Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1964

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 261
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring

maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance of the national stand- ards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of methods

for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices for incorporation in codes and specifications; advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; assistance

to industry, business, and consumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and

simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United

States business groups and standards organizations for the development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's activities is suggested in the following

listing of its four Institutes and their organizational units. Institute for Basic Standards. Electricity. Metrology. Heat. Radiation Physics. Mechanics. Applied Mathematics. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radio Standards Laboratory: Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering.** Office of Standard Ref- erence Data. Institute for Materials Research. Analytical Chemistry. Polymers. Metallurgy. Inorganic Materials. Reactor Radiations. Cryogenics.** Office of Standard Reference Materials. Central Radio Propagation Laboratory.** Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Troposphere

and Space Telecommunications. Radio Systems. Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics.

Institute for Applied Technology. Textiles and Apparel Technology Center. Building Research.

Industrial Equipment. Information Technology. Performance Test Development. Instrumentation.

Transport Systems. Office of Technical Services. Office of Weights and Measures. Office of Engineering Standards. Office of Industrial Services.

* NBS Group, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at the University of Colorado. ** Located at Boulder, Colorado.
Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1964

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 261

Issued August 14, 1964

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.25
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 34-3323
FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and

Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention. Projects are numbered and the number once assigned is repeated for identi- fication purposes until a project is completed. The numbers 4893 and above refer to projects reported for the first time. All projects are In active

state, unless otherwise noted under (f )

.

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other

organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work. It Is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research," compiled and published by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Professor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director

ill
Foreword

List of contributing laboratories

Project reports

Subject index

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project

lb) Project conducted for

fc) Correspondent

fd) Nature of project

(e) Description

(f ) Present status

(g) Results

(h) Publications

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Tucson, Ariz., 85721

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Head

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Agricultural Expt . Station, Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engineering Dept., Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. L. R. Helple, Head

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN, INC.

50 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138

Dr. John E. Ffowcs Williams

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF

333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, New York 11201

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engrg.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Engineering Division, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. Professor T. Y. Wu

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Prof. Robert H. Burgy, Acting Chairman

Department of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF College of Engineering, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, THE

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Wash., D. C. 20017 Prof. Frank A. Biberstein, Head

COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER (see U. S. Government

)

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

Hydraulics Laboratory

Civil Engrg. Section, Fort Collins, Colo. 80521

Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF Engineering Experiment Sta., Boulder, Colo.

Dr. K. D. TImmerhaus, Director

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, INC. Applied Mechanics Department

P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, N. Y. 14221

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

School of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engrg., Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. J. A. Liggett DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Newark, Del.

Dr. D. L. Dean, Chairman

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Newark, Del.

Dr. James P. Hartnett, Chairman

1 FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF Engineering and Industrial Exp. Station

Coastal Engineering Lab., Gainesville, Fla.

Dr. Per Bruun, Head

5 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Engineering Experiment Sta., Atlanta, Ga . 30332

Mr. R. E. Stiemke, Director

6 GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORP. Research Dept., Fluid Mechanics Section

Bethpage, L. I., New York

Dr. Charles E. Mack Jr., Dir. of Research

96 HOUSTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Chemical Engineering

Cullen Boulevard, Houston 4, Texas

6 Prof. A. E. Dukler

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF

Engrg. Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho 83843

6 Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE

10 West 35th St., Chicago 13, 111.

7 Mr. H. B. Karplus

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION Box 232, Urbana, Illinois

6 Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION

Dept. of Public Works and Building

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. 62706

9 Mr. John C. Gulllou, Chief Waterway Engr.

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Urbana, 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

11 ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engineering Dept., Urbana, 111. Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering

14 ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

214 Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. 16 Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

17 Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Ames, Iowa

Dr. Clarence Bockhop, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

18 Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa

Prof. Don Klrkham

IOWA UNIVERSITY

Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute of

24 Hydraulic Research) JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE Applied Physics Lab., Silver Spring, Md. 20910

96 Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE

School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

25 Dept. of Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics and Aerospace Engrg. Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

25 LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

Department of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Pa. Prof. W. J. Eney, Head of Dept. and Laboratory

26 LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Baton Rouge 3, La. Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept . of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab. MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge 39, Mass. Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, In Charge Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF

School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass.

Prof. E. E. Lindsey, Acting Dean

48 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 63 Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Pa. 16801

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 64

52 School of Engineering and Applied Science Princeton, New Jersey

Prof. Lucien M. Brush, Jr. PURDUE UNIVERSITY 65 Dept. of Agricultural Engrg.

54 Lafayette, Ind. 47 907 Prof. George E. Spencer, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 66

55 Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. J. P. Peterson, Head

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept . of Civil Engineering

320 W. Engrg. Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104

Prof. E. F. Brater

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory).

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Agricultural Expt. Station, St. Paul 1, Minn.

Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE Agricultural Expt. Sta., Bozeman, Mont. 59715

Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept. NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics

Lincoln 8, Nebraska

Dr. T. Sarpkaya NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Carpenter Sanitary Engrg. Research Lab. New York 53, New York

Dr. William E. Dobbins, Director NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Chemical Engrg., Bronx 53, N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. NORTH CAROLINA STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

NORTH CAROLINA

Dept. of Engrg. Research, Raleigh, N. C. Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Fargo, No. Dak.

Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. Dean Harold B. Gotaas NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF

School of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556

Dr. Norman R. Gay, Dean

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Wooster, Ohio 43210

Mr. R. E. Stewart, Chairman

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Dept. of Agronomy, Wooster, Ohio 43210

Mr. G. W. Volk, Chairman

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 61 Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Stillwater, Okla. 74075

Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 61 Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Corvallis, Oregon

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Hydraulics Laboratory

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

Prof. Sam Shulits, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 66 Chemical Engrg. Dept., Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. Brage Golding, Head

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

62 THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC. 100 Hudson Circle, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. A. Ritter, President

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 66 Civil Engrg. Dept., Lafayette, Ind. 47907

56 Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 68 School of Electrical Engrg., Lafayette, Ind. 47907

56 Dr. T. F. Jones, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director

56 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 68 School of Mechanical Engineering

Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. R. J. Grosh, Head

59 PURDUE UNIVERSITY 68 School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab.

W. Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head

57 ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 69 University of Minnesota

Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E. Minneapolis, Minn. 55455

58 Prof. Edward Silberman, Acting Director

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY 73 University of California San Diego

La Jolla, Calif. 92038

59 The Director

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 74 Civil Engrg. Dept., Columbia, S. C. 29201

Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head

59 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE 74 Dept. of Mechanical Sciences

San Antonio, Texas 78206

59 Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director STANFORD UNIVERSITY 7 5 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

60 Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Exec. Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 76

60 Davidson Laboratory

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

61 ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED 82 400 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church, Va

.

Mr. Robert Taggart

vl
UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Engineering Expt. Sta . , Logan, Utah 84321

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

VIDYA DIVISION, Itek Corp.

Applied Mechanics Department

1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

Mr. S. B. Spangler, Mgr. WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab.

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

Pullman, Wash.

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Seattle, Wash. 98105

Prof. Charles H. Norris, Chairman

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5, Wash.

Dr. William F. Royce, Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT

STATION (see U. S. Government) WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

Crescent Beach Road

Glen Cove, L. I., New York 11542

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Asst. to the Pres. WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Hydraulics and Sanitary Engrg. Laboratories

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Madison, Wis. 53706

Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Alden Hydraulic Laboratory

Worcester, Mass. 01609

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

85

97

89

91

92

98

93

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

CORN BELT BRANCH 99 108 Soils Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief NORTHEAST BRANCH 103 Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 106

323 South College Avenue, P. 0. Box 758 Fort Collins, Colorado

Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief NORTHWEST BRANCH 110 306 No. 5th St., Box 2724, Boise, Idaho

Dr. J. s. Robins, Branch Chief

SOUTHERN BRANCH 112

Univ. of Georgia, Box 1309, Athens, Ga.

Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 117 220 Urban Bldg., 804 Ryan St., Amarillo, Tex.

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief SOUTHWEST BRANCH 123

3730 Elizabeth St., Box 2325, Riverside, Calif.

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Chief FOREST SERVICE CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 129

111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio

Mr. R. D. Lane, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STATION 130 Forest Service Bldg., Ogden, Utah

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

LAKE STATES FOREST EXPT. STATION

St. Paul Campus, University of Minn.

St. Paul 1, Minn.

Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Penn.

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director NORTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

210 Admiral Way, Juneau, Alaska 99801

Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT.

P. 0. Box 3141, Portland, Oregon 97208

Mr. Philip A. Brieglab, Director

STA.

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA.

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701

Mr. John R. McGuire, Director

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 221 Forestry Bldg. , Fort Collins, Colo.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

P. 0. Box 2570, Ashevllle, N. C. 28802

Dr. Thos. F. McLintock, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION T-10210 Federal Bldg., 701 Loyola Ave. New Orleans, La. 70113

Mr. W. M. Zillgitt, Director

94 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. 95 Washington, D. C. 20016 The Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND

628 Plttock Block, Portland, Oregon 97205

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL

1217 U. S. Post Office and Customhouse

St. Paul 1, Minn. The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT. STATION

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39181 The Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

Div. of Hydraulic Research, Wash.,

Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Fluid Mechanics Section, Wash., D. Dr. G. B. Schubauer, Chief WEATHER BUREAU Hydrologlc Services Division

Washington, D. C. 20235

Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

D. C. 20235

200234

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Div., Wash., D. C. 20242

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF MINES Morgantown Coal Research Center, p. o. Box 88C Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, W. Va

.

Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Division of Engineering Laboratories

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225

Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN

Washington, D. C. 20007 The Commanding Officer and Director

131

132

133

134

135

133

141

143

143

145

143

149

166

167

170

178

178

183

vii
U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. The Director

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY

White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. 20910 The Commander

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION

3203 E. Foothill Boulevard

Pasadena 8, Calif. The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

Fluid Dynamics Branch, Wash., D. C. 20360

Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

189

189

189

191

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 192 Engineering Laboratory, Box 37, Norris, Term.

Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 194 Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902

Mr. James W. Beverage, Chief CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. 196 Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. I. W. McCalg, Hydraulic Engineer

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 196 Department of Civil Engrg., Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 197 Hydraulic Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. J. H. Muir, Head

Dept. of Civil Engineering

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE 197 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head

Division of Hydraulic Engineering

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO 197 620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 199 0250 St. Patrick Street

LaSalle, P. Q. , Canada

Mr. E. Pariset, Director

MANITOBA, UNIVERSITY OF 200 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Winnipeg, Canada

Prof. E. Kuiper McGILL UNIVERSITY 200 Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics Montreal 2, P. Q. , Canada

Dr. A. J. Reynolds NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 201 Division of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 202 Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 203 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Dr. A. Brebner, Chairman

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Mechanical Engrg., Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

203

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA.

(4619) A STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF UNSATURATED

FLOW OF WATER IN SOILS.

b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. D. D. Evans, Dept. of Agricultural

Chemistry and Soils, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

d) Laboratory Investigation.

e) An effort is being made to discover all the physical processes occurring during soil water movement.

(g) The movement of a liquid water flow through

soils has been shown to consist of no less than five distinct processes: viscous flow

of the liquid phase, evaporation of water at the liquid flow, combined diffusion and viscous flow of water vapor ahead of the advancing liquid, sorption of water vapor by

the medium, and cyclic heat flow due to thermal gradients and evaporation. A method

of distinguishing liquid from vapor move- ment of water in soils was developed.

(h) "Temperature Fluctuations at a Wetting

Front II. The Effect of Initial Water

Content of the Medium on the Magnitude of the Temperature Fluctuations," Duwayne M. Anderson, Garrison Sposito, and A. Linville.

Soil Sci. Amer. Proc. 27:367-369, 1963. "Temperature Fluctuations at a Wetting

Front III. Apparent Activation Energies for Water movement In the Liquid and Vapor

Phases," Duwayne M. Anderson, A. Linville, and Garrison Sposito. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc . (in press)

.

"Rate of Water Vapor Adsorption by Degassed Arizona Bentonlte," Duwayne M. Anderson, and Garrison Sposito. Nature 199:1085-1086, 1963.

(4620) EFFECT OF CROP COVER ON EFFICIENCY OF SPRINKLER IRRIGATION UNDER VARYING CLIMATIC AND OPERATING CONDITIONS.

b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tuscon, Arizona.

d) Laboratory for theory and design.

e) Precise water balance of growing crops under

sprinkler application of irrigation water. Crops are grown in a tank of soil 12 feet

in diameter and 2 feet deep. Instrumen- tation permits measurement of loss or gain

of 0.005 inches of water on the area of the

tank. Measurements permit evaluation of loss or gain of water from dew, rain,

irrigation, evaporation, and transpiration

on crops at any stage of growth and as functions of ambient atmospheric conditions.

(g) Evapotranspiration during sprinkling is approximately equal to that during non- sprinkling periods since evaporation from wet foliage replaces normal transpiration.

Daily evapotranspiration ranges from 6-8 times the one-hour evapotranspiration at the period of peak rates. Cloud cover reduces evapotranspiration by

one-third from that at full-run under the same vapor pressure deficit.

(h) "Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration Losses During Sprinkling," by K. R. Frost. Trans- actions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 7, 1964 (in press).

(4621) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION STUDIES UNDER ARID

SOUTHWESTERN CONDITIONS.

"b) Agricultural Experiment Station,

c) Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tuscon, Arizona,

dl Field investigation for design data,

e) Investigation of the use of sprinkler

application of irrigation water in pro- duction of Arizona crops. Irrigation ef- ficiencies under sprinkling as compared to

efficiencies under surface applications.

Irrigation scheduling and system design for

sprinkler application of water. Crop yields per unit of land and per unit of water as functions of method of water application,

soil type, irrigation schedules, and crop

species and variety.

(g) Field tests on citrus, cotton, grains, and

legumes Indicate Increased crop production

per unit of water applied when water is applied by sprinklers rather than by surface methods. Results vary with crop and soil texture. On coarse textured soils water

savings of 50$ have been achieved by

sprinkling.

(h) "Sprinkler Irrigation," H. C. Schwalen and

K. R. Frost, Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station, Bulletin No. A-24, 1963. "Twelve Years of Sprinkler Irrigation

Research," K. R. Frost, Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 15 (1): 12-13, 1963.

(4622) GROUND WATER SUPPLIES.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, The Univ.

of Arizona; City of Tucson; and the Pima

County.

(c) Prof. Harold C. Schwalen, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

(e) Detailed continuing groundwater Inventory

of selected basins in Arizona including at present the Santa Cruz from Nogales to Red

Rock, Avra, Altar, Little Chlno, Reddington Area of the San Pedro. Groundwater contour maps are prepared annually. Specific

yields storage coefficients and transmissibilities are determined from well tests. An electric analog of the Tucson groundwater

basin is being developed.

(g) Groundwater elevation data has been developed for all areas studied. Volumetric un- watering estimates have been prepared. Water balance estimates have been prepared

for the Tucson Metropolitan, sahuarita

Districts, and Cortaro Districts. Open

files are maintained from which current ground water level data is available for any location in the area studied.

(h) "Upper Santa Cruz Valley", H. C. Schwalen, Water Resources Report No. 12, Annual Report

on Groundwater in Arizona. Spring 1962 to Spring 1963. (In press) Arizona State Land

Department, 1963. "Avra-Marana Area", H. C. Schwalen, Water

Resources Report No. 12, Annual Report on Groundwater In Arizona. Spring 1962 to Spring 1963. (in press) Arizona State Land

Department, 1963. "Chino Valley", H. C. Schwalen, Water

Resources Report No. 12, Annual Report on Groundwater in Arizona. Spring 1962 to Spring 1963. (in press) Arizona State Land

Department, 1963.

(4623) CHARACTERISTICS OF SEGMENTAL ORIFICES.

(b) Departmental.

(c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

(d) Laboratory investigation for development.

(e) The segment of a circle as a metering device

has some advantages. The discharge and loss characteristics of such a constriction in a pipe was studied.

ff) Completed.

(g) The discharge and loss coefficients as a function of the relative size and the Reynolds number were determined.

(h) "Characteristics of Segmental Orifices," by Norman H. Perry, M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1963.

(4624) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUNDWATER

BASIN.

1
(b) City of Tucson and Pima County through a cooperative agreement with the Agricultural

Engineering Department, Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. John Ferris, Department of Geology,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Analytical, laboratory, and field investi- gations for development, operation, design

and theory, for Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Attempts are being made to determine the hydrologic characteristics - specific yield

and/or storage coefficient and transmis- sibility -- of the groundwater basin in the Santa Cruz Valley near Tucson, Arizona. Well tests are being made at sites where observation wells are available. Water

budget analyses are being used in connection with mathematical models. A passive element

electric analog model is being developed.

(g) Well tests made during the past two years indicate that realistic values of specific

yield and/or storage coefficient are not obtained from such tests in the Santa Cruz

Valley. Values of transmlssibility are more consistent and reasonable.

(4625) CRITICAL TRACTIVE FORCE OF UNIFORM SANDS.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Analytical and laboratory investigation

related to theory.

(e) Analytic and experimental attempts to relate the average boundary shear to the incipient movement of sediment particles

composing the boundary.

(g) The experimental data plot on a Shield's diagram as two parallel lines for the laminar

and turbulent cases. Both cases extend over

the range usually considered the transition

between a laminar sub-layer and fully rough

turbulent flow. An approximate analysis

lends credibility to the experimental results.

(h) "Critical Tractive Force of Uniform Sands,"

by Jimmy F. Harp, Ph. D. Dissertation, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, The University of Arizona, 1963.

(4626) SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz.

(d) Laboratory investigation related to theory

and design.

(e) To find the effect of sediment size and velocity of flow on the limiting depths of clear-water scour in simple relief-bridge

geometries. First, the case of the long contraction will be studied, then the case

of the long gradually-contracting channel. The last case to be studied will involve

various simple abrupt contractions. Throughout the experiments, examination of

the assumptions of the analysis of Dr. E. M. Laursen will be made and also of the time dependency of depth of scour insofar as feasible

(g) Equipment has been constructed and the experi- mental program has been started.

(h) "An Analysis of Relief Bridge Scour," by

E. M. Laursen, Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY3, May 1963.

(4627) A STUDY OF PARTIALLY SATURATED FLOW IN SAND- EPOXY RESIN COLUMNS.

b) Departmental.

c) Professor Richard L. Sloane; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

d) Laboratory investigation related to theory.

e) The flow of water through soils often takes

place under conditions of partially saturated

flow. The prediction of fluid distribution

and pressure under conditions of partially

saturated flow is important to those inter- ested in the problem of recharge to the ground water table from water applied to the surface of the earth. This study of partially saturated flow will make use of vertical columns made of sand grains cemented together with epoxy resin. The use of this type of sand columns will result in a model for which properties such

as void ratio and particle arrangement will remain constant during a series of tests.

(4628) RADIOCARBON AS A TRACER IN WATER SUPPLY

PROBLEMS.

(b) Research Corporation unrestricted venture

grant and Geochronology Dept. funds.

(c) Dr. Paul E. Damon, project leader; Geo- chronology Laboratories, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

dl Laboratory and field research,

e) The study of ground water movement through

aquifers has been limited by the slow rate

of movement of the subsurface waters. Thus,

if a tracer is Introduced, only limited information is obtainable between the times

of spiking and observation. However, radio- carbon (C-14) has been naturally introduced

into ground water reservoirs continuously

throughout geologic time and, consequently, movement which has taken place during the last 45,000 years may be studied. In addition nuclear technology is now producing radio- carbon at a greater rate than nature and so this artificially produced radiocarbon may

also be used to trace recent water movements. Furthermore, it represents a potential hazard to health and therefore it is es- sential to monitor the increment for the safety of the community. We propose to monitor the present carbon-14

content of surface water and organic matter

in the Southwest and to measure the radio- carbon content of subsurface waters. The

source of the carbon in water will be de- termined by C12/C measurements. This data will be related to ground water hydrologic

problems such as the rate of laminar flow through aquifers, their permeability, the source and rate of recharge, paleoclimatolo^

radioactive contamination in water supplies, and the waste disposal problem.

(g) So far the results of the carbon-14 dating

of water have continued to be reasonable in that flow rates and storage times agree with informed estimates. The increase in the carbon-14 content of the biosphere resulting

from Nuclear technology has been monitored. This increase, which amounted to 50$ in April 1963, can be used to trace meteoric waters accumulated during the last 10 years. Sewage from the Tucson disposal plant has increased very little, probably due to mixing with cellulose, petroleum products and equilibration with older ground waters used

to flush the system.

(h) Arizona Radiocarbon Dates IV, P. E. Damon,

L. Long, and J. J. SIgalove, Radiocarbon,

V. 5, p. 283-301, 1963.

(4629) CURRENT METER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) U.S.G.S. Ground Water Branch and departmental.

(c) Mr. E. H. Cordes, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz

(d) Design and development for field use; master* thesis.

(e) This project will entail the design and operation of a current meter to measure the vertical velocity component in a pumping

well. The velocity profile can then be applied to study transmisibility of ground water aquifers.

(4630) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC MODELS ANALOGOUS

TO SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS FOR STUDYING AND DEMONSTRATING THE CHARACTER- ISTICS OF GROUND WATER MOVEMENT.

2
Id) National Science Foundation,

c) Dr. John W. Harshbarger, Dept. of Geology,

University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Laboratory investigation, design, develop- ment and operation.

(e) The purpose of the project is to clarify

the characteristics of laminar flow in groundwater movement in a manner which will

enable a visual flow net analysis. Hydraulic

models are being developed which consist of consolidated media simulating sedimentary

rock, enclosed in a water-tight case with a transparent side. Basic geologic structures

and lithologies can be synthesized and colored inks can be inserted into the flow

system of the model, forming visible flow

lines. These flow lines can then be ob- served and analyzed in order to better understand the pattern of laminar groundwater

flow as controlled by geologic factors. A few of the empirical model experiments which

are being carried out include: 1) Refraction of flow bands across lithologic interfaces. 2) Continuity of flow around and

through highly permeable and Impermeable

lenses of different lithologies. 3) Flow

net systems caused by a single pumping well.

4) Flow-net system of mutual interference of depression cones caused by pumping multiple

wells. 5) Artesian aquifer systems. 6) Infiltration phenomenon. Models are being developed for use in education in science and hydrology at the college and university level.

(g) Models consisting of plexiglass cases containing artificially consolidated

porous media which can be arranged in

a nearly infinite variety of geologic

structures and hydrologic situations

have been developed. A wide variety of these models have been constructed and

through their use it has become possible

for the college student to obtain a clear description and understanding of previously conceived groundwater theories.

(h) "Groundwater: Flow Toward an Effluent Stream," Jay H. Lehr, Science, Vol. 140, No. 3573, June 21, 1963. "Development of Groundwater Flow Models

Simulating Subsurface Geologic and Hydrologic

Conditions," Journal of Geological Education,

Dec. 1963. "Model Analysis of Water Table Drawdown Surrounding Pumping Wells," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Vol. 18, No. 5, Sept. -Oct. 1963. "Groundwater Flow Around and Through Lenticular Beds," Journal of the Water

Pollution Control Federation, Dec. 1963. "Development of Hydraulic Models Analogous

to Subsurface Geologic Conditions for Studying

and Demonstrating the Characteristics of Groundwater Movement," Jay H. Lehr, Final Report to NSF New Laboratory Equipment

Program, July 1, 1963.

(4631) GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY OF THE WESTERN

DESERT, U.A.R.

(b) In cooperation with General Desert Develop- ment Authority, Cairo, U.A.R.

(c) Moh. H. I. Salem, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz.

(d) Analytical study of field data; operation

and development; for doctoral dissertation.

(e) An electric analog model of the subsurface geologic and hydrologic conditions of the western desert of the U.A.R., Lybia, Sudan

and Tehad is being constructed. Presently

the area of recharge is in the high regions

of Tehad and of Darfur in the Sudan. Ground water is discharged into the Nile and into

the Qattera Depression. The distribution of

the fundamental differential equations in the system will be determined taking into consideration the boundary conditions. It is hoped that the equations can be solved with the use of the electric analog model. The effects on the Ground Water system due

to changed boundary conditions such as the

completion of the Aswan High Dam (The Nile

Is expected to recharge water to the aquifer

after the dam is completed) or the initia- tion of the Qattera depression project, will

be included in the general analysis of the western desert.

(4632) ENERGY BALANCE OF DESERT REGIONS.

b) Departmental project.

c) Dr. William D. Sellers, Inst, of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation for testing of new

equipment

.

(e) Project is to accurately measure all components of the energy balance over various types of desert surfaces. Emphasis

is placed on measuring the heat used for evaporation.

(g) Evaporation rates measured in the dry

stream channel of Walnut Gulch In S.E. Arizona over an 18-day period in October

1961 were high enough to Indicate that natural recharge of the water table Is negligible when the watertable Is 48 to 90 cm below the surface. For dry soils evapo- ration rates appear to decrease with in- creasing wind speed; the reverse is true for wet soils. Practically all the radiative energy incident on short grass is used for evaporation.

(h) No new publications.

(4633) PHYSICS OF CONVECTIVE CLOUDS AND CLOUD

MODIFICATION.

(b) National Science Foundation. Also, some assistance by U. S. Weather Bureau and U. S. Forest Service.

(c) Dr. Louis J. Battan, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

.

(d) Field investigations of the physics of convective clouds and the effects of cloud

seeding with silver iodide.

(e) The program involves detailed observations

of convective clouds during the summer by means of radar, a pair of high resolution

cameras. A network of recording rain gages

is employed to measure rainfall. Cloud

seeding is conducted with airborne silver- iodide generators. A carefully controlled randomization scheme is employed to decide

on which days to seed. The results are analyzed statistically. In addition a physical evaluation is made to uncover in- formation about the fundamental nature of cloud and precipitation formation.

(g) To date the experiments have failed to show that cloud seeding with silver Iodide can increase rainfall from the convective clouds commonly observed In the summer in the vicinity of Tucson. The analyses suggest

that the quantity of rainfall does not depend on the ice nuclei properties of the

air. This result leads to the Inference

that seeding with ice nuclei (such as silver

Iodide particles) is not likely to be successful in increasing rainfall.

(h) "Some Observations of Vertical Velocities

and Precipitation Sizes in a Thunderstorm",

by Louis J. Battan, Proceedings of the Tenth Weather Radar Conference, American

Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., April, 1963. (Accepted for publication in

the Journal of Applied Meteorology of the American Meteorological Society.)

"A New Pulsed-Doppler Radar for Cloud Observations," by John B. Theiss and A. Richard Kassander, Jr. Proceedings of the Tenth Weather Radar Conference, American

Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass., April 1963.

"The Vertical Velocities of Angel Echoes,"

by Louis J. Battan, Proceedings of the Tenth Weather Radar Conference, American

Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass, April 1963.

3
(4634) REDUCTION OP EVAPORATION LOSSES BY USING

MONOMOLE CULA R FILMS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Procter and Gamble Co. and Institute.

(c) C. Brent Cluff, Institute of Water Utilization,

Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Laboratory and field; operation, development

and theory.

(e) For the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation the project has the following objectives:

(1) To determine at one or more field sites

the advisability of using the long-chain alcohols n-eicosanol and n-docosanol for the supression of evaporation from small reservoirs in arid regions.

(2) To determine the optimum concentrations

of long-chain normal alcohols and emulsifiers

in emulsions, the optimum concentration of long-chain normal alcohols in solutions and

the relative merits of each.

(3) To determine the optimum spacing of dis- pensing tubes and rate of dispensing of emulsions and solutions through gravity flow and pressure-type dispensers as functions of wind velocities and reservoir area for reser- voirs up to ten acres in size.

(4) To determine the suitability of commercial humidity transducers as means of estimating

evaporation savings at small reservoirs. For the Procter and Gamble Co. tests aw

being conducted in an effort to obtain a commercially acceptable scheme for reduction

of evaporation on stock ponds and small reservoirs using tallow and longer chain alcohols

.

(g) Results to date Indicate that the most promising method of maximizing evaporation

savings on small reservoirs is the wind- activated dispensing of n-eicosanol and n-docosanol In the form of an emulsion. Savings of 22 per cent over a one-month

period were attained on a small test pond

using this method. Savings up to 10 per

cent were attained during the same period

simply by treating, once a day, an identical pond with powdered material.

(h) C. Brent Cluff and Howard Goldstein, "Mono- molecular Film Reduces Evaporation", Pro- gressive Agriculture in Arizona, Vol. XV, No. 3, College of Agriculture, Univ. of Ariz.,

Tucson, May-June 1963.

Sol D. Resnick and C. Brent Cluff, "Evaporation Reduction Investigations on Small Reservoirs",

Paper presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers Second Water Resources Engineering Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,

May 13, 1963. Available from Institute of Water Utilization.

(4635) INVESTIGATION OF SITES, METHODS, AQUIFER

DETERIORATION CONTROL, AND EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE OF ALLUVIAL

BASINS TYPICAL OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST UNITED

STATES.

b) Institute.

c) Dr. L. G. Wilson, Institute of Water

Utilization, University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Laboratory and field; operation and development . (e) (1) To evaluate various methods of artificial

ground water recharge under arid land condi- tions . (2) To evaluate in laboratory and field

various types of flocculants and grassland

filters for removal of suspended and colloidal material from recharge water and for relative

costs.

(3) To determine the effect on the aquifer

and ground water of recharging sediment laden flood water.

(4) To evaluate the status of ground water

recharge practices In a water conservation

and disposal program using saline industrial

effluent

.

(5) To evaluate the effect of quality of industrial effluent on the quality of native

groundwater subsequent to recharge.

(6) To evaluate the efficiency of grassland filters for post treatment of re- claimed sewage effluent In a program to conserve and expand the uses of such effluent.

(7) To evaluate the moderating influence on

the neutron scattering method of soil moisture evaluation of various packing materials

around access tubing during installation in coarse geologic material.

(8) To evaluate the effects produced by

organic matter additions to surface soil on

soil properties influencing recharge rates; and to determine the nature of the by prod- ucts of microbial metabolism producing

such effects.

(g) Experiments were conducted to determine the factors involved in the utilization of grass filters for sediment reduction in flood water. All tests were conducted using

coastal and common bermuda grasses. It was found that flow rate, Infiltration rate, length of grass plots, initial turbidity,

and height and stage of development of grass were all interrelated factors in removal of sediment.

(4637) EFFECT OF FIRE AND RESIDUAL ASH ON VEGETA- TION-SOIL-WATER RELATIONS IN SELECTED

PONDEROSA PINE STANDS.

(b) Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation with U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, White

Mt. Apache Tribe.

(c) Prof. P. B. Rowe and Mr. Malcolm J. Zwolinshi, Dept. of Watershed Management,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

(d) Analytical, laboratory and field investigation; basic and applied.

(e) The study will Include a series of laboratory and field experiments to evaluate the In- fluences of wild fire and controlled burning

on the chemical and physical properties of a forest soil as these may affect the basic processes of surface and soil water movements Laboratory studies will be carried on to determine changes in the structure, pore

space, and chemical characteristics of the

soil due to burning of the ground cover. Field studies employing North Fork type

infiltrometers, soil and soil moisture

sampling will be carried on to supplement

and extend the results of the laboratory

studies.

(g) Preliminary studies and literature review

Indicate conflicting and inconclusive evidence

of the effects of fire and ash residue on water-soil relations.

(5152) DISPOSITION OF SUMMER RAINFALL IN PONDEROSA

PINE STANDS AS INFLUENCED BY VEGETATION DENSITY AND RELATED PHYSIOGRAPHIC FACTORS.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with U. S. Bureau

of Indian Affairs, White Mt. Apache Tribe.

(c) Prof. P. B. Rowe and Mr. Howard G. Halverson,

Dept. of Watershed Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Analytical, field and laboratory Investigations; basic and applied.

(e) Study aimed at evaluating effects of density

of vegetation stocking on the disposition of summer rainfall In Ponderosa pine stands, and at developing methods of predicting

effects of regulated stocking (stand management) on water yield. Three 0.6 plots are used in the study; one with the dense 40-60 year old pine stand undisturbed; one with a similar pine stand heavily thinned; and one with the deep rooted woody and forb vegetation completely removed. Measurements

include complete soil vegetation inventories, and those of climate, soil moisture,

evapotranspiration, vegetation and allied

factors needed in evaluating effects of the treatments studied in the processes in- fluencing soil-water relations, tree growth

and water yield.

4
(5153) ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATION PUMPING EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Arizona and Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix

Development Office, Region 3.

(c) Dr. C. D. Busch, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation for the design, operation

and development.

(e) Fifty-four wells located In Central Arizona

were measured for lift, discharge, and power

input. Fixed and variable costs were also

collected. This data is being used to determine the costs and efficiencies of pumping irrigation water so that current practice may be assessed and future practices

estimated.

(f) Initiated June 1963.

(5154) EVALUATION OF SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH PLASTIC PIPE.

b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Dr. C. D. Busch, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

d) Theoretical and field investigations.

e) Investigation of the nature of moisture

movement and crop response to irrigation

supplied by buried perforated plastic pipe. Plots with sub-surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation have been Instrumented

for metered water delivery and Irrigation by

soil moisture stress. Bermuda grass is the indicator crop. The experiment compares the two irrigation systems on a basis of water use. Model work is planned to describe moisture

movement

(h) "Comparison of Sprinkler and Subsurface Irrigation of Bermuda Grass", C. D. Busch,

Report on Turfgrass Research, Agricultural

Experiment Station, Univ. of Arizona, (In press) 1963.

(5155) STORM FLOW IN A STREET NETWORK.

b) Departmental.

c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

d) Analytical investigation for design.

e) Development of a simple methodology to compute approximate backwater curves for

storm flows in a street network.

(5156) ELECTRIC ANALOG OF THE GROUND WATER SYSTEM IN CHAJ DOAH, PAKISTAN.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with the water

and soils investigation division of West

Pakistan.

(c) Maqsood All Shah Gilani, c/o U.S.G.S./G.W.

,

P. 0. Box 4070, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.

(d) Laboratory investigations correlated to field

studies; for Master's Thesis.

(e) Since the start of canal Investigation in West Pakistan, the ground water levels have

been rising. This has produced water-logging

and excessive soil salinity in much of the arid and semi-arid areas. Millions of acres

of land have thus been forced out of cultivation. To reclaim the affected land and to check the further deterioration of irrigated

lands, Investigations were started by

government of West Pakistan. Field data obtained in one of the affected areas, known

as Chaj Doah, comprising of about 5,000

square miles is being used to construct an electric analog model for the purpose of studying the cause and effect relationships.

(5157) THE IDEAL FLOW FIELD IN A SMALL WATERSHED AND

ITS RELATION TO THE DRAINAGE NETWORK.

b) Departmental.

c) Mr. John J. Hlckey, Box 9, Dept. of Geology,

University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, for Master's thesis.

(e) Assuming that the surface of a basinet any particular time may be described byy 0 = 0,

it is proposed to determine if the areal position of tributaries in a small "homogeneous" watershed can be shown to be

a function of the flow field in the watershed at any particular time In its history.

(5158) A TRANSPARENT MATRIX SYSTEM FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL HYDRAULIC FLOW MODELS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Jay H. Lehr, Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Laboratory investigation, design, develop- ment and operation.

(e) The purpose of this project Is to develop a transparent porous media system capable of demonstrating the laminar flow of ground water movement. When a colorless porous media is saturated by a colorless liquid with the same index of refraction, in a closed system of optimum size, a high degree

of transparency will be attained. In order

to produce flow In the system a hydraulic

gradient will be imposed upon It. Colored

dyes will be introduced so that the fluid movement may be visually observed. Experimentation with various immersion

liquids, porous media, light source and

dyes will be a necessary part of the project. Once developed, this system could be used in the construction of hydraulic flow models

where the characteristics of three dimensional laminar flow analogous to ground- water movement, may be studied.

(5159) EFFECTS OF PHREATOPHYTE REMOVAL ON STREAMFLOW AND TOTAL WATER YIELD.

(b) Departmental and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, with cooperative assistance of the U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, San Carlos Apache Tribe; U. S. Geology Survey; and

U. S. Forest Service.

(c) Prof. P. B. Rowe, and Messrs. Loyd 0. Barnett and John M. Tromble, Dept. of Watershed Management, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Analytical, field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied.

(e) Study designed to evaluate effects of phreatophytes on streamflow and water yield

in typical canyon bottom reaches, and the effects of phreatophyte removal or other potential management practices on these

yields. The study site is situated on Salt Creek a tributary to the Gila River on the headwaters of the Coolldge Reservoir and includes dense stands of salt cedar, mesquite,

and associated species. Three channel

cross section 700 to 900 feet long and 200

to 300 feet wide will be used for specific

studies of the hydrologic processes. One cross section will be used as the control

and two for treatments. Experimental data will include detailed vegetation, soil, and water inventories; and measurements of climate, soil moisture, evapotranspiration,

surface and subsurface flows, water table fluctuations and allied factors influencing water yields.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge

5
(h)

well has been tested for one year an re- sults have not proved completely satis- factory. Main difficulties encountered

arise in duplicating test condition under

field situations. The sand packed well

seemed to filter out plugging material but redevelopment proved more difficult than in

the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was

tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- ditions as encountered in this test. A slow gravel filter has been constructed

and will be tested as a means of clarifying

recharge water during the winter and spring

of 1960-61.

U. S. Geological Survey Water Supply Papers available from the Office of the Super- intendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402: "Artificial Recharge of Ground Water--Grand

Prairie Region, Arkansas," Kyle Engler,

P. H. Bayley 3rd, and R. T. Sniegocki,

1615-A, 1963, 32 pp. "Equipment and Controls Used In Studies of Artificial Recharge in the Grand Prairie

Region Arkansas," R. T. Sniegocki, F. A. Bayley 3rd, and Kyle Engler, 1615-C, 1963,

39 pp. "Principles of Siphons with Respect to the Artificial-Recharge Studies in the Grand

Prairie Region Arkansas," R. T. Sniegocki

and J. E. Reed, 1615-D, 1963, 19 pp. "Geochemlcal Aspects of Artificial Recharge

in the Grand Prairie Region Arkansas," R. T. Sniegocki, 1615-E, 1963, 41 pp.

"A Field Method for Measurement of Infil- tration," A. I. Johnson, 1544-F, 1963, 27 pp.

Literature study for Master's project.

A study of the design of open channel transitions

.

Suspended.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(4068) TURBULENT FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. John C. Ward, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

The project is experimental and theoretical

and is classified as basic research with

definite practical applications. Determination of the relationship between

permeability of a porous media and its geo- metric mean size and geometric standard de- viation. This will allow the calculation of the permeability of a porous media from a sieve analysis of the media.

The relationship between the permeability of

a porous media and its geometric mean size and geometric standard deviation has been deter- mined for spherical particles.

(h)

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Division of Engineering and Applied Science.

(1548) PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical studies of cavitation damage. "Bubble Dynamics" by M. S. Plesset, Dlv. of Eng. and Applied Science, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. 85-23, Feb. 1963.

"The Collapse of a Spherical Cavity in a Compressible Liquid" by Robert Hickllng

and M. S. Plesset. Dlv of Eng. and Applied

Science, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. 85-24, March 1963. "Radiation Due to the Radial Motion of a Conducting Sphere in a Magnetic Field" by

Giullo Venezian, Dlv. of Eng. and Applied

Science, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. 85-25, June 1963.

"A General Analysis of the Stability of Superposed Fluids" by M. S. Plesset and Din- Yu Hsieh, Div. of Eng. and Applied Science,

Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. 85-26,

Oct. 1963.

"The Pulsation Method for Generating Cavitation Damage" by M. S. Plesset, Jour, of Basic Engineering, Sept. 1963, pp. 360-364, Trans,

of the ASME. "Effects of Thermal Conduction in Sonolumine-s- cence," by Robert Hickllng, Jour, of the Acous. Soc. of Amer. Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 967-974, July 1963. "Bubble Dynamics" Cavitation in Real Fluids,

by M. S. Plesset, Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam (in press).

"Collapse and Rebound of a Spherical Bubble

in Water" by Robert Hickllng and M. S. Plesset, Physics of Fluids, Dec. 1963.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN

(4071) DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS,

(bi Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 11201

(d) Experimental, basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) To determine the diffusion of a circular water jet discharging vertically upward into

a stream of water moving horizontally.

(f ) Preliminary study completed.

(g) Colored water was discharged vertically

through a 1/2-lnch diameter tube into a hori- zontally moving stream of water. Jet tra- jectories were determined photographically

for various ratios of stream to Jet velocity.

(h) Thesis available on loan.

(5166) OPEN CHANNEL TRANSITIONS,

(bl Laboratory Project

(c; Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Polytechnic Inst.

of Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 11201.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

(3670) TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRA INMENT IN SETTLING TANKS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Flow In a settling tank is simulated by

introducing water with a low turbulence

level and uniform velocity into a flume

15 feet long with the bed covered by a thin layer of sediment. As the flow pro- ceeds Into the flume, a boundary layer de- velops and becomes progressively thicker. The entralnment of particles is observed

visually and the corresponding shear stress

is deduced from measured velocity profiles.

(f) Experiments have been completed and the report is being prepared.

(g) Data on critical shear stress for en- training fine sand particles of diameters

of 0.1 mm and smaller have been observed.

(3671) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT

RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

(dl Analytical research using published data,

(e) The sediment discharge calculated by

several well-known formulas is compared

6
with actual measured sediment discharges

in natural streams. The results are pre- sented as graphs of sediment discharge

against water discharge,

(f) Project is continuing.

(4075) MECHANICS OP PLOW IN SAND-BED CHANNELS AT VERY LOW RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni or N. H. Brooks, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Observations are made (1) of the development of dunes with time on a sand bed with

flows which produce low rates of sediment transport and of the resulting changes in flow resistance as the dunes grow and (2) on the mechanism of entrainment of sediment by

flowing water.

(f) Project is continuing.

(4076) PRECISION TILTING FLUME.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

d) Development of facilities.

e) The flume which is 40 meters long, 110 centi- meters wide, and 50 centimeters deep is mounted on a rigid supporting structure carried on jacks. Water is circulated by pumps with variable speed drives for controlling the flow rate. The slope of the flume can be adjusted continuously without Interrupting

an experiment, up to a maximum of 2 per cent. The flume system can produce programmed

unsteady flow and will be equipped with

convenient recording equipment for observing

such flows. It is designed as a general

purpose facility for studies of open channel

flow problems such as sediment transportation,

boundary layers, and wave propagation in shear flow.

(g) The flume has been erected and is being

adjusted and calibrated.

(4561) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant).

(c) Prof. Norman H . Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Basic theoretical and experimental research.

(e) In reservoirs having density variation with

depth, the pattern of flow toward an outlet may be quite different from the flow in a homogeneous reservoir. The withdrawal

pattern has been studied experimentally in

a laboratory tank of water having a linear

density profile induced either by dissolved

salt or heat. Application will ultimately

be in management of water quality in rivers by selective withdrawal from reservoirs.

(g) At very low Reynolds numbers there is a distinct "withdrawal layer" extending upstream at the level of the outlet. Fluid

above and below this layer is not withdrawn through the outlet. Results of two-dimensional experiments agree with a theoretical analysis based on the laminar boundary layer equations and the diffusion equation for the substance causing density

variation.

(h) "Viscous Stratified Flow Towards a Line

Sink," Robert C. Y. Koh, Ph. D. thesis,

Dec, 1963, (also to be issued as a laboratory report)

.

(5013) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED GROUND-WATER

FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Basic theoretical and experimental research,

including doctoral theses.

(e) Slight density variations often affect groundwater flow patterns. Water which is re- charged artificially may not mix readily with native waters but develops density strati- fication in the aquifer. Studies will be made of problems such as overturning of un- stably layered systems, flow due to sources

of buoyancy and effects of density difference

on fluid dispersion In flow through porous

media.

(5014) WAVE INDUCED OSCILLATIONS OF SMALL MOORED

VESSELS.

b) Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers.

c) Prof. Fredric Raichlen and Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Serious ship and dock damage can be caused by wave induced oscillations of moored vessels. The ship and its mooring system constitute

a dynamic system capable of resonant oscilla- tions. The specific aim of this research is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the response of an idealized system

consisting of prismatic bodies moored to floating platforms under the action of standing and progressive waves.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

(2746) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SUBMERGED BODIES AND WATER

WAVES.

b) Bureau of Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, T. Y. Wu and T. Kiceniuk,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, California Inst,

of Technology, Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical Investigation.

e) Detailed investigations of the basic hydrodynamic phenomena concerning the water

waves and the motion of submerged bodies,

including the various aspects of unsteady

flow, partial and supercavitating regime, wakes and turbulent mixing. A new two- dimensional test section has been incor- porated into the High Speed Water Tunnel that permits more precise measurements to be made

on the characteristics of 2 dimensional cavitatlng and fully wetted hydrofoils and

struts. Present work includes the deter- mination of the gravity effect on cavity flew in cooperation with Prof. R. E. Street

4219),) the estimation of strut and gap interferences in fullly wetted and fully cavitated flows, tunnel Interference effects

in cavity flows and related problems,

(h) "An Experimental Investigation of a Fully

Cavitatlng Two-Dimensional Flat Plate Hydrofoil near a Free Surface," T. E. Dawson, and T. R. Bate, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report E118-12, Division of Engineering, California Institute of Technology, September

1962.

"A Two-Dimensional Leg for the High Speed Water Tunnel" T. Kiceniuk, submitted for the A.S.M.E. symposium on Cavitation Facilities,

May 1964.

(3377) THEORETICAL STUDIES IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.

dl Theoretical; basic research,

e) Studies of hydrodynamics of free surface

flows; water waves, wake and cavity flows; principle of fish propulsion; flows through porous media,

(h) "A Wake Model for Free-Streamline Flow Theory Part 1. Fully and Partially Developed Wake

Flows and Cavity Flows Past an Oblique Flat Plate," by T. Y. Wu, J. of Fluid Mechanics,

Vol. 13, part 2, 161-181, 1962. (Also, Calif. Institute of Technology Engrg. Division

Report No. 97-2, September 1961.)

7
"Flow Through a Heavily Loaded Actuator Disc,"

by T. Y. Wu, Schlff stechnlk Bd. 9, 134-138, Heft 47, 1962. (Invited paper, Symposium on Ship Theories, University of Hamburg, Germany,

1962.) "Accelerated Swimming of a Waving Plate," by

T. Y. Wu, Invited paper, Proc. of Fourth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, August 1962, Washington, D. C. "Small Time Behavior of Unsteady Cavity

Flows," by D. P. Wang and T. Y. Wu, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal., Vol. 14, No. 2, 127-152, 1963.

(Also California Institute of Technology

Engrg. Division Report No. 97-3, March 1963.)

"A Wake Model for Free-Streamline Flow Theory

Part II. Cavity Flows Past Obstacles of Arbitrary Profile," by T. Y. Wu and D. P. Wang, Accepted to appear in the J. of Fluid

Mechanics. California Institute of Tech. Engrg. Division Report No. 97-4, May 1963. "Dispersion of Water Waves," by T. Y. Wu,

J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 68, No. 4, 1195-97,

February 1963.

(3378) HYDRODYNAMICS OF TURBOMA CH INE S

.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, Hydrodynamics Lab., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental and Theoretical basic research.

e) Several problems concerning the flow of liquids through cascades have been studied

to obtain more information for the design

of propellers and pumps. Linear free- streamline theory has been used to determine the characteristics of cavitating flat plate cascades as well as cascades composed of other simple profiles such as wedge, planarconvex, etc

.

The effect of contraction of the meridional

streamlines through a rotor or stator on the cascade flow has been studied with a quasi- two-dimensional theory. The effect of such contraction on, for example, the lift co- efficient of a cascade of moderate solidity

is somewhat different than previously thought.

It is hoped to carry out an experimental verification of these predictions in the near

future

.

Plans were made to carry out a few experi- ments on cavitating cascades. As a pre- liminary step, experiments were made on an Isolated two-dimensional, planar-convex

hydrofoil. At moderate angles of attack,

partial cavitation developed on the leading

edge as usual but as the pressure was re- duced and the cavity thereby lengthened, a condition developed in which a steady, large

amplitude oscillation in cavity length and

lift force took place. Force oscillograms

and motion pictures are being analyzed to determine the exact cause of this phenomenon,

(h) "Flow Past a Partially Cavitating Cascade of Flat Plate Hydrofoils," R. B. Wade. Engineering Division Report 79.4, Jan. 1963. "Some Unsteady Effects In Cavitating Flow,"

A. J. Acosta and R. B. Wade. Film Report

79.5. "Note on the Application of Cascade Theory to Design of Axial-Flow Pumps," H. D. Linhardt

and A. J. Acosta. Presented at annual ASME winter meeting, 1962, paper 62-WA-222.

(4073) STUDIES IN VENTILATING FLOWS AND MODEL SCALING.

(b) Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval Research,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Wu, Prof. A. J. Acosta, Calif. Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Both theoretical and experimental, basic research

.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies are being

carried out to investigate the basic principle,

underlying mechanism and scale effect asso- ciated with the ventilating flow past sub- merged or surface piercing bodies and lifting

surfaces. The problems under investigation

include: Incipient ventilation of submerged

hydrofoil; ventilation through a trailing vortex core; ventilation and entralnment

process; ventilation of surface-piercing

struts; and scaling problems,

(h) "An Approximate Numerical Scheme for the Theory of Cavity Flows Past Obstacles of Arbitrary Profile," by T. Y. Wu and D. P. Wang, ASME Annual Meeting, November 17-22,

1963, Paper No. 63-WA-133. California Inst,

of Technology Engrg. Division Report No. 111-1, July 1963. "Measurements of the Free Water Surface Dis- placements Due to a Submerged Hydrofoil of Moderate Aspect Ratio," by J. Brent Jes, Calif. Institute of Technology, Hydro. Lab. Internal Memo. No. E-110.3M. February 1962.

(5035) FORCES ACTING ON A BODY DURING WATER EXIT.

b} Bureau of Weapons, Dept. of the Navy,

c) Prof. A. T. Ellis and Dr. J. G. Waugh, Calif. Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation. Basic research.

(e) To assess the validity of theories for deter- mining added mass in the presence of a free surface and hydrodynamlc effects on missiles

in the neighborhood of, or approaching a free surface. To provide experimental data on surface effects on missiles of simple mathe- matical configuration under conditions of cavitating flow which might be used as a basis for further theoretical developments.

(g) Water exit theory has been extended for- computation of forces acting on a sphere accelerated vertically upward from rest at arbitrary depths below the surface where brief Intervals of time are considered. An experimental technique has been developed, for accelerating the sphere by an electro- magnetic field. Measurements of the force applied to the sphere are made remotely to insure against hydrodynamlc Interference. This is done by measuring the force reaction

on the coil used to accelerate the sphere.

A variable atmosphere wave tank has been con- structed to study the underwater and waterexit behavior of small missiles under varyirg

degrees of cavitation and in the presence of different wave fields. The tank is con- structed almost entirely of two inch thick

lucite sheets which is non-magnetic and electrically non-conducting. This mode

of construction was chosen in order to avoid

spurious effects In determing the force exerted on electromagnetically accelerated missiles by measuring the equal and opposite reactive force on the wire coil.

(h) "The Variable Atmosphere Wave Tank," by J. G. Waugh and A. T. Ellis. Manuscript has been

submitted to the ASME for presentation at a symposium on cavitation facilities and tech- niques, May 1964, and publication In a cav- itation facilities handbook.

(5036) HYDRODYNAMIC AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AFFECTING CAVITATION BUBBLE GROWTH AND COLLAPSE.

bj Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

c) Prof. A. T. Ellis and D. B. J. S. Barnard, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation.

(e) A Blow-down Water Tunnel has been constructed with glass lining and a 2-3/4 inch square working section to study cavitation bubble growth and collapse. Velocities of over a hundred feet per second are available for periods of 5 seconds or for longer times at lower velocities.

Special photographic instrumentation has been developed for recording bubble behavior.

This includes a repetitively pulsed ruby laser light source. Pictures have been taken at a rate of over one million per second at magnifications of 25x and exposure times of

2 x 10"° seconds. Theory is being developed

for the collapse of a bubble In a moving

stream near a rigid wall,

(g) Patent application has been made for the pulsed

8
laser light source,

(h) "A New Approach to the Study of Cavitation,"

by A. T. Ellis, M. E. Slater, and M. E. Fourney. Proceedings of the Symposium on Cavitation of the Internation Association for Hydraulic Research, Sendal, Japan, Sept. 1962. "Application of a Ruby Laser to High-Speed

Photography," by A. T. Ellis and M. E. Pourney.

Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 942-943, June 1963.

"The Unsteady Plow Cavitation Tunnel at the California Institute of Technology," by B. J.

S. Barnard, A. T. Ellis, and M. E. Slater, sub- mitted to the ASME for presentation at a symposium on cavitation facilities and techniques, May 1964, and publication in a cavitation facilities handbook.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA

.

b) University of California.

c) Prof. R. H. Burgy and Mr. D. C. Lewis, Dept.

of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Hydrologic investigations of mountain watersheds are being conducted on pilot watersheds

in three areas of the state. Measurements

are being made of rainfall, surface runoff,

erosion, and groundwater storage and outflow. The hydrologic effect of vegetative con- versions on the watersheds is under long- range strdy. Radioactive tracers are used

to study groundwater movement and depth of rooting of trees. A neutron moisture meter

is used to measure moisture content in the

soil and rock above the water table. Micro- meteorological techniques and equipment are being tested to provide an Independent evaluation of evapotranspiration from the study watersheds,

(h) "Water Use by Native Vegetation and Hydrologic Studies", by D. C. Lewis and R. H. Burgy, Annual Report No. 4, 1962-63, Dept.

of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis,

Calif.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. J. N. Luthin and Mr. R. V. Worstell,

University of California, Davis, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) An equation developed for the location of drains in land overlying an artesian aquifer

has been solved with the IBM 7090. New

curves have been prepared relating the spacing of the drains to the depth to the artesian layer and to the pressure head In the artesian layer. The drainage of sloping

land has been studied. An equation has been developed in cooperation with Dr. P. Schmid of the Swiss Forest Research Station for the shape of the water table that Is in equilibrium with the rainfall. A paper has been submitted to the Journal of Geo- physical Research. Computer programs have been written in co- operation with Dr. George Taylor of the Ohio State University on the shape of the water table in equilibrium with rainfall on sloping land. The computer solutions take into account the flow In the capillary

fringe. The seepage surface emerges as part of the solution,

(h) "The Use of Electronic Computers to Solve Subsurface Drainage Problems", by G. S. Taylor and J. N. Luthin, Hllgardia 34(12):

543-558, 1963.

(4086) MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE FLUID DISPLACEMENTS

IN RELATION TO SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN SOIL AND

OTHER POROUS MATERIAL.

b) University of California

c) Drs. J. W. Biggarand D. R. Nielsen, Dept. of Irrigation University of California,

Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied.

(e) The simultaneous transport of fluids and

solutes through porous media is under investigation. The mixing and spreading of the fluids in the medium, the Interaction of the fluids with each other and the medium have

been studied. The work will help define the nature of the porous structure of materials, and the coupling between velocity and dif- fusion in thedispersion process. Leaching phenomena, disposal of industrial and radioactive wastes, and the movement of pesticides In soil water depend upon the dispersion process.

(g) Mathematical models of dispersion previously

reported have been compared with experimental data obtained from studies on soil, glass

beads, sandstone and sand columns. More recently the effects of the density and viscosity of the fluids on the mixing has been studied using CI and glass bead

medium. Leaching Phenomenon, disposal of industrial and radioactive wastes and the movement of pesticides in soil water involve dispersion processes.

(h) "Miscible Displacement: IV. Mixing in Glass

Beads." D. R. Nielsen and J. W. Biggar.

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 27:10-13, 1963. "Miscible Displacement: V. Exchange

Processes." J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen.

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. Nov. -Dec. 1963.

(4087) DYNAMIC PROJECT PLANNING.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

d) Developmental design.

e) This study is to develop an approach to the engineering aspects of project planning

of Irrigation projects particularly adaptable for such areas where (1) water requirements whether for irrigation or other uses are supplied through pumping from wells, and

(2) where problems of Increased cost of pump- ing due to lowering the water wells, deterioration of water quality, and/or reduc- tion in yield of wells due to depletion of available ground water supply occur.

(g) Detailed analysis has shown that dynamic

project planning is a satisfactory engineering technique when applied to situations where development of water facilities is undertaken for presently unused water

supplies In areas with a ground water

deficiency.

(4088) IRROTATIONAL FLOW OVER A VERTICAL, SHARP- CRESTED WEIR.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

d) Theoretical, basic research.

e) A digital computer is used to carry out the approximate numerical solution of an exact integral equation, derived by conformal map- ping and singularity distribution, and describing the two-dimensional flow over weirs ranging in height from zero to infinity.

Project being extended to other geometries

and to flows with given degree of rotationality.

(g) Approximate flow profiles and discharge coefficients have been obtained for weirs

of head-to-height ratio 0.1, 0.25, 0.50,

1.15, 2.11, 3.02, 4.36.

(h) "Irrotational Flow Over Weirs," by Theodor

S. Strelkoff, PhD. Thesis, State Univ. of

Iowa, June, 1962.

(4857) USE OF WELLS IN AREA DEVELOPMENT.

9
b) University of California.

c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and field research including

doctoral thesis research.

(e) To consider the influence of a decreasing

discharge rate in developing a general

solution for unsteady flow to wells. Such

a solution is of importance in calculating

the transmisslbillty and storage coefficients

of an aquifer from short-time pumping tests, and in water supply and drainage problems where seasonal water requirements vary or a certain schedule of pumping is to be followed. Field tests are being used to check the theory.

(g) A general analytical solution has been developed for unsteady flow of groundwater to a well having a decreasing discharge rate. A graphical solution has been proposed to determine the aquifer characteristics from pumping test data. The graphical solution requires the numerical computation and tabulation of a mathematical function called

the "variable well function". Values of this function have been determined.

(h) "Nonsteady Flow for Wells with Decreasing

Discharge," by M. Abu-zied and V. H. Scott.

A. S. C. E. Proc, Jour. Hyd. Div. 89(HY3):

119-132, May 1963.

(5142) VARIABLE FLOW UNDER A VERTICAL GATE.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research,

for Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) Time-dependent flows under sluice gate moving

vertically in its own plane are being studied

in a laboratory flume. A numerical, quasisteady, potential-flow analysis Is being

developed to complement the experimental

investigation.

(5143) PROFILE OF A WETTING FRONT ADVANCING IN AN IRRIGATION BORDER.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research

for M. S.and M. E. theses.

(e) This is a special case of surge on a dry bed. Vegetation is simulated in a laboratory

flume by an array of uniformly distributed

vertical rods set into the bottom. Flow is introduced at the head end, and the passage

of the wave through the rods is measured

by electrical depth gauges. A theoretical expression describing an established such flow is being tested.

(5144) UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS

.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) A computer-implemented numerical solution is being developed for the one-dimensional con- tinuity, momentum, and energy equations of unsteady flow in canals of arbitrary cross- sectional form. A method is sought which

will permit automatic tracking of spontaneously formed shock-discontinuities in the profile. Under investigation is a method

of " smearing" the shocks by introducing

into every positive wave of the continuous

solution an energy loss equivalent to that occurring In a discontinuity of comparable

geometry.

(g) An effective computer program has been

developed for gradually variable flow without discontinuities, with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions of depth and velocity.

(5145) NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS,

(b) University of California.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental Investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) (1) Studies on the mathematical theory of nonlinear systems with lumped and with distributed parameters. (2) Characterization

of time- and space-variable rainfall dis- tributions. (3) Development of methods for

the establishment of nonlinear Inflow-outflow relationships for natural catchments.

(4) Laboratory and field application of (3) above

.

(g) Experiments completed to date on laboratory

catchments under simulated rain reveal large

departures from the conditions of linearity

and invariance implicit in the "unit hydrograph" concept, and suggest that similar behavior can be expected in natural watersheds. A new approach in the analysis

suggested and approximate procedures

applicable to floods due to uniformly

distributed storms have been developed. Further development of mathematical theory

of nonlinear systems is under way. Statistical procedures for the mathematical characterization of storms from data on California watersheds are being tested.

(h) "Nonlinear Analysis of Hydrologic Systems,"

J. Amorocho, G. T. Orlob, Sanitary Engln. Research Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley. Water Resources Center Contribution No. 4, 147 pages, Nov. 1961. "Measures of the Linearity of Hydrologic

Systems," J. Amorocho. Jour. Geophys. Res.

68(8) :2237-2249, April 15, 1963.

(5146) THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(bl University of California.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental Investigation;

applied research.

(e) Development of analytical criteria for the efficiency of energy dissipating structures

in terms of the characteristics of the flow

stream delivered and the shear stresses over

the boundary of the receiving channels. Experimental evaluation of efficiencies

from hydraulic model data.

(g) "Energy efficiency" and "shear efficiency" criteria have been developed as means of evaluating: (1) The effectiveness of a structure in dissipating energy; and (2) the scouring potential of the outflowing water. Experiments with a vortex-type energy

dissipator illustrate the application of these criteria for designs based on hydraulic model investigations.

(h) "The Efficiency of Energy Dissipators,

J. Amorocho. Paper presented at the ASCE Water Resources Engineering Conference,

Milwaukee, May 1, 1963.

(5147) ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERT OUTLETS.

b) Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of California, Davis, Calif.

d) Hydraulic model investigations.

e) Development of energy dissipating outlet structures for cross-drainage culverts under

the California canal.

(5148) THERMALITO DIVERSION DAM MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.

(d) Hydraulic model Studies.

(e) Investigation of the effect of approach

field geometry of the discharge capacity of

a gated overflow structure; study of down- stream scour and configuration of tailwater

flow patterns. Purpose of study was to serve as guide in design of major component

of California water development program.

(f) Completed.

(g) Effects of the asymmetry of the approach flew

10
(h)

on the discharge of the overflow section were evaluated. Changes in various features

of the overflow structure and the tail water

area were tested and studied in detail. "Thermalito Diversion Dam Model Studies,"

J. Araorocho and Alan Babb. Dept. of Irri- gation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, October 1963. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1554) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

(b) State of California.

(c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Coordinator Saline Water Conversion Research, University of Calif.,

1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investi- gation and pilot plant; basic research, ap- plied research, design, and operation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover whether there is available any method for

the large-scale, low-cost demlnerallzation

of sea water. The project includes a number

of investigations, of which the following

have been active during 1961-62: (1) Multiple effect rotating evaporator; (2) evapo- ration by immiscible fluid heat transfer;

(3) vacuum flash distillation (low temperature difference method); (4) solar distillation; (5) electrodialysls tests; (6) freeze-separation; (7) ion exchange; (8) biological studies; (9) capillary control of vapor transfer gaps; (10) reverse osmosis

pilot plant; (11) thermodynamic and economic

analysis; (12) experimental heat transfer

studies; (13) transport phenomena near a liquid-vapor interface; and (14) fundamental

studies of corrosion processes. Investi- gations are being carried on at the Berkeley,

Los Angeles and San Diego Campuses.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from the progress reports and publications listed under (h) below. This project has been

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries have listed all reports prior to July 1962.

(h) The following reports and publications have

been issued during the period since July

1962 and summarize the work to date: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES:*

"A Contribution to the Theory of ThermoEconomics," Robert Evans, Dept. of Engineering

Report No. 62-36, 125 pp. August 1962. "Design, Development, and Testing of a 500 Gallon per Day Osmotic Sea Water Desalinization

Cell," S. Loeb and F. Mil stein, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 62-52, 63 pp., Nov.

1962.

"The Thermo-Economics of Sea-Water Conversion,"

Myron Tribus and Robert Evans, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 62-53, 241 pp., February 1963.

"Sea Water Demlnerallzation by Means of a Semipermeable Membrane," S. Loeb, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 62-61, 26 pp., Dec. 1962. "Aqueous Oxygen Corrosion of Armco Iron Effect

of Chloride Ions on Potentlostatic Phenomena

in H2SO4," R. J. Tobias and K. Nobe, Dept.

of Engineering Report No. 63-11, 56 pp., February 1963. "Saline Water Research Progress Summary

July 1, 1962 - December 31, 1962," Dept. of Engineering Report No. 63-15, 71 pp., March

1963. "Brackish Water Desalination by an Osmotic

Membrane," S. Loeb and S. Manjikian, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 63-22, 11 pp., May 1963. "Aqueous Oxygen Corrosion of Iron. Transient

and Steady State Galvanostatic Phenomena in H2SO4," F. M. Donahue and K. Nobe, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 63-24, 43 pp., May

1963.

"Sea Water Demineralizatlon by Means of a Semipermeable Membrane," S. Loeb, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 63-32, 28 pp., July

1963.

(1823)

(b)

(h)

(2265)

(b)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY**

"The Optimum Temperature for the Operation

of a Non-Scaling Multi-Stage Flash Evaporator

Plant," L. H. MacLeod et al., Sea Water

Conversion Laboratory Report No. 63-1, 42

pp., January 1963. "Removal of Scale-Forming Constituents from Saline Water by Ion Exchange - Equilibrium

Conditions," Gerhard Klein et al., Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report No. 63-2, 66 pp., February 1963. "Berkeley Progress Report for the Six-Month Period Ending December 31, 1962," Sea Water

Conversion Laboratory Report No. 63-3, 44 pp., February 1963. "Experimental Study of Some Basic Parameters

in Electrodialysls," P. M. Rapier et al., Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report No.

63-4, 43 pp., April 1963. "Condensing Heat Transfer in Steam-Air

Mixtures in Turbulent Flow - Reynolds Number Relationships," P. B. Stewart and

S. E. Hurd, Sea Water Conversion Laboratory

Report No. 63-5, 43 pp., June 1963.

"Sea Water Evaporation by Direct Contact Heat Transfer," C. R. Wilke et al., Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report No. 63-6,

34 pp., August 1963. "Sea Water Conversion Research at the Univ.

of California," E. D. Howe, Proceedings

Desalination Research Conference, National Academy of Sciences—National Research

Council Publication 942, Washington, D. C,

pp. 107-118, 1963.

"The Distillation of Sea Water and Other

Low-Temperature Applications of Solar Energy,

E. D. Howe, Chapter 12 in book, Introduction

to the Utilization of Solar Energy, McGraw- Hill Book Company, Inc., A. M. Zarem and

Duane D. Erwey, editors,: pp. 295-313, 1963. "Simple Method Determines Brine Concentrations," Susan Weiner, Chemical Engineering,

Vol. 70, No. 12, pp. 238-240, June 10, 1963. "Fresh Water for the Future," E. D. Howe* California Monthly, Vol. LXXIV, No. 1, pp. 12-15, October 1963. Requests for copies should be directed to; Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Dept.

of Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Requests for -copies should be directed to: Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, Univ. of California, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California. TRANSPORT OF COASTAL SEDIMENT. Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army, Washington,

D. C. Experimental, basic research.

To obtair experimental information on the criterion for initial and general movement

of bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype conditions of the relative motion of water

and bed were simulated by use of an oscil- lating plate in still water. Sediment transport by actual waves In flume with and without superimposed unl-dlrectional flow

has been measured for comparison with the results on moving bottom. Continued.

A transport theory has been established for bed-load motion very similar to that of

H. A. Einstein for river flows. It appears

to describe all available measurements with

good accuracy. "Transportation of Bed Material due to Wave

Action" by George Kalkanis, Tech. Rept. HEL-2-4 to the U. S. Beach Erosion Board,

February 1963. "Hydrodynamics of Sediment Motion" by H. A. Einstein, presented at the IUGG meeting at Berkeley, August 1963, Oceanography Section.

FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

U. S. Navy, Civil Engineering Laboratory,

Port Hueneme, Calif., and National Science

11
Foundation; laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

e) Measurement and prediction of drag coef- ficients and flow configurations about cyl- inders during accelerated motion in fluids

as related to wave forces as cylinders

Including effects of support flexibility.

(h) "Groups of Vertical Cylinders Oscillating in Water" by A. D. K. Laird and R. P. Warren,

Proc. ASCE, Vol. 89, No. EM 1, Feb. 1963.

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as ex- pressed by the development of alternate

bars. It is the aim of this study to de- velop criteria for stability.

f ) Experimental work concluded.

g) The important parameters seem to be the Froude's number, the depth-width ratio and the size and uniformity of the bed

sediment. The uneven distribution of friction between banks and bed is of prime

importance

.

(h) Publication is in preparation.

(3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL.

b) U. S. Corps Engineers, Kansas City Dist.

c) Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

d) Experimental; design and development.

e) Using analog model techniques a simulator for the Kansas River and its tributaries has been developed. Purpose is to provide

a rapid and convenient means of estimating

the effects of reservoir operation and rainfall distribution on flood stages. All pertinent hydraulic variables will be under operator's control, and a flood routing procedure completed each 1/60

second.

(f) Completed. Electric Flood Model now In operation in U. S. Corps of Engineers

District Office, Kansas City, Missouri.

(h) "Analog Models for Flood Control Systems," by

J. A. Harder, Journal of the Hydraulics Div.,

Proceedings ASCE, Vol. 88, No. H/2, March

1962.

(3673) JET PUMP FOR SEDIMENT.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Co.

(di Experimental design.

(e) The use of a jet pump as a booster pump at the end of the ladder of a suction dredge

is studied.

f) Design study completed.

g) Two dredges with jet pump boosters completed

successfully sand removal to 200 foot depths

to uncover bedrock for placement of the Akosombo Dam, Volta River, Ghana. One dredge with jet pump booster now undergoing

exhaustive field tests.

