NBSIR 78-1422

Development of A Data Base

for Assessing Plastics Fire

Hazards

James A. Slater

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D C. 20234

April 1978

Sponsored in part by:

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, D.C. 20207

NBSIR 78-1422

DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA BASE

FOR ASSESSING PLASTICS FIRE

HAZARDS

James A. Slater

Center for Fire Research

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

April 1978

Sponsored in part by:

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, D.C. 20207

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

Dr. Sidney Harman, Under Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch, Assistant Sacretary for Science and Technology

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF FIGURES iv

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION - THE PLASTICS FLAMMABILITY "PROBLEM" 1

2 . DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT 4

3. FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING 5

4. FIELD DATA 5 4.1. Building Environment Information 5 4.2. Product Information 7 4.3. Human Behavior Information 12

4.4. Fire Development and Losses 15

5. LABORATORY CHARACTERIZATION 22

6. USE OF THE DATA 27

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 28

8. REFERENCES 28

APPENDIX - SYNTHETIC POLYMER FIRE ACCIDENT CASE STUDY

QUESTIONNAIRE FORM 30

iii
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Major Data Elements 6

Table 2. Sample Building Environment Data Elements for

25 Fire Incidents 8

Table 3. Typical Plastics Products Found in 25 Residential

Fire Incidents 9

Table 4. Products Involved in Fire Incidents Originating

in the Kitchen 13

Table 5. Products Involved in Fire Incidents Originating

in the Living Room 14

Table 6. Activities and Reactions of Persons Involved in

Fires Originating in the Kitchen 16

Table 7. Activities and Reactions of Persons Involved in

Fires Originating in the Living Room 18

Table 8. Fire Development and Resultant Damage for Fires

Originating in the Kitchen 20

Table 9. Fire Development and Resultant Damage for Fires

Originating in the Living Room 21

Table 10. Laboratory Characterizations of Accident Case Samples . 22

Table 11. Selected Laboratory Data from Accident Cases 1-25 . ,. . 26

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Burning characteristics checklist 25

Figure A-l. General information section of plastics fire

incident questionnaire form 31

Figure A-2. Chart for recording information about products

involved in plastics fire incidents 32

Figure A-3. Chart for recording information about people

involved in plastics fire incidents 33

iv
DEVELOPMENT OF A DATA BASE

FOR ASSESSING PLASTICS FIRE HAZARDS

1

James A. Slater

Abstract

The growing use of plastics has, in recent years,

produced an increased concern over the potential flammability

of plastics materials and products. In order to assess some

of the real-life hazards associated with fire incidents involving plastics, a data base of residential fire accidents

is being developed. The data consist of detailed case history

reports based on a questionnaire form developed at the National

Bureau of Standards and laboratory tests of samples retrieved

at the fire scene. The major criteria for a fire incident to

be included in the data base are that (1) an identifiable

plastic product played a significant role in the fire and (2)

the sequence of events can be partially reconstructed. Information is collected about the building environment in which

the fire occurred, the products and the persons involved in

the incident, the fire development and extinguishment. The

field data are being coded and computerized. Sample tabulations of field and laboratory data from the first 25 accident

cases are shown.

Key words: Accident analyses; fire hazards assessment;

flammability tests; hazard analysis; human behavior; plastic

fires; plastics; product safety; residential fires.

1. INTRODUCTION - THE PLASTICS FLAMMABILITY "PROBLEM"

During the last few years, an increasing amount of attention has

been focused on the flammability hazards of plastics materials and

products. This increased concern can be attributed to several factors

perhaps the most significant of which is the enormous versatility of

plastics which has allowed them to enter every conceivable area of the

marketplace

.

Plastics have become ubiquitous in our everyday experience. In

housing, transportation, medicine, interior furnishings, communications

and most other fields one can think of, synthetic polymeric materials

Based in part on a paper presented at the International Conference

on Fire Safety, University of San Francisco, San Francisco,

California, January 16, 1976.

1
have become a mainstay of current technology. Molded polystyrene

furniture, foamed acrylic doors, polycarbonate windows and polyvinyl

chloride DWV (drain-waste-vent) pipe are just a few specific examples

[ 1 , 2 ] 2 .

As plastics applications become more diversified and "natural"

materials become more difficult or costly to procure and process, markets that once belonged exclusively to wood, metal, glass and other

"natural" materials are being penetrated by synthetics [3,4]. As a result, plastics consumption increased from 2.4 million metric tons in

1960 to over 12.5 million metric tons in 1974, while market projections

for the next 25 years predict an average annual growth rate of six to

eight percent. If this forecast proves true, it will mean a 450 percent increase in plastics consumption by the year 2000 [5,6].

Given this pattern of growth, it could be surmised that the

incidence of fires involving plastics materials and products might be

increasing as well. And indeed, firemen are reporting fire incidents

involving plastics products more frequently than ever before. They

along with consumers are voicing a growing concern about the flammability hazards of plastics [7,8].

Coincident with the rise of plastics in the marketplace, there has

been a dramatic increase in concern for health and safety on the part

of the consumer and the government. Consumer awareness of potential

plastics flammability hazards has been especially stimulated by news

stories on the toxicity of plastics fumes and the flammability of foamed

plastics [9,10]. Reports on the carcinogenic effects of vinyl chloride,

waste disposal problems and others may have also added to the climate of

concern over the safety of plastics products.

In recent years, the Federal Government has taken a more active

role in regulating consumer products from the standpoint of safety and

health. The Consumer Product Safety Commission and the Occupational

Health and Safety Administration have joined other agencies such as the

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Food and Drug Administration in

examining the adequacy and scope of current health and safety standards

for consumer products. In the flammability area, this has led to mandatory national standards for children's sleepwear, carpets, rugs,

mattresses and more recently bookmatches.

The plastics flammability problem has been addressed in a 1974

ruling by the FTC which declared that manufacturers' characterizations

of cellular or foamed plastics were misleading and did not accurately

represent the burning characteristics of these materials [11]. As a result, 25 companies agreed not to use terminology such as "selfextinguishing" and "slow burning" in their marketing of cellular plastics unless these terms reflect the performance of the products under

actual fire conditions.

Numbers in brackets refer to the literature references listed at the

end of this paper.

2
The FTC action illustrates some of the problems associated with

assessing the real-life fire hazards of plastics materials - the main

one being the failure of fire research and technology to keep pace with

advances in materials technology. Many of the current flammability test

methods were developed for materials that behave quite differently than

plastics upon exposure to heat. These tests are thus either not applicable at all or are of very limited value. Many plastics which pass

certain existing flammability tests have been found to be considerably

flammable under actual end-use conditions. In addition, different tests run on the same material can produce conflicting results with regard to

the material's flammability depending upon how one defines or measures

flammability

.

In order to develop meaningful test methods and standards for the

flammability of plastics products, it is essential to examine the fire

behavior of these materials in the actual configurations, environments

and uses in which they are found. However, at present there is no information base which one can draw upon to obtain answers to many questions

regarding the specific roles of plastics materials and products in real

fires. This includes such basic information as which products and which

materials are involved in fire incidents. Much laboratory data has been

accumulated from small and large scale flammability testing of plastics

materials, but very little documentation exists on the true fire

experience of these materials.

What, for example, are the important variables in plastics fires - flame spread, heat released, smoke obscuration, ease of ignition, toxic

gases? Perhaps they are all important in some types of fires or for

certain types of plastics while in other situations only one or two

variables may be significant. How do these variables interrelate? Are

there certain configurations, constructions, designs or applications

that make a plastics product more of a fire hazard than it would be

otherwise? How is the role played by the plastics products affected by

the environment, i.e., by the size of the compartment, the composition

and construction of the walls, floors and ceilings, the airflow and the

design and placement of interior furnishings? Is the extent of involvement of the plastics products greatened or lessened by people's actions

during the incident? How are people's reactions to the burning plastics

related to the injuries they incur? What are the similarities and the

differences between the burning behavior of plastics and that of traditional materials? Answers to questions such as these are needed to

bridge the gap between laboratory testing and actual fire experience.

This paper presents a description of a data base designed to begin

to fill the void in information regarding the real-life experience and

potential flammability hazards of plastics products. The paper will

describe in some detail the nature and scope of the information being

developed and show some general directions that analysis of the data

may take. The field and laboratory data which follow are provided

primarily to illustrate the approach taken. They do not represent

specific conclusions regarding hazards of the plastics; such conclusions

may be possible as more information is obtained and analyzed.

3
2. DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT

Due to the lack of fire incident data detailed enough to evaluate

the flammability hazards of plastics, the proliferation of plastics in

the marketplace and the inadequacy of existing test methods, the National

Bureau of Standards’ Center for Fire Research has begun to create a data

base of actual fire incidents involving plastics products. This data

base will be used to identify and characterize the specific roles played

by plastics in real fire situations and will provide a framework for

hazard analysis, the setting of priorities for test method and standards

development, and laboratory modeling.

