*This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 19 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 98-3215

v. (D. Kansas)

ERNEST DALE BLEAM,

Defendant - Appellant.

(D.C. No. CR-97-10103-1)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before ANDERSON , KELLY , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Ernest Dale Bleam pleaded guilty to one count of fraud against the

Department of Education in violation of 20 U.S.C. § 1097(a). He now appeals the
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sentence imposed, contending that the district court erred in finding that the total

loss to the government exceeded $800,000. We affirm.

Between 1992 and 1996, Bleam was a self-employed financial aid

consultant who helped students obtain Pell Grants from the Department of

Education. In order to increase a student’s chance of receiving a grant, Bleam,

who was paid a percentage of any award, would falsify tax returns and other

forms used in the application process. As soon as the government arrested Bleam

and seized his records, it began an audit of his files. By the time the Presentence

Investigation Report (PSR) was prepared, the government had already collected

$746,580 from 217 of Bleam’s customers who quickly had settled the civil claims

against them for making fraudulent financial submissions. Noting the

government’s representation that the recovery and loss would easily surpass

$800,000, the PSR recommended an eleven-point increase to Bleam’s offense

level pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b)(1). 

Bleam objected. He argued that, based on its actual recoveries, the

government had demonstrated less than a $800,000 loss, and that any amounts

which it might recover in the future were simply speculative. Hence, he

contended, the loss should be set between $500,000 and $800,000, which would

result in an offense level increase of only 10 points. In response, the probation

officer pointed out that 498 of Bleam’s files had been investigated so far, and that
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the government had determined that awards were granted based on fraudulent

information in 44% of those cases. Then, the probation officer extrapolated that a

similar percentage and average recovery amount would extend to the 196 files

which were still under investigation, so that total losses and recoveries in excess

of $800,000 could be reasonably anticipated. At sentencing, the district court

overruled Bleam’s objection. Noting that “loss,” as used in U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1(b),

is not equivalent to amount recovered, R. Vol. II at 11-12, the court found, “given

the methodology used by the government here, as well as the number of pending

cases, . . . it is reasonable to place the loss at in excess of $800,000.” Id. at 18.

We review the district court’s findings regarding a § 2F1.1 loss under the

clearly erroneous standard, but we review the factors which the court may

properly consider de novo. See United States v. Moore , 55 F.3d 1500, 1501 (10th

Cir. 1995). Under the guidelines, the district court is directed to utilize the actual

or intended loss, whichever is greater. See United States v. Henry , 164 F.3d

1304, 1310 (10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Janusz , 135 F.3d 1319, 1324 (10th

Cir. 1998). However, the guidelines provide that “loss need not be determined

with precision. The court need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss, given

the available information.” U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, comment. (n. 8); See United States

v. McAlpine , 32 F.3d at 484, 488 (10th Cir. 1994). The government bears the
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burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that a particular sentence

enhancement is warranted. See Moore , 55 F.3d at 1501.

At the time of the sentencing hearing, the government referred to an

updated collection record which indicated that actual recoveries to date amounted

to $793,000, and that other grant recipients had agreed to repay an additional

$9,000 (although that money had not yet been received), thereby bringing the total

current recovery to $802,000. Additionally, the update noted that 170 of the files

were still under investigation with undetermined resolutions. Although the record

is not entirely clear, the update appears to have been in the form of a letter

prepared by the government’s “collection person” and provided to Bleam the day

prior to the hearing. R. Vol. II at 2-3. Although he did not object to any of the

letter’s particulars, Bleam continued his objection to calculations based on

amounts not yet actually received by the government. Id. at 15. Before making

its finding, the district court specifically noted that its estimate of loss would not

be based on amounts actually recovered, but upon its evaluation of all the factors

the government used to determine loss. Id. at 16. The government then explained

its methodology, and the district court made its ruling. Id. at 17-18.

On appeal, Bleam has modified his objection, now arguing that no proper

foundation was laid for the information regarding recovery, and that the

government’s update letter is insufficient evidence. We disagree. First, as to the
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probation officer’s reliance upon the letter, the sentencing court may rely upon

hearsay if the evidence bears indicia of reliability. Moore , 55 F.3d at 1501. 

Having failed to object to the probation officer’s reliance upon the letter at

sentencing, Bleam may not now argue that the supplemental information provided

to the court at sentencing was unreliable. Furthermore, although Bleam cites

United States v. Smith , 951 F.2d 1164, 1168-69 (10th Cir. 1991), for the

proposition that the government must produce more than its own agents’ factually

unsupported loss calculations, Smith is readily distinguished. In Smith the issue

was whether any loss at all had occurred; the court concluded there was simply no

evidence of any type to support any loss calculation, either actual or intended. By

contrast, Bleam has never disputed that he intended to defraud his victim, or that

actual losses did occur. And although he contests the precise amount of the loss,

he never objected to the statements, either in the PSR or in the update letter,

regarding the amounts actually recovered and the number of files remaining under

investigation. Under the circumstances, the district court properly relied on the

factors set out in U.S.S.G. § 2F1.1, comment. (n.8), to reasonably estimate that

the loss would exceed $800,000. That finding is not clearly erroneous.
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AFFIRMED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge