arranged from

smallest to largest mean size of jurisdiction

Mean output power

Department type in watts

Township 3.4 City (50+) 3.4 City (1-9) 3.6 City (10-49) 4.2 50 largest 2.8 County 4.6 State 5.1

22. Should standards for power supplies such as charging

equipment, and batteries for portable radios be given

High Priority

Medium Priority

Low Priority

Standards are not needed for these items

About three-fourths of departments which used portable radios felt that either high

or medium priority should be assigned to developing standards for power supplies for portable radios. These departments were evenly divided between those which assigned

high vs. medium priorities. About 25 percent of all departments using portables either

said that no standards for power supplies were needed or that such standards should

have low priority. The 50 largest cities, which were the biggest users of portable radios, were most likely to assign high priority to standards for power supplies for portable

radios. (See table 22.)

26
Table 22. Priorities assigned to standards for power supplies for portable

radios by 348 departments which used portable radios as compared to average number of portables available , by department type

Don't Average no. Department type High Medium Low need of portable

priority priority priority standards radios

(in <3%> of department types)

61 26 7 7 355.7

City (50+) 37 33 19 9 21.6

State 36 36 11 17 77.0 County 37 35 7 19 11.1 City (10-49) 30 44 17 8 4.8 Township 25 50 12 12 3.4

City (1-9) 24 37 22 17 2.7

23. What types of batteries do you now use for your portable

radios? (Mark X by Each Item That Applies)

24. What types of batteries do you prefer to use for your portable

radios? (Mark X by One of the Following)

Alkaline-Manganese

Carbon-Zinc

Mercury

NiCad (Nickel-Cadmium)

Silver Oxide

Other

More than 80 percent of the 348 departments which were using portable radios

said that they were using Nickel-Cadmium batteries for those radios. A similar

percentage also said that Nickel-Cadmium was the battery they would prefer to use with

their portable radios. Although 25 percent of the portable radio users said they were

currently using at least some Alkaline-Manganese or some Mercury batteries, less than

half of those who used these two types of batteries said that they would prefer to use

them. (See table 23 and 24.)

Table 23 and 24. Comparison between batteries now in use and

batteries preferred, by the 348 departments using portable radios

AU departments using portable radios

(in %)

Battery type

(Question 23) Now using(Question 2'tj Would prefer

to use

Alkaline-Manganese 11 6 Carbon-Zinc 6 1 Mercury 14 6 Nickel-Cadmium 82 83

Silver Oxide 0 0 Other 3 1 No answer 3 4

Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent since departments

could give more than one answer to Question 23.

27
25. Do you use batteries for your portable radios which must be

recharged:

Yes No

Nine out of every 10 departments which had portable radios used batteries which

had to be recharged. There were no major differences among department types,

although percentages of departments using batteries which must be recharged were

sUghtly smaller for state, county and small city (1-9) departments than for larger city

types. These differences may not be statistically significant. (See table 25.)

Table 25. Use of batteries which must be recharged

,

by 348 departments which used portable radios

Department type

Batteries must be recharged

Percent of department type

50 largest 98

City (50+) 94

City (10-49) 94 Township 94 County 84

State 83

City (1-9) 80

All departments 90

(Do you use batteries for your portable radio which must be

recharged? ) YES

2 5A. How long can you use the battery before it must be

recharged?

Hours

25B. How long does it usually take to recharge the battery to a point where it can be used again?

Hours

25C. How long does it usually take to fully recharge the battery?

Hours

25D. How long can you usually use these batteries before they

must be replaced?

Months

Responses from the departments using rechargeable batteries showed that they

averaged 8 hours of battery use before recharging was required. This was also the most

commonly reported figure by all department types (modal response).

On the average, departments reported that a portable radio could be recharged

enough to be usable in a little more than half the time it took for a fuU charge: Mean

time to fuUy recharge was 9.2 hours; mean time to recharge to usable point was 5.6

hours. There was, however, considerable variability to their answers. Some departments

said that it took a minimum of 24 hours to recharge portable radio batteries to a usable

point while others said it required only 1 hour. Similarly, for full recharging, some

departments said 1 hour was sufficient, several said 24 hours were required, and at least one county department said full recharging took 48 hours. This wide range of responses

probably was a reflection of the use of "quickcharge" and "slow-charge" systems, the

28
ages of the charging systems in use, and the design parameters of many different

portable radio/battery systems in use. (See table 25A and B and C and D.)

Departments replaced their rechargeable batteries, on the average, every 16.7

months. Excluding those departments (8%) who had never needed to replace their

batteries (no data is available on how long these batteries had been in use), battery Ufe

ranged from as little as 3 months to as long as 5 years. The larger departments—states, 50 largest, cities (50+), and cities (10-49)—reported

average battery lives between 1-1/2 and 2 years. On the other hand, counties and cities

(1-9) were only able to use their batteries for 6 or 7 months before replacement. Followup phone calls revealed that few departments kept actual battery use and life records;

these data, therefore, are probably based, in large measure, on estimates. (See table 12

and 13-1.)

Table 25A. and B. and C. and D. Length of lime to partially and

completely recharge batteries : Length of time batteries can be used

before needing recharging , and needing replacement , by departments

which use rechargeable batteries in their portable radios

Departments recharging batteries

Question

Mean

no. hours Maximumno. hours Minimum

no. hours

A. No. of hours battery can be

used before needing re- charging (261 responses) 8.0 50 1

B. No. of hours required to recharge battery to point where it can be used again

(260 responses) 5.6 24 1

C. No. of hours required to

fully recharge battery

(259 responses) 9.2 48 1 Months Months Months

D. No. of months battery can

be used before being re- placed (206 responses) No. of departments never

needing to replace

batteries: 26 (8%)

16.7 60 3

Table 12 and 13-1. Weight of portable radios, by 348 departments using portable radios

Weight

Percent of departments

using portables

Less than 20 oz 5 20 oz to 26 oz 26

27 oz to 32 oz 25

33 oz to 38 oz 20 More than 38 oz 21 No answer 2

29
12. About how much does one of these "most used" portable

radios weigh?

Less than 20 oz 20 oz to 26 oz 27 oz to 32 oz 33 oz to 38 oz More than 38 oz

13. How do you feel about the weight of the "most used" portable

radios?

The weight is about right

The unit is somewhat heavy

The unit is entirely too heavy

About 7 out of every 10 departments reported that their portable radios weighed

between 20 and 38 oz (.567 to 1.077 kg). About one-fifth of the departments had radios

weighing more than 1.077 kg. (See table 12 and 13-2.)

Departments with units weighing over 1.077 kg (38 oz) more frequently reported

that the radios were entirely too heavy than those which had lighter weight sets.

Table 12 and 13-2. Comparison between weight of most used

portable radios and respondents ' feeling about that weight

How

respondents

feel about

weight

Reported weight of portable radios

(in % of departments)

Less

than 20 oz20 oz -26 oz27 oz -32 oz33 oz -38 oz

More

than 38 oz No

answer

Weight is right 7 38 29 17 9 1 Somewhat heavy 2 17 28 36 23 3

Entirely too heavy 4 6 8 18 60 4

12A. When did you buy most of these "most used" portable

radios?

Within the last calendar year

1-2 years ago

4-5 years ago

More than S years ago

Half of the departments in the sample had bought the portable radios most

commonly used in their department 1 to 3 years ago."^ About one-fourth had bought them

4 to 5 years ago. Seventeen percent had purchased their radios within the previous year

and the remaining 10 percent had radios which were not more than 5 years old. All seven department types reflected roughly these same proportions.

It appears that departments had made major purchases of portable radios more

recently than they had made major purchases of mobile radios (90% of the departments

had purchased portables and 65% had purchased mobile radios in quanitity within the

last 5 years). This finding may have resulted in part because of improved portable radio

technology, the recent availability of federal purchase funds, and/or the relatively

shorter Ufe of portable radios.

Data about purchase of equipment was provided as of summer 1972.

30
Table 12A. When departments bought most of their "most often used" brands of portable radios

Percent of departments

When purchased using portables

(n=348)

Within last year 1 7

3 years ago or less 67

5 years ago or less 90 No answer 1

12B. About how much did you pay for one of these "most used"

portable radios (including antenna, carrying case, and spare

batteries)?

Less than $ 500

$501$ 700

$ 701-$ 900

$901-$ 1,100

$ 1,101$ 1,500

Over $ 1,500

Forty-four percent of the departments paid between $700 and $900 apiece for their

portable radios and 77 percent of them paid $900 or less. About one-fourth of cities (1-9) had bought their portables for less than $500. These small cities along with the 50

largest cities paid a wide range of prices. Two percent of cities (1-9) paid more than

$1,101 as did 13 percent of the 50 largest cities. Counties, in general, paid higher prices

for their portable radios and states paid lower prices. (See table 12B.)

Table 12B. Cumulative percentages for costs of "most commonly used " portable radios in 348 departments

Department type

Cumulative percentages

City

(1-9) Township County

City

(10-49) State

50

largest

City

(50+)

Less than $500 24 12 9 6 2 2 0 $700 or less 41 24 15 35 54 24 22 $900 or less 78 74 66 89 89 52 69 $1100 or less 98 93 78 98 99 85 96 No ansvifer 0 6 5 0 0 2 0

31
IIB. (How many portable radios do you now have in your

department? ) Of those portable radios, about how many were made by the following manufacturers?

Number Manufacturer

Manufacturer A made roughly 7 out of every 10 portable radios used by the

respondents. There were no major differences among department types, except that a smaller percentage of portables in states and cities (1-9) was made by this company than

in the larger city department types. Manufacturer B m.ade slightly more than 1 out of every 10 portable radios and manufacturers C and D each made only 1 out of every 20

radios reported. Only in cities (1-9) did a manufacturer other than manufacturer A

capture a significant proportion of the reported market (35%, manufacturer B). (See

table IIB.)

Table IIB. Percentage of portable radios in use in departments made by various manufacturers , by department type

Manufacturer

(by % of radios)

Department type A B C D Other

50 largest 76 10 3 6 5

City (10-49) • 76 14 4 0 6 Township 75 2 7 0 16

City (5Q-H) 72 17 6 4 0 County , 67 11 0 0 22

City (1-9) 54 35 0 0 11 State 48 14 13 2 23

12. What model of portable radio do you have more of in your

department than any other?

Manufacturer

Model or Model No.

Although only 1 percent of the portable radio users faUed to answer this question

at aU, 14 percent gave a manufacturer but not model, and 6 percent gave insufficient

information to identify a particular model. A total of 26 different portable radio models were mentioned by the respondents, but haK of those 348 respondents Usted 1 of 2 models: 27 percent for 1 model and 23 percent for another. Both of these models are produced by the same manufacturer. (See table 12.)

32
Table 12. Of the 348 departments using portable radios , percent

listing each of two "most used" models , by department type

Model

(% of department type)

No answer, Department type Model X Model Y

manufacturer only, model uncertain

State 36 4 15 50 largest 36 33 6

City (10-49) 31 26 20

City (50+) 27 29 18 County 23 14 33

City (1-9) 17 20 29 Township 12 31 37

2.2.5. Special Systems

2.2.5.1. Mobile Repeaters

13. A portable radio can be used with a repeater by a patrolman

when he is out of his car. The portable radio transmits to the car radio which then relays the signals to the base radio. Do you need

repeaters like this in your conmfiunications system?

Yes No Why?

(See table 13-1.)

Almost half of the respondents (43%) indicated a need for a mobile repeater

system (i.e., a system in which a mobile car radio is used to relay transmissions from a low powered portable radio to a base station location). Generally, the larger the average

size of the department type jurisdiction, the higher the percentage of departments

saying they needed mobile repeater systems. In exception to this pattern, only 26

percent of the 50 largest cities indicated a need for mobile repeater systems. (See table

13-2.)

Since there is a relationship between jurisdiction size and frequency of need for mobUe repeaters (except for the 50 largest cities), it was not surprising that the most

frequently given reason for needing this system was to overcome distance (range)

problems. The other four most commonly given reasons for choosing this system were

Table 13-1. Percent departments which need repeaters

within their mobile systems , by department type , arranged

according to average size of jurisdiction

Department type

Percent of all departments

saying yes

Township 31

City (50-1-) 35

City (1-9) 44

City (10-49) 40

50 largest 26 County 58

State 68

33

0-77-4
Table 13-2. // "yes ," why do you need mobile repeaters?

Reasons

Percent of all departments saying yes (n=150)

I problems 23

9 To improve or strengthen 21

3. (^r»rictant vJllo Ldll I f*rtFTiTniiniP3tifin ^VJlll 111 Ulll^dLl^^ll npppQ^3T*v lldV'^SoCll^ 18

4. To overcome terrain-caused problems 16

5. Mobility of officers improved 11

6. Good for special assignments ny Other 7 No answer 11

Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent because the respondents

could give more than one reason.

Table 13-3. // ''no why don't you need mobile repeaters?

Reasons

Percent of all departments saying no

(n=194)

1. Not needed—current equipment

adequate 21

2. Use or prefer other system 19

3. Not needed—area not large

enough to v*rarrant use 18

4. Have no hand and/or car radios 2 Other 9 No answer 38

Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent because respondents

could have given more than one reason.

aU somewhat related to the problems of covering large areas of territory (to strengthen

the portable system, to remain in constant communication, to overcome terrain-caused

problems, and to increase officer mobility). (See table 13-3.)

Departments usually indicated that they did not need a mobile repeater system

when their current equipment was adequate, when their area was not large enough to warrant use, or when they used or preferred other systems for handling problems of distance, such as fixed repeaters and/or voting systems.

Half of the 32 departments in the 50 largest cities which did not need mobile

repeater systems said that they use or prefer other systems. This probably accounted for the atypical response of the 50 largest cities which often indicated that they did not need a mobile repeater system even though they had larger average jurisdictions to cover than townships and other city departments.

34
2.2.5.2. Fixed Repeaters

7A. Do you use fixed repeaters in your area (to cover dead spots

in communication which otherwise would exist)?

Yes No

Fixed repeaters can be used to overcome obstacles, either natural or manmade,

which would otherwise create dead spots in communications and to increase the range

of system coverage. They are also used to cut mobile transmitter costs because, in general, less powerful transmitters are needed when repeater systems are employed.

About one-third of the 428 responding departments used repeaters. State police

and police in the 50 largest cities were the 2 most frequent users of this equipment.

It might be hypothesized that there could be a relationship between the size of the

jurisdiction to be covered and the use of fixed repeaters. It can be seen that state police

departments, which were the most frequent users of fixed repeaters, did have the

largest jurisdictions to cover. However, less than one-third of county police, who had

the second largest average size of jurisdiction, used repeaters. Within city department

types, the frequency of use of repeaters increased with the size of the department type

in terms of number of officers, rather than in terms of average size of jurisdiction. (See

table 7A-1.)

Table 7A-1. Use of fixed repeaters by department

type, as compared to average size of jurisdiction

Use of repeaters and jurisdiction size

Mean size of Department type Percent use of jurisdiction repeaters (mi')

State 77 64,704 50 largest 65 237

City (50+) 37 33 County 30 2,551 City (10-49) 20 68

City (1-9) 13 67 Township 9 31

7B. (If " Yes" to Question 7A) How many fixed repeaters does your

department have?

Fixed Repeaters

Most of the fixed repeaters were found in state poUce departments or in the 50

largest cities. About three out of every five repeaters cited were used by state poUce

departments. A httle more than one-fourth of aU repeaters were operated by the 50

largest cities. Thus, edmost 90 percent of fixed repeaters were employed by these two

groups. Of the departments reporting fixed repeater operations, state poUce departments

each operated 21 repeater units and the 50 largest cities each operated 11 repeater units

(means). Between 20 percent and 37 percent of other larger department types (at least 10 officers or more) and county police, reported using fixed repeaters (Question 7A) but

these department types generally had an average (mean) of only 1 or 2 repeaters in each

department. (See table 7B-1.)

The largest mean numbers of repeaters were found in departments along the East

Coast (in the Middle Atlantic and New York/New Jersey areas) and along the West

35
Table 7B-1. Percentage of total repeaters in use, and mean

number per department of those using repeaters , by department type

Percent total Mean no. repeaters per

reported department of those Department type repeaters using any repeaters (n=l,197)

State 62 20.6 50 largest 27 10.9 City (50+) 5 2.1 County 4 1.9 City (10-49) 2 1.1 City (1-9) 1 ** Township * **

All departments 100

Less than 1 percent. ••Mean probably not valid; number of respondents too smalL

Table 7B-2. Average number of fixed repeaters, by LEAA region,

compared to percentage of departments in regions which use fixed repeaters

Number and use of repeaters

Percent of departments

Mean no. which use LEAA region repeaters fixed

in region repeaters

9 (Far West/Hawaii) 15.7 48

3 (Middle Atlantic) 15.6 17 2 (New York/New Jersey) 13.6 17

7 (Midwest) 9.4 19

5 (Great Lakes) 6.8 39

4 (South) 6.4 38

6 (South/Southwest) 6.2 26 8 (Mountain) 6.1 45

1 (New England) 5.1 27

10 (Northwest/Alaska) 4.0 68

Coast (in the region which includes California, Nevada, Arizona, and also Hawaii).

Although more than two-thirds of departments in region 10 (which includes the

northwestern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska) reported using fixed

repeaters, this region had the smallest average number of repeaters per department.

(See table 7B-2.)

36
8. If you use, or will be using fixed repeaters, which of the

following types do you prefer?

Will not use fixed repeaters

FlFl repeater (same frequency in and out)

F1F2 repeater (two different frequencies)

No preference

The FlFl system, in which communications are transmitted and received on the same frequency, is not generally being marketed because it has not yet been perfected.

Thus, state departments and large city departments (50 largest and 50+) preferred the

F1F2 (in which communications are transmitted and received on different frequencies).

Smaller department types also selected this system if they indicated a preference at all. (See table 8A.)

Table 8A. Preference for FlFl or F1F2 repeaters , by department type

Favoring Favoring Indicating

Department type F1F2 FlFl Having no v*rill not use

repeaters repeaters preference or no ansv*fer

State 79 50 largest 76

City (50+) 54 County 21

City (10-49) 19 Township 17

City (1-9) 10 AH departments 37

6 6 8

7 4 13 6 11 28

11 23 44

9 22 50

4 22 56 5 33 52

7 19 37

2.2.5.3. Portamobile Radios with Voting Systems

14. Some law enforcement agencies use portamobile radios with

several receivers and a voting system. Do you favor such a system?

Yes

No If " Yes" or " No," why?

Unfamiliar with voting system

More than half of the respondents who used portable radios (N=348) were

unfamiUar with voting systems, an arrangement which provides more reliable communications by employing 1 or more satellite receivers for each channel. These

receivers are situated at scattered locations throughout the coverage area. The audio

output signals of the satellite receivers are transmitted to a selector or comparator at the base station by radio or land lines. The comparator performs the voting process by

selecting the strongest of the several possible signals received from the portable or mobile radio via the satellite receivers. State pohce and poUce in the 50 largest citie;- were the only department types in which most respondents had knowledge of voting

systems. About three-fourths (74%) of the respondents in the 50 largest cities and about

half (53%) in the state departments favored the system.

Data from this question further explained why, in Question 13, only 26 percent of the 50 largest cities said they needed mobile repeaters and most often gave as a reason

their preference for other systems. About three-fourths of the 50 largest cities favored

37
the voting system. Twenty-eight of the 45 respondents (65%) familiar with the concept

favored the use of such a system. (See table 14-1.)

The 3 reasons most often given for favoring the voting system (by aU respondents,

and also by the 50 largest cities) were: (1) That the system improves

transmitting/receiving coverage and extends range, (2) that the department already uses

the system and likes it and (3) that the system increases the flexibihty and usefulness of the portable radios. (See table 14-2.)

Departments which did not favor the voting system most commonly gave as reasons that they had no need or practical use for the system or that they considered

the voting system inadequate. (See table 14-3.)

Table 14-1. Of the 348 departments with portable radios,

percentages of responses about voting systems , by department type

Do you favor a voting system?

(by %)

Unfamiliar Department type Yes No with system

Township 0 0 100

City (10-49) 10 12 78 County 16 12 72

City (1-9) 5 24 71

City (50-^) 28 17 55

State 53 32 15 50 largest 74 13 13

All departments 28 17 55

Table 14-2. Reasons given for favoring a portamobile radio

with a voting system , by 98 departments which favored this system

Percent of departments Reasons favoring voting system'

(n=98)

1. Improves transmitting/receiving coverage and extends range 31

2. Already use and/or think it's a good system 23

3. Increases portable usefulness and

flexibility 20

4. Voter relays best signal 10

5. For extra backup 4

6. Miscellaneous 11 No answer 11

Percentages add to more than 100 since departments allowed multiple answers.

38
Table 14.3. Reasons given for not favoring a portamohile radio with a voting system, hy 58 departments which do not favor this system

Percent of departments

not favoring Reasons voting system'

(n=58)

1. No need or practical use 21

2. Consider voting system inadequate 17

3. Current system adequate 10

4. Area too small to warrant use 10

5. Too expensive 7

6. Important calls voted out^ 3

7. Miscellaneous 10 No answer 31

1^Percentages add to more than 100 since departments allowed multiple answers.