The approach being taken is a synthesis of case history reports

based on a standard questionnaire form and laboratory experimentation

involving samples retrieved at the fire scene. The current study has

been restricted to accidental fires in residential occupancies in which

an identifiable, non-fibrous^ plastic material was involved. Fire incidents involving arson, motor vehicles, commercial or industrial properties have thus been excluded from the data base in order to restrict

the scope of the project to a more manageable level. Also, fires in

residential occupancies account for 72 percent of the annual U.S. fire

deaths in buildings, and 40 percent of the total U.S. property loss

and thus represent a major segment of the U.S. fire experience [12].

One additional requirement has been placed on the data collected.

Only those incidents in which plastics products played a "significant"

role are considered. In order to have been significant in a fire, a plastics product must have been one or more of the following:-

* the first item to ignite,

0 responsible for spreading the fire to another item,

0 responsible for excessive smoke production,

* primarily responsible for property damage or injury.

This purposely limits the data base to those incidents in which plastics

appear to have been a flammability problem.

It is important to note at this point that the fire incidents being

investigated do not represent a statistically designed survey of plastics

fires in the United States. However, it has been found from previous

experience [13,14] in analyzing case history data of this type that

discernible patterns appear in the data and that many facets of fire

situations can be better understood using such a data base. The information being collected is designed to begin to fill the gaps in our detailed knowledge of real-life fires.

A non-fibrous material is defined as a substance which cannot be

separated into threadlike structures. Its physical form may be solid

(molded, formed), film, foam (flexible, rigid) or reinforced

(laminated, filled).

4
3. FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING

One of the most important aspects of a project of this type is the

need for quality control of the data from the initial investigation

phase through the coding and computerization phases. To do the field

investigations at the level of detail desired and to try to assure a reasonable level of consistency and comparability for different investigators and different fires, an extensive questionnaire form was developed.

The form was designed to be used by the investigator in reconstructing

the chain of events surrounding the ignition and subsequent fire development, detection and suppression with special emphasis on the products and

people involved in the incident. Where possible, the National Fire Protection Association's Uniform Coding System [15] was used in formulating

questions and response categories, although much additional information

is sought that is not covered by that coding system. Figures A-l , A-2

and A-3 in the appendix show samples of the general information, product

involvement, and personal involvement sections of the questionnaire form.

A complete case history consists of responses to multiple-choice

questions as well as diagrams, photographs, a detailed narrative account

of the incident, samples of products involved in the fire, fire department reports, medical data and detailed information pertaining to the

products and persons involved. Over 135 data elements are coded and

computerized for each plastics fire incident included in the data base.

The major elements are listed in table 1 where they have been arranged

arbitrarily into five categories - building environment, contents

(products), people, detection/suppression and fire development/impact

.

Data elements listed under the Contents and People categories are obtained for each product and each person involved, respectively. The

investigator attempts to obtain as much of this information as possible

through interviews and observations at the fire scene. Rarely, however,

is all this information available for a given fire incident due to the

destruction of property, displacement of people and uncontrollable nature

of the situation.

As of May 1977, 175 plastics fire incidents have been successfully

investigated by both private contractors and fire departments in several

locations in the United States. A sampling of the first 25 of these

accident cases will be used to illustrate the types of data being

collected

.

4. FIELD DATA

4.1. Building Environment Information

In the building environment category (see table 1) , the type of

occupancy, construction and dimensions of the area of origin, ventilation factors and location of detection and control systems help describe

the physical setting in which the fire occurred. For most fires which

do not reach the flashover stage, the physical environment does not

5
Table

1.

Major

Data

Elements

6
itself become a major factor in the fire development except in the sense

that certain types of products and persons are more likely to be found

in one setting than another. Obviously the presence of detection and

suppression systems will affect the discovery and growth of a fire, so for analysis purposes information regarding their actual activation and

effectiveness has been placed in a separate category (in table 1 ).

Some of the specific data elements which describe the physical

environment in which the 25 fires occurred are shown in table 2. The

list includes apartments, townhouses, detached single-family houses and

a hospital, with buildings ranging in age from under five to over 25

years old at the time of the fire. Ten of the incidents began in kitchens while an equal number began in living rooms. Bedrooms, an exterior

balcony and a storage room accounted for the remaining five. In order to assess the role played by walls, floors and ceilings in the fire development, information is obtained regarding the predominant (usually visible)

wall, floor and ceiling materials in the area of origin. A look at the

kitchen incidents in table 2 , for example, shows two cases in which the

floor was carpeted and another case which involved a ceiling of completely

exposed, fiberglass insulation.

Very little information is available in these first 25 fire accidents regarding the effects of fire detection and control systems.

Only the hospital had a detection and alarm system in the room of origin

while two of the apartments reportedly had manual alarm systems accessible to the occupants but which were not used. Sprinklers in the hospital

were activated and effective in controlling the fire. None of the other

occupancies was reported to have had sprinklers.

4.2. Product Information

One of the most formidable problems in a study of this type is

finding a method for categorizing the myriad of consumer products,

plastic and non-plastic, involved in residential fires. A wide range of

products is already evident in the first 25 cases as can be seen in

table 3. Here typical plastics products are classified into general

product categories such as food-related appliances, bedding, chairs and

floor coverings. Notice that a specific product does not have to be

entirely plastic to be considered a plastic product; rather it need only

have identifiable components that are plastic. These are indicated in

table 3 as well as their generic composition and general structural

form. (Associated with each specific product is a case number which can

be used to differentiate one fire incident from another and to cross- reference with other tables.)

The composition and structural form of plastics products involved

in fires are particularly important for the evaluation of the flammability of these products or materials in both the laboratory and the

field. This is a major thrust of our case history investigations.

Polymer composition is obtained from product manufacturers whenever

possible; otherwise, chemical analysis is performed on samples retrieved

from the scene. 7
Table

2.

Sample

Building

Environment

Data

Elements

for

25

Fire

Incidents

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rH

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CJ 00 o o < U-lO C E o o

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4-1 Li

CTJ

CTJ rH CU c P X o CO 4-» 00 *H d) c C -U TJ TJ TJ rH *H TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ c

*H *HL

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Table

3.

Typical

Plastics

Products

Found

in

23

Tesidential

Fire

Incidents

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C o>c E E E E E c o c o O c 2 c Qi c c c E c c c E

TO c X c c?

X c X

O

XXX c o O c > 4-1 > > 4-1 > 4-1 *3 4-1 4-< 4-i > •a X gc f X X u X X GC G(J Gd X X

TO4 CM o 00

— CTO CTO CM 3 O CQ CD /-V W c w as 2 w

Ci

Qi TDO c

TO

x

oo oX

ONI CL

Oi CO >

*3 Lio — c

Cl to

L< 0-

Qi CO

X

CL X T3Oi

»-• P a. o —• —< TO 3

CL CA 2

L. L- L. L.

T 4-1 Oi s 01 1 1 a >

TO TO TO 4-1 £ 3 X Li Li >.

CJ CJ cj CO CJ

H CJ

U tH 3 H t— oc

CO

4-) o

c? 00Cu Li *—4 4-1

Qic

*3O >s

Oi> L3 c o O L

C Oi o —< O Cl. 4-i u O 4-i O *-» 1 u c Li Oi OH Oi o

TO

X o 2 a ^ u ^

CJ CJ u. 3 Of of

10
Table 3

(Cont

11

Composition

is

determined

from

manufacturers'

information

or

chemical

analysis

in

the

laboratory.

When

composition

has

not

been

confirmed,

the

reported

information

is

given

in

the

table

and

marked

with

an

asterisk

(*).

PMMA »

polvmethyl

methacrvlate ;

ABSacrvlonitrile-butadienestyrene;

PVC*

polyvinyl

chloride.
Structural form of materials has been defined for coding purposes

according to a set of four general classifications - fabric or fibrous,

film, rigid and flexible. Fabric is divided into woven and non-woven

fabrics, the latter including vinyl upholstery, for example. Films

include very thin sheeting, coatings or laminates under 30 mil (0.8 mm)

thick such that the thickness is very small relative to the length and

width. Sheeting greater than 30 mil (0.8 mm) thick, as well as rods,

blocks, and molded, casted and extruded materials are categorized as rigid forms. Rigid foams are specifically identified also. The flexible

category is used for stuffing and batting (e.g., in upholstered furniture), semi-rigid and other non-rigid materials exclusive of fabrics,

and flexible foams which are classified separately. Although these

categories were created with synthetic polymeric materials in mind, they are used for convenience to classify all types of materials.

In all, 88 products (plastic and non-plastic) with a total of 155

identifiable components are represented in the first 25 accident cases. Tables 4 and 5 have been organized by room of origin to show the kitchen

fires and living room fires, respectively. Within each table, fire incidents have been grouped by originating heat source. Products involved

in each fire are shown starting with the heat source, the mode of heat

transfer to the first product ignited and then to other products involved. The order of involvement of each product is given when known.

Also shown is the reported significance of the plastics products in the

f ire

.

The second incident in table 4 (Case No. 9) is representative of

many kitchen fires. In this case heat from an electric range burner

ignited grease in a pan. The resulting flames then ignited the polystyrene wall tile behind the range. Smoke production and the resulting

injury were the significant contributions made by the plastic wall tile.