(3674) INVESTIGATIONS OF BOUNDARY LAYERS ALONG

FLUID INTERFACES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

Id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the stability, shear and disturbances

along an interface.

(g) The comparison of the methods used in studying

the stability of streamlined (laminar) flow near interfaces between real fluids showed

that a wave pattern is always superimposed

over the flow. If such a disturbance is self- sustaining at the interface It causes Inter- facial waves or mixing of the fluids. If such a wave is self-sustaining, in one of the fluids near the interface it leads to turbulence In that fluid, similar to a boundary

layer near a solid boundary.

Experiments and analyses were completed of the flow of air over water, colder and hotter than the air, and normal air flow over water

to check Miles' stability theory using

statistical techniques (Tukey's). Miles' shear theory seems to predict the phase

angle-frequency component relationship for frequencies lower than the frequency asso- ciated with the maximum energy density.

(3675) CLAY TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Mr. R. B. Krone, Div. of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

.

(e) A continuation and generalization of (33S2)to various types of clays. The effect of flocculatlon and concentration

of clay on flows, and the deposition and

scour of these sediments are studied systematically

.

f ) Near completion.

g) Viscometer measurements on suspensions of clayey sediment from 5 sources are yielding

Theological characteristics of sediment floes and floe aggregates, Including shear

strengths. Rheological measurements on con- solidating sediments are also In progress.

A 1000-ft. channel and circulating system Is completed and instrumented to determine friction factors of flowing sediment suspensions in order to study flow-bed interaction

during deposition and scour. Friction measurements show that bed is roughened by

sudden increases in flow.

(367 7) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE.

(b) office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular Jets have a lift considerably in excess of that

due to the Jet momentum when operating in

a region close to the ground. The dynamic

lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base pressures, and intake pressures are being measured for such a vehicle operating over

both calm water and water with surface gravity waves present.

(f) Completed.

(g) Much information has been obtained on the response of the model vehicle to surface water waves. In regard to wave-making re- sistance a noticeable nonunlformity of jet momentum has been measured.

(h) "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Water

Surface Configuration" by J. D. Cumming, IER Tech. Rept. 187-3, 82 pp., Sept. 1963. "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Pre- liminary Study of Air Flow Patterns" by

J. D. Cumming, IER Tech. Rept. 187-6, Sept. 1963. "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water; Oper- ation Over Waves" by R. L. Wiegel, et al, IER Tech. Rept. 187-7, 77 pp., Sept. 1963. "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Annular Distribution of Jet Momentum" by J. D. Cumming, IER Tech. Rept. 187-8, Sept. 1963.

(3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the various phenomena involved in the diffusion of sewage at the discharge end of an ocean

sewer outfall

.

(g) Phases investigated to date have involved mixing resulting from jet action and

surface wind waves. The effects of wind

12
and waves on surface dispersion have been

studied in a laboratory wind-wave flume. Measurements of the shape of the dispersion

plume have been obtained under various wind

and wave conditions, and the influence of

some of the wave characteristics on the eddy diffusion coefficient has been noted,

(h) "Turbulent Mixing Phenomena of Ocean Outfalls,"

by Richard J. Frankel and James D. Cumming,

Univ. of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept . HEL-3-1,

109 pp., February 1963.

(4077) NEARSHORE SEDIMENT MOVEMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

Id) Experimental (laboratory and field).

(e) The objective of this investigation is to determine the overall sand balance for selected localities and to explain changes

quantitatively. Special consideration is given to sediment conditions at the mouths

of large sediment-carrying rivers, subma- rine canyon heads, and major headlands.

(h) "A Critical Appraisal of the Techniques Using

Naturally Occurring Radioactive Minerals

as Littoral Tracers," by Kenneth H. Huston,

Hyd. Engin. Lab. Rept. HEL-4-1.

"Sediment Scour at Structures," by M. M. Abou-Selda, Hyd. Engin. Lab. Rept. HEL-4-2.

"A Restudy of Bottom Sediments Near the Entrance of Golden Gate," by Byron Schatz,

Hyd. Engin. Lab. Rept. HEL-4-3.

(4078) BEACH BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY.

b) Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.

d) Field observations and theoretical con- siderations . (e) Purpose of project is to measure variations

in background radioactivity of beaches along

the California Coast with the object of de- termining the normal background, its seasonal variations and variation in radioactivity

from place to place at any one time.

(g) The dilution in concentration of naturally

radioactive sediments away from a source has

proved of value in establishing the pre- dominant direction of littoral drift.

(h) "The Relationship between Watershed Geology

and Beach Radioactivity," by J. R. Byerly, Beach Erosion Board Tech. Memo. No. 135, August 1963. "Beach Sand Radioactivity, Source, Trans- portation, and Deposition Studies," by John Cherry, George Gordon, and Moshe

Gablinger, Hyd. Engin. Lab. Report HEL-5-2,

July 1963.

(4081) RECHARGE OF WASTES IN UNDERGROUND

FORMATIONS.

(b) Llvermore Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif.

(dj Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) This study is designed to evaluate the hydraulics of fluid flow from a surface basin

into underlying aquifers. Results are ex- pected to assist in field studies of disposal

of industrial wastes, brines, and radioactive

materials

.

(h) "Radial Flow Behavior of Artificial Recharge

from Surface Cavities," by D. K. Sunada and

D. K. Todd, Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, 57 pp., 1963.

(4032) CAVITATION IN A VENTURI.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. W. Iversen, Dept. of Mech. Engrg.,

University of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic re- search . (e) Macroscopic nature of cavitation formation

and collapse with inter-relationships of head losses on collapse and with liquids of different vaporization properties.

(g) Tests with water over a 60 degree F - 200 degree F range of temperature are com- pleted. Analysis in progress.

(4562) ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS,

bi Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Given a sufficiently long record of the input and output of a stationary system that may

include nonlinearities, the purpose is to develop a predictor for arbitrary Inputs.

(g) Computer program is written that has enabled

close prediction of the output of an experi- mental nonlinear system to a sine wave having an amplitude and frequency well within the limits of the random input used to de- velop the predictor.

(h) "Nonlinear Analysis of Hydraulic Engineering

Systems," by S. L. Jacoby, Ph.D. thesis,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, June 1962.

(4563) CLAY-SUSPENSION FILTRATION.

(b) Livermore Radiation Laboratory, Llvermore, California.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Study of the movement of clay suspensions

through coarse porous media and through fissured rock.

f) Completed.

h) "Flow of Clay Suspensions through Fractures," by I. Zafrani and D. K. Todd, Hydraulic

Laboratory, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley,

31 pp., 1963.

(4564) FLOW OF SAND-WATER MIXTURES IN PIPES.

(b) University project - thesis project,

id) Experimental.

(e) To define flow parameters and to design

measuring equipment for the two-phase flows.

(g) A piece of experimental equipment has been designed to maintain various sustained flows

of water-sand mixtures. Two solutions were investigated for combined flow-rate and concentration meters.

(h) "Investigation on a Two-Phase Problem in Closed Pipes," by W. H. Graf, Ph.D. Thesis

and Report HEL-2-2 of the Hyd. Engin. Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley.

"Experimental Apparatus Studies Sediment Transport in Closed Conduits," by H . A. Einstein and W. H. Graf, Civil Engineering,

Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 52-53, October 1963.

(4565) MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR FLOOD ROUTING.

(b) U. S. Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

Office.

(c) Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Various models are being fitted to experi- mental floods induced by spillway releases

from reservoirs on the Missouri River.

(g) Principal limitation has been found to be accuracy of channel data.

(4566) PROGRESSIVE WAVES AT SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, California.

d) Experimental.

e) Laboratory studies were made of the progressive waves generated downstream from spill- ways. Spillways studied included the hy- draulic pump in both a horizontal and sloping channel and a flip-bucket.

f) Completed.

h) "Wave Action at Spillways," by M. K. AbouSeida, Jour. Hyd. Div. ASCE, pp. 133-152,

May 1963.

(4568) SIGNIFICANCE OF VORTICITY IN TURBULENT FLUID

FLOWS.

b) University project; thesis,

d) Theoretical

.

13
(e) A basic attempt to define turbulence.

(g) Some new characteristics of flows were developed describing the onset and maintenance of turbulence.

(4569) STUDY OF PERSISTENT POLYMOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. B. Krone, Dlv. of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Basic theoretical - experimental.

(e) Investigations of thermal properties, surface characteristics, and of X-ray diffraction

patterns are studied to provide information

on properties of water in bulk and near

interfaces

.

(g) Relations between temperature and viscosity,

specific heat, and specific volume have been

found, and a tentative system of persistent

structures has been developed that account for observed properties of water.

(4929) AQUIFER ANALYSIS BY SLUG TESTS OF WELLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study of the limitations, procedural problems,

and validity under various field conditions

of the slug test method of evaluating aquifer

constants

.

(4930) COASTAL SAND MOVEMENT.

(b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center.

Id) Experimental; laboratory and field,

(e) This investigation is concerned with the transportation of sand by both wind and

waves

.

(h) "Calculation Procedure for Sand Transport by

Wind on Natural Beaches," by Abdel-Latlf Kadib,

Hyd. Lab. Rept. HEL-2-6, October 1963.

(4931) EDDY DIFFUSION AND MASS TRANSFER IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. T. Orlob, Dept. of Civil Engin.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research—for doctoral

thesis.

(e) This investigation was concerned with the eddy diffusion in open channel parallel two-dimensional turbulent shear flow. The diffusion in the vertical was studied by

using sodium chloride mixed with alcohol as

a tracer. The tracer was injected uniformly

across the flow from a line source at the water surface at a steady rate. The purpose

of this investigation was: (1) To determine

the diffusion coefficient in the vertical

and to relate the diffusion coefficient to some parameters of the flow: depth,

velocity, rate of energy dissipation, etc.;

(2) to compare the diffusion coefficient and

the momentum transfer coefficient based on Prandtl mixing length theory; (3) to find a general solution to the problem of line source at the water surface in turbulent

shear flow; and (4) to compare between

lateral, longitudinal and vertical dif- fusion coefficients in open channel flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) The following results can be derived from

this investigation: (1) The diffusion

coefficient had a minimum value near the boundaries and maximum value at mid-depth of the flow with askewed distribution toward the rough boundary. (2) The mean value of the observed diffusion coefficient was approximately equal to the mean value of the computed momentum transfer coefficients based on Prandtl mixing length theory. The two coefficients differ in their dis- tribution in the vertical. (3) The dif- fusion coefficient was found to be related

to the rate of energy dissipation per unit

(h)

IS!

(e)

(4933)

(b)

4934)

(b)

(c)

81

(g)

mass and the depth of the flow, which gave

an experimental verification to Kolomogoroff

similarity principle. (4) The mixing zone width in the vertical was found to be a parabolic function of the time at large distances from the source. (5) The longitudinal diffusion coefficient was found to be higher than the diffusion coefficients in the lateral, and vertical

for a given flow condition.

"Eddy Diffusion and Mass Transfer in Open Channel Flow," by A. Al-Saffar, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, October 1963.

(4932) GROUND WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT. Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; applied research

.

Study of the physical conditions within a basin so that ground water levels at any

point can be predicted for any future time for given recharge and discharge conditions. Subsequently, study of alternate methods

for operating the basin to obtain an eco- nomically optimal system. HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. California Department of Water Resources.

Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. Experimental; applied research and design.

Analog model and digital computer methods

are being used to predict salinity, tidal amplitudes, tidal elevations, and fresh water flows in the Sacramento-San Joaquin

Delta Region. WAVE DIFFRACTION AND REFRACTION. Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington,

D. C. Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif. Experimental; basic research. Determination by model tests the diffraction

and refraction characteristics of wind

waves. Also, model studies of the "Machstem" equivalent of water waves.

IBM 7090 program developed for computing

wave diffraction coefficients at semi- infinite breakwater. Work being done on computing two dimensional wave spectra in model basin.

(4935) BEACH PROFILES AT VERTICAL WALLS. Laboratory project.

Experimental; M.S. Thesis. This investigation was made to determine the characteristics of the equilibrium profile

in front of and behind vertical sea walls

of various heights which were subjected to waves of various steepness.

Completed.

"Beach Profiles as Affected by Vertical Walls," by A. A. Kadib, Beach Erosion Board Tech.

Memo. No. 134, Washington, D. C, June 1963.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval Architecture

.

(3026) SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A FUNCTION WAVE STEEPNESS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif. Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of width (beam) and the block coefficient of the ship on the added resistance In uniform waves. The following

14
block coefficients were used for Series

60 5-foot models: 0.60; 0.70; 0.80 and

a model of DE 1006 with a block coefficient

of 0.49. All of the models were towed in waves 3.75; 5.00; 6.25 and 7.50 feet long

at seven different wave steepnesses between

0.0146 and 0.0684.

(g) All the experiments have been completed and

the results evaluated. The final report is

in preparation.

(3685) SHIP SLAMMING LOADS AND HULL RESPONSES.

(b) National Academy of Sciences - National

Research Council, Committee on Ship Structural Design.

(c) Prof. H. A. Schade, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The project involves structural as well as hydrodynamic problems. Only the latter are described here. (1) It will be attempted

to determine the virtual mass distribution

along the length of a vibrating beam

in water (forced vibration as well as impact

loading)

.

f) Completed.

g) The beam was fitted into a number of sections(8) of plastic bodies, semi-sub- merged in horizontal position in water, and forced to vibrate. Vibration frequencies

and damping for the first six flectural modes were determined. An impact loading

was applied also, to excite the vibrating

response

.

(h) "Dynamic Response of an Idealized Hull

Girdle to Slam-Type Loading," by R. W. Clough and W. M. Maclean, University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Engineering Research, Report No. NA-63-6, July 1963.

(3686) NON-LINEAR COUPLED SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Theoretical with some experimental veri- fication.

(e) It has been shown that at certain fre- quencies of heave or pitch motion of a

ship, a rolling motion of large amplitude may arise. This is explained in terms of instabilities of solutions of the equations

of motion which include certain non-linear

coupling terms.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Effect of Nonlinear Static Coupling on the Motion Stability of a Ship Moving in Oblique

Waves," by W. D. Kinney. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Engineering Research, Report No. NA-63-3, June 1963.

(4083) DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIPS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) The linearized equations of motion for two

ships operating on parallel courses are formulated. Coefficients appearing in these equations are being evaluated by

captive model techniques. Analog and

digital means of solving the equations are being studied.

(g) Sinusoidal motion generator was used to e- valuate velocity and acceleration derivatives

for each of the individual models of the

ship without the other model being present.

Experiments are under way in which inter- action forces and moments between two models

are measured.

(4084) SHIPS OP MINIMUM RESISTANCE.

(b; Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California,

dl Theoretical applied research,

e) The usual minimum problem for ship wave resistance fixed the profile and volume and minimizes Michell's Integral among

some given class of functions describing

the whole ship. Since the theory assumes lrrotatlonal flow of an invlscid fluid, it does not take account of the effects of viscosity, e.g., the possibility of a separated boundary layer for certain forms nor of the necessity of fitting a propeller

astern. Here one tries to take account of this by fixing the afterbody as one known

to be satisfactory, and then allowing only

the forebody to vary among a given class of functions

.

(g) IBM 7090 was used to calculate ship lines

for minimum resistances. The calculations

were made for a number of ship speeds. The

next step will be to build several models,

test these models in towing tank and compare

the results with theoretical calculations.

(h) "Ships of Minimum Total Resistance," by

W. C. Lin, W. C. Webster, J. V. Wehausen,

University of California, Berkeley, Inst, of Engineering Research, Report No. NA-63-7, Aug. 1963. "Schlffe Geringsten Wellenwiderstandes mlt Vorgeschriebenem Hinterschiff

,

" by W. C. Webster, and J. V. Wehausen, Schiff stechnik £ (1962) 62-68.

(4570) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SEMI-SUBMERGED

OSCILLATING BODIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) To determine the response of a floating body

in a seaway, it is necessary to know the magnitudes and phases of hydrodynamic forces

and moments acting on this body. In the linearized analysis the total pressure at any point takes the form of two terms: (a) exciting pressure dependent upon the waves

only: (b) pressure dependent upon the geo- metry and motion of the body and independent

of the waves. These two terms are being measured on: (1) A prolate spheroid; (2) A ship-like form. First the models are attached rigidly to the dynamometers, towed in waves and the pressure distribution, total forces and moments

measured. Then the models are oscillated

sinusoidally In still water and again the pressure distribution, total force and moment measured. The results will be com- pared with theoretical calculations.

(g) Both the models have been tested in still water as well as in waves. The results

indicate that the wave forces and moments

follow the general trend as predicted by

Krylov's Theory. For the oscillating models in still water, the longitudinal distribution of virtual mass and damping

have been determined experimentally.

(h) Two reports are in preparation.

(4970) PRESSURES ACTING ON A HEMISPHERE OSCILLATING

ON A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221. Rldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(dl Experimental, theoretical, basic research.

(e) The exciting forces and pressure distribution for a hemisphere undergoing forced harmonic oscillations on the free surface have been experimentally determined. The added mass

and damping coefficients have been computed

from both the integrated pressures and the direct force measurements.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results are compared to the predictions

of the linearized hydrodynamic theory as

15
(h)

(4971)

(4972)

(b)

(h)

computed by W. R. Porter. Qualitatively,

It Is believed that the results are in agreement with the predictions.

"The Experimental Determination of Forces

and Pressures Acting on a Hemisphere

Oscillating on a Free Surface," by R. A. Cumming, University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Engineering Research, Report

No. NA-63-1, March 1963. SHIP RESISTANCE IN IRREGULAR WAVES. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. 0. J. Slbul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif., Berkeley, California. Experimental; applied research.

The previous resistance measurements of ship models in uniform waves will be used to predict the total added resistance in irregular waves of known spectral content. The predictions will be compared with experiments in irregular waves of various

spectral contents and severity, combined with

a number of model speeds. STUDY OF A SPAR SHIP. Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224,

Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. Experimental; theoretical, applied research.

To study the hydrodynamic characteristics of

a spar ship a cylindrical model with a cross section made up by two circular arcs was tested in still water as well as in waves.

The length-draft ratio of the model was 0.25 and the beam-draft ratio 0.05. The model was tested: (1) for resistance in still water as well as in waves; (2) wave

forces and moments on restricted model;

(3) motions for the free model in uniform

waves; (4) model was oscillated in still water and the virtual mass and damping

calculated. An attempt was made to calculate

the still-water resistance theoretically.

A report is in preparation.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects except when otherwise indicated should be addressed to

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania 15213.

(2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the movement of granular material

carried in a fluid through closed conduits. Measurements of velocities, energy losses, concentrations and segregated conditions

are made.

(3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project - National Science Foundation Fellowship.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Determination of pipe geometry on the reflection and transmission of pressure

surges in closed conduits.

(f) Terminated.

(3390) MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania 15213.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of energy relationships, velocities

and flow structure in non-newtonlan flows.

(h) "Flow of Clay-Water Suspensions" by G. Bugliarello. Discussion, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE (in the press).

(3689) PHASE SEPARATION EFFECTS IN THE FLOW OF

BLOOD.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania 15213.

(dl Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the magnitude of the phase

separation effect in the flow of blood for vessels of different sizes and con- figurations, both under steady and pulsating flow conditions.

(h) "Detailed Characteristics of the Flow of Blood in Vitro," by G. Bugliarello and J. W. Hayden, Transactions of the Society of Rheology, Vol. 7 (1963).

"The Profile Viscosity and other Characteristics of Blood Flow in a Non-Uniform

Shear Field," Transactions, 4th International Rheology Congress (1963) (In the press).

(3692) SEPARATION FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES.

(h)

(h)

(4094)

(h)

(f)

(4096)

Allegheny County Sanitary Authority.

Experimental and analytical.

In the separation or divergence of flowing

liquid-solid mixtures unbalanced concen- trations frequently occur in the different

channels. Methods are being developed to predict and control the unbalance.

"Grit Unbalance In Sewage Flow Division,"

Y. Yoshimi and T. E. Stelson, J. of the Sanitary Engrg. Divisions, ASCE, Vol. 89, April 1963.

(4093) VIBRATORY MOTIONS OF FLOATING BODIES. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental and analytical.

Development of theory for determining wave pattern and virtual mass and damping in the three-dimensional flow field around a shallow ship. "Oscillation of a Shallow-Draft Ship—An

Experimental Study," M. A. Anderson, M. S. Thesis, 1963. MOLECULAR DIFFUSION STUDIES BY RANDOM WALK

METHODS. Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Civil Engineering Dept., Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Analytical

.

Development of computer programs for the

study of molecular diffusion in a laminar

shear flow using random walk methods.

"A Random Walk Study of Diffusslon in Convective Flow Fields," E. D. Jackson III, Ph.D. Thesis, October 1963.

(4095) HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID FLOWS. Laboratory project

.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Experimental

:

Study of laminar and turbulent flow of various liquids between concentric cylinders, under pressures up to 15,000 psi. Inactive

.

(h)

FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES AT BIFURCATIONS. Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Experimental

.

Study of the effect of bifurcations on the concentration of solid-liquid mixture In the laminar and turbulent flow range in closed conduits.

"Phase Separation in Suspensions Flowing

through Bifurcations," by G. Bugliarello and

G. C. C. Hsiao, Science (in the press)

.

16
DESIGN OF A SYNTHETIC COMPUTER LANGUAGE FOR SANITARY ENGINEERING.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. G. Bugllarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Tech., Pittsburgh,

Pa. 15213. Analytical

.

Design of a user-oriented computer language

leading to a large degree of automation In the area of sanitary engineering and water

resources. The first phase of the project

is the development of a pilot language for hydrology.

"An Informal Progress Report on HYDROL—

A

Content-Oriented Computer Language for Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering," G. Bugllarello,

J. J. Gormley and w. McNally, Dept. of Civil

Eng., Carnegie Institute of Technology. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING. Laboratory projects.

Dr. G. Bugllarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburg,

Pennsylvania 15213. Analytical

.

Study of various aspects of water resources

engineering, with particular emphasis on operational research methods.

"The Role of Flood Plains in the Correlation between Flood Predictions and Dam Design,"

G. Bugllarello and V. S. Bhavnagri, Proceedings of the International Assoc. for Hydraulic

Research (IAHR). VIBRATION OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN A FLUID. Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis. Ascertaining a representation for the functional dependence of the interaction

force between vibrating body and the sur- rounding fluid.

"On the Elastic Vibration of a Circular

Cantilever Tube in a Newtonian Fluid," J. Keane, Ph.D. Thesis, 1963. VIRTUAL MASS. Laboratory project

.

Analytical and experimental.

Determination of the inertial drag on bodies moving in fluids in rotational motion and under varying conditions of translational

motion.

"Virtual Moment of Inertia of Rectangular

Bodies," G. G. Picher, M. S. Thesis, June

1963. FLOW THROUGH COARSE GRANULAR MATERIAL. Laboratory project.

Analytical and experimental

.

Study of flow conditions in transitional

range between laminar and turbulent.

"Flow of Water Through Porous Media," J. F. Dolway, M. S. Thesis, June 1963. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF FOAMS. Laboratory project; formerly U. S. Public Health Service. Experimental and analytical.

Study of the flow characteristics of foams in closed conductors and open channels of varying

geometry.

"Foam Mechanics and Viscometry," R. J. Brungraber, Ph.D. Thesis, June 1963. JOINT LEADAGE IN VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE. Laboratory project.

Dr. H. J. Day, Dept. of Civil Engr., Carnegie

Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Penna. 15213. Analytical and experimental. Effect of temperature and pressure on leakage

from vitrified clay pipe with pre-formed joint materials will be studied.

(5101

(13

(5102

(b

(5103

(5104

(b

(5105

OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW OF NON -NEWTONIAN FLUIDS. Laboratory project.

Dr. H. J. Day, Dept. of Civil Engr., Carnegie

Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Analytical and experimental.

The flow of a non-newtonian liquid in an

open channel will be investigated. Energy

losses, and velocity profiles will be measured. SINGULAR PERTURBATION EXPANSION PROCEDURE

FOR SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS.

Laboratory project

.

Dr. Y. Y. Shi, Civil Eng. Dept., Carnegie

Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Theoretical

.

Search for uniformly valid asymptotic

solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations by

introducing two or more expansions. SINGULAR PERTURBATION EXPANSION PROCEDURE

FOR SOLUTION OF MAGNETO-VISCOUS FLOW EQUATIONS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Y. Y. Shi, Civil Eng. Dept., Carnegie

Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Theoretical

.

Search for uniformly valid asymptotic

solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in the presence of a magnetic field by in- troducing two or more expansions. INTERACTION PROBLEMS OF OCEAN WAVES. Laboratory project.

Dr. Y. Y. Shi, Civil Eng. Dept., Carnegie

Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Theoretical

.

Study of the interaction of wave packets of small amplitude in an unbounded medium. INTERACTION PROBLEMS OF FLUID PARTICLES IN VISCOUS FLUIDS. Laboratory project.

Dr. Y. Y. Shi, Civil Eng. Dept., Carnegie

Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213. Theoretical

.

Study of the interactions of two or more particles in a viscous fluid.

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Department of Civil Engineering.

(3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE

MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) Experimental part was supported by the National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. B. S. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engrg., The Catholic University of America, Wash.,

D. C. 20017.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by

a highly viscous liquid flowing between

closely spaced translucid plates on a number of models with geometric boundaries representing various types of earth dams on impervious foundations and earth massives

crossed by open channels. Experimental part concerning earth dams and

earth massives on impervious foundations

completed. The theoretical part of the research completed for the case of rapid

drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theo- retical research of cases of gradual drawdown, of non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater

condition, and the drawdown in canals Is temporarily suspended,

(g) An approximate function, relating by

dimensionless parameters, the shape and

the position of free surface of flow through the earth dam, following rapid

reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the

dam, was obtained theoretically and confirmed

17
by experiments,

(h) "Nonsteady-State Flow In Homogeneous Earth

Dams after Rapid Drawdown, " Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol.

II, p. 551, Paris 1961. "Nlchtstationare Sicker stromungen in homogenen Erddammen und Erdkorpern, " pp. 259, Doctoral dissertation at the Rheinisch- Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen.

The book is available at the library of the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa

2, Ontario.

(3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. B. S. Browzln, Professor of Civil Engrg.. The Catholic University of America, Wash.,

D. C. 20017.

d) Basic research.

e) Research is based on long range flow and meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation

data on U.S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated in order to obtain river regime characteristics.

f) Completed.

g) Classified discharges for long range gauging

stations are calculated. Characteristic parameters for river classification of the area are obtained, water-balance in the basin

is calculated; average, maximum and minimum

run-off for the period of available obser- vations is analysed.

(h) "Runoff and its Seasonal Variation in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin". Monograph

in French completed.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering

Section.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agrlc.

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Supervisor, Agricultural Engineering Section.

d) Field investigations; applied research.

e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow are being made at high ele- vations in Colorado and New Mexico mountain

areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal rivers in the interest of irrigation, power, domestic

supplies, and other uses. The use of elec- trical resistance soil moisture units is being tested to determine a factor of soil moisture deficiency' for water supply forecast purposes. Most of the major basins now have two or more soil moisture stations in- stalled. ^'Correlation of soil moisture and runoff is 'now being developed with the hope

that this information can be used as a factor in forecasting.

(g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty-four

gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico. As forecast procedures improve, additional

streams will be forecasted and other areas

of potential power and irrigation develop- ment will be investigated on the Colorado,

San Juan, Animas and Arkansas Rivers.

(h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station General Series Papers Nos. 780, 781, 782, and 783 covering monthly snow reports for

all of Colorado and New Mexico. Nine small basin reports and one two-state bulletin covering the South Platte River

watershed; Arkansas River watershed; Rio Grande watershed in Colorado; Rio Grande watershed in New Mexico; Dolores River watershed; San Juan and Animas River watershed; Gunnison River watershed; Colorado River

watershed; Yampa, White and North Platte River watershed; Lower South Platte River

watershed. Supplemental reports are issued January 1, May 15, and June 1.

A summary of all back data was Issued this

fall.

A bulletin entitled "Snow Surveys in Colorado" will be ready for distribution

in December. This is co-authored by

Norman A. Evans, Homer J. Stockwell and Jack N. Washichek.

(821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION

TO PUMPING.

ib)

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Assistant Civil Engineer,

d) Field investigation; applied research,

ej Semi-annual measurements of the depth to the water table In approximately 510 observa- tion wells are presently being obtained. The Ground Water Branch of the U. S. Geological

Survey, Denver, Colorado are cooperating

in furnishing measurements for about 130 wells. The observation wells are primarily

existing irrigation wells in the South

Platte and Arkansas River Basins, the High

Plains area of eastern Colorado and the San

Luis Valley. Electrical Power and Natural

Gas Consumption data are compiled and estimates of groundwater pumpage made. The purpose of the project is to detect areas

of ground-water depletion, to develop

relationships between gross pumpage and respective ground-water reservoir storage volume changes, and acquire basic data for ground-water studies in the various areas

of Colorado.

(g) Ground-water levels of the spring of 1963

are generally steady to down slightly as compared to the spring of 1962 in the South Platte and Arkansas River Basins and

the San Luis Valley. Considerable ground- water pumpage is continuing in the High

Plains area of eastern Colorado with some increase in pumping lifts resulting.

Reported electrical power consumption by

electrical pumping during 1962 in Colorado

amounted to approximately 104,000,000 kilowatt hours for 8653 pumping units.

(h) "Artificial Ground-Water Recharge Operations

in Prospect Valley," by M. M. Skinner. Progress Report No. 89, June 1963. "Ground-Water Table Fluctuations in Colorado," by M. M. Skinner. Progress

Report 90, June 1963. "Water Resource Management in the Prospect

Valley Area, Colorado," by M. M. Skinner. CER63MMS40, September 1963.

(2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and U. S. Weather Bu^au.

(c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Associate Research

Engineer.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) Meteorological observations are being

obtained to establish long-term records of climatologlcal elements and to support current experiment station research which

is weather dependent. The elements ob- served are: Maximum and minimum temperature

and wet and dry bulb temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 72 Inches; wind direction

and velocity at 15 inches and 65 feet above

ground; barometric pressure; evaporation

from a free water surface; surface water

temperature; precipitation; cloud cover; dew and frost

.

(g) Complete meteorological observations have been made throughout the year.

(h) "Meteorological Observation," by Lewis 0. Grant. Progress Report No. 107, Aug. 1963. "The Role of Dew and Frost in the Water

Balance of the Plains and Mountains of Colorado," by L. 0. Grant and W. E. Marlatt. Progress Report No. 109, August 1963.

(2770) TURBULENCE STUDIES IN LIQUID USING ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENON.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. J. E. Cermak.

18
(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) The primary objective of the study is to determine the interaction between velocity

fluctuations produced by turbulence in the liquid flow and electrokinetic potential fluctuations generated at a liquid- solid interface. Knowledge gained by this study

will be applied to developing techniques for measuring turbulence characteristics in luquids.

(g) Probes constructed with electrode pairs have been used to measure the distribution of turbulence Intensities (three components)

and the turbulent shear stress across a diameter of a circular pipe. The distri- bution measured in water agree with those obtained by Laufer in air using a hot-wire

anemometer.

(h) "Measurement of Turbulence in Water by

Electrokinetic Transducers," fey J. E. Cermak

and L. V. Baldwin. December 1963. "Physics of Fluids," by G. J. Binder and

J. E. Cermak. August 1963.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING

DEVICES.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and Northern Plains Branch, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA.

(c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief, Civil Engineering Section.

(d) Experimental, laboratory investigation;

applied research, operation and development.

(e) New and improved devices and techniques for measurement of irrigation water are being

developed. Specific objectives are

(1) Design, evaluation and calibration of trapezoidal measuring flumes, (2) Evaluation

of the constant head orifice farm turnout, and (3) Development of a probe using the drag on a suspended wire to indicate total

flows, velocity distributions and forces on sediment particles.

(g) The development of trapezoidal measuring

flumes is continuing. Flumes with cross- sections corresponding to common slipform concrete ditches have been designed and

calibrated. Several forms of the constant head orifice

farm turnout were evaluated during the year. Calibrations were verified and the reliability

of measurement under different adverse oper- ating conditions was determined. Alterations

of the structure were developed to improve

the accuracy of measurement.

The suspension wire probe has undergone

further refinement, and development. It is being used to take precise measurements of the vertical velocity distribution in open

channels which are being used to Improve

existing velocity distribution theories.

(h) Discussion "Unification of Parshall Flume Data, by A. R. Robinson and Henry Liu. June 1962. "Conveyance, Control and Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm," by A. R. Robinson, C. W. Lauritzen, D. C. Muckel,

and Jack Phelan. 1962.

"Evaluation of the Vane-Type Flowmeter," by

A. R. Robinson, January 1963.

"A Flow Measuring Device Depending on the Drag Developed on a Wire Suspended in Water,

by B. B. Sharp, December 1362.

"The Constant Head Orifice Farm Turnout," by E. Gordon Kruse, November 1962. "Control Structures for Sand-Bed Channels,"

by F. C. Stepanich, D. B. Simons, and E. V. Richardson, May 1963. "Control Structures in Alluvial Channels," by

Frederich C. Stepanich, August 1962. "Flow Characteristics of Low Weir Structures

in Alluvial Channels," by J. D. Lawson and

D. B. Simons, April 1963.

(3395) FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED THREE

DIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL

P ijANE

(o)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(3398)

(e)

(g)

(3400)

00

Mr. George L. Smith, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate thesis.

A study was made of an axl symmetrical jet of air impinging normally on a flat smooth

plate. The mean velocity, the turbulent intensities and the turbulent shear stress were measured by means of a hot-wire anemome- ter in order to study the decay of the mean

velocity, the growth of the boundary-layer

thickness and the turbulent structure. A sensitive floating-element type shearmeter was designed and used. Data on skin friction obtained by direct shear measurements may

be used to predict the distribution of the skin friction in similar wall jets. The

objective of the program was to Investigate

systematically the effects on Jet flow of the interaction between the free boundary and the solid boundary of varying roughness and con- figuration.

Completed.

The characteristics of the whole boundarylayer is dominated by the effect of the free

Jet, and the wall influences the flow only in a very limited region close to the wall. This results in much higher turbulent In- tensities and turbulent shear stress which

increases the wall shear stress for this flow case as compared to two-dimensional

uniform flow over a flat plate and smooth

pipe flow. The ratio of turbulent intensities

(b) National Science Foundation.

is in general not a constant across the boundary-layer which indicates non-applicability of Prandtl's assumption u' w 1 for

this case. "Fundamental Study of a Submerged Three Dimensional Jet Impinging Upon a Normal

Plane," compiled by G. L. Smith, June 1963. TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOW. National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education

and Welfare, Washington, D. C. Dr. J. E. Cermak. Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis. The objective of this project is to de- termine the influence of geometrical factors

(land surface roughness, topography,

structures), and thermal and aerodynamical

factors (turbulence intensity and scale) upon atmospheric diffusion of heat and mass.

"Laws of modeling" or "similitude parameters"

are sought by obtaining detailed data under

various conditions in the wind tunnel and

by comparing them with similar data now existing for the atmospheric prototype.

Application of a hypothesis of Lagrangian

similarity to particle motions in a turbulent shear flow near a solid boundary has yielded similarity parameters and relationships between them which correlate the windtunnel diffusion data and available diffusion data obtained in the atmospheric surface

layer. "Wind Tunnel Modelling of Atmospheric

Diffusion," by R. C. Malhotra and J. E. Cermak, April 15, 1963. HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOW IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Mr. Norman A. Evans. Theoretical, laboratory experiment.

Both laboratory and field studies have been

conducted. A tilting flume was used in the laboratory, and a portable truss to carry

a measuring carriage was used in the field. The purpose is to relate roughness in small channels to flow resistance.

19
(3696)

(g) Resistance to flow in small channels does not follow the same relationships established

for large channels. The standard deviation

of peak to valley heights was found to be a significant parameter, and a spectral density

description of roughness is being tested.

(h) "Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation," by Norman A. Evans, 1962. See Project No. 4296, page 106, Agricultural Research

Service

.

STUDY OF CLOUDS AND SNOWFALL IN THE ROCKY

MOUNTAINS, AND CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE ADDITION OF ARTIFICIAL ICE NUCLEI. National Science Foundation and the Climax Molybdenum Company.

Mr. Lewis 0. Grant. Field investigation; basic research, ap- plied research,

(e) Various physical factors Important in "Cold Cloud" orographic precipitation processes

are being investigated under winter-time

conditions in the high mountains of Colorado. This includes observations of airflow over

the mountains, the characteristics of the "cold" orographic clouds rising over the nuclei, the characteristics of individual

snow particles falling from these clouds, snow water freezing characteristics, snow- fall amounts, and the changes in these condi- tions when artificial ice nuclei are supplied.

Large kites are being developed to serve as an instrumentation platform at elevations up to about 4000 ft. above mountain top levels. Observations will include temperature;

humidity; horizontal and vertical components

of wind; cloud water droplet and ice crystal size, concentration and shape, and ice nuclei concentration.

(g) Field equipment and procedures for use at high elevations in the Colorado Rockies have been developed. Observations of the daily accumulation of snowfall, atmospheric ice nuclei, and various other cloud and snow characteristics have been made over a large

area for seeded and unseeded days during

two winter seasons. Significant increases

in ice nuclei have occurred in the area of the observation network, on a number of the

"seeded" days. The sample size Is to be in- creased before attempting to determine the statistical significance of this apparent

increase in snowfall.

(h) "Cloud Seeding for Increasing Mountain Snow

Cover," by Lewis 0. Grant. Progress Report

No. 108, August 1963. "Indications of Residual Effects from Silver Iodide Released into the Atmosphere,"

by Lewis 0. Grant.

(3697) MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE WITH THE DOBSON SPECTROPHOTOMETER.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center, L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts.

(c) Mr. Lewis 0. Grant.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Measurements of the total amount and the vertical distribution of ozone with height

are being made with the Dobson Spectrophotometer. Direct measurements of the vertical distributions of ozone are being made to around 100,000 ft. utilizing an ozone

sonde. Daily amounts of total ozone are being related to atmospheric circulation

patterns

.

(g) Observations of total ozone and the vertical distribution with height have been made on

a regular basis for days when sky condi- tions have been clear.

(h) Obsevatlonal data is being supplied to the

U. S. Weather Bureau for publication. Re- ports are submitted to Air Force Cambridge Research Center.

(3704) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COLORADO

BENTON ITE IN SEALING IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(e)

(g)

(h)

State of Colorado.

R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Project Leader

Field investigation; applied research and development

.

The work consists of three stages: (1) Inventory of clay deposits in Colorado with

emphasis on those potentially usable in sealing canals and reservoirs. (2) Lab- oratory evaluation of clays from (1) above.

(3) Field trials in canals and reservoirs

with best clays found In (1) and (2) and evaluation of sealing results (initial and with time. Inventory and Testing -- In excess of 310 samples of Colorado clays have been collected and tested in the laboratory.

Development of Deposits and Field Trials —

Eight deposits have been developed com- mercially. Clays from these deposits have been used in about 100 trials in canals

and ponds during the past three years.

A final report of the three-year project is being prepared and is scheduled for com- pletion by 1-1-64. "Methods of Using Colorado Clays for Sealing Canals and Ponds," by R. D. Dirmeyer and

M. M. Skinner. Progress Report No. 91, July 1963. "Specifications for Colorado Clays for Sealing Canals and Ponds," by R. D. Dirmeyer,

Progress Report No. 92, July 1963. "Sampling and Testing of Colorado Clays

for Sealing Purposes," by R. D. Dirmeyer,

G. A. Lutz and L. G. White. Progress

Report No. 93, July 1963. INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP WDJD TUNNEL

TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS

DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE SURFACES. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Associate Professor. Laboratory research; basic research, applied research for thesis (doctoral)

.

Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out of

a model vegetated plane area of a wind

tunnel test section floor is to be studied. Using a test section 80 ft long and 6 x 6 f

t

In cross-section the turbulent boundary

layer in which diffusion occurs will be several times thicker than the vegetation

height. Using the basic equations of fluid mechanics, an attempt will be made to establish criterion for application of the model data to prototype conditions. The criterion developed will be checked using

field data being obtained at Cornell University by the Agricultural Research

Service

.

Completed.

A study of diffusion from a line source into

a boundary layer over a flat, smooth plate

has been completed. Results show that the diffusion pattern can be separated Into different zones, according to distances

from the source in which different similar- ity laws are valid for the diffusion process. "Investigations to Develop Wind Tunnel Techniques for Measuring Atmospheric

Gaseous Diffusion in Model Vegetative

Surfaces," by E. J. Plate and J. E. Cermak,

July 1963. "Effects of Flexible Roughness Elements on Diffusion In a Turbulent Boundary Layer,"

by All Akhtar Quraishi, December 1963.

'4098) HIGH LEVEL TURBULENCE.

(3708)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

U. S. Navy Weather Research Facility, Bldg.

R-48, Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Va.

Dr. Elmar Reiter. Field investigation; basic research. By means of stereo-photography of highlevel clouds a study will be made of wave- lengths of disturbances in the Jet-stream

region, which might account for clear-air

turbulence. Case studies and theoretical

20
studies of clear-air turbulence will be made

.

f) Completed.

g) Cameras have been calibrated and reduction

procedures programmed for electronic

computer.

(h) "Turbulenz im wolkenfrelen Raum (Clear-Air

Turbulence) - ihre Beobachtung, ihre physikalische Beschaffenheit and ihre

Be'deutung fuer Ueberschall - und Raketenflug,

by Elmar R. Reiter, April 1963.

"A Case Study of Radioactive Fallout," by Elmar R. Reiter, CER63ERR7

.

"Die Feinstruktur der freien Atmosphaere und ihre Messung," by Elmar R. Reiter, 1963.

"A Case Study of Severe Clear-Air Turbulence,"

by Elmar R. Reiter, 1963. "Nature and Observation of High-Level

Turbulence, especially in Clear Air," by Elmar R. Reiter, April 1963. "Occurrence and Causes of High-Level

Turbulence," by Elmar R. Reiter, 1963 CER63ERR30

.

(4099) WAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BODIES OF REVO- LUTION .

(b) Dept. of Navy, David Taylor Model Basin,

Washington, D. C. 20007.

c) Dr. J. E. Cermak.

d; Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis,

(e) A study will be made of the relations

between axially symmetrical bodies and the wakes produced by them for varying mean

velocities and turbulence levels of the mean flow, both with and without momentum

addition by means of a jet directed down- stream from the body. Basic data will be obtained for establishing similarity cri- teria for turbulent and mean flow charac- teristics at large distances downstream from

the body. * (g) The general character of the axial-symmetric wake has been Investigated. Detailed

study of spectra-analysis and turbulence energy decay along the wake axis has been

performed.

(4100) ANALYSIS OF RIVER FLOW SEQUENCE.

b) National Science Foundation,

c; Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor of Civil Engineering.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The study of fluctuations of river flow and precipitation on an annual basis is in final

stage. Monthly flows and monthly precipitation are being gathered for the study of fluctuation on a monthly basis. The first approach to a stochastic analysis of contin- uous time series of flow and precipitation

has been initiated.

(g) Fluctuations of flow and precipitation on an annual basis as stochastic process may be approximated by simple auto-regressive

schemes.

(h) "Fluctuations of Wet and Dry Years," Part I, Research Data Assembly and Mathematical

Models, by Vujlca M. Yevdjevich, 1963. "Patterns in Sequence of Annual River Flow

and Annual Precipitation," by Vujica M. Yevdjevich, 1963.

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

.

(e) A 825-ft long, 36-in. diameter conduit, movable on 43 supports on a hillside, is used as the main experimental facility to simulate and record free surface waves in pipes. The same waves are computed by using

a digital computer and then a comparison

Is made. The ultimate purpose is a

development of a set of routing methods to suit the desired accuracy and the quality of the initial and boundary data. The experimental part of the hydraulic study is underway and in 1963 the measurements of velocity distributions and resistance

factors in a partly full conduit have been

carried out.

(g) The analytical study for directing the research is being completed.

(4102) WIND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.

(b) Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Aviation

Facilities Center, Atlantic City, New

Jersey, Attn: RD-140.

c) Dr. Elmar Reiter, Associate Professor.

d) Theoretical, experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Automatic forecasting techniques for highlevel winds which can be used by an automatic air traffic control system shall be devised and tested,

f) Completed.

h) "Note on the Eddy Kinetic Energy Distribution

in Relation to the Jet Stream," by Elmar

R. Reiter. CER62ERR68.

(4106) GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and Colorado Water Conservation Board with U. S. Geological Survey also participating under

contract with Colorado Water Conservation

Board.

c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Associate Civil Engineea

d) ?*ieoretical and field investigation; applied

research

.

(e) It is the purpose to study the operating characteristics of ground water reservoirs

in Colorado. Specific studies include (1) the lnter-relationshlps of ground and

surface water in alluvial valleys, (2) natural recharge from ephemeral streams, and (3) artificial recharge possibilities

In the High Plains of Colorado.

(g) (1) Studies Indicate a significant change

in phreatophyte growth affecting surface- ground water relationships in the Arkansas Valley of Colorado. Mathematical models ha\e shown importance of priority of rights,

aquifer characteristics, ground water

pumping and consumptive demand on management

of an integrated surface-ground water

system. (2) Data collection in Kiowa Creek

has continued- -showing influence of stream losses on ground water levels. (3) Rain- fall-runoff measurements in Playa-Lake watersheds has continued.

(h) "A Study of Phreatophyte Growth in the Lower Arkansas River Valley of Colorado," by Morton W. Bittinger and Glen E. Stringham,

April 1963. "Water on the High Plains of Eastern

Colorado," by Robert A. Longenbaugh, Progress

Report No. 72, June 1963. "Phreatophyte Growth in the Arkansas River Valley of Colorado," by Morton W. Bittinger,

Progress Report No. 70, June 1963. "Natural Ground-Water Recharge from Kiowa

Creek," by Robert A. Longenbaugh, Morton W. Bittinger and Edmund F. Schulz. Progress

Report No. 88, June 1963. "Interrelationships of Surface Water and Ground Water," by Morton W. Bittinger.

Progress Report No. 104, August 1963. "Problems of Conjunctive Use of Surface Water and Ground Water Supplies," by Morton

W. Bittinger, August 1963. "The Problem of Integrating Ground Water and Surface Water Use," by Morton W. Bittinger, October 2, 1963. "Ground and Surface Water Relationships

Studied by Statistical Techniques," by

Robert A. Longenbaugh and Morton W. Bittingaj December 1963. "Natural Ground Water Recharge from Kiowa

Creek, 1962 Progress Report," by R. A. Longenbaugh, February 1963.

21
(4108) WATERSHED HYDROLOGY. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevlch, Research Hydraulic

Engineer. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. The research is concerned with floods from

small watersheds. It is "being pursued in three phases: (1) Assembly of research data

from actual floods on small watersheds, (2) physical experimental studies on a large rainfall-runoff simulation platform, and

(3) theoretical studies of the relation

between flood hydrographs and the rainfall

and catchment factors that affect them. Phase One is active, data collection having

been commenced, Phase Two is active in the planning stages, and Phase Three is active

in the very initial stage. "Research Data Assembly for Small Watershed

Floods," by E. M. Laurenson, E. F. Schulz, and V. M. Yevdjevlch, September 1963. "Floods from Small Watersheds," by V. M. Yevdjevlch and E. M. Laurenson. Progress

Report No. 71, June 1963.

(f)

(h)

(4110)

(4112)

(t>)

(c)

(d)

(h)

TURBULENT AIR MOTION IN THE HIGH ROCKIES

IN RELATION TO THE WATER YIELD OF UPPER

WATERSHEDS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

Field, basic and applied. The structure of the turbulent wind eddies, which produce the exchange of momentum

between atmosphere and ground in the high

mountains, is unknown. Yet these have

sufficient force for the most part to blow

the snow away from the mountain slopes above

timberline. This snow in part drifts into high-altitude basins where it accumulates in depth augmenting the summer water supply; in part it drifts on slopes where It readily

evaporates. Much interest has been shown in

the possibility of channeling the drift so that a substantially higher fraction goes

into the basins. Technologically this appears

to be feasible. But any construction is de- pendent on knowledge of the turbulence spectrum,

especially on the first day following snowfall. In order to determine this spectrum,

a first installation containing electronic wind and temperature measuring instruments

have been established above timberline in

the Central Colorado Rockies. Field experiments starting in winter of 1963-64.

THE DISCHARGE OF MAJOR WESTERN RIVERS IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE. Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

Basic research.

The discharge of major western rivers

(Colorado, Columbia, Sacramento, Rio Grande) has fluctuations with the order of magnitude

of the mean annual discharge itself. These fluctuations are brought about mainly by variations in precipitation yield and by variable evaporation. Heavy precipitation may result from seasonal conditions favorable for the recurrence of cyclones

over headwater areas. High evaporation,

requiring weeks of abnormally dry and warm

conditions, must be a manifestation of general circulation anomalies of longer

duration. The objective of the study is

(1) to separate the "systematic" and "random" components of the precipitation, and (2) to determine the controls for the systematic anomalies of precipitation and evaporation.

"Precipitation Regimes Over the Upper

Colorado River," by William Marlatt and Herbert Riehl, 1963.

"Precipitation Episodes in the Upper

Colorado River Basin," by Herbert Riehl

and R. L. Elsberry, 1963.

"Some Aspects of the Monthly Atmospheric Circulation Affecting Monthly Precipitation

Over the Colorado River Basin," by James

L. Rasmussen, 1963.

(4113) WEATHER PATTERNS AND CIRCULATION OF THE

TROPICS.

(b) U. S. Weather Bureau.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science.

(d) Basic.

(e) Part of the project deals with hurricanes, another part with general characteristics of weather in the tropics. Hurricane investi- gation is concerned (1) with the energy

cycle of the mature storm, especially the role played by air-sea Interaction in maintaining the center; (2) with the balance

of forces in these storms and the nature

and importance of frictional forces in a fully turbulent vortex; and (3) with the formative stage of hurricanes. Other

studies are concerned with the variability

of radiative emission from the atmosphere

and with the interaction between tropical disturbances of less than hurricane intensity with their environment at large.

(h) "Some Relations Between Wind and Thermal Structure of Steady State Hurricanes," by Herbert Riehl. February 1963.

"On the Origin and Possible Modification of Hurricanes," by Herbert Riehl. Sept. 1963.

(4114) GRAVEL FILTER FOR TILE DRAINS.

(g)

(4115)

(b)

(o)

(d)

(h)

(4606)

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engineer.

Applied; experimental. Gravels classed as "pit-run" meeting the criteria for sand filters previously

established were used in cylinders simu- lating mole drains to determine the flow capacity of such drains. Tortuosity is a significant geometric

property of filter gravels as regards to their permeability. INFLUENCE OF INORGANIC WATERSHED COVERS ON MOISTURE EXCHANGE IN A VERTICAL DIRECTION ACROSS THE SOIL-AIR INTERFACE. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

a contributing project of the Western

Regional Research Project W-73.

Dr. A. T. Corey, Professor of Agricultural

Engineering.

Applied and basic research. This project is a study of the effects of inorganic covers (especially gravel mulches)

on the hydrologic processes of evaporation

and infiltration of moisture across the soll-alr interface and the relationship of these processes to water yield.

Completed.

It has been demonstrated by both laboratory

and field experiments that gravel mulches

substantially reduce the rate of evaporation

from bare soils and promotes an increased accumulation of water In the soil.

A final report on this project is in prep- aration and will be published in "Hydrology

Papers," Colorado State University.

"Influence of Inorganic Watershed Covers

on Moisture Exchange in a Vertical Direction Across the Soil-.'ir Interface," Colorado Contributing Project, W-73, Progress Report

No. 3, October 1963. STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN TURBULENT SHEAR

FLOW. Department of the Army.

Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering, and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Assoc. Professor.

22
(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral theses.

(e) The effects of surface roughness and surface heating or cooling upon the structure of turbulence in boundary layer flow will be determined. The flows investigated will be those existing on the heated or cooled floor

of a wind-tunnel test section 6 x 6 ft in cross section and 80 ft long. Space-time

correlations, Joint probability densities,

spectra and intensities of the turbulent velocities and temperatures will be ob- tained by hot-wire techniques and special

analog computers employing magnetic tape

input . ,- (g) A 2.5 x 10~ inch diameter, 90% platinum-10#

rhodium wire was evaluated as a resistance

thermometer. From steady state evaluation

of the wire physical properties the transient response of the wire was predicted. The predictions agree well with measured time constants for the wire. The bare wire with

a detection current of 0.1 milliamps will have a sensitivity of approximately .07 millivolts per ° F. The frequency response of the wire in still air is 3200 cycles per

second and this increased to approximately

6000 cycles in a moving air stream of 100 feet per second.

(h) "A Resistance Thermometer for Transient

Temperature Measurements," by J. L. Chao and V. A. Sandborn, 1963.

(4607) WIND-WAVE RESEARCH FACILITY.

(b) National Science Foundation and Colorado

State University.

(c) Mr. E. J. Plate, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Laboratory development and basic research of experimental nature.

(e) The water surface configuration of concurrent water and air flow, as well as the structure

of the velocity field in both water and air

are measured. The measurements serve to verify or extend recent theories of wave

generation by wind. At present, instru- mentation is completed, and a data conversion

system is being developed.

(g) The construction was successfully completed.

(4608) TURBULENCE DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM.

(b) Department of the Army and National Center

for Atmospheric Research.

(c) Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Laboratory development.

(e) The system employing magnetic tape input

is designed to yield the following infor- mation: (1) spectra (10~ 3 to 10^ cycles/

second), (2) joint probability densities,

(3) root-mean-squares, and (4) space-time

correlation.

(4609) MODELING OF AIR-FLOW PATTERNS AT CANDLESTICK BALL PARK.

(b) Metronics Associates Inc., Menlo Park, Calif.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Asst. Professor.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The applied study utilizes a 1:800 scale model of the local topography and the Candlestick Ball Park Stadium placed in a 6 by 6 foot wind tunnel. Verification of the modeling technique is being accomplished

as a first phase of the study by comparing

model wind patterns with prototype wind patterns obtained by field measurements.

The second phase of the model study will consist of modifying both topography and

stadium to obtain minimum wind disturbance

in the ball park.

(f) Completed.

(g) The first phase of the study has been com- pleted with the result that model wind

patterns have been found to be sufficiently

representative of field behavior to permit

proceeding to the second phase with con- fidence . (h) "Candlestick Park Wind Study Model Investigation, Vol. 1," by J. E. Cermak and R. C. Malhotra, July 1963.

(4610) PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATOLOGICAL

DATA OF IMPORTANCE, TO AGRICULTURE IN COLO.

(t>)

(c)

SI

13

(h)

(4611)

f.d

i

(f)

(g)

(h)

(4612)

(°)

(c)

fa

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

a contributing project of the Western

Regional Research Project W-48.

Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering.

Applied.

This project has as its objectives: (1) To provide climatological data for a representative network of Colorado stations in

a form suitable for weather analysis; (2) to obtain summaries of distributions of meteoro- logical parameters pertlment to % agriculture;

(3) to devise and utilize statistical and computer methods for estimates of the probabilities of significant weather conditions; e.g., weekly rainfall totals and dates of critical spring and fall temperatures. Continuing. Work on objective 1 and objective 2 has been completed and work on objective 3 is in progress

.

"Colorado Contributing Project, W-48, Progress Report No. 2," Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station. October 1963. PERMEABILITY AND CAPILLARY PRESSURE RELATED

TO MEDIA PROPERTIES. National Science Foundation.

Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering.

Experimental and theoretical basic research.

The study Involves an investigation of a tentative theory describing how the functional relationship between relative permeability and relative capillary pressure

is related to measurable properties of porous media. Continuing, nearly complete.

A theory describing the interrelation between capillary pressure, liquid and gas perme- ability, and liquid saturation has been developed and verified experimentally. The results have been used to develop criteria for similitude in models for studying flow

In partially saturated soils. "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media and Their Relation to Drainage Design," by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, June 1963. "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media," by

R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, December 1963. See Project 4296, page 106, Agricultural

Research Service. TRANSPORT OF PARTICLES THROUGH UNSATURATED

SOILS. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bureau of State Service.

Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering.

Applied; experimental.

The objective of this research is to de- termine to what extent the transport of solid particles by water flowing through

soil may be affected by the degree of saturation of soil. The term "soil" is interpreted broadly as including sands and gravels as well as agricultural soils. The

solid particles to be considered in this study will be of sizes and shapes corres- ponding to that of viruses. Active, continuing. Work Is still in a preliminary stage. Efforts to tag live virus particles with radioactive

iodine without killing the virus has finally

been successful.

23
(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR.

(b) Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads, Hydraulic Research Division.

(c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Associate Civil Engineer,

(dj Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

(e) A theoretical study of the mechanics of local scour is under way to develop basic equations for determining local scour. Basic experiments will be undertaken

simultaneously to assist theoretical de- velopment .

(5160) TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE

LEADING TO RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C.

(c) Dr. E. R. Reiter, Assoc. Prof., Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d} Theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) Computations and case studies of transport processes carrying radioactive debris from

the stratosphere into the troposphere have

been made. Attempts have been made to arrive at seasonal estimates of radioactive fallout at the ground.

(5161) CHANGE IN QUALITY OF DRAINAGE EFFLUENT FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS USING A VISCOUS FLOW ANALOGY MODEL.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assoc. Civil Engineer,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The study is designed to determine quality

change (with time) of tile drainage

effluent under various aquifer and geometry

conditions

(5162) CUMULUS CONVECTION AND OROGRAPHIC CONVECTION

CELLS.

(b) U. S. Army Electronics Research and Development Laboratory.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Prof, of Atmospheric

Science and Mr. Montie M. Orgill, Jr. Metorologist, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The general goal of this research is to investigate various meteorological aspects

of the monsoon circulations over Southeast

Asia. Satellite, radar, surface and upper

level observations will be utilized to examine such features as (1) the time of onset and retreat of the monsoon and its variability within the season; (2) macroand me so structure of cloud systems; (3) synoptic time sequence of the winds during

the monsoon season, location of principal bad weather areas, their frequency and succession and; (4) the course of diurnal

variations, especially precipitation.

(h) "Cumulus Convection and Orographic Convection

Cells," by Herbert Riehl, 1963. "Stationary Aspects of the Tropical General Circulation," by Herbert Riehl, June 1963.

(5163) RANGE AND RUN CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL

VARIABLE OF RANDOM SEQUENCE.

(b) National Science Foundation (Subproject of Analysis of River Flow Sequence)

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Prof, of Civil Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A random sample of 100,000 numbers has been

generated. The distribution of range and adjusted range, a joint distribution of the mean and adjusted range for periods of length N as well as two types of runs

have been studied by using a digital computer. Distributions and characteristics on distributions have been analyzed as bench- marks for study of flow and precipitation

fluctuations.

(5164) FLOW' MEASUREMENT.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

(o)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5165)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(h)

and Civil Engineering Section.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief, Civil Engineering Research Section, Colo. State

Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Experimental laboratory and basic research which involves staff and graduate student participation leading to M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. This project has the general objective of" developing and improving devices and techniques for the measurement of Irri- gation water. The present activity Includes:

(1) The further development of the semi- conductor strain gage method of measuring

velocity in pipes and open channels and its utilization to measure the velocity distribution above and very close to both

smooth and rough boundaries in open channels, and (2) continued studies of the trapezoidal

measuring flumes, control structures for

alluvial channels and other metering devices.

A suspension wire probe Involving use of semiconductor strain gages has been developed

to measure average velocity in pipes and essentially point velocities in open channels. The probe is being further modified

to measure velocity very close to boundaries. "Evaluation of the Vane-Type Flowmeter, " by

A. R. Robinson, January 1963.

"A Flow Measuring Device Depending on the Drag Developed on a Wire Suspended in Water," by Bruce B. Sharp, December 1962. "Control Structures for Sand Bed Channels,"

by F. C. Stepanlch, D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, May 1963. HYDRAULICS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Civil Engineering Section.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief, Civil Engineering Research Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Basic hydraulic research. This research Is in hydraulics oriented

toward agriculture and irrigation. The principal areas under study include, fall velocity, sediment transport, resistance to flow In alluvial channels with limited re- search on rigid boundary hydraulics

including hydraulic Jump phenomena in pipes

and the design of stable alluvial channels.

A study has been completed on the fall velocity of porous media. Reports are in preparation on resistance to flow In open

channels, bed material transport in open

channels, and design of stable channels.

"Some Properties of Water-Clay Dispersions

and Their Effects on Flow and Sediment Transport Phenomena," by W. L. Haushild,

D. B. Simons, and E. V. Richardson.

"Some Properties of Water-Clay Dispersions

and Their Effects on Flow," by D. B. Simons,

E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild.

"A Study of Variables Affecting Flow Characteristics and Sediment Transport In Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, January

1963. "Closure to Depth-Discharge Relations in Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild.

"Fall Velocity of Artificial Porous Particles," by Komain Unhanand, 1963.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engineering.

(4639) WAVE REFLECTION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Warren DeLapp, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado

(d) Experimental, basic research, for Master's

thesis

(e) Initial studies were made of artificially

generated waves reflected from a beach of variable slope and roughness, and Included

studies of the effects of the wave steepness

24
ratios. Current studies are being made of reflection and transmission of waves at a submerged barrier.

(g) The reflection coefficient is found to de- crease with increasing beach roughness and wave steepness. An empirical equation was

developed relating the variables for beach

slopes of more than 30 degrees. An unstable

transition condition was found for flatter

slopes and results were considered in- conclusive.

(h) "Effect of Roughness, Wave Steepness, and Beach Slope of the Reflection of Deep Water

Waves," by D. K. Lysne, M. S. Thesis available on inter-library loan from University

of Colorado Library.

(4640) STUDIES OF TURBULENT SWIRL FLOW IN A PIPE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Frank Kreith, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder. Colorado.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A swirling secondary flow is induced in a plastic pipe by a short section of twisted

tape inserted in the pipe at the upstream

end. The flow is studied downstream of the inducer to determine the rate of decay of the secondary flow and the effective resistance

coefficient. Reynold's Numbers of the main

flow range from 15,000 to 150,000. Other

variables include pipe diameters and the length and pitch of the swirl inducers.

ff} Completed.

(g) Results of theoretical analysis and. experi- mental results have produced equations for

the prediction of the rate of decay for

swirl flow in a pipe and for the resistance

coefficient. For turbulent flow decay is virtually complete 100 diameters downstream

of the turbulence inducer. The distance required for decay to a specific value in turbulent flow is more than twice that for laminar flow.

(h) "A Theoretical Investigation of the Decay of Turbulent Swirl Flow in a Pipe," by Otto

Sonju, M. S. Thesis.

"An Experimental Investigation of the Decay

of Turbulent Swirl Flow in a Pipe," by Arnold 0. Musolf . Available on inter- library loan from University of Colorado

Library.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(4121) TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHANNEL FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research for

Ph. D. thesis.

(e) The equations of two dimensional free surface flow have been solved numerically using high

speed computer.

fl Completed.

g) The feasibility of solving the hyperbolic

differential equations of two-dimensional

free surface flow on a computer has been demonstrated. The effects of slope and friction are included,

(h) Ph.D. Thesis.

(4531) SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

(dl Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Those secondary currents caused by Reynold's

stresses in straight, non-circular conduits

are being studied. A triangular open channel

is being used. Measurements are to be taken

by the hot-film anemometer.

(g) A quantitative theory has been developed and

is being tested.

(5037) RECESSION HYDROGRAPHS OF IDEALIZED UNCONFINED AQUIFERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; applied research for M.S. thesis.

(e) A Hele-Shaw model has been constructed to study the different parameters affecting

drainage from large unconfined geological formations into stream channels. The obtained ground water recession hydrographs

are compared with those derived from previous theoretical, but approximate,

solutions. The study could be equally

applicable to drainage of agricultural

lands.

(h) M.S. thesis is being written.

(5038) NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW IN CLAYEY POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) The non-Newtonian properties of water in clay-water systems become apparent under non- Darcy flow conditions at low hydraulic

gradients. The most Important parameters

will be determined by means of ordinary

permeameters

(5039) PRESSURES DUE TO SUDDEN DRAWDOWN IN EARTH EMBANKMENTS

bj Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

e) The equations for unsteady flow in porous media are being solved to find the pressures resulting from sudden drawdown in an earth

embankment. Of particular interest is the effect of the variation of permeability on the flow. Both analytical and numerical techniques are being used.

(5040) FRICTIONAL EFFECTS IN RIVERS AND WATERWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Applied research.

e) Under study are different American, English,

Indian, Swiss and Austrian rivers and waterways. The data investigated are fur- nished by the different governmental offices.

(5041) VARIATION OF KARMAN'S K-VALUE IN PIPES

CARRYING SUSPENSIONS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Theoretical.

e) A study of the Karman "K" value, as it appears in the logarithmic velocity dis- tribution equation in an open channel shows considerable variation of its value de- pendent on the concentration. Under investi- gation in this research project is a closed

pipe with varied concentration of sediment pumped through. Data are already obtained.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Section, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(4123) WAVE REFLECTION STUDIES.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Professor.

(d) Experimental; basic, applied research; educational aid.

(e) To study the dominant vortices of fully detached flow in dlffusers In conjunction

25
with varied rates of flow. The basic model

was a two dimensional sudden enlargment

(inlet 6 inch wide, expanded section 10 ft. long). The expansion ratios were 1:3, 1:2, and 1:11. The geometry was varied by inserts and change of depth from 7 inches to 1/8

inch. Curved boundaries were inserted for

(1) less abrupt increase of cross sectional

area, (2) cusp arrangements, and (3) modi- fications into three dimensional models,

including cusp diffusers. A motor driven

35mm camera was used for recording phenomena

in sequence. A wind tunnel was used in parallel

.

(g) Preliminary results indicate: At Reynolds numbers larger than about 3000, (depth of flow greater than 1/4 inch) starting vortices

become predominant and affect the final characteristic of fully detached flow. Starting vortices can be controlled. Physical

aspects of control are based on the creation

of effective interactions. Interactions

affecting the symmetry of the vortex generation; the size of formed vortices; and

the interchange of static pressure through

the Jet stream are significant. Permanently

trapped vortices in cusps of straight dlf- fusers, have not been materialized in these

tests, except when interactions were provided.

Study of starting flow from rest was valuable

in understanding the physical phenomena. Parallel results of flume tests were obtained

in wind tunnel tests up to 100 ft. /sec, also. The temporary trapping of starting vortices

in the cusps of diffusers was achieved for

cusp shapes calculated for permanent trapping

of vortices, reported in literature. Per- manently trapped vortices in cusps were generated by enforced local diversion of the

Jet boundary. Guide vanes of the slotted

vane type were found appropriate to retain

vortices in cusps of various shapes.

(h) Progress report by K. P. H. Frey and N. C. Vasuki is in preparation.

(5047) BREAKWATER DEVICES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. H. Prey, Professor.

d) Experimental; feasibility study.

e) To extend the use of partially submerged flat plates for damping water waves. Rigid

slotted vane-type breakwater designs were tested in 6-inch high waves, generated in an 18-by 12-inch flume, 20 feet long. Ele- mentary vanes were arranged in a semi-circle,

forming slots by overlapping each other. Stiffeners were provided between adjacent

vanes. Four principal positions were tested:

I. Set of slotted vanes with leading edge

higher than trailing edge, facing (1) ap- proaching waves, (2) backflow. II. Same device with reversed leading and trailing

edge creating greater disturbances in

(1) approaching waves, (2) backflow.

f) Inactive.

g) The vane set is much stronger than the known devices and appears to be more effective

also. The physical function differs for

each of the four positions. The configuration

seemed to be promising in comparison to plate

tests. The greater damping effect was achieved when the space between the set of vanes and

the bottom was closed.

(5048) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VTSCOELASTIC FLUIDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Professor.

(d) Experimental; feasibility studies of methods,

in part section of M. S. thesis.

(e) A feasibility study of flow behavior of C.M.C. (0.7$ by weight dissolved in water) was made. This was supplemental to known studies of physical properties. Three methods attempted

were: (1) The dark field photomicrographic method for measuring velocity profiles (see 4557); rotating vessel, free surface (see

4123), stationary radial plate Inserted

normal to flow as an example of flow about

a body; and (3) flume studies (4123) extended

to the injection of a colored solution

along boundaries and into flows of varied

degrees of turbulence.

f) Suspended.

g) The three methods are feasible and appear

to be promising. More development is needed.

(h) Results on item e(l) are included in "A Dark

Field Photomicrographic Method For Measuring

Velocity Profiles," by N. C. Vasuki, C. E. Master Thesis, 1963, Library of the Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

(5049) TURBULENT FLOW OF NON -NEWTONIAN SUSPENSIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. IraJ Zandi,

Asst. Professor.

d) Analytical and experimental, (M.S. thesis).

e) Development of analytical technique for prediction of head loss in a closed conduit

due to transport of suspension. The study

is based on the boundary- layer theory in a turbulent flow with the consideration of the fact that the flow becomes non-Newtonian

as the concentration of the solid in sus- pension increases. The equation will predict head losses in a pipe from only basic rheo-

, logical properties of the field.

(g) A new intrusion type viscometer proper for measuring non-Newtonian parameters of suspensions is designed and built; the experimental setup is completed and is ready to test. The differential equations

of motion for laminar, turbulent and buffer

zone of pipe flow of non-Newtonian sus- pension are developed and in laminar and turbulent zones are Integrated.

(5050) URBAN HYDROLOGIC STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project and partly Storm Drainage

Project of The Johns Hopkins University.