This answer cannot really be considered a valid reason for not favoring a voting system. It is probably

better interpreted as an indication of lack of i<nuwiedge about this system.

2.2.5.4. Scrambler Systems

17. In some areas, police use voice privacy systems which

scramble messages so that they cannot be received by people

other than police. Do you HAVE a system of this type?

Yes

No

(If "No") Do you NEED a scrambler system of this type?

Yes

No (If " No," skip to Question 21)

Scramblers were in use in less than 10 percent of the 428 responding departments.

Cities (50+), states, and the 50 largest cities tended to have greater percentages of

departments using scramblers. Counties and the two smedlest city department types

tended to have lower percentages of users. (See table 17-1.)

Table 17-1. Availability of scramblers

,

by department type

Have scramblers Department type percent of department type

City (50+) 18

State 13 50 largest 11 Township 9

City (10-49) 8

City (1-9) 5 County 3

39
Almost three-fifths of departments which did not have scramblers felt that they

needed this system. Medium-sized cities (10-49) were much more Ukely than state poHce

to perceive a need for these systems. There were no major differences between the 50

largest cities and smaller departments such as townships, counties and cities (1-9) in their responses to this question. These data represent the departments' assessments of

their need for scramblers and did not distinguish between various degrees of need such

as "essential to the functioning of the department" and "desirable but not essential."

(See table 17-2.)

Table 17-2. Perceived need for scrambler system by 388 departments which currently do not have the system , by department type

Need scrambler Department type system No answer (% of department type)

City (10-49) 71 4

City (50-1-) 65 5 County 61 3 Township 57 0 50 largest 54 10

City (1-9) 46 3 State 44 5

18. (If "Yes" to Question 17) For which of the following purposes

do you need, or would you like, a scranrdjler system? (Mark X by

Each Item That Applies)

General communications

During robberies

Long term stakeout

Demonstrations or protests

Undercover investigations

Other (Specify)

Departments which had scramblers (n=40, 9%) and departments which said they

needed scramblers (n=225, 53%) were asked to answer this question. For three of the

choices (undercover investigations, robberies, and long term stakeout) the percentages

of votes from the "have" and the "need" groups were fairly comparable. However,

departments which did not currently have scramblers were much more likely to say they

would use them for general communications (49%) than were those departments which

already had them (15%). In contrast, those departments which were already using

scramblers were more likely to say they would use them during demonstrations or

protests (60%) than were those departments which said they needed but did not yet have

scramblers (45%). (See table 18.)

Nineteen percent of departments which had, or needed, scramblers indicated

other uses for scramblers. Some of the more commonly mentioned other uses were: For

fires and accidents, for administrative operations, for crimes in progress (in addition to robberies), and for use in command units (communications vans).

40
Table 18. Purposes for which scramblers were (or would be)

used, by all departments currently using scramblers and all departments saying scramblers were needed

Percent of departments

Using Needing Use for scrambler scramblers

'

scramblers

(n=40) (n=225)

Undercover investigations 82 78 Demonstrations 60 45

Robberies 52 42 Long term stakeouts 50 63

General communications 15 49 Other 37 16

1 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

19. (If "Yes" to Question 17) How do you (would you) use your

scramblers? (Mark X by One of the Following)

With car radios

With portable radios

With both car radios and portable radios

Only in special vehicles (Specify)

The perceptions of the 225 departments which did not have, but said they needed

scramblers were very different from the answers of the 40 departments which were

currently using scramblers. More than half (58%) of the users of scramblers said they were using them with car radios only. An additionsd 35 percent of the current users said

they were using their scramblers with both car radios and portable radios. In contrast, three-quarters (75%) of the departments which said they needed

scramblers said they would use them with both car radios and portable radios. Only 15

percent said they would use them with car radios only. (See table 19.)

Table 19. Use of scramblers with car radios , portable

radios , and special vehicles , by all departments currently using scramblers and all departments saying scramblers were needed

Percent of departments

Using Needing

scramblers scramblers Use with (Question 17)' (Question 17)' (n=40) (n=227)

Car radios only 58 15 Portable radios only 2 3 Both car and portable radios 35 76

Special vehicles 18 8

'The categories were meant to be mutually exclusive. However, a number of departments marked more than one of the available choices. The first three categories were made mutually exclusive in the tabulations. Double responses using the special vehicles category were permitted and therefore the total percentages add to more than 100 percent. 41

2P.6-2y7 0 - 77 -5

If
20. (If "Yes" to Question 17) How much do yoU think your

department would pay for a good, reliable scrambler system?

(Mark X by your best estimate below)

Less than $ 250 per unit

$251-$ 500 per unit

$ 501-$ 750 per unit

$ 751-$ 1,000 per unit

More than $ 1,000 per unit

These data were useful as an indication of the accuracy of the respondents'

perceptions of the costs of voice privacy systems. The simplest scramblers now on the

market are inverters. They cost between $200 and $400 each, provide good

inteUigibUity but offer only a low degree of privacy (an electronic hobbyist can easily

build a low cost unscrambler). Eighty-three percent of the respondents which had (or

needed) scramblers ssiid that they were wUling to pay $500 or less for a "good, reUable

scrambler system." These departments would only be able to buy a "low privacy"

inverter system.

Scramblers using cryptographic techniques provide many different key settings, a

substantial degree of privacy, and cost $800-$2,000. Only 2 percent of the respondents

with an interest in scramblers said they would be wUling to pay more than $750—enough

to buy a cryptographic type system. More of the 50 largest cities (30%) than of any other

department type said they would be willing to pay more than $500 for a reliable scrambler system. (See table 20.)

Table 20. Amounts the 265 departments which used or

said they needed scramblers would be willing to pay for a

reliable scrambler system , by department type

Amount

(by %)

Less More

Department type than $251 $501 than No

$250 -$500 -$750 $750 answer

City (50+) 52 43 2 0 4

City (10-49) 52 30 8 0 10

City (1-9) 50 42 0 3 5 County 49 30 2 2 16

State 42 37 8 4 8

50 largest 30 37 30 0 4 Township 21 43 14 7 14

42
2.2.5.5. Communications Helmet

21. Helmets with built-in communications have been developed

and are now on the market. Is there a need for such helmets in

your department?

Yes

No

Why? or Why Not?

Although only about one-third of all 428 respondents to the communications

questionnaire said they needed helmets with built-in communications, almost three- quarters of the state and 50 largest city departments said they needed them. (See table

21-1.)

Half of the 139 departments which expressed need for helmet communications

gave as their reason the usefulness of this system in crowd control or riots. About onethird of those departments said it would be useful for motorcycle duty. These two

reasons were also most often chosen by the states and 50 largest cities. For state police,

motorcycle duty was most often chosen while crowd control was second; the reverse was

true of departments in the 50 largest cities. (See table 21-2.)