A typical living room fire involved a television (Case No. 6*

table 5) which short-circuited and subsequently involved the wall,

carpet and TV table in the fire. In this case, a plastic product was

the first item ignited. In addition, plastics contributed significantly

to smoke production, fire spread and melted in such a way as to be a further hazard.

4.3. Human Behavior Information

While the product involvement in a fire incident is a primary

interest in this study, the human involvement is frequently a significant factor in the initiation, growth, and control of the fire as well

as the property damage and personal injury incurred. Consequently,

certain human behavioral aspects have been included in the field investigations. Besides age, sex, education and state of health prior to the

fire, attempts are made to trace people's actions from their original

location at the time of ignition through subsequent interactions with

the developing fire and with other people at the scene.

12
Table 4. Products Involved in Fire Incidents Originating in the Kitchen

Originating

Heat Source

Heat Transfer

Method

Reported Plastics

Significance3 ProductName Location

During Fire

Order of Involvement^

Range-Elec (2)

c Short circuit 1 st Range-Elec Kitchen 1 Range Hood Kitchen 2

Range-Elec (9) Heat from proper Smoke/Injury Grease-Food Kitchen 1 operation Tile-Wall Kitchen 2

Range-Elec (17) Heat from proper 1st /Smoke Mat Kitchen 1 operation

Range-Elec (18) Heat from proper Spread Grease-Food Kitchen 1 operation Bowl Kitchen ? Washer (faucet) Kitchen ? Wallpaper Kitchen ? Cabinet Kitchen 9

Range-Elec (24) Heat from proper 1st /Smoke/ Spread Baby Bottle Kitchen l operation Range Hood Kitchen 2

Range-Gas (1) Flame 1 st Pot Kitchen 1

Range-Gas (3) Unknown Melt/Spread Dispenser-Paper Kitchen ? Insulation Ceil. /Fir. Inter. ? Insulation Wall Interior ? Pot Kitchen ?

Timer-Elec (4) Short circuit 1st /Smoke/Spread Timer-Elec Kitchen 1 Extension Cord Kitchen 2 Electric Outlet Kitchen 3 Coffee Pot-Elec Kitchen 3 Tile-Wall Kitchen 5 Curtain Kitchen 6 Carpet Kitchen 7 Tile-Floor Kitchen 8 Spice Rack Kitchen ? Dispenser-Paper Kitchen 7 Light Fixture Kitchen ? Mat Kitchen 7

Toaster (14) Heat from proper Melt/Spread Towel Kitchen i operation Dispenser-Paper Kitchen 2 Cabinet Kitchen 3 Counter Kitchen 3

Candle ( 8 ) Flame lst/Smoke/Spread High Chair Kitchen 1 Tile-Floor Kitchen 2 Cabinet Kitchen 2 Counter Kitchen 2

L

Reading Material Kitchen 7

1st 1st item to ignite was plastic; Smoke excessive smoke production; Heat * excessive heat production; Melt » melted or dripped creating a hazard; Spread » propagated fire to another item; Injury - contributed to injury or death.

If 2 or more items became involved simultaneously or the relative order of the 2 items could not be determined but the sequence before and after these 2 items was known, then the 2 items were given

the same order number.

cNumbers in parentheses are the accident case numbers for cross reference with other tables.

13
Table 5. Products Involved in Fire Incidents Originating in the Living Room'

Originating

Heat Source

Heat Transfer

Method

Reported Plastics

Significance'3 ProductName LocationDuring Fire Order of Involvement 0

Floor Furnace (22)^ Heat from proper 1st /Spread/ Injury Bean Bag Chair Living Room 1 operation Sofa Living Room ? Upholstered Chair Living Room ? Paneling-Wall Living Room ? Television Living Room ? Air Conditioner Kitchen ? Lamp Bedroom ?

Furnace-Oil (25) Heat from proper 1st Pillow Living Room 1 operation

Television (6) Short circuit lst/Smoke/Melt/ Television Living Room 1 Spread Wall Living Room 2 Carpet Living Room 3 Table (TV) Living Room ?

Television (11) Short circuit lst/Smoke/Melt/ Television Living Room 1 Spread/Injury Table Living Room 2

Television (23) Short circuit 1st /Smoke/ Spread/ Television Living Room 1 Injury Table (TV) Living Room 2 Upholstered Chair Balcony (exter.) 3

Cigarette (5) Hot ember or ash Injury Upholstered Chair Living Room ? Shirt Living Room ? Undershorts Living Room ? Pants Living Room ? Blanket Living Room ?

Smoking Material 6 (10) Hot ember or ash 1st /Smoke/Heat/ Sofa Living Room ** 1 Spread/Injury Upholstered Chair Living Room 2

, Paneling-Wall Living Room 2

0 Smoking Material (19) Unknown lst/Spread Upholstered Chair Living Room 1 Tile-Floor Living Room 2

Match (13) Spark, ember or Smoke/ Heat /Melt/ Trash Living Room 1 flame Spread Sleep Sofa Living Room

'

2 Upholstered Chair Living Room 3

Unknown (21) Unknown Heat/Spread Sofa Living Room 1 Upholstered Chair Living Room ? Upholstered Chair Living Room ? Table Living Room ? Table Living Room ? Television Living Room ? Door Living Room 9 —

Curtain Living Room ? Toy Bedroom ?

Living room includes family room, den and recreation room. ^See note a to Table 4.

c See note

d cSee note

e Specific

b to Table 4. c to Table 4. smoking material (e.g. cigarette, cigar or pipe) unknown.

14
Some of the human elements related to the kitchen and living room

fire incidents are shown in tables 6 and 7. Incidents are grouped by

originating heat source. The persons directly involved in each incident

are listed and, for each, their location and activity at the time of

ignition, the means by which they initially became aware of a fire and

their first three reactions to the situation. Extinguishment attempts

and injury disposition are also shown.

Consider, for example, the first case shown in table 6 (Case No. 2).

Here three people were sleeping in different bedrooms when a fire began

due to a short-circuit (see table 4) in the electric range in the kitchen. A 26 year old male was awakened by the smell of smoke. He investigated the source, helped the other people in the dwelling escape and

escaped himself. The two people warned by the 26 year old left the

dwelling and did nothing further regarding the fire ("N/A" in table).

None of the three attempted extinguishment nor was injured. A fourth

person (35 year old male) was awake outside the building when he smelled

smoke and investigated the source. He notified other people, entered

the dwelling and attempted extinguishment with a chemical extinguisher.

The reactions coded in these incidents are based on the reason or motivation behind the action rather than the specific action that took

place. Case No. 21 in table 7 illustrates this point. A 28 year old

male was awakened by the smell of smoke in his bedroom. He left the

bedroom and tried to open the front door to the apartment in order to

obtain a fire extinguisher in the building hallway. The intense heat

in the living room drove him back to the bedroom where he helped another

occupant escape. The man's reason for going into the living room (to

obtain an extinguisher) has been coded as his first reaction rather than

the specific act of going from bedroom to living room.

4.4. Fire Development and Losses

Finally, in order to put all the product and human behavior

information in perspective, tables 8 and 9 present some data on the

overall fire development and resulting losses, again using the kitchen

and living room incidents as examples. The fire is traced from its cause and originating heat source to the extent of burning at the time

of discovery and to its extent when the fire department arrived on the scene. The final outcome of each fire is expressed in terms of the

total extent of damage (including smoke) , property loss in dollars and

the number of injured persons (including deaths). Most of the kitchen

incidents in table 8 were contained within the room of origin, extinguished prior to arrival of the fire department and resulted in no injuries. Living room fires in table 9 have a greater extent of damage

in general than the kitchen fires, and seven of the ten living room

incidents involved an injury.

15
Table

6.

Activities

and

Reactions

of

Persons

Involved

in

Fires

Originating

in

the

Kitchen c X

X XJ XJ 03 XJ XJ 03 XJ

X

X o QJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

•H

U z z z 03 03

U 5-4

u J-4H

u L4 3 0 0 0 •H •H 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 U -H •r~) •r-> •r-) 0 0 •i—) ' > *r—1 * r—i •»—> 3 0 c 3 3 3 C C C e c c c

•H •H •H •H 4-1 4-1 •H •H •H *H •H •H 3 cl CO CO M 0 Z Z 4-1 4J z U 4-1 4J 4-1 4—1 4-1 4—1 4-J •H 0 o o o •H •H O o o o o o o o z z z z Pl PL z z z z z z

00 00

4-1 c c 3 z •H •H 0 0 c E c F e z H o . r. u o

,2

u 0 00 0 H oj: *4-4 4-1 3 1-4 0 CL •H C z H c *4-1 c z *4-4 •h e H 0 *H •H o 0 3 0) 0 60 Z 03 4J H r X 4-1 00 z O c 0 0 U • *N 0 03 CL 0 u « r> c z •H H z > 0 4-1 u Z 0 •H > 0 4—1 QJ 0 0 F 4-1 4-1 0 O •r-l 0 0 4-1 0 0 C 3 o •*""> 0 0 0 0