(c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. IraJ Zandi,

Asst. Professor.

d) Applied research.

e) Hydrologic study of the effect of urbanization upon relationship between rainfall and runoff. Two completely defined areas

are gaged and precipitation and runoff is continuously recorded. These two areas consist of two adjacent sections of East Cleveland Avenue in Newark, Delaware. Rainfall measurements are obtained by the use of two tipping bucket rain gages, one being installed on each area. East Cleveland Avenue is a bituminous paved street 44 feet wide having concrete curb as gutter sections. The physical characteristics of areas are Indicated below: Area (1) 0.636 acres; 100$ impervious; with average slope of 3.35$. Area (2) .955 acres; 100$ impervious; with average slope of 0.68$. The runoff is measured by a 9-and a 12-inch parshall flume,

(g) Data is collected since 1960 and partial

analysis is made by the Johns Hopkins

Drainage Research Project Staff members.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Department of Mechanical Engcg.

(4556) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER GAS INJECTION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. B. Seidel, Prof. J. P. Harnett, Prof. K. Frey, (Civil Engineering) Univ. of Delaware,

Newark, Delaware.

d) Theoretical and experimental; master's thesis

e) The possibility of reducing the skin-frictiai drag of a body moving through a liquid by

ejecting air from the body is being Investigated. Measurements of the drag on a flat plate are being obtained.

26
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial

Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Dr. Per Bruun, Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

(3413) INLET STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of the stability of coastal inlets.

(4127) FLUORESCENT TRACING OF SEDIMENT IN COASTAL

AREAS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tracing of sediment drift on beach and offshore bottoms by means of injected fluorescent material.

(g) Statistical sampling methods, rapid measurement fluorescent tracer concentration by

electronic scanners, a new longshore current theory and a statistical approach to littoral

transport mechanism are being developed at the laboratory.

(h) "Longshore Currents & Longshore Troughs," by

Per Bruun, Journal, Am. Geophy. Union, Vol.

68, No. 4, February 1963. "Tracing of Sediments in Coastal Waters by

Fluorescent Material," Paper presented by Per Bruun at the 17th Annual Industrial Waste

Conference - Purdue Univ., May 1962. "Quantitative Tracing of Littoral Drift," by

Per Bruun, Proc. Federal Inter-Agency Sedi- mentation Conference, Jackson, Mississippi,

February 1963. "Summary of the Production and the Scanning

of Fluorescent Tracers," by Paul Teleki,

Appendix I of Reference 3, February 1963. "Statistical Analysis of Samples for Determination of Fluorescent Sand Concentration," by M. Manohar, under preparation.

"Tidal Inlets & Littoral Drifts," by Per

Bruun and J. A. Battjes, presented at the International Association of Hydraulic

Research, London, September 1963.

(4128) FLUX OF WAVE ENERGY PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Experiments to determine flux of wave energy perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

.

(4129) INFLUENCE OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON EROSION.

(b) State Government.

Id) Basic field research.

(e) To determine the influence of short-term

as well as long-term fluctuation of sea level

on erosion and shoreline movements.

(4474) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT SOUTH LAKE WORTH

INLET, FLORIDA.

(b) South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission.

(c) South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission,

c/o K. C. Mock and Associates, 2930 Okeechobee

Road, West Palm Beach, Florida.

(d) Experimental field and applied research.

(e) To study distribution of Inlet currents, im- provement of entrance Jetties, and navigation

channels and measures against beach erosion. Also study the effect of proposed landfills

In the bay.

(4475) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT HILLSB0R0 INLET, FLORIDA

.

(b) Hillsboro Inlet Improvement and Maintenance

District, City of Pompano Beach and Trustees

of the Internal Improvement Fund.

(c) Director, Trustees, Internal Improvement Fund,

Capitol Bldg., Tallahassee, Florida.

d) Experimental, field and applied research.

e) To study methods for inlet stabilization,

navigation Improvement, and sand bypassing

across the inlet.

(4477) COOPERATIVE STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUC- TURES IN FLORIDA (in cooperation with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville

District)

.

(b) State and Federal Government.

Id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study effectiveness and structrual dur- ability of various types of shore protection

structures existing along Florida coastline by making repetitive surveys of selected

shore segments.

(f) Suspended.

(4479) REVIEW OF BEACH EROSION AND STORM TIDE SITUATION IN FLORIDA.

(b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta., University of Florida.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) Photographic review of the erosion situation

in Florida and preliminary suggestions for

remedial measures.

(h) "Review of Beach Erosion and Storm Tide Situation in Florida," Tech. Progress Report

No. 13, November 1962, Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, University of Florida.

(4480) ENGINEERING STUDY OF COASTAL PROBLEMS IN FLA.

(b) Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund, Florida.

(c) Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The Coastal Engineering Laboratory acts as a consultant to the State Government and submits reports on the basis of field Inspection and

study of proposed structures, fills, dredging, etc.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "Emergency Measures to combat Beach Erosion,"

by Per Bruun and J. A. Purpura, Leaflet

No. 158, Engineering and Industrial Experi- ment Station, University of Florida, June

1963.

(4481) INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY AND MOVABLE BED

MODEL LAWS OF INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) With a new basic approach to similitude laws

in sediment transport by currents, investi- gations are underway in the stability analysis of inlets by means of model studies of suitable inlets. A theoretical study of model laws for movable bed models Initiated

as introductory to inlet study.

(h) "Tidal Inlets & Littoral Drifts," by Per Bruun and J. A. Battjes, Presented at the International Association of Hydraulic Research, London, September 1963. "Similarity of Bed Load Transport by Cur- rents," by J. A. Battjes, under preparation.

(4482) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICS OF DUNE BUILDING AT CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEASHORE

AREA.

(b) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National

Park Service, Manteo, North Carolina.

(c) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National

Parks Service, Manteo, North Carolina.

d) Experimental and field research.

e) Study of mechanics of dune building by various types of sand fences and other sand catchment devices under controlled conditions

is underway in a laboratory wind tunnel to

be later correlated with field tests.

(4895) SAND TRANSPORT BY WIND & MECHANICS OF DUNE BUILDING.

27
(4896)

0>)

(d)

(4897)

(4898)

(4899

(b

(d

(4900

(4901

National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. To study the basic mechanics of sand trans- port by wind under dry and humid conditions, with and without vegetation, uniform and gusty winds and with and without solid and permeable vertical fences. HYDRAULIC NODEL TESTS FOR SUCTION WELL DESIGN

FOR MIAMI RIVER WELL TREATMENT PLANT, DAYTON,

OHIO.

F.M.C. Corporation, Hydrodynamic Division, Peerless Pump, Indianapolis, Indiana. Experimental & applied research.

To determine the most optimum compatible

location and design of suction well baffling

for the field treatment plant

.

COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF SEBASTIAN INLET, FLORIDA

.

Sebastian Inlet, District, Melbourne, Florida. Experimental and applied research.

To conduct field survey and model study of the inlet for least shore erosion and best navigable inlet conditions. BASIC RESEARCH ON LITTORAL DRIFT BY WAVE AND CURRENT ACTION. National Science Foundation, Wash., D. C. Experimental and basic research.

A laboratory basic research project on friction coefficients and sediment transport by currents and waves running with or against each other and running perpendicular

to each other. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF BURNS WATERWAY

HARBOR, INDIANA. Indiana Port Commission, State of Indiana,

Indianapolis, Indiana. Experimental and applied research. Laboratory model study of the effects of diffraction, siltation, and harbor surging

on the proposed harbor. COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF THE PROPOSED

CEDAR KEY HIGHWAY DOCK. Florida State Road Department, Lake City, Florida

.

Field and applied investigation.

To determine the best method to ensure adequate circulation within the dock. Completed.

"Coastal Engineering Study of the Proposed

Highway Dock at Cedar Key," by Coastal Engineering Staff, University of Florida. COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BLIND PASS, FLORIDA. City of St. Petersburg and City of Treasure

Island. Field and applied investigation.

To study the best method against siltation

of the Pass and against erosion adjoining

shores.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Experiment Station.

(3725) SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND

OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13 Georgia.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; research for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A fundamental study of secondary motion in turbulent flows. Secondary motions are often superimposed upon flows in enclosed

conduits and open channels. The mode of

origin, development and decay Is being

studied to delineate the influence on the general motion pattern in straight, non- circular conduits and channels. The present

phase concerns turbulent flow in a non- circular enclosed conduit.

(4574) THE ROLE OF A PERMEABLE BED IN SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Analytical and experimental; fundamental research for doctoral dissertation.

(e) To determine theoretically the effect of the vertical seepage force, which occurs in porous-media flow, on the effective weight

force in terms of an apparent specific

weight of sediment. To study experimentally

the influence of the seepage force on incipi- ent sediment motion.

(f) Analytical part completed; experimental part

in progress.

(g) For porous-media flow in a sand bed induced

by progressive gravity waves, the seepage force is shown to render sediment particles

lighter under the wave trough and, conversely, heavier beneath the wave crest. The apparent specific weight of sediment at the bed can

be shown to vary from 0.85 to 1.40 times the real specific weight. The theoretical treat- ment is effected for both Stokian and cnoidal waves.

(4576) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL

ORIFICE PLACED UNSYMMETRICALLY IN THE APPROACH CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project at Georgia Institute of Technology and at SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Ga. Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for

M.S. theses.

(e) The flow characteristics, coefficient of contraction and angle of jet deflection, were to be determined both analytically and theoretically.

(f) Continuing.

(g) Experimental results have been obtained for opening width-approach channel width ratios

of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, for a range of opening eccentricities. Theoretical results have been evaluated for symmetrical jet and for maximum eccentricity. Numerical inte- gration is being done for intermediate eccentricities

.

(4579) WHIRLPOOL FORMATION AND VORTEX STRETCHING.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by the Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. fd) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Asymmetric approach condition to the suction bells of centrifugal pumps led to severe whirlpool formation, prerotation, and air entrainment. A model study was conducted

to alleviate existing conditions in a con- denser-water circulating system. A rotating

pot apparatus was built subsequently to study free vortex motion and vortex

stretching under controlled conditions.

(g) Laboratory measurements and photographic

analysis of vortices permitted a comparison with results predicted by hydrodynamic

relationships.

(4580) ISOTROPIC-TURBULENCE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored partly by U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia

.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

28
(e) In order to establish response characteristics of turbulence probes, a known field

of turbulence is necessary. Isotropic

turbulence can be created behind square-mesh

grids and results of the decay of Isotropic turbulence have been known from wind tunnel

studies. The experimental flow system consists of a head tank, a contraction cone, an 8-inch diameter test section and a tail- water bay. The turbulence-generating grid

was built into the throat of the contraction

cone

.

(f) Velocity calibration in progress.

(4581) INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESSES ON FLOW ESTAB- LISHMENT AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia

.

(d) Experimental; research for M. S. thesis.

(e) Vorticity and secondary motions are created

at channel transitions. The longevity of these vortices Is to be investigated in a 80-foot-long variable- slope channel. The velocity profiles of the developing flows

are to be compared with one another for various channel conditions. The deformation

and recovery of velocity profiles downstream

from disturbances are to be investigated.

(4582) INVESTIGATION OF THE SPECTRUM OF TURBULENCE

IN A RECTANGULAR CLOSED CONDUIT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia

.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) Energy spectra are being investigated in a wind tunnel study. A hot wire anemometer

and a wave analyzer are being used to measure spectral components in the stream- wise direction. Various physical changes

at the entrance to the wind tunnel create different turbulence conditions in order to shed light on the mechanism of turbulenceenergy transfer and the structure of turbu- lence .

(4584) VISCOUS FLUID FLOW UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A RESONANT ACOUSTIC FIELD.

(b) Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Office

of Aerospace Research, United States Air

Force

.

(c) Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for master's and doctor's theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the effects of resonant acoustic vibrations on the fluid flow and heat transfer In a 4- inch horizontal tube heated by steam. Air was used as the fluid, resonant frequencies were

220 and 356 cps, and sound pressure levels up to 164 decibels were obtained.

(g) The existence of standing vortices in the tube were confirmed experimentally by a visualization study of the flow. Periodic variations in the heat transfer coefficient

were obtained and the period of the variation

is a half wave-length of the resonant

frequency. The resonant vibrations tended

to increase the overall heat transfer for laminar flow and decrease It for turbulent flow conditions. Analytical solutions for

the channel and tube configurations have

been obtained for the momentum and continuity

equations.

(4585) THE VISCOSITY OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM.

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for master's and doctor's theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the viscosity of steam to 10,000 psi and 1200 degrees F. (g) Experimental data have been obtained for the viscosity of steam using an annulus type

transpiration viscosimeter . A unique method of measuring small pressure drops at very high static pressures was developed.

Experimental and theoretical work are con- tinuing on the project.

(4586) EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF

SECONDARY FLOW PHENOMENA INDUCED BY

CURVATURE AND VISCOUS SHEAR LAYERS. National Science Foundation.

Prof. A. W. Marris, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech.,

Atlanta, Georgia 30332. Experimental and theoretical. Theoretical work on secondary flows in curved channels.

"The Generation of Secondary Vorticity in an Incompressible Fluid," Journal of Applied

Mechanics, scheduled December 1963. MASS TRANSFER IN THE ENTRANCE LENGTH OF A PIPE - LAMINAR FLOW. Departmental research.

Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctor's thesis.

Flow conditions are being extended and unusual natural convection effects are being investigated. VARIABLE PROPERTY HEAT TRANSFER IN THE ENTRANCE OF A TUBE. Departmental research.

Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Georgia

30332. Theoretical; basic research for doctor's

thesis

.

Numerical solutions for the momentum, energy, and continuity equations are being developed for a variable property fluid flowing

lamlnarly in the entrance of a vertical tube. CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF SAND FILTRATION.

(h

(4588

I!

(d

(e

(4589

(d

(e

[5027R

(b)

(c) National Science Foundation.

Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical

U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. C. R. O'Mella, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search for master's thesis.

(e) A study designed to demonstrate chemical effects in the removal of flocculent materials from aqueous suspension and filtration and to investigate the causes

of these effects.

(5028) EFFICACY OF A FRESH-WATER CANAL FOR THE ALLEVIATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SALT-WATER

INTRUSION AT A DELTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(d) Theoretical; research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Solutions are being obtained for seepage flow out of a fresh-water canal located at the Junction of delta and the sea. Partic- ular Interest is centered upon the lowering

of the salt-water, fresh-water interface

in the delta. Numerical solutions are being obtained for various canal locations, water levels in the canal, and drain

locations.

(5029) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A PIPE.

29
b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(d) Experimental; design and development of equipment and basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) A device for the study of unsteady flow in

a pipe has been designed, fabricated, and

tested. Liquid is moved harmonically in

the test pipe. Velocity and acceleration

are independent variables with the measured

pressure gradient being dependent. The basic research is primarily directed to the determination of boundary- shear stress for

turbulent flow In a smooth pipe

.

(5054) A STUDY OF NONLINEAR CONTINUUM PHENOMENA IN THIN FILMS OF SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. A. W. Marris, School of Engrg. Mechanics,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(e) Initiation of research program In continuum mechanics of fluids.

(h) "The Reduction of the Simply Hygrosteric

Fluid to Stokesian Fluid," Journal of Applied Mechanics forthcoming.

"Dependence of Stress upon Temperature Gradient for an Ideally Elastic Solid

Isotropic and Homogeneous in Reference

State." To be published in Journal of Applied Mechanics.

(5149) MEASUREMENT OF VOID FRACTION IN TWO-PHASE

FLOW BY X-RAY ATTENUATION.

bj Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctor's thesis.

(e) The objective of this work was to develop a method for measuring void fraction in two- phase gas-liquid flows using X-ray attenuation.

(g) A rapid, accurate technique has been developed

for measuring void fractions in two-phase

gas-liquid flows using X-ray attenuation.

In this method, a well columinated X-ray beam

traverser, the channel containing the flowing material and the transmitted beam is de- tected by a Geiger-Mueller tube and recorded

on a strip chart recorr> 3r. Equations which

relate the X-ray attenuation to the void fraction have been developed and an analysis

has been made to determine optimum operating

condition and evaluate errors. This technique

has been applied to lucite mock-ups and to two-phase flows of steam and water with

success.

(h) A paper is in preparation.

(5150) LAMINAR FLOW IN THE ENTRANCE OF A TUBE,

bl Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(di Theoretical; basic research for doctor's thesis

(e) The objective of this study is to develop numerical solutions of the equations which

describe the laminar flow of a Newtonian

fluid in the entrance of a tube with suction and injection at the wall as well as for the case of no flow through the wall

.

(5151) MULTICOMPONENT CONDENSATION IN THE ENTRANCE

LENGTH OF A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) Departmental research.

(c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctor's thesis.

(e) The boundary layer equations are being used

to describe the liquid and gas phases in the entrance length of a vertical tube to deter- mine possible effects of the entrance length

on condensation. Fractionation is being

considered.

UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, Dept. of Chemical Engineering.

(4936) MECHANISMS OF ENTRA INMENT IN TWO-PHASE, GAS- LIQUID FLOW.

bl National Science Foundation,

c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Analytical study of conditions for unstable waves at the Interface of a thin liquid

film. Experimental measurements of wave

profile, interfacial shear and size dis- tribution of drops generated from the interface . (g) Experimental measurements now under way. Methods and equipment for measuring Inter- facial profile and drop distribution in the flowing field are completed.

(4937) EFFECT OF A MOVING INTERFACE ON TURBULENCE FOR FLOW IN CONDUITS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

(d) Theoretical, experimental, Master's thesis, basic research.

(e) For laminar flow, equations of motion have

been solved which show that the presence

of an oscillating interface causes increased

flow resistance. Experimental measurements

have been made to measure the influence of similar oscillations for a flowing turbulent

fluid.

(g) "An Effect of Rough and Wavy Moving Boundaries on Flow In Closed Conduits," paper

to be presented at the A.I.Ch.E. Meeting in Memphis, 1964.

(4938) FRICTIONAL ENERGY LOSS IN TWO-PHASE, GAS- LIQUID FLOW.

(b) American Gas Association - American Petroleun Institute

.

(c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

(d) Theoretical, study of mechanisms, for Masters

thesis.

(e) Systematic collection of source data on pressure drop measurement In two phase flow

and preparation of "Data Bank" on cards and tape for use in correlation studies. Definitive tests of existing correlations and development of new correlation approaches.

(h) Two papers have been published. The first gives definitive tests of certain existing

correlations with data. The second presents

a new correlation based on similarity

principles.

"Frictional Pressure Drop in Two Phase Flow,

A: Comparison of Existing Correlations for Pressure Drop and Holdup," by A. E. Dukler,

M. Wicks, R. G. Cleveland. "Frictional Pressure Drop in Two Phase Flow,

B: An Approach through Similarity Analysis,"

Fy A. E. Dukler, M. Wicks, R. G. Cleveland.

To be published In A.I.Ch.E. J., Nov. 1963.

(4939) MECHANISMS FOR ENERGY LOSS IN SLUG FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research,

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Experimental studies are being made of pressure distribution and circulation in and around slugs moving in horizontal flow. Models for slug behavior are being set up

analytically with the attempt to predict

slug size, frequency and frictional characteristics

.

(g) Equipment constructed and preliminary tests

to test analytical results under way.

(4940) EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE ROUGHNESS ON TURBULENCE

FOR CHANNEL FLOW OF MR.

30
(g (4941

(b

(4942

(g

(4943

8

(d

(e

(g)

Laboratory project.

Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston, Houston, Texas. Theoretical, experimental, Ph.D. thesis. Studies of turbulence and velocity distribution using a hot wire anemometer and pitot tube

in or flowing over transverse roughnesses.

Objective is to relate roughness geometry to the Reynolds stresses. Equipment nearlng completion. TURBULENT FILM BOILING. Laboratory project.

Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas. Theoretical, Master's thesis. Use of Integral methods and electronic computer to predict flow patterns and heat transfer coefficients during turbulent film

boiling. BOUNDARY LAYER APPROACH TO FILM BOILING. Laboratory project.

Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas. Theoretical, basic research, Master's thesis. Use of similarity transformation methods

and electronic computer to provide exact solutions for film boiling in horizontal

flow fields without pressure gradients.

Laminar flow case solution completed,

showing earlier published work was only a special case of the general solution. Turbulent case now under study. FRICTIONAL ENERGY LOSS FOR DILUTE PHASE FLOW OF SOLIDS IN GASES. Laboratory project.

Prof. A. E. Dukler, University of Houston,

Houston, Texas. Theoretical, basic research, for Master's

thesis

Use of modified eddy viscosity distribution

functions to predict the velocity distribution

and momentum loss for turbulent flow of dilute solid-gas systems. Correlations have been developed. Thesis

now being prepared.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of the hydrological factors affecting

the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it applied

to the total water use in the area.

(g) Measurement data on a small watershed is continuing to be collected.

(2786) FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(d) Field Investigation; basic and applied

research

(e) To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not Just consumptive use of crops.

(f) Completed.

(g) Basic field data have been collected for

five years. Final results are being prepared for publication.

(h) Preliminary report available on loan basis.

Final report nearlng completion.

(3056) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

(e) A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologic data is being studied and basic parameters of snow melt are being

studied for conversion into time delay circuits for transmission by radio.

(g) Prototype unit is being tested on Moscow

Mountain; elements of measurement trans- ducers are being studied both in the field

and in the laboratory. License for station

has been approved.

(h) Annual progress report available on limited basis

"Instrumentation for Hydrologic Measure- ments at the University of Idaho," D. L. Duncan and C. C. Warnick, Proceedings

Western Snow Conference, 31st Annual Meeting, Yosemite Park California, April 1963.

(3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1859, 3056, 3057,

3416, 5167 and 5168 should be addressed to Prof.

C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering, and for

Projects Nos. 1862, 2786, and 3418 should be addressed

to Prof. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(1859) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and operational with master's thesis.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating

performance are being considered, especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from

both lined and unllned canals.

(g) New sealants are being investigated in experimental sections of irrigation canals. Techniques for measuring seepage are being

compared In simultaneous testing In by-pass

sections of canal.

(h) "A Study and Development of a Field Method

for Measuring Unsaturated Flow Pressures,"

A. A. Friedman, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho,

1963.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management and ranchers.

(d) Field investigation; applied operational research

(e) Experimental stock watering ponds in desert areas will be lined and evaporation control measures supplied to see if extension of such water supply can be developed economically.

(g) Several ponds lined and unllned are being

studied and enonomolecular films are being

experimented with to find net water savings. The hydrology of small ponds is also being

Investigated

(h) Progress report to be issued early in 1964.

(3416) STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF SNOW WATER CONTENT.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study is being made of basic methods of measuring snow water content for use in telemetering data from remote mountain

locations.

(g) Three methods ' appear to offer good possibilities.

(h) Contract Report completed "Methods of Automatic Measurement of Snow Water Content

to Predict Water Supply". Final Report, October 1963. "Radiation and Detection Applications in the Visible and Infrared Spectrum," J. E. Thomas, M.S. Thesis, University of Idaho, 1963.

"An Investigation of the Snow Capacitor and Diaphram-Deflection Methods of Measuring the

31
Water Equivalent of a Snow Pack," C. L. Hanson, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, 1963.

(3417) INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAMETERS AND SOIL VARIABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project; under Investigation in Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Assistant Prof. D. W. Fitzsimmons, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) To determine the effect of various furrow

geometric parameters and soil conditions on infiltration patterns by analogy methods.

(g) Dimensional analysis along with electrical analog techniques was used to group the variables affecting furrow discharge into

a given soil for given soil-moisture conditions

into dimensionless terms. Curves were obtained

showing that the hydraulic depth of a furrow

can be used as a parameter for describing the effect of furrow geometry on furrow discharge. These curves also show the effects of two other geometry parameters, furrow spacing- and the top width of the water surface in furrows, on furrow discharge.

(4535) CROP COEFFICIENTS FOR CONSUMPTIVE USE IN IDAHO.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for

master's thesis.

(e) To determine crop coefficients, using the Blaney-Criddle formula, for such crops as potatoes, beans, and corn for southern Idaho

areas. The variation of the crop coefficients for (1) light, medium and heavy applications

of water, (2) each month of growing or irrigation season, and (3) the stage of growth of each crop. These coefficients will

be compared with the coefficients developed

by Blaney-Criddle and other investigators for

other areas.

f) Completed.

g) Data were obtained on consumptive use for

various crops in Idaho.

(h) "Crop Consumptive-Use Coefficients," D. R. Kohntopp, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, 1963.

(5167) TOTAL HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES IN IDAHO AND

DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS ON IDAHO STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental, applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) A study of streamflow data is being made to determine full water resource capability.

The study is designed to develop estimating

constants which may give. a 90 percent accuracy. New ideas for stream-to-stream diversion will

be Investigated.

(5168) INVESTIGATION OF RADIOISOTOPE SNOW GAGE COMPONENTS AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project: Cooperative with Walla Walla District, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Problems of monitoring water equivalent of a snow pack using a scintillation detection

system to measure attenuation of snow and water of gamma radiation are being studied. Calibration methods and variation of electronic components both under controlled laboratory

conditions and remote mountain winter conditions are being considered.

(g) An improved system has been developed for use

in a telemetering system of the Corps of Engineers in the Clearwater River drainage. Differences of attenuation by water and snow appear to be a problem the magnitude of which

Is yet to be determined.

(h) Progress reports are available on a limited

basis.

(5169) EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED TURBULENCE ON MASS

TRANSFER.

b) Under NSF Grant G-17908.

c) Dr. Godfrey Martin, Chem. Engr. Dept.,

University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental, basic research for masters

thesis.

(e) The purpose of this work is to measure the effects of the relative intensity and

integral scale of turbulence (measured

previously using hot film anemometer

techniques) on local mass transfer co- efficients from solid cylinders involving

water.

(g) Experimental equipment has been constructed

and 8 preliminary runs have been made.

(5170) CORRELATION FOR THE DISPERSION OF LIQUIDS

FLOWING THROUGH PACKED BEDS USING MODIFIED

RANDOM WALK MODELS.

b] Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Godfrey Martin, Chem. Engr. Dept., Univ. of Moscow, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic re- search for doctor thesis.

(e) Using an analogy to the diffusion of material fluids in turbulent flow, the relative intensity and integral scale will be obtained from experimental observation of the flow

of fluids through packed beds. These

parameters, normalized by dividing by the superficial velocity and packing size respectively, will be reported for different

packing. The data should enable field

engineers to predict the dispersion of liquids through packed beds. An attempt will be made to explain deviations from

a strict random walk distribution by using

other modified random walk models.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION.

A list of publications is available upon request; write to Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation in lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conser- vation practices are made.

(g) Results show correlation between rate of sedimentation and land use on watershed; results show six factors in explaining

sediment deposition: age of lake, capacity- inflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a watershed shape factor, the density of non-incised channels, and a watershed slope factor.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) A 16-year record of pan evaporation data for five Illinois stations closely corre- lates with evaporation data computed on basis of four meteorological parameters used in Kohler's equation. Maps of lake evaporation based on 52-year records

of computed evaporation are being prepared

for a report on Illinois evaporation.

(f) Continuing.

32
(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Model studies of different pit types and variations in relationship between ground- water gradients and artificial recharge.

f) Inactive.

g) Pilot plant pit operation by Water Survey

relinquished; laboratory analysis in progress

.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA, ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) Continuing evaluation of ground water

resources of the district. Ground water

levels and temperatures are monitored In wells in key locations. Effects of artificial recharge are evaluated. Analyses for changes In composition of ground water used to trace movement of ground water

and to observe for possible introduction

and movement of contaminants as a result of artificial recharge.

(g) Ground-water conditions substantially

improved in past ten years and consistently

since the use of four recharge pits was

initiated in 1956. One pit in North Field

is operated the year-round with nearly

complete recovery of the recharged water. Second pit in North Field inoperative in 1962. Recharge in Central Field arbitrarily

limited to cool surface water seasons. Central Field recharge has been reduced

because of improved ground water conditions.

(561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Evaluation of potential yield of the sand and gravel deposits beneath the American Bottoms (East St. Louis area). Ground water levels are measured in more

than 200 observation wells, 9 of which are equipped with recording gages. Ground water pumpage, Mississippi River stages, rainfall, and quality of ground water data

are continuously collected. Maps have

been prepared showing the distribution and

areal extent of the hydraulic properties,

the thickness of the aquifer, and watertable contours. The amount of recharge from precipitation and from induced infiltration

of river water, and the amount of sub- surface flow from valley walls Into the American Bottoms were computed by flow-net analysis of water-table maps. An electric analog model consisting of a regular array

of 2800 resistors and 1350 capacitors was constructed to simulate the complex aquifer

system. The accuracy and reliability of the analog model were assessed by comparing

past records of water-level change and values of water-level change computed with the analog model. Excitation-response equipment, i.e., wave form generator, pulse

generator and oscilloscope, was used to force electrical energy in the proper time phase into the analog model and to measure 1 energy levels within the resistor-capacitor

network. The analog model was used to estimate the practical sustained yields of existing pumping centers and to predict the potential yield of the aquifer with a selected scheme of development.

(h) "Ground-Water Development in East St. Louis

area, Illinois," R. J. Schicht, State Water

Survey Report of Investigation, in review.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois State Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Study of variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field with

wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally

heavily pumped. Study of ground water level recession, Interferences, transmlssibillties, effect of additional demands.

(g) Results show the ground water resources In Chicago region are developed from four water-yielding units: glacial drift aquifers, shallow dolomite aquifers, Cambrian-Ordoviclan

Aquifer, and Mt. Simon Aquifer. The Cambrian-' Ordovlcian has been the most highly developed source of large ground-water supplies. Future ground-water supplies should be taken from

the shallow aquifers wherever possible.

(h) "Ground-water Resources of DuPage County,

Illinois," A. J. Zelzel, W. C. Walton,

R. T. Sasman and T. A. Prlckett, Cooperative Ground-Water Report 2, State Water Survey

and State Geological Survey, 1962. "Ground-Water Levels In Illinois through

1961," R. R. Russell, State Water Survey

Report of Investigation 45, 1963. "Future Water-Level Declines in Deep Sandstone Wells In Chicago Region, Illinois,"

W. C. Walton, Ground Water, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1964.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP -INLET SPILLWAY

STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures

that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide

the necessary Information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these structures may be economically designed. Initial phases of study concerned with hydraulics of square risers with free dis- charge. Effect of lip or crest shape and anti-vortex devices being studied. Second

phase to Include the complete spillway.

Experimental apparatus constructed and tests

are being conducted on the complete spillway. Information is being obtained on discharges, vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a flat plate antl-vortex device, and flow conditions

.

(g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible

in square risers are well defined as well

as some of the effect of non- square crest

shape. Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet spillway to determine whether

or not a metal grating deck placed above the inlet can control vortices. The results

of the tests show that gratings do not prevent or control strong vortices.

(2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Monomolecular chemical films to retard evaporation from water supply lakes and ponds In Illinois.

fl Additional tests planned,

g) 1963 results with soluble packets were

favorable. Cooperation with lake owners to be continued In 1964.

(2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

33
Laboratory project.

Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Field investigation} applied research.

Data from three rain gage networks, con- sisting of 50 gages in 400 square miles, 54 gages in 550 square miles, and 20 gages in

10 square miles. Studies include: (1) Rainfall variability, (2) frequency of point and areal mean rainfall, (3) area-depth relations,

(4) variation of point rainfall with distance,

(5; areal representativeness of point rainfall, and (6) reliability of areal mean

rainfall estimates. FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois. Experimental; basic research.

Small, coarse media (1/4 - to 3/4-inch) filters are operated at rates comparable

to those achieved in field practice.

Purpose is to study the effects of coarse media on physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of recharged water and

to evaluate the function of coarse media

in protecting aquifer materials. Results of former field tests of various

sizes of materials are reported in State Water Survey Bulletin 48. Program of specially controlled laboratory test runs initiated in 1962 under grant from U. S. Public Health Service. METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Applied research. Investigation of meteorological conditions associated with flood-producing storms in Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable definition of time and space distribution of such storms and for calculation of probable maximum rainfall. Continuing project; analysis of storm area- depth relations, orientation of storms, seasonal and geographic distribution, synoptic weather types, topographic influences. De- velopment of area-depth frequency relations

underway. HYDR0METE0R0L0GICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE

RAINSTORMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. Field investigation; applied research. Field surveys and detailed analyses of severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses based upon

radar, synoptic weather, and field survey data and include area-depth-duration relations, antecedent rainfall evaluation, lsohyetal maps

for peak periods of storm. Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951. State Water Survey Reports of Investigation

Nos. 14, 24, 27, 35, and 42. THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

SURFACE WATERS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria,

Illinois. Field investigation; applied research.

A study of heat loads applied to fresh water

bodies in Illinois to determine relationships

between temperature and/or heat loadings, water usage, stream assets, and stream re- covery capabilities. PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project.

(c)

it!

(3420)

(b)

(g)

(h)

3421

(3731)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(g)

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Applied research. Investigation of precipitation drought frequ?n- cy in Illinois, distribution in space and time of dry periods, relative severity of these

periods, meteorological conditions favorable for drought in Illinois, correlation of pre- cipitation drought with other meteorological

factors such as thunderstorm frequency and atmospheric moisture distribution, and associ- ation of precipitation drought with low strean flow. Completed.

"Drought Climatology of Illinois," F. A. Huff and S. A. Changnon, Jr., State Water

Survey Bulletin 50, 1963. FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS. Laboratory project.

Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water Surusy, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Theoretical; applied research. Analysis of the severity, frequency, and duration of low flows in Illinois streams as they affect impounding reservoir yields.

Methodology devised to determine gross and ret yield of an impounding reservoir during

various recurrence-interval droughts. A non- sequential mass curve analysis gives gross

yield. Net lake evaporation is processed on a frequency basis; applied to the reservoir; and net yield is determined. Risks associated with an Impounding reservoir have been de- termined and clarified to allow better under- standing of reservoir design and recurrence

of events.

"A Partial Duration Series for Low Flow Analyses," John B. Stall and James G. Neill,

Jour. Geophys. Res., December 1961. "Reservoir Mass Analysis By A Low Flow

Series," ASCE Sanitary Engineering Div.,

September 1962. "Calculated Risks of Impounding Reservoir

Yield," ASCE Hydraulic Division, Jan. 1963. "Low Flows of Illinois Streams for Im- pounding Reservoir Design," John B. Stall, State Water Survey Bulletin 51, in review. PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVTLLE

AREA. Laboratory project.

Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Field investigation; applied research. All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially

precipitation, temperature, stream flow, soil moisture, changes in surface and subsurface

storage, and evaporation) to be measured and examined to obtain quantitative knowledge of the movement and storage of ground water undsr natural conditions in the 22-square mile basin. The annual rate of recharge to, and evapo- transpiration from, the ground-water reservoir

to be determined. Stream discharge hydrograjh

to be separated into Its two components,

surface runoff and ground-water runoff. Gravity yields of glacial deposits and under- lying dolomite aquifer to be estimated. HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project, In cooperation with 111. State Geological Survey.

Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. Field investigation; applied research. Evaluation of water yielding potential of dolomite aquifer in Illinois from pumping

test and specific capacity data is in progress. Statistical analysis of well pro- duction data is being made to determine geological controls on aquifer productivity.

Frequency graphs were used to determine the role of individual units of dolomite

aquifers in northern Illinois, as con- tributors of ground water. Statistical analysis of specific-capacity data provided

34
a basis for determining whether or not significant relationships exist between

the yields of wells and geohydrologlc

controls. Probable ranges in yields of shallow dolomite wells in undeveloped areas

in northern Illinois were estimated from specific-capacity frequency graphs, aquifer

thickness and areal geology maps, and waterlevel data. The practical sustained yield

of the dolomite aquifer in DuPage County

was estimated based largely on case histories

of heavy ground-water development,

(h) "Ground-Water Resources of DuPage County,

Illinois," A. J. Zelzel, W. C. Walton,

R. T. Sasman and T. A. Prickett, Illinois

State Water Survey and Geological Survey

Cooperative Ground-Water Report 2, 1962. "Yields of Shallow Dolomite Wells in Northern Illinois," Sandor Csallany and

W. C. Walton, State Water Survey Report of Investigation 46, 1963, in press. "Statistical Analysis of Specific-Capacity

Data for a Dolomite Aquifer," W. C. Walton

and J. C. Neil, Jour. Geophys. Research,

V. 68, No. 8, 1963.

(3732) TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation.

(e) Monomolecular film-forming fatty alcohols are Introduced to soils and roots of plants

causing a reduction in evapotranspiration

(g) Field tests being analyzed.

(h) "The Effect of Chemicals on the Reduction

of Water Losses from Soils," J. P. Vavra

and W. J. Roberts. Paper read at annual meeting of American Society of Agronomy,

Denver, Colorado, November 20, 1963.

(3733) EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYTICAL

METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Case histories of ground-water development

are being studied to determine if it is possible to evaluate wells and aquifers with

analytical expressions by devising approximate

methods of analysis based on idealized models

of aquifer situations. Geohydrologlc boundaries are assumed to be straight-line demar- cations and are given mathematical expression

by means of the image-well theory. The hydraulic properties of the aquifer and overlying

confining beds are considered mathematically

by using ground-water formulas. Records of past pumpage and water levels and a digital

computer are used to establish the validity

of this mechanism to describe the response of aquifers to pumping.

(g) Case histories of ground-water development

have been used to evaluate the practical sus- tained yields of aquifers in the Chicago

region and in the areas of Areola, Taylorvllle, Tallula, Assumption, Pekln, Jollet,

Woodstock, Libertyville, Chicago Heights

and LaGrange

(h) "Ground-water Development in Several Areas

of Northeastern Illinois," T. A. Prickett,

L. R. Hoover, W. H. Baker, R. T. Sasman, State Water Survey Report of Investigation,

1964, in review.

(3734) INDUSTRIAL WATER USE IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine withdrawal of water by industries

in Illinois, with delineation according to kinds of industry, location by area, and

sources of supply.

(f) Project terminated.

(4135) CORROSION PREVENTION BY CaC03.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. E. Larson or H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To determine chemical requirements and veloc- ity requirements to provide protective coat- ing in water pipes.

(4137) DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION AND

RELATED WEATHER ELEMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of the diurnal distribution of various weather elements on a monthly, seascn- al, annual, and geographic basis. Elements under study Include rainfall, sleet, hail,

tornadoes, thunderstorms, freezing rain, and

fog.

(f) Suspended.

(4138) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of methods for calculating evapo- transpiration and assessment of evapotranspi- ration in Illinois.

(h) "Variability of Evapotranspiration in Illinois," D. M. A. Jones, State Water

Survey Circular 89, 1963.

(4139) PRECIPITATION PATTERNS OVER AND AROUND LOWER

LAKE MICHIGAN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Radar film records are being studied to de- termine the influence of Lake Michigan on precipitation processes.

(f) Continuing project.

(4536) GE0HYDR0L0GIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS WITH AN ELECTRC

ANALOG COMPUTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. William C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

fd) Experimental; applied research,

(e) Purpose of project is to apply electric analog

computers to ground-water resource evaluation problems in Illinois. Ground-water development schemes are being tested and the relative merits of alternate choices of development are being appraised. The consequences of the utilization of aquifers are being forecast. The electric analog computer In use consists

of an analog model and excitation-response

apparatus, i.e., waveform generator, pulse

generator, and oscilloscope. The analog model is a regular array of resistors and capacitors and is a scaled-down version of an aquifer.

(g) Analog models have been constructed for three idealized aquifer situations to study the accuracy and reliability of the analog computer. Close agreement between analog computer and

exact analytical solutions for the three selected aquifer situations has been obtained.

A comparison of the analog computer and simplified analytical solutions for a selected complex aquifer situation indicates that re- source evaluations based on incomplete data and analog or idealized mathematical models

can be meaningful and useful. Analog models for sand and gravel aquifers in the East St. Louis and Champaign-Urbana areas have been

constructed. Past records of pumpage and water levels have been used to establish the validity of the analog model for the East St. Louis area.

35
(h) "Electric Analog Computers for Analyzing

Ground-Water Problems," W. C. Walton and T. A. Prickett, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

ASCE, in press.

(4537) HYDROMETEOROLOGY OF SPECIFIC ILLINOIS BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Development of relations defining. the distri- bution of precipitation extremes in major

basins. Included are studies of the frequency

distribution of excessive point and areal mean

rainfall In various regions of basins, the frequency distribution of drought, average

slope of area-depth curves, actual depth- duration-area relations in the heaviest storms

on record, area-depth frequency relations based

upon all major storms of record, seasonal dis- tribution of heavy storms, and the shape characteristics of major storms. Research presently confined to the Kaskaskia basin.

(5051) GROUND-WATER RECHARGE AND RUNOFF IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. William C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose of project is to describe recharge conditions throughout the state and to determine the relation between ground-water

contribution to streams and basin characteristics.

(g) Recharge rates for several aquifers in Illinois have been estimated based on flow- net analyses of piezometric surface maps. Recharge rates vary with vertical hydraulic

gradients and are not constant but vary in space and time. Annual ground-water runoff

from 109 drainage basins scattered throughout Illinois was estimated with streamflow hydrograph separation methods and flow- duration curves. The relations between ground-water runoffs during years of near, below, and above normal precipitation and basin characteristics such as geologic

environment, topography, and land use were determined by statistical methods. Studies

indicate that no simple relation exists between ground-water runoff and the potential

or practical sustained yields of aquifers.

(h) "Ground-water Recharge and Runoff in Illinois," W. C. Walton, State Water Survey

Report of Investigation, 1964, in review.

(5052) COMPARATIVE RAINGAGE STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Field comparision of shielded and unshielded

recording and nonrecording precipitation

gages including the WMO International

Reference Precipitation Gage.

(h) Report on three years of data prior to Installation of WMO gage In preparation.

(5053) CLIMATOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE WINTER

STORMS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Stanley A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d} Applied research.

(e) Detailed analyses of severe winter season

snowstorms, sleet and ice storms. Analyses

based primarily on U. S. Weather Bureau

original station records for Illinois during

the 1900-1962 period. Temporal and areal frequencies, storm movement, shapes,

orientations, duration, and individual maps

for each storm.

(f) Continuing project.

(g) Analysis partially completed on all storms

in 1900-1957 period.

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

(b) State of Illinois.

(c) Mr. John C. Gulllou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the several forces and factors involved In erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

research

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to deter- mine maximum rates of runoff from agri- cultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare runoff from agricultural watersheds under ac- cepted soil conservation practices with watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of 45.5, 63,

82, and 390 acres near Monticello, Illinois

are covered with a rain gage network, and runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Max- imum stage recorders are installed at field

structures on 8 watersheds In Champaign,

Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1,400

acres. Model studies and field calibrations

are made on the field structures. LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation In the laboratory;

applied and basic research.

(e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of hydraulic model studies, to study water flow patterns Into surface drains and to determine the cause of failures and remedial measures

of certain conservation structures under

flood conditions.

(h) "Side Wall Effects on Laminar Flow In Open

Rectangular Channels," J. L. Woerner M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Illinois Library, Urbana,

104p (1963). "Pltot-Tube Measurements in Debris Filled

Flows," J. A. Replogle, L. F. Huggins, and

R. D. Black, Agricultural Engineering Vol.

44 (In press)

"Gully Control Without Structures - Part II," B. A. Jones, Jr., Trans, of ASAE: 6:39, 40,

47 (1963).

(3424) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Natural rainstorms are photographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution, and

(2789)

36
(h)

(4986)

(4987)

the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may be calculated. Physical measurements will be made of the soil to determine the effect of the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil loss. The nature and properties of rain- storms that occur in this area of Illinois

will also be studied. "Improvement of Measuring and Sampling

Equipment for Sediment-Laden Runoff," J. A. Replogle and L. C. Johnson, Trans, of ASAE:

6:3 (in press 1963)

WATER INFILTRATION RATE METHODS AND DETER- MINATIONS ON SOILS. Laboratory project.

Field investigation, basic research. To field test practical methods for deter- mining and predicting relative infiltration

rates of soils during irrigation ana during

rains. To determine infiltration rates for

specific soil types under various management

practices.

THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM AND DRAINAGE ON SOLONETZIC SOILS (SLICK-SPOTS) IN ILLINOIS. Laboratory project in cooperation with Dept.

of Agronomy.

Experimental field investigation.

To test the feasibility of replacing and removing excess sodium from solonetzlc soils under field conditions with (a) different methods and rates of applying gypsum (calci- um sulphate), (b) different degrees of disturbing the subsoil, and (c) different

spacings of tile drains. Twenty plots were established in a random pattern to compare 3 positions for the application of gypsum and 3 spacings of tile drains with check plots. The tile effluent is measured by recording equipment

to determine the rate and volume of flow. Also samples will be taken to determine the amount of sodium in the leachate.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulics and Water

Resources Laboratory, Department of Civil Engrg.

Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed

to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., unless other- wise indicated.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois

Division of Highways and Bureau of Public Roads

(d) Analytical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) To determine the discharge of water which

will reach openings of highway drainage

structures, such as bridges and culverts and

to provide a simple but scientific procedure

for use of engineers in establishing the economical and adequate size of opening.

(f) Completed.

(g) A scientific, simple, and practical method is developed for the determination of peak

discharges from small drainage basins. For practical applications, a design chart for

climatic and physiographic conditions in Illinois is prepared.

(h) "Closing Discussion on Hydrologic Design of Culverts," by Ven Te Chow, Proceedings,

American Society of Civil Engineers, Paper

3071, Journal of Hydraulic Dlv., vol. 89, No. HY2, March, 1963, pp. 161-162.

(3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER DRAINS.

(To) Association of American Railroads.

(c) Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation of characteristics of flow

through granular filters and several types

(h)

(3425)

(b)

(c)

(d)

of drain pipe. Investigations have included

tests of coated and uncoated corrugated metal pipe, drain tile, and plastic pipe. Com- paction studies have been completed.

Laboratory activity during the past year

has been directed toward evaluation of compaction in concrete sand filter when

used in conjunction with corrugated metal

drain pipe. The drain pipe has been located with perforations at both the top and bottom of the pipe. Tests have also been conducted using perforated 2-inch plastic pipe and farm tile to permit

comparison with the corrugated metal pipe.

(f) Completed.

(g) Little sorting of filter material occurs at pipe perforations. Optimum compaction of concrete sand filters appears to be about

15 percent greater than loose fill. Filter stability is caused by binding of fines in the lntergranular openings near the pipe

openings. The several materials were

found to perform equally well when they

were properly installed.

"Third Progress Report on Performance of Filter Materials," by J. C. Guillou,

Report ER-29, AAR Research Center, Chicago,

Illinois, February, 1963. LOCKPORT SLUICEGATE STUDY. Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago

Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Experimental, applied research.

(e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed and

tested. The subject sluicegates will be used for supplemental control of storm water

releases from the Chicago Drainage Canal. Three turbine pits in the existing powerhouse

at Lockport have been modified to receive

triple sluicegates. The model data have bean used to develop operational rating data for

the gates under various headwater and tail- water conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) Official calibration curves for the prototype structure have been completed and accepted by the Sponsor.

(4537) BOX CULVERT ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; applied research; NSF

undergraduate research grant problem, and

M. S. Thesis.

(e) Applicability of U.S.B.R. Basin VI (ASCE

Proc, Vol. 83, No. HY5, Paper 1406, Oct.,

1957) for highway box culverts has been

investigated. Current phase: box culvert

scour studies to evaluate erosion sus- ceptibility of various soils.

(h) "Factors in Design of Culvert Energy

Dissipators, " by M. B. McPherson and D. D. Meredith, a paper presented before the Annual Hyd. Dlv. Conf., ASCE, at Penna. State Univ., Aug. 8, 1963. (Univ. of Illinois Engineering Library)

(4538) WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS CRITERIA,

(bl N. I. H. Research Grant.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Numerical; development.

(e) General criteria are being sought for determination of minimum initial cost and optimum operating cost of systems comprising

pumped input, network and equalizing storage. Consideration will be given to hourly and yearly demand variations.

(g) General network head-loss parameters and pump-network-storage balancing criteria have been developed. System balances are being

performed via digital computer.

(h) "A Study of Storage and Power Requirement

Criteria for Water Distribution Systems

37
Analysis," by Gary Wood, undergraduate special

problem report, Feb., 1963. (Univ. of 111. Engrg. Library).

(4539) NON-UNIFORM SUPPLY OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Laboratory projeotj support from University

of Illinois Research Board.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

e) Uniform and linearly varying rainfall supply

have been simulated with a sprinkling system

on a sheet of variable slope and roughness.

(h) Discussion of "Spatially Varied Flow from Controlled Rainfall," by R. L. Kuhlemeyer

and D. B. Warner, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY4, Paper 3580, July, 1963, pp. 233-240.

(4540) CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC JUMP.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Illinois

State Water Survey.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; development; graduate special

problem

.

(e) A 60 degree sector of a circular hydraulic

jump is being studied to determine feasi- bility of using energy dissipation. Later

transitions will be modified to Include a vertical curve to a sector stilling basin.

(g) A preliminary sequence of tests has been completed for a horizontal floor.

(4541) VARIATION OF TRACTIVE FORCE IN SEWERS AND

DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project for J. A. Replogle's

doctoral thesis directed by V. T. Chow.

(d) To study the distribution of boundary shearing

stress, or tractive force in a circular

conduit flowing partially full and to de- termine the relationship between the shearingstress distribution and the velocity distribution.

(e) A 4 in. smooth copper tube with fully developed open-channel flow Is used for a variety

of flow depths. The velocity distribution Is measured by using a small pitot tube and the

"law of the wall" method.

(h) Thesis is being prepared.

(4542) CRITICAL-FLOW CHANNEL.

b) Laboratory project for graduate studies,

e) To construct a critical-flow channel which

will be used to verify the theory of critical flow and to examine the behavior of flow In such a channel

.

(g) A critical-flow channel was constructed of Plexiglass plates which were shaped to the form of the theoretically computed cross

section.

(4543) WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM.

(b) Laboratory project supported by the University's Center for Advanced Study.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) To study the methods of synthetic hydrology

and the use of mathematical models In the planning and development of water resources

systems. The approach is analytical and mathematical, including various methods of probability, programming techniques, and operations research.

(h) A progress report entitled "Water-Resources

System Design by Operations Research" has been prepared by V. T. Chow.

(4544) ELECTRONIC ANALOG MODEL FOR GROUND WATER.

(b) Laboratory project for graduate studies by

P. A. Carr and S. H. Whitaker; cooperative with Illinois State Water Survey.

(d) To construct an electronic analog model to simulate aquifer characteristics.

(e) Part of the electronic analog model to simulate

the aquifers in the area of Champaign-Urbana,

Illinois, has been completed.

(4905) WATER WAVE AND STRUCTURE INTERACTION.

(b) Laboratory project supported by the NSF

undergraduate research grant and University

of Illinois Research Board.

(c) Prof. J. P. Murtha, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) To study the time variations of forces produced by gravity waves on structures and to evaluate subsequent structural

motion. The principal effort during the first phase of the research is the design

of the laboratory equipment for experimental

studies at wave- structure interaction and preliminary studies of added mass effects

in still water.

(4906) BASIC INVESTIGATION ON WATERSHED HYDRAULICS.

(b) National Science Foundation research project.

(dj Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the basic laws governing the flow of surface water over drainage basins

by controlled experiments on geometric

basins. The approach used is to control artlflcally the various factors involved

In the mechanics of flow, and the experi- mental data so obtained can be subjected

to exact theoretical analyses for the determination of the basic laws. The first year work will be on the design of equip- ment for experimental uses.

(4907) A BASIC STUDY OF THE LINEARITY OF THE RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESS IN WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project for M. H.Diskin's

doctoral thesis directed by Prof. V. T. Chow.

d) Theoretical; basic research,

e; This is an analytical 'study of the rainfallrunoff relationship by means of Laplace

transforms. The characteristic parameters

for various mathematical solutions are evaluated and the results are applied to eight actual watersheds.

(4908) THE FORCES CAUSED BY WAVES BREAKING AGAINST

VERTICAL IMPERVIOUS RIGID WALLS.

(b) Laboratory project for a doctoral thesis by

W. J. Garcia, Jr., under the direction of Prof. V. T. Chow cooperative with U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) To formulate relations which will enable one

to determine pressures on Impervious rigid walls due to breaking waves with sufficient accuracy to afford an economical and safe design for sea walls and breakwaters; also

to investigate, the variation of pressure

on the wall with respect to time and

spacial distribution.

(4909) A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BASIN STORAGE ON SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS.

(b) Laboratory project for V. C. Kulandaiswamy 1 s doctoral thesis under the direction of Prof.

V. T. Chow.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Te> analyze the storage-flow relationship

as a dynamical system from which a gener- alized differential equation Is derived to represent the storage loop curve generally

obtained from actual measurements.

(4910) PROBABILITY AND SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY APPROACH

TO THE ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF FREQUENCY

RELATIONSHIP.

(b) Laboratory project for S. Ramaseshan's

doctoral thesis directed by Prof. V. T. Chow.

d) Theoretical; basic research,

e; To treat the rainfall-runoff phenomenon in

a drainage basin as a stochastic linear process and thus to predict the outflow characteristics from those of the inflow and

the system. Synthetic hydrology and

38
simulation techniques are used in the analysis.

The frequency of the historical peak discharges

observed on actual watersheds is analyzed by

the extreme-value probability distribution

and results are to be compared with those obtained from synthetic hydrology models.

(4911) MECHANICS OF RAISING AND LOWERING HEAVY

OBJECTS IN THE DEEP OCEAN.

(b) Laboratory project for B. J. Muga's doctoral

thesis directed by Prof. V. T. Chow, co- operative with U. S. Navy Civil Engineering

Laboratory.

(d) Analytical and experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate the forces and motions induced by wind generated waves on a barge supported

crane especially constructed for a classified project, as spread moored by 2.5-inch

die lock chain in approximately 160-ft. of water in the open Pacific Ocean.

(4912) SURGES IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project for W. H. Huang's doctoral thesis directed by Prof. V. T. Chow.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To analyze the surges in power canals pro- duced by sudden closure of the gate at the down stream. An improved Johnson method

will be used and the results obtained will

be compared with the actual or laboratory

experimental data.

(e) An analytical and experimental study is being made of upstream separation, i.e., the real

fluid behavior (separation, mixing, reattachment) in front of a normal step projecting Inward from a plate along which fluid is flowing with a turbulent boundary layer. Air is fluid medium being used.

(f) Investigation in process.

(g) First phase of study completed; in one case rather good agreement was found between theoretical solution and experimental observation of separation streamline.

(4143) HEMODYNAMICS SIMILITUDE STUDY OF AN ARTERIAL

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(b) Public Health Service, National Institutes

of Health, Research Grant No. HE08330-01.

(c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) The flow of blood in the Circle of willis--

the arterial distribution system for the braln--is to be studied utilizing largesized models. Present goal is to fabricate

a model which will simulate in as many ways

as possible the prototype and its flow.

(f) Investigation in process.

(g) Fabrication and model-prototype verification

of first-stage model essentially complete. Studies being initiated in the pulsatile

flow aspects.

(4558) EFFECT OF TURBULENT NORMAL STRESS ON DRAG EVALUATION BY WAKE MOMENTUM METHOD. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be ad- dressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and for

Projects Nos. 2536, 3427, 4142, 4558 to Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, Univ. of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION.

fb) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data being obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

(f) Investigation reactivated, additional data being taken with new improved instruments,

one of which is a hot wire probe.

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) Laboratory project, formerly National Science Foundation

.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The nature of turbulence (its production and dissipation) is being studied in the simplest

possible shear flow-plane Couette flow- where the shear is constant and the turbulence homogeneous but not isotropic. Mean-flow

studies essentially complete. Transformation

of turbulent stresses to different orientation

of axes currently being studied.

(f) Reactivated.

(3427) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Information on mean-flow and turbulence

structure near roughnesses being studied in

an 6-inch "natural roughness" pipe and in 3-inch sand-roughened pipe. Basic question

is how roughness produces turbulence. Current emphasis is on spectrum.

(f) Investigation terminated.

(4142) TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW TOWARDS A NORMAL STEP.

(h) Laboratory project.

Id) Basic research.

(f)

(4559)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(f)

Laboratory project. Basic research. Conventionally the evaluation of drag of bodies from wake transverses ignores normal stresses in wake. Estimates from scanty data indicate this factor to account for 2 to 10 percent cf drag. Experiments are being conducted to ob- tain a more precise indication of the size of the error and how it varies. Investigation in initial stages. FLOW STABILITY AND HEAD LOSS IN BRANCHED

TUBES. Public Health Service, National Institute

of Health, Research Grant No. HE08330-01.

Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. Basic research; experimental.

In conjunction with a model study of the Circle of Willis—the arterial distribution

system for the brain--a need was felt for a better understanding of the stability of viscous flows through certain types of junctions as well as the amount of head loss which occurs. A series of bifurcations and fusions of rigid, circular tubes are being

studied to gain this understanding.

Investigation in process.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

(2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE DRAINS.

(e)

Laboratory project. Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis

.

Analytical and experimental approach is being studied to determine depth and spacing of tiled drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is cooperative with Dr. Klrkham, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the relationship of hydrologic and applied

hydraulic problems of field tile systems

39
being made.

(g) Studies of models and mathematical theory of unsteady flow through porous media are being conducted in the Department of Agronomy

under the direction of Dr. Kirkham. Field

studies of flow through the spacing between

individual tile for saturated conditions

are being conducted by the Agricultural

Engineering Department

.

(h) "Unsteady- state Drainage of Fluid from a Vertical Column of Porous Material," by

J. T. Llgon, H. P. Johnson, and Don Kirkham. Journal of Geophysical Research, 67:5199-

5204. 1962 . "Glass Bead Glycerol Model for Studying the Falling Water Table Between Open Ditch

Drains," by J. T. Llgon, H. P. Johnson and

Don Kirkham. Transactions of ASAE, 6:61-63,

64. 1963. "The Falling Water Table Between Open Ditch

Drains," by J. T. Ligon, Don Kirkham and

H. P. Johnson. Submitted for publication to Soil Science.

(2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis.

(e) A study designed to obtain frequencies of runoff for different soils, moisture conditions and cover has been completed. The ele- ments of point rainfall intensity, infil- tration rates, and the unit hydrograph are being integrated in such a form that most

of the work involved in finding the frequencies of flow can be completed with a computer.

(g) Completed.

(h) "Runoff Prediction from Point Rainfall Data by Application of the Digital Computer, " by

D. B. Palmer and H. P. Johnson. Submitted

for publication to Transactions of ASAE.

(2333) IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE BLIND INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigation; design.

(e) Field study Is being continued to determine

the effect of different tile backfill ma- terial on the flow of water into the tile

drains.

(2334) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; applied research; design.

(e) Measurements of rainfall, surface runoff,

soil moisture, water table levels, and evaporation being made on six small agricultural watersheds under a single cover crop. Five additional agricultural watersheds are being gaged for rainfall and surface runoff.

(4150) COMPARISON OF SYNTHETIC UNIT GRAPH METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Three synthetic unit graph methods developed

for application to small watersheds are being compared with actual unit graphs from given watersheds. The effect of duration

of storm, and distribution of rainfall with

time on the storm hydrograph is being

studied.

(4913) QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF GULLY EROSION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d\ Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study where multiple regression has been used to relate gully growth to a series of Independent variables. Initial equation

developed from 20 year history on one watershed. Study has expanded to Include two watersheds with continuing measurement of gully growth, surface runoff, and sediment production.

(h) "Factors Related to Gully Growth in the Deep Loess Area of Western Iowa," by C. E. Beer and H. P. Johnson. Accepted for publication in Transactions of ASAE. 1963.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Don Kirkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State University.

(d) Theoretical and applied research; Doctor's

thesis.

(e) Theoretical work done on the movement of ground water in soil, particularly in the saturated phase continues. Mr. John C. Corey is continuing Isotope work on water movement In the unsaturated state (misclble

displacement) in cooperation with the Iowa State University Institute for Atomic

Research.

(4592) MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM WASTE RECHARGE

INSTALLATIONS.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National

Institute of Health.

(c) Dr. Don Kirkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover

laws which predict, from the geometry of the waste recharge installation, and from

the physical properties of the soil about it, how fast, and how far at certain times, water will move from the Installation. This will

be accomplished by (1) obtaining empirical

laws governing seepage of water from an idealized scaled model (2) testing by fullscale field experiments to see if the empirical laws found in (1) above need to be modified when applied to field conditions,

and (3) formulating rational relations between the water movement, the geometry of the system and the soil conditions, by setting up and solving the appropriate seepage dif- ferential equations and checking the result

against the experimental data from (1) and

(2) above.

(h) Two-Dimensional Infiltration and the Wettirg Fronts in Some Iowa Soils," by Sadik Toksoz. Thesis for the degree of Master of Science,

Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa. "Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con- ductivity Measurements of Some Iowa Soil Types," by Glen 0. Klock. Thesis for the degree of Master of Science, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, University of

Iowa.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with the Agricultural Research

Service and the U.S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. w. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research, and

M. S. theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Dis- charge from a 3-square-mile area measured by U. S. G. S.; rainfall records at five automatic recording stations collected by

Agricultural Research Service. Continuous

records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff,

groundwater levels, and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

40
(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 avail- (g) able In files at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year

record published as Bulletin 16 of the Iowa Highway Research Board in 1961; available (h) upon request from Iowa Highway Commission,

Ames, Iowa.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute. of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream-flow data.

(e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U. S. G. S. (g) Records of stream-flow and sediment discharge

computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey

(68) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Study being made of relation between rainfall

and runoff over a small area. Discharge from

a 25-square-mile area measured and flood (h) runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four

automatic recording stations collected by

U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records

since 1941 of precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau

Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff

and ground-water levels published In Geological

Survey Water-supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and ap- plied research.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical In operation,

are being developed to measure the characteristics of turbulent flow over a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing

and computing elements are involved.

(g) Factors which influence the convection of heat from fine wires in various liquids are being studied In detail.

(79) CAVITATION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Studies of cavitation in jets and behind disks and plates are being continued.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and U. S. Army Research Office (Durham)

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and turbulence are being investigated throughout

the vicinity of separation zones produced by

abrupt changes in flow section, to the end

of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry

(2091)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(2328)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2541)

(b)

(o)

(g)

Studies are being conducted on flow In the wakes of conical after-bodies. Analytical

studies are also being conducted for an abrupt boundary expansion.

"Flow Characteristics at Abrupt Axlsymmetric

Expansions," by Mahesh C. Chaturvedl, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, May 1963; see also discussion by T. J. Carmody, T. T. Huang, and R. Chevray.

"On the Role of Eddies in Fluid Motion,"

by Hunter Rouse, American Scientist, Vol.

51, No. 3, 1963. RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. To determine the laws governing the forces, moments, and motions of ships. Work is under way on the following problems:

(1) Development of procedure for computing

potential flow about ship forms. (2) Deter- mination of hydrodynamic images, forces, and moments for a spheroid in an arbitrary

potential flow. (3) Effect of tank size

on ship-model resistance. (4) Resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of wake and surface-profile measurements. (5) Effect

of a free surface on separation. (6) Vi- bration of ships. "Force on a Prolate Spheroid in an Axlsymmetric Potential Flow," by L. Landweber

and Matilde Macagno, ITKR Report, Feb. 1963. "Lagally's Theorem for Multipoles," by

L. Landweber, IIHR Report, Feb. 1963.

"An Evaluation of the Method of Direct Determination of Wavemaking Resistance

from Surface-Profile Measurements," by

L. Landweber, Proc. of the International Seminar on Theoretical Wave Resistance, Ann A'rbor, August 1963. "Technique of Determining the Viscous Drag

of a Ship Model by Means of a Wake Survey,

by Jin Wu, IIHR Report, August 1963. "Variation of Viscous Drag with Froude Number," by Jin Wu and L. Landweber, IIHR

Report, June 1963. "Vibration in an Incompressible Fluid," by

L. Landweber, IHHR Report, May 1963. "Vibration Frequencies of a Circular

Cylinder of Finite Length in an Inviscid

Fluid," by R. G. Warnock, IIHR Report, May

1963. "Added-Mass Distribution of a Spheroid

Vibrating at a Free Surface," by E. 0. Macagno, IIHR Report, May 1963. INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS. Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey,

Dept. of the Interior.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research for doctoral dissertation. Apparatus is now being constructed for measuring drag on individual roughness

elements and element groups. DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research. The purpose is to Improve the analysis of turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations,

especially where long-period fluctuations are significant

Analyzing systems specially designed to accommodate the long-periodic fluctuations

typical of turbulence in hydraulic models

have been constructed and are In use. These

are combinations of special-purpose analog

41
computers and digital integrators.

THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO-MOMENTUM

WAKE. Cooperative with the Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Primarily experimental; basic research. Powered models of a strut-mounted propeller

and a merchant vessel are driven in a towing basin, and the wake is investigated

with a Pitot rake and a hot-wire anemometer. Measurements of the turbulence up to one and one-half lengths astern indicate that

the decay is considerably more rapid for

the self,-propelled condition. The Intensity

u* a x"^'5 f0r. the powered model, as com- pared with x"0-M"' for a hull without a propeller. "Turbulence Studies In the Wake Behind a Powered Surface Vessel," by Charng-Nlng Chen,

M.S. thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Feb. 1964. DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASH- BOARDS . Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

.

Experimental; for M. S. thesis. Measurement of dynamic moment exerted by water flowing over flashboard. Completed.

A parameter involving turning moment on flashboard related to head- and tail-water

levels for typical OG spillway crest. "Overturning Moments on a Flashboard," by

Hsing-hua Shih, M.S. thesis, Univ. of Iowa, February 1964. (Available on loan.) WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX. Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research. Mean flow and turbulence characteristics are being measured and the energy transformation

is being analyzed in the field of flow past

a bluff, axlsymmetric body with a centrally

located jet for the particular condition of zero momentum flux. The mean-velocity defect and the axial turbulence intensity along the centerline vary in inverse proportion to the 2nd and

1st power of the longitudinal distance x, respectively. The wake spreads proportionally to the l/4th power of x. "Wake with Zero Change of Momentum Flux, " by

Muhamed Rldjanovic, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ.

of Iowa, August 1963. (Available on loan.) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS

DURING FLOOD FLOWS. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Field investigation; basic research for

Ph. D. thesis. Observations taken on transverse profile of ground-water levels during rise and recession

of hydrographs. Sections on Missouri,

Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English Rivers, Clear Creek and Rapid Creek. Permeability

tests made by pumping wells. Continuing.

Early results indicate substantial flow Into banks during period of rise, thus showing

a negative groundwater contribution to the flow In this period. ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN AN OSCILLATING FLUID. Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

and Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere

falling in an oscillating fluid.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Fall Velocity of a Sphere in a Field of an Oscillating Fluid," by Hau-Wong Ho, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, Feb. 1964. (Available on loan.)

(3738) SEDIMENT DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory project partially supported by a grant from Gulf Research and Development Co.

(c) Mr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

( d ) Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine the sediment-diffusion character- istics for small concentrations of particles

in a submerged jet of water.

(3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City Iowa.

(e) Six 20-minute sound films in color are planned to cover following material: (l) An

introduction to the subject, stressing its great breadth of coverage, the necessarily

close tie between theory and experiment, the role of the scale model in engineering

analysis and design, and methods of flow measurement in laboratory and field. (2) The source and significance of the funda- mental principles of continuity, momentum,

and energy, and their application to typical

problems in many professional fields. (3) Gravitational phenomena, including jets, nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges, and effects of density stratification. (4) Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar

flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence,

and problems of surface resistance. (5) Form drag and lift, and their application

to propulsion and fluid machinery. (6) Com- pressibility effects - water hammer, subma- rine signaling, gravity-wave and sound-wave

analogies, and supersonic drag.

(g) First three films of series, "Introduction to the Study of Fluid Motion," "Fundamental Principles of Flow," and "Flow in a Gravitational Field," now available from Bureau

of Audio-Visual Instruction, Extension Div.,

University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Fourth

film, "Characteristics of Laminar and Turbulent Flow," In preparation.

(3740) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF

RAPID ACCELERATION.

(b) Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Analytical techniques which are applicable

to systems involving rapid acceleration of fluids through constructions or of solids through fluids. Results will be expressed

as lumped-constant parameters similar to those used for steady-flow phenomena.

(g) Field and laboratory tests are planned to supplement the preliminary tests and analyses included in the report mentioned below. Volume changes due to compressibility were found to be quite important.

(h) "Research Study of the Hydrodynamics of Recoil Mechanisms," by Enzo 0. Macagno and Philip G. Hubbard, Final Report to Rock

Island Arsenal, July 1963.

(4145) INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN FLUID FLOW WITH DENSITY STft TIFICATION.

(b) Cooperative \ -Vth U. S. Army Research Office

(Durham)

.

(c) Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research and graduate

42
theses.

(e) Instability and mixing of two fluid layers of different densities flowing in the same direction. Effect of stratification on turbulent mixing of two fluid layers.

(g) Experimental data on the interfacial instability modes have been obtained and correlated with mean Reynolds number of the flow and the ratio of densities. The

subsequent mixing is being measured and

the results are under study.

(4146) EFFECT OF GATE LIP SHAPE UPON DOWNPULL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis.

(e) From pressure measurements under high-head

gates, a parameter is evaluated, with the aid of which the vertical hydrodynamic force

on the gate can be analyzed as a function

of lip shape

.

(fj Completed.