Table 21-1. Need for built-in communications in helmets, by department type (all respondents , n=428)

Need built-in Department type communications

(% department type)

50 largest 72

State 72

City (50-I-) 34 County 22

City (10-49) 19

City (1-9) 15 Township 9

Table 21-2. Reasons for needing built in helmet communications

,

by 139 departments which said they needed this system

Percent of all departments Reason needing helmets with

built-in communications'

(n=139)

For crowd control/riots 50

For motorcycle duty 30

Frees hands 9 Improves operations/more efficient 4

Useful when away from base or mobile unit 4

Counteracts noise (other than crowds) 3 No answer 16

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

43
The majority of respondents (67%, n=286) said that their departments did not need

built-in helmet communications. Many of the reasons for saying "No" to Question 21 were simply that the respondents saw no need for that type of communications system

in their departments: Use not warranted based on department or area (22%),

impractical/don't need (16%), no helmets used by department (13%). The reason given

with greatest frequency (expense not warranted, 66%) might also be said to be in the

general "no need" category. Only 4 percent of those saying built-in helmet

communications were not needed mentioned a perceived negative aspect of this system

as their reason. (See table 21-3.)

Table 21-3. Reasons for not needing built-in communications

,

by 286 departments which said they did not need this system

Percent of departments

not needing helmet Reasons communications

'

(n=286)

Expense not warranted 66 Use not warranted based on

department or area 22

Impractical/don't need 16 No helmets used by department 13 Have or prefer other equipment

for same job 6 Too cumbersome/dangerous 3 Low priority 2 Not enough power 1 Other 2 No answer 32

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

2.2.6. General Information

2.2.6.1. Need for Standards and Expected Gains from Standards

15. Many policemen have indicated the need for standardization

of communications equipment. Which of the following equipment

and components would you like to see standardized? (Mark X by

Each Item That Applies)

Portable radios

Mobile radios

Batteries for portable radios

Control heads

Microphones

Switches on control heads

Mounting brackets

Cable between microphone and control head

Other (specify)

About two-thirds of the respondents said standards were needed for mobile radios

(70%) and portable radios (66%). More than half of the departments said batteries for

44
portable radios needed standards (56%). No item was selected by less than one-third of the respondents. This interest in standards for communications equipment further

supports the findings of the Equipment Priorities Questionnaire of this survey in which

communications equipment was either the first or second most important category of equipment for every department type in terms of need for standards. (See table 15-1.) States and 50 largest cities tended to say that more of the items in the list needed

standards than did the other department types. In 5 of the department types (cities 1-9, cities 10-49, cities 50+, counties, and townships) portable radios, mobile radios, and

batteries for portable radios always received 1 of the 3 highest percentages of votes. States chose mobile radios and batteries for portable radios among the top three, but not

portable radios. The 50 largest cities chose portable radios and batteries for portable

radios among the top 3, but not mobile radios. (See table 15-2.)

Items not listed in the questionnaire which were sometimes mentioned as needing

standards included chargers, antennas, crystals, connectors, other controls, and other

cables.

Table 15-1. Need for standards for communications

equipment , by all respondents

Percent of departments

Equipment item indicating standards

are needed

Mobile radios 70

Portable radios 66

Batteries 56

Control heads 42 Mounting brackets 37 Microphones 36

Switches on control heads 36 Cable between microphone and

control head 33 Other 12 No answer

Table 15-2. Items said to need standards by 40 percent or more

of the departments within a department type . Ordered from highest

to lowest frequency of response by all 428 departments

Department type

(by %)

50 Cities Cities Cities Equipment item State largest 50-1- 10-49 County Township 1-9

Mobile radios 64 59 57 76 72 83

Portable radios 49 70 68 67 68 70

Batteries for portables 66 78 67 55 49 61

Control heads 68 63 42 43 Mounting brackets 49 41 Microphones 57 46

Switches on con head 49 43 41 Cable btw mike and con head 51 46

45
16. What will your department gain by the standardization

discussed above? (Mark X by Each Item That Apphes)

10% lower cost of equipment

25% lower cost of equipment

50% lower cost of equipment

Interchangeability of radios

Interchangeability of components

Savings in training of technicians

Savings in training of patrolmen

Interchangeability with other conununications systems

Other (specify)

According to all 428 respondents as a group, and according to each

department type, the biggest gain that would be realized by police departments if standards were set for communications equipment would be an improvement in the

interchangeability of equipment; about half or more of all respondents chose each

interchangeabiUty item. About a quarter of the respondents chose each of the

savings in training items. (See table 16-1.)

Among the seven department types, the same general proportions of the

responses were found. The states and the 50 largest cities tended to have higher

percentages of departments expecting to see better interchangeability of radios and

components result from standardization. These two department types also had

higher percentages of departments expecting savings in training of technicians. States and townships had higher percentages expecting savings in training of patrolmen. Cities (1-9) appeared to feel they had the least to gain overall from the

standardization of communications equipment.

In terms of expected cost benefits from standardization, departments most

often said they expected to see costs lowered by 25 percent or less. Only about

one-third of the respondents said that they expected any cost benefit from

standardization of communications equipment. (See table 16-2.)

Table 16-1. Expected gains from standardization of communications equipment , by all respondents

Expected gain Percent all departments

(n=428)

Interchangeability. .

.

of radios 62

of components 52

with other communications systems 47

Savings in training... of mechanics 28

of patrolmen 23

Lower cost of equipment...

10 percent lower cost 16 25 percent lower cost 13 50 percent lower cost 3

Note: Percentages add to more than 100 percent since multiple answers were allowed. The

reader should be particularly careful in interpretations of tables 16-1 and 16-2 because of the multiple responses. It is much more lii^ely. for example, that a respondent would have selected

only one of the three lower cost of equipment choices than it is that he would have selected only one of the two or three choices in the other two general categories.

46
Table 16-2. Expected gains from standardization of communications equipment , by department type

'

Department type (in %)

50 City City City

Expected gain largest State 50+ 10-49 County 1-9 Township

Interchangeability. .

.

of radios 78 74 67 63 55 50 43

of components 70 72 59 53 42 28 48

with other systems 52 30 46 55 54 37 57

Savings in training... of patrolmen 30 40 32 26 25 17 43

of technicians 57 43 20 12 16 8 35

Lower cost of equipment...

10 percent lower cost 22 19 18 15 17 14 0

25 percent lower cost 15 19 13 13 13 6 13 50 percent lower cost 4 0 3 2 3 4 4

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

2.2.6.2. Communications Needs

26. What are your most critical communications needs? (Mark X

by Each Item That Applies)

More frequencies and channels

New equipment

More reliable equipment

Personal transceivers for each officer

Portamobile voting system

Scramblers

Standardization of all equipment

Other (specify)

Five of the eight choices in the questionnaire were cited as "critical communications needs" by one-third or more of the respondents. Nearly half of the

departments said new equipment, more frequencies/channels, and personal transceivers

for each officer were critical communications needs. (See table 26-1.)

Personal transceivers for each officer seemed to be the most critical communications need for all city department types with more than 10 officers and

townships. Cities (1-9) and counties most often said they needed new equipment. Almost

three-quarters of the states said that more frequencies and channels was a critical communications need. The fact that 45 percent of the cities (10-49) said the same thing

is not surprising in view of their answers to Question 17: 71 percent of the cities (10-49)

which did not currently have scramblers said that this equipment was needed in their

departments. (See table 26-2.)