4-J 3 3 c 0 X o C E Z 0 4-1 o c c J-4 cr

F z 0 4-1 c c X o o o Z 0 E o 0 o z 0 H o o 3 0 0 o z 0 o o w z z z u CO z ex' 3 CO z z H pe 3 z z E E OO o z O z 0 C z 0 u 0 o 0 •H c *4-1 00 to •H *4-4 OO •H 4J J-4 H o c c o 3 3 O 3 0 H

•H X) XJ •H 4-1 oo 03 •H 4-J 00

X 0 Z O 0 rH 0 rH c 0 rH c 0 H 3

cj CL rH z rH 03 •H CL

H 03 •H CL 0 X

03 =*te 0 0 0 0 0 4-1 0 0 0 4-1 0 z 0 < < CJ 3 4-1 3 < < *H X < U 3 < *H X u 4-1 c < or 0 XJ c XJ U 0 0 03 J-4 0 0 o •H z z w w z z H z w z H P3

4-1 0 u 3 0 0 o Z > '*-) oc 0 0 O z z 0 3 c fc z E c CO *4-4 4-1 o 0 *H o o 4-1 *H G U-I c n 4-1 H

•H CO o CO o to o 3 PL

O 0 Cl- 0

4-1 CM 0 c 4-1 c 4—1 00

F

X 0 U X3 CL 03 o •H c 03 03 CL X 0 J03 0 0 0 CO 03 c 03 •H 0 0 •H 0 CL 0 X 0 CL CJ c Z 0 0 4-1 H C 3 H 0 z & < < rH CO Z 0 < < •H 0 •H X rH < J-4 a* rH CJ 4-1 3 0 0 0 CL U z U 0 0 3 0 0 0 o •H z z z Li z z H H CJ z H CJ PJ 0 £ F X 03 03 03 E O X 3 o o 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 o z Z 4-1 4-1 CO z Z 4-1 4-1 L. E 4-1 U-i 4-1 •H U-4 00 z tc 0 0 •H 4-1 4-1 0 0 U-i 60 O 0 U-l 3

4_i r-t c c 00 to 0 0 o O 00 OO

C 0 OO o 0 O X •H 03 •H •H 0 •H 0 4-1 oc c c •H 0 •H 03 *H 0 •H 0 F

03 0 rH 0 •H 4—1U 4-> CJ c 03

O 03 o 4-1

a 4-1 0 0 H 03a 4-1 CJ

X CL 0 a rH CX rH 0 Z CO z XJ •H 0 CO 0 (0 CO u CO 0 CL H 0 0 0 L- 0 •H

PC 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4-1 c u

CH 0 3 0 •H 0 0 a

a 0 3 c 3 u L* 0 Li > o > o •H X U 0 H 0 > O > o o £ H 0 > O j-4 cr

CO

X CO XJ c CO c CO z 0 0 CL 0 CL c w c c 0 03 0 0 c 0 3 0 w u M M H -t* 3 M M PC z H H 0 0 U 0

rH rH Hi

H rH

O 0 H Hi

H 0 z *H Z rH O o H rH H H 4-1 U H o

f—t 0 QJ 0 0 0 0 a E 0 0 CO 0 0 0 0 CJ 0 0 E 0 0 0 QJ U z u z U CO CO Z a 0 0 Hi Z CJ V- 0 z a 0 0 Z CJ •H 3 *H 4-1 Z 4-1 Hi E O 4-1 *4-4 4J Hi 4-1 4J QJ Pl o c o c 03 03 o c o 0 F o c *4-1 *4-4 o c o X o 3

•H J-< o 0 0 0 o E rH CO o 0 o E 0 O c 03 *z X 0 x> 0 »H rH 03 CO CO Ll—i

03 CO 03 03 0 0 H

X 0 H 5 o z Z z Z rH H H XJ H U 0 H L4 n J-* < 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 c 0 0 0 4-1 0 0 Li 0 0 0 0 CL 0 CL E E 0 CL 0 0 0 0 CL 0 •H 0 CL 0 E 0 CL z z CO CO z CO CO z z Z CO CO z c 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 X 0a 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oo L4 J-l > > > > > > > > > •H 3 0 i-i Z 00 CO to H H H H rH H H H 1-4 O CL •H *H c c 3 o o o o o o o O o o 0 0 > 3 •H •H •H > > •V > > —«. > —, > \ > > > 1-4 •H 00 a CL CL 0 c 0 c 0 a 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c 0 c oo 4-1 CL

X Z M 0 0 0 Hi •H Hi •H Hi -H Hi •H Hi •H Hi •H Hi H Hi •H Hi •H 3 0 O U 0 0 0 0 C 0 c 0 C 0 a 0 c 0 c 0 C 0 c 0 3 *H 0 O O < Z rH »H rH 3 0 3 0 S 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 5 3 Li 3 0 z 4-1 U-I

03 CO CO CO < < < < < < < < < z c to 00 o rH CM CO 03 B E F E 03 F 3 -H rH o o o O O O Z Z o o o o z o

•H *H

uH

F

u J-4 J-4 Z C E E E 0 E O 0 3

03 60 o o o XJ to 00 o O to 00 03 oo 0 U H o o o •H c c o u c c •H c Z o z Z z CO •H •H H z •H 0 •H u 1-3 Z X X 03 4-1 > > XJ 4-1 > > 4-1 > 4J

03 0 0 0 0 •H •H 0 0 •H •H 3 •H

CQ CO ca o z z CO CC z z C z \ X z Cz s: J- Ch Z P-r Cl- \ 00 C/3 <r NO m o O oo oo o C^- CM < CN CN CM CO <r <r cn NO z 0

00 QJ

r^. 00

Csl G\

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H CM c u ,_4 •H l-i z 3 O U a CJ a

03O 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 CO rH H H •H00 Z W1 W1 w w w o

*H 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 U QJ to 00 00 oo 00 oo O 32 c c c c c c 0 0 0 0

cs. oc QC pc PC

16
Table 6

(Cont

G x)

X

X

XXXX

O

G

GG

GGG

G

•H

G

GG

G

G

GG

>. 4-J 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 G X *' ) *X •X •x •x •x 3 co C G c C C C C

*X

O •H •H •rH •rH •rH •H •H

C CL X CO 4-J 4-J 4-J 4-J

XXX

O o O

OO

O

O

Q 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

60 60

4-)

C

G

G •H •H G c & c E i G O • r- G o

SC 4-J 3 G

X

X 60 3 G

CO Cl sc

X

X c c 2 4-4

X £ O

G •H 3 G X X H G

X

X

60 4-J

G o X CLG

G

O

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G > G

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G •rH sc > G

X

G

G

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G o *X

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C 3 X

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GO •x

G

G

4-J 4-1

CC

R sc

GG cr o C

G E sc

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O

O

G o sc 3 G e o OG o SCG

w 3 2 2 2 H CO 2 2 PC 5 Eo sc G X X CO c 60 4-4 60 X a •H 0 G c O G O 3

•H

x

x

X •rH

b

X 60

4-1 CO

G

X

GX

X CL c a G X a rH G •H X X G G G G G C 3 G X G 4-J 5 <c a 3 G cr < < •H X 2 C X CO X 3 G G G w 2 w H 2 2 H X X a U G G G G G > •x > •x G O sc O sc c SC b o E o o o 4-1 Q

•H 2 o o 60 2 o 60

4J OJ

G 4-J

C

X c u X) X O •H X X G G G CO X c G X c G rH C G G G X G G 2 rH < G G •rH 3 < rH •H 3 G G a G 2 G G 2

CJ 2 H 2 CJ

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C

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G E X •rH

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GG o 2 sc

G o 2 o G O CO X

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4-J

X o C 0 3 60

u c X

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G =ti=X o G rH

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PC rHG i—i G

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4-1 CU ft.

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4-1 4-J rH 60 60X

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X o c G o > c ^ > •rH X \ >

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4-J

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sc sc SC

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G e fl 0 G

GG

tfl 00

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CJ

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G /—v

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a CO •— S •H G

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cd o CO

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G i—i

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X o 2 C E G c G •rH O G 2 H H CJ

17

Numbers

in

parentheses

are

the

accident

case

numbers

for

cross

reference

with

other

tables.
Table

7.