(h) "Effect of Lip Shape upon Hydraulic Forces

on High-Head Gates," by H. E. Kobus, M. S. thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Feb. 1963. "Effect of Gate and Conduit Geometry upon

the Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on High-Head

Gates," by R. P. R. Rao, M.S. thesis, Univ.

of Iowa, August 1963. "Hydrodynamic Analysis for High-Head Leaf

Gates," by E. Naudascher, H. E. Kobus, and

R. P. R. Rao, published in Proc, Amer.

Soc. Civ. Eng., Vol. 89, Hy 6, Nov. 1963.

(4147) RESISTANCE OF CYLINDRICAL PIERS IN SUPER- CRITICAL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental, M. S. thesis.

(e) Drag is studied as function of Froude number, relative depth, and relative spacing of piers

.

(h) "The Resistance of Cylindrical Piers in Open-Channel Flow," by Tsu-ying Hsieh,

Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, November 1963 or January 1964.

(4148) MEAN-FLOW AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVER BENDS.

(b) Supported by the National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental j basic research; Ph.D. dis- sertation and M.S. thesis.

(e) To determine the mean-flow and turbulence characteristics of flow in a model river bend. Pressure, velocity, shear stress, and turbulence measurements are to be made in the curved channel for smooth, rough, and movable beds. The same quantities are to be measured in an air-flow model to in- vestigate similarity criteria.

(4149) DRAG OF SUPERCAVITATING BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An approximate method of computing pressure distributions on supercavitatlng bodies of revolution has been developed. Equipment for measuring drag of nose forms with air- simulated supercavitatlng flow in a towing tank has been constructed and experiments

are under way. "Drag Coefficients of Supercavitatlng Bodies

of Revolution at Various Angles of Yaw," by M. Macagno and T.-Y. Hsieh, IIHR Report, March 1963. HEAD LOSS IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL AT 90 DEGREE BEND AS FUNCTION OF BEND WIDTH .

(c

C

&

(h

(4973

8

(:

(4974

(b

(c

(d

(4975

(b

(4976

8

(4977

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Experimental; for M.S. thesis. Determination of degree of widening required

at bend to produce minimum head loss. Completed.

Equiradial bend (approximately 40$ wider at mid point) has least loss. Loss coefficient

(0.14) half of that for bend having constant width (0.28).

"Optimum Shape of a 90 Degree Bend in a Trapezoidal Channel," by Annamalai Shanmugan,

M.S. thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Aug. 1963. (Copies reproduced at cost.) EFFECT OF RADIUS OF CURVATURE ON LOSS IN 90- DEGREE TRAPEZOIDAL BEND. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mech. & Hydr.,

Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; for M.S. thesis. Observation of series of bends with varying

ratios of radius to width. TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAKE OF A BODY OF REVOLUTION. Cooperative with David Taylor Model Basin,

Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental basic research. Measurements are being made of the turbulence near the stern of an ellipsoid mounted in an air tunnel. Specially designed Instruments

are used to respond correctly to the low- frequency, high-intensity components. EFFECT OF GATE SLOTS UPON DOWNPULL. Cooperative with Tennessee Valley Authority.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research. The pressure distribution on the lip of a high-head gate is being measured for various gate-slot geometries. A parameter is to be evaluated for the effect of the gate slot on the hydraulic downpull

.

EFFECT OF LIFTING BEAMS ON GATE VIBRATION. Cooperative with Tennessee Valley Authority.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research. The effect of the lifting-beam geometry

upon the fluctuating hydrodynamic force acting on a multiple-leaf gate during over- flow and underflow is being investigated. PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS BEHIND A NORMAL WALL

OF FINITE VARIABLE THICKNESS. Cooperative with Tennessee Valley Authority.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research.

In the separation region of a normal wall

In contact with a plane boundary, the spectrum of the pressure fluctuation, as affected by the upstream boundary layer

and the wall thickness, is being measured.

(h)

(4560)

(b) Laboratory project.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Lab.

(2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(*>) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied de- velopment and design.

(e) Study the dynamic qualities of an acceleration switching hydraulic servomechanism while operating in a closed loop under the presence of various loads and environmental conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

43
and feedback transducer.

(g) The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency

linkage has resulted in radial design compro- mises to prevent Instability. Extension of acceleration switching techniques without

any mechanical modifications has permitted

closed loop operation with bandpasses equal

to or exceeding the linkage characteristics.

(h) "Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved

Bandpass Characteristics When Driving a Resonant Mechanical Load," APL/JHU CM-962,

by W . Seamone

.

(3436) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS.

(Td) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Id) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Techniques have been developed for designing

linear servomechanisms with a limit cycle

instability about a relay type non-linearity.

The closed loop characteristics of this servomechanism becomes invariant to any pure gain changes occurring in the linear elements. This servomechanism, categorized as a self- oscillating control servomechanism, ap- peared to be an evolutionary improvement over

the acceleration switching hydraulic servo- mechanism.

(g) A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has

been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable self- oscillation frequency was achieved and dy- namic performance bandpass was independent

of hydraulic supply pressure between 500 and 2000 psl. The bandpass of both servo- mechanisms exceeded 60 cycles per second with the latter operating a complex me- chanical load system.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Department of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept.

of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN

AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Maryland

State Roads Commission, and the U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Field investigation; basic research and design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships,

as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 6 urban

areas ranging in size from 10 to 150 acres

are gaged, 5 by stage instruments and 3 by Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems which simultaneously record rainfall and runoff from 12 inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About 10 years of rainfall records now exist for a network of 12 recording gages covering an area of 50 square miles.

(g) The Rational Method of storm drainage design has been studied to see if the method could

be verified or improvements in its use

suggested. An attempt was made to study the assumption, implicit in the method, that

the frequency of occurrence of the computed

design peak runoff rate is the same as the frequency of occurrence of the selected rainfall intensity. The results suggest that constant values of the "C-Factor" and "time

of concentration" can be selected for small urban areas such that this assumption is approximately correct for the range of rainfall intensities commonly considered in design practice in the Baltimore area.

(h) "Progress Report of the Storm Drainage Research Project, September 1963", by John

C. Schaake, Jr., Department of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland.

(3437) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration and 16 participating Water Utilities.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and

design.

(e) This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands and water use patterns in residential areas having varying

populations and located in various climatic regions throughout the country. It also Is directed toward obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and other large water uses on maximum demands. The purpose

of the project is to obtain a rational design criteria for water distribution systems, to provide a basis for evaluating water rate structures and a basis for Improving system

operation

.

(g) Peak demands in residential areas can be described mathematically based upon sta- tistical evaluation of field data. Based

on data collected in four areas in Baltimore,

Maryland, residential water use can be segregated into (1) domestic or short duration uses and (2) lawn sprinkling or long duration uses. Family size appears to be the dominant factor in the domestic portion of residential water use. An

inverse relationship shows up between the number of persons in a dwelling and the average daily per capita use, varying from

84 gpcd (two persons per dwelling), to 47 gpcd (five persons per dwelling.) This relation remains fairly constant for dif- ferent strata and for different seasons. The overall average annual domestic use for

all areas was 56 gpcd. No great difference

in average annual domestic use among various housing densities appears, but a larger variation shows up in the higher value

areas. Lawn sprinkling affected peak

demands enormously. Typical winter days varied greatly with maximum summer days. Residential sprinkling demands stem from deficiencies in rainfall and differ sharply

from domestic demands. Lot size is the predominant factor, and peak demands are Independent of family size. Commercial water users, with few exceptions,

do not contribute significantly to peak

demands. Commercial peaks tend to occur in the morning, whereas the critical residential peaks take place after 6 p.m. when most commercial establishments are dark. Except

for shopping centers, service stations and

apartments, the top commercial demands coincide with the weak, secondary residential peaks in the forenoon. A comparison of domestic or indoor water use and sanitary

sewer flows shows that designers can justifiably assume that these are equal. After allowances for sprinkling and infil- tration, it was found that about 5% of the water supplied for Indoor use did not return to the sanitary sewer. For most

purposes, however, this figure is negligible

and sewer flow can be assumed equal to domestic water usage exclusive of sprinkling.

(h) "Report on Phase One of the Residential Water Use Research Project," by John C. Geyer, Jerome B. Wolff, and F. P. Linaweaver,

Jr., 137 pages (October, 1963). A limited number of copies are available upon request.

(3438) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration.

(d) Field investigation; operation and design.

(e) Examination of adequacy and utility of resi- dential sewerage system design criteria. Determination of the effects of parameters

of design, construction, loading, and natural phenomena on operation of sewerage

systems. Research includes analysis and

study of representative sewerage systems

throughout the country.

(g) General problems facing sewer designers

have been studied using field data collected

in four U. S. communities. Analysis of

4 4
these data indicates that basic causes of maintenance difficulties are tree roots, accumulations of debris in the absence of roots, other causes, and in areas having

coheslonless sub-soil, sewer cave-ins. Proportionately fewer blockages occur when

grades are moderate, and proportionately

more occur at the upper terminals of the sewers. In eight-inch pipe, manhole spacing

has little effect on the labor costs of stoppage relief. Emphasis is placed on statistical techniques for estimating domestic

sewage flow. Flow of rainwater and groundwater

was at times found to be excessive in all systems studied. Limited data on costs of operating and maintaining sewage pumping

stations are reported and evaluated,

(h) "An Evaluation of the Problems of Sanitary

Sewer System Design," by John C. Geyer and John J. Lentz, Final Report of the Residential Sewerage Research Project to the Federal Housing Administration.

(5171) GROUND WATER STORAGE PROJECT.

(b) National Institutes of Health Research Grant.

(d) Field Investigation, applied research.

(e) Application of gravity meter to study of change of storage of ground water in water

budget of 38 acre drainage basin.

(g) Commencing collection of data.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Dept. of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Y. S. Yu, Dept of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas

.

(3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A study of the instability of flow at branches of a manifold and of flow Into a slot in a plane wall of a semi-infinite flow.

(g) The characteristics of flow at the division

from a main conduit into two symmetrical, circular laterals has been studied experimentally. Visual observations and motion pictures of the smoke patterns in the vicinity of the division show that the flow at the division is unstable. The instability is caused by the fluctuating motion of the vortex pair at the division.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Flow at Division

Into Symmetrical Laterals with circular

Section," by Dan B. McVlckar, M.S. Thesis,

The University of Kansas, September 1963.

A loan copy is available at the Engineering

Library, The University of Kansas.

(3745) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Dept. of the Army.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Data from experiments made by the Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, on the controlled surface runoff due to rainfall on an impervious plane slope are analyzed. The objective is to provide an improved method

for estimating overland flow In the drainage

of airfield and expressways.

(g) The analysis was extended to runoff on an impervious surface due to rainfall of step function. The anomalour increase in dis- charge which often followed the cessation of rain is shown as a consequence of turbulent

flow becoming laminar when the battering

of the rain ceases.

(h) "Runoff from Impervious Surfaces," by Y. S. Yu and John S. McNown, Final Report, Feb.,

1963.

(4151) SEPARATION OF FLOW AT INTERIOR CORNERS,

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The instability of flow past Interior

corners was studied both theoretically and experimentally to determine the cause of ridges which skate on the free surface downstream from the slice on paper machine.

(g) Experiments were made for three types of flows, namely, (1) full head-box flow, (2) head-box not full, i.e. with a free surface, and (3) free-surface flow over a weir to determine the onset of instability in these

flows. At the lowest flows, no vortices

were observed in some tests, but the results

obtained are not conclusive. Further study

will be carried out. A method of solution

of the instability of laminar flow past interior corners is being developed.

(4641) HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY OF FLOW BETWEEN TWO CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis.

(e) Mathematical solution of Taylor's problem for finite radii of the concentric cylinders Is sought.

fl Completed.

g) The characteristic value problem of the stability of a viscous flow between two rotating, coaxial cylinders with large ratio

of gap-width to cylinder-radius has been

solved formally. Numerical calculations for

the radius-ratio equal to 1.71 are carried

out to determine the critical Taylor

number at the onset of instability for different values of the ratio of the ro- tational speed of the outer cylinder to that of the Inner cylinder. The calculated

results are compared with Lewis' experiments.

(h) "Stability of A Viscous Flow Between Two Rotating Coaxial Cylinders," by Y. S. Yu

and Dah-Chen Sun, to appear in Journal of

the Franklin Institute.

(4642) ON POTENTIAL FLOW PROBLEMS WITH FREE STREAMLINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis.

(e) A synthetic study on methods of solution of potential flow problems with free stream- lines . f) Discontinued.

h) "On Methods of Solution of Helmholtz Flows,"

by Richard Cary Coddington, II, M.S. Thesis, The University of Kansas, June, 1963. (Available on loan.)

(4643) MECHANICS OF BLOOD FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project financed by the NASA

grant to the University of Kansas,

dl Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

e) A study of flow problems pertaining to blood circulating in a vascular system.

(g) The laminar, oscillatory flow in a circular

rigid tube under a pressure gradient varying

sinusoidally with time was studied both theoretically and experimentally. Numerical

solution of the velocity distributions was

obtained. Experiments were made in glass

tube using water as the fluid medium. The measured velocity distributions agree qualitatively with the theory.

(h) "Mechanics of Blood Flow," by Hau-Wong Ho, Phillip R. Smith, and Svein Vigander,

Progress Report to the Kansas Committee on Space Science and Technology, June 10, 1963. (Available on loan.)

(4944) SOLUTION OF POTENTIAL FLOW WITH FREE STREAM- LINES BY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD.

(b) University research grant.

(d) Theoretical; M.S. thesis.

(e) To develop a method to solve free-streamline

problems with curved walls and without gravity and flows with straight walls with

gravity.

(g) A method of solution for flow past curved walls has been obtained. Numerical computations

45
are being carried out for flow past a curved bucket of spillway.

(4945) SECONDARY MOTIONS IN A "DRAIN-HOLE" VORTEX.

151

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project. Theoretical and experimental basic research for doctoral thesis. The secondary motions in a steady "drain-hole" vortex flow are being studied to determine the mechanics of its formation and the effects

of rotational speed of the tank and the water depth on the secondary motions. Experiments were made in a circular tank

with a drain-hole at the center of its bottom. Water was used as the fluid medium. For steady flow at different water depths with tank rotating or stationary, a series

of torous shaped vortices along the axis were observed. These vortices appear to be similar in pattern to the Taylor vortices.

A mathematical solution of laminar boundary

layer on a fixed plane wall normal to the axis of a free vortex has been obtained.

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects and re- quests for reprints and technical reports should be addressed to Dr. J. B. Herbich, Associate Professor,

Chairman, Hydraulics Div., Fritz Engineering Laboratory,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

(2543) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

(g)

(3084)

(to)

(h)

Laboratory Project.

Experimental: M. S. Thesis. General pressure-distribution study com- pleted. Tests of square and circular conduit with

free- Jet, horizontal apron, and three dif- ferent wall flares, have been completed. STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., Marine Division, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers.

Applied and Basic Research.

The immediate purpose of the study is to Improve design of a hopper dredge centrigugal pump for pumping silt-clay water mixtures.

The long-term objective is to determine the effect of Bingham Body-type of fluid on pumping characteristics. The project has

been divided into four phases: (1) Model

test of existing dredge pump; (2) recom- mendations for design changes of the dredge

pump; (3) model investigation of the modified design of the dredge pump; and (4) analysis of the investigation and final recommendations. Phase 1 Involved instal- lation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8 scale model of the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS. Water as well as silt-clay-water mixtures

(Bingham Body-type of fluid) were pumped and

complete characteristics of the pump ob- tained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per

minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions

per minute, and liquid concentrations of 1000 and 1380 grams per liter. Phases 2 and

3 involve modifications in the shape of vane and changes in the exit vane angle of the Impeller. Experimental tests indicate con- siderable improvement in pump efficiency.

Analysis of the experimental data resulted

In recommendations for changes in pump design.

1, 2, 3 and 4 completed. Considerable improvement in pump efficiency

has been achieved. "Modifications in Design Improve Dredge Pump

Efficiency," by J. B. Herbich, Fritz Engineering Laboratory Project Report No. 277.35,

September 1962. "Effect of Impeller Changes on Characteristics

of a Model Dredge Pump," by J. B. Herbich,

American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Paper No. 63-AHGT-33, March 1963.

(3085) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Graduate students' project.

(e) A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built

of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pressures compared with the data obtained

on the model

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Very good correlation obtained between the model and prototype.

(3086) INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES.

(b) Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Inst, of Research.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) The project has been divided into four phases:

(a) Literature survey; (b) analytical study;

(c) experimental study in a fixed-bed model

to determine the desired lengths and shapes

of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity distribution in the waterway between bridge

abutments; (d) experimental study in a movable-bed model to verify findings in part c . A spur dike has been defined as a projection extending upstream from the bridge abutments.

(f) Phases (a), (b) and (c) completed; phase (d) active

.

(g) Preliminary investigation indicates that a properly designed spur dike can produce a fairly uniform velocity distribution between

the abutments.

(3441) STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE 270 DEGREE BENDS FOR FLOW OF

SILT-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) M. S. Thesis.

(e) Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90 degree elbows assembled to form 270 degree

bends. Head loss measurements obtained for

various flows and concentrations of silt- clay-water mixtures. Prediction equations

have been investigated.

ff) Completed.

(g) No evidence of appreciable scale effect

observed.

(3442) SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD.

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree,

fd) Theoretical.

(e) Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of past research and theoretical considerations.

(f) Completed.

(3746) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree. District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Marine Division, Phlla. Corps of Engineers

.

(d) Experimental

(e) High-speed movies of flow taken through a transparent plexiglas volute casing were analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as distribution of the exit angle between the impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller

were determined.

(t) Completed.

(h) "Use of High Speed Photography to Analyze

Particle Motion in a Model Dredge Pump," by

J. B. Herbich and R. J. Christopher,

Proceedings 10th Congress, International Association for Hydraulics Research, Sept. 1953.

(3747) FRICTION HEAD LOSSES IN CIRCULAR PIPES FOR A BINGHAM-BODY FLUID.

46
<b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The object of the study Is the determination

of the pipe flow characteristics of slurries

of various concentrations. The slurries do not behave as fluids of constant viscosity

so that it is not possible to use conventlona methods for prediction of head losses in pipes conveying them. Tests are being con- ducted in 6-inch, 3-inch, and 2-inch pipelin

with velocities from less than 1 fps to over

30 fps.

(f) Suspended.

(4154) DREDGE PUMP DESIGN.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The objective of the investigation is to obtain the efficiency and head-capacity

curves, to check the effect of the reduced

vane exit angle, and to determine the efr ficlency of a model dredge pump while pumping silt-clay-water mixture of specific

gravity equal to 1.17. The experimental

tests were carried out on a 1/8 model pump

of the National Bulk Carriers Hopper Dredge,

S. S. Zulia.

f ) Completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(4155) WAVE RUN-UP ON COMPOSITE BEACHES.

(d) Graduate students' project. Experimental,

applied research for design.

(e) The main object of the study is to verify

existing equations for determining the height of wave run-up and obtain the limits

of application of the equation for long beach berms.

The study is conducted in a 67 ft. long, 2 ft. wide and 2 ft. deep wave channel equipped with pendulum-type wave generator and efficient

absorbers

(h) "Effect of Berm on Wave Run-Up on Composite

Beaches," by J. B. Herbich, R. M. Sorensen, and J. H. Willenbrock, Journal of Waterways

and Harbors Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Paper

3526, May 1963.

(4156) MULTIPLE DREDGE PUMP SYSTEMS.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The study is conducted to determine the ef- fect on total production of dredge pumps with separate discharges and a combined

discharge. The Investigation is divided

Into two parts: (a) One pair of pumps is handling a mixture of water and solids, the other is pumping only water. It is required

to determine what percentage of its normal

output will the dredge pump passing the mixture attain. (b) If one of a pair of dredge pumps, both handling water- solids mixtures, is revolving slower than the other

one, how does the total discharge compare

to the total if the discharges were not

combined?

(f) Completed.

(4644) STUDY OF THE GRAVITY WAVE REFLECTIONS FROM FLOATING RECTANGULAR BODIES.

(b) Research report requirement of master's

degree

d) Experimental.

e) The object of the study is to determine the magnitude of wave reflections from rectangular floating bodies. Tests are being con- ducted in a 67-ft. long, 2 ft. -wide and

2 ft. -deep wave channel equipped with pendulum-type wave generator and efficient absorbers

(h) Report in preparation.

(4645) EFFECT OF LENGTH AND SPACING OF SPUR DIKES,

(b) Laboratory report.

d) Experimental and theoretical; M.S. Thesis.

e) The object of the study is to determine the effect of length and spacing of spur dikes

on the magnitude of scour in uniform flow. The experiments are conducted in a 10-ft. wide, 35-ft. long open channel with movable

sand bed. Scour patterns are observed and

analyzed.

(h) "Effect of Length and Spacing of Spur Dikes

on Scour," by D. R. Joshi, M. S. thesis, Civil Engineering Department, Lehigh Univ.,

1963.

(5172) MEASUREMENT OF SLURRY FLOW BY USE OF 90° ELBOW METER.

(b) National Bulk Carrier Inc., New York, New

York.

( <4) Applied and Basic Research.

(e) A four-inch 90° elbow meter was calibrated

against a magnetic flow meter. A flow

range of from 0-1100 gpm was effected in the calibration. Water and fine concentrations

of sllt-clay-water mixtures are included in the calibration tests. The basic theory

of the "elbow meter" is discussed and an emperical mathematical relation between

liquid concentration, differential head, and pipe velocity is presented and discussed. The feasibility of use of the elbow meter

for flow measurement of slurry type flow is highly possible, but calibration of meter in place Is recommended. Also, the viscous properties of the material metered are believed to play an important role in the meter's performance.

(h) "Measurement of Slurry Flow by Use of 90° Elbow Meter," by W. P. Isaacs, Fritz Laboratory Report No. 299.1.

(5173) SUCTION DREDGING LITERATURE SURVEY.

(

t)

J Ellicott Machine Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.

(d) Applied and basic research.

(e) This report is a brief review and summary of selected literature pertaining to equipment

and methods associated with dredging

practice and laboratory studies of dredge

pumps. It consists of four parts: (1) Sum- mary and discussion section. (2) Selected

abstracts. (3) Annotated bibliography.

(4) Bibliography.

The discussion section consists of two parts. Part 1 discusses dredging equipment and dredging in general. Part 2 discusses dredge pumps

(h) "Suction Dredging Literature Survey," by

Hugh D. Murphy & John B. Herbich, Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 301.1.

(5174) PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A 1:6 MODEL DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Ellicott Machine Corporation, Baltimore, Md.

(d) Applied and basic research.

(e) Performance tests were made on five 1:6 scale model impellers. Each impeller was tested

at four constant speeds over a wide range of heads and discharges. Water and two con- centrations of a typical dredging mud were

tested with each impeller at all four speeds. Various graphs and design application curves were developed for making similarity studies and designs in the homologous series of pumps

(h) "Performance Study of A 1:6 Model Dredge

Pump," by W. P. Isaacs, V. R. Marlani,

H. D. Murphy, S. F. Tallan. Fritz Engineering Laboratory Report No. 301.2.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE, Agricultural Engineering Department.

(4489) SUBIRRIGATION WITH PERFORATED TUBES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Harry J. Braud, Jr., La. State University

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

47
(d) Experimental and field investigation; design

and development.

(e) The hydraulic behavior of small plastic

perforated tubes embedded in a soil medium for

sublrrigatlon is being investigated. Plow at low Reynolds number is utilized. Observations

are made of combined tube friction loss, orifice head loss and hydrostatic pressures resisting discharge from the perforations.

Discharge rates from drilled holes and slits

are being studied.

(5030) A GROUND-WATER PRESSURE TRANSDUCER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Jackie w. D. Robbins, L.S.U. Agricultural Engineering Department, Baton Rouge,

La.

d) Experimental; design and development.

e) A study is being made to determine the applicability of an electrical gaging

instrument for measuring ground-water

pressure. Essentially, the instrument

consists of a strain gage attached to a diaphragm. Hydrostatic pressure of ground- water acting against the diaphragm will

cause the transducer to produce a measurable

electrical signal and thus indirectly

measure the magnitude of the ground-water

pre s sure

.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(307) MECHANICS OF STRATIFIED FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) General studies on the characteristics of two-layer, stratified flows. Present studies

are concerned with the problems of selective withdrawal of fluids of slightly different

density. Small density differences may be due to changes in temperature, sediment in suspension or changes in concentration of dissolved solids.

(g) Experimental studies have been made on vertical

intakes of various geometries placed beneath

the interface of the lower layer fluid. The maximum discharge which can be obtained without drawdown of the lighter, upper

layer fluid is determined. Similar studies

on stratified fluids in porous media are underway.

(h) "Characteristics of Inverted Inlets near a Density Interface," S. B. Thesis. M. R. Damghany and Q. N. Fattah, August 1962. "Corner Eddies in Rotation Flows," J. A. Tlapa. S. B. Thesis, June 1962.

(1609) STUDY OF BEACH PROCESSES IN THE INSHORE AND

FORESHORE ZONES.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(S.M. Thesis).

(e) Study of the surface profile and internal kinematics of a shoaling oscillatory wave up to and beyond the breaker.

(g) The theoretical phase is seeking an analytical

description of the shoaling of finite amplitude waves which yields mass transport and is valid up to breaking. Preliminary results

indicate that an exact irrotatlonal solution may not exist. The experimental phase in- volves measurement of orbital velocities,

static pressures and wave profile. Appropriate

instrumentation is being developed.

(h) "A Thermistor Probe for Measuring Particle Orbital Speed in Water Waves," by P. S. Eagleson and W. P. M. van de Watering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report

No. 61, September 1963.

(2548) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS.

b) Public Health Service.

c; Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) An investigation of various turbulent diffusion processes for application to salinity intrusion and waste disposal in tidal estuaries.

(g) The experimental equipment is a 32-foot

channel in which turbulence is generated

mechanically by means of a stack of expanded aluminum sheets oscillating

vertically. Concentrations are measured

and recorded at various stations by means

of probes sensitive to the changes in conduc- tivity. The turbulence level is specified in terms of the measured rate of energy dis- sipation within the liquid. The effects of gravity convection due to density differences between the diffusant and receiving fluids

are separated from turbulent diffusion

effects by a series of control tests with

zero density difference. Experiments

were made to determine the longitudinal distribution of salinity in a uniform

estuary with fresh water inflow at one end

and a constant ocean salinity maintained

at the other end. Salinity distributions are determined for various fresh water inflow rates and turbulence levels in the flume. The one-dimensional salinity distribution is found to be correlated with a stratification parameter expressing the ratio of energy dissipation to the gain in potential energy

of the flow in the estuary. Present studies

are concerned with the two-dimensional

salinity distributions and the relationship

of the vertical salinity gradients to the vertical velocity distributions. The reversal of the bottom velocities which is characteristic of estuaries is also shown to

be related to the stratification parameter

described above.

(h) "An Analysis of One-dimensional Convective Diffusion Phenomena in an Idealized Estuary,"

D. R. F. Harleman, D. W. McDougall, C. J. Galvin, and J. A. Hoopes. Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Technical Report No. 42, Jan.

1961. "Density Effects on Vertical Turbulent

Diffusion," R. B. Halaby and I. Taher.

S. B. Thesis, June 1962. "Salinity Effects on Velocity Distributions

in an Idealized Estuary," D. R. F. Harleman,

J. A. Hoopes, D. McDougall, C. J. Galvin, and D. Goulis. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Technical Report No. 50, January 1962.

"The Prediction of Salinity Intrusion Changes in Partially Mixed Estuaries," D. R. F. Harleman and J. A. Hoopes. Proceedings of the 10th Congress, International Association

for Hydraulic Research, London, Sept. 1963.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH SUBMERGED AND

FLOATING BODIES.

bl Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The purpose of the study is to determine

the wave reflecting and transmitting char- acteristics of different types of structures

suitable for application to floating or moored breakwaters.

(g) Two problems are currently under investigation: (1) Tubular Breakwater. Experiments

on a tubular breakwater covered a series of tests on various lengths and number of tubes for a wide range of wave lengths and wave

steepness

.

The effects of these variables on the

48
transmission and reflection coei'i lclents and on the wave power loss and on the forces on the breakwater are thus defined. (2) Effect

of a Gradual Change of Depth and Width on Wave Transformation. A theory has been developed which is applicable to long waves encountering a gradual change in depth. These investigations are made in connection with

a more general study on the transformation of long waves in the presence of submarine obstructions. A systematic investigation is now conducted to extend this work analytically

and experimentally to the following phases:

(a) Reflection and transmission characteristics

for gradual changes in depth, (b) Reflection

and transmission characteristics for gradual

changes in width. (c) Combinations of a and b.

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(S. M. Thesis).

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge geometry

and flow-induced body vibration on span-wise correlations of instantaneous wake structure

for flat plates.

(g) Flat plates are spring mounted in a water

tunnel. Instantaneous total head is measured

at one fixed and one variable (spanwise) location in the early wake. The spanwise

spatial correlation is obtained from the cross power spectrum as an indication of the effect of transverse motion and trailing edge

geometry on two-dimensionality of the wake.

(h) "The Effect of Boundary Layer Thickness and Vibrational Amplitude on the Strouhal Numbers

for Flat Plates," P. S. Eagleson and J. W. Daily. Proc. IAHR London Congress, 1963,

pp. 73-80.

"The Nature of Self-Excitation in the Flow- Induced Vibration of Flat Plates," P. S. Eagleson, G. K. Noutsopoulos and J. W. Daily. Trans. ASME Paper No. 63-WA-95, Nov. 1963.

(3443) COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE COMPLETE TRANSIENT PROBLEM IN A HYDRO-POWER PLANT.

(b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Division, Missouri River.

(c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor P. S. Eagleson.

d) Theoretical, field tests; applied research.

e) Development of a digital computer program

of general utility and proven validity for

performing design analyses Involving the response of hydro-power plant systems to load fluctuation.

(g) Digital computer programs have been written which for a wide range of hydraulic geometries

will yield the time variation of the important

hydraulic and mechanical variables for an arbitrary time variation in electrical laod under the assumption of an isolated system. The results of these programs compare well with field test measurements. Final reports

and a user's manual are being prepared.

(3444) EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS

DAMPING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT

OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Investigation of the response of a harbor

to waves incident on the harbor opening, with open ocean conditions simulated in a basin of finite size.

(g) The response of a rectangular harbor connected

to the open sea was studied both analytically

and experimentally. Solutions were obtained for the harbor response to wave incident

from the ocean. Experiments were conducted

on fully-open as well as partially-open

harbors of different geometrical properties.

Wave filters and absorbers were used to simu- late the conditions of an open sea in a finite basin. It was found that the theo- retical solutions accurately predict the resonant periods of the harbor. Good understanding was also reached regarding the "harbor paradox." Investigations revealed

its relation to viscous damping and to the response of a harbor to waves of a continuous power spectrum,

(h) "Wave Induced Oscillations in Harbors: The Solution for a Rectangular Harbor Connected

to the Open-Sea," A. T. Ippen and Y. Goda. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report

No. 59, July 1963. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation

of Wave Energy Disslpators Composed of Wire

Mesh Screens," Y. Goda and A. T. Ippen.

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report

No. 60, August 1963.

(3748) DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIAN AND WASTE WATER

RECHARGE.

(b) National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) A numerical analysis to determine the amount

of dispersion between mlscible fluids of differing quality in radial, confined flow

through a porous medium has been completed. An Investigation of dispersion arising

from the injection of a contaminant through

a recharge well and the withdrawal of fresh water through a pumping well, both pumping

at the same rate, in an infinite, confined aquifer is being carried out currently. Results will be Important to engineering

projects in the recharging of aquifers with reclaimed waste water.

(g) In the initial phase of this study a general

correlation of known measurements of the longitudinal and lateral dispersion co- efficients, using the correct dimensionless

representation, is being undertaken. In addition, measurements of both these co- efficients are being carried out for several

fine gravels with the Reynolds Number (based upon mean particle diameter and seepage

velocity) varying from 0.1 to 1000. The second phase Is concerned with the prediction

of the amount of dispersion (mixing) that occurs when a single well, pumping at a steady rate, discharges reclaimed waste water into an infinite, homogeneous, Iso- tropic aquifer. A numerical solution of the governing differential equation has been

obtained. This solution is compared with

several approximate methods of solution to the differential equation and to some known

field and experimental results.

In the final phase, the problem of two- dimensional dispersion, arising from the steady injection of a contaminant through a recharge well and the steady withdrawal of fresh water by a pumping well (both pumping

at the same rate), Is being investigated

numerically with the help of a high speed

computer. A sand model of this two well flow problem Is also under construction.

(h) "Dispersion In Porous Media," P. F. Mehlhorn.

S. M. Thesis, June 1962. "Longitudinal Dispersion in Steady and Un- steady Flow," R. R. Rumer, Jr. Proc. ASCE

Vol. 88, HY4, July 1962. "Aquifer Recharge from Intermittent Streams,"

J. M. Ochoa-Pile. S. M. Thesis, Aug. 1962. "Dispersion-Permeability Correlation in Porous Media," D. R. F. Harleman, P. F. Mehlhorn, and R. R. Rumer, Jr. Proc. ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY2, March 1963. "Dynamics of Salt Water Intrusion in Porous

Media," R. R. Rumer, Jr. Sc. D. Thesis,

August 1962. "Longitudinal and Lateral Dispersion in an Isotropic Porous Medium," D. R. F. Harleman

and R. R. Rumer, Jr. Journal of Fluid

49
Mechanics, Vol. 16, Part 3, July 1963.

(3749) RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept.

of the Army.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(dj Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Effect of superposed throughflows on boundary

layers, secondary motions and surface resistance of enclosed rotating disks.

(f) Experimental project completed. Final report

In preparation.

(g) Quantitative measurements of torque, fluid velocity and pressure distributions and unsteady periodicities were made using smooth disks in an enclosure with variable axial

clearance. The case of separate boundary

layers with a rotating core between disk

and stationary walls was modelled mathe- matically and checked against experiment

using digital computations.

(h) "A Solution for the Flow Field Produced by

an Enclosed Rotating Disk with Net Radial

Flow," W. D. Ernst. S. M. Thesis, June 1963. "Unsteadiness and Close Clearance Torque for

an Enclosed Rotating Disk with Superposed

Throughflow, " Val V. Asbedian. S. M. Thesis,

August 1963.

(3750) WAVE FORCES ON STRUCTURES

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search (S. M. Thesis).

(e) The objective is the development of design information for wave forces on immersed

objects

(g) Analytical procedures have been developed to determine the variation with time of the lateral forces developed on a vertical cylinder due to eddy shedding. Experiments

are being run to determine the magnitude of the lateral forces as a function of cylinder

diameter and wave characteristics. The phasing of the vortex shedding forces is being correlated with the wave motion.

(4158) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE FORMATION OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS.

(b) M. I. T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering.

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of the formation of longshore currents.

(g) Earlier experiments are being repeated at

a larger scale to ascertain the general

validity of results obtained. The formation

of rip-currents is being investigated.

"Experimental and Theoretical Study of Longshore Currents on a Plane Beach," C. J. Galvin. Ph.D. Thesis, June 1963. INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF

COMPLEX WAVE FORMS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof.

P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Basic research facility.

(e) Selection and assembly of an analog computer

for the calculation and plotting of corre- lation and spectrum functions. Design and construction of a mechanical time delay mechani sm

(g) Data are acquired on a portable, multichannel

FM tape transport. A second transport

permits frequency multiplication through re- recording and provides a 120-foot tape loop

capability for the repetitive analysis of short records. Matched filters allow the determination of cross power spectral densities as well as the power spectral

density of a single signal. The tape loop

transport has been fitted with a mechanical

(h)

(4159)

time delay mechanism for the determination

of correlation functions. Output of all operational modes is through an x-y plotter.

(4160) MOTION OF SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW A FREE

SURFACE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge

39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) An investigation of the turbulent wake generated by a moving two-dimensional body beneath a free surface, Including the effects of density stratification.

(g) Velocity distributions have been measured

at various distances behind a two-dimension =fl. body moving at different depths of sub- mergence in a homogeneous fluid, and similar measurements are now being made for a twc

layered density- stratified fluid" with the body moving at the interface. The turbulent mixing between the two layers has been measured by measuring concentration profiles

of the tracer, Initially present In only the

lower, heavier layer, at various distances behind the plate. An image method has been developed for predicting the velocity distri- bution. in the wake of a body moving near a rigid boundary or free surface. The vertical diffusion coefficient has been found to decrease significantly with increasing

density difference between the two layers. In the presence of density stratification the wake width first increases due to mixing,

then decreases as the heavier fluid that is Initially diffused upward settles and the lighter fluid rises. The drag on the plate increases with decreasing depth of sub- mergence, but is not measurably affected by

the density stratification.

(h) "Mixing of a Stratified Fluid in a Two- Dimensional Wake," E. A. Prych. S. M. Thesis, June 1963.

(4648) MECHANICS OF AERATION AND DISPERSION IN RIVER POLLUTION.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Public Health

Service.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) A study of the basic mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere into turbulent water and Investigations Into the vertical diffusive transport and the longitudinal

dispersive transport of the dissolved oxygen

in a flowing stream.

(g) In one set of experiments turbulence is produced with oscillating screens in a shallow tank of initially deaerated water, and the dissolved oxygen is measured as a function of time and depth by means of an electro-chemical probe. One of the objectives

is to separate the effects of turbulence

on oxygen transfer across the surface from

the effects of turbulent diffusion within

the body of the fluid. In another set of experiments, longitudinal dispersion In an oscillating flow will be studied. The results will be applied to the oxygen balance

of estuaries.

(4649) TURBULENT TRANSFER MECHANICS OF FLUID SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES.

(b) Pioneering Research Program, Institute of Paper Chemistry.

(c) Professor J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Basic study of turbulent transfer mechanics

of liquid flows with particles In suspension

(g) Experiments were continued using spherical

plastic particles In water suspensions with

emphasis on the distinct differences

observed in behaviour of very fine and coarse

5u
particles. Fully developed shear flows in circular tubes were used in a special flow

facility.

(h) "Measurement of Particle Effects in Flowing

Suspensions, " Cheng-chung Shen. S.M. Thesis, October 1963.

(4650) HURRICANE BARRIER STUDIES.

(b) U. S. Array Engineer Division, New England,

Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) Determination by digital computation of waves produced by storms in the vicinity of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and selection

of design wave for hurricane barriers at the entrance to the bay. Determination of optimum geometry for the barriers.

ff) Completed.

(g) Preparation of final report Is In process.

(4651) REFRACTION OF TSUNAMI WAVES IN THE PRESENCE OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.

(b) U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. D. R. F. Harleman,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

(doctoral thesis)

.

(e) Analytical and experimental study of tsunami refraction using non-linear shallow water

wave theory.

(g) Tsunami refraction problems are characterized by the fact that the wave lengths of

the wave train and the base diameter of a typical island are of the same order of magnitude. Hence usual methods of analysis

assuming small wave lengths relative to the refracting body are inadequate. A piston

type wave generator has been constructed in

a wide shallow channel capable of generating

a finite wave train simulating an open ocean

tsunami. Expressions for various amplifi- cation factors, and reflection and trans- mission coefficients were derived. Experi- ments were performed on both two- and three- dimensional island geometries for comparison

with the theory.

(h) "Interaction of Tsunamis With Oceanic Islands

and Submarine Topographies," K. K. Wong,

A. T. Ippen, and D. R. F. Harleman. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report No. 62, August 1963.

(4654) A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYSTEMATIC INVESTI- GATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. P. A. Drinker,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) A research program to develop the general characteristics of the flow of fluidsediment mixtures and of the interaction of fluid flow with movable boundaries.

(g) A study of sediment transport by shear flow

In the annulus between two rotating drums rather than by flow in a channel has been

initiated. A new experimental apparatus which replaces the commonly employed

longitudinal channel by an annular channel between two rotating drums has been designed

and built. The normal gravitational field

is replaced by a centrifugal force field. With the cylindrical drums rotating at different relative speeds a large variety

of flow conditions can be established in

the "endless" annular channel, covering a wide range of tractive forces on the sediment deposited on the wall of the outer drum under various modes of relative motion. The difficult recirculation of sediment and liquid necessary in conventional flumes is thus avoided and uniform flow conditions seem assured.

(4655) ENTRAINMENT OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

(g)

Navy.

(c) Prof. P. A. Drinker, Prof. C. C. Ladd, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A laboratory study of the relationship

between shear strength and erosion resistance

of cohesive soils in water.

(g) Equipment has been developed for measuring

shear strength of normally consolidated

and overconsolidated clays, at conditions approaching zero effective stress. A flume

is being prepared for direct examination by high speed motion pictures of clay

erosion. The experiments are designed to

study, under carefully controlled conditions, true cohesion of clays subjected to shearing

at zero effective stress (I.e. at the clay- water interface). Initial erosion of soil samples will be correlated with local velocity and boundary shear stress.

(h) "Erosion of Cohesive Soils," Report to ONR, Soils Division, Department of Civil Engrg., December 1963.

(5114) ROUTING UNSTEADY FLOWS FROM HYDROELECTRIC

PLANTS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF NAVIGATION AND

PEAK POWER PRODUCTION.

(b) Tennessee Valley Authority.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(dl Analytical; applied research,

(e) Theoretical analysis of rapid changes of discharge in open-channels and the use of mathematical models of such flows In digital

and analog computers.

A method of characteristics especially

suitable for large and rapid changes of discharge is being applied to a channel having simple variations in geometry.

(5115) SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY FOR WATER-RESOURCE

PLANNING IN A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and analytical; basic research.

(e) Research on the use of mathematical models

and systems analysis in planning for comprehensive development of water resources

in river basins or other hydrologic units.

The relationship of such developments to the social and economic activity of the region in which the unit is located Is also being considered.

(g) An existing mathematical model for simulating

a single multi-purpose reservoir is being

modified for more sophisticated handling of operating decisions during the simulation.

(5116) DEFINITION OF WATER- RESOURCE PROBLEMS IN LATIN AMERICA.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Area survey; for problem Identification.

(e) General study of water-resource problems

of Latin America to define specific and sig- nificant problems that seem to be areas of fruitful research.

(5117) ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engrg.

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral and S.M. Thesis).

(e) Development of improved analytical techniques for the prediction of the time variation in stream flow at some point in a drainage

basin due to a given temporal and areal distribution of precipitation. Development

of the means for synthesizing these pre- dictors in the absence of long term hydrologic records.

(5118) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT RIPPLES AND DUNES.

51
81

(a)

(e)

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. (h)

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The formation of sediment ripples and dunes are being investigated as a stability problem by

using a potential flow solution for flow over

a small-amplitude wavy bed and a sediment transport law in which the transport rate

at any point is proportional to a power of the velocity near the bed a fixed distance

upstream. The kinematics of the resulting

sediment motion are used to determine the conditions for which the bed waves will grow, and the behaviour of the resulting bed

features

.

(g) Formulas for the wave lengths and velocity of movement of ripples, dunes, and antidunes in open channel have been developed, and the condition for formation of the different

types of bed features have been delineated. Expressions for the length and velocity of ripples and dunes in closed rectangular

conduits and in the desert have also been

developed. Insofar as comparison is possible,

good agreement has been found between the theoretical results and experimental data.

(h) "The Mechanics of Dunes and Antidunes in Erodible-Bed Channels," J. F. Kennedy. Journal

of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 16, pp. 521-544,

August 1963.

"The Mechanics of Wave-Generated Sediment

Ripples," M. Falcon. S.M. Thesis, June 1963.

(5119) TIDAL, SALINITY AND SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS

IN LAKE MARACAIBO CHANNEL, VENEZUELA.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engrg.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. E. Parthoniades,

and Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The primary purpose of this project is to investigate the laws governing tide propagation

and salt water intrusion in estuarial channels,

and erosion, transport, and deposition of fine material in estuaries. The long range goals

of these studies are: (a) To make possible

a theoretical or an experimental prediction

of salinity and current velocity changes caused by certain engineering operations in estuarial areas; (b) to provide enough in- formation for a reasonable theoretical or experimental evaluation of fine sediment transport and deposition particularly In estuarial navigation channels; (c) to establish

rational criteria for the stability of channels with cohesive bed and banks and their pro- tection against objectionable erosion.

(g) Research work has just started, an experi- mental setup is under study for an investi- gation to determine what factors are important

in the erosion and deposition of cohesive

soils.

(h) "A Study of Erosion and Deposition of Cohesive

Soils in Salt Water," Emmanuel Partheniades

.

Tech. Report No. HE-1-63, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, San Jose

State College, San Jose, Calif.

(5120) THE FEASIBILITY OF ROTATING MODELS IN THE STUDY OF CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN LARGE LAKES. jb)

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., (d) Cambridge 39, Mass.

Id) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A study of the feasibility of small scale (e) models in which similitude with respect to gravity and Coriolis forces is obtained. Velocity and time scales are obtained from Frondian conditions for a distorted model. Model is rotated to obtain effect of Coriolis

acceleration.

(g) Surface current patterns on a small model

of Lake Michigan have been obtained for a (g) constant wind field both with and without

rotation of the model. The effect of a vertical density stratification on current patterns has been studied. The production

of a thermocline by infrared heating of the model surface has also been investigated.

"An Investigation of the Establishment of a Thermocline in a Model Lake," T. D. Chappell.

S.M. Thesis, June 1963.

"The Feasibility of a Dynamic Model of Lake

Michigan," D. R. F. Harleman, E. R. Holley,

Jr., J. A. Hooper, and R. R. Rumer, Jr., Publ. No. 9, Great Lakes Research Division, Institute of Science and Technology, Univ.

of Michigan, 1962.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(37 58) FILM BOILING INSIDE OF TUBES.

(g)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. W. M. Rohsenow, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. The project is both an analytical and an experimental investigation of film boiling

heat transfer.

The objective of the film boiling research

is to derive relationships which will

predict tube wall temperatures and heat transfer coefficients as a function of heat flux, tube diameter, flow rate, fluid properties distance from the tube inlet and temperature of the liquid entering the tube. Visual tests are made to obtain the flow

regime characteristics needed to set up a mathematical model of the film boiling

process and quantitative tests are used to check the validity of the analytically

derived relationships.

The current study is an Investigation of film boiling of liquid flowing upward through a uniformly heated vertical tube for the case

of saturated liquid entering the tube and

sufficient tube length to vaporize most of the liquid. To date, three studies have been completed

which were confined to the case in which

the mass of generated vapor is small relative

to the total mass of liquid flowing through

the tube. The first two of these dealt with

film boiling of a liquid flowing through a horizontal tube, one covering the case of saturated liquid entering the tube and the other extending the work to Include the effect of subcooled liquid entering the

tube. The third dealt with film boiling of liquid flowing upward through a vertical

tube when the flow entering the tube is saturated liquid.

"Film Boiling on the Insida of Horizontal

Tubes in Forced Convection," by R. A. Kruger, Ph.D. Thesis, June 1961. "Effect of Subcooling on Film Boiling in a Horizontal Tube," by E. F. Doyle, S.M. Thesis, June 1962. "Film Boiling on the Inside of Vertical Tubes with Upward Flow of the Fluid at Low

Qualities," R. S. Dougall, Sc.D. Thesis,

September 1963.

(4490) COOLING OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTROMAGNETS. National Magnet Laboratory.

Prof. Arthur Bergles, M.I.T., Cambridge 39, Mass. Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; bachelor's, master's

and doctor's theses. This project has been concerned with the prediction of heat transfer and pressure

drop under conditions simulating those encountered in high-performance electromagnets. Forced convection and forced- convection boiling, including burnout, are being studied. Techniques of augmenting

heat transfer are also being considered.

A design procedure has been proposed for

the prediction of forced-convection, surface boiling heat transfer from a minimum of experimental information. Subcooled burnout

heat fluxes have been found to increase

(h)

52
considerably as tube diameter is reduced below 0.25 in. Vibrations applied to the fluid cause substantial increases in heat transfer under certain flow conditions,

(h) "The Influence of Temperature Difference on the Turbulent Forced-Convection Heating of Water," A. E. Bergles and W. M. Rohsenow,

Trans. ASME . , J. Heat Transfer, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 268-270, August, 1963.

"The Determination of Forced-Convection Surface-Boiling Heat Transfer," A. E. Bergles

and W. M. Rohsenow, ASME Paper No. 63-HT-22,

1963. "Subcooled Burnout in Tubes of Small Diameter,"

A. E. Bergles, ASME Paper No. 63-WA-182, 1963.

(4494) THE TRANSITION BETWEEN TWO PHASE SLUG AND

ANNULAR FLOW.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

c; Mr. P. Griffith, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) To find the slug-annular flow regime

transition.

(e) An electrical probe in the pipe with air and water flowing in it is used to determine the transition.

(f) Continuing.

(4498) ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE STUDIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. George S. Springer, Room 3-264, Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Applied research.

e) A water tunnel is being constructed for use

in eel flow visualization studies, with

particular emphasis to be placed on the behavior of three dimensional boundary layers.

(4978) FLUID JET MODULATORS.

(b) U. S. Air Force, Aeronautical Systems Div.,

U. S. Army, AMC, Redstone Arsenal.

(c) Prof. Forbes T. Brown, Asst. Prof, of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Room

3-461, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied research; several master's and doctoral theses Involved.

(e) Fluid Jet modulators are a class of devices

in which a jet of fluid is modulated, usually

without the use of moving mechanical parts,

to perform useful control or computational

functions. Work is directed toward a more

thorough understanding and optimization of amplifiers, relays, diodes, oscillators,

and logic elements. Special application to control of turbomachlnery. Current emphasis

on dynamic interactions and stability,

including especially the effects of fluid

lines

.

(g) Analysis of dispersion of transients In fluid lines extended, including finding the complete step responses in cylindrical lines with laminar flow. Techniques and optimizing

analysis for pressure-controlled amplifiers

and relays have been proposed. Generalized

stability criteria found. Dynamic controlled

deflection of jet and Interaction with receiver

ports are partially understood. Several proportional and bistable amplifiers built, and a constant-frequency oscillator is partly

developed.

(h) "Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Optimum Geometry of Continuous Fluid Jet Amplifiers," W. B. Bails, S.B. Thesis,

M.I.T., June 1962, Available: Engineering

Projects Laboratory, M.I.T. "Fluid Diode Sensor," W. B. Bails, S.M. Thesis,

Engineering Projects Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, M.I.T., August 1963. "Pneumatic Pulse Transmission with Bistable

Jet Relay Reception and Amplification," F. T. Brown, Sc.D. Thesis, M.I.T., June 1962. Available: Engineering Projects Laboratory,

M.I.T.

"A Combined Analytical and Experimental

Approach to the Development of Fluid-Jet Amplifiers," F. T. Brown, ASME Paper No. 62-WA-154, accepted for publication in

Journal of Basic Engineering, ASME Transactions, with discussion by A . R. Van

Koevering, included In booklet "Fluid-Jet Control Devices," ASME Winter Annual Meeting, November 26, 1962. "The Transient Response of Fluid Lines,"

F. T. Brown, Journal of Basic Engineering, ASME Transactions, Volume 84, No. 4, Dec.

1962.

"On the Inherent Limitations in Fluid Jet Modulators," F. T. Brown, available from Diamond Ordnance Fuse Laboratories, Wash. 25, D. C. "An Experimental Investigation of Pneumatic

Jet-Type Amplifiers and Relays," R. W. Crossley, S. M. Thesis, M.I.T. September

1961. Available: Engineering Projects

Laboratory, M.I.T.

"An Experimental Study of the Characteristics

of a Pneumatic Valve with No Moving Mechanical Parts," W. J. Hastings, S. B. Thesis,

M.I.T., June 1962. Available: Engineering

Projects Laboratory, M.I.T.

"The Effect of Geometric Parameters on the Static Performance of an Axl-Symmetric Jet Modulator," H. A. Leibowitz, S. B. Thesis,

Engineering Projects Laboratory, Mechanical

Engineering Department, M.I.T. , June 1963.

"A Theoretical Study of the Design Parameters

of Subsonic Pressure-Controlled Fluid Jet Amplifiers," A. K. SImson, Ph.D. Thesis,

July 1963. Available: Engineering Projects

Laboratory, M.I.T. "Experimental Load Characteristics of Fluid

Jet Amplifiers," A. ft. Van Koevering, S.M. Thesis M.I.T. , August 1962. Available: Engineering Projects Laboratory, M.I.T.

(4979) FLUID FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER IN MULTIPLECHANNEL NATURAL CIRCULATION SYSTEMS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. John C. Chato, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental applied research program done primarily for a doctoral thesis.

(e) Investigation of the flow phenomena pertaining to multiple-channel natural circulation

systems, such as stable and metastable flow configurations, Inverse flows, "premature" transitions to turbulence, and entrance effects with varying heat inputs.

(g) When there are more than two heat input

levels in a multiple channel system, a metastable heat input regime exists within

which more than one flow pattern can occur, depending on the history of the flow or the disturbances In the system. The magnitude

of the metastable regime is affected by

channel geometry, header temperatures, heat

flux rates, and the occurrence of boiling.

Transition to turbulence can oocur at a much lower Reynolds number in flows with

heat transfer than in adiabatic flows.

(h) "Natural Convection Flows In Parallel-Channel

Systems," J. C. Chato, Trans. ASME, J. Heat

Transfer, Nov., 1963.

(4980) FLOW OF CONDUCTING FLUIDS IN A MAGNETIC FIELDb) Mass. Inst, of Technology.

c) Mr. William H. Helser, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Applied research; analysis, design and development

.

(e) The flow pattern from a vertical, cylindrical tank which is emptying through a hole In the bottom can be severely altered by a vertical magnetic field if the fluid conducts electricity. This experiment is proposed to demonstrate and indicate the magnitude of this effect.

(f) Planning phase.

(4981) DEVELOPMENT OF A FLUID PULSE ACTUATION

SERVOMOTOR.

b) U. S. Air Force, Wright Field.

c) Prof. S.-Y. Lee, Mass. Inst, of Tech. Cambridge 39, Mass.

53
(4982)

(t>)

(c)

(4983)

(b)

Applied research; design and development. An oscillating fluid Jet is used to control

the oscillation of a diaphragm actuator, the output motion of which is mechanically

rectified. This system will have the inherent advantage of having a very small volume of fluid under compression. The dynamic response

is expected to be high. FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND

FLUID FLOW INSIDE A HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr. Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Basic research; experimental and theoretical. To conduct a visual and quantitative study

of the fluid mechanics of a horizontal tube evaporator In order to clarify the confusion which presently exists In the interpretation

of experimental results. DETERMINATION OF THE STATE OF THE ART IN TWO- PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW PHENOMENA. Office of Naval Research (Nonr-1841(73)

Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr., Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Literature search and review. Conduct a world wide search of the literature

on various aspects of two-phase gas-liquid flow, index the literature and review the state of the art in various problem areas.

"An Index to the Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Literature Part I," S. W. Gouse, Jr., EPL

Report 8734-1, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,

May 1963.

VISUAL STUDY OF TWO-PHASE, ONE-COMPONENT FLOW WITH HEAT ADDITION. National Science Foundation, NSF Grant G11355

and G19771.

Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr., Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Basic research; experimental and theoretical

investigation.

Investigate two-phase one-component flow in transparent electric resistance film heated

single and parallel vertical channels. Make measurements of pressure drop, temperature

distribution, flow pattern, and flow stability.

"Visual Study of Two-Phase One-Component Flow

in a Vertical Tube with Heat Transfer," S. W. Gouse, Jr., Cheng-Chieh Hwang, EPL Report

8973-1, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 1963. "Flow Oscillations in a Closed Loop With

Transparent, Parallel, Vertical, Heated

Channels," S. W. Gouse, Jr., Carl D. Andrysiak, EPL Report 8973-2, Dept. of Mechanical En- gineering, June 1963.

(4985) THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF BUBBLY MIXTURES.

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) Mr. Peter Griffith, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39, Mass. To determine the flow properties of bubbly

mixtures.

A vertical tube is suspended so that shear forces can be measured directly. These are then used to compute a two phase friction

factor. Continuing.

(h)

(4984)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(d)

(e)

(f)

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

(2561) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service, U. S. Geological Survey, and Mass. Water Resources Commission.

(c) Prof. George R. Higgins, Engineering Research Institute, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental-field and laboratory; for de- sign of watershed yield, flood peak reduction and general information.

(e) Mass curve and Duration curve studies for reservoir and watershed yield have been done for nearly all the gaged streams in Massachusetts. The purpose of the study Is to determine general information for optimum

use of water resources of the state. Par- ticular emphasis on recreational aspects

and low flow characteristics is presently

being considered,

(h) Progress reports were submitted to the University Research Council in 1959 and 1960. A report for the Massachusetts Water

Resources Commission was submitted in 1963.

(3766) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF STANDING (TRAPPED RING) VORTICES IN TWO- DIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Using a Hele-Shaw table, a vortex Is formed

in a cusp and the tendency of the vortex to remain in the cusp is studied for various

free stream velocities past the cusp as well

as for various suction rates applied within

the cusp in accordance with a theory of Ringleb.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Using dye, experimental streamlines and stagnation points agreed quite well with theory with and without suction. A small propeller was required to maintain the vortex within the cusp due to the over- powering viscous effect; hence vortex sta- bility could not be studied.

(h) Master's thesis by H. Wang completed.

(4165) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Senior student honors project, Dr. E. E. Llndsey supervisor, Associate Dean of Engrg., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Effect of surface tension of pressure drop

and slip for two-phase flow; variation in phase ratios along a pipe.

(4166) AGITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN LIQUID-LIQUID

SYSTEMS

(b) National Science Foundation; University of Massachusetts Research Council.

(c) Associate Dean E. E. Llndsey, Engineering

Research Institute, University of Mass., Amherst, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Two Immiscible or partly miscible liquids

are used. Dispersions are produced in a dynamometer agitator and particle sizes of the sampled dispersion are measured by a light scattering technique. One thesis was concerned with developing the technique and study in geometrically similar, baffled

tanks, another thesis with transient change

in drop sizes at the start of agitation. Current project is to study variations in geometry. Work is starting on development

of light-scattering probe to measure particle

size directly In the mixing tank.

(g) Primary peaks in the drop size distribution

occurred at 1 to 3 microns, secondary peaks

at about 30 microns. Drop size distribution is essentially identical in geometrically similar vessels of different size of equal power/volume . There is a slight de- crease in size with increased agitator speed. Comparison of two liquid systems indicates

drop size decreases with Increasing vis- cosity. Steady state drop size distribution

54
occurred in 30 to minutes,

(h) "An Approach to Characterizing Agitation by

Dispersion Particle Size," by D. M. Sullivan and E. E. Lindsey, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals Edition,

1, 87-93 (May 1962)

(4167) PRESSURE DROP ACROSS FITTINGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Kenneth D. Cashin, Assoc. Prof, of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental; senior student honors project.

(e) Pressure drop is measured for a number of different pipe fittings placed in series and

at different spacings; effect of approaching

and leaving conditions Investigated.

Experiments underway.

(c)

(d)

(g) (4656)

(4657)

(h)

(4658)

(4914)

(b)

THE EFFECT OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID INJECTION

ON THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF A FLAT

PLATE. Laboratory project.

Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. Experimental; basic research.

A non-Newtonian fluid, obtained by mixing

guar gum with water, is injected through

transverse slots cut in a flat plate into

the turbulent boundary layer. The flat plate is immersed in clear water with a free stream velocity U0 • A barium titanate crystal is installed flush with the surface

of the plate a few inches downstream of the

slot and is used to measure the intensity

of turbulence with and without injection of the non-Newtonian fluid. THE RESPONSE OF A DENSITY CURRENT TO A SINUSOIDAL PRESSURE PULSE. Laboratory project.

Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass. Experimental; basic research.

A system of oscillatory waves is imposed on the upper layer of a two-layered system con- sisting of clear and saline water. The response of the interface is observed in terms of the frequency and amplitude of the imposed waves at the free surface. The amplitude of the interfacial wave is seen

to increase in accordance with an inviscid

theory of Stokes. Conditions under which

mixing at the interface occurs are recorded

and are to be compared with existing

viscous theory for instability at the interface

Master's thesis by Chao-ho Sung in preparation. THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Joseph M. 0 'Byrne, Engineering Research

Institute, University of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass. Experimental; applied research.

To determine the relationships between such variables as core and tube diameter, tube lattice and spacing, header height, etc., upon the individual flow per tube for a pressure vessel in which fluid is introduced

through a single radial line placed at the base of the header.

Inactive.

"The Effects of Geometry on Fluid Flow Characteristics in Nuclear Reactors," by

David Creamer, Master's thesis, 1960. BOILING OF WATER ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE WITH

A VARIABLE POWER INPUT. Laboratory project supported by Research

Council, Univ. of Mass.

(4915)

(b)

(g)

(h)

Prof. Joseph M. O'Byrne, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. Experimental; basic research.

The purpose is to determine if, by appropriate intermittent power pulses applied to a resistance ribbon, boiling heat fluxes in excess of those for steady state can be maintained. Previous tests have shown that

this "overshoot" can be Induced momentarily

with a single step of continuous power, and

this project will extend the results to account for the effect of pulses. BASE FLOW STUDIES FOR MASSACHUSETTS STREAMS. Faculty Research Grant for Research Council.

Assoc. Prof. G. R. Higgins, Univ. of Mass., Engineering Building, Amherst, Mass. Experimental; field and laboratory. This project is intended to correlate and apply data concerning minimum stream flow in Massachusetts streams to provide indices whereby base flow may be more easily pre- dicted at sites where water resource facilities may be of public or private

benefit. Runoff records of the U. S. Geological Survey, soil maps of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, University Forestry

Department cover maps, topographic maps, and any other data deemed pertinent will be used. Statistical and probability methods

will be applied to these data with computer

application where possible. Studies to date indicate very little, if any, correlation between any single factor and base flow. Results to date are included in a report to the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission

in September, 1963.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg.

(4858) WATER HAMMER: RESONANCE IN TRIPLEX PUMP SUCTION AND DISCHARGE LINES.

(b) Union Pump Company.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Theoretical determination of resonance-free

suction lines and experimental study of actual transients.

(4859) PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH ARTERIES.

(b) National Institutes of Health.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Computer simulation of portions of the arterial tree; experimental studies of energy dissipation in pulsatile flow through distensible tubes. "Pulsatile Pressure and Flow through Distensible Vessels," Circulation Research,

Vol. XIII No. 1, July 1963, pp 3-20.

(h)

(1:860) WATER HAMMER: FAILURE OF PUMPS

(bl National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

University of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Theoretical.

(e) Study of water hammer In suction and discharge

lines of large pumping stations with multiple pumps when one or more lose their power. Dimensionless, homologous complete charac- teristics used with computer program for

water hammer based on methods of characteristics.

(4861) WATER HAMMER, ITS EFFECT ON MINOR LOSSES,

(b) National Science Foundation.

55
(c) Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Investigation of effect of minor losses on water hammer pulses, the losses being devel- oped from a series of closely-spaced

orifices. Transmission and reflection

coefficients obtained by theory; then programmed into a water hammer solution for

the experimental set-up.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(g) Transmission and reflection due to ,a minor

loss of K V

2/2g each equal to K/2 V2/2g.

(4862) WATER HAMMER, LIQUID COLUMN SEPARATION. National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis. Study of shape of separated liquid free surface in a horizontal pipe.

(c)

(d)

(e)

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn. Primarily field investigation; applied re- search. The objective of the project is to deter- mine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle

arrangement, rotation speed and operating pressure on the distribution from irriga- tion boom- sprinklers

.

Completed.

(d)

(e)

(4946) w

(c)

(d)

RESONANCE IN PIPELINES. Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, The University of Michigan, Ford Foundation, National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. Theoretical

.

Study of geometry of pipelines and the frequencies for which resonance could occur. Effect

of friction in damping resonance.

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(4664) EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER BY SURFACE FLOODING METHODS. Laboratory project.

Prof. C. C. Bowman, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept. Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana. This is a study to develop design criteria for more efficient application of irriga- tion water by flooding method. This is basic research at the present time, but will

be applied research immediately upon com- pletion of the first phase.

"Progress Report of Montana Project M.S. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report of Contributing Project. Western Regional Research Project W-65, October 1963.

(d)

(h) 973',

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 70. 12350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING.

(b) Field and laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations;

applied research-.

(e) The project has three phases: (l) The development of basic relations for planning pump drainage systems, (2) the study

of rates of drainage, and (3) the study

of factors affecting the efficiency.

(g) Continuous measurements of farm tile flow

from mineral or organic soil are made, as well as precipitation amounts.

(h) "Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe Junctions

in Water Conveyance Systems," now available.

(2576) CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF

SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

(b) Field project.

(c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and development.

(e) The objectives of the project are: (1) To study and develop inexpensive methods

for construction of shallow irrigation

wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability

and characteristics of various aquifers, and (3) to survey and determine extent and availability of shallow ground water sources

for irrigation in Minnesota.

(3470) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOMSPRINKLERS.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES. National Science Foundation.

Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University

of Nebraska; Lincoln 8, Nebraska. Experimental and theoretical study of drag

and inertia in unsteady flow. Basic re- search for master's and Ph.D. thesis. Primary objects of the research are: To determine the growth and motion of vortices behind two dimensional bluff bodies

subjected to unidirectional unsteady flow; to determine the various components of corresponding resistance; and to correlate a particular vortex configuration with the instantaneous

resistance

.

The forces predicted on the basis of the moving and growing vortices are comparable in magnitude

to forces which are observed. Resistance to unsteady flow is not to be thought of as a mere Juxtaposition of resistances to steady

flow augmented by an inertlal force.

"Lift, Drag, and Added Mass Coefficients for

a Circular Cylinder Immersed in a Time Dependent Fluid Flow," by T. Sarpkaya, Transactions of the ASME, J. Appl. Mechs.,

Vol. 30, Series E, No. 1, March 1963, pp

13, 14, 15. "Vortex Formation and Resistance in Unsteady

Flow," by T. Sarpkaya and C. J. Garrison, Transactions of the ASME, J. Appl. Mechs.,

Vol. 30, Series E, No. 1, March 1963, pp

16-24. "Unsteady Flow Over an Inclined Plate," by

T. Sarpkaya, J. Appl. Mechs., ASME Paper

No. 63-WA-47, 1963. Winter Annual Meeting of ASME.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3780)

(b)

(c)

(d) (b) Field and laboratory project.

MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW.

Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept of the Army, (Durham).

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr. Experimental and theoretical basic research

for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

56
(e) To understand the mechanism of turbulence generation In pulsating viscous flow superposed

on a steady and initially laminar flow and to evaluate the resistance to fluid motion.

(g) Transition to turbulence takes place at much

lower Reynolds numbers. When the amplitude

ratio of the pulsating pressure gradient to steady one is not large, the maximum dissipa- tion occurs at the wall. However, with the Increase of the amplitude ratio the position

of the maximum dissipation moves into the flowing fluid and its distance varies with

time

(3782) INDUCED MASS OP CONFINED FLUIDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Theoretical basic research; for master's

thesis.

(e) When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening, initial average ac- celeration is determined by the induced mass

of the fluid system. Since the equation of the elastic wave propagaglon cannot be solved

for the boundary conditions imposed, solution

of Laplace's equation is Joined to that ob- tained from the wave equation through the application of the Schwartz-Christoff el transformation and electrical analogy.

(g) The effect of induced mass is most pronounced

particularly for short conduits. Average times necessary for the reflection of an elastic wave from a given reservoir is determined.

(h) "Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Closed Systems,"

T. Sarpkaya, ASCE, J. of EM Div., Vol. 88, No. EM3, June 1962, pp 1-15.

(4170) VIRTUAL MASS OF PARTLY SUBMERGED BODIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

e) Study of the added mass of various objects

partly submerged in a liquid.

(4486) ANNULAR TWO-PHASE FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

d) Experimental and theoretical for Ph.D. Thesis.

e) Amplitude and frequencies of interfacial waves

are studied. The interfacial structure in- fluences the flow of gas in a manner similar

to that of a rough wall pipe.

(g) The mean liquid film thickness increases with

increase In flow rate at constant gas velocities; it decreases with an increase in gas velocity at constant liquid rate. Pressure

gradient in the gas stream exceeds that for a smooth pipe at the same Reynolds number (gas) for gas velocities greater than some minimum

value

(4487) POTENTIAL FLOWS WITH UNISOTROPIC SINGULARITIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska,

Lincoln 8, Nebr.

dl Theoretical and for master's thesis,

e) Mathematical singularities used have unisotropic characteristics. Potential flows resulting from the combinations of such singu- larities are studied.

(4893) COUNTER VORTEX OSCILLATOR.

(b) Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories, Wash.,

D. C.

(c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and experimental and for master's

thesis.

(e) To determine the intensity of pressure fluc- tuations and frequency of the Instability

created by two vortices rotating in opposite directions in two vortex chambers connected

by a circular tube.

(g) Frequency and intensity of pressure fluc- tuations are determined as a function of fluid properties and the geometry of the system. The counter vortex oscillator unit proved to be usable together with a pneumatic

amplifier in controlling the momentum of the power Jet.

(h) Internal Report No. 1 to Diamond Ordnance

Fuze Laboratories, August 1963.

(4894) BISTABLE VORTEX OSCILLATOR.

b) Laboratory project partly supported by DOFL.

c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and experimental for master's

thesis.

(e) To use the vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder placed between two parallel walls

to activate a high frequency oscillator.

The units built have variable frequency and push-pull characteristics.

(g) Vortex shedding behind circular cylinders appears to be a powerfull means of switching

"on" or "off" the load of a pneumatic amplifier.