47
Table 26-1. Most critical communications

needs, by all departments^

Percent of Communications need all departments

New equipment 45 More frequencies/channels 44

Personal transceivers 43

Standardize all equipment 38 Scramblers 34 More reliable equipment 21 PortamobUe voting system 8 Other 11

Percentages add to more than 100 percent since

multiple answers were allowed.

Table 26-2. Most critical communications needs indicated by 40 percent

or more of the departments within each department type

'

Department type (by %)

50 City City City

Communications need State largest 50-1- 10-49 1-9 County Township

New equipment 45 43 43 41 51 49 More frequencies/channels 57 48 46 44 41 Personal transceivers 74 47 48

Standardize all equipment 51 43 42 Scramblers 45

More reliable equipment

PortamobUe voting s^jstem Other

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

2.2.6.3. Problems with and Failures of Communications Equipment

27. What are your most serious problems with communications

equipment?

Question 27 was "open-ended" allowing respondents to write in their problems

with communications equipment and categories, for these narrative responses were

developed after the questionnaires were returned. Many of the responses to this question were related to the "critical communications needs" discussed in the previous

question. Some of the most commonly indicated problems were: Overcrowding and

congestion of channels, problems with old equipment, and problems having to do with

repairs, maintenance and lack of reUabUity of equipment. Since there were many

different answers to this question, none of the categories of problems in table 27 was

mentioned by as many as one-quarter of the respondents. Perhaps the most important

aspect of this question is the fact that more than 75 percent of the departments listed some communications problem that they considered to be serious (11% gave no answer

and 13% said "no problems").

48
Table 27. Most serious problems with communicatior\s

equipment , by all respondents '

Percent of

all Problem departments

(n=428)

Overcrowding/congestion 1 Q Old equipment/need new or more 16 Malfunctions, breakdowns, faUures 1 A 14 Repair, maintenance, service 11 Inadequacy of equipment (range, power) 10 Electrical/mechanical interference (skip) oo

Reliability/lack of quality control z:O

Oharacter of area/terrain causing dead spots cO Unauthorized monitoring 4

Standardization, interchangeability needs 3 Expense/high cost 2 Other 6 No problems 13 No answer 11

Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

28. What are your most common equipment failures, whether

entire units or specific components?

As in Question 27, response categories were developed from the narrative answers

supplied to this question. Eighty-two percent of the respondents hsted at least one common equipment failure (15% no answer and 12% "no problem"). Three failure categories stood out: Tubes, transistors, capacitors (25%); specific components, normal wear and tear (18%); mike cables, connectors, wiring (15%). (See table 28.)

Table 28. Most common equipment failures, by all respondents^

Percent of Failure category all departments

(n=428)

Tubes, transistors, capacitors 25

Specific components, normal wear and tear 18 Mike cables, connections, wiring 15 Antennas, relays, cables 9 Switches/fuses (circuit breakers) 9

Crystals, trimmers, frequency problems 9

Transmitter problems/failures 7 Portable/mobUe radios and accessories 6 Power supplies, vibrators, inverters, reeds 4 Other 7 No failures 12 No answer 16

1 Percentages add to more than 100 since multiple answers were allowed.

49
2.2.7. Comments

29. Do you have any other general conunents or observations

about communications equipment that might be helpful to the

people who will be studying and testing this equipment for police

use?

No attempt was made to actually code the comments received to this question.

They have been retained verbatim, and can be made available for research purposes

(without identification of specific respondents).

When a "comments" section is provided at the end of a lengthy questionnaire

such as this one, the response rate is usually expected to be low. However, in the case

of the communications questionnaire, over one-fourth of the 428 respondents provided an additional comment or statement. (See table 29.).

Table 29. Additional comments /observations about communications equipment , by department type

Percent of Department type aU

respondents

State 45

City (10-49) 38

50 largest 36 Township 33

City (50+) 26 County 18

City (1-9) 17

All respondents 29

The comments appeared to be well thought out and expressed the high degree of concern the respondents felt about their communications equipment. Several areas of

particular concern were identified: High expense of communications equipment,

maintenance for the equipment, the need for scramblers, overcrowding of frequency

bands, and need for improvement in portable radios and power sources. Examples of the

expression of these concerns follows.

The High Expense of Communications Equipment

Communications equipment and systems are expensive. It appears each

manufacturer adds new features one at a time so obsolescence comes at shorter intervals. An advanced technology by one manufacturer may not be

available by another causing a problem in developing an open specification.

Or the technology may be similar yet different enough to create not only

bidding difficulties but maintenance differences requiring different

techniques and test equipment.

Cost of equipment—many P.D.s operate on small limited budgets; therefore,

cannot afford to purchase proper amount of equipment for proper security.

Require LEAA expenditures be made only for equipment that meets the same performance standards for best make tested. Money spent for inferior equipment is money wasted.

50
Some replacement components are priced too high. More standard

components are needed.

Would hke to see standardized equipment at lower cost so departments with

limited budgets can get more equipment.

Small departments are unable to purchase much needed equipment because

of budgets and city leaders who think in the past.

Keep the price down.

The Need for Scrambers

The biggest problem that my department has is the monitoring of the

frequency that we are assigned. A call can be transmitted and the person we

are looking for can be gone upon the arrival of officers, since he or she has

heard our transmissions. This wiU occur daily. Or someone will call by public

service wanting to know why their name or their neighbor's name was

mentioned or why we are looking for them. To ensure or secure efficient police work we must cut down on outside monitors.

In our department what is needed is a scrambler system which can be used

with the base station, mobile radios, and handheld radios, which is priced

within reach of the average department.

A well built and high qucJity scrambler device at a moderate price range is one of the greatest needs of law enforcement today. Studying and testing

scramble devices should have a high priority.

For purposes of security, we would Uke to see an absolutely foolproof

scrambler system.

We also need good scramblers at a reasonable cost. The Problem of Maintenance

There should be a survey on maintenance, new methods of servicing

electronic equipment, standards for electronic technicians and some means

of providing good in-service training regarding all electronic equipment the

men service.

Manufacturers, due to feedback from users, are informed of common

equipment failure but they do not pass information on to local repair shops.

Any study of police communications should also consider estimated Ufe of hardware, general maintenance, installation and other long term

requirements for rehabihty and performance. There should be no "down

time" on pohce communication facihties, which are often used 15 years or more. Especieilly true of base facihties.

Current communications maintenance programs are inadequate. Equipment

receives no attention until it fails. Often no "backup" hardware is available,

pressuring technicians into "hurry-up" jobs and inadequate service.

The Problem of Overcrowded Frequency Bands

The use of power allocations and frequency allocations should be checked more closely. Crowded conditions and non-essential chatter is causing a great

deed of problems in emergency situations.

51
We are on a frequency with at least 15 other towns. We are constantly

drowned out by others who must be overmodulated.

Frequency coordination has always been a problem. At the present time, we

have cities operating on our channel which are less than 40 miles away.

We would Uke to see, in this area, a frequency with a channel of our own

with no outsiders.

The Need for Improvements in Portable Radios and Power Sources

Our portables are useless. They almost never work right.

This department purchased two hand portable units. We've had them about

18 months and they have been returned to factories several times for repairs.

Portable radios with capacity for long distance receiving and transmitting.