Activities

and

Reactions

of

Persons

Involved

in

Fires

Originating

in

the

Living

Room

X

d

X CD

XX

XXX

XXX

X

X

X o CD N CD CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3-i •H 3-4 3j 34 3-4 3j 3j 34 34 34 34

X 3-4X

4-J 3 i—

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3n 03 •<~) •f—)

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d

d

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d co 3 0 d co . 3 0

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rH CO CD >-* >s 3-4 >•» p4 3-. E >s 3-4 3-

F E E ^ 34 E 0 E

03 QJ

U

X CD -d CD -d <DX 0 CO

X 0 X 0 CO CO CO -d 0 CO rH CO •H d •H a. a. Cl CL a. CL CL rH

aj CD tu

X

XX

XX

XdXXXX

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AJ 0 o AJ 0 r-H r-H rH aj <D CO -X rH

M 3 O . 3-i -d 3j -d

u .d

u -d r-H 3-. -d

d 34 -d rH rH r-H 1-4X 1—1 ^ o rH < CD AJ • CD AJ CD AJ 0 AJ 0 0 AJ -X 0 AJ 0 0 0 0 AJ 0 ^ e 0

rH 0 r-H

O r-H o r-H o e r-H o d r-H o F E F •H

O

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X o GO 3- GO 3- GO 34 GO 34 0 X 0

>N •H •H 3 •H 3 *H 3 •H 3 > 0 >

4-J 4-J GO GO GO GO GO GO GO 3-4

O 34O 3-4O 3-

O <H GO > r-H •H •H d C d d d d d o CO O CO o CO O CO o d r-H o > d •H •H •H •H •H •H •H V > •H O \ >

•H GO a. CL CL CL

a CL CL GO AJ CO AJ GO AJ GO AJ 0 d

a > 0 d

AJ H—1

CD 8J CD 0 0 0 0 d 03

d 03d 03

d 03 -X -H 0 d -X •H

O CD <D CD 0 0 0 0 •H 0 •H 0 •H 0 •H 0 03

d 0 •H 03

d < 4-J r-H r-H r-H r-H r-H r-H •-H CO X CO X CO X CO X 2 2 r-H d 2 3

03 C/3

X C/3 C/3 ca ca ca

X

X d>X < ca

X < d

in o r-H r-H CM cm F F E E d •H o o o o 0 AJ =>£; =tt; o o o o AJ oo

•H •H 34 34 34 34 E a

d

4J

d 6 e e E E E E o E 03 *H

d

03 GO o o O o o O o GO GO GO GO o O

X 0 o M o o O o o o o d d d d 34 o 34 rH X o 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3- •H •H •H •H X 3-4 0 -H CJ

>-) 4-J

X

X

XXX

X

X > > > > AJX

X 3 AJ

03 CD CD <D 0 0 0 0 •H •H 03 0 AJ

X •H

CQ ca CQ ca ca ca ca r-I rJ rJ r4 CQ ca

O

"0

X ft. ft. Ci4

X Z ft. PH ft. fH Pu tu

r CD \ —.

GO CO r—1 m CM

m ON •-H rH CM VO 00 00 rH <r 00 < CM CM CM CO CM <r <r CM

03CM

CMs~

m

GO (D CM

m

d

O CD ' vO rH CM

•H 3-i CJ

4-J 3 03 r-H 03 O d *H

d

d

d

d CO 3-. o o o o

•H 3 •H GO 4-J PH CD CO CO CO •H 03 a •H

3j CD 3-j 03 > > > O X O d 0 0 0 O u r-H H 3 0 0 0

PH PH

H

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18
Table 7

(Cont.

X c X X X X X X X X X X 03 o 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 01 03 N

•H 34 3-i 3-i 3-4 3-i 34 3-. 34 34 34 •H >s 4-1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 rH u •H •«“» •r-i •«“> •r-) •x •x •x •r-j •r-> 03 3 CO c C C C C C C C G c 4—1

,f~i

O •rH •H •H *H •H •H •H •H •H •H •H c CL X X X CL

1-4 CO 4-1 03 4-1 4—1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4—1 03 03 4—1 4-7 4-1 CO •H O •rH o o O o O o •H •H O o o o C1. Z o Z 2 z z z z a o z z z X

00

u

G c 3-4 34 •H 0 03 03 G E E • #> X X 34 O £ 4-1 00 oo CO CO 3 34 CO cl c c *H •H X U-4 •H E •H •H rH 3 3 3 03 34 p

3-. 03 00 00

p

X 4-7 00 4-1 03 3 03 U c C 3 03 a • PS c 4-> X 3-i O X •H •H 3-i *H O 34 > 01 4—1

u < 4-1 03 c 4-1 R 4-1 03 03 03 03 03 4-7 c 03 01 0 •i

03 03 03

4-)

O 4-1 -X o 03

X c c c c 4-1X -X 4-7

G E pG 03 4-7 c X e 03 c R X 03 o o o o 03 03 c 03 0 01 o X 01 o w CO 3 £3 CO CJ z z z z X 3 z cx Z z c

•H 00 03

03 c c

4-1 •rH __ 00 E X o

X) -G

X 03 c o 03 03

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4-1 00

X 03

p

X •H

X •H 01 03

u CO c 4-1 3 3 c X 03 34 s 3 03 rH 03 rH 4-7 CJ

X Cl

O

X •rH c OOX •H 03

a 03X

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(1) *H

X 00 -X -X •H

X < < < rH CJ 4-> c -X 4-7

p CJ 5 > O rH CO CX U 03 03 c c 3-4 03 03 CO o •H c c X CO X c CO 0 0 H PJ Z H z z z CJ w X UJ CJ w Pd C

•H 00

03 c

4-7 •H e E 00

X pC -3 -G o o pC pG 03

C

C CO J-l CO

O CO 34 3- CO rH CO

O 0 "H o •H 0 •H •H U^ 00 X4 oo a *H 03 34 •H 4—1 34 rH

•H

O 3 U-4 o 3 0 3 c c Eh o 3 C

O

O 3 03 rH

4-1 CM 4-1 00 4-1 OO 4-7 OO

X •HX •H c 4-7 00 o •H 4-i oo

X 0 U c X c c 4-7 03 rH 03 rH X 3 c •H > c 0 34 S

03X •rH 03 a.

x •HX •H c CL rH CL rH 03 o X •H 4-1 03

X •H CL 0 X 07 03 4-1 rH rH 03 4J 03 4-1 03 03 03 03 03 rH c 03 4-1 03 pC 01 03 pG

Of* •H

X rH 03 •HX *H

X OO < < a 3 CJ 3 rH

X •H

X 34 01 *HX CJ 4-1

C CO

3-i 03 03

X 3-i 03 3-i 03 03 \ C/3X COX 03 c 34 03 34 pG 34 03 CO o *H 0 H CJ H H z z w CJ U X H 3H H CJ rH C 4-1 G 03 03 •H OC CJ *H 60 4-1 c 03 c 01 03 03 C X X X e R 34 o 4-1 *H > *r-j 4-7 *H 34 c 03 03 03 O o 03 03 X X -G o pG pG X 0 o 4-1 4-7 4-1 3-4 3-4 X E CO o CO 34 E o O CO pC

•H 03 03 03 u-4 00 U-I oo 4-7 o •H •H o •H 4-1 4-1 rH 00 00 00 c c o CO o 3 0 3 U-4 o 00 O 3 o u •rH 03 p •H 03 •H 03 X *H X •H c 03 4-7 00 p

4-1 00 4-1 c 4-7 00

03 ®>v^ 4-7a 3 4-1

U 4-7

U 03 rH 03 rH

X o X CL c 3 c 4—1X •H

C 4—1 pG

07 CO 3-1

O CO 3-4 CO 3-4 CL rH CL rH 03 CO 03 03X •H o X •H c 03 G.

X c X -H c 4-1 CX 03 3 c 03 3 03 3 03 03 03 03 c 34 a CJ 03 4-1 G 01 4J 01 rH rH 01 34 0 4-10 •H > o rX > O > O CJ S CJ 3 34 03 rH CO •H X -X •H X 00 rH 03 *H 3 •H X OO c CO c c CO c CO CO X CO X 03 CL 03 03 34 03 c 34 03 03 03 X 34 pG 34 0 03 M 3 w M w cj 3 X H 53 H CJ H H 0 c C c c c 03 C c 0 G0 o o o o o -X o o -X 34

CO CO CO CO CO CO 0 (0 CO

X o 0

rH CO 0) 5s 3-i 5s 3-4 5s 3-4 5s 3-4 5s 34

R 5s 34 5s 34 03 CO 03 e UH

03 0J 34

X 03 JD 03X 03 -G 03 -G 03 CO pG 01

X 01 rH 01 -X CO 0

•H c •rH aa CL Cl

a Q- Cl rH E o 34

u 01 Eh

X c X

XXXXX

pp

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34

X

X

O

U-l o o c o o 34 o cm XI U-4 X X X X X 0

5s •H c 03 c c 01 01

X 4-1 4-1 00 03 00 oo > 03 OO 03 OO > > e

•H •rH c c c rH 00 00 oo OO c c rH rH 00 3 > c •H OO •H •H O G G c c OO •H 00 -H o O 00 c C

•H 00 3-i c CL 3-i > •H •H •H •H c CL

C CL > > c •H

4—1 03 •H 03 03 03 c a

a CL CL •H 03 •H 03 01 c 01

G *H CL 0

CJ

a -X 03 Cl -X •H 03 03 03 03 -X 03 (1) -X •H -X •H -X 0 CO <- 4-1 03 o rH 03 01 C 03 03 03 03 o rH O rH 03 c 03 c o 0 03 03 3- fi CO 3-i 3 3 rH 1—1

rH rH E CO E co 3 3 3 E rH CJ 0- cn P- < c/o CO CO CO CO oo < < C/3 CTO c C

C •H

R 0 o e rH rH rH CN E E 0 E X c •rH O • 0 0 0 0 •H 0 4-1 O 4-1 oo 0 0 34 o a

•H •H 3-t

a c 34 3- 34 CJ

4-1

C c C 03 •H e e e E 5s E 03

03 OO 03 OO 03

X

O o 0 0 00 oo 4-1 00 0

cj

M

X c X 3-4 rH

O o o o G c •H c 0 0 0 o •H CJ 03 •H 3-4 34 34 34 •H •H X r—4

•H 34 -G

X 4J 4-1 > 4—1

X 3 X

XXX > > 34 •H > X 4-1 03 •H •H •H 4-1 i-Q 03 03 03 03 •H •H 03 HI •H 0

LX r-3 lx o CQ CQ CO CO

X >< Z X CQ 0

*0)

X EH T. Eh r. e« C^* IS Eh

r

x T. Eh s T.