(h) "A Bistable Vortex Oscillator," by T. Sarpkaya, J. Appl. Mechs., ASME, November

1963.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

^2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRESSURE

DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grants from Texas Company and American

Chemical Society; laboratory project.

(c) Professor J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University, Univ. Heights, New York, 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) The slow translational motion of dilute beds

of particles settling through viscous fluids subjected to the influence of cylindrical boundaries is being studied. This will ultimately enable a theoretical prediction

of the effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in beds of particles.

f) Completed.

g) The method of reflections technique for solving boundary value problems is applied

to a dilute suspension of spherical particles. Particle interaction and wall effect are evaluated on a digital computer for various

particle orientations yielding expressions

for settling rate vs. particle concentration

in agreement with other theoretical treatments.

(h) "Theoretical Study of Sedimentation of Dilute Suspensions in Creeping Motion," Jack Famularo, Eng. Sc.D. Dissertation, New York University, July 1962. Write to Library of School of Engineering and Science, Bronx 53, New York.

(3474) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELATIVE

TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University, University Heights, New York, 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) Analytical solution is developed by assuming

a model where fluid is flowing between two concentric spheres which are maintained at different temperatures. The partial differ- ential equations applicable are solved by as- suming power series solutions in temperature

and in spherical co-ordinate 9. The results

will be compared to existing data on heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds.

f) Completed.

gj Particle to fluid heat and mass transfer

rates for multiparticle systems are obtained

57
analytically by solving an energy equation

derived from a "free surface model". Solutions

are obtained for Peclet Numbers between .1 and 100, and fractional void volumes between

.4 and 1.0. They show that the average Nusselt or Sherwood number in a bed of particles is a function of both the fractional

void volume and Peclet number; the effect of Peclet number decreasing as the bed becomes

more concentrated in the low Peclet number

range

.

(h) "An Analytic Study of Heat and Mass Transfer

in Multiparticle Systems at Low Reynolds

Numbers," Robert Pfeffer, and John Happel

.

Accepted for publication in A.I.CH.E. Journal.

(3788) BOUNDARY LAYER MASS TRANSFER WITH HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS.

(b) Grants from American Chemical Society and National Science Foundation; Laboratory

project

.

(c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, University Heights, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

(e) This work includes a study of the rate of gas-solid catalytic reactions in multiparticle systems. Using boundary layer

theory in conjunction with a model consisting

of a solid sphere inside a free- surface spherical cell, the relationship between

rates of diffusion and rates of surface- catalyzed reactions is developed.

f) Completed.

g] Theoretical results for chemically dilute

systems correlate existing mass transfer

data reasonably well. It was found that molar convective transport to or from the surface affects the mass transfer rate and may give appreciably different results than

those obtained from film theory or the dilute

solution equation. A simple criterion is

set up to determine when the dilute solution correlations can be used.

(h) "Boundary Layer Mass Transport with Heterogeneous Catalysis," by C. L. Kuslk and John Happel, I & EC Fundamentals, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 163-172, August, 1962.

(4172) PRESSURE LOSS IN ORIFICE BAFFLED HEAT

EXCHANGERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c} Prof. Robert 0. Parker, Department of Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, New York.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master 1 s degree

.

(e) Project to determine pressure loss on the

shell side of orifice baffled, shell and

tube heat exchangers. Three exchangers are used in this experiment. All are exactly

alike except for the fact that one has no clearance between the tube and tube hole,

one has no clearance between the baffle and

the ID of shell, and one has clearances at both points. This study will determine the effect of each flow stream, and the effect

of their interaction.

f) Completed.

g) Pressure loss was measured in three orifice baffled heat exchangers. Friction factors were obtained separately for flow through the clearance between baffle and shell, and flow through the clearance between tube and tube

holes. The friction factor for the third exchanger in which both flows occurred simultaneously was found to be predictable

from the separately derived friction factors indicating no interaction between flow paths.

(h) "Pressure Loss in Orifice Baffled Heat

Exchangers," Marvin Bressler, M.Ch.E. Dissertation, New York University, August 1962. Write to Library of School of Engineering

and Science, Bronx 53, New York.

(4173) A THEORETICAL STUDY OF END EFFECTS IN THE FALLING BALL VISCOMETER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The objective of this work is to obtain the increase in the Stokes resistance to a particle in a container with top and bottom. This will be accomplished by solving the creeping motion equations subject to boundary conditions of zero velocity on solid surfaces.

(4174) THE PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL DUE TO A PARTICLE

SETTLING IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg., New York University, New York 53, New York.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

degree

.

(e) Experiments are designed to verify certain theoretical relationships pertaining to the dynamics of a particle In a viscous fluid. Pressure differentials due to spheres

settling at low Reynolds numbers in a cylinder containing a viscous fluid will be measured and correlated with particle drag.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental measurements were made of the difference in pressure at large distances

on either side of a spherical particle

settling slowly along the axis of a long circular tube filled with viscous liquid. At low particle Reynolds numbers and for

small sphere - cylinder diameter ratios, it was found that the product of the pressure difference and the cross - sectional area

of the tube is equal to twice the drag on the particle, in accord with the theory.

(h) "Experiments on the Pressure Drop Created

by a Sphere Settling in a Viscous Liquid," Irwin Pllskin and Howard Brenner, J. Fluid Mechanics, V. 17, part 1, pp. 89-96, 1963.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography.

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTER- ACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography

and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Prof, of Oceanography, New York University, New York

53, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation In deep water; nonlinear properties of capillary and gravity waves in both Eulerian

and Lagrangian form. Observations of temperature, humidity, and wind over the sea surface. Albedo measurements. Wind stress over the water surface. The prediction of large scale oceanic circulations. Theo- retical and observational studies of turbulence In water. Diffusion studies.

(g) Models of random seas in Lagrangian form have been developed that look promising.

Field work has been expanded by the acquisition of a T-boat and additional

scientific equipment. Dye studies in Long

Island Sound and adjacent waters.

(h) "A Linear Lagrangian Model of Turbulent Heat Conduction and Convection I," by W. J. Pierson. "Data for High Wave Conditions Observed by

the OWS "Weather Reporter" in December 1959," by C. L. Bretschneider, H. L. Crutcher, J. Darbyshire, G. Neumann, W. J. Pierson, H. Walden, and B. W. Wilson, Deutsch. Hydrogr.

Zeit, Band 15, Heft 6. "Gravity Waves," by W. J. Pierson, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Vol 44, No. 2. "Observations of Long-Crested Random-Breaking Waves in Both Lagrangian and Eulerian Form for Comparison with Available Theories," by

W. J. Pierson, Time Series Analysis, John

58
Wiley.

"Known and Unknown Properties of the Frequency- Spectrum of a Wind Generated Sea," by G. Neumann and W. J. Pierson, Ocean Wave Spectra, Prentice-Hall.

"Various Discussions and Contributions," by

W. J. Pierson. Ocean Wave Spectra, PrenticeHall.

attempt to stabilize the flow radial baffles

were placed in the basin to reduce the angle

of divergence and to provide solid boundaries in the divergent flow.

f) Completed.

g) The baffles had no detectable effect. The flow pattern was characterized by a short- circuit along the tank bottom and a back- flow in the upper portion of the tank.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Science.

(4988) MECHANISM OF GAS ABSORPSION BY TURBULENT

LIQUIDS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. William E. Dobbins, Prof. of. Civil Engineering, New York University, School of Engineering and Science, University Heights, Bronx 53, New York. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

A study of the mechanism by which gases are transferred across a turbulent gas-liquid

interface, with particular emphasis on the process as it occurs in natural streams.

A mathematical model for the transfer process has been developed. Experimental work using

several gases of varying diffusivities

indicates an acceptability of the mathematical model. The present phase is concerned with the effect of impurities in the liquid.

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept

(d)

(e)

(g)

NORTH CAROLINA STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH

CAROLINA, Department of Engineering Research.

(4667) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. Amein, Department of Civil Engrg., North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, N. C.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) An experimental investigation on translatory

motions with irregular profiles, on bore formations and on the propagation of unsteady motions through non-uniform flows is made in a glass-walled channel. The channel

is 14 ft. long, 2 ft. wide with adjustable

variable slope. The experimental results

are analyzed by the nonlinear shallow water

theory. The objective of the project is to seek improvements to the prevalent tech- niques for the computation of unsteady

flows and to provide experimental data for further theoretical investigations.

(4668) STUDY OF VORTEX MOTION IN WAKE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Paul Harrawood, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. Experimental and theoretical; doctoral

thesis. An investigation of the eddy motions present

in the wakes of bluff bodies in a streaming

fluid, with particular attention given to

the periodicity of eddy motions and to vortex strength.

(d)

(e)

(4669) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF FLOW

IN CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS. Laboratory project. Professor Charles Smallwood, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engrg., North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. Experimental; master's thesis.

A semi-circular center-fed model basin was

built with a transparent back for visual examination of the flow pattern. A uranine

dye tracer was used to determine flow

through waves for the basin. Stability was measured by the reproducibility of the time- effluent dye concentration waves. In an

(3121

(g

(3475

(g

(4175

(b

(c

(d

(e

(g)

PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental; applied research.

A seepage test was made on 6 mil and 10 mil,

burled, black polyethylene ditch linings

which have been in place for 3 years. These buried linings appear to be in excellent condition. Surface linings installed In 1960 have deteriorated so that they are no longer satisfactory for

controlling seepage. SURFACE DRAINAGE. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Field investigation; applied research.

A study was made of accumulation of fill

in field ditches that were constructed

5 years ago. About 1/3 of the original volume of the ditches was filled after a period of 5 years. WATER INTAKE RATES AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF IRRIGABLE SOILS. Joint laboratory project between Department

of Agricultural Engineering and Department

of Soils. Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental, basic research, and Master's

thesis

Infiltration rings up to 38 inches in diameter were made and tests were performed

to compare these rings with smaller rings

measuring up to 22 inches in diameter. Work was also continued on comparing the double ring lnfiltrometer, Purdue sprinkler

lnf lltrometer, and the inflow-outflow method

for determining infiltration rates on irrigated soils. Highest intake rates have been obtained with

the sprinkling lnflltrometer . A wide variation In rates under various conditions

has been obtained with the rings and inflow- outflow methods.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

(3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute.

(c) Frof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral and masters theses.

(e) The purpose Is to calculate the movement of flood waves in prismatic and natural

channels. Finite difference equations based

on (a) method of characteristics and (b) basic equations of momentum and continuity

are to be programmed separately for solution

on a digital computer.

(g) A backward difference method using the

59
equations of momentum and continuity and

a rectangular grid gave unstable, unrealistic

profiles for a non-prismatic channel. The reasons for this are being investigated. A new finite difference method using characteristics is under study.

(3799) FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES IN UNSTEADY

MOTION

.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute and

U. S. Cold Regions Research Laboratory.

(c) Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. and

M. S. theses.

(e) The purpose Is to evaluate forces acting on accelerating bodies submerged in a fluid. Experiments have been run for a sphere

performing simple harmonic and other oscil- lations in a tank of oil.

(f) First phase completed.

(g) Data were correlated in terms of velocity

(drag), acceleration (added mass) and history

coefficients, but the coefficients seem to depend on the type of motion.

(h) "Forces on a Sphere Accelerating in a Viscous

Fluid," F. Odar and W. S. Hamilton, Journal

of Fluid Mechanics (accepted).

(4670) THE EFFECT OF SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS ON THE STABILITY OF FALLING LIQUID FILMS.

(b) Northwestern University.

(c) Mr. Stephen Whitaker, Chemical Engrg. Dept., Northwestern Tech. Inst., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Small amounts of surface active agents are often used to suppress the ripples or waves

that tend to form on falling liquid films. The presence of a surface active agent at

a gas-liquid surface gives rise to three phenomena: (a) lowered surface tension,

(b) increased surface viscosity, (c) the possibility of surface tension gradients. An experimental study is being undertaken in order to determine the role of these phenomena in stabilizing falling liquid

films.

(4,671) THE FLOW OF VISCOELECTRIC FLUIDS.

(5032) WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION.

(d)

(e)

(g)

Northwestern Technological Institute.

Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois. Theoretical and hopefully experimental for

Ph.D. thesis. The purpose is to obtain useful expressions for the velocity profiles and shear profiles

in the boundary layer next to a wall along which deep-water oscillatory waves are progressing.

The work involving laminar boundary layers

has been reviewed and expanded.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil Engrg.

(5175) CORIOLIS AND BOUSSINESQ CORRECTION FACTORS

FOR AVERAGE VELOCITY.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Dr. S. Kolupalla, 1136 E. Corby Blvd., South

Bend, Ind., 46617. Applied research, partly used for master's

theses

.

Correction factors, essential in the energy

and impulse-momentum equations, depend on the velocity distribution across a current. The values of these factors are determined

by mechanical integration of areas enclosed by isotachs. The Investigation is carried

out for natural channels, both open and under ice cover, and for artificial channels, open

and closed. Some 300 profiles have been examined. The Corlolis factor in open channels varied between 1.07 and 1.96, with an average close

to 1.30, under ice cover between 1.23 and

4.28, with an average about 1.50, in arti- ficial channels and conduits between 1.04 and 2.65, with an average of 1.15. These preliminary results are in good agreement

with the previously suggested values. Publication is planned.

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Department

of Agricultural Engineering

(5033) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Thomas P. Anderson, Assist. Prof., Dept.

of Mech. Engineering and Astronautical

Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston,

Illinois.

(d) Experimental and theoretical thesis research relating to viscoelectrlc flows.

(e) The flow of fluids exhibiting the Winslow

effect (the variation of viscosity under the influence of an applied electric field) is being investigated, both theoretically and experimentally. In particular, those con- figurations in which the Winslow forces may be considered equivalent to the Lorentz forces of magnetohydrodynamic flows are being considered

in order to investigate the analogies between

these two flows.

(5031) THE EFFECT OF SHEAR ON THE STABILITY OF

LIQUID FILMS.

(b) Northwestern University.

(c) Mr. Stephen Whitaker, Chemical Engrg. Dept., The Technological Inst., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111.

(d) Mathematical.

(e) The effect of shear on the stability of falling liquid films, and on Taylor in- stability is being studied by means of a numerical solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation.

(f) Completed.

(g) The effect of shear is stabilizing for Reynolds numbers less than forty.

(h) Thesis in preparation.

(b) Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service

.

(c) Mr. G. 0. Schwab, 2073 Neil Ave., The Ohio

State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Tile flow, surface runoff, water table

levels, and crop yields are measured to evaluate various types of drainage systems

and to develop improved engineering design

criteria

.

(g) Thirteen years of tile flow data, partial

analyses completed; procedure developed for

applying a theoretical equation to predict

tile spacing from tile flow and water table heights

.

(h) "Tile Spacing Prediction Based on Drain Outflow," by G. J. Hoffman and G. 0. Schwab. Paper No. 63-707 presented at American

Society of Agricultural Engineers meeting,

Chicago, Dec. 1963. "Tile and Surface Drainage of Clay Soils,

1. Hydrologic Performance with Grass Cover," by G. 0. Schwab, et al., Ohio Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin 935, April 1963. "Hydrologic Characteristics of Tile and Surface Drainage Systems with Grass Cover," by G. 0. Schwab and T. J. Thiel, American

Society of Agricultural Engineers Trans- actions 6 (No. 2): 89-92, 1963.

"Rate, Duration, and Frequency of Tile Flow," by G. 0. Schwab, J. L. Fouss, and A. P. Leech, Agricultural Engineering 42:546-549,555, 196L.

60
OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Department of Agronomy.

(5176) SOIL CHARACTERISTICS. AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(S)

(h)

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. George S. Taylor, Dept. of Agronomy,

Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio. Experimental Investigation, applied research. Numerical analysis solutions of soil moisture

flow problems In subsurface drainage are made

with digital computers. Steady- state and transient analyses are studied for various parameters of size, depth, and spacing of tile and ditch drains and of soil hydraulic

conductivity. Hillside seepage problems are also evaluated. The principal objective is to Interrelate the above factors in rational design of subsurface drainage systems. Characteristics of water flow Into tile drains have been studied for layered soils. An analysis of hillside seepage into open ditches was made. Agreement between analytical

and numerical analysis techniques was established.

"The Use of Electronic Computers to Solve Subsurface Drainage Problems," by George S. Taylor and J. N. Luthin. Hllgardia 34

(12) :534-558, 1963.

M.S. Thesis by Wm. Burke in 1961 on ponded

flow Into drains in layered soil. Ohio State University Library.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department

.

(2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative

with Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts,

modified by the addition of weir sills, are being used as runoff measuring devices,

(g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped with weir sills completed. Ten year data

on precipitation and runoff completed.

(2826) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,

cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Two paired plastic lined ponds, designed for evaporation research, are being used to study various aspects of evaporation re- duction by monomolecular films. Apparatus

has been developed for automatic application

of hexaoctadecanol slurry. Present research

is on the effects of wind on monolayers and development and testing of methods of alleviating adverse effects of wind.

(g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to 40$ have been obtained in long duration tests using

slurry method of applying films. Curves have been developed relating wind speed and required film application rate. In current research a system of floating barriers is used to confine the monolayer to reduce frequency of application. Various height/

spacing ratios have been tested. The ef- fect of the barriers, with and without

monolayer, on evaporation is being studied.

(h) "The Effect of Wind on Evaporation Suppressing

Films and Methods of Modification," by F. R. Crow, Proceedings, XIII General Assembly, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics,

Publication No. 62, pp. 26-37, August 1963.

(c)

(3804) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture In cooperation with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Div. Southern Plains Branch, Stillwater, Okla.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used

to convey short duration flood flows from

small watersheds are constructed full size

on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic

laboratory. Flow tests are made on these experimental channels to determine the protective ability of various grasses

and to evaluate the flow friction factors under different conditions of growth. Perennial and annual grasses for the temporary protection of newly constructed earth water- ways are both considered in these studies. Temporary liners of various fibers including

jute, paper and glass are also tested,

(g) Manning's n values have been determined for

various grass species. The physical characteristics of the vegetation and the flow character both influence the flow retardance factor so special design diagrams

have been prepared to aid in solving flow problems under these conditions.

(4676) THE HYDRAULICS OF OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative with Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Dr. J. E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ., Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater,

Okla. 74075.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of the basic relationships involved

In the hydraulics of overland flow. Now In its initial phase, the research is being

done at the Stillwater outdoor hydraulic lab. Test channels, 96 ft long will be subjected

to simulated rainfall of various intensities

and droplet sizes. The water surface profile will be studied for transient and equilibrium states for channels surfaced with cement mortar and also for earth channels vegetated

with wheat.

(5177) AUTOMATION OF CUT-BACK FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. James E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwataj

Okla. Experimental and field Investigation; applied research and design for thesis. The development of a system of cut-back

furrow irrigation using level furrow outlet

tubes with hooded inlets. The system will Irrigate through the furrows at a design

initial flow, cut-back to a design cut-back

flow, and shut off by the simple removal of sheet-metal check dams. The purpose of the method is to improve the uniformity of furrcw irrigation and to drastically reduce the hlgi labor requirement.

Discharge characteristics of various lengths, and diameters of short, level, galvanized

pipe with hooded inlets have been determined. Design procedures for applying the system to

a particular design situation have been

developed. Operating characteristics of a designed system have been calculated. A prototype system has been constructed. The automation of check dams is being initiated. "Automation of Cut-back Furrow Irrigation,"

by James E. Garton, E. P. Beasley, and A. D. Barefoot. Paper No. 63-719, presented to the 1963 Winter Meeting of the ASAE, Chicago,

111.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3805) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS.

61
(b) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads.

(c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Wave effects resulting from the junction

of two supercritical, open channel flows

are being studied to determine the magnitude

and the location of the wave pile up on the channel walls. Only rectangular channels

are presently being considered. Trapezoidal channels will be considered later.

(g) The prediction of wall pile-up.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, should

be addressed to Prof. Sam Shulits, Head, Hydraulics

Laboratory, 212 Sackett Building, The Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, Penna. 16602.

(5178) MOOSIC FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT.

(b) Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e; Investigation of design of debris basin,

paved channel, and channel outlet for the control of 1 in a 100 year design flood of 15,000 cfs, in a 1:50 model of 3400-foot supercritical-flow channel, with a transition between an upstream trapezoidal cross-section

and a downstream rectangular cross-section.

There are five bends in the channel.

f) Completed.

g) Modification of channel entrance shape;

provision of adequate clearance under 3 existing bridges as safeguard against standing

waves; design of warped transition.

(h) "High-Velocity Channel Model Studies,"

Engineering Research Bulletin B-83, May 1962; silent film, "Mooslc Model Study".

(5179) SMALL SCALE STUDY OF BAR MIGRATION IN A STRAIGHT ALLUVIAL CHANNEL.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; applied research; for master's

thesis.

(e) Felix Exner reported in 1925 small rivermodel studies of changes in channel width and talweg location and found that quasi-stable

conditions are to be expected in curved rather than straight channel, and that the smaller the degree of curvature the less

stable is the talweg. Since Exner 1 s realistic,

but qualitative results had apparently never

been verified, a duplicative study seemed warranted, particularly to determine an experimental technique.

The experimental flume, 7 feet by 2 feet, was

fed sand thru a vibrating trough. A channel,

2 inches wide and 7/8 inch deep was molded

into the sand bed. The water discharge was

about 0.006 cfs for sand discharges from 1.2

to 2.4 lbs. per hour. Only one sand was

used, with a geometric mean diameter of 0.0145

inches and a standard deviation from the geo- metric mean equal to 1.45.

f) Suspended.

g) Exner 1 s findings regarding bar migration in

a straight channel were substantiated but

some improvements in the experimental technique

are indicated. The results were consistent

enough to foster hope for a quantitative

application.

(h) "Small Scale Study of Bar Migration in a Straight Alluvial Channel," by D. E. Westfall, Master's thesis, March 1962, Pattee Library, The Pennsylvania State University.

(5180) DESIGN OF SMALL WATER TUNNEL AND ITS USE IN EVALUATING SURFACE ROUGHNESS EFFECTS ON CAVITATION.

(b) Mobil Petroleum Company, and Ordnance Research

Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University.

(c) Dr. G. F. Wislicenus, Director, Garfield Water Tunnel, Ordnance Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University.

(d) Experimental; applied research; doctoral

research.

(e) Purpose: To design and erect a water-tunnel with 6-inch diameter test section and to study the effect of surface roughness on cavitation with 3/4-dnch diameter stainless

steel noses having 1.5 caliber ogive, hemispherical and blunt profiles. The first roughness was finished smooth by polishing; the second type was produced by sand blasting

and two other roughness were made by blasting with steel shot.

f) Suspended.

g) The incipient and deslnent cavitation numbers Increase as surface roughness increases. There is a difference between these two numbers for all roughnesses, the difference becoming greater as the surface become

rougher. Higher air contents produce higher

cavitation numbers, with t^e effect of air content being less pronounced as the surface became rougher.

(h) "The Design of a Small Water Tunnel and Its Use In Evaluating Surface Roughness Effects

on Cavitation," by Ken Kaku, September 1962. Limited number of copies available from Garfield Water Tunnel or Hydraulics Laboratory.

(5181) ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS OF COBBLE-STREWN

STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; applied research; doctoral

thesis.

(e) Purpose: To provide a quantitative means of determining Manning's "n" or the coefficient

K in V=KR2/3 S

1' 2 in cobble-strewn streams, particularly for use in the slope-area method of computing flood discharge. In

a tilting flume, 5.5 ft. wide, 1 ft. deep

and 53 feet long, 11 roughness patterns

were created with 6-lnch and 3.75-inch

concrete cubes. Maximum discharge was 5 cfs, corresponding to a small stream.

(g) Systematic relationships exist among the roughness coefficient, Reynolds and Froude numbers, and a special quantitative para- meter of the roughness pattern. The measure- ments with the two sizes of cubes could be related through the Froude similitude law. Since the roughness shape did not seem so far to be important, the findings should be applicable to larger blocks or boulders.

(h) "Roughness Coefficients of Cobble-Strewn

Streams--Part A--Cubical Roughness Elements

in Transverse Rows--Symmetric and Random Patterns for Low Flows," by John B. Herbich

and Sam Shulits; Hydraulics Laboratory

Bulletin, December 1963.

(5182) TRANSITIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLOW.

(b) Pennsylvania Department of Forests and

Waters.

d) Experimental; applied research, design.

e) Purpose: To investigate supercritical flow phenomena In open-channel transitions between an upstream trapezoidal cross- section and a downstream rectangular

section. Three types of transition, one warped and two composed of plane walls, are being tested, each in at least 3 different

lengths. The experimental channel rests on

a tilting platform, 54 ft. long. Froude numbers up to 3 have been tested so far. Design criteria will be determined first and then a theoretical approach will be

sought

(g) Analysis in progress.

(5183) STUDY OF EXNER EROSION EQUATIONS BY MEANS OF

THE IBM 7074 ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) In the 1920 's Felix Exner postulated equations

62
for the shape and movement of sand dunes In channels of constant and changing width, and for bank erosion. The dune and bank forms

are so similar to real rivers that their use- fulness in predicting bed forms is being

studied with the IBM 7074 electronic digital

computer. Currently Exner's charts are being checked.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Institute for

Science and Engineering, Ordnance Research Laboratory,

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director. Work done under Dr.

G. F. Wlslicenus, Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

(2832)

(b)

(o)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3143)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3486)

(b)

(o)

(g)

MEASUREMENT OP FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER

TUNNEL. Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

Mr. George B. Gurney, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna. Experimental; developmental.

The problem concerns the measurement of forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 feet per second, pressure ranges of 3 to 60 pounds per square inch absolute.

Two four component (lift, axial force, pitching and rolling moment) balances for

use in water tunnels utilizing strain gaged pre-tensioned flexure beams as the force sensing devices have been in successful operation for four years. A Planar Motion Mechanism capable of imparting pitching and heaving motions to models Is now under con- struction and should be in operation in March of 1963. The balance assoicated with

this mechanism will measure all the hydrodynamic stability coefficients required in

the equations of motion for a submerged body with four (4) degrees of freedom. These equations include the static, damping

and acceleration derivatives. A balance which will measure unsteady forces on pro- pulsors has been developed and successfully

tested. REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG. Joint program of investigation with the General Electric Company, the United States Rubber Company and the Northrop Corporation

sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

Dr. John Lumley and Mr. John McMahon, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental, basic research; theoretical

and applied research. Investigations into the application of boundary layer control through suction and compliant surfaces for underwater bodies.

A theoretical analysis of the mechanism by which an admissive boundary may reduce the skin friction has been completed. Experimental measurements of boundary layer transition and thickness aft of the transi- tion have been made for a number of flat plates which were covered with a compliant surface. TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER. Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Pennsylvania. Experimental

.

Using a constant temperature probe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers will be investigated with particular attention to homogeneous grid-produced turbulence and turbulent dispersion in a shear flow. Measurements have been taken in a small water tunnel settling section determining

the effect of various screens and honeycombs

on turbulence.

(3487) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Id) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) This is a study of the Interaction effects between control surfaces and a propeller

when the surfaces are located In front of the propeller and feed a distorted flow into

it. The primary goal is to determine how effectively the propeller cancels the forces produced by the control surfaces.

(f) Completed.

(g) In solution of the problem actuator disc theory is used and reduced to a boundary

value problem by linearizing the equations

of motion and continuity. The theory Is shown to be useable and It is supported by

experimental results.

(h) "Propellers with Distorted Inflow," by J. J. Eisenhuth, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, June 1963.

(3488) FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH STABILIZING SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. E. J. Rodgers, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) This study Is directed toward the understanding of the flow conditions around a body of revolution with stabilizing fins under conditions of pitch and/or yaw. The eventual goal Is to be able to predict

more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients

of such a body by virtue of a better understanding of the flow conditions.

(g) Velocity components have been obtained for a slender body of revolution and a comparison

has been made with potential theory.

(h) "Real Flow Over a Body of Revolution at Angle of Attack," by E. J. Rodgers, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, March 1963.

(3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTER- ISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Lab., University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental, analytical; basic research.

(e) To investigate experimentally the cavitation characteristics of a few simple (as regards

to vapor pressure and handling) liquids under conditions occurring in space and aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze

the results so that a reliable basis for theory applicable to these conditions can

be formulated.

A small high speed water tunnel having test section velocities of 370 feet per second, pressures to 1000 pounds per square Inch,

temperatures to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, has been constructed and has been in operation

since April of 1962.

(g) Investigations of desinent cavitation at very high velocities on 1/4 Inch diameter

ogive noses indicates that the desinent cavitation number approaches the minimum

pressure coefficient. Studies of cavitation

hysteresis on ogive noses show that the cavitation delay time is a random function

and is of significant duration e.g. 3 to 4 minutes

.

(4180) UNSTEADY FLOW INVESTIGATIONS AROUND AN ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

63
(e) A study of unsteady forces acting on an ellipsoid of revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers and body attack angles.

(f) Completed.

(g) A theoretical and experimental investigation

of the lift and moment on an 8/1 ellipsoid of revolution performing small oscillations in a direction normal to the free stream has been

carried out. The maximum circulatory lift coefficient is about half that obtained in steady flow. A phase lag of 20 degrees in build-up of lift was observed. The maximum pitching moment is reduced by 16 percent from

that predicted by potential theory.

(h) "The Lift on an Oscillating Body of Revolution," by Mr. M. S. Sevik, Ph.D. Thesis,

Department of Engineering Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, May 1963.

(4181) DETERMINATION OP EFFECT OF TUNNEL BOUNDARIES

ON THE FORCES ACTING ON A MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. Thomas Peirce, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of the errors introduced by

the physical boundaries of tunnel walls

on the measured forces on large models. The investigation covers both the axlally

symmetric case and when the models are at low angles of attack. Establishing the means for correcting these errors is also

a part of this investigation.

(g) A method has been developed for the pre- diction of errors in drag caused by watertunnel wall deviations. It is shown that

small deviations in contour can cause a significant error in model drag measurements.

Tunnel wall interference effects on model pitching moment have been investigated and a correction procedure established for models

of low attack angle and diameters up to 1/3 tunnel diameter.

(h) "Tunnel Wall Interference Effects on the Drag

and Pitching Moment of an Axisymmetric Body,"

by Mr. Thomas E. Peirce, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept.

of Engineering Mechanics, December 1963.

(4677) THE INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY CAVITY FLOWS ABOUT FIXED SYMMETRIC BLUFF BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) An investigation of the wake region behind supercavltating, two-dimensional wedges at zero degrees angle of attack is

in progress with the purpose of determining

the wake characteristics, in particular the Strouhal number as a function of Reynolds

number, cavitation number and wedge apex

angle

.

(4678) HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM FOR AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons and conducted under Dr.

C. L. Key, Asst. Director, Ordnance Research

Laboratory.

(c) Messrs. H. M. Jensen and R. E. Kershaw, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental, applied development and design.

(e) A high-performance hydraulic servomechanism

for control of rudders and elevators in an underwater missile system. Specific design

problems were instability caused by a resonant linkage and high-frequency oscillation

of the servovalve.

(g) Stability was achieved by increasing the resonant frequency of the linkage, providing

hydraulic damping with a bypass orifice, and lag-lead phase compensation in the servo amplifier. The high-frequency oscillation

was eliminated by increasing the diameter of activator ports.

(5106) MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID TENSIONS.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Experimental, analytical; basic research.

(e) To investigate experimentally tensions in liquids in the static state and compare

these measurements with liquid tensions encountered in a flowing system.

(5107) INVESTIGATION OF THE KUTTA CONDITION IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) The validity of the Kutta-Joukowski criterion

is being investigated for the prediction of control surface hinge moments in steady flow, or Instantaneous forces on rapidly oscillating air and hydrofoils.

(5108) JET INSTABILITY IN MERCURY.

(o)

(d)

V5109)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

Dr. David P. Hoult, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. The study involves the stability of a Jet of mercury into mercury in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic field acts to stabilize the jet and thus control the rate

of amplification of unstable oscillation.

The experimental findings are then to be compared with appropriate small disturbance theory in an effort to further understand

the instability of Jets. INSTABILITY REYNOLDS NUMBERS FOR FLOW OVER

A FLAT PLATE WITH RANDOM ROUGHNESS. Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

Dr. John L. Lumley, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. Theoretical

.

The purpose is to determine why a rough

surface affects the Reynolds number at which

a laminar boundary layer becomes unstable.

Of particular interest is the dependence upon the nature of the roughness. The work

has direct application to maintenance of laminar flow on moving submerged bodies.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Applied Science.

(5184)

(d)

(e)

(5185)

FALL OF A SPHERE IN A HORIZONTALLY OSCILLATING FLUID. Laboratory project.

Prof. Luclen M. Brush, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton,

N. J. Analytical and experimental, basic research, master's thesis.

The purpose of this research is to predict

the temporal mean fall velocity of a spher- ical particle falling in a horizontally

oscillating fluid. An analytical solution was derived for particles with a small (0.1) Reynolds number. A numerical solution is possible for large Reynolds numbers. Experi- mental verification of the appropriate

equations is the purpose of the study. The results will be applicable to problems

involving turbulent diffusion of sediment.

DYNAMIC STORAGE OF GROUNDWATER. Laboratory project.

64
(c) Dr. R. J. Dewiest, Assoc. Prof, of Civil and Geological Engineering, Princeton University,

Princeton, New Jersey.

(d) Analytical and experimental, basic research, master's thesis.

(e) Purpose of the research is to investigate the dynamic behavior of a groundwater basin intersected by streams and from which water

is withdrawn at a time dependent rate. An electric analog model (R-C) will be constructed.

(h) Preliminary steady state study was published

in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

American Society of Civil Engineers, Nov. 1963. "Replenishment of Aquifers Intersected by

Streams," pp. 165-191, available from the American Society of Civil Engineers.

(5186) MEASUREMENT OF UNSTEADY PRESSURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. P. Kittredge, Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, Princeton University,

Princeton, N. J.

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) The differential equations of motion for a simple manometer system with non-linear

damping have been programmed for an IBM 7094

data processing system. An experimental program to check the computation is planned.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering.

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University. (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4276).

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which effect erosion and infiltration. Research

includes studies of tillage methods, crop residue management, slope, soil type, crop

rotations, and intensity histograms.

(h) "The Effects of Various Rates of Surface Mulch on Infiltration and Erosion," by

J. V. Mannering and L. D. Meyer, Soil Sci. Amer. Proc. 27: 84-86, 1963. "Philosophy and History of Simulated Rainfall for Erosion Control Research," by L. D. Meyer, ASAE Paper No. 63-724, 1963. "Construction and Operation of a 16-Unit

Rainulator," by L. F. Hermsmeier, L. D. Meyer,

A. P. Barnett, and R. A. Young, ARS 41-62, USDA, March 1963.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC USE

ON THE FARM.

b) Laboratory project.

cj Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana

.

(d) Field investigation; applied and basic

research.

(e) The treatment of pond water by use of slow

sand and diatomaceous earth filters is being

evaluated. Improved designs are under

investigation. The effects of algae growth

and coagulation-sedimentation methods on filtration processes are being studied.

(3490) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. F. Huggins, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An investigation into the hydraulic behavior

of flow in a steep drain has been completed.

Equipment is being built for studying the effects of introducing sediment into the flow.

(h) "Model Study of Flow in Steep Tile Drains,"

by W. D. Lembke, J. W. Delleur, and E. J. Monke, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1963.

(3808) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl. Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4274).

(c) Mr. Walter H. Wischmeier, ARS-SWC, Agric.

Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana

.

d) Experimental; development.

e) The relationships of numerous rainstorm

characteristics, topographic features, soil characteristics and surface conditions to field runoff and soil erosion are being

evaluated from plot data obtained under

natural and/or simulated rainfall. Basic

plot and small watershed data on an indi- vidual storm basis have been assembled in an ARS central runoff and soil-loss data lab. at Purdue Univ., from 24 states. The data represent results of cooperative research

studies over the past 32 years at 47 locations.

(g) Physical and management factor relationships

that influence soil erosion, as empirically

evaluated from the assembled data and com- bined in a soil-loss prediction equation, were sumarized for publication as a USDA Handbook, "Estimating Water-Erosion Losses

from Farm Land to Guide the Planning of Farms for Soil and Water Conservation". Information needed to derive locational values of the pertinent factors for use of the equation was Included in the pending

publication in ready-reference form. This compilation will facilitate use of the results of 30 years of erosion research

anywhere in the agricultural regions of the United States.

(h) "Soil-Erodibility Evaluations for Soils on the Runoff and Erosion Stations," by T. C. Olson and W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 27:590-592, 1963.

(4182) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University, (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4275.)

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The influence of slope inclination, slope

length, particle size, particle shape, and wind velocity on the resulting splash and runoff erosion are being investigated in the laboratory. Methods for simulating rainfall, slope length, soil and wind have been

developed. This study is providing an understanding of the mechanics of the process involved in erosion and the basic relationships of the above variables.

(h) "Simulation of Rainfall and Soils for Laboratory Research," by G. D. Bubenzer and

L. D. Meyer, ASAE Paper No. 63-729, 1963.

(4183) SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF BLOUNT SILT LOAM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Various spacings between parallel subsurface

drains are under investigation to determine their effectiveness in water removal and

65
crop response. Continuous records of tile discharge are being made and crop yields are determined at harvest time.

(4681) EVALUATION OP PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAINS AND

INSTALLATION EQUIPMENT IN MUCK SOILS.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl

.

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4271).

(c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The primary purpose of this investigation is to determine the stability with time of various cross-sectional types of plastic- lined mole drains in muck soil. Secondary

objectives are concerned with the improvement

of the installation equipment.

(g) Failures were noted with all of the cross- sectional types of plastic-lined mole drains. The drain with interlocking edges stood up

best. The causes of failure were due to a shallow installation depth, vertical mis- alignment, and the fluidity of the soil in

the upper profile.

(e) The validity of basic equations for water

relationships in soil, such as Darcy's

proportionality and Buckingham's capillary

potential function, Is being tested under

various circumstances. Revised equations

and mathematical solutions for deviating behavior are also being sought.

(g) The pressure-plate outflow method of measuring

capillary conductivity and diffuslvlty of

soil water has been used on two types of nonswelling porous materials. Determinations have been made for applied pressure steps

ranging from 25 to 400 mb. Preliminary

analyses of the data indicate that certain

basic assumptions in the mathematical out- flow solution are not met in the actual physical systems when the pressure step becomes small. Yet, it is only for small steps that the mathematical solution itself

is applicable to actual physical systems.

Also, the capillary conductivity and diffuslvlty, as measured by the pressureplate method, show erratic behavior when

considered as functions of moisture content, depending on the size of pressure step. These anomalies will be studied further,

to ascertain their causes.

(h) "Non-Darcy Behavior and the Flow of Water in Unsaturated Soils," by D. Swartzendruber,

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:491-495, 1963. PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(4166) MECHANISMS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DECREASE

IN WATER-SATURATED SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project and Purdue Research

Foundation.

(c) Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The effect of gases on the hydraulic con- ductivity of porous media was studied for air and methane. The presence of entrapped

air was determined with a compression

technique

.

(f) Completed.

(g) A sensitive compression technique, utilizing

the travel of a mercury droplet in a capillary

tube, was used to study the entrapped air con- tent of near- saturated quartz sand through which water and phenol solution were flowing. The compression technique was found to be an extremely sensitive qualitative indicator of entrapped air, but attempts to make the technique quantitative with respect to the actual volume of entrapped air were not successful. Nevertheless, the compression

technique demonstrated that entrapped air was continually removed from the sand during pro- longed flow, if boiled delonized water was used either as the flow liquid or to make the phenol solution used as a flow liquid. This confirms earlier conclusions reached in this laboratory -- that orders-of -magnitude decreases

in hydraulic conductivity during prolonged water flow through quartz sand were caused by

bacterial growth, and not by an accumulation

of entrapped air. Flow studies involving quartz sand and a flow solution consisting of methane dissolved in boiled deionlzed water showed that the dis- solved methane did not reduce the hydraulic

conductivity of the sand.

(h) "Entrapped Air Content and Hydraulic Con- ductivity of Quartz Sand During Prolonged

Liquid Flow," by R. P. Gupta and D. Swartzendruber, In press Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28, Mar. -Apr., 1964. "Possible Role of Methane in Affecting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Quartz Sand," by

D. Swartzendruber and R. P. Gupta, in press

Soil Sci. 98, Sept., 1964.

(4679) FLOW LAWS FOR THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic for

Ph.D. thesis.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Department.

(4188) SAMPLING OF HETEROGENEOUS FLUIDS IN FLOW.

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

American Petroleum Institute.

Mr. J. H. Rushton, School of Chemical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

.

Both an experimental and theoretical project.

Essentially an experimental project to which

basic fluid mechanics is applied. Proposals

are now being formulated to specify accurate

sampling methods in commercial type operations. The work is for the purpose of developing methods whereby the accuracy of sampling can

be maximized for heterogeneous materials

flowing through pipe lines. The flowing fluids handled contain immiscible solids and liquids. Work is done in several sizes

of pipes so that scale-up information will

be available. Experimental work is completed and final reports and a paper for publication are being prepared. Isokinetic sampling is to be recommended

and the point at which a sample Is to be withdrawn from a flowing stream will be specified. The relation between the composition of a sample drawn from one point and the average composition of the flowing stream has been determined for a wide range of flow velocities. Both solid and liquid particles have been used experimentally. A natural occurring crude oil has also been used. A relation has been developed between a simple technique for determining settling velocity and the distribution of particles over the cross section of the flowing stream in a horizontal pipe. Six Master Degree theses have been written

but as yet none of the work has been published. The published work will first be presented for the entire project by the American Petroleum Institute.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

66
(d) Experimental; for master theses and design (4191) manual

.

(e) The purpose of the research Is to study W

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of waterways under arch bridges, to provide a criterion for determining the proper clear (c) span of arch bridges so as to compensate for

the loss of efficiency at high flows, to pro- ( d ) vide a method for computing the backwater

upstream of arch bridges and to provide a ( e ) method of indirect flood discharge measurement

from high water marks observations.

(g) A method for the determination of backwater has been obtained for single span arch bridge

constrictions. The effects of various constriction geometries have been considered.

The following factors were investigated: (g) The amount of contraction, the length of the contraction, the effect of wingwalls, skew and eccentricity. Dual bridges, two span bridges, and arch segment bridges were also

investigated. The effect of bridge sub- mergence was studied. A program of field verification is in progress^. • , (h) "Hydraulics of Submerged >Ar'ch Bridges," by

0. Elkeri, M.S. Thesis, January 1964. (h)

(2840) MECHANISM OP TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation and National

Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur and Dr., G. H. Toebes,

Hydromechanics Laboratory, Civil Engineering, (4685) Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis. Experimental and theoretical studies of: (b)

(a) Boundary layer development in free surface (c) flow with applications to channel conveyance, alr-entrainment and flow measuring structures; (d) (b) Secondary flow development in free surface (e) flow with applications to channel conveyance, polutant dispersion and sedimentation problems. Studies based on mean velocity and turbulent velocity component data.

(g) Improvements and evaluation of hot-wire (f) anemometer equipment for liquids. Original (g) turbulence data and their analysis for the flow establishment reach in an open channel

of moderate aspect ratio.

(h) "Boundary Layer and Secondary Current Development in Free Surface Flow," by S. Sumawiganda,

Ph.D. thesis, August, 1963.

(2841) HYDROLOGY OF SMALL WATERSHEDS IN INDIANA. (h)

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Indiana State Flood Control and Water Resources

Commission.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Analysis and field investigation for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles throughout the State of Indiana to improve the existing methods for estimating

the runoff from these watersheds and to improve the existing methods of design of high- way drainage structures servicing small watersheds.

(g) Peak discharges were analyzed statistically and

a correlation was obtained between the 25 year

peak discharge and geomorphological characteristics of the watersheds. Peak discharges for

other frequencies may also be obtained. A synthetic design hydrograph was developed on

the basis of the instantaneous hydrograph

theory. The hydrograph is determined by two parameters which have been related statistically

to geomorphological characteristics of the ( c ) watershed. The theory of overland flow has

been Investigated from a hydrodynamics stand- point.

( d ) (h) "Design Hydrographs for Small Watersheds in ( e ) Indiana," by I. P. Wu, ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 89, No. HY6. "Hydrology of Small Watersheds in Indiana and Hydrodynamics of Overland Flow," by I. P. Wu, Joint Highway Research Project, Rept. No. 15, r„i July 1963. K&>

MEANDER FLOOD PLAIN MODEL. Engineering Experiment Station; Purdue

Research Foundation; Agricultural Research

Service

.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ. Analytical and experimental research for

Ph.D. thesis.

A 5- x 30-foot styrofoam meander-flood plain

model is built with adjustable slope, side walls and channel dimensions. Flow visualiz- ation equipment and a directional prandtl tube are in use. Both stage-discharge relations

as well as Internal flow field characteristics are being investigated.

The literature concerning meander mechanisms

has been reviewed. Several experimental

stage-discharge relations are available. Internal characteristics of flow field have

been determined for a number of cases. Implications of findings to basic facets of the meander problem, to flood routing and

to river improvements studies have been

formulated.

"The Flow in a Meander-Flood Plain Geometry,"

by A. A. Sooky, Ph.D. thesis.

"The Hydraulics of Meandering Rivers with

Flood Plains," by G. H. Toebes and A. A. Sooky, Hydromechanics Laboratory, Purdue

University, Technical Report No. 9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE SURFACE FOR FLOW AROUND PILING.

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. Experimental and theoretical for M.S. Thesis. The study is aimed at the development of a rational method of determining the locus of the free surface for flow around piling and

thus permit more reliable estimates of factors of safety with respect to piping.

Completed.

Approximate methods of solution were developed

whereby one can predict with some degree of reliability, the location of the free surface and the quantity of seepage for homogeneous

earth structures founded on impervious bases with vertical cutoff walls. The accuracy of the methods depend upon the positioning of the cutoff. Submitted to RILEM at Paris meeting April,

1964.

(5110) HOT-WIRE PHYSICS IN LIQUIDS.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis. The purpose of this research is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of hot wires in liquids, to determine their sensitivity to fluctuations of velocity,

temperature and flow direction, and to arri-ve at an understanding of the physical causes

of their limitations. System response equations have been formulated and determination of necessary empirical constants is its purpose. Equipment for the necessary experimental work for checking

theory is operative. HYDROELASTIC STRUCTURING OF SEPARATED FLOW AND WAKE TURBULENCE

.

Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. Analytical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis. Analytic and experimental study aimed at correlating the hydroelastic loading of structural components and the turbulent

structure of the generated wake and separating

boundary layers.

Force, displacement and wake turbulence measurements are being made for variety of

(d)

(e)

(g)

(5111)

67
(5112)

(b)

(g)

cylindrical components and plate-like structures. Reduction of data by means of spectrum

analysis equipment. TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUIDS. David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Lab., School

of Civil Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. theses. Analytic and experimental investigations aimed

at optimization of turbulence measurements in liquids using hot-wire anemometer equipment

and to compare performance characteristics of hot-wire equipment with hot-film thermistor,

electro-magnetic and pressure transducers.

System response characteristics are being

studied. Special calibration and test eqip- ment has been designed. Collecting of liquid

anemometry data Is in progress.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(4499) AN INVESTIGATION OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATED HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. J. E. Gibson, School of Elec. Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Experimental and analytical investigation; basic research. Experimental work is being conducted to inves- tigate the feasibility of a new type of pulse width modulating valve. In addition, some analytical work has been done to study the use

of a pulse width modulated valve in a dual mode

hydraulic servo. Some analytical results have been obtained in which mathematical models for the pulse width

valve system have been derived. A method for

estimating transient responses of a system with

coulomb friction has been developed.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(2374) MASS TRANSFER IN TWO-PHASE ANNULAR FLOW OF

LIQUIDS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

(d)

(e)

National Science Foundation.

Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana. Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. degree. This problem is concerned with the analytical and experimental study of the mass transfer from an annular liquid film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube to

a co-current gas flow in the core of the tube. Systematic experiments will be conducted for determining the effect of the rates of flow

of air and liquid, and the temperature dif- ference between air and liquid upon the rate

of mass transfer from the liquid film.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory,

School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4197) FLUID LINE DYNAMICS.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

(c) Prof. Rufus Oldenburger, School of Mech. Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Theoretical and experimental project; Master's and Doctor's Thesis Research.

(e) Mathematical models in use for systems with

significant fluid lines are generally so complicated as to make design with such models impractical. In this investigation models are sought which are as simple as possible but which still adequately describe

the response of the system to the class of disturbances of interest. Using infinite product expansions of transcendental functions

(h)

satisfactory results have been obtained for

single conduits terminating in lumped

elements. Viscosity, boundary effects and

line vibration are being considered in the analytical work. Frequency response runs to verify the theory are being made to determine

the range for which solutions obtained are applicable. The theoretical and experimental

approaches are being extended to systems with two or more lines. Rational approxi- mations to the transfer functions of such systems are sought where the accuracy of the approximation can be seen directly from the approximation, as is the case where infinite products have been applied. Studies so far have been restricted to medium and large diameter lines. They are being extended to very small lines in the capillary class. The rate of dispersion of a pressure wave in

a single line of constant cross section is also under study and the reinforcement of such a wave traveling back and forth In a conduit closed at both ends. Theory and tests show that for a wide range

of operation encountered In practice flow through bends may be treated as flow through

straight conduits. Mathematical models

developed for straight fluid lines describe their response to high frequency. However,

if resonance effects are to be included a certain complication of the model is necessary, beyond which further simplification

is not possible.

"Hydraulic Line Dynamics," by R. Oldenburger

and R. E. Goodson, presented at the Congress

of the International Federation of Automatic Control in Basle, Switzerland, 1963. "Dynamic Response of Fluid Lines," by R. Oldenburger and A. F. D'Souza, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers Paper No. 63-WA-73, 1963.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4686) FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES OF

ANNULAR CROSS-SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) The purpose of this project was to obtain

data on mean velocity and turbulence in- tensity distributions for steady fullydeveloped flow in annul! similar to the data obtained by J. Laufer, V. A. Sandborn, and

G. Comte-Bellot on flow in circular pipes

and between parallel planes.

(f) Completed.

(g) For annular pipes with diameter ratios from 0.0625 to 0.562 and with Reynolds numbers

from 46,000 to 327,000, accurate mean veloc- ity distributions were determined. The point of maximum mean velocity in turbulent flow occurs at a smaller radius than in laminar

flow. Velocity profiles deviate from the usual law of the wall and velocity defect

law correlations whenever the radial dis- tribution of Reynolds stress is far from

linear. This occurs in the inner profiles for small diameter ratios. Turbulence

intensity distributions were determined, and these in conjunction with already published

distributions for flow in circular pipes and for flow between parallel planes provide

knowledge of turbulence Intensity distri- butions for all cases of fully-developed

one dimensional flow.

(h) "The Structure of Fully-Developed Turbulent

Flow in Annull," by J. A. Brighton, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, August 1963.

(4687) FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN RECTANGU- LAR CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

68
(c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The purpose of this Investigation was to ob- tain knowledge of the relationships among

velocity distributions, secondary flows, and turbulence characteristics in fully-developed Incompressible flow in channels of rectangular cross-section.

f) Completed.

g) For fully-developed incompressible flow in a square channel at Reynolds numbers of 150,000

and 300,000 and in a 2 x 1 rectangular chan- nel at Reynolds numbers of 50,000, 150,000, and 300,000, complete measurements of mean

flow velocity distributions, wall shear stress distributions, and Reynolds stress distributions were made. The results indicate that

the motion of fluid along secondary flow

streamlines is related to Reynolds stress interactions and not to transverse pressure

gradients

(h) "Turbulence and Mean Flow Characteristics of Fully-Developed Flow in Rectangular Channels,"

by F. B. Gessner, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ.,

January 1964.

(4690) EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE INLET

LENGTH AND CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR PULSATING FLOW IN RIGID TUBES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Associate Prof, of Mech. Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana. 47907.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The calculation of volume flow rates from pressure gradient measurements in the cardiovascular system are based on the as- sumptions of fully-developed laminar flow. The purpose of this investigation Is to determine experimentally the entrance length

and critical Reynolds number for pulsating

flow. Conflicting data are available as to

the effect of pulsations on the critical Reynolds number in tube flow. It is hoped

that visualization techniques employed will

shed some light on the mechanism of tran- sition in tube flow. It is anticipated that

this work will also provide a point of departure and reference point for additional work on pulsating flow in elastic tubes.

(f) Temporarily inactive.

(5015) THE INTERSECTION OF TWO IMCOMPRESSIBLE JETS BETWEEN PARALLEL PLANES.

(b) Harry Diamond Laboratories, U. S. Army Materiel

Command.

(c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research

in part for doctoral thesis.

(e) The deflection of a fluid Jet between parallel

planes by a smaller Jet, with its axis approximately normal to that of the initial Jet, and

the nature of the resulting Jet are important

in the design and operation of some fluid

Jet amplifiers. The purpose of this research

is to determine means for predicting the resulting Jet flow as a function of the characteristics of the incident Jets and the boundary geometry.

(5016) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PULSATING LAMINAR FLOW IN A RIGID TUBE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical

Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana

47907

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) Several analytical methods which permit the calculation of volume flow rates from pressure

gradient measurements in the cardiovascular

system are currently available. There are points of definite conflict in reported

results using different methods. The purpose

of this investigation is to obtain an experi- mental evaluation of the available analyses.

(5017) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT

FLUID FLOW IN CONICAL DIFFUSERS.

(b) Army Research Office, Duke Station, Durham,

N. C. (c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical

Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Experimental applied research for doctoral thesis

(e) The primary objective of this work is to obtain systematic flow regime and per- formance data for conical diffuser flows over a wide range of diffuser geometries. While the Initial investigation will be restricted to Incompressible flows, it is anticipated that the work will be later

extended to Include subsonic compressible

flows. Existing semi-empirical methods for predicting the behavior of turbulent boundary layers in adverse pressure gradients will be Investigated in light of the experimental results.

(5018) ANNULAR DIFFUSER FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical

Engrg., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) This work is a preliminary investigation

aimed at providing information as to the most promising means of correlating annular diffuser behavior with existing diffuser

data. Specifically, diffuser performance

and flow regime data will be obtained for

several diffuser geometries; different geometries will be obtained by varying

inner body shape in conjunction with a fixed outer conical section. Initial work will be restricted to incompressible,

non-swirling inlet flows.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA. Inquiries concerning Projects 2144, 2603, 3153,

3502, 3824, 4199, 4200, 4201, 4202, 4209, 4691,

4692, 4693, 4694, 4695, 4696, 4697, 4699. 4700,

5187, and 5188 should be addressed to Director,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue S. E . , Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55414. Inquiries concerning Projects 111, 1168, 1929, and

2386, which are conducted in cooperation with the Agri- cultural Research Service, should be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blalsdell, Hydraulic Engineer, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural

Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Mississippi River at Third Avenue S. E . , Minneapolis,

Minnesota, 55414. Inquiries concerning Project No. 194, which is conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers

and the U. S. Geological survey, should be addressed

to Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon Colby, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55414.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal

to the pipe diameter and a variable length

is currently being tested to determine the effect of orifices in a drop inlet on the

69
spillway performance. The tests on the drop

Inlet without orifice and having a flat bottom have been completed; tests of a drop

inlet having a semi-circular bottom are planned. The anti-vortex device consists of a horizontal plate supported above the crest of the drop inlet by end piers. The characteristics, performance, losses, and pressures in the drop inlet and on the anti-vortex plate

are being determined for various combinations

of drop inlet length, and height and overhang

of the anti-vortex plate. Water is used as the model fluid to determine the performance

characteristics, and head-discharge re- lationships during flows of water-air

mixtures. For full flow, air is used as the model fluid to determine the various energy

loss coefficients and the pressure coef- ficients.

A square drop inlet having a hood barrel entrance is being tested to determine entrance

loss coefficients for various drop inlet

sizes and heights and various barrel slopes. Previous tests have evaluated the performance

of this type of inlet,

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has

been developed, verified, and published. Results of tests on many forms of the closed

conduit spillway entrance have been

published. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes may flow completely full even though

the outlet discharges freely. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting of the results have been developed. The use of air as the model fluid has been verified by

comparing test results with those obtained using water as the model fluid. The drop inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex

device causes the spillway to act as a self- regulating siphon when the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation.

The height of the anti-vortex plate above the drop inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness

of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For

one form of the inlet, tests have been made

to determine the crest loss coefficient, the barrel entrance loss coefficient, the pressures on the plate and the drop inlet,

the general performance of the inlet, minimum and maximum permissible plate heights, and the head-discharge relationship for plate

control. Variables have been the length of

the drop inlet, the barrel slope, the height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate, and the sidewall thickness. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown

that the hood barrel entrance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop

inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined.

(1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantllevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively for the size of the scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

(f) Preliminary planning and study.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minn.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) The Junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different

sizes entering mains of different sizes at various angles. The laterals enter the main

at the centerline. Additional tests have been made with the crowns (or inverts) of both main and lateral in the same plane.

f) Completed.

g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge Junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree increments from 15 degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral

and the main are completely full. The tests cover all possible combinations of discharge

in the lateral and In the main. Laterals having areas 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/7, and 1/16

that of the main have been tested. A color motion picture film entitled "Energy Losses

at Converging Pipe Junctions" has been completed and is available. The 16 mm film

Is 800 feet long.

(h) "Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe Junctions" by Fred W. Blalsdell and Philip

W. Manson. U. S. Department of Agriculture

Technical Bulletin No. 1283, Aug. 1963.

(2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for development and design.

(e) Studies will be made to develop a transition

and to determine the rules for Its design. The transition will be used to change the flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are super- critical.

(f) Suspended.

(2144) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF

HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) Investigation of the air entralnment phenomenon of an artificially ventilated

hydrofoil of finite span in the vicinity of

a free surface

.

(g) A method has been developed to predict air

requirements of ventilated bodies with

reentrant- jet type cavities. The accuracy

of predicting air requirements by this method is on the order of 15 per cent. Experimental data for trailing vortex type cavities (high air entralnment rates) were found to be a function of the Froude number based on the vertical projection of the foil

chord, cavitation number, aspect ratio, and

submergence of the foil in chords. An

empirical expression relating these param- eters has been derived to predict the occurrence of trailing vortex cavities and their associated high air entralnment rates.

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research.

(e) Establishment of procedures for accoustlcally measuring the size and number of small gas bubbles existing in water.

(g) Studies have validated the use of acoustic attenuation as a measure of the presence of gas bubbles in water. Continuing work will develop an Instrument for a specific water

tunnel application.

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) The experimental study of an oscillating

flat plate in a free-Jet tunnel has Just been concluded. A new experimental program

is to oscillate a trailing flap. The main

70
purpose Is to achieve a higher reduced

frequency.

(h) "A Quasi-Linear and Linear Theory for Non- Separated and Separated Two-Dimensional,

Incompressible, Irrotational Flow about Lifting Bodies," by C. S. Song, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Technical Paper

No. 43, Series B, 36 pages, May 1963.

(3502) MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Blnnie

and Partners, London; Government of Pakistan.

d) Experimental; design and operation.

e) A 1:300 scale section model consisting of half the control structure and basin and a 1:150 scale comprehensive model for study

of all important hydraulic features. A 1:216 scale section model consisting of two

control structure gates for study of pressures and gate calibration. A 1:300

scale comprehensive approach model for study

of flow conditions in approach. Two 1:150

scale section models, one a detailed study

of pressures and forces on baffle blocks, one

a detailed study of waves on the basin side walls. Typical dimensions of earth fill

dam spillway include a drop in water level

of 330 ft, and a design discharge of 900,000 cfs through a two-stage stilling basin energy dlssipator.

(3824) SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINED

FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Analytical and experimental investigation of

the air concentration, velocity distribution,

and surface roughness of water flow in steep open channels, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Experimental investigation was carried out

on the SAF high velocity channel for slopes up to 53 degrees. Velocities were measured

by means of a pitot tube and high speed

photography. Air concentration was measured

by the SAF concentration meter. The surface elevation was measured by a device which

measures the average time the surface is above a given elevation.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(4199) GEOMETRY OF AIR CAVITIES IN A BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experiments performed to observe the geometry of the air cavity formed downstream

of wedges mounted on channel wall when air

is introduced through parts on downstream

face of the wedge. Geometry of cavity and

air demand will be observed in relation to wedge length and thickness for case of single wedge and for a series of wedges at various longitudinal spacings. The ultimate

objective is to study drag reduction due to presence of air In boundary layer.

(g) Cavity geometry and air demand obtained for

single wedges from 2.5° to 90° semi-angle. Influence of blockage ratio and free surface

on cavity formation has been studied.

(4200) INVESTIGATION OF THE FORCES AND INTERFERENCE EFFECT OF TANDEM FLAT HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) Investigation of the lift and drag forces

on the aft foil of a tandem hydrofoil con- figuration employing ventilated hydrofoils.

(g) Surface waves generated by a ventilated

hydrofoil of finite span near the free water

surface were measured for a number of foil submergences, velocities, and cavitation

numbers. Experimental data have been obtained

on the interference effect of two forced ventilated foils in tandem. The cavitation

number and the force characteristics of the

aft foil were found to be a function of the longitudinal spacing of the foils. In general, rather severe changes were noted.

(h) "Interference Effects for Tandem Fully Sub- merged Flat Noncavitatlng Hydrofoils,"

W. H. C. Maxwell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Memorandum No. M-92, March 1963. "Surface Waves Generated by a Supercavitatirg

Hydrofoil of Finite Span," J. M. Wetzel, and

L. T. Boyer, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Memorandum No. M-94, June 1963.

(4201) GURI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Corp. Venezolano de Guayana

.

d) Experimental, design and operation.

e) Preliminary study for the design of the Guri Hydroelectric development on the Caroni

River, Venezuela using a 1:394 comprehensive

spillway model, 1:197 spillway section

model, and a 1:197 comprehensive model. Studies include spillway design, channel

closure, and cofferdam studies.

(4202) MICRO BUBBLE STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research.

(e) Measurement of micro bubble structure of laboratory and natural waters before and after exposure to dynamic disturbances characteristic of common forms of hydraulic

machinery with the ultimate objective of correlating micro bubble structure with critical cavitation performance.

f) Completed.

g) Acoustic attenuation measurements served to indicate that micro gas bubbles are evolved

from dissolved gases by the shear dynamics

of a boundary layer.

(h) "An Acoustic Study of Gaseous Micro-Bubbles

in Boundary Layers and Propeller Wakes,"

by John F. Ripken and John M. Killen, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Project

Report No. 67, 28 pages, December 1962.

(4209) THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ON THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTROOSMOTIC PERMEABILITY OF UNIFORM VERY FINE SANDS.

(la) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Accurately sized, narrow range, angular

quartz particles and spherical glass beads were tightly placed in a permeameter with

reversible silver-silver chloride electrodes

at the ends of the test section. Streaming

potential, streaming current, electrical resistivity of low conductivity liquid, and filter velocity were precisely measured. Studies include: (1) Flow retardation from return electroosmosis; (2) analysis of electroosmotic permeability factors with respect to particle characteristics and hydraulic permeability, and (3) comparisons

of streaming current and filter velocity at varying Reynolds numbers.

(g) It has been found that the streaming current- potential varies linearly with hydraulic

gradient to a slightly higher Reynolds number than the filter velocity. Lack of complete deaeration causes a larger re- duction in the filter velocity than the streaming. When "boiling" action takes place anomalous relations between the filter ve- locity and streaming current occur.

(4691) A STUDY OF DRAG REDUCTION BY THE USE OF NON-NEWTONIAN BOUNDARY LAYER ADDITIVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

d) Analytical and experimental applied research.

e) A study of boundary layer mechanics and re- sulting shear forces for high velocity pipe flow of dilute water solutions possessing

non-Newtonian characteristics.

(g) Tests with the additive CMC have shown that

as compared to water, this fluid shows a substantial resistance to flow in the laminar regime and greatly decreased resistance to flow in the fully turbulent regime.

71
(h) "Studies of the Reduction of Pipe Friction with the Non-Newtonian Additive CMC," by- John F. Ripken and Meir Pilch, St. Anthony- Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper

No. 42, Series B, 54 pages, April 1963.

(4692) INTERFERENCE EFFECTS BETWEEN TRANSVERSE CYLINDRICAL CONFIGURATIONS IN OPEN-CHANNEL

PLOW.

(b) Project conducted for master's thesis.

( d ) Experimental

.

(e) The problem of backwater arises in natural and artificial waterways when a pipe crosses

a river beneath the surface. From preliminary

tests, the backwater from support bents, built from pairs of cylindrical vertical pipes with wooden caps, and the backwater from cylindrical pipes transverse to the flow, cannot be added to give the backwater effect

of the bents and transverse pipe in com- bination. It is ray purpose to determine

some means of estimating this interference

effect.

f) Completed.

g) Very generally, Interference effects are the result of two primary effects: (1) The velocities to which a given body is exposed

are Increased when a second body is Introduced

into the flow at the same section, thus increasing the drag, (2) the backwater to which a given body Is exposed Is increased when a second body is introduced Into the flow at the same section, again causing an increased drag.

(h) "Interference Effects between Transverse Cylindrical Configuration in Open-Channel

Flow," by Harold W. Coleman, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, Dec. 1963. (Available

at University of Minnesota Library.)

(4693) JET FLAPS ON SUPERCAVTTATING HYDROFOILS

FOR LIFT CONTROL.

(bl Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experimental research has been conducted in

the free- jet water tunnel on supercavitating

flat plate hydrofoils for the purpose of finding the effect of jet flaps on such foils.

(g) As in the non-supercavitating case, lift increment appears to be proportional to' the

sine of the jet-flap angle and to the square root of the jet momentum coefficient; however,

the proportionality constant Is materially

less. There Is no utility in Jet flaps for ventilated supercavltated foils.

(h) "Experiments on a Jet Flap in Supercavitating

Flow," by E. Sllberman, Technical Paper No.

46, Series B, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory. In preparation.

(4694) ANGAT PROJECT.

(b) Harza Engineering Co., Chicago; Engineering

and Development Corp. of the Philippines,

Manila; National Power Corporation, Manila.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Experimental studies are being carried out on a 1:118 scale comprehensive model to verify proposed designs for the for the spillway structure and achieve optimum di- mensions for the various components.

(?) Completed.

(g) Data were obtained on head-discharge relationships for the spillway crest, flow conditions

in the spillway approach channel, velocities

and pressures in the chute, and flow condition?

in the vicinity of the ski-Jump type terminal

structure. The studies Indicated that the elevation of the bottom of the approach channel

could be raised, resulting in a saving in excavation cost. It was also found that the preliminary design of deflection at the end

of the spillway produced good dispersion of the jet but tended to create a backwater

effect with objectionable effects at the powerhouse further upstream. A new deflector

was developed which turned the flow and directed It downstream, greatly reducing backwater effects.

(h) No publications available.

(4695) A STUDY OF THE HYDRAULIC EXIT GRADIENT FOR

FLOW THROUGH A GRANULAR MEDIA

.

b) Laboratory project.

d) The project is for a master's thesis, classified as basic research, with theoretical and experimental aspects,

(e) The project deals with upwards flow through

a granular media. Materials used were

basalt and concrete sand with sizes ranging

from 0.5 to 5 mm. The hydraulic conditions

present when the flow through the granular

bed transfers the bed from a dense to a fluldized state are studied,

fl Completed.

g) The experimentally determined exit gradient

agreed reasonably well with calculated exit gradients based upon a simplified analysis,

(h) "A Study of the Critical Hydraulic Exit Gradient for Flow through Granular Media,"

by Havard Aas, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, August 1963. (Available at Univ. of Minnesota Library.

)

(4696) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL

UNSTEADY, SUPERCAVITATED HYDROFOIL FLOWS WITH FREE-SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The purpose of this research is to find the effect of free- surface on the unsteady force acting on an oscillating flat plate with a trailing cavity. Both the finite cavity case and the infinite cavity case are considered. The effect of the gravitation is also to be estimated.

(g) The force coefficient Is found to consist of steady term, added mass term, and the circula- tory force term. The effect of cavitation number appears linearly, but the effect of submergence appears non-linearly . The result agrees with the existing theory when the submergence is Infinitely large. The force coefficient for the zero submergence case

is found to be exactly one-half of that of fully wetted infinite fluid case.

(h) Under preparation.

(4697) KARNAFULI PROJECT.

(b) Agency for International Development, Dept.

of State.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Experimental review of flow conditions leading to partial failure of Karnafuli

Spillway.

(g) Two models of the spillway have been con- structed, one a 1:132 scale comprehensive

model and the other a 1:60 scale section

model. Measurements have been obtained of both steady and transient pressures acting

on the chute surfaces. In addition, data are being obtained on impact forces on model logs and the optimum gate operation

to pass debris through the spillway.

(4699) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CAVITATING BODY

IN A COMPRESSIBLE LIQUID MIXTURE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) Investigation of the force characteristics

of a cavitating body in a flowing air-water mixture

.

(g) No results yet available.

(4700) OSCILLATORY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON VENTILATED HYDROFOILS IN REGULAR WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the force characteristics

of a restrained, naturally ventilated

hydrofoil moving through regular waves.

(g) The oscillatory lift and drag forces on a foil of finite span ventilated to the

72
atmosphere were measured for a number of wave conditions. Satisfactory agreement with

quasi-steady theory was obtained for all the conditions considered,

(h) "Force Characteristics of Flapped, Ventilated

Foils in Smooth and Rough Water," J. M. Wetzel, and W. H. C. Maxwell, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report

No. 66, January 1963.