Consideration should be given to designing a radio for a police officer that would be durable and waterproof under the most extreme condition a police

officer may be called upon to perform service.

Hand held radio lighter in weight but retain and improve the present power

output levels. One of the biggest problems is the weight and size of the portable radios.

The output power is low, but the weight of the unit makes it cumbersome.

I believe there is a great need for reasonably priced integrated-circuit

designed radios to be carried or worn by all officers for constant communication availabihty. Might eventually eUminate need for radios in cars.

Battery size and weight reduction should receive high priority.

We feel that batteries used in portable and hand-carried equipment are too

large and too heavy—that the power source development have not been kept

with circuitry sophistication. We would Uke to see a 5-watt hand-carried

portable transceiver with very small dimensions.

One suggestion is that manufacturers of power source batteries be given the

necessary incentive to "catch up" with the communications industry by

making compatible batteries that are smaller in size, weigh less, have a longer life and increase the power output.

52
APPENDIX A

OMB 41-F72030

Approval Expires June 30, 1^

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

DETAILED QUESTIONNAIRE: COMMUNICATIONS

POLICE EQUIPMENT SURVEY

Sponsored By:

National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration

U. S. Department of Justice

Directed and Conducted By:

Benavioral Sciences Group

National Bureau of Standards

aington, D.C. 20234

Phone: 301-921-3558

iSXi -885

M^y 1972

NOTE: This questionnaire is included in this document as a supplement to the discussion in the text. It has no c intended use.

A-1
INTRODUCTION

; Maintaining good communications \jnder very poor conditions

is important to good police action. Many departments have lost

communication when they needed it most. System parts often cannot be

interchanged, batteries are \inreliable and some equipment is too ex- pensive for many departments to buy. In order to make it easier for

law enforcement departments to be able to buy commmications equipment

that meets their needs , the Law Enforcement Standards Laboratory will be

writing performance standards for this equipment. These standards will

be available to any department that wishes to use them.

PURPOSE OF THIS QUESTIONNAIRE: The piarpose of this "detailed" questionnaire is to get answers from YOU, the user, about the commxini cations

equipment you are now using, and the problems you find in using it.

Your answers will be used to determine what kinds of testing need to

be done, and what sorts of problems must be solved. We must find out

what YOUR needs are.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Fill in the questionnaire completely. Even if you do not have all

the information you need "at yovoc fingertips", please make your

best effort to supply every answer AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE.

2. Answer all questions FOR YOUR OWN DEPARTMENT. Do not attempt to

supply information that might exist in some other department.

3. The results of this questionnaire will be compiled by computer. It

is very important that you follow directions and answer every

question in the boxes and spaces provided

_

4. No individual department will be identified in the report of this

survey; the results will be published only in table form.

5. Additional instructions for filling in your answers appear after

some questions. Follow the directions given.

6. Please PRINT all answers and comments CLEARLY .

7. When this questionnaire has been completely filled in; place it,

with the other questionnaires sent to yoior department, in the

stamped, addressed envelope supplied. Return all of them to:

Technology Building, A-110

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

8. If you have any questions, write to the above address or call collect:

E. Bunten, or P. Klaus

Phone: 301-921-3558

9. Remember that it is only by getting YOUR DEPARTMENT'S answers to

these questions that it will be possible to begin really working on problems that police have with commiinications equipment and supplies.

A-2
PART I: CAR RADIOS

1 . Give t±ie following information about your car radios

:

l.A. List ALL transmitting frequencies (in KHz, MHz, etc,

(Attach an additional sheet if necessary.)

(10-17) ***

l.B. List ALL receiving frequencies; if different from Question l.A.

I.e. Output power (in watts)

l.D. Number of Channels Authorized

I.E. Number of Channels in Use

2. A. How many car radios are there in your department?

;33-36) Number

2.B. Of those car radios, about how many were made by each of the

following manufacturers?

NUMBER MANUFACTURER

Motorola

RCA

GE

Other (Specify)

3 . How recently were most of the car radios bought by your department?

(Mark X by your best estimate)

Within the last calendar year

^1 - 3 years ago

4 - 5 years ago

More than 5 years ago

***Numbers in parentheses are for computer use only.

A-3
4. About how much did each of the car radios cost that are most

frequently used in your department (including base plate,

control head, microphone, and speaker)? For example, if most

of the radios now in use are Motorolas, please give us the

cost of one set. (MARK X BY YOUR BEST ESTIMATE BELOW)

(57-62) ^Less than $700

$701-$800

$801-$900

$901-$1000

$1001-51500

Over $1500

5. A. What is the total area within your jurisdiction which must be

covered by a communication system? (IN SQUARE MILES)

r (63-68) ^Square Miles

5.B. If possible, please tell us how many different law enforcement

channels serve this area. This figure would include not only

those channels used by your department, but also those used by

other law enforcement agencies operating in the same geographical

area (e.g., state and local police).

(69-70) Channels

(71) Don't Know

5.C. Do you have one common frequency for routine and emergency

traffic? ;

(72) Yes

No (IF "NO") Do you think you need a common frequency?

Yes

(73)

No

A-4
6. Which of the following best describes the general character of your

jurisdiction? (MARK X BY MORE THAN ONE, IF NECESSARY)

(74-80) Skyscrapers, many tall buildings

Some tall buildings

Almost no tall buildings

Primarily mountainous or very hilly

Valley area surrounded by mountains

Generally flat with some hills

Flat area, no hills

7, A. Do you use fixed repeaters in your area (to cover dead spots in

communication which otherwise would exist)

?

(10) Yes

No

7.B. (IF "YES" TO QUESTION 7. A.) How many fixed repeaters does your

department have?

(11-12) Fixed Repeaters

8. If you use, or will be using fixed repeaters, which of the

following types do you prefer?

(13-16) Will not use fixed repeaters

FlFl repeater (same frequency in and out)

F1F2 repeater (two different frequencies)

No preference

226-297 0 - 77 -6 A-5
PART II: PORTABLE (HAND-HELD) RADIOS

9. Do you now use portable (hand-held) radios in your department?

(17) Yes

No (IF "NOV SKIP TO PART III, QUESTION 15)

( IF "YES" TO QUESTION 9, ANSWER QUESTIONS 10-14 )

10. Give the following information about your portable radios:

10. A. List ALL transmitting frequencies (in KHz, MHz, etc.)

(Attach an additional sheet if necessary.)

(18-25)

10. B. List ALL receiving frequencies; if different from Question l.A.

(26-33)

(34-35) 10. C. Output power (in watts)

(36-37) 10. D. Number of Channels Authorized

(38-39) 10. E. N\amber of Channels in Use

11. A. How many portable radios do you now have in your department?

(40-44) Number

11. B. Of those portable radios, about how many were made by the

following manufacturers?

NUMBER MANUFACTURER

Motorola

RCA

General Electric

Halicrafters

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

(45-49)

(50-54)

(55-59)

(60-64)

(65-69)

A-6
What model of portable radio do you have more of in yoior department

than any other?

MANUFACTURER

MODEL OR MODEL NUMBER

12. A. When did you bijy most of these "most used" portable radios?

Within the last calendar year

1-3 years ago

4-5 years ago

More than 5 years ago

12. B. About how much did you pay for one of these "most used"

portable radios (including antenna, carrying case, and

spare batteries)?