03

03 s. CO 00 C/3 CN <T X o- m r>. o LO O P". vG m 00 00 0 < vG X s- rH CN X m m X vO CM CO0

pC

4-1 c0

34 oo 03 o ON 0) c a rH rH a •H n LO

4-1 3 H-' rH c

03

O

u CJ /—V CM •H

G C/3 03 rH rH CO S— •H 4-1 03 03 rH CO 00 4-1 4-1 00 *H 00 *H p 34 •H 03 03 G 3-i C 34 3 0

03 34 •H 03 •H 0» -C

O pG

OX 03 -X 4-1 -X 4-1 CJ

G

R

OO

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*H e s E s 03

C Z

CJ CO CO

X ZD 03

VOI i r»

Specific

smoking

material

(e.g.,

cigarette,

cigar

or

pipe)
Table

8.

Fire

Development

and

Resultant

Damage

for

Fires

Originating

in

the

Kitchen

No.

of

Iniuries o CN

O o o o o o o o

5^

ajy 03 X.

CD CO o CJ c^* CP ca <3 CP CJ CP

u

CL CO o o U X

p^ E E E o o o 0 o o

CM

y Jj o E 60

CD CM CM CD CM c

aj 00 o o AJ o *H C n3 >J •H Jj X

<D E 4-4 o E E AJ AJ o E rH

4-1 Cfl

u o o o u AJ

u o 0 *H

xp 03 rH o o oJ CO 03 rH o 3 w PM Cu pi Pi P-. rH CL pJ o' CP X X E X X E X X

CD CD o <D CD o CD CD rH x x 0 x: X o X X

AJ 03 CO CO CO CO Jj CO CO

Cfl > •H •H •H •H •H •H

•H 3 3 cm 3 3 CM 3 3

4-1

U 00 oc o 00 OCO OO 60 c ci c c C 3 c C

0) < •H •H AJ •H •H AJ •H •H

4-1 AJ < < AJ

M AJ AJ AJ AJ

X

Q

X

X fl3

XX 03X

X

w IXK z z w Pm

w

w CL

ww E E E E E o 0 o o o o 0 0 o o

4-> >J >J 03 >J B E E E E <D

4) cm CD CM CD CD cm CM CM CD

4-1 > 4-1

O AJO AJ AJO o o AJ c o •H •H •H •H *H

<u

a AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ

AJ CO 4-1 >J AJ J-l AJ AJ

uL J-A AJ

X -H CO 03 CO 03 CO CO 03 03 03 CO w <3 rH Pc iH Cu rH rH PM CL Pm rH

CD CD

CO CO

4) 03 03 CD CO CD CD CO • 3 >-4 u J-A 3 ON

00 00 03 J-i Oh

C CD

U 03 ON

•H

X CD

X CD CDC 4) CD CD

CD CO CD CO CO CL CO

C ON

>-4 4-1 AJ 03 AJ 03 03 o O 03 CO 1 •H O ' 03 CD 03 CD CD O CD y* CD O 4) c

Eh c <D y» CDU J-. AJ

U Cl y*

O rH o X 00 X 00 00 y» 60 A-l X o CM CD y* Jj CO 3 4) •H #» O y 4) AJ CD AJ AJ CD O y> AJ CD AJ rH 3 > o > o O rH CO 3 0 U CO </>

CD r—( O c 0 c c rH c u 3

CO •H *H AJ •H 3 X

n 3 03 00 00 00 00 00 AJ 03 03 60 o e

n3 CM c c c 3 c CO CD U-i c CO

O CJ

u •H •H •H •H *H 3 XI *H o o -X .x .x .x Xl a p«; AJ • o

(D o o o o o E CD 0 03 ON

rH o o o o o O rH o CD ON w u cj o cj cj CJ W o CC ON1 oo

*H

<J> JO /-V /—N

/—s /—v

X-N 00 II CN ON rH rH CNJ /-N /~N oo ai N-/ '—x

SJ SJ rH

m 'M X~S CP c o V-/ <r

•H

u CJ

Ouaau rH • r> 4-1 3 a) CD CD CD CD CO CO CD v-/ 00 ON

nj o rH rH rH rH rH 03 03 rH

w ON

C CO

www

w

W o a LOu 1 •H 1 1 1 1 1 1 | CD CD o 00 4-1 CD CD <D CD CD CD CD Jj AJ i—1

</> •H 03 00 00 00 00 00 qo 00 CD CO X H 0) c c c c c a c E 03 c II o rn 03 03 0} 03 03 03 03 •H O 03 Pi tx P^ tx p^ o' H H u <

03 X>

20

Numbers

in

parentheses

are

the

accident

case

numbers

for

cross

reference

with

other

tables.
Table

9.

Fire

Development

and

Resultant

Damage

for

Fires

Originating

in

the

Living

Room

On

o>

ONO'I ooo

coll CJ

ONON

ONI oo

i-H 
nCQ

cO

X

rd

<1) X

cou

OJ Xeoc

<dco

couc

a> "Oao

CO

0) X

<vu

CO

co

a>

CO

a) -cuC

COa

COU

0) -O63 o

21

Specific

smoking

material

(e.g.,

cigarette,

cigar

or

pipe)

unknown.
5 . LABORATORY CHARACTERIZATION

Retrieval of samples at the scene of a fire is an integral part of

the field investigations. One of the major objectives of this study is

to develop laboratory procedures for characterizing or evaluating the

flammability of plastic materials and products relative to the fire

incident in which the materials were involved. This is particularly

difficult due to the paucity of acceptable standard test methods for

evaluating the products in a realistic manner. At the same time, the

pieces of material retrieved at the scene are usually so small they

preclude the use of many test methods due to an insufficient quantity of

the material to be tested.

Within these constraints and without actually trying to develop new

tests, existing testing procedures have been applied or adapted to the

problem at hand. It is, first of all, useful to divide the laboratory

tests into three types - basic property, fire performance and simulation.

Each of these is enumerated in table 10. Basic properties define inherent

characteristics of materials and may be associated with fundamental

differences in structure and composition. They are not by themselves a measure of flammability behavior but are causally related to fire performance. On the other hand, fire performance properties are direct

measures of a material's flammability behavior under closely controlled

experimental conditions which may or may not reflect the actual exposure

conditions to which the material would be subjected in a real fire.

Performance properties, however, do permit a relative assessment of the

fire response of different materials.

Table 10. Laboratory Characterizations of Accident Case Samples

Basic Properties Fire Performance Properties Simulations

Generic Self-ignition temperature Sunlight ignition of

composition PVC upholstery

Smoke density

Fire retardants Burning characteristic:

Burning characteristics of polyethylene

Density trash bags

Non- combustible Response of plastic

content ceiling panels

to kitchen grease

Melting point f ires

22
The biggest problem with the basic and fire performance tests is

that they do not, at present, have the capacity to predict the behavior

of individual products, or systems of products, under actual end use conditions. For this reason, full and reduced scale simulations of

accidents are essential to verify and interpret the actual fire behavior

of products, especially as reported in the field investigations. In the

present study, several reported accident patterns have been simulated in

order to corroborate and more fully understand the potential hazards

involved. These have included the effects of sunlight exposure on the

auto-ignition of PVC upholstery fabrics, the burning characteristics of

polyethylene trash bags, and the response of plastic suspended ceiling

panels to simulated kitchen grease fires (see table 10).

Experimental work has concentrated on the development of a set of

routine laboratory procedures for characterizing sample plastics materials retrieved during fire investigations. The inadequacy of many

common testing procedures compounded by the insufficient quantities of

sample, heat stressing and partial decomposition undergone by the products

during the fire have to a large degree determined the nature of the

current testing program.

Data are being collected for five basic properties and three fire

performance properties. In the basic area, chemical composition is

considered of primary interest since if there is too little sample to run other tests, knowledge of the type of product and generic composition

can be used to relate one product to other similar products for which

more data are available. Generic composition is obtained through infrared spectroscopy which identifies the basic polymer (e.g., polyethylene,

polyurethane or styrene-butadiene). X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is

then employed to identify elements such as chlorine, antimony, bromine

and phosphorus which are indicative of fire retardants in the material.

An estimate of the inert, non-volatizable or non-combustible content of

the material is also obtained by heating specimens of the material in

crucibles suspended over an open flame. The weight loss of the sample

is a measure of the decomposable and burnable content of the material.