(5187) VORTEX MOTION IN AN EMPTYING CONTAINER,

b) Laboratory project.

d) The project is for a master's thesis, classi- fied as basic research, with theoretical and experimental aspects,

(e) The project deals with the relationship

between vortex formation at the outlet of an emptying container in relation to the vorticlty in the container. The purpose is

to study the formation of vortices at outlet works

(5188) SEDIMENT RIPPLE CHARACTERISTICS IN LOW FROUDE NUMBER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) An analytical attempt to predict the length,

height and shape of sediment ripples under a flow of fluid as a function of the mean

parameters of the flow and of the sediment particles

(g) A first approximation to wave shape has been determined as well as a relationship between

wave height, length, and celerity for given

flow and particle parameter. INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION

WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources, Personnel of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the

U. S. Geological Survey are actively engaged

on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon C. Colby, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Hennepin Island and Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 55414.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Drawings and specifications are available to facilitate the manufacture of suspended- sediment and bed-material samplers, particlesize analyzers, and associated laboratory

equipment. Approved designs of suspended

sediment samplers include a single-stage

sampler, 4-, 22- and 62-pound samplers, and electrically operated samplers weighing

100,200, and 300 pounds. Instruments for

sampling bed material Include a piston-type

hand-operated sampler, a 30-pound hand-line

sampler, and a 100-pound sampler for cable

suspension. Also available are a sediment

sample splitter, a bottom-withdrawal

sedimentation tube with recording equipment for particle size analyses of sands. The primary objective of the current program is the development of an instrument to auto- matically record suspended- sediment con- centrations in flowing streams,

(g) Field and/or laboratory tests have been continued on Intermittent pumping-type

samplers, turbidimeters, and on electronic, ultrasonic and nuclear sensing devices. Field tests on pumping-type samplers and

on an improved nuclear density probe will

be continued in 1964. An Improved sedi- mentation chamber for the ultrasonic

device has been fabricated and installed for

future testing. Development of a tur- bidity meter using transmitted light for measuring the concentration of particles

suspended in a fluid is progressing. A progress report on electronic sensing of

sediment is in preparation. Report No. 14, titled "Determination of Fluvial Sediment

Discharge," is being prepared for pub- lication in 1964.

(h) "A Summary of the Work of the Federal Inter- Agency Sedimentation Project," Report S, 29 pages, 28 January - 1 February 1963. "Ultrasonic Measurement of Suspended

Sediment," by Gordon H. Flammer, Geo- logical Survey Bulletin 1141-A, 48 pages,

1962.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, University of California, San Diego.

(4500) A STUDY OF INTERNAL WAVES IN THE OCEAN.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles S. Cox, The Scrlpps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92038.

(d) The project is theoretical, including field investigation and is basic research.

(h) "Coupling of Internal and Surface Waves In Water of Variable Depth," Charles Cox and Helmuth Sandstrom, Jour. Ocean. Soc. Japan,

20th Ann. Vol., pp. 499-513, 1962.

(4501) STUDY OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC TIDES.

b) NSF laboratory project.

c) Prof. Walter H. Munk and Mr. Frank Snodgrass, Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Univ. of Calif., San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.

92038.

(d) Basic research; both theoretical and field investigation

(e) This is a continuation of work from the last two years. The new results are that we have successfully traced the continuous spectrum

through the tidal frequencies; furthermore,

we have discovered sharp peaks or "cusps" of the continuum adjoining each strong tidal

line. These cusps are undoubtedly due to non-linear interaction between the tidal line spectrum and the low frequency continuum.

(h) "Patching the Long-Wave Spectrum Across

the Tides," W. H.Munk and E. C. Bullard.

J. Geophys. Research, 68, No. 12, pp. 3627-

3634, June 1963. "Statistical Relationships Between Time Series of Sea Level and Weather," Bernard Zetler

(paper presented at UGGI meeting, Berkeley,

August 1963)

(4502) SWELL ATTENUATION STUDIES.

b) Office of Naval Research laboratory project.

c) Prof. Walter H. Munk, Assoc. Director, In- stitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics,

University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California. 92038.

(d) Basic research; both theoretical and field

investigation.

(e) During the summer of 1963 we occupied six wave stations along a great circle route stretching from New Zealand to Yakutat,

Alaska. Twice daily at each of the stations records were taken for three hours, and

these have been spectrum analyzed and plotted. We expect to determine the attenuation of ocean waves as a function of frequency.

(h) "Comparative Spectra of Microseisms and Swell," R. A. Haubrich, W. H. Munk and

F. E. Snodgrass. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.,

53, No. 1, pp. 27-37, Jan. 1963. "Bispectra of Ocean Waves," K. Hasselmann, W. Munk, and G. J. F. MacDonald. Time Series Analysis, pp. 125-139, Wiley, 1963. "Directional Recording of Swell From Distant

Storms," W. H. Munk, G. R. Miller, F. E. Snodgrass, and N. F. Barber. Phil. Trans.

Roy. Soc. London, Series A, No. 1062, Vol.

255, pp. 505-584, April 1963.

(5010) LABORATORY STUDY OF THE RUNUP AND REFLECTION OF LOW-STEEPNESS WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Code 418 Field

73
Project Office,

(c) Dr. Wm. G. Van Dorn, Scripp.s Institution of Oceanography, Univ. of Calif., San Diego,

La Jolla, Calif. 92038.

d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

e) This experiment is designed to test current one-dimensional theories of the enhancement

and reflection of waterwaves against shoaling

boundaries, as well as in the hope of understanding - at least empirically - the mechanisms whereby high-frequency incoming

oscillatory waves can be transformed into low-frequency oscillations of the shelf water as a whole. In these experiments a dispersive wave train is formed by the singlestroke by vertical insertion of a parabolic

generator at one end of the tank having the dimensions 16-lnches wide by one foot deep by

90-feet long. The dispersive wave train then propagates up the tank and reflects from an Impermeable shoreline whose slope can be adjusted from infinite to about one on one hundred. Wave amplitudes at all parts of the tank are measured by pressure transducers coupled to probes set very slightly beneath

the free water surface. Wave amplitudes in

all cases are kept substantially below .01-

ft.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, College of Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harold Plinsch, Civil Engrg.

Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.

(4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

b) Laboratory project.

d) General theoretical, experimental, and field

research.

(e) Research on the theories of surface wave

origin and growth, on measurements in the laboratory and in nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement. Equipment has been assembled for telemetering and recording wave height, period, and direction

.

(g) A lake shore receiving and recording station

is under construction.

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES.

b) Laboratory project.

d) General theoretical, experimental, and field research,

(e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in the laboratory and in nature,

(g) Eight-directional wave tank has been

completed.

(1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD,

b) Laboratory project.

d) General theoretical, experimental, and

field research,

(e) Rolling and pitching period and metacentric

height relationships are studied for stationary and moving ships, in still water

and under wave action,

(g) Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report.

(4701) THE EFFECT OF TIDES ON HARBORS, BAYS, AND

ESTUARIES.

b) Laboratory project.

d) General theoretical, experimental, and field

research.

(e) A study of the scouring or shoaling effect

of tidal currents in South Carolina harbors

and estuaries.

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Mechanical Sciences.

(3826) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Study of pressure distribution on bodies of arbitrary cross-section entering a plane water surface.

(f) Completed.

(3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

e) Present work Includes the design, construction, and testing of flexible hydrofoil models to obtain data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of operating conditions.

(h) "Experimental Unsteady Airfoil Lift and Moment Coefficients for Low Values of Reduced Velocity," by H . N. Abramson and

G. E. Ransleben, Jr., AIAA Journal, 1, 6, pp. 1441-1443, June 1963. "Experimental Determination of Oscillatory

Lift and Moment Distributions on Fully

Submerged Flexible Hydrofoils," by G. E. Ransleben, Jr., and H. N. Abramson, Journal

of Ship Research, October 1963. Other published papers and Southwest Research Institute technical reports.

(4216) STUDIES OF FUEL SLOSHING.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search . (e) Studies of forces and moments in missile

fuel tanks resulting from sloshing motions

of fuel.

(h) "Liquid Sloshing in Spherical Tanks," by

H. N. Abramson, W. H. Chu, and L. R. Garza, AIAA Journal, 1, pp. 384-389, Feb. 1963. Several other Southwest Research Institute technical reports.

(4217) LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET TANKS.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, D. C.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

.

(e) Studies of liquid dynamic behavior in elastic tanks.

(h) "Bending Vibrations of a Circular Cylindrical Shell Containing an Internal Liquid With a Free Surface," by U. S. Lindholm, W. H. Chu,

D. D. Kana, and H. N. Abramson, AIAA

Journal, 1, 9, pp. 2092-2099, Sept. 1963. "Liquid Dynamic Behavior in Moving Con- tainers," by H. N. Abramson, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 16, 7, pp. 501-506, July 1963. Several additional Southwest Research

Institute technical reports.

(4702) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP ANTI-ROLL TANKS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Mr. John F. Dalzell, Senior Research Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra

74
Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental j applied

research.

(e) Studies of forces and damping effects in passive anti-roll stabilization tanks for

ships.

(4703) VIBRATION OF SUBMERGED ELASTIC PLATES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision)

.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental} applied

research

.

(e) Study of the vibration characteristics of elastic cantilever plates submerged in water.

(f) Completed.

(4704) VIBRATION OP HYDROFOIL STRUCTURES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Mr. Guldo E. Ransleben, Jr., Senior Research

Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra

Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Study of the vibration characteristics of hydrofoil-type structures.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Vibration Characteristics of Three Representative Hydrofoil Configurations,"

by K. D. Doshi and G. E. Ransleben, Jr., Final Report, Contract N0bs-88114(X)

,

September 1963.

(4926) LIQUID FREE SURFACE NEAR ZERO G.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analysis of liquid free surface shape for

very small values of gravity.

(4927) LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN TANKS UNDER AXIAL

OSCILLATION

.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Studies of nonlinear liquid motions in rigid and elastic tanks undergoing axial oscillations.

(4928) FLUTTER ANALYSIS OF HYDROFOILS.

(2151

[5K

(g

(2614

(b

U. S. Navy, Bureau of Ships.

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical; applied research. Calculations of flutter speed for a hydrofoil flutter model by several different techniques

.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1946) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAFHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley and N. H. Crawford,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and field research.

(e) A study of the runoff process with a view to estimating the streamflow hydrograph from

rainfall and eventually by statistical means.

(g) A simplified mathematical treatment of non- equilibrium overland flow has been developed. Studies on the computation of the hydrograph

from rainfall excess by use of fluid mechanics and a statistical analysis of soil-moisture frequency are underway. A conceptual model

has been programmed for the digital computer

to permit synthesis of continuous streamflow

from hourly rainfall. Testing and refinement

of the model is underway. Analysis of results

to develop procedures applicable to ungaged basins will follow.

(h) "Hydraulic Behavior of Small Drainage Basins,"

by J. R. Morgali, Tech. Rept . No. 30, Dept.

of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Oct., 1963. MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY. Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford University.

Experimental; engineer thesis. Comparison of spillway performance and

design predictions.

Experimental work completed; thesis being

written. PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW. Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis. Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states. Experimental work completed and analyzed; thesis being written. STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. Theoretical investigation; laboratory and field studies; basic research; Ph.D. theses. An attempt is being made to develop relations between soil parameters and infiltration

capacities. Investigation is being extended

to unsteady unsaturated flow through soils

as experienced in capillary rise, drainage, and infiltration situations.

(g) An analytic approach to the solution of unsteady unsaturated flow In soils has been

developed. If the Initial moisture condi- tion and the hydraulic and capillary

characteristics of the soil are known, the method permits prediction of the future disposition of soil moisture. Experimental

equipment using a gamma source for moisture

content determination is under construction.

(h) "An Approach to the Solution of Unsteady

Unsaturated Flow Problems In Soils," by

Flora Chu Wang, Tech. Rept. No. 19, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ., 1963.

(3508) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

fd) Laboratory and field investigations.

(e) Field studies with Class A evaporation pans have been employed to evaluate the evapo- ration reduction capabilities and biological

attrition resistances of various monomolecu- lar films. In a full scale program at a 40 acre lake methods of application of the film were investigated together with

the effect of the film on biota.

(f) The research is being extended to a study of evaporation from soils. The effect of adding long-chain fatty alcohols to the soil

to reduce evaporation is being Investigated.

(g) Full scale field tests using hexadecanol on

a 40 acre lake during the summer of 1960

(3507

IS

(d

(e

75
gave an evaporation reduction of 18 percent.

(4219) SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOIL THEORY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

(c) Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

d) Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

e) The forces on supercavitating hydrofoils

having large curvature are being studied.

In addition studies are being conducted on the effects of gravity and rotation on the forces acting on supercavitating hydrofoils

and wedges. Additional research being

carried on on nonlinear effects and freesurface phenomenon.

(g) Rotation and gravity have been shown to have significant effects on forces acting in supercavitating flows.

(h) "A Nonlinear Theory for Supercavitating Flow

Past a Wedge in a Longitudinal Gravity Field,"

by Charles Lenau, Tech. Rept. No. 28, Dept.

of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., 1963. "Supercavitating Flow About a Slender Wedge

in a Transverse Gravity Field," R. L. Street,

J. Ship Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 1963. "Symmetric, Rotational, Supercavitating Flow About a Slender Wedge, " R. L. Street, ASME Annual Mtg. Paper No. 63-WA-106, 1963.

(4705) HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini

.

(d) Theoretical investigation and experimental

program; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Several aspects of open-channel flow are under investigation including (1) velocity

and shear distribution In open channels having different cross- sectional shapes,

(2) characteristics of flow in a channel

that simulates the cross-section of a river. In particular, the case where supercritical

flow in the main channel section changes to subcritical flow in the overbank- stage section is being investigated.

(f) Analytic approach to (1) above is underway.

A 50 ft. flume for (2) above has been built

and experimental work has commenced.

(4706) INVESTIGATION OF THIN -FILM LIQUID FLOW OVER

SOLID BODIES OF DIFFERENT SHAPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation;

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The characteristics of thin- film liquid

flow over solid bodies (spheres, ellipsoids,

cones, cylinders, and composites) are being

investigated. In later stages of the research it is anticipated that the results

from flow over single bodies will be applied

to packings so that the research can be extended to the hydraulics of trickling

filters.

(f ) Preliminary analysis for thin-film .liquid flow over spheres and ellipsoids has been

completed. Experimental rig is under con- struction.

(h) "Laminar Flow of Thin Liquid Films Around

Solid Bodies of Various Shapes," by Nabil A. Hassan, Techn. Rept. No. 24, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ., 1963.

(4707) FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engr., Stanford Univ. Stanford, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research

for doctoral thesis and laboratory course

work.

(e) Analytic methods are being developed to determine the shape of the free surface on and up-stream of spillway. Small experi- mental program to be carried on to verify

analytic results.

(g) Complex variable analysis has produced

method for predicting free surface shape, flow velocities and pressures for varying bottom configurations,

(h) "A Theory for Two-dimensional Flow in Open Channels with Varying Bottom Configurations,"

by Gary Z. Watters, Tech. Rept. No. 27, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford University, 1963.

(4708) SEEPAGE FROM CHANNELS i AND RESERVOIRS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. B. Perry, Dept. of Civil Engr.,

Stanford, Calif.

(d) Theoretical basic research for doctoral thesis

.

(e) To determine effects of variable permea- bility and three dimensional flow in seepage problems.

(f) Completed.

(g) First and second order perturbation

theories are given for seepage from ditches

and ponds through different types of soils.

(h) "Hydrodynamics of Seepage from Channels and

Reservoirs," by Ahmed El-Amin El-Nimr, Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engr. Stanford University June 1962. Report No.

18 by same title Issued Jan. 1963.

(4916) DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

(d) Basic experimental and theoretical research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Study of hydrodynamic dispersion in porous

media. Complex variable analysis of flow

fields is combined with a connective dispersion equation to define time-space

history of pollutant concentrations. Effects

of channel boundary shapes and free stream- lines on dispersion are to be studied also.

(g) Theoretical examination underway.

(4917) MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN WIND-GENERATED WAVES.

(b) Fluid Mechanics Branch, Math. Sci. Div., Office of Naval Research.

(c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) Examination, experimental verification, and extension of available theory are the purpose of this project. A steady flow model of the wind-wave problem is being constructed in the laboratory.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(2154) INVESTIGATION OF HIGH SPEED SHIP FORMS.

(b) ONR and BuShips, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Investigation of hydrodynamic and motion

characteristics of high speed ship forms

for supercritical operation in search of considerable improvement of seakeeping

qualities and powering requirements.

(g) Parametric studies utilizing analog and digital computers of the stability, powering, and design characteristics of a semi- submerged craft similar In nature to a shallow-running submarine incorporating a surface piercing hydrofoil system to provide

inherent heave, pitch and roll stability.

Towing tank tests of a model of the craft have also been completed.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEADINGS TO WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

76
(c) Mr. P. A. Lalangas, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) To investigate the coupled responses of ship models at all headings to waves in order to assist in the prediction of sea-keeping

qualities and to evaluate means of reducing

or controlling ship motions so as to increase sea speeds. Three specific

objectives are: (1) Extension of theoretical work on the lateral forces acting on spheroids at a free surface to cover the case of a thin ship. (2) Measurements of sway force and yaw moment exerted by waves

on a completely restrained surface ship model (Series 60, 0.60 block coefficient).

(3) Experimental investigation of the ap- plicability of linear systems analysis

techniques to rolling and swaying motions

of a ship model in irregular long-crested

beam seas.

(g) Good agreement is shown between strip

theory calculations and measured forces and moments exerted by waves on a completely

restrained surface ship model.

It is concluded that the principle of linear

superposition can be used with reasonable engineering confidence for studying the

roll response of fast cargo ships when under

way in moderate to severe beam seas.

(h) "Strlpwise Calculation of Hydrodynamic Forces

Due to Beam Seas," by S. Motora, Davidson

Laboratory Note 656. "Application of Linear Superposition Tech- niques to the Roll Response of a Ship Model

in Beam Irregular Seas," P. A. Langas, Davidson Laboratory Report 983.

(2616) THE BLADE-FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED BY A PROPELLER ON A BODY OF REVOLUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The purpose is to evaluate the Importance

of the pulsating near field of the propeller

in generating vibratory forces on ships and to determine the attenuation of these forces with tip clearance and number of blades. Case of axial propeller in water

has been evaluated. Case of offset propeller near an infinitely long cylinder

has also been analyzed.

f) Completed.

g) Results indicate that small amplitude

vibratory force can be attributed to the oscillating pressure field generated by an operating marine propeller.

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report 855, March 1963.

(3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS.

b) Ship Structure Committee.

c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Model tests were carried out to determine midship bending moments in very steep waves. Objective is to determine if an upper limit

of wave bending moments exists. Six models

were tested over a moderate range of speeds

in waves of various lengths and several heights. Program has been extended to investigate variation of bending moments within the midship half length of a Mariner

cargo ship model cut into six segments.

(g) For the six models tested, wave bending

moment is found to be roughly linear with

wave height. No significant limit on wave bending moment in head or following waves

is to be expected as wave height/length

ratio is increased to a value of about 1/9. For the Mariner model, sagging moment tends

to reach a maximum within 10% of ship

length forward of amidships; hogging moments

peaked at about 12$ of ship length off amidships.

(h) "An Investigation of Midship Bending Moments Experienced in Extreme Regular Waves by

Models of the Mariner Type Ship and Three

Variants," J. F. Dalzell, OTS Report

PB 181,508.

"An Investigation of Midship Bending Moments Experienced in Extreme Regular Waves by

Models of a Tanker and a Destroyer," J. F. Dalzell, OTS Report PB 181,509.

"Investigation of Bending Moments Within the Midship Half Length of a Mariner Model in Extreme Waves," N. M. Maniar (in preparation).

(3830) ACOUSTIC RADIATION OF A CYLINDRICAL BAR AND

AN INFINITE PLATE EXCITED BY THE FIELD OF

A SHIP PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div.

C. Y. Chen, Research Engineer, and Winnifred

R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The purpose is to evaluate the sound pressure field radiated from the pulsating

boundary of an elastic plate and cylinder when these are subjected to vibratory

pressures generated by a marine propeller,

and to determine the extent of the con- tribution of the elastic boundary in amplifying the sound level generated by a propeller.

f) Completed.

g) Formal solutions for the cases of an elastic cylinder and an infinite plate have been obtained in the transform plane. Expressions

for the velocity potentials of the scattered and radiated waves have been developed with

the corresponding pressure signals. The limiting case for the far-acoustic field has been considered. Furthermore, closed

form expressions of extreme simplicity were developed for the propeller-induced vibratory force on the cylinder and on .the plate. Numerical results were obtained on the assumption of constant loading for a 2- 3- and 4-bladed propeller at various distances and different propeller clearances. The calculated sound pressures for realistic values of the parameters indicated that an appreciable

sound level is obtained through the mechaniau

of the elastic boundary reaction to the propeller motion. The calculations also indicated that the pressure signal obtained

from the rigid body scattering mechanism is the most Important contribution in the case of the cylindrical beam whereas the radiated component of the pressure is the main contribution in the case of the infinitely long elastic plate.

(h) Report 888 issued July 1963.

(3832) FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS FOR SUBMARINE TRAJECTORIES WITH SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. James White, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Equations of a very general nature are being formulated to study the transient

and steady state turning motion of deeply

submerged submarines.

f) Completed.

g) Partial differential equations for the motion of a deeply submerged submarine with

six degrees of freedom are being written in accordance with the SNAME, "Nomenclature for Treating the Motion of a Submerged Body

Through a Fluid". The hydrodynamic forces

and moments will be expressed in terms of third order Taylor series expansions which

contain all of the cross-coupling terms. Particular emphasis Is being placed on the

77
terms expressing roll instability due to yaw and pitch. The thrust exerted on the submarine is to be expressed as a function

of speed of advance and propeller R.P.M. The effects of the interaction of bow

planes on stern planes, the effect of propeller R.P.M. on stern plane effectiveness, and the effect or changes In ballast are

are also included,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4220) ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF COURSE STABILITY AND STEERING QUALITIES OF SHIPS.

bl David Taylor Model Basin,

c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

dl Theoretical; applied research.

e) Data available on 8 Taylor Series models have been reanalyzed in order to develop a rational method for estimating the course stability and steering qualities of ships.

f) Completed.

g) An analytical method combining simplified

potential flow theory and low aspect-ratio

wing theory with empirical modifications for

a real viscous fluid is used to predict the first order hydrodynamic force and moment

derivatives of a Taylor Standard Series of hull forms. Comparison with experimental measurements shows good agreement. The method can predict the relative effects of

the geometrical characteristics.

(h) Published as Report 945, March 1963, at Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology. Accepted for publication in International Shipbuilding Progress.

(4221) UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOTIONS ON A HYDROFOIL

MOVING UNDER AN IRREGULAR SEA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Mechanics

Branch, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry and Mr. M. All, Research

Engineers, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) To determine by model tests and basic analytical studies the unsteady forces acting on a fixed, non-cavitating, finite- aspect-ratio hydrofoil and the motions of

a single hydrofoil (elastlcally supported) when submerged and moving under an Irregular

seaway.

fl Completed.

g) The lift response was found to be linearly related to the wave height, thus validating

the use of spectral superposition theory.

Computed and measured irregular sea lift spectra were in good agreement. Measured

and predicted magnitudes of the gust response operator were in fairly good agreement but

a discrepancy was found in phase. It was

shown that two dimensional theory is not adequate to predict the unsteady lift on typical hydrofoils,

(h) "Hydrofoil Lift in Head Seas," C. J. Henry

and M. R. All, Davidson Laboratory Report 982, October 1963.

(4222) THREE-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO THE GUST PROBLEM

FOR A SCREW PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Dept

.

(c) Dr. J. Shioiri, visiting scientist from Tokyo University, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head

of Fluid Dynamics Division, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

dl Theoretical; applied research,

e) To adapt the existing lifting- surface theory

of aerodynamics to the marine propeller

case and to study the resulting surface integral equation for various chordwlse and

spanwise loading distributions. The purpose

of this study is to evaluate the blade

loading more realistically in terms of the geometric characteristics of the propeller and

the inflow conditions, since the loading is immediately related to vibratory thrust and

torque, to ship vibration and to underwater

sound generators,

fl Completed.

g) The surface integral equation has been derived and the case of a propeller represented by the Weissinger three-dimensional

model has been considered. Calculations for

the evaluation of the kernel have been made

at various order of harmonics for sector

type blade at different blade ratios and pitch of advance of a four-bladed propeller. Results Indicate that the overall correction

from the two-dimensional to three-dimensional

is much more pronounced in the stationary

case than in the unsteady flow case. Further- more, as the blade area ratio increases,

the three-dimensional effect is more pro- nounced.

(h) Report 940 issued March 1963, and accepted

for publication in Journal of Ship Research.

(4224) INFLUENCE OF AFTERBODY SHAPE ON ANGULAR

HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE WAKE OF SINGLE SCREW

SHIPS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

dl Theoretical; applied research,

e) Theoretical analysis of potential wake of thin ship forms having U- and V-shaped stern sections

.

fl Completed.

g) The approximate three-dimensional closed

form solution for the axial velocity ratios

in the wake at the propeller plane was de- termined and applied to the specific case

of U- and V-shaped body profiles. Using

thin ship theory, the approach consisted of determination of the potential function for

a distribution of three-dimensional sources. The strength of the source system was assumed to be proportional to the slope at the ship surface. The forebody contri- bution was found by inspection to be negligibly small. Free surface effects were neglected. An exact and an approximate two-dimensional

closed form solution, obtained from the ap- proximate three-dimensional treatment, was

obtained and the axial velocity ratios com- puted in the wake at the plane of the propeller. Harmonic analyses of both the approximate three-dimensional and approximate and

exact two-dimensional results at the plane

of the propeller were conducted, by means

of an IBM 1620 computer, to determine the amplitude content of the second through

fifth harmonics,

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report 956, April 1963.

(4226) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-PIERCING FULLY VENTILATED DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. P. Ward Brown, Chief of High Speed Craft

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) A continuing investigation aimed at providing basic design information on three-dimensional hydrofoils operating near

a water surface, under conditions of either fully wetted or fully ventilated flow. To date the forces and moments on a series of surface piercing dihedral hydrofoils have been measured and the dynamics of systems employing such foils has been studied, Including the problem

78
of a hydrofoil impacting on the water

surface and the stability of hydrofoil

craft, and their response in waves.

(g) Analytical expressions for the forces and moments on surface piercing fully ventilated

dihedral hydrofoils have been obtained and confirmed experimentally. A theory covering

the impact phenomena of hydrofoils, and particularly applicable to seaplanes, has

also been evolved and confirmed by

experiment. A parametric study of the effect of system geometry on hydrofoil

system dynamic stability has been completed

and confirmed experimentally.

The response of a superventilated hydrofoil

craft in waves has been measured and analyzed

by linear superposition technique. Con- ventional linearized supercavitatlng theory

has been reexamined and it has been shown

that the lift force is given accurately over

the whole angle of attack range by

% = \/(i + \ %)

where CL^ is the lift found by the conventional

linearization.

(h) "Heaving and Pitching Motions of Super- ventilated Hydrofoil Craft in Irregular

Seas," Richard P. Bernlcker, Davidson Labora- tory Report 958, June 1963. "Improved First Order Supercavitatlng Theory,"

P. Ward Brown, Davidson Laboratory Report

971, August 1963. "Ventilation Inception on a Surface-Piercing

Dihedral Hydrofoil with Plane-Face Wedge

Section," Gerard Fridsma, Davidson Laboratory

Report 952, October 1963.

(4227) SMOOTH WATER BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE-PIERCING HYDROFOIL VESSEL.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics

Branch, Navy Dept.

(c) Mr. A. Strumpf, Head Underwater Weapons

Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study is being made of the smooth water operation of

a 110-ton craft supported by a tandem set

of surface-piercing hydrofoils. The aim

of the study is to develop equations of motion and obtain the hydrodynamic data necessary to permit the behavior of the

boat to be predicted in the case of coupled

six degrees of freedom motions. Previous

work has been restricted mainly to the study

of the pure pitching and heaving motions. Approximately 46 different hydrodynamic rate coefficients have been evaluated from the test data obtained during the experimental

phase of this project. Many of these derivatives have been obtained experimentally

for the first time and a comparison of results with available theory is being made wherever

this is possible. In addition, the hydrodynamic derivatives not obtained from the experiments also are being predicted theoretically for use in the motion equations.

The non-linear equations of motion for six degrees of freedom which had been developed

previously in this project were linearized

about the straight course equilibrium

conditions. These equations will be used to determine the numerical values of the equilibrium conditions and the stability of the configuration. An attempt will be made

to predict the steady-turning performance of the vessel from both the linear and non-linear

equations of motion. This will permit an evaluation of the Importance of non-linear

effects in the estimation of steady-turning

performance of a surface piercing hydrofoil

boat.

(g) The experimental results show that the lift developed by the rear foil is reduced appreciably by the presence of the forward foil.

The rear foil also ventilates under

design conditions. For the first time a number of hydrodynamic derivatives with

respect to turning angular velocity were

obtained from the experimental test results,

(h) Progress Reports may be obtained through

Correspondent

.

(4228) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e; The variation of flutter speed and frequency will be found for a hydrofoil connected to a free-free beam. The effects

of including varying numbers of modes for beam and foil will be Investigated. In addition, the effect of beam parameters will

be studied. The beam-foil system will, in the final analysis, represent as close as possible a ship-rudder system.

(4229) THE BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER PROGRESSIVE AND

STANDING WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. S. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Physics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this work is to study energy

loss processes in shallow water waves. Theoretically, this is of interest because unsteady viscous flows have received rela- tively little attention, particularly the case of an oscillatory flow with no mean

flow. Analytical and numerical solutions

of the non-linear Navier-Stokes equations

are under investigation. Laboratory measure- ments in the Stevens shallow water wave

channel have been made of the wave attenu- ation coefficient of a progressive wave, the bottom shear stress under a progressive wave, and the time decay of standing waves. Field measurements of the bottom pressure and bottom velocity in 40 foot depths have been

made off Block Island, R.I. These field measurements provide the possibility of determining the applicability of the labora- tory measurements and the theoretical

studies to the geophysical problem of the energy loss by ocean waves in shallow

coastal waters.

(g) Direct measurement of the wave attenuation

coefficient both at Stevens and MIT indicated that the energy dissipation in a shallow water gravity wave exceeded that which

would be expected from a linearized laminar

solution of the Navier-Stokes equation valid

in the bottom boundary layer. Several hypotheses have been examined in order to reconcile the discrepancy. It appears that the cause of the excess attenuation lies in

the fact that the finite amplitude nature of the wave potential flow must be considered when formulating the boundary layer problem.

For small deviations from infinitesimal

amplitude theory, the Stokes approximation

is valid. The attenuation theory, when

revised to include the effect of the first

two harmonics as well as the fundamental

frequency, is then in much better agreement

with the laboratory measurements of the attenuation. Oceanographic studies to relate the theory and laboratory work on the attenuation of gravity waves to the case of ocean swell are continuing.

(h) "Pressure-Velocity Correlations in Ocean

Swell," S. J. Lukasik and C. E. Grosch,

J. Geophys. Res. 68 5689-99 (1963). "Laminar Damping of Oscillatory Waves," Discussion by S. J. Lukasik and C. E. Grosch,

J. Hydraulics Div. Am. Soc . Civil Engr. 89

231 (1963).

79
(4231) PREDICTION OF TRAJECTORIES FOR AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) The main purpose of the study Is to de- termine whether the observed underwater

flight of the Basic Finner Missile can be predicted using equations of motion and hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from experiment or theory. The project is part

of a larger program, sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons, to verify present-day

trajectory prediction methods.

(f) Completed.

(g) Trajectories could not be predicted

sucessf-lly using hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from the experimental data alone. However, theoretical coefficients yielded

predictions which agreed well with the observed (planar) motions. The computed

trajectories were particularly sensitive to changes in individual hydrodynamic static and damping rate coefficients. However, when

the values of these coefficients were kept consistent with relations expressing their

physical interdependence, they could be varied over fairly wide ranges without appreciably affecting the predictions.

(h) "Prediction of Trajectories for an Under- water Missile," by Howard Dugoff, DL Report

No. 898, February 1963.

(4709) SURFACE PIERCING HYDROFOIL FLUTTER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry and M. All, Research

Engineers, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

.

(e) Measured response characteristics and flutter

speeds of an aspect-ratio-four, surface- piercing strut supported with two degrees of freedom were compared with values predicted

for two-dimensional, infinite-fluid flow.

f) Completed.

g) It was found that the two-dimensional infinite- fluid representation of the unsteady hydrodynamic loads was not adequate to predict

surface-piercing hydrofoil response. Reasons

to doubt the accuracy of surface-piercing

hydrofoil flutter speed predictions using

infinite fluid theory were discussed.

(h) "Surface-Piercing Hydrofoil Flutter," C. J. Henry and M. R. All, Davidson Laboratory

Report 992, Nov. 1963.

(4711) STUDY OF THE PROPELLER SINGING PHENOMENON.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) To study the propeller singing phenomenon

as a self-excited vibration system composed

of the Karman vortex- shedding mechanism and

the propeller blade.

(4712) INTERFERENCE EFFECTS OF A SUBMERGED HYDROFOIL ON A SURFACE-PIERCING STRUT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Y. Chey, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) To conduct experimental and theoretical

studies on the mutual Interference effects between a submerged hydrofoil and a vertical surface-piercing strut with respect to

total lift, total drag, hydrofoil drag, side force, roll moment, and inception of ventilation.

r) Completed.

g) A model of a single strut to which the hydrofoils of several aspect ratios were attached perpendicularly was used in the experiment. The presence of the submerged

hydrofoil with zero attack angle increased

the side force on the strut by approximately

15^. The submerged hydrofoil also increased

the drag of the strut and the roll moment

of the strut-foil system. As the hydrofoil

angle increased, the increments of side force, drag and roll moment decreased. The lifting line theory and the Weissinger L- method were applied to the side force producing strut and its image. The side force coefficient of the strut estimated

by the former method was slightly greater

than the experimental value while that estimated by the latter method was slightly smaller than the experimental value. The effects of a submerged hydrofoil on the strut were theoretically analyzed by a conformal mapping. The theoretical result agreed well with the experimental result,

(h) "Interference Effects of a Submerged Hydrofoil on a Surface-Piercing Strut," by

Y. Chey and T. Kowalskl, Davidson Laboratory

Report 936, June 1963.

(4713) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PROPELLER- INDUCED VIBRATORY PRESSURES ON SIMPLE SHIP SURFACES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To measure the vibratory pressure signatures

of a marine propeller model in free space and on horizontal circular cylinder and flat plate boundaries, and to compare these results with theoretical predictions.

f) Completed.

g) Pressures were found to become vanishingly

small within about one propeller diameter

fore and aft of the center of the propeller.

The comparison with theoretically calculated pressures and forces gives very close agree- ment for free space pressures and reasonable

agreement for forces on a cylindrical surface.

(h) "Experimental Study of Propeller-Induced

Pressures on Simple Surfaces and Correlation

with Theoretical Predictions," by T. Kowalski and J. P. Breslin, Davidson Laboratory Report 973, July 1963.

(5055) THE WAVE RESISTANCE OF A SHIP REPRESENTED BY

SOURCES DISTRIBUTED OVER THE HULL SURFACE.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Hess and Smith of Douglas Aircraft Co. had

obtained the strengths of sources dis- tributed over the surface of the hull for a Series 60 (c B

= 0£3)ship. This ensemble provides a velocity potential which

accurately represents the flow about the hull in an ideal fluid at the condition of vanishing Froude number. The wave resistance associated with the source distribution was computed and compared with the usual thin

ship approximation.

fl Completed.

g) Wave resistance computed this way agreed Willi data only at extremely low Froude numbers

and was larger than all other Froude numbers

than that given by the thin ship approximations. Both theories grossly overestimate

the residuary resistance In the range of interest to naval architects,

(h) Davidson Laboratory Report 972, July 1963,

presented at the International Seminar on

80
Theoretical Wave Resistance held at the Univ. (h) of Michigan, August 1963.

(5056) CALCULATION OF THE WAVE-RESISTANCE OP A SHIP REPRESENTED BY SOURCES DISTRIBUTED OVER THE HULL SURFACE.

(5060)

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

(c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Director, and Mr. King

Eng, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, (b) Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (c)

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To calculate the wave resistance of a ship

represented by surface distribution of sources and sinks of known strength and (d) location and compare the results with those (e) obtained by thin ship approach and corresponding experiments.

(f) Completed.

(g) The calculation of wave-resistance from a mathematical model made up of sources distributed over the surface shows that a larger resistance is secured than from the corresponding Michell theory (thin ship (5061) approach) for all Froude numbers of practical

Interest. However, this improved representation of the hull does not yield better agree- (b) ment with residuary resistance derived from model tests except at exceedingly low Froude (c) numbers

.

(h) Report 972 issued July 1963.

(5057) UNSTEADY LIFTING SURFACE THEORY FOR A MARINE PROPELLER OF LOW PITCH ANGLE WITH CHORDWISE (d) LOADING DISTRIBUTION. (e)

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Dlv., and W. R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to solve the surface integral (f) equation for a mathematical model with (g) chordwise loading based on the first term

of Birnbaum's distribution and to apply the results to the problems of vibratory thrust and torque of a marine propeller and far- field pressure signal from the propeller

when It Is moving in non-uniform Inflow,

(h) Report In preparation.

(5058) UNSTEADY LOADS ON TEED HYDROFOILS IN OBLIQUE

SEAS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., and Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the forces and moments acting (h) on hydrofoil struts and foils while operating

in oblique regular waves. (5062)

(5059) THREE DIMENSIONAL GUST PROBLEM IN THE PRESENCE OF A FREE SURFACE. |b|

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head Fluid Dynamics Div., and Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, (d) Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of (e) Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical, basic research.

(e) The kernel function is derived which relates

the normal velocity to the load distribution

on a thin oscillating wing of arbitrary

configuration moving near a free surface in three dimensional flow. This kernel function

is developed in such a way that the resulting (5063) Integral equation is amenable to numerical

solution.

(g) Limiting forms of the kernel function at high (b) and low Froude numbers, in two dimensional (c) flow and for infinite submergence have been

shown to agree with results previously

obtained by other investigators.

"Three Dimensional Gust Problems in the Presence of the Free Surface for Arbitrary

Foil Orientation and Froude Number,"

S. Tsakonas and C. J. Henry, Davidson Laboratory Note No. 705, Dec. 1963. UNSTEADY LIFTING SURFACE THEORY FOR A MARINE PROPELLER OF AN ARBITRARY PITCH ANGLE WITH CHORDWISE LOADING DISTRIBUTION.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept of the Navy.

Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., and C. Y. Chen, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research.

To solve the surface integral equation re- lating the unknown loading distribution on the propeller blade lying on a helicoldal

surface of an arbitrary pitch with the known velocity distribution Induced by the presence of a hull, without resorting to any mathematical simplification. APPLICATIONS OF UNSTEADY LIFTING SURFACE THEORY USING WEISSINGER MODEL. David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., Mr. King Eng, Research Engineer, and W. R. Jacobs, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research.

The purpose is to solve the surface integral

equation for the Weissinger model by express- ing the kernel in a form which can be assimilated by a digital computer and to apply the results to the problems of vibratory thrust and torque of a propeller

and the far-field pressure signal from the propeller when it is moving in non-uniform

inflow. Completed.

The surface Integral equation in the marine

propeller case is solved for the Weissinger

mathematical model in conjunction with Glauert's lift operator. The nature of the singularity is studied and its finite

"Hadamard" type evaluated without resorting

to approximations. The results are applied

to the problems of propeller vibratory

thrust and torque and the far field pressure

signal due to the effect of hull wake on propeller loading. Comparison of theoretical values with experimental results indicates a considerable Improvement in prediction by

utilizing the unsteady lifting surface theory rather than unsteady two-dimensional theory

applied In strlpwise manner in conjunction with Burrlll's correction factors for three- dimensional effects. Preliminary Report 987 prepared. EFFECT OF PLANFORM VARIATIONS ON HYDROFOIL

FLUTTER. Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Measurements of flutter speed will be ob- tained for a two degree of freedom system

Including the effects of sweep, taper and aspect ratio. The results will be compared

with predictions using strlpwise theory,

approximate three dimensional airfoil theory

and lifting surface theory. WAVE -RESISTANCE REDUCTION OF NEAR- SURFACE

BODIES. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. King S. Eng, Research Engineer, and Dr. Pung N. Hu, Staff Scientist, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson

St., Hoboken, N. J.

81
(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An analytical study of wave-resistance

characteristics of near-surface bodies was conducted to determine (1) for a given

length and displacement, what changes in body- surface geometry are necessary to cause wave-resistance reduction; and (2) how geometrical change affects the wave- resistance behavior with Froude number and submergence depth.

(f) Completed.

(g) Generally, the favorable wave-resistance

geometries are: (l) for Froude numbers >0.3, the hull form neck in at the mid- section and bilge out at the ends, (2) for

froude numbers < 0.3, the hull form bilge

out at the midsection and narrow at the

ends. The amount of bilging out or necking

in at the midsection depends upon design

speed.

(h) Report 933 issued March 1963.

(5064) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) U. S. Naval Training Devices Center, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Staff Scientist, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Development of equations of motion of ships

in very low speed maneuvering condition to be applied to a simulator for training.

(g) Analysis of general linearized motion

equations Including terms of importance at very low speeds. Experimental model and

full scale program to determine static and dynamic derivatives of importance for inclusion in computer programs for calculating

responses to bridge commands.

(5065) A STUDY OF SHIP FORMS AT HIGH FROUDE NUMBERS.

fb) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hajime Maruo, visiting scientist from Univ. of Yokohama, and Mr. King Eng, Research

Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To evolve, develop and evaluate new concepts

and modifications for surface and near

surface ship forms for the attainment of high speeds and good seakeeping qualities in calm and rough water.

(5066) DEFORMATION OF REGULAR WAVES BY A SHIP MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. E. Numata, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

N. J.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To measure the changes in amplitude of regular head and following waves as they pass along the length of a ship model

running at several speeds and to compare these results with theoretical predictions.

(f) Completed.

(g) In head seas the height of the Incident wave diminished by some 20$ to 40$ as it passed

along the length of the fully restrained, double-ended model from bow to stern. In following seas the wave diminished by some 50$ from stern to bow when the model speed was less than the wave group velocity, and

from bow to stern when the model speed was greater than the wave group velocity. These experimental results are in fair agreement with theoretical predictions by Grim.

(h) "Experimental Measurements of the Deformation

of Regular Head and Following Seas by a Ship Model," P. G. Spens, Davidson Laboratory

Report 966, June 1963.

(5067) PROPULSION OF WHEELED VEHICLES OVER WATER.

(b) U. S. Army Tank Automotive Center.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J.

(g)

(h)

Theoretical investigation; applied research.

The purpose of the study is to develop an analytic representation for the basic fluid

dynamic mechanism which enables a floatable

land vehicle to propel Itself through water

by spinning its fully submerged wheels. To

restrict the problem to only its most basic

elements, a conceptually equivalent but mathematically simpler system of a flat disk rotating about an axis parallel to a plane boundary is considered, rather than

a typical vehicle undercarriage configuration. The simplified configuration has been analyzed by applying classical hydrodynamic

theory to a hypothetical potential flow field constructed so as to simulate the actual viscous flow. Solutions for the thrust coefficient as a function of Reynolds number and distance from the boundary have been obtained for both laminar and turbulent

flows. Physically, it is indicated that the thrust Is developed as a result of the influence of the boundary on the flow in- duced by the pumping action of the disk. A simple experimental program to verify the theoretical results is currently being

prepared.

"On the Propulsion of Wheeled Vehicles over

Water," Howard Dugoff, DL Note No. 704, presented at the Second Regional Meeting

of the U. S. -Canadian Eastern Section of

the International Society for Terrain

Vehicle Systems, Stevens Institute of Tech.,

Sept. 19-20, 1963.

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED.

(4663) DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON HYDROPHONE OUTPUT

IN THE NEAR FIELD.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc., 400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va

.

(&) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Measurements were made of the outputs of two cyllndrically shaped hydrophones, 5/8" and 2" diameter, whose bases formed the active area. The hydrophones were mounted In a closed trunk over a flat flexible plate

forming part of the wall of a rectangular water tunnel. The distances between the active face and the plate were 1/8", 1/4",

1/2", 1", 2" and 4", while the flow ve- locities through the main pipe ranged from

6 to 13 kts. These tests were conducted to determine whether a "distance" effect,

previously noted, could be reproduced in a laboratory facility.

It) Completed.

(g) It was found that a relation did exist between output levels and distance, the higher level occurring at the closest position. During the process of reducing the data, there was some evidence of an "area" effect also, at least for the two closest positions of the hydrophones.

(h) "Dimensional Effects on Hydrophone Output

in the Near Field," Report RT-5703 to David Taylor Model Basin (Contract NObs 86122)

February 1963.

(4864) SEA-CHEST STRAINER PLATE SUCTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc., 400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) An experiment was performed in a 2" x 8" plastic water tunnel, to determine the acoustic effects of a fully developed turbulent boundary layer sucked through a model

strainer plate. The plate Is flush-mounted

In the lower tunnel wall and contains 1100 holes 1/16" diameter. Flow through the plate

is by gravity and all throttling and flow

control is by pinch-type Flex valves. Flush- mounted hydrophones and accelerometers

provide a measure of the boundary layer

82
pressure fluctuations and the acoustic

radiation at several locations near the strainer plate. The ratio of suction velocity through the plate to the maximum

velocity across the plate is varied.

f) Completed.

g) The model experiments show that the source of noise in such a configuration is definitely

related to the suction through the strainer

plate holes. This source is seen to be broadband in nature resulting from the combination of a large series of discrete frequencies comprising Jet-tones originating

in each of the openings.

(h) Final Report RT-6701 to Bureau of Ships,

Navy Dept., under Contract NObs 86386 (FBM) Serial Number SF-013-11-01, Task 1356, dated July 1963.

(5189) ACOUSTIC EXCITATION OF FLAT PLATES BY TURBULENT

FLOW.

control factors and to determine changes in the variance spectrum of the detailed

features as related to the spectral statistics

of the control factors.

(f) Completed, September 1963.

(g) Studies being undertaken Include evaluation

of the spectra and cross-spectra of salinity and river discharge data for Lake

Pontchartrain, La., over a period of eleven

years. Also multiple regression techniques

have been employed to evaluate the effective

exchange coefficient between the bay and the adjoining Gulf associated with tidal exchange.

(h) The Salinity Regime and Exchange Characteristics of a Shallow Coastal Bay System,

Toshitsugu Sakou, Texas A&M University,

Project 299 Technical Report, Reference

63-21T, August 1963.

(4866) MODIFICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LONG WAVES

OVER VARIABLE BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc.,

400 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church, Va.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Tests were carried out in a rectangular water tunnel in which various thin flat plates were mounted flush with the tunnel

wall. (1) Using a 1/16" thick stainless

steel plate, the investigation was directed

toward correlation of the boundary layer characteristics with the pressure spectra

of a flush-mounted pencil-end hydrophone

and an accelerometer located on the quarter

diagonal point of the plate surface.

(2) Experiments were conducted to determine

the dimensional effects of cylindrical

hydrophones located in a water-filled trunk

above the plate. The height above the plate was varied for two hydrophones of different

sensitive areas. (3) The effect of damping

on the acoustic pressure was examined for

two aluminum and two fiberglass plates.

Comparison is made between the four plates

(damped and undamped) at a maximum flow velocity of 20 ft. /sec. Acceleration

levels were measured.

f) Completed.

g) (1) It is demonstrated that unsteady flow excitation from a turbulent boundary layer

on a thin flat surface, causes vibration of the plate at many natural modes. Chladni

figures are shown for a frequency range

170 <f< 200 cps. (2) Both the area of a hydrophone and its distance above a vibrating

plate have considerable effect on the dlmensionless pressure spectra. (3) Measurements on the four damped plates show that the acoustic response of aluminum plates is lowered

more than that of fiberglass plates. The ratio

of the thickness of the damping material to the plate thickness is 2. (h) "An Experimental Study of Acoustic Excitation

of Flat Plates in a Turbulent Boundary Layer."

Final Report RT-1101 to the David Taylor

Model Basin (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program SR009 01 01, Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr - 3030(00)) dated January 1964.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. R. 0. Reid, Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas.

(4233) THE EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS AND SALINITY

REGIME OF SHALLOW WATER BAY SYSTEMS.

(b) National Science Foundation, Grant NSF-F

19780.

(d) Analysis methodology; applied research.

(e) The object is to develop a numerical model

which can reproduce the temporal changes in

the gross features of the salinity distribution

in a shallow bay in response to changes in

(b) Beach Erosion Board, DA-49-055-CIV-ENG63-9.

d) Theoretical.

e) The objective is to investigate the modification of free gravity waves in variable

depth, including reflection and transmission

aspects, especially considering those long

wave phenomena where simple refraction theory

is inadequate.

f) Initiated, March 1963.

g) Of particular concern is the propagational

aspects of a tsunami wave packet in the vicinity of a continental shelf. Methods

are being developed to take Into account vertical acceleration which is usually

ignored when treating long waves.

(h) Paper In preparation on "Variational Formulation for Long Waves in Variable DepthJ

by R. 0. Reid and A. C. Vastano. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 2397, 3524,

4234, 4235 and 4715 should be addressed to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

d) Experimental.

e) Experimental determinations are made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity distribution and surface profile will be determined throughout the length of the Jump for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of the

Jump in relation to the change in bottom elevation will be varied over a broad range

in distinction to previous related investi- gations in which relative location of the Jump was held constant.

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete and

have been published. For a given entering

Froude number lying between 2 and 8 three

types of Jump may form, the type and its longitudinal location depending only on the relative downstream depth. The velocities near the bottom below the drop are always

less than the mean velocity in the downstrean channel for the Jump type of maximum height.

Experimental measurements have been made on

the related Investigation for an abrupt rise

and report Is being prepared.

(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

' (dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a 4 square mile and a 2 square mile portion of the Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating

83
runoff from small urban watersheds In the Southwest area. Two stream flow stations and a rain gage net are in operation. Studies of the correlation between runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the drainage basin are being made by various proposed methods to serve as a base for

comparison with the data as it is collected

from the stream,

(g) The records are now long enough to begin

comparing with peak discharge estimates pre- viously given at least for short recurrence

intervals. A start is being made on this analysis

.

(2397) EFFECT OF UP STREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Field investigation (thesis)

.

(e) For selected watersheds rainfall runoff relations are being developed on a storm by storm basis. Multiple correlation

diagrams, based on data before changes in the watershed, have been developed and used

to compute runoff for later periods.

Comparison of these computed runoff values with measured values is taken as an index

of the effect of watershed development.

(g) The first results were not conclusive

because of random error in the computed

values. Further studies are being made on another watershed with an improved method

which better accounts for the spacial variation of rainfall.

(h) "Multiple Correlation Estimates of Runoff

as Affected by Areal Distribution of Rainfall," Stanley P. Sauer, Hydraulic

Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Civil

Engrg., The University of Texas, Tech.

Rep. HYD 03-6301 June 1963.

(2874) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

b) The University of Texas Research Institute.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

e) Exploratory tests have been made with two different schemes, one with radially

outward flow between a circular disc and

the soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first

scheme it was not possible to obtain the necessary precision of measurement at low scour rates, but with the second scheme satisfactory measurements were obtained.

A correlation based on dimensional analysis

gave consistent results in evaluating the relative scour resistance of several materials. Apparatus has been fabricated

for a new test which permits direct evaluation of the shear stress at the soil surface. In this test a cylindrical soil sample is submerged in a transparent

concentric cylinder which can be rotated

at a controlled speed to generate a shear

stress on the soil surface. Attempts are being made to relate the scour resistance

to other measurable soil properties, and finally to interpret the results in re- lation to field observations.

(g) The apparatus to determine shear stress at

the soil surface has been constructed and calibrated, a test procedure has been

developed, and tests have been conducted

on soil samples.

(h) "Measurements of the Shear Resistance of COHESIVE SEDIMENTS," by F. D. Masch, W. H. Espey, Jr., W. L. Moore. Paper presented

at Interagency Conference, Jackson, Miss.,

January 1963.

"A New Test to Measure the Scour of Cohesive

Soils," Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., The University of Texas, Tech. Rep. HYD 01-6301, April 1963.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Analytical and field study.

e) Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying

directly into the Gulf of Mexico were

studied. Variations in the runoff values

for each stream were considered and these trends compared with solar variations.

The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were correlated with the mean annual runoff. Further correlations are being made with

different "lag" periods between solar activity and surface runoff.

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of runoff excess and deficiency is consistent rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern.

It appears that the locations of the centers

of runoff deficiency are following roughly

the same path that they did some 22 to 24 years previously. Correlation coefficients

of plus 0.2 to plus 0.5 are obtained for selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double

sunspot cycle in which sunspot numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

(3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NON- HOMOGENEOUS, NON-ISOTROPIC SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, basic.

(e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is applicable across a boundary between two regions of different permeabilities. It is believed that the method can be expanded

to apply to any specified non-homogeneous

and non-isotropic condition. It is intended

that the solution be set up for computation

on an electronic computer and that selected numerical solutions be checked against those from an electrolytic tank.

(4234) EVAPORATION REDUCTION BY CONTROL OF ADVECTED ENERGY.

(b) Partial sponsorship by the Lower Colorado River Authority of Texas.

(d) A Master's thesis involving theoretical and field investigation.

(e) Measurements have been made to determine the temperature field in Lake Travis for the 1962-63 season. A method was developed to estimate the effect of withdrawing water

from near the lake surface. Monthly esti- mates of the resulting temperature field

and reduction in evaporation were made.

(h) "Selective Withdrawal as a Means of Reducing

Evaporation from Reservoirs," by C. S. Vaughn, Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Texas, Tech. Rep. HYD 02-6301 June 1963.

(4235) TWO-PHASE FLOW IN CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental master's thesis.

(e) It is apparent that for a two-phase flow system with a liquid and gas, many dif- ferent types of flow are possible. This investigation explored the use of sound measurements to detect the type of flow

present, in a metal pipe. Various types of flow were established in a thin-walled

aluminum pipe, 1.66 I.D., with a transparent

plastic section at each end. Records of the sound pattern were made with different pick-ups and correlated with the visual

84
observation of the flow type. Magnetic tape records of the sound were also made.

(g) Study of the recorded sound patterns re- vealed some identifiable characteristics

related to the type of two-phase flow in the

line. Additional work is needed to refine techniques and try other sound pick-up and recording methods.

(h) "Sonic Signatures of Multi-Phase Flow," by

Ft. G. Hindman, Masters Thesis, The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas, June 1962.

(4715) CONTROL OF CROSS WAVES IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

DOWNSTREAM FROM A CURVE WITH SUPER-CRITICAL

FLOW.

b) Laboratory.

e) Various methods have been investigated for controlling cross-waves in an open channel downstream from a curve with super-critical

flow. A simple method that has not been previously investigated is the design of radius and deflection angle so that the disturbance caused at the entrance to the curve will be cancelled by the one caused

at the end of the curve. Laboratory

studies were made to explore this method.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that the curve

can be so proportional as to effectively

eliminate cross waves in the downstream

channel. The disturbance within the curve remains large as predicted by the work of Ippen.

(h) "Design of Simple Curves for Supercritical

Channel Flow," by K. E. Burch, Masters Thesis,

The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas, Aug. 1963.

(4716) DRAG FORCES IN VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELDS.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, The Univ.

of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The Investigation is being conducted to determine the effect of a velocity gradient

on the local and conventional drag coeffi- cients for cylinders of varying L/D ratio

and at different Reynolds Numbers. The study will be extended to other shapes.

(g) Preliminary studies have demonstrated that

the velocity gradient along a cylinder af- fects the drag coefficient. The local drag

coefficient decreases along the cylinder in the direction toward the end of the cylinder where the velocity is high. The reduction

in drag coefficient is related to a dimensionless measure of the velocity

gradient along the cylinder.

(4717) TWO-FLUID FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L. R. Mack, Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas

.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The velocity distribution within and the shape of the Interface between two Im- miscible fluids of different densities

flowing through a uniform Isotropic porous medium toward a well is sought. This

problem is of interest in both petroleum

engineering and ground-water hydrology.

(g) A method has been devised for satisfying the governing equations, including the non- linear boundary conditions at the interface. This method is applicable to both two- dimensional and axisymmetric systems.

(4989) INVESTIGATION OF DAMAGE TO GALVESTON SEA WALL

PROJECT DURING HURRICANE CARLA.

(b) Cage Brothers General Contractors, San Antonio, Texas.

(c) Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dr. Frank Masch, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field; applied

research

.

(e) Study of causes of damage to Galveston Sea Wall Project during Hurricane Carla. A study was made of waves, overtopping and erosion of the toe protection in relation

to the erosion damage to the embankment behind the seawall.

(4990) WAVE CHARACTERISTICS IN SHOALING WATER.

b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

The Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

e) This study is to develop a workable method

for computing water wave characteristics in shoaling water using cnoidal wave theory. The method Involves evaluating the power transmission for a wave train in shallow water from cnoidal theory and using the concept of constant power between

orthogonal s on a refraction diagram.

(g) Integrals of the cnoidal functions have been evaluated In terms of elliptic

integrals and computer programs have been developed to solve the resulting equations.

(4991) LOCAL SCOUR IN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., The Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) This project is designed to Investigate the characteristics of the three dimensional

flow patterns at channel obstructions and to study the extent to which these flows

affect local scour. It is believed that a more thorough understanding of the funda- mentals of the flow at an obstruction would

provide the basis to devise methods for controlling scour. The nature of scour at culverts is also under consideration with

efforts being devoted to develop methods

for dissipating energy and reducing local

scours.

(h) "The Influence of Secondary Flows on Local Scour at Obstructions In a Channel," by

W. L Moore and F. D. Masch, Proceedings,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference,

Jackson, Mississippi, February 1963. (Preprints of paper available from authors.)

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment Sta.

(3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory and field project; Rocky Mt. Exp.

Sta.; U. S. Forest Service; Nat'l Scl. Found.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation; basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) A basic study of relationships involved in flow in steep, rough channels where the roughness Is relatively an appreciable part

of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep or steeper than a slope

such that supercritical flow can occur in connection with contractions caused by the roughness. The work is basic, however,

it will have application to steep mountain

streams and to hydraulic structures. The objective of the work is to relate descriptive parameters describing the size and configuration of the bed roughness to

slope, depth and discharge of channels of this class. Studies began using simple bar

and cube elements and have progressed througi the use of beds formed by gluing natural

gravel elements of various size, gradation

and intensity to the bed. Field sites were installed in 1961-62 at 13 locations on

streams In the Wasatch Mountains in Northern

Utah. Detailed studies of bed geometry were

made at all sites. Three piezometric type

85
stilling wells to measure slope and depth were installed at each of 6 sites for which dis- charges were determined. Slope, effective

depth, bed element size and roughness

Intensity were characterized and related to discharge using parameters suggested by

the previous studies in the laboratory flume using natural gravel bed elements. Seven additional field sites have been selected

and surveys of bed configuration made. To provide information under varying geological conditions sites have been located also in Colorado and New Mexico, as well as at new locations in Utah. Discharge measurements

are being continued at the old sites as well

as the new ones in order to obtain larger

ranges than occurred in 1962 and 1963.

A laboratory model study was made of the scouring and paving of high gradient streams by discharging a constant stream over a graded bed of sand and gravel placed in a sloping flume. Hydraulic geometry, bed element configuration and stream hydraulics

were also studied and related to other

observations, analysis and interpretation

of this study is not yet complete. Further study is being planned using natural

gravel beds in sloping flumes. One study will attempt to delineate Reynolds number

effects by varying viscosity. The other study will involve detailed investigation of velocity distribution,

(g) Bed element size and configuration of the natural sites was characterized by taking measurements of vertical distance from a plane grid system installed above the streams. These were reduced to a mean bed plane datum for each site. It was found that the number

of bed elements N larger than a certain size

in any arbitrarily chosen bed area A were related by the equation

in which Kn

is the minimum element height whose percentage of occurrence Is n and u

is a uniformity coefficient of sampling,

theoretically 1/2. A general velocity

equation of the Chezy form giving good results

for all sites studied was developed. The equation for the Chezy coefficient C Included relative bed element height to depth, depth-width ratio of the stream and intensity I. At the steeper sites combination bed elements

formed in the form of transverse bars which controlled the flow in a manner similar to overflow weirs. The spacing of these bars varied directly with bed element size and inversely with slope. The range of slope was from 1.0 to 4.0 percent with average

Proude number varying from 0.2 to 0.7. Discharges varied from about 16 to nearly 700

cfs. Field results were also applied to the equations proposed by Leopold and Maddock,

viz, w = aQ15 , d = CQf and v = pQm where W, d, and V are width, depth and velocity; Q is discharge and a, c, p, b, f and m are numerical coefficients. Average values obtained were almost identical to those

found by Wolman for Brandywine Creek.

(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Hydrodynamic and field study of movement of water over a porous surface when intake varies with time. The free surface and the rates of advance are defined.

(g) Differential equations have been developed which define the free surface and rates of advance. High speed computers have been

used. to obtain typical solutions which have been compared with field measurement of the rate of advance. The results are within ten

percent of field observations. A dimensionless plot has been constructed which will predict the advance for any given set of known soil conditions. A companion study is based upon utilizing empirical relationships

as a foundation for subsequent development

of rate of advance functions. The results

compare well with measured values,

(h) "Hydraulics of Unsteady Open Channel Flow Over a Porous Bed," by Hon-Hsieh Su. MS

thesis, 1962.

"The Theory and Characteristics of Overland

Flow," by Cheng-lung Chen and Vaughn E. Hansen. Publication pending ASAE 1964.

(3525) MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY

THE COORDINATE METHOD.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

d) Experimental; theoretical; applied research.

e) The error involved in the conventional method of measurement is shown to be large. The coefficient has been defined and parameters developed so that more accurate measurements can be obtained in a quick, easy method of water measurement.

f) Completed.

h) "The Discharge Coefficient in the Coordinate Equation for Measuring Water Flow from Horizontal Pipes," by Day L. Bassett and Vaughn E. Hansen. Publication pending by

ASAE 1963.

(3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Gordon H . Flammer, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

dl Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

e) Some theoretical and experimental work has been performed on the attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a sediment suspension. However, experimental work is still very limited in scope, particularly over certain loss regions. This study uses a standard pulse technique

to investigate a wide range of natural and manufactured sediments over the various loss ranges. Of primary concern is the effect of

the various sediment properties on the attenuation.

(g) Natural sediments have been completed and an MS thesis has been prepared giving the results. Manufactured sediments of known properties have been tested and a PhD

dissertation is being prepared.

(h) A publication is now available on work done previous to this project entitled, "Ultrasonic Measurement of Suspended Sediment," by

Gordon H. Flammer, Geological Survey Bulletin 1140A, December 1962.

"The Effect of the Properties of Natural Sediments on the Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Plane Wave," by Yung-Huang Kuo. MS

thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah, 1961.

(3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MARSHLANDS.

bj Utah State Fish and Game Dept.

c) Prof. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigations; applied research, Master's theses.

(e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to Great Salt Lake have been developed and Improved by the State Fish and Game Dept., and the Federal Wildlife Service, as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available stream flow from several of the major streams flowing into these areas where the water is Impounded behind dikes to create habitat

suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese utilize this area each year during their

86
migratory flights.

(g) The basic purpose of the study is to determine the quantities of water necessary

for marshlands in order to maintain them in

a productive state.

(h) Several progress reports have been written.

(3645) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) The purpose is to establish techniques and model-prototype laws so that watersheds can

be Intensively studied in a laboratory.

A small watershed has been modeled. A rainfall simulator has been constructed for which design or actual rainfall events can be programmed to occur automatically over the model. The dominant factors influencing the characteristic shape of the run-off hydrography are being studied. Initial efforts

nave been aimed at determining effect on modeling relationships resulting from changes

in the physical properties of water-chemical mixtures used in the rainfall simulator.

Test runs are being made using a physical

model with an impervious surface. Subsequent

tests will Incorporate the relationship

between infiltration and run-off by providing

for permeability changes in the model

(g) Model and simulator constructed. Experi- mental tests underway.

(3846) CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACROSS

THE SALT FLATS NEAR WENDOVER, UTAH.

b) Utah State Road Commission.

c) Prof. Jerry E. Christiansen, Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation for design and development of Interstate highway.

(e) The design and construction of an interstate highway across the salt flats near Wendover,

Utah, poses a number of problems that require

solutions. This is one of the few places

in the world where a highway must be built

over a salt bed. The maintenance of the present highway and railway that traverses

these salt flats has been difficult. It is hoped that a better understanding of the problem, based on extensive field and laboratory investigations of materials on which the highway will be built, will result

in a design that will be relatively free of maintenance problems. The objective,

therefore, is to fully determine the characteristics of the salt bed and the underlying soil materials to considerable

depth. The work completed to date has been concerned primarily with the permeability of the sub- soil materials to the flow of water. Surprisingly, it has been found there are very permeable strata underlying the salt. These are of considerable concern because of

the movement of partially saturated solutions

through these permeable zones which tends to dissolve and remove salt, resulting in uneven settlement of the roadway.

f) Completed.

g) A sound and economic design depends upon a complete knowledge of the materials involved. Investigations should be of definite practical

value in determining the basic requirements

for the design and construction of the multlmilllon dollar highway, which will be built within the next few years. Economies

in design should result from the studies being undertaken.

(h) Several progress reports have been written.

(4236) METHODS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL WATER

YIELDS IN UTAH.

(b) Utah Water and Power Board.

(c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Dept., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This work was undertaken to develop methods

of obtaining economical and reasonably

accurate determinations of watershed yield

where stream gaging records are not available. Certain relatively easily obtained parameters characterizing the physical and

climatic factors have been correlated with water yield for a number of watersheds having

good records of stream flow.

(T) Completed.

(g) Regression equations have been developed for

estimating water yield from physical charac- teristics of basins in various regions of Utah. Based on the developments of this

study, a water yield map for the entire

state of Utah is being prepared. The map, equations and graphs should aid materially

in broadening the coverage of hydrologic information needed for first stage planning

of a long range state-wide nature.

(4239) MECHANICS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

b) Laboratory.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) An analysis of water movement from the soil,

through the plant and into the atmosphere

is made using basic hydraulic properties of flow. The mechanism of water transmission

within the plant Is given particular

attention.

f) Completed.

h) "Mechanics of Evapotranspiration, " by David

W. Hendricks and Vaughn E. Hansen. Journal

of the Irrigation and Drainage Division. Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engineers, June 1962.

(4719) FREE SURFACE FLOW AROUND A HEMISPHERICAL

ROUGHNESS ELEMENT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward

a Master's thesis.

(e) This study was made to gain further infor- mation on flow characteristics (primarily

drag) around a hemispherical roughness ele- ment where the element size is of the order

of the depth of the free surface flow. To accomplish this, water surface data, ve- locity profile data and primarily drag data was taken for a range of Froude numbers. The thesis attempts to answer certain questions concerning the effects on a single large hemispherical roughness ele- ment in open channel flow. Of particular

interest is the flow condition where the element has an effect on the fluid surface configuration. An M.S. thesis has been prepared on this project. This work, however, is considered

to be only preliminary to a continued

study of much wider proportions.

(g) The results of this investigation may be summarized as follows: (1) The drag force

on the hemisphere is due primarily to wave

drag in the Froude number range 0.35 to 2.50 and for submergence Intervals y/k up

to 1.2. (2) At a given submergence interval

the coefficient of drag decreases as the Froude number of 1.5 for all submergence

Intervals. This constant value Is approximately 0.2. (3) The drag coefficient

Increases with an Increase in submergence

in the Froude number range up to 1.5.

(4) The relationship between the coefficient

of drag and the Froude number tends to become linear as the submergence increases.

(h) An M.S. thesis has been prepared under the

87
following title, "Free Surface Flow Around Hemispherical Roughness Element," "by Dirk Van Woerden. M.S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1962.

(5129) CALIBRATION OF IRRIGATION HEADGATES BY MODEL

ANALYSIS.

b) D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies, Delta, Utah.

c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Univ., Logan Utah.

d) Experimental j applied research.

e) The D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies have approximately 600 of these headgates in their distribution system and would like to use

the headgate as a measuring device. Standards

for the Installation of such a headgate will

be developed along with flow rate curves and

tables.

(h) Publication will be issued during the early

part of 1964.

(5130) FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.

(d) Library research.

(e) A compilation of the material pertaining to the design of small irrigation structures

that would be found on a farm. Will also determine gaps in information which will

require additional research.

(5131) THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY FLOWS IN ROUGH OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Civil Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Ph.D. Thesis.

(e) To describe the structure of the turbulence

and the boundary layer growth in rough

open channels. Necessary instrumentation

Is to be developed.

(5132) TECHNIQUES OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF EVAP- ORATION-FORMING MATERIALS TO LARGE LAKES AND RESERVOIRS.

bj U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . (e) Development of equipment and techniques for

the aerial application of monolayer-forming materials

.

(g) The performance of the equipment has been

very satisfactory. Techniques have been developed for the use of alcohols in molten

form and the use of powdered alcohols. Further research and development will be concerned only with powdered alcohols.