Less than $500

$501-$700

$701-$900

$901-$1100

$1101-$1500

Over $1500

12. C. About how much does one of these "most used" portable

radios weigh?

Less than 20 oz.

20 oz. to 26 oz.

27 oz. to 32 oz.

33 oz. to 38 oz.

More than 38 oz.

12. D. How do you feel about the weight of the "most used" portable

radios?

The weight is about right

The unit is somewhat heavy

The unit is entirely too heavy
13. A portable radio can be used with a repeater by a patrolman when hn

is out of his car. The portable radio transmits to the car radio

which then relays the signals to the base radio. Do you need

repeaters like this in your communications system?

(28) Yes

No

Why?

\ 14. Some law enforcement agencies use portamobile radios with several

receivers and a voting system. Do you favor such a system?

(29) Unfamiliar with "voting system"

Yes

No

(IF "YES" OR "NO", WHY?

A-8
FART III: NEED FOR STANDARDS

I 15. Many policemen have indicated the need for standardization of

communications equipment. Which of the following equipment and

components would you like to see standardized? (MARK X BY EACH

ITEM THAT APPLIES)

50- 38) Portable radios

Mobile radios

Batteries for portable radios

Control heads

Microphones

I Switches on control heads

Mounting brackets

Cable between microphone and control head

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

I IG. What will your department gain by the standardization discussed

above? (X EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

I i'^'^'f ) 10% lower cost of equipment

25% lower cost of equipment

50% lower cost of equipment

Interchangeability of radios

Interchangeability of components

Savings in training of technicians

I Savings in training of patrolmen

Interchangeability with other communications systems

i

I Other (Specify)

A-9
PART IV; SCRAMBLERS

.17. In some areas, police use "voice privacy" systems which scramble

messages so that they cannot be received by people other than police,

Do you HAVE a scrambler system of this type?

(48) Yes

No (IF "NO" ) Do you NEED a scrambler system of this type?

(49) Yes

No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 21)

18. For which of the following purposes do you need, or would you use,

a scrambler system? (MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(50-55) General communications

During robberies

Long-term stake out

Demonstrations or protests

Undercover investigations

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify)

19. How do you (would you) use your scramblers? (MARK X BY ONE OF THE

FOLLOWING)

(55-59) With car radios

With portable radios

With both car radios and portable radios

Only in special vehicles (Specify)

(60-64)

20. How much do you think your department would pay for a good, reliable

scrambler system? (MARK X BY YOUR BEST ESTIMATE BELOW.)

Less than $250 per unit $751-$1000 per unit

$251-$500 per unit More than $1000 per

lanit

$501-$750 per unit

A-10
PART V: HELMET COMMUNICATIONS

21. Helmets with built-in coirnnimi cations have been developed and are now on the market. Is there a need for such helmets in your

department?

(65) Yes

No

Why? or Why not?

PART VI: POWER SUPPLIES

22. Should standards for power supplies such as charging equipment, and

batteries for portable radios be given? (CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)

(66-69) High priority

Medium priority

Low priority

Standards are not needed for these items

23. What types of batteries do you now use for your portable radios?

(MARK X BY EACH ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(70-75) Alkaline-Manganese

Carbon-Zinc

Mercury

NiCad (Nickel-cadmi\am)

Silver Oxide

Other (Specify)

A-11
What type of batteries do you prefer to use for your portable radios?

(MARK X BY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)

Alkaline-Manganese

Carbon-Zinc

Merciary

NiCad (Nickel-cadmiuia)

Silver Oxide _____ Other (Specify)

Do you use batteries for your portable radios which mxist be recharged?

Yes

No (IF "NO" SKIP TO QUESTION 26, PART VII)

25. A. (IF "YES" TO Q. 25) How long can you use the battery

before it must be recharged?

Hours

25. B. (IF "YES" TO Q. 25) How long does it usually take to

recharge the battery to a point where it can be used again

Hours

25. C. (IF " YES" TO Q. 25) How long does it usually take to

fully recharge the batteiry?

Hours

25. D. (IF "YES" TO Q- 25) How long can you usually use these

batteries before they must be replaced?

Months

A-12
PART VII: GENERAL COMMENTS

26. What are your mogt critical coiranimi cations needs? (MARJC X BY EACH

ITEM THAT APPLIES)

(26-31) More frequencies and channels

New equipment

More reliable equipment

Personal transceivers for each officer

Portamobile voting system

Scramblers

Standardization of all equipment

Other (Specify)

Other (Specify) .

27. What are your most serious problems with communications equipment?

(32-33) __

. —

28. What are your most common equipment failures, whether entire units or specific components?

(3/f-35)

A-13
Do you have any other general coitiments or observations about

communications equipment that might be helpful to the people who

will be studying and testing this equipment for police use?

A-14
IDENTIFYING INFORMATION: (All identifying information will be kept

confidential)

Name of Department:

Address:

Name of person who answered this questionnaire:

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

Others who helped: 1.

Name

Title: Rank:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

2.

Name

Title: Rank

:

No. of years experience in law enforcement:

Telephone Number:

A-15

APPENDIX B

Data Tables

B.l. Advice to the Reader

(a) The data presented in the following tables resulted from the responses of a

stratified random sample (see sec. 1.2) of police departments in response to a specific

set of questions (see app. A). These data do not, in any way, reflect objective testing of any of the equipment by the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is cautioned to become familiar with the questionnaire and to evaluate the data in terms of the exact

questions asked.

(b) Tables have been numbered after the question number (e.g., the tables for Question 6A would be numbered 6A-1, 6A-2, etc.). The data are usually presented by

number of respondents and nearest whole percentage. Because of the statistical Umitations imposed by the sample sizes used in this study, the reader is cautioned to be

wary of assigning importance to percentage differences of less than 5 percent when

percentages are based on all respondents, and to percentage differences of less than 10

percent when percentages are based on one of the subsample groups (e.g., a particular

department type or region). No statistical tests of significance are reported.

(c) These tables are based on the responding departments from the specific

sample selected for this questionnaire. This sample was not proportional to the total population of police departments, and although it is possible to do so, the data in these

tables have not been weighted to allow direct extrapolation to the total population.

(d) In order to extrapolate to the total population from the respondent data

presented in this report, use the following procedure: For each department type,

multiply the percentage of respondents of a particular department type giving the answer of interest (see B.2 Data Tables, app. B) by the total number of departments of

that department type in the population (see table 1.2-2, sec. 1.2); add those seven

subtotals; and divide the total by the total number of police departments in the

population (table 1.2-2). The quotient of this division will be an estimate of the

percentage of all U.S. pohce departments that would choose the answer of interest.

B.2. Data Tables

B-1
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UI o o 2 O IB-47

ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW PUBLICATIONS ON

NATIONAL CRIME AND RELATED SUBJECTS

Superintendent of Documents,

Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. 20402

Dear Sir:

Please add my name to the announcement Hst of new publications to be issued on the above subjects (including this NBS series):

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Address

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(Notification key N-351)


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Buraau of Standarda

Washington,D C. 20234

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Penalty for Privace Use, S300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAip

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