Density measurements of non-foamed materials are made using a buoyancy in water technique which works extremely well with irregularly

shaped samples such as are found at a fire scene. This method does not

work for many foamed and fibrous materials which therefore require

dimensional measurements and direct weighing to compute the density.

The melting or softening point is the last of the basic property

tests being conducted. This is done by visually observing the behavior

of small pieces of a material as they are gradually heated on a metal

block of a Fisher-Johns Melting Point Apparatus. The temperatures or temperature ranges at which the material appears to soften and melt are noted

.

23
Basic properties such as the ones discussed above and others such

as thermal conductivity and specific heat are not by themselves sufficient for predicting the flammability characteristics of materials in

general, although they obviously affect these characteristics. It is

first necessary to define a meaningful set of fire performance properties

which may then be linked to the underlying basic properties. Most of

the commonly used test procedures fall in the domain of fire performance

tests and include flame spread, heat release, ignition and smoke properties. Out of these, three tests were adapted for use in this study - self-ignition temperature, smoke density and a qualitative analysis of

burning characteristics.

The self-ignition temperature of samples is being determined

basically in accordance with the ASTM test method for ignition properties

of plastics [16]. In this procedure, a specimen is suspended in a heated

air stream in a furnace. For our purposes, the minimum air temperature

at which flaming combustion occurs is denoted as the self-ignition

temperature. An abbreviated version of this procedure is employed when

the amount of available sample is too limited to run the normal procedure.

Using the abbreviated method, materials are classified into one of four

self-ignition temperature categories: (a) below 350°C, (b) 350°-450°C,

(c) 450°-550°C and (d) above 550°C.

Smoke production is being measured using the standard NBS Smoke

Chamber [17,18]. Unfortunately, this procedure requires a 3 inch

(7.6 cm) square specimen of the material to be tested which is rarely

available in a fire situation. As a result, experiments are being

carried out with 2 inch (5.1 cm) square specimens which, if successful,

would increase the potential use of the Smoke Chamber.

A frequent problem encountered in trying to evaluate samples from

the field is the need to decide which of several tests to run if the

amount of retrieved sample is limited. For this reason, a qualitative

screening procedure was developed for assessing the response of a horizontally supported sample to an open flame heat source. The chart shown

in figure 1 is used to record the observed behavior including smoke,

flame height, melting, dripping, and ability to self-extinguish after the

flame source is removed. This permits a rough determination of the type

of plastic and its relative flammability behavior.

Table 11 summarizes the laboratory data that have been compiled

to date for selected products in the first 25 accident cases. Selfignition temperature data are the least complete because the test re- quires more sample than is frequently available. Similarly, smoke density

measurements are not shown at all in the table because of the general lack

of appropriate specimens 3 inch (7.6 cm) square to test in the NBS Smoke

Chamber. However, a qualitative appraisal of smoke production is shown

in the Burning Characteristics smoke data which is somewhat analogous to

the observations one might make at the scene of a fire (see fig. 1).

24
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS CHECKLIST

Case No. Item

A) Ease of Ignition:

Did not ignite

Ignited on 1st exposure ( < 15 sec)

Ignited on 2nd exposure ( < 30 sec)

Approximate ignition time sec

B) Type of Combustion:

Smoldering only Flaming only

_ Smoldering —> Flaming

Flaming > Smoldering

Self-extinguishing

C) Flame Color

Blue Yellow Orange

Other

D) Visible Flame Height:

Low (< 3 cm)

Medium (3-6 cm)

High ( > 6 cm)

E) Smoke:

None Elack _ _6pay : White

Dense (high opacity) Not Dense (low opacity)

Sooty (visible particulates) Stringy

F) Odor:

PuNGENT Pleasant Acid PlSHY Antiseptic

Vinegary Camphor Rubbery

Paraffin (wax) Burnt hair

- Phenolic

. __ . Formaldehyde Sty,,ene

Strong Weak

G) Material Response:

Discolors Browns Blackens Softens Bubbles Melts

Drips (non-flaming) nRiPS (flaming)

Intumesces Cracks Disintegrates

H) Remarks:

Chars White ash

Figure 1. Burning characteristics checklist.

25
Table

11.

Selected

Laboratory

Data

from

Accident

Cases

1-25

03 o CN €S CM CN MT CO <r rH CN

mm o CN CN <r 00 ONX r- NO • 03 X r—1

i—1 X CN CN «H CN pH CN CN

X

X

CJ

:nGO

>N So >N >3 c

DO 00 GO oc oc •H a C c c c u

•H •H •H

HX Ml

U

M Jl Mi Mi CO

4-J Ml Ml Ml Ml

CO CO -M CO CO >3 CO >3 GO Ml

a >3 >3 | Cn Cn i i >3 i > C >3 o

co 03 Ml Ml Ml l Ml Ml 1 i Ml i Ml

X Ml o u 1 O o o 1 Cn o o 1 i o i o Mi o CO o 1 o o o Ml o o O. o Ml o *

mi E 1 CO CO CO o CO CO CO CO CO CO

X

CO o

•H

X EC

X CO Ed cc pJ

XXX X. 3

03X

X 2: X o 3 CD CD CD CD o 2 o O

XX

X

X

X

Mlo

03M

03 CJ

X

XO CO CO

X c \

0£ o o CJ CJ

a CO

X

C 1 *H

•H 4-1 c Q

r CO o C & CO c a

a o o r

T CO

C CO 1 | 1 i i M 3 1 T r CO CO r r C T CD CJ s l i T T i T

r CO CO CO 3 X 1 t t 1 + i i t t t X E Cm Cm" Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm CO Cm X X X CO X X X X X O

CJ

Co 03 •H J

4J 3 03 03 03 •H mi O o o o C 03 rx X in in X m w u cj 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 m CD <r 1 CO 1 1 m 1 in 1 o X 03 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 cn m 1 i i 1 j 1 00 1 I l 1 1 CN 1 a ^ 1 co 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 <r in | o i m 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 CM m m CN m

qJ HT CO CO <r

03

H co

m> X CO oc CO

x 00.

O ON in- cnOCO CD ON cn CD CD

m 00 >3- r-v o o o X CN

•H

O ^ in o ON ON nO

O o o ON ON ro

m ON 00 nO in in ON in on o O' o r-. cn

03

X ^ rH pH rH pH

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00

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26

NYnylon;

PH3

phenolic;

PMMA *

polymethyl

methacrylate;-

PP=

polypropylene;

PS=

polystyrene;

PU=

polyurethane;

PVC=

polyvinyl

chloride;

SB=

styrene-butadiene-;

SBR=

styrene-butadiene

rubber.

F*

flamed; M=

melted; D=

dripped; S=

smoldered;

S.E. =

self-extinguished;

F-*-S =

flamed

then

smoldered.

B*

black; W*

white; G=

gray; N*

none

visible;

-H=

high

density; l=

low

density.

Not

measured

due

to

lack

of

sufficient

sample

or

test

not

performed

at

this

time.
The data shown in table 11 are presented at this time more as an example of the type of testing being performed than as a set of specific

results. As more laboratory data are developed, the test methods as well

as the results will be analyzed. An important part of this analysis will

be the relationships between these data and the field data obtained

through the questionnaire form.

6. USE OF THE DATA

By the nature and scope of this study, there are many variables to

be considered both from the field investigations and from the laboratory

tests. The data presented in the preceding tables are merely intended to

illustrate the breadth of information being collected. As more accident

cases are processed, it should be possible to analyze the contributions

made by many of the variables in the fire incidents and the manner in

which these variables interact. It is expected that patterns will emerge

from these analyses which will help characterize the hazards, both demonstrated and potential, surrounding the use of synthetic polymeric

materials in residences.

These data will supplement other information sources such as the

National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) [19] and large scale

fire test data to define problem areas and provide some details regarding

actual accident sequences not found in the other sources. The plastics

fire incident data may also demonstrate a need for more specific

information after potential hazards are identified.

As far as the product behavior is concerned, three basic questions

need to be answered from the field and laboratory data:

1. What type of exposure did a product receive?

2. What was its response behavior and thus its contribution to

the overall fire incident?

3. What defines or characterizes a product's susceptibility to

ignition, sustained combustion, smoke production, etc.?

Defining the important exposure, response and susceptibility

variables for each product or accident situation will be the first

step in any hazard assessment. This may include some of the variables

listed in tables 1 and 10 and others as appropriate. For example,

exposure parameters may include type of heat source, heat flux levels,

and the absence or presence of direct flame contact. The responses

may take the form of smoke density, flame spread, heat release rate,

ignition and self-extinguishment. More important perhaps is the idea

of characterizing a product's susceptibility to involvement in a fire

which could include material properties such as composition, density

and thermal conductivity, design parameters such as configuration and

construction; flammability properties such as ease of ignition and heat

of combustion, and environmental factors such as location in a room,

27
ventilation and usage. Note that the latter suggests human involvement

which can be critical in the initiation of certain fire incidents, for

example, smoking in bed or unattended cooking in the kitchen. Human

behavior is also an important determining factor in the ultimate extent

of the fire and personal injuries incurred as a result of extinguishment

attempts and actions aimed at rescue or escape.