(h) "Aerial Spraying Equipment - Feasibility

Study Applying Hexadecanol Monolayer Films

on Storage Reservoirs," by Vaughn E. Hansen

and Glen E. Stringham, Engineering Experiment

Station, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah, 1961. "Aerial Application of Evaporation-Reducing

Chemicals," by Vaughn E. Hansen and C. Earl

Israelsen, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1963.

(5133) UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY STILLING BASIN FOR PIPE

TO OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof. Civil and Irrigation Engr. Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental research toward a master's

thesis

.

(e) The objective of this study is to find an economical and effective means of energy dissipation at the transition of pipe flow

to open channel flow.

(g) An effective design has been found involving

a short dlssipator pipe placed on the opposite wall of the stilling basin from the inflow pipe. The best ratios have been fourd

for: the dlssipator pipe diameter to inflow

pipe diameter, length of dlssipator pipe to inflow pipe diameter, slit width to inflow

pipe diameter, and center line offset to the inflow pipe diameter. ' (h) An M.S. thesis is currently being prepared.

Further, a paper is being prepared for publication in a professional Journal.

(5134) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE WAVE CAUSED BY VARIOUS SUBMERGED OBJECTS IN OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE DRAG ON THE OBJECT.

(b) Laboratory Project (An NSF grant has been applied for)

.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof, of Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Theoretical and experimental work leading

toward a doctoral dissertation.

(e) The characteristics of the surface waves

caused by various shapes of submerged

objects in open channel flow will be studied. The relative submergence, Froude number,

the approach velocity profile, etc. will be varied. A surface wave characteristic will

be studied and related to the drag on the respective objects.

(5135) LIFT FORCES ON ISOLATED REGULAR OBJECTS ATTACHED TO A BOUNDARY.

(b) Laboratory project (NSF grant has been applied for)

.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof., Civil and Irrigation Engr. Dept., Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research leading to a doctoral dissertation.

(e) Lift forces on isolated regular objects attached to a boundary will be studied for

the following conditions: (1) A three- dimensional, semi-Infinite, flow field where viscous forces and approach velocity profile

are important. (2) A three-dimensional,

finite, flow field where viscous forces,

velocity profile, and relative submergence

are Important. (3) A three-dimensional,

finite, flow field, with free surface effects, where viscous forces, velocity profile, relative submergence and gravity forces are important

.

(5136) VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN ACCELERATED CURVILINEAR FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof., Civil and Irrigation Engrg. Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.

(d) This project is primarily theoretical in nature, however, for verification it uses experimental results by others along with

theoretical results obtained from classical hydrodynamics. The research is of a basic

nature and is the result of a Doctoral research program.

(e) The basic objectives of this study may be summarized as: (1) To derive the basic dynamic equations governing laminar flow

for a curvilinear coordinate system.

(2) To obtain new equations giving the direction and magnitude of the local velocity vector for curvilinear flow of an ideal

fluid. Convergence of the streamlines will

be considered in contrast to existing

relations. (3) To find a more precise relation between velocity profile and stream- line curvature or potential line curvature

for potential theory. (4) To find a direct solution for the new relation. This solution will give the magnitude and direction of a velocity vector anywhere In the flow field.

(5) To verify this relation analytically and experimentally and to compare its accuracy

with previous techniques. (6) To apply the

88
new technique in the determination of the velocity function in any curvilinear flow field with symmetrical boundaries such as convergent, divergent, passages. (7) To

find a solution for the problem of laminar

flow between two concentric boundaries with

no temperature gradient effect.

(f ) This project will be completed by Jan. 1, 1964.

(g) The objectives stated in Item (e) have been

realized.

(h) A doctoral dissertation is presently being

prepared and should be completed by Jan. 1, 1964. It should be published and available

sometime during the year 1964.

(5137) DRAG ON A HEMISPHERE IN A THREE DIMENSIONAL

FINITE FLOW FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project (NSF grant has been applied

for)

.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

and Irrigation Engr. Dept., Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward

a PhD dissertation. This study is basic

in nature

.

(e) The objectives are to study and compare drag

on a hemisphere attached to a boundary for:

(1) A three-dimensional, semi-infinite, flow field where viscous forces and approach

velocity profile are important. (2) A three- dimensional, finite, flow field where

viscous forces, velocity profile, and relative submergence are important. (3) A threedimensional, finite, flow field with free surface effects where viscous forces,

velocity profile, relative submergence, and gravity forces are important.

(g) Since this program has just begun no results

are available at present.

(5138) STATE WATER PLAN INVESTIGATIONS.

b) Utah Water and Power Board.

c) Mr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil Engrg. Dept., Utah

State University, Logan, Utah.

d) Field investigation.

e) Water supply and use determinations and projections. Frequency analyses of various

kinds of hydrologic data.

(g) Hydrologic inventories of major study area

of state completed.

(h) "Developing a State Water Plan Summary and Recommendations," Utah Water and Power Board

and Utah State University, Nov. 1962. "Utah's Water Resources—Problems and Needs--

A Challenge," Utah Water and Power Board

and Utah State University, Engineering

Experiment Station, PR-EC48g-2, March 1963. "Summary of Surface Water Records of Utah," Utah Water and Power Board and Utah State University, Engineering Experiment Station,

P.R. -EC-48g-3, Sept. 1963.

(5139) HYDROLOGY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE.

b) Engineering Experiment Station project.

c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan,

Utah.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Attempting to develop an adequate description

of the sources, amounts and regimen of water

inflow into the lake from precipitation,

surface flows, and subsurface flows. This

will provide the basis on which to predict

the effect of future development so that alternative resource use patterns for the lake and its tributary system can be evaluated.

(g) Approximately 3,000,000 acre feet of water

enter the Great Salt Lake from all sources and are evaporated.

(5140) ELECTRONIC ANALOG MODEL STUDIES OF RIVER

BASINS.

b) Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.A.

c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Assoc. Prof., Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

d) Experimental.

e) The feasibility of an electronic analog

approach to the Sevier River Basin Investi- gations for water resources development and conservation planning is being explored.

Characteristics and costs of various simulator systems are being investigated.

(g) Circuitry for an exploratory model for

Circle Valley has been designed. Analog

model has not been constructed.

(h) "Report on Feasibility of an Electronic

Analog Approach to Sevier River Basin

Investigations," Jay M. Bagley, Duane G. Chadwick, Robert B. Hlckok, Marvin J. Rosa. U.S.U. Engineering Experiment Station,

Report EC-51g-l, 47 pages, August 1963.

(5141) THE EFFECT OF LOCAL VARIATIONS IN TOPOGRAPHY

ON RAINFALL MEASUREMENT.

b) Agricultural Research Service and Laboratory.

c) Prof. Joel E. Fletcher, Engineering Expt. Sta. Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Field Investigation, applied research, master's thesis.

(e) From a study of the performance of existing

raingages on Reynold's Creek Experimental Watershed and by installing different types

of gages at selected sites, the objective is to determine what differences in rainfall at the ground level are actual and what are due

to measurement differences. From the study

it is planned to develop guides for the positioning and selection of future gages.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tlnney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State University, Pullman,

Washington.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of water and gas distribution

systems.

d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

e) Flow distributions have been made with the Mcllroy Analyzer for over 50 cities, several

gas systems, an air system, a generator

cooling system, and several other unique

systems. Losses throughout the system are obtained. Engineers use the analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and piping

additions or revisions.

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) Hydraulic model studies on several problems

of design and operation have been completed. Three final reports are now in preparation.

Construction sequences, fishway design and

operation, spillway energy disslpators,

spillway capacity, downstream erosion and

waves, and spillway operation all underwent

detailed investigation on six hydraulic models over a period of more than six years. Sound motion picture films are now being

prepared on the use of the models.

(g) The energy dissipator, consisting of a 14-ft. high solid baffle a high slotted endsill and spillway nappe deflectors, adequately dissi- pated the energy in the spillway flow. Vortices rangingffrom 2 to 30 feet in diam- eter will not adversely affect the spillway

gates

.

(h) "River Diversion," by Howard D. Copp, Part I, Technical Report No. 9, Washington State Institute of Technology, June 1963, 49 pages.

(3534) WELLS HYDRO-COMBINE FLUME MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

89
A) Experimental; design.

e) A 1:23.3 scale model of a section of the spillway-power unit was tested to evaluate hydraulic characteristics of an unusual design for hydroelectric developments.

f) Suspended.

g) These tests indicated that the power units

or the spillway, when operated as separate

units, perform the same as conventional

designs. When operated simultaneously, the spillway discharge coefficient is about the

same as conventional ogee spillways, and the spill increased the operating head on the power units through a local tailwater de- pression.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies, Wells Hydroelectric

Project, Volume II. Sectional Model Studies," edited by E. Roy Tinney, Washington State Institute of Technology, Bulletin 271, July

1963, 62 pages.

(3848) CALIBRATION OP FLOW METERING FLUMES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Metering flumes are being placed on several streams within an experimental watershed in southern Idaho. Desirable shapes, location

of head measuring taps, orientation and elevation of invert of these flumes are being investigated by hydraulic model. The effect of flow rate, upstream and downstream

topography, and sediment deposition are con- sidered. Calibration of three metering de- vices have been completed by use of the models and one prototype flume is now con- structed .

(4244) SULTAN DAM NO. 1.

(b) R. W. Beck and Associates.

Id) Experimental; design.

(e) Final tests were conducted in the 1:50 scale model of the Sultan Dam to determine

the best arrangement for the tunnel spillway and morning-glory intake. Data

were recorded to determine the spillway

rating curve pressure patterns and aeration

conditions. A total of 681 tests were conducted in this model before a suitable

solution was found. The second stage tunnel

will have a capacity of 80,000 cfs. Additional tests are being conducted to obtain best method of releasing the water

from the tunnel to the natural channel

.

(g) A two-stage tunnel spillway was found to be satisfactory with the second stage formed by adding a 38-ft. diameter shaft with a new morning-glory intake.

(4245) HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Tests are being made on nappe deflectors

adjacent to spillway piers to obtain design

data and permit selection of this type of energy dissipator prior to experimental

testing in connection with a specific

application. This type of energy dissi- pator has been used on Rocky Reach and Noxon Rapids dams and is being considered

for use at Chungju dam, in Korea.

f) Suspended.

g) Stilling basins can be considerably

shortened and raised with the use of nappe deflectors

.

(4246) ROUND BUTTE TRIFURCATION MODEL.

(b) Portland General Electric Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:23.7 scale model of a power penstock

trifurcatlon was constructed and investi- gated for head loss and undue structural vibrations.

f) Completed.

g) Head losses were minimal, information regarding structural vibration was used

in the structural design.

(h) "The Round Butte Penstock Trifurcatlon Tie- Bar," by John S. Gladwell, E. Roy Tinney and Harald Kreuzer Research Report No. 63/9-80,

Washington State University, Institute of Technology, August 1963. 14 pages.

(4721) MODEL CALIBRATION OF ROCK ISLAND SPILLWAY.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant Co., Washington.

(d) Experimental; analytical.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the west section of the Rock Island Dam spillway was constructed. Tests were made to determine the discharge coefficients for each bay as they may be influenced by adjacent and nearby bays, tailwater and apron elevations, and dis- tribution of flow approaching the spillway

discharges. Accurate discharge ratings

were required in connection with power

losses due to tailwater encroachment at Rock Island by the Wanapum pool. A final report is being prepared.

(g) Correlation of model and river discharge data indicate that the model can be used to predict spillway discharge with an accuracy

of ±256.

(4722) BOUNDARY COMPREHENSIVE MODEL.

fbj Bechtel - Leedshill.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:65 scale model of approximately 0.6 miles of the Pend Oreille River, the arch

dam, forebay, and spillways have been

constructed. Investigations were concerned primarily with the sluice ring orientation, power house, diversion dam, and ogee spill- ways. The sluice ring is particularly of concern because it must pass flows of approximately 280,000 cfs at a depth which

results in velocities of about 100 f.p.s.

f) Completed.

h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Boundary

Hydroelectric Project," by John S. Gladwell, Howard D. Copp and E. Roy Tinney, June 1963,

67 pages. Washington State University

Institute of Technology Bulletin 270.

(47 23) BOUNDARY PROJECT SLUICEWAY MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:25 scale model of low level sluiceways has permitted experimental investigation of sluiceway design and the determination of

a suitable intake shape that will operate, cavitation free, under heads up to 190 feet. Sluiceway gate vibration tests have been conducted.

f) Completed.

g) The original intake shape, designed ac- cording to conventional procedures was not cavitation free. A converging section formed by a rising Invert was found necessary.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Boundary

Hydroelectric Project," by John S. Gladwell, Howard D. Copp, and E. Roy Tinney, June

1963, 67 pages. Washington State Univ., Institute of Technology Bulletin 270.

(4724) WELLS COMPREHENSIVE MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:78 model of the Wells Hydrocombine has

been constructed to study potential erosion, wave action, passage of migratory fish,

spillway capacity, and construction

sequences. Since the power house and spill- way are combined into one structure, several unique problems in design and operation

must be Investigated. The model is 44 feet wide and 66 feet long and will pass the equivalent of 1,300,000 cfs.

(5042) A STUDY OF MECHANISMS OF FLASHING AND

CAVITATION DURING FLOW THROUGH APPERTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

90
(d) Primarily experimental study; relatively basic

in character; one M.S. thesis is being de- veloped.

(e) Hot water flows are expanded through a variety of free and submerged orifices and nozzles in an attempt to determine general conditions on incipient cavitation and

flashing.

(h) "A Study of the Dynamics and Thermodynamics

of Liquid-Gas-Vapor Bubbles," by John H. Lienhard, Washington State Institute of Technology Bulletin 266, 64 pages. Discussion by John H. Lienhard of ASME Paper

63 AH GT4 "Expansion of a Very Low Quality

Two Phase Fluid Through a Convergent

Divergent. Nozzle," by E. S. Stakman, V. E. Schrock, K. F. Neusen, and D. J. Nanely, Journal of Basic Engineering.

(5043) THE PLACE OF PUMPED STORAGE IN THE POWER

ECONOMY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Examination with examples of pumped storage

in a predominantly thermal and a predominantly

hydro system: sizing of water conduits; suitability of equipment and methods of operation

.

(g) Dally pumped storage will be used to an increasing extent in USA to supplement

thermal base load. Seasonal pumped storage may be used to a minor extent to supplement

a hydro base in favorable conditions. Economic factors differ considerably from

those of conventional hydro. Strong economic pressure exists for development of higher

head pump- turbine

.

(h) "Pumped Storage in the Power Economy," by

Robert A. Sutherland, Proceedings of 4th Biennial Hydraulics Conference, Washington

State University, 1964, 10 pages.

(5044) INTERFACIAL WAVES - STRATIFIED RESERVOIR,

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; theoretical; basic research.

(e) Two liquids of nearly equal densities are placed In a glass sided flume. Waves are generated and withdrawals are made at different levels. The fluid behaviors are

studied under either of these conditions.

(5045) WELLS FISHWAY MODELS.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Models of the fish ladder and fish entrances with attraction Jets are constructed at a 1:12 scale and being tested to determine

best arrangement of orifices, and best method

of operation. Tests are still in progress.

(5046) MODEL STUDIES OF ROCK TRAPS IN TUNNELS.

(b) Bechtel Corporation; Sacramento Municipal Utility District.

d) Experimental; design.

e) Rock and sand traps were modelled. These Included the existing Jaybird tunnel and the proposed revision, the proposed Camino tunnel

and the theoretical design. Graded rock particles were introduced upstream of the

traps. Rock passing over the traps was collected on screens at the downstream exit

and weighed and sieved.

(g) Effective removal of rock from the flow can

be accomplished by gratings over a pit which

is baffled and protected from large scale tur- bulent eddies. Expansion of flow into a larger cross-section is ineffective due to turbulence which reintroduces rock into moving stream.

(h) "Rock Trap Experience in Unlined Tunnels,"

by J. J. Mattlmoe, E. Roy Tinney, and W. W. Wolcott, ASCE Annual Meeting, October 1963,

14 pages. "Hydraulic Model studies of Rock Traps," by James W. Crosby III and E. Roy Tinney, Re- search Report No. 63/8-73, Washington State

Inst, of Tech., Sept. 1963, 53 pages.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris

Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3853) FLOW THROUGH AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS,

bl Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Ronald E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Hydrodynamic forces are to be determined on one of a row of circular cylinders. Cylinder

spacing and orientation of the single row with respect to a uniform approach flow are

to be varied.

f) Suspended.

g) Proximity effects upon drag coefficients

have been determined for two cylinder row

orientations for the case of laminar bounda- ry layers on the cylinders.

(h) One M. S. Thesis completed (available on

loan)

.

(4725) SALT WATER ENTRAINMENT FOR DILUTION IN SEWER

OUTFALLS.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare-Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,

98105.

dl Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) The mechanism of the entralnment of a fluid

from an infinite still reservoir through discrete ports into a conduit flowing full

Is to be studied experimentally and analytically.

(g) Data have been obtained for the case of zero density differential for single and double circular ports of different sizes and various edge configurations.

(h) Two M. S. Thesis completed (available on loan)

.

(4726) A STUDY OF VELOCITY BARRIER DEVICE FOR DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT BYPASS.

(b) Columbia Fisheries Program Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland,

Oregon

.

(c) Prof. H. S. Strausser, 317 Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,

98105.

(d) Experimental Investigation; developmental

research.

(e) The problem requires a structure which will guide downstream migrant fish into a col- lection facility with a minimum obstruction

to flow. The methods under study utilize velocity changes which would attract or repel the fish, thereby steering them into

a desired location.

(g) No satisfactory results as yet.

(4728) THE INTERACTION EFFECTS OF FIXED SEMI- IMMERSED CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH A TRAIN OF PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY WAVES IN A CHANNEL

OF FINITE DEPTH.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. P. Richey, Department of Civil Engineering University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105.

(d) Basic theoretical research with experimental verification for a doctoral thesis.

(e) The objective of the work is to obtain an analysis of the problem which can be used

to determine force components and coefficients of reflection and transmission.

f) Completed.

g) An analysis of the force, reflection and transmission coefficients was obtained by superposition principles and a computer

program written for a limited range of variables, which were then compared with experimental results.

(5113) MODEL STUDY OF THE MOSSYROCK DAM AND SPILL- WAY.

(b) Harza Engineering Company and the City of Tacoma, Major Projects Division.

91
(c) Professors E. P. Richey and H . S. Strausser,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

d) Experimental and applied research.

e) The study will be concerned especially with erosion resulting from spillway flows as well

as the usual problems of a dam and spillway

model

.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst.

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK

SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA.

(b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, Is contracting agency. Co-operating agency is Northern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, and Alaska

Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate

Professor, Fisheries Research Institute,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigation; basic and applied research,

including master's and doctoral thesis

research.

(e) To identify environmental factors causing

mortality of pink salmon embryos; (2) to gain a more complete understanding of inter- relationships among spawning behavior,

physical and biological attributes of the stream and spawning bed, and mortality of embryos; (3) to determine how the quality

of the spawning bed environment as it pertains to growth, development, and mortality of embryos is affected by logging; and (4) to determine criteria for the improvement of natural spawning areas to Increase production of Juvenile salmon. Included among active routine studies are hydrological conditions, intragravel water

quality, spawning bed quality, and channel debris evaluation. Included among active

basic studies are composition and source of suspended sediment and bed load, relationship between surface and intragravel water, and sources of intragravel water,

(g) Methods have been developed for routine field measurement of dissolved oxygen content

of intragravel water, gravel composition,

and mortality of salmon embryos. Gravel shift has been identified as an important natural cause of embryonic

mortality. A theoretical model of factors controlling interchange between stream and intragravel water has been proposed and

tested qualitatively.

(4247) IMPROVEMENT OF SALMON SPAWNING AREAS IN INDIAN CREEK, ALASKA.

(b) U.S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska,

Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate

Professor, Fisheries Research Institute,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation basic and applied research,

Including thesis research.

(e) Artificial spawning areas have been con- structed on Indian Creek on Prince of Wales

Island within the Tongass National Forest, Alaska. The project is to test the general

hydraulic considerations associated with

the design of improved pink salmon spawning

areas in natural streams. Objectives of the research program are to test the design

of artificial improvements to salmon spawning

grounds. The problem is to determine if we can provide, at reasonable cost, small areas of stable permeable gravel in which

low water flow of stream will be concentrated.

The evaluation of artificially constructed

channels will provide Information of the detailed requirements of spawning fish as well as the requirements of eggs and larvae. Further information will be obtained on

movement of bed material as no stream flow regulation is provided,

(g) Data currently being analyzed.

(4730) DETERMINING CHANGES IN SIZE COMPOSITION IN STREAMBED MATERIAL IN LOGGED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Institute of Forest Products, Univ. of Washington

.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Fisheries Hall #2,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; applied research for M.S. thesis.

(e) The research is to evaluate ecological

changes in salmon streams caused by de- forestation. Soil erosion, subsequent

logging operations in a watershed, may

cause large quantities of fine particles to be deposited in the beds of the streams adjacent to logging areas. The presence of fine materials reduces the permeability of the stream and gravel thereby reducing the rates of waterflow in the streambed and the rate of exchange of inter-gravel water. The rate of exchange between the inter- gravel and stream water limits the quality

of the inter-gravel environment of the habitat for salmon eggs and larvae. The results of the proposed investigation will

assist in determining if logging will

affect salmon production. The objectives of the study are: (1) To evaluate the present

gravel sampling procedures and index of streambed quality for salmon; (2) to deter- mine the physical factors controlling the size of the particles within the stream bed;

(3) determine if streambed composition can

be used to measure effects of logging on salmon

.

(5019) THE ECOLOGY OF BOISE CREEK.

b) The Weyerhaeuser Company.

c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Assoc. Prof., Fisheries Research Institute, Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigation; basic and applied research including masters thesis research.

(e) Sewage effluence from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources have been regularly

discharged into Boise Creek for many years.

It is the purpose of the study to gather

ecological, hydrographlc, and chemical data

in several strata of stream use to determine

the suitability of Boise Creek as a spawning

and rearing stream for salmonid fishes.

(g) Project begun September 1963.

(5034) EVALUATION OF STREAM CARRYING CAPACITY OF

FINE MATERIALS AS RELATED TO GRAVEL PERMEABILITY.

b) Institute of Forest Products.

c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Fisheries Hall #2

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigation; applied research for M.S. thesis

.

(e) This research is to aid in evaluating the changes in salmon streams caused by logging.

Soil erosion caused by logging at times increases the amount of fine particles within the flowing stream. Depending upon the hydraulic conditions within the stream and

the water turbidity, the streambed perme- ability will be lowered. Reduced perme- ability lowers the water interchange between

the gravel and bed. The amount of intra- gravel flow Is vital to the survival of salmon eggs and larvae. The investigation

will attempt to define the hydraulic

conditions and define concentration for a particular permeability. The objectives of the study are: (1) Determine experimentally

the amount of deposition of fines in gravel;

(2) for given hydraulic conditions, streambed composition and turbidity a theoretical prediction of the streambed permeability;

(3) measurement of stream hydraulic

92
conditions, turbidity, bottom composition

and permeability; and (4) analysis of data and previous permeability data available to determine limitations of turbidity on salmon

stream

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics and Sanitary

Engineering Laboratories.

(149) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research for M.S. degree.

(e) The effects of submergence on discharge of large circular thin-plate weirs and orifices

and broad-crested weirs are being studied.

(g) General correlation equations have been

developed for all thin-plate weirs, Parshall

Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes

1/4 inch to 2 Inches. Pressure range 0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120 degrees F. Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000.

(f) Suspended.

(g) If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe friction theory applies at high pressures.

The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow

when N R = 2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at Nr = 150.

(1181) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 5370 6.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vorticity on orifice dis- charge are being studied over a wide range of vorticity, head, orifice size, and fluid

viscosity.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of inertial and centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with varying degrees of vorticity.

(3539) DISTURBED LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW.

h) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation,

c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 5370 6-. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The equation of motion has been applied to several situations of disturbed laminar and

turbulent flow and compared with experimental

results. Flows are disturbed using orifices

and screens. Turbulence is measured by a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic probe in conjunction with analog and digital computers

to give the turbulence energy spectra.

(g) New equations have been developed for estimating losses due to combined and divided flow as well as losses due to other disturbances. Turbulence energy

spectra have been developed for a wide variety of boundary configurations. The

new probe permits the observation of the distribution of turbulent energy across

the section of flow.

(3540) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation in cooperation with the Government of West

Bengal, India.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, University

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 53706.

d) Experimental; design for M.S. thesis.

e) A 1/16- scale model of the inlet structure foe one of four axial flow pumps at the Uttarbhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India) has been made. Studies of inlet flow patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide variety of flow situations are being

made for the purpose of reducing the cavitation threshold.

f) Completed.

g) Pressure coefficients were computed at 37 points on the model over a wide range of flows.

(3541) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR

SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Washington,

D. C.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte and Prof. G. A. Rohlich,

Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of two model circular basins and one model rectangular

basin are being studied using a wide range

of flow and types of inlet and outlet design,

using the flourescent tracer technique and

the automatic recording of dimensionless dispersion curves. Field tests on actual basins are also being

undertaken where dispersion curves and removal efficiencies are being observed

simultaneously, so that correlations can be studied. The principles of similitude which apply to gravitation separation basins are also being studied in the laboratory and in the field.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics have been deter- mined for a wide range of flows and inlet and outlet situations. New criteria have

been developed.

(3854) REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

b) The American Petroleum Inst.

c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemonte,

Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise.

53706.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

master's and doctoral theses.

(e) A transparent basin 5 feet wide, 10 feet lorg, and 3 feet deep has been constructed. Investigations will be made using various

sizes and spacings of the stengel reaction

jets at the entrance to the basin to determine the effects of jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics.

fl Completed.

g) Hydraulic characteristics for rectangular

basins with Reaction Jet inlet devices were observed using a wide range of flows.

(h) "Reaction Jet Inlets in Settling Basins,"

J. R. Villemonte and G. A. Rohlich, Presented

at National Water Resources Engineering

Conference of ASCE, Milwaukee, Wise, May

1963.

(4251) CHANNEL DYNAMICS ABOVE GULLY CONTROL STRUCTIRES.

93
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural (4,734) Research Service.

Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil (b) Engineering, University of Wisconsin,

1513 University Aveue, Madison 5, Wisconsin. (c) Theoretical study and field investigation of basic research in channel dynamics for

Ph.D. thesis. (d) Data from field surveys of 44 gully control

structures in Southwestern Wisconsin have (e) been analyzed to develop procedures for

estimating quantitatively the dynamic

changes in channel profiles which occur

when a gully control or sediment detention

structure is built. Completed. An equation has been developed for the ratio (g) of the average deposition slope to the original channel slope as a function of past and present hydraulic and sediment parameters. (4735) "Channel Dynamics Above Gulley Control Structures," D. A. Woolhiser and A. T. Lenz, Presented at National Water Resources (b) Engineering Conference of ASCE, Milwaukee,

Wisconsin, May, 1963. (c) FLOW OF A DENSITY STRATIFIED FLUID. Laboratory Project. (d) Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics and Sanitary

Engineering Laboratories, University of (e) Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706. Theoretical; basic research.

Dynamic characteristics of compressible and incompressible density - stratified fluids,

are being investigated. Both steady and unsteady flow problems relating to internal gravity waves are included in the study. Linearized equations for steady, inviscld, (g) compressible flow in atmospheres with various density distribution have been developed

and solved for simple boundary configurations.

(h) UNIT HYDROGRAPH VARIATION WITH STORM HYDROGRAPH

SHAPE. (4736)

FLOW BETWEEN CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and Fairbanks Morse Co. Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wise, Madison, Wise. 53706. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for Ph.D. thesis. This study is concerned with the characteristics of turbulent flow in an annulus, with rotating Inner cylinder. Theoretical prediction and experimental confirmation of shearing stresses, torque, pressure gradients, and frictional resistance are being

sought

.

A theory has been developed to predict the frictional resistance to turbulent flow in

a rotating annulus. MODEL STUDY OF A PROPOSED BARRAGE AT

MUSCODA, ON THE WISCONSIN RIVER. Muscoda Development Corporation, Muscoda, Wisconsin.

Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte and Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wise, Madison,

Wise. 53706. Experimental; applied research and design for M.S. thesis.

A comprehensive study is under way to determine the possible effects of con- structing a barrage, at Muscoda, on the Wisconsin River. The study includes con- struction of two models to determine scour patterns downstream of the dam, as well as stability of the dam itself. Backwater

effects are also being studied. Scour patterns for the proposed barrage

have been obtained from two models and recommendations made for improvement of the design. Stability has been confirmed. Two unpublished M.S. theses are available. UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, Madison 5, Wisconsin. Theoretical study and field Investigation

of the unit hydrograph. Basic research for

Ph.D. thesis.

A general one-hour dimensionless unit hydrograph derived from 16 Illinois basins was used

successfully to derive 92 one-hour unit hydrographs for four midwestern basins of 22 to 77 square miles in area for storms of 1 to

13 hours duration. Computations were made using IBM 1620 and CDC 1604 computers.

Ph.D. thesis by Dr. Donald L. Bender completed. Unit hydrographs needed to reproduce singlepeak storm hydrographs varied with peak dis- charge, shape, and volume of the storm hydrographs. Shapes can be described by a dimensionless parameter 0, the ratio of the hydrograph peak to the flow in a rectangular

hydrograph of equal runoff volume and unit

time base. Paper for A.G.U. in preparation.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF RAINFALL ON THREE BASINS IN NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. theses

.

(e) The following aspects of unsteady flow through a porous medium are under investigation: pressure waves passing through

the liquid in a confined porous medium,

the characteristics of unsteady ground water flowing toward a stream with clogged

streambanks, and the behavior of unsteady, unconfined flow toward a well.

(5011) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CYLINDRICAL SLOT ORIFICES.

W. A. Kates Company. Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering Laboratories, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Experimental; design. The effects of viscosity, head, and slot type and shape on the coefficient of dis- charge are being studied.

of

Laboratory project.

Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil (4737) Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513 University Avenue, Madison 5, Wisconsin. Experimental and theoretical with field (b) investigation; basic research for Ph.D. (c) thesis. M)

This study is to determine the relationships (e) existing between rainfall, stream runoff,

infiltration, groundwater, and evapo- transplratlon with respect to three drainage basins in North Central Wisconsin which have (f) both similar and dissimilar soil types and (g) aquifers, based on published data.

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION. EXPERIMENTAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF ROTATING

SYSTEM. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Alan Ibbetson, WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Hydrodynamics a rotating liquid systems, with application to blocking action by

topographic features in oceanic and atmospheric flows. Beginning approximately February 1964. Previous results on occurence of blocking

action

.

94
(4738) SYNOPTIC OCEANOGRAPHY - SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Raymond G. Stevens, Woods Hole

Oceanographlc Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. Experimental, field investigation, basic

research, doctoral dissertation. Measurement of the directional spectrum of wind generated gravity waves in the generating area. Directional spectra have been measured in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and Panama

City, Florida.

"On the Estimation of the Directional Spectrum

of Ocean Waves from Time Series Observations

of Surface Elevations," by Raymond G. Stevens, WHOI Reference No. 63-22. Technical Report. June 1963. Copies available from the author.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Laboratory. Alden Hydraulic

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Leslie J. Hooper, Director, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester, Mass. 06109.

(1963) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foxboro, Company, Foxboro, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of various sizes of magnetic flow

tubes (1" to 36" diameter).

(f) Test in progress.

(3859) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) B-I-F Industries, Providence, R. I. (d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and venturi meters up to 48" in diameter.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4255) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Penn Meter Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow

tubes from 2" to 48" in diameter in standard piping test loop. In addition, tests have

been performed to determine operating charac- teristics for installations in pipes with

different finishes and in set-ups just downstream of a variety of fittings.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4739) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/50 scale model of a section of the spillway was installed In the 3 foot glass

sided flume of the laboratory. Calibration

of the spillway and flood gates was per- formed. Tests were also conducted on a variety of apron designs for different

sections of the spillway.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4740) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/75 scale model of a reach of the North Han River in the Republic of Korea is under

construction for the Korea Electric Co. The model will include the spillway and powerhouse as well as river topography up and downstream of the development. Studies

will be made of the flow characteristics for

various operating conditions.

(g) Model under construction.

(4741) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

Uhl, Hall and Rich, B Experimental, for des

A 1/80 scale model of upper reservoir was c local topography near

studies will Involve and possible surface reservoir as well as few diameters of the intake

.

Test completed.

Report in preparation

oston, Mass.

ign. the intake at the onstructed including

the intake. The

the flow patterns

disturbances in the the flow in the first vertical shaft of the

(4743) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE.

(b) Bird Machine Co., South Walpole, Mass.

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) Evaluation of the percentage breakup of the flow between the two discharge paths

(accepts and rejects) in a cyclone type

separator was made. The flow pattern In various sections of the machine was measured

in the course of the studies.

(g) Tests in progress.

(4746) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Hagan Chemicals and Controls, Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of a variety of sizes and designs of flow nozzles.

(g) Tests in progress.

(5020) AEP 200.

( "b ) American Electric Power Co., New York, N. Y.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/120 by 1/40 distorted scale model of a section of the Ohio River has been repro- duced in the area above and below the power plant. The plant Intakes and outlets for condenser cooling water have been

installed at the required locations. Studies will be performed on the hot water

flow patterns in order to Insure minimum recirculation of hot water to the condenser

intakes. In addition bed load movement of the river and barge handling techniques will

be studied over a range of river stages.

(f) Model under construction.

(5021) MUDDY RUN PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia,

Penn.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/35.3 scale model of the intake structure,

a section of the tunnel below the intake

and the immediate topography were modeled

to study the flow patterns and evaluate

the losses in both the pumping and generating

cycles.

(f ) Tests in progress.

(5022) DYNAMIC EFFECTS IN FLOW METER COEFFICIENT

PREDICTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental, for thesis.

(e) A number of differential producer type flow meters are being studied under different

Reynolds Number levels with the same volume

flow rate. It Is planned to evaluate the dynamic effects on the discharge coefficient

for the different Instruments.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5023) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION INFLUENCE ON BEND

LOSSES.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental for thesis.

(e) An experimental and parallel theoretical

study of variation in energy loss in a 90° bend is being developed. A 90° bend has

been set up so the upstream velocity profile

can be varied.

(f) Tests in progress.

95
(5024) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/56 scale model of the manifold and pen- stock sections was constructed in plexiglass

and PVC pipe. The sections varied in diameter

(full scale) from 40' at the manifold to

10' at the lower penstocks. Measurements

of pressure head at each change in section were made to evaluate the loss coefficients

in both the generating and pumping situations.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5025) PALO SECO STEAM PLANT, SAN JUAN, P. R.

(b) Jackson and Moreland International.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/40 scale model of the cooling water intake for the Palo Seco plant was constructed along with a section of the beach and ocean in the adjacent area near San Juan Harbor in Puerto

Rico. A wave generator was Installed in the deep water off shore to produce a range of ocean waves. Studies of variation in break- water design are underway to reduce the wave

effects within the intake canal and structure.

(5026) BIG SANDY POWER PLANT. Kentucky Power Co., Louisa, Ky. Experimental, for design.

A 1/30 scale model for a section of the Big

Sandy River was constructed Including the intake structure for make-up cooling water

for the steam plant. Studies were conducted

of river bed load transport in order to reduce the amount of material taken into

the intake with the water. Various structures

and various locations were tested during the studies

.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC. (5190) SOUND RADIATED FROM A TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYER.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program Administered by the David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. J. E. Ffowcs Williams, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge,

Mass. 02138.

(dl Basic theoretical research.

(e) The research is aimed at clarifying the exact role of a solid surface in determining

the mechanism by which sound generated in a turbulent boundary layer is radiated. It is known that if the surface is very large, it merely acts like a passive reflector, and

if it is small, it constitutes an additional

dipole field. The Intermediate size situation remains obscure and it is on this problem

that the work Is concentrated.

(g) The role of a responsive surface of infinite

extent has been studied and under certain conditions the response can be shown to reduce the radiated sound.

(h) First Quarterly Progress Report. Obtainable

from David Taylor Model Basin.

(5191) INTERACTION OF DISTRIBUTED SURFACE VIBRATIONS

WITH AN ADJACENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program Administered by the David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. Francis J. Jackson, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge,

Mass. 02138.

(d} Basic theoretical research.

(e) The program is aimed at studying the stability

of a flow in contact with a flexible wall. Particular reference is being paid to the possibility of actuating the wall motion by external means.

(g)

(h)

An analysis of the Reynolds stress very

close to the wall has revealed how it is determined, to a large extent, by the wall response

.

Quarterly Progress Reports. Obtainable from David Taylor Model Basin.

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, INC.

(5192) FORCES AND MOMENTS ON AN OSCILLATING

HYDROFOIL.

(t>)

(c)

(h)

(5193)

(b)

(c)

(5194)

David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221. Applied research (theoretical). This study was undertaken to determine the forces and moments on a hydrofoil oscil- lating near the free surface. Specifically,

the case of a fully-wetted hydrofoil in two-dimensional, linearized potential flow was considered, taking rigorous account of free- surface effects with Froude number.

Completed.

It was found that at reduced frequencies

below about 3.0 for practical values of Froude number and submergence depth, the behavior of the unsteady lift and moment

is dictated by the considerable influence

of surface waves. "Forces and Moments on an Oscillating

Hydrofoil," by P. Crimi and I. Statler, CAL Report No. BB-1629-S-1, Aug. 1962. THEORETICAL STUDY OF HYDROFOIL FLUTTER

CHARACTERISTICS. David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221. Applied research (theoretical). The purpose of this investigation is to formulate the two-degree-of-freedom flutter determinant of a two-dimensional

hydrofoil near the free surface and, then,

to compute flutter boundaries for various values of system parameters. THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF FORCES AND

MOMENTS ON AN OSCILLATING HYDROFOIL WITH AN OSCILLATING FLAP. Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221. Applied research (theoretical). The objective of this study is to compute the lift, total moment and hinge moment for a fully-wetted oscillating hydrofoil with an oscillating flap from the exact, linearized, two-dimensional potential solution. The

solution to be used takes full account of the surface waves caused by the hydrofoil.

GRUMMAN AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORP.

(5195) THE EFFECTS OF GAS BUBBLES IN LIQUID SHEAR

FLOWS. Laboratory project.

Dr. Richard A. Oman, Head of Gas Dynamics

Group, Research Dept., Pit. 25, Bethpage, New York. Experimental and theoretical; basic research. This program is aimed at determining how a suspension of gaseous bubbles perturbs a liquid flow field. Bubbles can change the effective viscosity, introduce compressibility

So
effects, and by convection through the liquid

can transport momentum. Any or all of these may Influence the development of cavitating

flows. We have rewritten the Navier-Stokes

equations for two-phase flow, with modified

viscosity law accounting for non-Newtonian

shear stresses. Unsteady bubble growth

and collapse are initially neglected. We intend to solve several boundary layer

problems numerically and survey the effects of varying bubble density, size, and distribution. Experiments in a small laminar water tunnel will provide data on viscosity coefficients, bubble cloud distributions, and flow patterns.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Gary R. Hough, Staff Scientist, Therm Advanced Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle,

Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Theoretical basic research.

e) The objective of this project Is to develop

a theory which will predict satisfactorily

the forces and moments acting on a fully

wetted, low-aspect-ratio jet-flap hydrofoil.

The influence of aspect ratio and Jet momentum coefficient upon these forces and moments will be determined.

IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE.

(5196)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(h)

TURBULENT FLOW TRANSITION NEAR SOLID AND

FLEXIBLE BOUNDARIES. BuShlps Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program administered by David Taylor Model

Basin.

Mr. H. B. Karplus, Research Physicist, 10 West 35th St., Chicago 16, 111. Experimental basic research. Transition to turbulence is investigated in a water channel having walls with adjustable

rigidity. It is intended to obtain a better understanding of the effect of resilience

and damping of the walls on the build up of turbulence in boundary layers. The ultimate

objective is the reduction of drag of vessels

and the reduction of boundary layer noise In hydrophone domes. Transition to turbulence is affected by wall resilience. Flexible walls may delay

turbulence onset over limited flow rate

regions. Interim Technical Report No. IITRI 1205-4.

THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH , INC.

(5197) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FLUID DYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. A. Ritter, President, Therm Advanced

Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle, Ithaca,

N. Y.

(d) Theoretical basic research.

(e) This is a continuing project of analytical

studies which to date have consisted of:

(1) The Hydrodynamics of Free-Surface

Crossings, concerned with predicting the hydrodynamic forces acting on bodies in vertical motion crossing an air-water interface, and includes examination of the accuracy of the standard assumptions of infinite Froude number and small disturbances;

and (2) The Jet-Flap Hydrofoil Near a Free

Surface, a study which will provide expressions

for the forces and moments acting on a two- dimensional jet-flap hydrofoil in close proximity to a free surface as well as determining the depth of submergence at which free-surface effects may be neglected.

(f) Completed.

(g) A second-order, small-perturbation theory for

the water-exit and -entry of slender symmetric

bodies, including Froude number and air- density effects, has been developed.

(h) "Image Solution for Vertical Motion of a Point Source Towards a Free Surface," by

John P. Moran, To be published in the Journal

of Fluid Mechanics.

"Line Source Distributions and Slender-Body

Theory," by John P. Moran, Journal of Fluid

Mechanics, Vol. 17, Part 2, pp. 285-304, 1963.

"On the Small-Perturbation Theory of WaterExit and Entry," by John P. Moran and Keith

P. Kerney, Presented at the Eighth Midwestern

Mechanics Conference, Cleveland, Ohio,

April 1-3, 1963. To be published in the Conference proceedings.

(5198) THE LOW-ASPECT- RATIO JET-FLAP HYDROFOIL.

VTDYA DIVISION, Itek Corp.

(5199) THE EFFECT OF FLOW SEPARATION FROM THE HULL

ON THE STABILITY OF A HIGH SPEED SUBMARINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

Model Basin (jointly) under the BuShips

Fundamental Hydromechanics Program.

(c) Mr. S. B. Spangler, Vldya Division, 1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The separated flow over a body of revolution

at angle of attack is characterized by a potential vortex system in order to determine

the forces and moments induced on the body

and tail by the separated flow. The purpose of the work is to predict static stability characteristics of modern sub- marines.

(g) Forces and moments have been computed at angles of attack up to 20 degrees for hull

alone and hull with stern control surfaces,

using a separation line location based on experimental data taken in wind tunnels

on bodies of revolution. The results

Indicate separation - induced effects becoming apparent at about 10 degrees

angle of attack and appreciable at 20 degrees angle of attack. It is noted that very little data on separation on inclined bodies of revolution is available in the typical submarine Reynolds number range

.

(h) "The Effect of Flow Separation from the Hull

on the Stability of a High Speed Submarine,"

S. B. Spangler, A. H. Sacks, J. N. Nielsen. Vldya Report 107, August 1963.

(5200)' INTERFERENCE BETWEEN A HULL AND A STERN- MOUNTED DUCTED PROPELLER.

(b) Dept. of the Navy, Bureau of Ships Funda- mental Hydrodynamics Research Program.

(c) Dr. A. R. Kriebel, Vldya, 1450 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

(d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this analysis is to predict

the effect of interference on the net forces

on the hull, duet, and propeller for

various assumed configurations. The results

will Indicate the variation of propeller

thrust coefficient with ducted propeller

configuration for a specified hull shape. The analysis is restricted to axially

symmetric flow and the method of concentrate! singularities is employed.

(g) Preliminary results Indicate that the inter- action between a hull and duct can cause a relatively large increase in drag force on

the hull and an equal increase in thrust

force on the duct. The increased duct thrust significantly affects the design of the duct to avoid flow separation.

(h) "Interference Between a Hull and a Stern- Mounted Propeller," First Quarterly Status

Report, Vldya Project 9066.

(5201) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC STABILITY DERIVATIVES OF DUCTED PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. A. R. Kriebel, Staff Engineer, Vldya,

1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

(d) Theoretical Investigation; applied research.

(e) The force and moment coefficients at angle

97
of attack and their dynamic pitching deriva- tives are predicted by potential flow analysis for an isolated ducted propeller. A first- order analysis is made of the interference between a pair of ducted propellers in a freestream at angle of attack.

f) Completed.

g) The analysis is based upon Fourier expansions

of the vorticity distribution and offers a valid technique for combining the previous

theoretical results for ring wings at angle

of attack and ducted propellers in axial

flow. The theoretical results compare favorably with data for an isolated ducted propeller in, hovering, axial, and non-axial

flow. The theory is applied to estimate the static stability and damping in pitch for VTOL aircraft and torpedo configurations which employ ducted propellers.

(h) "Theoretical Investigation of Dynamic

Stability Derivatives of Ducted Propellers,"

Vidya Technical Report No. 63-95, Jan. 9, 1963. "Theoretical Stability Derivatives for a Ducted Propeller, " Vidya Interim Report

Project 9063, October 18, 1963. "Theoretical Investigation of Dynamic

Stability Derivatives of Ducted Propellers,"

Final Report Vidya Project 9063. (in preparation)

WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.

(5202) DETERMINATION OF SHIP WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence W. Ward, Prof, of Engineering, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, Glen

Cove, Long Island, New York 11542.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Investigation of means for direct experi- mental determination of ship wave resistance

from measurements of the wave pattern during

a model test. Purpose includes Improvement

in scaling model test results to full size as well as basic understanding of nature of ship resistance.

(g) New method utilizing forces exerted by the wave pattern on a long vertical cylinder has been developed and tests run. Results encouraging and in agreement with other investigators. Experimental wave resistance when added to estimated skin friction is less than measured total resistance.

(h) "The XY Method of Determination of Ship Wave Resistance from the Wave Pattern," by

L. W. Ward, International Seminar on Theoretical Wave Resistance, sponsored by Office of Naval Research and Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 1963.

(5203) ASSESSMENT OF SEAKEEPING CHARACTERISTICS OF

SHIPS.

(b) Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers, Panel H-7 of Hydrodynamic Committee.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Research Prof, of Naval Architecture, Webb Institute of Naval

Architecture, Glen Cove, Long Island, New

York 11542.

(d) Theoretical application of available experi- mental results; applied research.

(e) Application of available knowledge of ship model behavior in regular waves to the prediction of trends of ship performance in realistic irregular wave patterns. Purpose

is to provide the ship designer with guid- ance in the selection of hull characteristics.

(g) The tendency for shipping water forward and for bow emergence have been evaluated as a function of speed for one hull form In one particular irregular sea. Work is continuing

on other hull characteristics and different

sea conditions.

(h) Progress report on "Assessment of Seakeepability," by R. B. Zubaly and E. V. Lewis,

April 1963, Issued to Panel H-7, SNAME.

98
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

CORN BELT BRANCH, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minn., Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

See Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research,

page 40.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, and 2386. See also U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv., Southern

Plains Branch, Project No. 4335, and Illinois

State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and the Illinois State Water Survey.

(c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

3rd Ave. S. E., at Mississippi River,

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414.

(d) Experimental; applied research for development and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, con- struction, and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water

are carried out. Studies during the past year have been concerned with the two-way

drop inlet for closed conduit spillways. The width of this drop inlet is equal to

the barrel diameter. Its length varies. Water flows only over the two sides. The

end walls support a horizontal plate over

the drop inlet which acts as an anti-vortex

device. The overhang of the plate supports

a trash guard. Tests are conducted using

both water and air as the model fluid to determine the performance, loss coefficients, and pressure coefficients for the drop inlet. Cooperation with and co-ordination of the tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Outdoor

Hydraulic Laboratory and the Illinois State Water Survey is maintained.

(g) If the anti-vortex plate Is too low, undesirable orifice flow will control the discharge. If the anti-vortex plate is too

high, harmful vortices will form under the plate. Rules for determining acceptable

plate heights have been determined. The overhang of the plate must be greater than

a certain minimum to insure satisfactory

performance. The action of the two-way

drop inlet is that of a self-regulating

siphon. The tests using air agree with the results obtained from the water tests and

are much easier to perform. Air is used as

the model fluid only for the condition of full conduit flow. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown that the hood barrel entrance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti-vortex devices have been determined.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

See University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Engineering, page 36. (4264) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co.

(c) Mr. N. E. Minshall, Hydraulic Engineer, 3230 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) Various records of runoff, ground water, precipitation and climatic factors, soil

moisture, land use, and agricultural

conditions and practices are maintained for

22 agricultural watersheds ranging In size from 2.7 to 11,000 acres in the vicinity of Lacrosse, Fennimore, Colby and at other locations in Wisconsin. Analyses are made

to evaluate the factors affecting flood

flows, hydrograph characteristics, and the yield of stream flow.

(4265) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS ON THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To develop methods of characterizing watershed precipitation related to runoff

rates and volumes and to evaluate "normalcy"

of sample periods.

(g) Records of dense network of rain gages are being analyzed to determine network

specifications for characterizing rainfall

for runoff rates and volumes. Shielded and tilted catchment surfaces of rain gages

have been installed in the field along with

wind recording apparatus for studying the effect of wind on the rain gage catch and how the latter evaluates the rainfall on sloping land surfaces of a single aspect.

(h) "Accuracy of Estimating Watershed Mean

Rainfall," by Mr. J. L. McGuinness, Jour. Geophys. Res. 68(16): 4763-4767, 1963 lllus.

(4266) SURFACE RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW STUDIES IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate the factors affecting the volume of storm surface runoff and interflow

from various combinations of upland watershed

soil, cover, and treatment, and to study the basic factors affecting the hydrograph of these flows under various soil-cover combinations

.

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. Storm flow totals from all unit source watersheds

along with specific watershed and climatic parameters have been assembled for all the major storm runoff periods of record. Computer analysis of these data is being

made to test for parameter significance.

(4267) STUDIES OF RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS

IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To determine how flows from incremental

areas combine to produce hydrographs of stream flow on larger complex watersheds; determine the effects of climate and watershed characteristics on rates and amounts of runoff; and develop methods for predicting the magnitude and frequency of flows from ungaged watersheds.

(g) Work 13 continuing on these studies. Preliminary analysis showed that the summation of flow from incremental areas accounted for, at the best, only 70 percent

of the storm flow measured for the larger

complex watershed. Base flow was at a minimim. Interflow studies are being made to evaluate

the magnitude and timing of this quick

return flow as a factor in flood stream flow. Geologic investigations of aquifers con- tributing to stream flow are included in the study of the effects of watershed

characteristics and management of stream

flow. Their effect is an important factor,

99
as runoff volumes Increase rapidly with

watershed size up to areas of 1,000 acres.

A small watershed has been thoroughly

Instrumented to Identify and evaluate shallow-depth interflow,

(h) "Field Manual for Research Agricultural

Hydrology," by H. N. Holtan, N. E. Minshall,

L. L. Harrold, U.S. Dept. Agr. Agriculture Handbook 224: 215 pp. (1962) illus. "Water Conservation Research in Ohio," L. L. Harrold, R. B. Marston, G. 0. Schwab. Ohio

Jour. Sci. 63(2): 49-55 (1963) illus. "Water Intake by Soil," Experiments for High School Students, L. L. Harrold, U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Pub. 925: 10 pp. (1963) Illus. Aug. 1963.

(4268) STUDIES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate ground-water and interflow contributions to stream discharge of agriculture watersheds and the recharge to aquifers under various watershed and climatic

conditions.

(g) Work is continuing on geologic mapping for identifying and evaluating aquifer flow to stream discharge. Catchment areas of these contributing aquifers is being mapped. Studies of interflow have been started on the upland watersheds to help account for

that storm flow at the complex watershed

runoff gages not measured as upland surface

runoff.

(4269) MOISTURE REGIMES OF SOILS IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To maintain the soil moisture inventory of agricultural watersheds; to evaluate the effect thereon of soil, land use, and climate;

to develop methods of estimating soil moisture quantities under various land use

and climatic conditions; and to determine

the influence of frozen soil and frost structure on water movement

.

(g) Nuclear soil-moisture equipment is now providing good data on soil moisture down

to 90-inch depths. They show material

variations in moisture within a small watershed. Presently, methods of evaluating watershed soil moisture are being studied. Effect of vegetation of different rooting

depths on soil moisture is being evaluated. Deep-rooted crops extract moisture to depths unaffected by shallow-rooted crops. In dry

seasons, the former consumes more water than

the latter, resulting in less percplation to ground water reservoirs. Lysimeters, 8 feet

deep and 1/500 acre area of undisturbed

soil record weight changes and percolation.

(h) "Soil Moisture Measurements with the Neutron

Method Supplement Weighing Lysimeters," J. L. McGuinness, F. R. Dreibelbis, L. L. Harrold.

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 25: 339-342 (1961) illus.

(4270) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN IRRIGATION

FURROWS

.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Chief, Corn Belt Branch,

Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of the study is to investigate

the hydraulics of flow in irrigation furrows,

as influenced by furrow shape, slope,

roughness, and rate of flow. Develop engineering techniques that will provide maximum

effective control and management of Irri- gation water,

(g) The work is continuing on the basic hydraulic

aspects of flow in irrigation furrows to contribute to better understanding of furrow irrigation and the ultimate achievement of more efficient use of water.

(4271) PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAIN STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. James L. Fouss, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to improve plastic mole drainage techniques and

test the effectiveness of other subsurface and surface drainage systems. Tile, mole

and other subsurface drainage systems are developed and their effectiveness determined.

(g) The work is continuing on improving plastic mole drainage techniques and the effectiveness of other subsurface and surface drainage systems.

(h) "New Machine Lays Plastic Drains," by James

L. Fouss, Civil Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 58-59, 1963. "Material and Equipment for Installing

Zippered Plastic-Lined Mole Drains," by

James L. Fouss, M.S. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1962. "Plastic Tubes for Subsurface Drainage," by

James L. Fouss, 4th Nat'l. Agr. Plastics

Conf. Proc. 4:137-142 (1963) illus. Oct. 1963.

(4273) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Lee Hermsmeier, Agricultural Engineer, North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop engineering techniques that will provide maximum effective control and management of water. Techniques are developed for managing surface water flow through land forming and surface drainage

systems. Tile, mole and other subsurface drainage systems are developed and their effectiveness determined.

(g) Work is continuing on land forming and the development of Improved surface drainage

systems, the effectiveness of field

diversions, improved plastic mole drainage

techniques and effectiveness of other subsurface drainage systems.

(4274) NATIONAL SUMMARIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF AND SOIL-LOSS DATA. See Purdue University, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., Project No. 3808.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeler, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Data analyses, applied research.

e) Objectives of the national data summarization and analysis project are (1) to consolidate

all available past, current, and future

runoff, soil loss and related data in standardized form to make them available for application of current methods of hydrologic

and statistical analyses; (2) to analyze the data on an over-all basis, with special

emphasis on identification and evaluation of significant factor Interactions; and (3) to develop bases for prediction of runoff

and soil losses from different landscapes under various land use and management conditions. In analyses of the assembled data,

special emphasis is directoward identification and evaluation of factors and

100
interaction effects responsible for the frequent wide differences in results of localized studies at various locations. Over-all results are reduced to charts and tables readily usable by application technicians . (g) The recently developed procedure for computing

expected soil losses from field areas on the basis of rainfall characteristics, physical

features, and management practices was supplemented in 1963 by: (1) expanding the 1960 cropping-management factor table to include evaluations for additional combinations

of cropping systems and management practices;

(2) investigating interaction effects of slope, cover, and contour farming; and (3) further investigation of the soil-erodibility

factor. Results of the past 6 years'

investigations were consolidated in a report submitted for publication as a USDA Handbook.

(h) "Soil-Erodibility Evaluations for Soils on the Runoff and Erosion Stations," by T. C. Olson and W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 27:590-592. 1963.

(4275) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

See Purdue University, Agricultural Expt.

Station, Project No. (4182).

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota and Purdue Agricultural Experiment

Stations

.

(c) Mr. L. D. Meyer, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory investigations,

basic research.

(e) Fundamental investigations of the mechanics

of rainfall and runoff erosion are conducted

at two Corn Belt Branch locations. At

Morris, Minnesota, C. K. Mutchler and R. A. Young are using a 40-foot drop tower for

studies of raindrop splash patterns as affected by drop size, surface irregularity, water depth, target softness, and target

inclination. The pressure distribution at impact is also being investigated. At Lafayette, Indiana, the effect of slope

steepness, runoff rate and particle size

on erosion by rainfall and/or runoff is being investigated. Non-cohesive glass

spheres (50 - 500 mic ron) were used initially, with sands, silts, and soils to follow,

(g) High-speed movies of drops at impact showed

that splash begins as a film of water that rises around the center of impact. The form was initially a truncated cone which soon broke into splash droplets. Height and distance of splash Increased with dropsize.

Splash angles from vertical increased as water depths decreased.

Runoff erosion of the non-cohesive particles

increased with flow rate and slope steepness.

The rate of increase was greater for the smaller particle sizes than for the larger

sizes. The addition of rainfall increased erosion for the smaller particle sizes and decreased erosion for the larger sizes. Splash erosion was insignificant relative to runoff erosion.

(4276) IMPROVED PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project In cooperation with the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. V. Mannering, Soil Scientist, ARS, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the effects of soil properties, slope

characteristics, type and extent of canopy

cover, quantity and management of crop

residues, seedbed and tillage practices, and various factor interactions on infiltration

and erosion. Replicated tests are conducted

on selected plots on Purdue-owned and privately-owned farms in Indiana and ad- joining states under simulated rainfall applied with the ARS-Purdue "Rainulator"

.

(g) Investigations in 1963 included: (1) measurement of residual erosion-control effectiveness of meadows on erodlblllty of fallow soils, (2) effects of minimumtillage practices on infiltration and

soil erosion on corn land, and (3) influence

of row direction on erosion-reducing

effectiveness of minimum tillage for corn.

(4277) SOIL ERODIBILITY DETERMINATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Purdue and Iowa Agricultural Experiment

Stations

.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, basic and applied.

(e) The purpose is to investigate differences in the erodibility of soils; Identify and evaluate the soil properties and profile

characteristics that influence erodibility;

and, if possible, derive an equation that expresses the functional relationship of soil erodibility to these variables. The equation would serve as a means of computing locational values of the soil- erodibility factor in the universal

erosion equation. Both "in situ" measure- ments on field plots and laboratory measurements on small, disturbed soil samples are made under simulated rainfall

and related to laboratory analyses of the

soils.

(g) Results to date indicate that the desired soll-erodlbllity estimating equation

should be possible but will require more field-plot data. In preliminary regression

analysis of two years' data, on 32 soils, more than 90$ of the variation in values of the soil-erodibility factor could be explained by eight primary variables and their interaction effects. Laboratory

measurements on the small, disturbed soil samples show promise of providing some of the needed Information more quickly and more economically than it could be obtained

in field-plot studies. The erodlblllty measurements and related investigations are continuing.

(4278) RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION RELATIONSHIPS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. C. Johnson, Soil Scientist, ARS, 276 Davenport Hall, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The purpose of this study is (1) to obtain

an experimental check on the computed

rainfall intensity-kinetic energy relationship, and (2) to study the physical phenomena and changes associated with the Infiltration

of natural rain into soils. Three replications of fallow and continuous corn

are under both hydrologlcal and meteorological measurements.

(g) Equipment for the study has been perfected,

and collection of data is underway.

(427 9) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN IOWA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, Soil Scientist, ARS, 225 Agronomy Bldg., Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

.

(e) Purpose is to evaluate soil and crop management practices in relation to water management and erosion control on the major Iowa

soils. Runoff, soil loss and related data,

101
under natural rainfall, are taken on frac- tional-acre plots on Marshall, Grundy, Ida and Carrlngton silt loam soils,

(g) Consistent good management of abundant crop residues has continued to prove very effective

in reducing runoff and erosion both from rotation corn and from continuous corn. Even with the high productivity level and

good residue management, however, the erosion- reducing effectiveness of good sod turned under before corn is still apparent.

(4280) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE SLOPING

LANDS OF WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. E. Taylor, Soil Scientist, ARS,

P. 0. Box 6, Lancaster, Wis.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) More than 30 years of runoff and soil-loss measurements on field plots under natural

rainfall on steeply sloping Fayette soil near

Lacrosse, Wisconsin, were terminated at the close of the 1963 crop season. Investigations

will be continued on a state-owned farm near

Lancaster, Wisconsin. These studies will emphasize analysis and evaluation of erosioncontrol effectiveness of contouring, row

grade, strip cropping, terracing, and tillage

practices

.

(g) On corn after hay, wheeltrack planting and

seedbed preparation with a field cultivator

each reduced runoff by 50 percent and soil loss about 75 percent. Corn stover mulch

in corn following corn gave excellent

control of runoff and erosion on 16 percent

slope, Fayette soil. Interseedlng legumes

in wide-row corn established meadows which

produced yields comparable to those es- tablished in small grain and greatly re- duced total rotation soil loss.

(h) A 30-year summary report of erosion studies in Wisconsin is being prepared for publication

in bulletin form.

(4281) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN THE MIDWEST

CLAYPANS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Fred D. Whltaker, ARS, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri

.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied

research.

(e) To evaluate effects of soil treatments,

tillage practices and supplemental irrigation

on runoff and erosion from Midwest Claypan

soils. Measurements of runoff, soil loss and concomitant variables on a series of fractional-acre plots and small watersheds under natural rainfall are continuing.

(g) Fertilization adequate to produce high crop yields and large quantities of plant residues has greatly reduced the formerly serious soil and water losses from this gently sloping,

claypan soil. Preparing seedbeds so that shredded cornstalks remained at the surface resulted In further significant reduction in

soil loss from the high-intensity rains. Corn receiving full fertility treatment has

been a more efficient user of water than has

corn with only starter fertilizer.

(4282) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN MINNESOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. A Young, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, North Central Soil Conservation Field Station, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Water and soil loss measurements under

natural rainfall are obtained from fallow, continuous corn and rotation corn to characterize runoff and erosion on Barnes

silty clay loam in the North Central Region. Simulated rainstorms applied with the Rainulator in each of three cropstage

periods are used to evaluate the relationships of runoff and erosion to percent land

slope, shape of slope, row direction, intensive cropping, residue management,

tillage practices and other factors. Soil and water losses resulting from thaw and

snow melt will also be measured and associ- ated with cover and management

.

(g) Results have shown that the Barnes soil is highly erosive under intense rainfall when

the surface is unprotected, and that it is very responsive to soil and crop management

practices as erosion-control measures. Inter- relationships of effects of slope, row direction and type of vegetal cover were investigated under simulated rainfall. Effects of slope shape and of various

tillage methods for corn and soybeans on infiltration and soil erosion are being measured in other plot studies.

(4307) RESERVOIR FORMULAS AND THE VOLUME-WEIGHT OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Bldg. T-12, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri

.

(d) Field and theoretical investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) This project provides criteria for more accurate determination of the sediment yield of watersheds from reservoir survey

data. The investigations Include: (1) Refinement of survey procedures and methods

for determining reservoir capacities and

sediment volume from reservoir sedimentation

survey data: (2) explanation of variations

in the volume weight of reservoir sediment;

(3) recommendations on determination of the total weight of reservoir sediment; and (4) development of procedures for predicting

the volume-weight of sediment in a pro- posed conservation structure.

(4817) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. C. R. Umback, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS, South Dakota State College, Brookings,

South Dakota.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Water and soil loss measurements under

natural rainfall are obtained from fallow, continuous corn, and continuous oats plots

to characterize runoff and erosion on the Poinsett soils of Eastern South Dakota. Simulated rainstorms applied with the Rainulator in each of three cropstage

periods are used to evaluate the croppingmanagement factor in the erosion equation

for flax, sorghum, corn and oats grown In various sequences in this general climatic

region. These studies are conducted on an experimental farm near Madison, which is operated as a substation of the Morris,

Minnesota, field station.

(4825) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Agri- cultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Bldg. T-12, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri

.

(d) Field and theoretical investigations, and office analyses.

(e) Numerous small reservoirs form the basis for this study. The objectives of this project are: (1) Determine the amounts,

102
rates, and character of sediment yields

from agricultural watersheds; and (2) relate

sediment accumulation in the reservoirs

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff, watershed characteristics, and cultural

practices. Sediment yield and related in- formation are important factors in the planning and design of small reservoirs and other conservation installations.

(5033) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

See Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, page 60.

(5204) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON WATERSHEDS IN MISSOURI VALLEY DEEP LOESS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Research Supervisor,

P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri.

(d) Field investigation and office analysis.

(e) To evaluate the effect of level terraces and other land practices on surface runoff, moisture retention, groundwater recharge, and base flow in severely-eroded areas of deep

loess.

(g) Installation of field equipment Is being

completed. Data collection has started.

(5205) ANALOG STUDIES OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Dept.

of Agronomy.

(c) Dr. George S. Taylor, Dept. of Agronomy, Ohio

State Univ., 1885 Neil Ave., Columbus 10, Ohio.

(d) Theoretical and' experimental; basic and applied.

(e) An electrical resistance network analog is used

to study the placement of subsurface drain

tubes to provide optimum water table control

for plant growth.

(g) Use of electrical transmission theory in calculating network resistance values has resulted in improved accuracy of the electrical

resistance network. Network analysis of interceptor drainage of a sloping fragipan

soil has shown that drain efficiency is much

more dependent upon the hydraulic conductivity

of the backfill material than on drain depth.

(h) "Improvements in Construction and Use of Resistance Networks for Studying Drainage

Problems," B. S. Vimoke, T. D. Tyra, T. J. Thiel, and G. S. Taylor. Soil Sic. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:203-207, 1962. "Instrumentation and Fabrication of an Electrical Resistance Network for Studying

Moisture Flow Problems," T. J. Thiel, B. S. Vimoke, and G. S. Taylor. British Journal

of Agricultural Engineering Research 7(4):323-

327, 1962. "Simulating Water Flow in Soil with an Electrical Resistance Network," B. S. Vimoke and

G. S. Taylor. U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS 41-65:

51 p. (1962) illus.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. NORTHEAST BRANCH, Plant Industry Station, Beltsvllle,

Maryland, Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief.

(3867) IRRIGATION FACILITIES.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. N. Jones, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia.

d) Field investigations.

e) Irrigation studies are designed to determine

the effect of irrigation practices on the yield

and quality of tobacco. Plant response, as

measured by Leaf Area Index, is related to consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration.

(f) This study was Initiated in 1961. Only

preliminary data are available. Current

study includes evaluation to the solar radiation utilization.

(4283) A STUDY OF FLOOD FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS

ON STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, N. Y.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To determine the important streamflow qualities which materially affect the intensity of attack upon the stream channel periphery material and the variation

throughout the flow boundary of forces de- structive to the channel periphery material. Investigations are conducted on selected natural reaches of Buffalo Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York and on the Pequest River in Warren

County, New Jersey.

(g) The geometric and hydraulic characteristics

of a 5-mlle reach of Buffalo Creek are being studied intensively by analyzing 500 cross-sections within this reach. A special analysis is being made of the March 30, 1960, flood on this reach in order

to determine the magnitude and distribution

of mean boundary shear stresses, energy

losses, and retardance coefficients. An

approximate method for estimating channel discharge is being developed from high water

marks and topographic survey, and from an analysis of the superelevation of the water

surface at an open channel bend. It is assumed that the differential transverse head is a function of the channel geometry

and velocity head and that the phenomenon

is reasonably reproducible under many

conditions of flow.

(4284) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop economical methods for streambank stabilization through observation and measurement of the effectiveness of various

vegetal and structural measures in relation

to streamflow over a range of streamflow conditions and channel geometry. Principal

Investigations are conducted on Buffalo

Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York.

(g) Valuable information is being gained by

observing continuously the past stabili- zation works in Buffalo Creek and noting

the conditions which made repair works

necessary.

(4285) CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLOOD ROUTING IN STEEP MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) Studies on a 1.5-mile reach of the Sleepers River channel involving determination of: travel speed of controlled waves of different volumes; profiles of natural and controlled waves of different volumes; practical field methods of measuring the friction slope of mountain channels; com- parisons between results obtained with flood routing formulas and observed flood wave

103
4289)

(c)

data; and the relationship between channel

efficiency, flow duration curves, and (d) watershed morphology. (e)

(4286) INFLUENCE OF SNOW AND FROZEN SOIL ON RUNOFF.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Con- servation Service and College of Technology

of the University of Vermont

.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

id) Experimental field investigations.

(e) This study on the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed is concerned with the factors influencing the accumulation and melting of snow; the relationship of frozen

soil to runoff; and the development of methods for predicting runoff associated with

snow melt. Data are collected and analyzed

from snow courses, precipitation gages, temperature records, heat budgets, soil moisture, frost measurements and snow melt in conjunction with streamflow records

at nine stations in the subdivided watershed.

(g) It was found from an analysis of three types

of snow runoff events (1) runoff from rain falling on snow with air temperature near

32° F. , (2) runoff from snow melting on clear, warm days, and (3) runoff from a combination

of rain and snowmelt, that timing and shape

of runoff hydrographs are much more dependent

on channel characteristics, such as the stagedischarge relationship and drainage density, (4290) for runoff events during the snowmelt season than for those occurring during other seasons. The following conclusions were reached from (b) the above study: (1) When snow is present

but not melting, the time lag from the end

of Intense rain to the inflection of the hydrograph is apparently dependent on some exponential function of the permeability and (c) depth of snow in the vicinity of the gaging

station; (2) Watersheds with most snow responded (d) slowest, regardless of watershed size or (e) other characteristics; (3) The hydrograph of an isolated snowmelt event differs from that

of an isolated summer rain because the con- tributing area of a snow-covered watershed Is Initially small and because channel velocities,

due to higher stages, are much greater during

the snowmelt season; and (4) Highest instanta- neous rates of spring runoff occur at the end

of the snowmelt season when conditions favor

a rapid discharge to the channels.