Justification of new standards, test methods or changes in design

and application of materials and products must be based on a realistic

assessment of the problem. It is intended that the data being collected

in the present study will provide a greater understanding of fire incidents that involve plastics and point out solutions to the problems

uncovered

.

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Mr. C. Douglas Bostian and Mr. Kirt Smith

for their contributions to the laboratory portion of the project, Mrs.

Marjorie Hastedt for processing incoming samples and reports and keypunching the data, Mr. Elamin Elghebaili for editing and coding the accident reports, Mr. John Schuhmann for his help with the questionnaire

form and his contributions to the laboratory testing program, Mrs.

Maya Paabo for her organizational efforts during the initial phases of

the project, and Mr. James Brown for his help with polymer identifications.

8. REFERENCES

[1] Wright, V., Design and Materials Trends in ... TV and Stereo

Cabinets, Furniture Design and Manufacturing, Vol. 47, Mo. 9,

40-46 (September 1975)

.

[2] External Doors of Foamed Polymethyl-methacrylate, Plastics in

Building Construction, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2 (October 1975).

[3] Continued Growth of Plastics in Wood, Metals, and Glass Markets

Forecast, Plastics in Building Construction, Vol. 1, No. 5, 3 (May 1975)

.

[4] Martino, R. , The Metal-to-Plastics Shift Moves into High Gear,

Modern Plastics, Vol. 54, No. 2, 38-41 (February 1977).

[5] Plastics - the next 25 years, Modern Plastics, Vol. 52, No. 10,

65 (October 1975)

.

[6] Facts & Figures of the Plastics Industry, 1975 Edition, The

Society of the Plastics Industry, New York, NY (1975).

28
[7] Vinyl Chloride - The Plastic Peril, International Fire Fighter,

Vol . 57, No. 8, 10 (August 1974).

[8] Hazards of Burning Plastics, Fire Chief, Vol. 19, No. 12, 28-30

(December 1975)

.

[9] Hornblower, M. , Plastics Fumes Insidious, Washington Post, A8

(December 11, 1975).

[10] Cohn, V., Plastic Fumes Declared Worse Peril Than Smoke,

Washington Post, B1 (January 27, 1976).

[11] Federal Trade Commission, Disclosure Requirements and Prohibitions

Concerning the Flammability of Plastics, Federal Register, Vol. 39,

No. 152, 28292-28293 (August 6, 1974).

[12] Fires and Fire Losses Classified, 1975, Fire Journal, Vol. 70,

No. 6, 17-19 (November 1976).

[13] Slater, J. A., Fire Incidents Involving Sleepwear Worn by Children

Ages 6-12, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. Note 810 (December 1973).

[14] Vickers, A. K. , Kitchen Ranges in Fabric Fires, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Tech. Note 817 (April 1974).

[15] NFPA No. 901, Uniform Coding for Fire Protection, National Fire

Protection Association (Boston, 1973)

.

[16] ASTM D1929-68, Standard Method of Test for Ignition Properties of

Plastics, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 35, Plastics

General Test Methods; Nomenclature, 614-619 (American Society for

Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1974).

[17] Lee, T. G., The Smoke Density Chamber Method for Evaluating the

Potential Smoke Generation of Building Materials, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.), Tech. Note 757 (January 1973).

[18] ASTM Proposed Test Method for Determining the Specific Optical

Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials, Draft 8, unpublished

(March 8, 1977)

.

[19] Tovey, H. , The National Fire Incident Reporting System: A Key to

Fire Hazard Quantification, Fire Standards and Safety, ASTM STP

614, A. F. Robertson, Ed., 11-25 (American Society for Testing and

Materials, 1977).

29
APPENDIX - SYNTHETIC POLYMER FIRE ACCIDENT

CASE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE FORM

30
OMB No. 41-R2802; Approval Expires June }0, l (J7(t MBS-782

16*7 41 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS mmmmm

SYNTHETIC POLYMER FIRE ACCIDENT CASE STUDY

NOTICE: All information which would permit identification of the individual will be held

in strict confidence, and will be used only by persons engaged in and for the purposes of

this study.

Contractor’s Name

;

V %

> & .jit - .h AMhMmlt

Contractor’s Case No.

I. INCIDENT AND CASE IDENTIFICATION

1. Nom« of Investigator (Last, First, Initial) 2. Data of Report

3, (A) Dote of Fire (Mo./Day/Yr.)

(B) Day of Week

22 Monday

22 Tuesday

22 Wednesday

22 Thursday

22 Friday

6. City or Town

3] Saturday

22 Sunday

22 weekday

22 weekend

_ 2 unknown

4. Time of Fire (Indicate earliest time known

)

22 specific time 22 12:01 a.m. - 6:00 a.m. 22 6:01 a.m. - Noon

(32 12:01 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. (32 6:01 p.m. - Midnight

22 unknown

5. Is this time, the

22 time fire started 22 time fire first noticed (22 time fire reported to fire department

1 other ( specify

)

1 . State 8. Date of 1st Interview (Mo./ Day /Y r.)

9. What sources of information were used to investigate this fire incident? (Indicate all that apply)

22 Newspaper 22 Person directly involved 22 Witness or bystander 22 Other (specify)

22 NEISS 22 E‘re department 22 Insurance Co.

II. GENERAL LOCATION OF FIRE

10. (A) What is the general classification of the property, building or structure where the fire occurred? (" X ” appropriate boxes to indicate the general property category and then the specific type if known I

22 Private Dwelling or Duplex

22 year-round use (1 family)

22 year-round use (2 family)

22 other (specify)

22 no other information available

22 Townhouse or Rowhouse

22 Apartment, Tenement or Flat 22 specify type

22 Motel or Motor Hotel

J Mobile Home or Trailer 22 mobile home

22 travel trailer 22 camper 22 other (specify)

2 _ no other information available

22 Rooming, Boarding or Lodging House 2 _ 4 to 8 roomers, boarders 2 other (specify)

2 . no other information available

2 Dormitory

school, college or university

2 fraternity or sorority other (specify)

_2 no other information available

22 Institution For the Aged

_2 specify type _2 no other information available

Institution For Care of the Young

22 children’s home, orphanage 2 other (specify)

23 no other information available

2 _ Hotel, Inn or Lodge (Interior entry only

to individual units) 2 year-round use 2 transient

other (specify) no other information available

22 no other information available

Institution For Care of the Handicapped, Sick or Injured

23 hospital

22 sanatorium 2 institution for deaf, dumb or blind

other (specify)

2 no other information available

2 _ Other Residential Occupancy

22 children’s treehouse, playhouse 3 shelter (includes storm, tornado, bomb or fallout) 22 other (specify)

USCOMM-DC 21201-P76 Figure A-l. General information section of plastics fire incident

questionnaire form.

31
PRODUCTS

INVOLVED

IN

THE

FIRE

£Z

I

32

Figure

A-2.

Chart

for

recording

information

about

products

involved

in

plastics

fire

incidents.
N MS ( .isc No. PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE FIRE

1. Name 2. Age 3. Education

4. Address 5. Previous fire training or experience

6. Pre-fire health/phy sical condition 7. Location at time of ignition

8 . Activity at time of ignition 9. How did person first become aware of fire?

10. Immediate reaction to fire after becoming aware 11. Extinguishment attempt

12. Difficulties in escaping 13. Most significant obstacles encountered

14. How did person escape from fire? 15. Adverse physical reactions

16. Injury disposition 17. Nature of injury

18. Parts of body injured 19. Location where injury/death occurred

USC OMM - DC 2I022-P75 Figure A-3. Chart for recording information about people involved

in plastics fire incidents. (Names and addresses

(item Nos. 1 and 4) are deleted from this form and

all other related documents immediately upon their

receipt at NBS to assure the confidentiality of the

persons providing information for this study.)

33
NBS-114A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 78-1422

2. Gov’t Accession

No.

3. Recipient’s Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date

Development of a Data Base for Assessing Plastics Fire Hazards 6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

James A. Slater

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 491-3676

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Sponsored in part by:

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Consumer Product Safety Commission

Washington, D. C. 20207

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less (actual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) The growing use of plastics has, in recent years, produced an increased concern

over the potential flammability of plastics materials and products. In order to assess some of the real-life hazards associated with fire incidents involving plastics,

a data base of residential fire accidents is being developed. The data consist of

detailed case history reports based on a questionnaire form developed at the National

Bureau of Standards and laboratory tests of samples retrieved at the fire scene. The

major criteria for a fire incident to be included in the data base are that (1) an identifiable plastic product played a significant role in the fire and (2) the sequence

of events can be partially reconstructed. Information is collected about the building

environment in which the fire occurred, the products and the persons involved in the

incident, the fire development and extinguishment. The field data are being coded and

computerized. Sample tabulations of field and laboratory data from the first 25

accident cases are shown.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) . . , . c . , , • , .... Accident analyses; fire hazards assessment; flammability

tests; hazard analysis; human behavior; plastic fires; plastics; product safety;

residential fires.

18. AVAILABILITY Unlimited c For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

\Z} Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. Cl 3

jlC^] Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCL ASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

38

22. Price

$4.50

USCOMM.DC 2 004 2- P 7 4