(h) "A Comparison of Snowmelt Hydrographs," by

M. L. Johnson, Eastern Snow Conf . Proc,

Quebec, Can. pp. 149-168, 1963.

(4287) PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College (d) of Technology of the University of Vermont, (e) Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

(d) Experimental field Investigations.

(e) The purpose of this study is to develop a method for calculating average precipitation

on the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed and its subdivisions in relation

to elevation, storm source and direction;

to study the behavior of summer convective

storms in the northeast; and to provide information on rainfall depth-area-duration

in relation to point rainfall in this part

of the northeast.

(4288) INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND LAND USE ON (4292) STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College (b) of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service. (c) (c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

(4291)

(c)

2, Danville, Vermont. Experimental field investigations.

Investigations of the influence of land use, climatic factors, and physical characteristics such as soils, geology, and topography upon runoff rates and water yields from

the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed

and its important subdivisions to derive relationships for predicting the hydrologic

performance of ungaged watersheds in the other parts of the physiographic area. SUBSURFACE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN SLEEPERS RIVER WATERSHED. Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and

Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont. Experimental field investigations.

To investigate procedures for separating

streamflow into components of surface runoff, return flow, and base flow for storm and annual flows; to Investigate the rates, amounts, and seasonal time distribution

of subsurface contributions to streamflow; and to investigate the relationship of the physical characteristics of watersheds to baseflow recession equations and to ground- water hydrograph shapes. GROUNDWATER ACCRETION AND MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont. Experimental field investigations. To develop information on ground water

accretion and movement as affected by land

use, soils, geology, and topography; and to develop methods for predicting ground water accretion and movement in relation to the physical, hydraulic, and meteorological characteristics of the 43-square mile Sleepers River Watershed. INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA. Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Expt. Sta., Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., and the Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. J. B. Burford, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Department,

Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va. Experimental field investigations.

To provide additional knowledge concerning

the disposition of precipitation in agricultural watersheds, and to develop pro- cedures based upon watershed characteristics, climatic factors, and various land use practices for the prediction of flood peaks

and seasonal and annual water yields in three physiographic areas. Hydrologic,

geologic, soils, plant cover and cultural

data are being obtained on 4 unit source watersheds varying in size from 3.5 to 19.3 acres in the Appalachian Valleys and Ridges

and on 10 complex watersheds from 182 to 3,054 acres in the Appalachian Valleys

and Ridges, Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Piedmont Plateau. HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHISELING SHALLOW

SHALE SOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN VALLEYS AND RIDGES. Cooperative with West Virginia Agricultural

Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation

Service

.

Mr. V. 0. Shanholtz, Hydraulic Engineer,

409 Grant Avenue, Morgantown, West Virginia.

104
d) Experimental field investigations.

e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the effect of chiseling shallow shale subsoil upon rainfall-runoff relationships

on small watersheds. Measurements for calibration of four 10-acre watersheds have

been underway since the spring of 1958. Two of the watersheds will be treated following the calibration period.

(h) "Influence of Selected Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff," by V. 0. Shanholtz and

W. H. Dickerson. Thesis for M.S. at West Virginia University, 1963.

(4293) MECHANICS OF EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. S. Palmer, Agricultural Engineer,

University of New Hampshire, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., Durham, New Hampshire.

(d) Field and laboratory studies, both basic

and applied, for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is:

(1) To investigate basic soil and water

problems and their relation to the mechanics

of erosion; (2) to determine the impact

forces of various size water drops in relation

to the depth of water layer on the soil surface and particle detachment from that

surface

.

(g) A laboratory apparatus has been designed for producing raindrops of various sizes. Other

equipment has been devised for measuring

waterdrop impact as affected by varying

depths of water films.

(4294) ERODIBILITY OF SOILS IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Eliot Epstein, Soil Scientist, Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations both

basic and applied for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to obtain fundamental information on the erodibility of Northeast soils and to de- termine the interrelations of climate, cover

(including rock fragments), runoff, and soil loss.

(g) Removal of rocks that interfere with sorting

of potatoes by mechanical harvesters re- sulted in increased runoff and soil erosion

and decreased crop yields during the first year of the study. Installations were

completed on a laboratory rainfall simulator

where basic studies on soil erodibility are being initiated.

(4295) TILLAGE PRACTICES AND DIVERSION TERRACES

FOR WATER AND EROSION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. George R. Free, Soil Scientist, Bailey

Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

d) Field investigations.

e) The purpose of these investigations is to determine the inter-relation of tillage,

topography, climate, runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate the effectiveness of diversion terraces for controlling surface

and subsurface flow.

(g) Work is continuing on the effectiveness of conventional, mulch and minimum tillage for

corn on runoff and erosion from slopes of different steepness and length and on the effect of diversion terraces on surface soil moisture during critical crop growth stages

for several sloping soils having seepage problems

.

(4819) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE PRACTICES IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Joseph Bornstein, Agricultural Engineer,

University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.

(d) Field investigation both basic and applied

research

.

(e) The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate drainage practices for sloping

lands of the Northeast. This involves development of techniques for determining

directional components of subsurface water

flow before and after installation of drainage treatments. Surface drainage

practices are instrumented to measure runoff

from rainfall and snowmelt

.

(f) Instrumentation of this project has Just been completed. Preliminary piezometrlc

data are available.

(4820) HYDROGRAPH LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperative efforts on occasion.

(c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Director, Hydrograph

Laboratory, ARS, Beltsville, Md.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The purposes of this project are to evolve and test new concepts, theories and principles for understanding the hydrologic processes on agricultural watersheds; to test and adapt information from various

sources for application to water control

and related problems encountered in watershed engineering; to conduct special

analyses involving ARS data from more than

one Station or more than one Branch that can be more adequately carried out at a central location which has available a full-time staff of scientists with special- ized training in hydraulics, hydrology,

meteorology, and mathematics; and to provide

case assistance to field personnel de- tailed to the Laboratory for specific analyses

as requested by the field.

(g) The Hydrograph Laboratory is currently

performing hydrologic computations with

digital computers to simulate watershed

performance as affected by various protective measures. A method of analyses was developed for expressing the runoff hydrograph in terms

of rainfall and constants derived from the recession curve. Numerical studies are conducted in the hydraulics of flood flows. Both kinematic and kinetic formulations are considered. Frequencies of small amounts

of daily rainfall in eastern United States

are under study for use in classification of climates, in the design of irrigation

systems, and for economic evaluations of small flood events. A procedure was developed for estimating the maximum probable 24-hour snowfall in the United States and

is in process of publication. A multi- variate analyses is in progress to determine

the effect of raingage density on the apparent rainfall-runoff relationship on

the Sleepers River Watershed in Vermont.

(h) "Analyses and Application of Simple

Hydrographs, " by H. N. Holtan and D. E. Overton, North-Holland Int. J. of Hydrology,

Vol. (3): 250-264 (1963) illus. March 1963. "Precipitation," by D. M. Hershfield.

Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union, Vol. 44(2):

553-555, June 1963. "Arid Zone Precipitation Research in the United States," by D. M. Hershfield. Contribution to chapter on Climatology and Meteorology, Aridity and Man, published

Dec. 1963 by the Amer. Assoc. for the Advancement of Science. "Estimating Coefficients for Storage

Routing," by D. L. Brakensiek. J. of Geophys. Res., Vol. 68, No. 24: 6471-6474, Dec. 15, 1963.

(4821) EFFECTIVENESS OF STREAMBANK STABILIZATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES IN REDUCING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

105
(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field Investigations.

e) To develop procedures for estimating effectiveness of streambank stabilization

and other measures in reducing the sediment discharge of a stream. It Is postulated

that the total sediment load of a stream is directly related to the mean concentration

of the suspended sediment for a flood series, and that changes in time of the mean con- centration resulting from installation of streambank stabilization measures are indi- cative of changes in total sediment load. The streambank stabilization measures are being Installed by Soil Conservation Service

as part of the authorized flood prevention

program in the Buffalo River watershed. Measurements of suspended sediment load concentration and of stream discharges are made for all floods above a certain magnitude.

(g) Analysis Indicates that stream stabilization works installed between 1953 and 1961 have reduced the suspended sediment load of Buffalo Creek by about forty percent.

During the same period the suspended sediment

load of adjacent tributaries to Buffalo

River with similar but untreated streambank problems have increased ten percent.

(4622) A STUDY OP THE MOVEMENT OF COARSE-TEXTURED BED MATERIAL OF A NEW YORK MOUNTAIN STREAM.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To relate the quantities of transported bed materials to flood discharge rates and

durations, to determine applicability of bed load equations in coarse material transport problems and, if appropriate, devise

new or revised relationships. A stream reach has been instrumented and debris basin

made larger for the initiation of this study

in 1963 on the Little Hoosic River near

Berlin, New York.

(4823) COMPILATION AND PUBLICATION OF SELECTED HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Cooperative project with various State Experiment Stations and Land Grant Colleges

and with the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. W. Hobbs, Hydraulic Engineer, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

(d) Office assembling and processing of current hydrologic data.

(e) To provide Information on monthly precipitation and runoff, annual maximum discharges

and volumes of runoff, and selected runoff

events with associated data on rainfall, land

use, and antecedent conditions for all current ARS research watersheds in the U. S. Hydrologic Data for 1960 and 1961 will be published in early 1964. Hydrologic Data

for years 1962, 1963 and 1964 will be published separately at six-month intervals. Hydrologic Data for 1965 and subsequent years

will be published by August of the following

year.

(h) "1956-1959 Hydrologic Data for Experimental

Agricultural Watersheds in the United States," by H. W. Hobbs, USDA Miscellaneous Publication

945, 1963 illus.

(5206) DRAINAGE PRACTICES FOR LEVEL AND SLOPING LANDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia Truck

Experiment Station and the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Truman Goins, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2160, Norfolk, Virginia.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations including

both theoretical and applied phases.

(e) Drainage studies for level land include a study of drainage requirements of various vegetable crops with emphasis on the various

factors related to high soil water contents

and their effect on plant growth. Land- forming will be studied as a means of minimizing the need for surface drains In flat Coastal Plains areas, and for more

efficient soil and water management

practices on sloping lands of the Fledmont.

(f) This project has Just been initiated.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Div. NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins,

Colo., Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEAS- URING DEVICES. Cooperative with Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station. See Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Section,

Fort Collins, Colo., page 19.

(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field investigation. Applied research.

e) A field investigation covering more than

200 square miles to determine possible

causes for a saline condition on a large area of land. Measurements consist of water tables, artesian conditions, soil and water physical and chemical data.

(g) Salt-affected soils are caused by high water

tables, poor drainage conditions and saline artesian waters. High water tables are caused by precipitation. The salt source

is the Dakota sandstone artesian aquifer.

(h) "Small and Large-Diameter Water Table Observation Wells Compared," by L. C. Benz,

R. H. Mickelson, M. E. Jensen, and F. M. Sandoval. Trans. ASAE 6(2): 93-97, 1963. (Reprints available from authors.)

(4296) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

See Colorado State University, Civil Engrg.

Section, Project No. 3400.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulic Laboratory, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental investigations; basic and applied, portions used for masters and doctoral theses,

(e) This study is an experimental investigation

utilizing a tilting flume in which a small channel 60-feet long is formed by natural

soil which is fixed in position against movement by chemical spray. A variety of roughness forms can be created on the bed. The relation of roughness dimensions and channel shape to flow resistance is de- termined for a range of channel slopes and flow depths.

f) Inactive.

g) Relationships between resistance coeffi- cients and measured roughness dimensions

were developed for both laminar and turbulent flows. The transition between these flows was found to occur at a Reynolds number (RV/v) of 500 for these channels. For low Reynolds number flows (Re less

than 500) over rough boundaries, normal flow depth was proportional to discharge,

viscosity and roughness height and Inversely

proportional to roughness spacing and

channel slope. For turbulent flows, re- sistance was a logarithmic function of roughness height and flow depth. The

standard deviation of bed elevation measurements

i

106
was used in both cases to represent

the effective height of the nonuniform

roughness elements. Effects of roughness

spacing and channel shape on flow resistance

could not be detected for turbulent flows.

(4297) COOPERATIVE WATER YIELD PROCEDURES STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil Conservation Service, USDA, and the Bureau

of Reclamation, USDI.

(c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, (Collaborator), 1697 S. W. 19th, West Linn, Portland, Oregon.

d) Office analyses, applied research.

e) To develop and test methods for use by field

engineers to evaluate the downstream effects

of upstream conservation use and treatment

of land on water yields of creeks and rivers.

The project is one purely of analytic

hydrology. The project uses available hydrologic and other data wherever it is available. It secures no new hydrologic

data such as streamflow data, climatic data, or land-treatment data. The project is nearing completion,

(g) Studies have demonstrated that it cannot be proved statistically significant that there

are downstream effects on stream flow of upstream conservation treatment and use of land, although it Is axiomatic that in subhumid to arid areas such effects must

exist. A rational method of evaluating

such effects has been developed and tested.

A summary of the studies performed and presentation of the rational method will be published through Department of Agriculture

media during 1964.

(4298) COMPARISONS OF RATES AND AMOUNTS OP RUNOFF

FROM SMALL SINGLE-COVER WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations -- applied research.

e) To evaluate the effect of (1) different land

use treatment and (2) different crops on the runoff from single crop watersheds in the Central Great Plains, as one of the signi- ficant factors influencing runoff from complex watersheds. Replicate 4-acre single crop watersheds in meadow, pasture, culti- vated and eroded cultivated land seeded to grass are instrumented with recording rain

gages, flumes and waterstage recorders. Six cultivated watersheds are in a wheat- sorghum- fallow rotation. Mulch (subsurface) tillage,

on the contour, is practiced. Effects of different crops and land uses on storm runoff rates and amounts are determined by

analyzing hydrographs and histograms.

Seasonal, annual, and long time effects are determined by analyzing precipitation and

runoff data.

(g) Twenty-four years of record show that runoff

from a single crop 4-acre watershed averaged

3.3 inches. During the same period a 4-acre native-pasture yielded 2.0 inches and a native-meadow yielded only 0.25 inches. Rainfall during the period averaged 22.4 inches. These results indicate the relative differences that can be expected in runoff under different land-use practices.

(h) "A Comparison of Performance of Five Rain- Gage Installations," by J. A. Allis, B. Harris, and A. L. Sharp, Journal of Geophysical

Research, Vol. 68, No. 16, pp. 4723-4729,

August 15, 1963.

(4299) RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS OF

LARGE MIXED-USE WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field Investigations — applied research.

e) To determine characteristics of runoff from

large mixed-use watersheds as related to, or

affected by, precipitation, channel storage, transmission losses to valley alluvium,

time of concentration, stream gradient, and watershed size. Three watersheds, in mixed

use, 481, 2086 and 3490 acres in size, are instrumented with rain gages, weirs, and

stage recorders for observing precipitation

and runoff. Transmission losses to valley

alluviums are estimated by use of gaged outflow and estimates of inflow from unit

source areas of tributary land. These latter estimates are based on gaged rainfall

on and runoff from small 4-acre single-use

source area watersheds. Hydrographs and histograms are analyzed to obtain watershed

retention (infiltration) rates and hydrograph characteristics,

(g) Twenty-four years of record indicate .that average yearly runoff from a conventionally

farmed area of 481 acres was 3.3 Inches.

On a single crop 4-acre area the average was 3.6 Inches. Rainfall for the period

averaged 22.4 inches. A comprehensive

analysis of the 24 years of continuous records is underway.

(4300) COMPARISON OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS

FROM CONSERVATION AND CONVENTIONALLY

FARMED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field Investigations -- applied research.

e) To determine the effects of conservation

farming, land use, climate, and physiography

on rates and amounts of runoff and sediment

yields. Two 400-odd-acre watersheds, one conventionally farmed and the other con- servation farmed, are equipped with re- cording rain gages, weirs and stage recorders, and sediment samplers, to measure precipitation, runoff, and sediment yields. The

two watersheds were operated the same during

a calibration period from 1939 to 1947. One was then treated by terracing, contour

tillage and seeding eroded cultivated land

to grass.

(g) Current data substantiate previous analyses

Indicating conservation measures are effective in controlling soil erosion from average rainfall events. Six years of continuous measurement show that annual

sediment yield from the area under con- servation was 5.4 tons/acre compared with

8.7 tons/acre from the conventionally farmed area or a difference of 38 percent.

In 1957, a year of above normal rainfall

with intense storms, no significant re- duction in sediment yield was realized under conservation practices whereas in 1963, a year of above normal rainfall but

no intense storms, the sediment yield from

the area under conservation was only 14 percent of that from the conventionally

farmed area. The significance of kinetic energy of rainfall in sediment yield determinations is indicated.

(4301) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OF GRAZING AND RUNOFF AMOUNTS ON FINE-TEXTURED SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with South

Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations -- applied research.

e) To determine the effects of light, moderate

and heavy grazing and other factors such as precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, soil frost and snow accumulation, on rates and amounts of runoff from fine-textured range

soils in southwestern South Dakota. Replicated plots of about 2 acres in each

of the lightly, moderately and heavily

grazed pastures are Instrumented to observe runoff amounts (stage recorders and H-flumes) rates and amounts of precipitation (recording

107
rain gages), soil moisture, soil frost and vegetative conditions. The studies are being made on the South Dakota Range Experiment Station near Cotton wood, South Dakota,

(g) Rainfall-runoff events during the first year

of study indicate that grazing intensity

materially influences range cover and that runoff is normally higher from heavily

grazed areas although storm sequences and antecedent moisture conditions can significantly influence the normal trend.

(4302) MEDICINE CREEK WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Geological

Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and Nebraska

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field Investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Data from this southwestern Nebraska project

are being analyzed for the following

purposes: (1) To estimate the long-time

runoff and sediment yields from 8 years of observed hydrologic watershed data; (2) to determine if acquired runoff, sediment and

channel data will adhere to the existing

channel regime equations for six runoff

stations; and (3) to compile and prepare a publication indicating what data have been

collected as part of the cooperative

Investigations, and where these data may be found.

(g) The long-time sediment yields for the six watersheds have been computed by three different approaches. In each of these methods, the observed runoff and sediment

data for 8 years were used for the projection.

(4303) SEDIMENT YIELD AS RELATED TO GULLY AND

CHANNEL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, and Nebraska and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) The objectives of this project are: (1) To determine and relate rates of gully and

channel erosion to causal factors; (2j to provide basic data on rates of land loss and land depreciation due to gully erosion; and (3) to develop criteria, based upon hydrologic and physical factors, for esti- mating quantities of sediment derived from gully erosion.

(g) Results of studies covering an 11-year

period indicate that channel slopes and

shapes are related to erosion and runoff

conditions. It was found that for a unit

cross section area, depths of flow, in a gullied channel, increase in a downstream direction but the rate of increase declines

with distance downstream from the head-cut. Head cutting erosion in one case was equivalent to 8 percent of the total sediment yield and the material removed from the channel was equivalent to 30 percent of the total sediment yield of the tributary

drainage in the 11-year period.

(4304) SABETHA LAKE WATERSHED SEDIMENTATION

STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

Hastings, Nebraska.

dl Field investigations and office analysis,

e) The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the amount, rate, and character of the sediment yields from this 10- square mile watershed in northeast Kansas; (2) to relate sediment accumulation in the reservoir

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff

and other watershed characteristics.

(4306) SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN FLOODWATER

RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. Verne I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) This study was undertaken to improve the design criteria for floodwater retarding- typs reservoirs by: (1) determining those factors that influence sediment distribution and evaluating their importance, and (2) deriving and testing methods for predicting the horizontal and/or vertical sediment distri- bution in floodwater retarding-type reservoirs. This is important in determining the minimum elevation of the principal spillway

and the required original capacities of various storage pools.

(4309) ISOLATION AND RELATIVE EVALUATION OF RUNOFF PRODUCING POTENTIALS OF RANGE SITES OF

WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Kuhlman, Botanist, Newell Irri- gation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota.

(d) Field and laboratory Investigations —

aookued researcg,

(e) To evaluate relative runoff producing po- tentials of principal range sites of Western

South Dakota including sandy, silty, shallow, thin breaks, panspots, overflow, clayey, and dense clay range sites as characteristic of

D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation problem areas in the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming. To evaluate relatively the same range sites by rainfall simulators. To isolate vegetative factors such as standing

vegetation, mulch, root systems and soil factors that cause differences in runoff frcm different range sites.

(4310) WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FROM RANGELAND WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations, applied research.

e) To determine the frequency of water yields

of various amounts from rangeland watersheds

ranging in size from a few acres to 13,000

acres, and gross sediment yields (volumetric) from the same watersheds, as representative

of the D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas In eastern Montana, Wyoming

and the Western Dakotas. Purposes of these studies are to provide data on water yields

and information on which to estimate the probable useful life of ponds and reservoirs

in the problem areas. The work is being

done by gaging precipitation, measuring water yields in stockwater reservoirs, making

reservoir sedimentation surveys, and securing data on watershed physical, topographic,

ecologic and grazing use factors.

(g) Data continue to show that sediment yields

from fine-textured soils are double those

from the medium textured soils (7.5 tons/

acre and 3.7 tons/acre respectively).

Slmilarily, surface runoff from the fine- textured soils has continued to average 4 times that from medium-textured soils. In 1962, 6.1 inches of runoff or 27 percent

of the 22.6 inches of precipation occurred

in a 90 acre fine-textured soil area which

is the highest percentage measured since

the studies were initiated in 1957. The highest runoff during 1962 from the mediumtextured soils areas was 6 percent of the annual rainfall.

(h) "An Improved Staff Gage System for Reservoirs,"

108
(d)

(e)

by J. W. Newberger and A. L. Sharp, Journal

of the American Society of Agricultural

Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 2: 86-87 (1963) illus. Feb. 1963.

(4824) EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE FROM RANGELAND

STOCKPONDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota.

(d) Field Investigations — applied research.

(e) To differentiate total stockpond water

dissipation into evaporation and seepage and develop a basis for predicting expected

stockpond water losses. The purpose of this (f ) study is to aid In the development of (g) practical methods to reduce losses of water

from stockponds to provide dependable water

supplied for livestock,

(g) Data show that the ratio of the total pond

evaporation (floating pan) to that from the Class A land pan is 0.64. Seepage and deep

percolation in ponds in the medium-textured

soils region amount to 55% of the total pond (4828) dissipation. In one 12 ac. ft. capacity

stockpond the volume of daily seepage loss over a 37-day period averaged 910 cu. ft. (b) per day or an equivalent volume to water more

than 600 cows each day. Stockponds on (c) medium-textured soils are continuing to show water losses exceeding inflow up to 80 percent of the time resulting in dry ponds

nearly 50 percent of the time.

(4826) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIALLY

SATURATED POROUS MEDIA.

See Colorado State University, Civil Engrg.

Section, Project No. 4611.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Certain hydraulic characteristics of porous media must be known for laboratory modeling

of complicated field problems involving water movement in soils. Problems involving

flow of fluids in partially saturated soils often cannot be solved except by inferences (g) derived from the performance of models. The purpose of the study Is to be able to predict from equations how any porous medium

will behave with respect to the functional (4829) relationship between permeability, degree

of saturation (or fluid pressure) when

certain media properties are known. A thorough understanding of the way permea- bility is effected by measurable properties

of porous media might eliminate the (b) necessity of selecting a porous medium by (c; trial for use in model studies,

(g) A theory showing how the variables capillary

pressure, water and air permeability are related to degree of saturation has been (d) developed. Methods and equipment have been (e) developed for measuring these variables using

steady state experiments. Verification of the theory with experimental results has been

good. It appears that hydraulic properties

of partially saturated media can be described

by three parameters: the bubbling pressure,

P D ; a aieasure of the uniformity of the pores

In the medium, t| ; and the saturated permea- (f

)

blllty K. (g) (4827) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN BORDER CHECK IRRI- GATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with (4830) Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. 0. W. Howe, Scotts Bluff Experiment

Station, Route 2, Mitchell, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, (t>) design. (c) (e) This is a study of the operational charac- teristics of low-gradient border checks on (a)

a medium textured soil. It involves measurement of the efficiency of Irrigation,

uniformity of distribution, effect of uneven

grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc., upon Irrigation efficiency.

Soil moisture samples are taken before and after Irrigation at intervals in the length

of the run. Continuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to ob- tain relationships regarding the effect of crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, intake rate, on rate of advance of Irrigation water. Such relationships will

be useful in designing and operating low- gradient border check irrigation systems. Discontinued.

Slopes of 0 to 0.05 percent gave highest

irrigation efficiencies, around 90 percent, when crop retardance to the flow of water

was small. Slopes of 0.10 to 0.15 percent were needed to offset the high retardance

caused by fully developed sugar beet foliage

.

DESIGN DATA FOR LEVEL OR NEARLY LEVEL BENCH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON HEAVY CLAY SOILS. Laboratory project, in cooperation with

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Mr. Niel A. Dimlck, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota. Field investigations. Results will be used

for design purposes. This is a study of the operational character- istics of low-gradient border checks on a fine textured soil. It Involves measurement

of the efficiency of irrigation, uniformity

of distribution, and effect of uneven grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc, upon Irrigation efficiency. Soil moisture

samples are taken before and after irrigation

at intervals in the length of the run. Con- tinuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to obtain relationships re- garding the effect of crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, intake rate, on rate

of advance of Irrigation water. Such rela- tionships will be useful In designing and operating low-gradient border check irri- gation systems. No significant findings have been obtained

as yet since this project was just initiated

in 1962. THE INFLUENCE OF RELIEF UPON VEGETATION, SOIL SALTS, AND WATER TABLES IN AN IMPERFECTLY DRAINED GLACIO-LACUSTRINE SALINE AREA OF INTERCONNECTING RIDGES AND DEPRESSIONS IN NORTH DAKOTA. Laboratory project.

Mr. F. M. Sandoval, Soil Scientist, U. S. Field Station, Mandan, North Dakota or Mr.

L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box

806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Field investigation; applied research.

A field experiment of dimensions 450 x 800

feet in a ridge-depression micro-relief area where depressions are non-saline but ridges

highly saline. Purpose of study Is to de- termine reasons for the differences in salinity. Evaluated by measurements of ground-water gradients and studies of water

chemistry and soil physical and chemical data. Terminated.

Generally, greater leaching occurs In the depressions owing to Impounded precipitation.

Artesian pressures are present but play a minor role. THE EFFECTIVENESS AND FEASIBLITY OF LOW- COST SUBSURFACE, PLASTIC DRAINS IN A SALINE, POORLY DRAINED AREA. Laboratory project.

Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Field experiment; applied research.

109
(e) Experiment consists of nine lines, each

300 feet long, of either plastic tile or mole drains installed In a high water table and saline area. Purpose of experiment is to evaluate effectiveness of shallow, closelyspaced, plastic tile in a saline area.

(f) Terminated.

(4831) LAND FORMING ON SALT-AFFECTED LACUSTRINE SOILS

IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY HAVING AN INTERSECTING MINOR RIDGE-DEPRESSION TYPE OF MICRORELIEF.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field experiment; applied research.

e) Consists of four 5-acre plots under culti- vation In a saline ridge-depression micro- relief area. Two plots are leveled — one having surface drainage, the other having

only internal (tile) drainage (precipitation

is impounded) . One unleveled plot has

internal drainage, the second one has none. Purpose of work is to determine effects of land forming and tile drainage on salt- affected land.

(4832) A STUDY OF THE FALLING WATER TABLE, SOIL

MOISTURE, AND SOIL SALT TRANSLOCATION

DURING WINTER MONTHS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field experiment; basic research.

e) Experiment consists of two treatments (straw mulch and fallow) each replicated 3 times. Field plots are 60' x 60'. Measurements

obtained are; soil moisture (neutron method), water tables, soil temperatures, freezing

depth, water and soil physical and chemical

data. Purpose of the experiment is to determine translocation of water table waters which recede during the winter months.

(f) Field work terminated. Report not yet available

.

(4833) RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A.

(b) Laboratory project, (Joint project with Mr.

M. E. Jensen, Northwest Branch.)

(c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Agricultural Research

Service, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Analytical and theoretical; basic and

applied.

(e) Measurements of evapotranspiratlon rates for one- to three-week periods made by USDA

personnel during the past 35 years have been re-evaluated and selected data for field and orchard crops are being related to solar radiation and air temperature using an energy balance approach. Solar radiation

data for 20 locations in the Western U.S.A. have been summarized and procedures developed

for estimating radiation for specific

periods. The resulting relationships can

be used for estimating evapotranspiratlon

for various crops.

f) Completed.

h) "Estimating Evapotranspiratlon From Solar

Radiation," by M. E. Jensen and H. R. Haise.

Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin. Proc, Irrig. & Drain.

Div. Jour. 89(lR-4): 15-41 (1963) illus.

Dec. 1963.

(5207) VOLUMETRIC EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A COMPLEX WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field Investigations and office analysis; master's thesis study.

(e) To develop a method of determining volumes

of erosion and deposition within a watershed

using topographic maps developed from aerial

photographs, and to delineate the areas,

determine the volumes and indicate the depths of erosion and deposition with time.

It Is expected that from this research a new method will evolve for use In con- servation work.

(5208) DEVELOPMENT OR CHANGES OF VEGETATION ON PERMANENT GRASS WATERSHEDS AS AFFECTED BY

USE AND AS RELATED TO WATER YIELDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Warren L. Rice, Engineering Technician,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations —applied research; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Objectives of the research are: (1) To follow deterioration of vegetation when

converting from meadow to pasture; (2) to follow development of vegetation on crop- land seeded to native grasses; and (3) to follow changes In vegetative cover of a permanent pasture watershed. In all cases

the effect on water yields will be determined.

It is the purpose of this research to provide needed information on the effect of changes in pasture and meadow land use on runoff and water yields.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. NORTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 1096, Boise, Idaho,

Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (irr.), Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1239, Twin Falls, Idaho.

d) Experimental; applied research and design.

e) To determine the effect of sprinkler

pattern on field irrigation efficiency and develop a method for calculation of field water application efficiency for a sprinkler

system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity,

humidity, temperature, irrigation period, and related factors. Another phase of this project is to test typical sprinkler heads

for reproducibility of water distribution

pattern.

(g) Tests conducted to date Indicate that 90 percent of the water applied by the sprinklers to the plots could be accounted for in the catch cans and correction for

evaporation using the Frost-Schwalen

nomograph. Only 79 percent of the water

could be accounted for by the soil sampling method when corrected for consumptive use

of plants and evaporation from the sprinkler nozzle to the soil surface using the Frost- Schwalen nomograph. The losses not ac- counted for above are being investigated.

(h) "Making Use of Sprinkler Pattern Data," Claude H. Pair, Irrigation Engineering and Maintenance, Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 10-11,

26. Oct. -Dec. 1963.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1239, Twin Falls, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic research.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an irrigation border strip.

(3553) DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC SURFACE IRRIGATION

EQUIPMENT.

(

110
(il

(g)

00

(4311)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(4312)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(4313)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(4314)

(g)

(4315)

Laboratory project. (b) Mr. Allan S. Humpherys, Agricultural Engineer, (c) Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1239, Twin Falls, Idaho Experimental; design and development. (d) To develop automatic and semi-automatic control (e) structures for surface irrigation. Gates which will check the flow of water in

a head ditch for a pre-determined period of time are being developed. These allow

a field to be irrigated a portion at a time. When the flow of water into the head ditch

ceases, these gates automatically reset (g) themselves and are ready for the next

irrigation. Automatic gates for pipeline

systems are also being developed.

"Surface Irrigation Through Automatic Control,"

by James A. Bondurant and A. S. Humpherys.

Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 1, (4834) January 1962. FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS BY ELECTRONIC ANALOG. Laboratory project, cooperative with the (c) University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer, (d) P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. (e) Analytical, basic and applied. Further development and adaption of electronic analog methods in the solution of flood routing problems and the prediction of flood hydrographs from agricultural and

Foothill range watersheds of the northwest. WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTHWESTERN RANGE WATERSHEDS. (g) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. Analytical.

Regional analysis of water yield as affected

by climatic, topographic, geologic, soil, land use and other characteristics and

conditions of rangeland watersheds in the northwest

.

SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPHS AS INFLUENCED BY

CLIMATIC FACTORS AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho. Analytical, basic and applied. To develop improved methods for estimating

daily hydrographs of streamflow from mountainous watersheds where the supply is from snowmelt and occasional rain and the evolution of a regional map of snowmelt design coefficients reflecting cover, geology (b) and soils, exposure, elevation, latitude, (c) etc. PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORTHERN (ej SEMI-DESERT WATERSHED. Laboratory project.

Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Research Botanist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental, basic and applied.

The 93 square mile Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Owyhee County Idaho, has recording raingages to a density in excess

of one per square mile. From this network, (4837) methods for evaluating rainfall amounts and intensities for different areas are being

developed. Seasonal distribution with (b) respect to amounts, character, and areal (c) extent of precipitation are being measured.

It appears that such characteristics of the (d) thunderstorms as intensity, area, and (e) duration are similar to those of the con- vective storms of Arizona and New Mexico.

THE DESIGN OF SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER

SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.), Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1239, Twin Falls, Idaho. Experimental, applied research, design. Determine water application patterns of self-propelled sprinkler systems. Determine

the effect of wind on application patterns

of self-propelled sprinkler laterals, and develop method of designing self-propelled

sprinkler laterals from theoretical

formulas

.

Patterns of individual sprinklers making up

the self-propelled moving lateral have been

determined and are to be put together to see how the synthetic pattern compares with the field pattern of the moving lateral. INFLUENCE OF PHOTO SCALE, VEGETATION, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SNOW CONDITIONS ON PH0T0- GRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SNOW COVER. Laboratory project.

Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied. This project seeks to determine the feasi- bility of determining the quantity of snow stored in a snowpack on a selected area by

photogrammetrlc techniques and evaluate the Influence of topography and vegetation on the accumulation and melting of snow. The study of different photoscales on the precision of estimate is included in the project.

Preliminary results Indicate that a photogrammetrlc technique Is very promising as a means for determining snow volume on areas up to a few hundred acres.

(4835) LEAF AND CROWN AREA OF ARTEMESIA TRIDENTATA

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental: basic and applied research.

(e) Develop methods of determining total leaf

area for a given size-vigor classification

of A. tridentata. Determine the capacity

of these leaves to store precipitation,

intercept precipitation and to transpire. Evaluate the effect of Immediate vegetation

structure on leaf area of Individual plants. Since vegetation and soils on watersheds

act as reservoirs which receive, store and discharge water, an understanding of their

Individual performance in these capacities

is tantamount to an understanding of watershed hydrology.

(4836) WATER BUDGET OF A UNIT SOURCE AREA. Laboratory project.

Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Research Botanist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied research. Determine as fully as possible the fate of water falling on a small representative watershed throughout the year and estimate evaporation and transpiration from readily

obtained instrumental and climatologlcal

data. Such a general understanding of the disposition of precipitation on an area is basic to an understanding of the effects of soils, geology, vegetation and climate. FACTORS AFFECTING SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT

ON UNIT SOURCE AREAS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied research. Determine physical and meteorological factora contributing to non-uniformity of snow ac- cumulation and melt in a shrub covered unit

source area in the sagebrush zone of Owyhee

County, Idaho. Any improvement in the quantity or timing of

111
flow from snow fed streams by manipulation

of vegetation or other practices requires a thorough understanding of the behavior of snow under these conditions. Such infor- mation must be derived from research. Instrumentation Just partially installed.

A STUDY OF SURFACE WATER DIVERSIONS AND

RETURN FLOW IN REYNOLDS VALLEY. Laboratory project.

Mr. Clifton W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied research. This investigation is designed to find the consumptive use of water by an upstream

Irrigated area as it affects downstream water supplies. All of the inflow to Reynolds Valley is measured as is the outflow

and general ground water levels. Preliminary data indicate about 50 percent of water diverted is retained on the land. Because of incomplete instrumentation, conclusive results are not yet available. GEOLOGIC CONTROL OF SUBSURFACE STORAGE AND

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF BASALT TERRANE. Laboratory project.

Mr. Gordon R. Stephenson, Geologist, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied research.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of the basalts found

on Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed,

Owyhee County, Idaho. The objective is approached by studying the water balance

on a closed basaltic basin. The basalts on Reynolds Creek are much

less permeable than those on the Snake River

plains.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE. Laboratory project. See project 4368, page

126.

Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.), Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1239,

Twin Falls, Idaho. Experimental; applied research. To design a portable device that can be used in the design and evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. To determine procedures for the use of this device. This equipment has been used to measure the intake rate of soil for sprinkler design.

"A Method for Measuring Water Intake Rate

into Soil for Sprinkler Design," Rhys Tovey

and Claude H. Pair. Proceedings 1963 Open Technical Conference, Sprinkler Irrigation

Association, pp 109-118, 1963. DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER MEASURING DEVICES AND METHODS. Laboratory and field project.

Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1239, Twin Falls, Idaho. Experimental; basic and applied research. The general objective of this project is developing and improving devices and techniques for the measurement of irri- gation water. Specialized laboratory

equipment will be utilized for the initial development phases.

"Distribution, Control and Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm," U.S.D.A., Miscellaneous Publication No. 926, July 1963. "Evaluation of the Vane-Type Flow Meter,

"

Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp 374-375, July 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

SOUTHERN BRANCH, University of Georgia, Athens,

Georgia, Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief.

(3869) FLUVTAL MORPHOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Mississippi State Univ.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, and Mr. Richard A. Stein, Hydraulic Engineer, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi. ' (d) A Joint field and laboratory project - basic

and applied research.

(e) Detailed field measurements are made on selected natural water courses and flood plains in the Yazoo River Basin and other

selected locations in Mississippi to delineate the variables of stream geometry, bend and bank roughness factors, dune migration, and stream hydraulics in terms

of sediment transport characteristics. Laboratory studies in both 100-foot and

50-foot long flumes are carried out to define significance of various factors under

controlled conditions. Acquired data are studied for adherence to existing regime

equations, tractive force concepts, re- sistance coefficients, and bed material

transport formulae, and to develop new or improved concepts and relationships.

(g) The existence of a discontinuity in the stage-discharge relation under certain conditions in sand-bed streams has been

established. Changes in channel conveyance

efficiency, occasioned by changes in bed configuration have resulted in variances in water discharge of over 100 percent for given water stages. Variations in Manning's

roughness coefficient from 0.015 to 0.035 during the course of a storm runoff event have occurred, and for a given water

discharge on separate occasions the "n" value has been known to double. Similar variations in the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient

have been noted. Froude numbers for floods over plane beds or antidunes in the field

are less than Froude numbers computed from comparable flow conditions in the laboratory

flumes; this difference in Froude numbers

is believed to be partly a function of depth.

(3870) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO CHANNEL STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State University.

(c) Mr. Joe C. Willis, Hydraulic Engineer, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi, and Mr. Paul Yates, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) It is necessary for proper planning and

design of agricultural watershed conser- vation work to have knowledge of the extent

of aggradation or degradation that is likely to occur with placement of structures

in alluvial channels. Studies of deposition

and scour as related to actual structures

at various locations in Mississippi, Georgia,

Wisconsin and other selected locations to provide the needed field data are underway

to develop procedures and criteria useful in predicting channel adjustments with

structural installations and accompanying

changes in sediment transport and flow

pattern

.

(g) The degree of channel scour and channel erosion rates are being determined in connection with several structural installations In Mississippi. Case histories

of over 70 gully control structures in Wisconsin have been established. Laboratory

studies of degradation have been started.

(3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

112
(c) Mr. Richard A. Stein, Hydraulic Engineer, and

Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) To better explain, by laboratory flume experiments, the relationships between stream hydraulics and sediment transport which

generally occur in natural channels. Work

includes the testing and development of sediment transport equations, means and methods of total transport determination in natural channels, and determination of the relationship between the measured transport

by use of sediment samplers now In use and

the total bed material discharge.

(g) Flume studies indicate significant errors

in sand concentration are possible

depending upon relative position of sampler nozzle to a dune front. Studies of various

type structures installed in a sand bed

channel that will permit total load measure- ments with minimum upstream and downstream influence suggest the use of a Parshall

flume under certain conditions.

(4305) TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Director, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a measure of the effectiveness of the structure

In retaining incoming sediment. Structures

need to be designed and built with different

degrees of trap efficiency, and Information

is needed so that the influencing parameters

can be adjusted to provide the desired trap

efficiency. In this study we are endeavoring to (1) collect and study data from retarding-type reservoirs in order to determine those factors that influence trap

efficiency, and (2) derive and test methods

for predicting the trap efficiency of retarding-type reservoirs.

(4316) HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS RELATIVE TO CHANNEL

STABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) The determination of flood flow qualities in selected reaches of Pigeon Roost Creek

Mississippi, and other streams In studies of the resistance to erosion of streambank and bed materials, and streambank vegetation. Measurements of the boundary shear stresses

in curved channels as affected by bend

radius, bed angle, and Froude number.

(4317) PRINCIPLES OF STABLE CHANNELS IN COHESIVE

MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

e) Determination of: (1) The reasons for the resisting ability of soil and streambank materials to erosion by flowing water; (2) the kinds of tests needed to measure the resistance; and (3) the quantitative values

of the resistance for natural and synthetic materials

.

(g) A sample of the Grenada silt loam soil was mixed with various types and amounts of clays and compacted to varying densities.

The molded samples were eroded by a constant

erosive force. The stability of cohesive

materials was found to be dependent upon

the type, amount, and orientation of the clay minerals; the bulk density, antecedent

moisture, and wet aging time of the sample; and the temperature of the eroding water.

In general stability increased with in- creasing clay mineral content and with in- creasing density. Stability was greater

for the 2:1 type clay mixtures than for

the 1:1 type. The influences of antecedent moisture, wet aging time, and orientation upon stability were dependent upon the type

of clay mineral. Stability decreased with

Increasing temperature of the eroding water,

(h) "DISCUSSION - Channel Stability in Un- disturbed Cohesive Soils," by Earl H. Grissinger and Loris E. Asmussen, ASCE Proceedings, Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, November, 1963.

(4318) METHODS OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field Investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) Includes: (l) Determination of the speeds

of motion and the requisite conditions for

beginning of motion of solid particles In fluid flow for various flow, particle

quality, and boundary conditions in a laboratory study; (2) field investigations

on Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and other streams of the resisting abilities of bank and bed materials and bank vegetation

as determined by measured flood experiences

(this study is associated with the one on channel hydraulics); and (3) laboratory and field study of the behavior of non-cohesive

stands and silts in a stream channel bank

for the conditions of lateral seepage flow

to the stream.

(g) A sand of narrow size range and median

diameter of 0.11 mm assumed angles of re- pose of 29 degrees and 9 degrees for the conditions of submergence and nonsuD- mergence respectively, under the simu- lated condition of a high water table

in a ditch bank. This sand was stable

in the field when found with as little

as 5 percent clay, even for near vertical banks

.

Small submerged spheres, rolling in laminar

sheet flow over a smooth bed, travelled at speeds equal to one-half the speeds of the water in their vicinity.

(4319) SEDIMENT YIELDS AND CORRELATION WITH WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Messrs. Farris E. Dendy and Andrew J. Bowie,

Agricultural Engineers, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation project - applied

research.

(e) Analyses of hydrologic, hydraulic, land use, soils, and physiographic characteristics of agricultural watersheds (varying in size from a fraction of an acre to 100 sq. mi.) are made to establish relationships with

sediment transport rates, amounts, and delivery ratios. Establishment of methodology for determining long-time average

annual sediment yields from fragmental field

data, correlation of characteristics of the basic runoff- sediment relation (sediment

rating curve) with affecting hydraulic and hydrologic parameters, and evaluation of the role of large storms as sediment contributors

are all basic objectives that will lead to better sediment yield prediction procedures.

(g) Data from Pigeon Roost Creek Basin, Miss., indicates that sediment yields are highly

correlated with direct runoff. Variations

113
In unit direct runoff (and therefore unit

sediment) yields between watersheds of the basin are marked. They have to some extent been correlated with basin physiography

and land use. There are significant channel transmission losses in streams of the basin.

(4320) SEDIMENT ORIGIN AND ROUTING.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) Runoff and sediment production are measured

from a small gully typical of the Yazoo- Tallahatchie Watershed. Sediment produced

from this gully will be related to gully

area, thereby providing information on the rate of gully erosion. When applicable,

comparisons will be made between the esti- mated sediment discharge utilizing radio- active tracer sand, and the measured sedi- ment discharge.

(g) Runoff and sediment measuring equipment have been installed. A detailed topographic

survey has been made of the gully area. Surveys will be made periodically to observe changes in gully shape.

(4321) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field Investigation for

basic research and developmental work.

(e) To relate sediment accumulation in reservoirs to sediment yields, runoff, and physical parameters of the watersheds. The nature of the sediment, its origin, mineralogy, chemistry, and biology are studied in relation to distribution and deposition within the reservoir. Nuclear methods are used where applicable.

(g) A number of reservoirs have been periodically

surveyed for sediment accumulation. Nuclear

means of determining in situ densities have been employed.

(4322) DEVELOPMENT OP METHODS FOR UTILIZING

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS FOR SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGY

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist and

Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) To devise, develop, and utilize procedures for "tagging" sediment particles with radioisotopes and identifying same in the laboratory and in the field. Results are

to be used in predicting sediment production,

transport and deposition.

(g) A satisfactory method has been developed for

"tagging" quartz particles with scandlum-46,

silver-110, cerium-144, and antimony-124

.

(h) "Theory and Application of Neutron

Scattering in the Measurement of Soil Moisture," by J. Roger McHenry, Soil Science,

Vol. 95, pp. 294-307, May, 1963.

(4323) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES

ON HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Georgia State Highway Dept., Soil Conser- vation Service USDA, the University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations, and Bartow County, Georgia.

(c) Mr. E. G. Diseker, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 124, Cartersville, Georgia.

d) Experimental, field; applied.

e) Runoff and soil losses are measured from

three pairs of bare, roadbank plots

(approximately 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on Cecil Clay subsoil using six H-f lumes and Coshocton vane samplers. Metal hub stakes

are used as an adjunct in determining bank

erosion, and for measuring deposition or scour from the flow channels. Over 30 different plants have been tested on 850 roadbank plots for erosion control.

(g) Bare bank losses have varied from 25 to 400 tons per year per acre for the past 5 years depending on the rainfall, frost action, bank aspect and slope. Bank aspect and frost action have been major factors in the erosion process. Banks facing northwest haw

lost, on an average, 2.2 times as much soil as those facing southeast. Plants which have proved satisfactory for erosion control

are fescue, common Bermudagrass, lovegrass,

broomsedge, Pensacola and Wilmington

Bahlagrasses, crownvetch, serlcea lespedeza,

honeysuckle and kudzu. For the establishment

of satisfactory cover on slopes 2:1 and

steeper, mulches were necessary particularly for the slowly developing plants such

as crownvetch and Bahlagrasses. For maintenance of most plants, especially the grasses, a timely application of fertilizer

is necessary. Previously outlined pro- cedures to determine fertility requirements for maintaining vegetation on roadside

areas in the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia were put into practice in the fall of 1962. Studies to determine rates and amounts of sediment delivery for selected storms at monthly Intervals and annual production and delivery from bare road banks in relation

to (1) rainfall Intensity (2) antecedent moisture and temperature conditions and (3) face slope length with different aspects on Cecil type soils will begin in the spring of 1963. A study will be initiated in the spring of 1963 to determine sediment pro- ductions and delivery rates from fully

developed, mature stands of five different representative plant species.

(h) "Roadbank Erosion and Its Control In the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia," by E. G. Diseker, E. C. Richardson and B. H. Hendrickson. U.S. Dept. Agr. ARS 41-73:

40 pp (1963) illus. Aug. 1963. "Crownvetch Stabilizes Piedmont Highway

Banks," by E. C. Richardson, E. G. Diseker, and B. H. Hendrickson. Crops & Soils

15(7): 25 (1963) illus. April-May 1963. "Crownvetch for Highway Bank Stabilization

in the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia," by

E. C. Richardson, E. G. Diseker, and B. H. Hendrickson. Agronomy Jour. Vol. 55: 213-215 (1963) illus.

(4324) UTILIZATION OF TRITIUM IN WATERSHED

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research and development.

e) To devise, develop, test and apply tracer

techniques using tritium and other radioisotopes In support of studies of soil moisture and groundwater movement.

(g) Methods of high efficiency have been developed using a liquid scintillation

counter. Laboratory studies have shown

the precision and accuracy of the methods

are adequate. Some field tests have been

conducted. Results have not been conclusive. Tests designed to date water in limestone aquifers have not been completed.

(4325) RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

114
State University.

(c) Mr. W. R. Hamon, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. (°) Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied ( d ) research

.

(e) To develop procedures for predicting flood

runoff, water yield and hydrograph ( e ) characteristics for ungaged upstream

watesheds. Runoff and precipitation are observed for the 117 square-mile Pigeon

Roost Creek Watershed in Northern Mississippi

including 11 sub-watersheds, and for four unit-source watersheds under 4 acres in

size. These data, accumulated over the past four years, are being processed by computer

and analyzed to develop synthetic unit hydrographs by incorporating antecedent soil (g) moisture and watershed factors. The predicted hydrographs will be used to establish flow-duration curves,

(h) Hydrologic data releases are prepared yearly

with summaries of monthly precipitation and

runoff, tabulated annual maximum flows, and

detailed data for selected runoff events.

(4326) SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Agricultural Engineer, (4329) Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; (*>) basic and applied research.

(e) To study the hydraulic characteristics of geologic strata and develop methods of predicting ground water accretion and ( c ) movement; subsurface and ground water

contribution to streamflow from a knowledge

of geology, soils, topography, climate, land (d) use and treatment of agricultural watersheds;

and to evaluate hydrogeologic factors (e) governing transmission gains and losses in stream channels. A portable drilling rig

is utilized to obtain geologic samples, establish ground water observation wells, and conduct permeability field tests.

(g) Maps showing structural and stratigraphic characteristics and groundwater contours of the Pigeon Roost Creek watershed have been

prepared. Estimates have been made of ground- water storage and outflow from the watershed. (g)

(h) "A Report on Geological and Ground-Water

Investigations in Pigeon Roost Creek Watershed, Marshall County, Mississippi," by

Lorls E. Asmussen and Farris E. Dendy, Southeastern Geology, Vol. 5, No. 1, Sept.

1963.

(4327) MOISTURE REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. John Kozachyn, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

.

dl Field investigation; applied research,

e) To provide soil moisture data for the development of prediction techniques for

runoff and sediment production and to relate

the moisture regimes of agricultural watersheds to soil, climate and vegetative

parameters. Field observations of soil moisture to depths of 10 and 20 feet are obtained by the neutron probe method for

different cover, slope, and soil complexes,

(g) The superiority of the neutron probe

procedure over other available methods was established from laboratory and field tests.

A method of installing access tubes has

been perfected.

(4328) RELATION OF CLIMATE AND SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS

TO PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control

District and the Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Laboratory and field investigations, both

basic and applied for evaluating measured

environmental conditions. Laboratory and field procedures are employed

to determine moisture intake, retention and transmission characteristics of mineral and

organic soils. Controlled water table

studies in non-weighing lysimeters are conducted to determine evapotranspiration,

crop growth, and soil physical properties as influenced by various water table depths. Field and plot studies in organic soils are conducted to determine soil subsidence. Root content of the plow layer (0-9") of a St. Augustinegrass sod was much higher

over a 12-inch water table than over a 24- or 36-inch water table. Organic residues of this root material markedly

improved early growth of the subsequent

grain sorghum crop. Average daily evapotranspiration of grain

sorghum, from November 1960 to June 1961, for 12-, 24-, and 36-inch water tables was

0.15, 0.10, and 0.09 of an inch respectively.

Evapotranspiration during the spring months was about twice that of the winter months. HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA. Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and The Florida Agricultural

Experiment Station.

Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, Attention:

W. H. Speir, Engineering Technician, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. Experimental, field Investigations; basic

and applied research. To collect, analyze, and correlate basic hydrologic data on agricultural watersheds

ranging in size from 4,000 to 63,000 acres

in the Coastal Plain of Florida. To de- termine the influence of climate, topography,

soils, geology, and land use on the rate and volume of runoff and to evaluate the water

balance. To devise methods of Interpreting watershed characteristics as similitudes related to physiography of other areas. For an unimproved 98- sq. mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Oct. 1956) was

2.28 inches-over-area with an Instantaneous peak rate of 70 c.f.s./sq. mile; and for the 16-sq. mile upper sub-basin the respective

rates were 3.14 inches and 158 c.f.s./sq.

mile. For an improved 78 square mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Sept. 1960) was 2.37 inches-over-area with an instantaneous peak rate of 66 c.f.s./sq.

mile. The ratio of runoff to rainfall has averaged 0.46 for the artesian-irrigated 78

sq. mile watershed for the past 11 years; 0.33 for the 98 sq. mile unimproved watershed; and 0.28 for the 16 square mile sub-basin during the past 7 years. Total water yield

varied inversely with area on the unimproved

watersheds. For the 98 sq. mile watershed

base flow has averaged 71%, interflow 22%, and overland flow 7% of total streamflow. For the 78 sq. mile watershed these flow components have averaged 84%, 8%, and 8% respectively. For the 16 sq. mile watershed

they averaged 36%, 32%, and 32%. Low cost non-weighing evapotransplrometers

were valuable for ascertaining plant-soil relations and evapotranspiration for soils with rapid internal drainage,- especially

for high water tables. Comparison of correlation coefficients for measured

versus computed monthly pan evaporation in South Florida over a 6-year period showed

the Weather Bureau Method ranked highest

and the Thornthwaite Method lowest of nine

methods. In a similar comparison for 30 months of measured versus computed potential

evapotranspiration from St. Augustinegrass,

115
the Fractional Evaporation Equivalent Method

ranked highest and the Thornthwaite Method

again ranked lowest. Evapotranspiration

was predicted with more accuracy than pan evaporation. Potential evapotranspiration

losses for the watersheds were 1Q% of USWB

pan rates, and annual ET losses were the most

stable element in the hydrologic balance.

In Florida, water weeds raised Manning's

n values in proportion to density of growth as influenced by weed type, and channel geometry. Submersed and emersed weeds

Increased n values exponentially as the VR

product declined below a threshold value of

20 feet. Aquatic weeds were controlled by

mechanical or chemical methods,

(h) "Installation and Operation of Non-weighing

Lysimeters," William H. Speir. Proc. Soil

and Crop Science Society of Florida, Vol. 22, pp. 167-176, 1962. "Flow Retardance by Channel Weeds and Their

Control," J. C. Stephens Et al. Jour, of the

Irr. and Dr. Div., Proc. of" "EFe Am. Soc. of Civil Engs. Vol. 89, No. IR2, pp 31-53, June,

1963.

"A Comparison of Procedures for Computing

Evaporation and Evapotranspiration," John C. Stephens and Ernest H. Stewart. International Union Geodesy Geophys. 13th Gen. Assembly,

Berkeley, Calif., Proc. 1962, 7: 123-133

(1963) lllus. Aug. 1963.

(4330) RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN LOAM SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c; Mr. Coy W. Doty, North Mississippi Branch

Experiment Station, Holly Springs, Miss.

(dl Experimental, field; basic and applied.

(e) Rates and amounts of runoff and soil losses

from small plots are measured. The plots

range in size from 1/45 acre to 4 acres. The

slopes of the smaller areas are 2-1/2 percent,

5 percent, and 10 percent. Land use varies

from fallow and cultivated to pasture, with

good and poor management conditions for the cultivated and pastured areas.

(g) Both water and soil losses are excessive on bare land, and are reduced as the degree of ground cover is increased.

(4331) HYDRAULICS OF FARM WATER CONTROL IN THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. W. Campbell Little, Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Soil Conservation Field Station, Box 33, Watkinsvllle,

Georgia.

d) Experimental laboratory; basic and applied.

e) Basic research on the mechanics of erosion

and hydraulics of flow in individual crop rows and in terraced channels will be developed for both terrace systems and indi- vidual row systems for the different soils of the Piedmont.

(g) Initial studies are underway.

(4332) SURFACE DRAINAGE — ROW LENGTHS AND GRADES

FOR REMOVAL AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE WATER

ON FORMED AGRICULTURAL LAND OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana,

P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research,

e; Approximately 80 acres of land have been

formed with four different slopes, in two replications, of 0.1', 1.15', 0.2', and

0.25'. For each slope class, row lengths of 500', 700', 900', and 1,100' will be used

to determine the maximum row length for formed land as related to slope.

Runoff, time-of-concentration, infiltration,

soil temperature, and soil moisture data

will be gathered and correlated with

rainfall, wind humidity, and sunshine radiation.

Future studies are contemplated to evaluate

flow characteristics of surface water in furrows on agricultural land. This infor- mation will be used to develop a furrow cross- section with the best hydraulic characteristics.

(g) Established in full operation in 1962.

(4333) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR THE SOUTHERN

PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. A. P. Barnett or Mr. J. S. Rogers,

Agricultural Engineers, Southern Piedmont

Soil Conservation Field Station, Box 33, Watkinsvllle, Georgia.

(d) Experimental field investigations, development and applied.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the interrelations of climate, soil,

topography, cover, management, row direction,

runoff, soil movement and loss from Southern Piedmont soils. The work is conducted on fractional acre field plots under both

natural and simulated rainfall.

The natural rainfall plot study includes six

cover, two row direction and three slope

steepness treatments on a total of 42 plots. Total amounts of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual rainstorms. Meteorological data are also secured. The rainfall simulator designed to apply rain at 4, 2-1/2 and 1-1/4 inches per hour simultaneously to three adjacent plots is used to secure runoff and soil loss data from specific soil, slope, crop, and management complexes through the application of designed storms. These data will be used to evaluate their runoff and erosion control effectiveness

.

(g) Progress is reported each year in Station

annual reports.

(h) "Runoff and Erosion Control Studies on Cecil Soil in The Southern Piedmont," by

B. H. Hendrlckson, A. P. Barnett, J. R. Carreker, and W. E. Adams; ARS, USDA Tech. Bulletin No. 1281, April 1963.

(4334) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer,

Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,

Tifton, Georgia.

d) Field investigations; applied, for design.

e) The purpose of these studies is to de- termine interrelations of climate, soil, land

cover, runoff and soil loss for Southern Coastal Plain soils. The work Is conducted

on 18 field plots, 1/20 acre in size, under

natural rainfall. There are four cover

treatments. Total amount of runoff and soil loss are measured for Individual storms. Meteorological data are also secured.

(g) Grass-based rotations and continuous corn have been evaluated, showing protective

effects of perennial grass sods and of annual crop residues.

(4841) SURFACE WATER STORAGE AND SUPPLY ON FARMS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia

.

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer,

Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,

Tifton, Georgia.

(d) Field investigation; applied for design and

development

.

(e) Purpose of the studies is to determine pond

storage efficiency under various soil and

116
topographic conditions as affected by watershed yield, pond surface evaporation,

seepage into and out of the impoundment,

farm use of storage, and related factors. Initial study to be on one rather typical

farm pond in the coastal plain, with anti- cipation of extending the work to other

ponds

(g) Study currently in progress.

(4842) SHALLOW WELLS AND IRRIGATION PITS FOR

IRRIGATION AND OTHER FARM WATER SUPFLY IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer, Ga

Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga.

(d) Field investigation; applied, for design and development

(e) The purpose of the studies is to develop

criteria by which engineers and soil scientists can classify sites for irrigation

pits, shallow wells, or other access to shallow ground water aquifers in the coastal plains on the basis of topography and soils. Initial study is concerned with excavated irrigation pits, their adequacy of supply,

the relation of recharge to rainfall and

soils, and other related Influences. Investigations now Involve 3 pits, each under somewhat different soil and topographic situations.

(g) Study currently in progress.

(4843) AN EFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE

LAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana

State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,

P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station.

d) Experimental applied research.

e) The present conventional system of sugarcane

land requires considerable land occupied by

ditches and is costly to maintain. Experimental work is underway to develop a more

efficient drainage system which will consume

less land and be more economical to maintain.

This is an adaptation of the cotton drainage

system to sugarcane.

(g) This system reduces the amount of land in ditches from 4 to 7 percent with a $5.22 per acre per annum savings in cost of maintenance . (h) "An Efficient Drainage System for Sugarcane

Land" by I. L. Saveson, USDA, ARS 41-72,

(In Press)

(5210) RADIO-CARBON DATING OF SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist (Chemistry),

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

(d) Laboratory and field investigations; basic

research.

(e) To establish and maintain a radio-carbon

dating laboratory meeting the requirements

of sedimentation research. The program is used to supplement geomorphological investi- gations by providing information on (1) the

age of sediments, e. g., buried soils and geologic horizons, and (2) the past rates

of sediment aggradation and degradation.

(g) The carbon in^amples to be dated is processed

to benzene (eg Hg) and the number of beta disintegrations arising from the natural C

1* is determined by liquid scintillation

spectrometry. The necessary equipment

for synthesis of benzene has been built

and tested for operation. The liquid scintillation spectrometer has been modified

and stabilized for radio-carbon.

The overall program has been standardized

and calibrated using contemporary carbon

standards (NBS) and inter-laboratory "check" samples from other dating laboratories. A few unknown samples have been dated; additional samples are now being processed.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, ARS-USDA, Bushland, Texas,

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief.

(387 9) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM

IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental and field investigation - applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of salinity problems; characterize

and correlate the water table, soil, topographic and related measurable factors associated with salinity problems in the area

(f) Completed; data is being summarized for publication.

(g) Extensive water table observations show a fluctuating seasonally high saline water

table beneath the area. The water table and ground surfaces slope approximately

one foot per mile to the northeast in the general direction of the Gulf Coast.

(3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE

FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The objectives are to obtain evidence on the generality of the parabolic moisture distribution with respect to the Interface

of extraction and to Interpret unsaturated moisture flow In terms of molecular level mechanisms of flow. The experimental

technique Is that of inducing moisture flow by various techniques at a series of temperatures and measuring the flow rate. The Arrhenius equation is applied to the data and an activation energy calculated. The activation energy Is then interpreted

in terms of energy barriers to molecular

level flow mechanisms. The soil columns are sampled at the end of the runs to determine

the moisture distribution with respect to the interface of extraction.

(g) The results to date indicate that the resulting moisture distribution is a function of peculiarities of the microdynamic flow processes involved and Independent of the method of extraction.

(h) "Drying Patterns of a Sandy Clay Loam In Relation to Optimal Depths of Seeding,"

by Craig L. Wiegand, Agronomy Journal 54: 473-476, 1962.

(3881) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The evaporation of free water is being

studied under controlled conditions to:

(1) Obtain quantitative information on the rate of evaporation of free water under

controlled atmospheric conditions; (2) measure the rate of evaporation of water as

a function of water temperature; and (3) correlate the rate of evaporation with (a) the saturation deficit of the atmosphere, and (b) the fugacity of the water molecules.

117
Evaporation is being measured under all combinations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees

C water temperature; 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees C air temperature; and 30, 50, 70, and 90$ relative humidity. Water temperature is controlled to plus or minus .1 degrees C, ambient temperature to plus or minus 1.0 degrees C, and relative humidity

to plus or minus 3$.

(g) Rates encountered range from condensation

at the rate of 1.1 cm. per day to evapo- ration at the rate of 4.4 cm. per day. The evaporation and condensation rates correlate closely with the vapor pressure difference between the water surface and

the bulk air. The data indicate that the rate of evaporation is more a function of the capacity of air to take on moisture than

of the escaping tendency of the water

molecules.

The evaporation rate increases faster with

increasing water temperature than does the vapor pressure of water itself. The Implication is that the latent heat of vaporization, the energy barrier to evaporation, does not limit the evaporation rates

in this study.

(4335) THE HYDRAULICS OP STRUCTURES USED IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division; Corn Belt

Branch, Project 1723, and Illinois State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied

research for design.

(e) Experiments employ small scale models as well as full size structures tested under

simulated natural conditions to develop

designs for structures needed for soil and water conservation. Closed conduit

spillway entrances including drop inlets, hood inlets, and orifice plates are tested. Debris guards are tested using full size structures to provide verification of the

small models.

(g) Testing is underway on trash racks for pipe outlet spillways. Racks for a full scale, 24-inch pipe outlet are being subjected to trash-laden flows. Rigid, or stick type trash is being used in the current tests.

(4336) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OP DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) The measuring devices tested are used in the hydrology research program of the Agricultural Research Service. Sites for runoff measuring stations are surveyed and

then modeled in the laboratory- Proposed

structures are placed In the model and tested to develop a satisfactory design. The final design is calibrated by model

tests. All current work is on specific

sites and no general experiments are done.

(g) Model calibrations were made during the past year on a super critical flow flume for measuring discharge rates up to 15,000 cubic feet per second. Also a calibration was made on a V-notch weir and highway culvert combination employed for runoff measurement.

(4337) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN VEGETATION LINED

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0.

Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) Channels or portions of channels are built

full size on the outdoor hydraulic labora- tory grounds. These are planted to the vegetation being investigated and then tested by flowing water at selected times. Friction factors and permissible velocities

(or tractive force values) are determined.

In recent years the establishment phase of vegetal channels has received the greater

emphasis. This has included the evaluation

of temporary, fabricated liners of jute,

glass fiber, and asphalt.

(g) During the past year tests were made on a channel with a good grass cover and with

some brush and trees. Tests were also made

on a glass fiber mulch Intended for temporary

protection of channels.

(4338) HYDRAULICS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative wlth^the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) Studies are made of unsteady flow phenomena

occurring in the runoff process. Included

are Investigations of overland flow,

spatially varied unsteady flow in channels,

and flood wave movement in channels. The initial phase of the study is an analytical

one utilizing existing knowledge and theory. This phase will be followed by a large

scale outdoor laboratory study to test hypotheses and evaluate coefficients.

(g) Steady state spatially varied flow tests have been run on a 400-foot long by 30-foot wide V-shaped, grass-lined channel. Simu- lated rainfall tests have been run on flume

type channels lined with wheat and with a coarse sand. Profile buildup and outflow hydrographs were determined for steady rainfall application.

(4339) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN THE RED PRAIRIE OF OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for design.

(e) Three watersheds, 17 acres, 92 acres, and

206 acres in size and covered with native

grass, are instrumented to measure rainfall

and runoff. Annual water yield as well as peak flood flows are determined. Selected

runoff events provide data for distribution

graphs or unit hydrograph development.

(g) Data are on hand from continuous measurements

since 1951.

(4340) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, MOVEMENT AND DEPO- SITION IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Suspended sediment sampling and total sediment transport determinations are made

at selected tributary and main stream locations in the Washita River Basin. These

samples are analyzed for size distribution.

(4341) STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL WORKS IN CHANNELS OF THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

dl Field investigation, applied research,

e) Selected reaches of channels representing

different geologies, soils, and flow

118
regimes are being established for detailed

studies of stream channel morphology. Information Is being obtained on crosssections, slopes, thalweg lengths, alignments, vegetation, and bed and bank materials. Any control works are completely identified

as to location, orientation, shape, size, and

materials. Flow history will be recorded,

including both water and sediment. Changes

in channel conditions, or lack of change, will be related to flow history and other controlling factors for the development of criteria for stable channel design.

(4342) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING

RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field Investigation, applied research.

e) A network of 170 recording precipitation

gages has been established on a 3-mile grid in an 1100- square mile area in the central portion of the Washita River Basin. The precipitation characteristics will be analyzed to determine and evaluate precipitation parameters useful In estimating

runoff.

(4343) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Small watersheds generally not exceeding

100 acres in size, each representing a single soil-cover combination are being instrumented

to measure rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture. Information on the runoff producing characteristics of the unit source areas will be useful in the development of equations for predicting runoff from ungaged complex watersheds.

(4344) RELATION OF INTEGRATED CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD

OF THE WASHITA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OKLA

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) A reach of the Washita River extending

from Anadarko, Oklahoma, to Alex, Oklahoma,

has been selected for study. This reach

has a length of 78 river miles and a drainage area along this length of 1128 square miles. Gaging stations are being

established near the mouth of 10 tributaries

and at 6 sites along the main stem of the Washita River in this reach. Watershed

characteristics are being measured and

defined. The watershed land use and structures development will be inventoried

periodically. Flood peaks, total flow and

Its rate-time distribution will be de- termined and related to climatic and land

factors.

(4345) EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE REGIMES OF WASHITA

RIVER MAIN STEM FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Analysis of record, applied research.

e) The flow history of the Washita River,

Oklahoma, for the 10-year period 1941 to 1950 is being analyzed to: (1) Determine parameters characterizing the regime flows prior to development of upstream flood

abatement measures; and (2) establish a

base for reference In defining any future changes in flow regimes associated with conservation and treatment programs in tributary watersheds.

(4346) AQUI FE R- STREAMFLOW RELATIONS, GROUND WATER

BUDGET, WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The alluvia and underground flow system of the Washita River Basin are being defined

by use of drilling equipment and existing

well logs. Permeability coefficients will

be determined and ground water observation wells established. This is one part of a comprehensive research study of the total water budget in a portion of the Washita

River Basin.

(4348) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SELECTED AREAS IN TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

di Field investigation, applied research,

e) Rain gage networks are established on the Blacklands Experimental Watershed near

Riesel, Texas, and on the Edwards Plateau

near Sonora, Texas. Information is being

obtained on amounts, duration, seasonal distribution, and other characteristics of rainfall to the extent that the characteristics influence runoff from agricultural watersheds.

(f) The work at Sonora, Texas, was Initiated in 1961.

(4349) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS

TO STORM RUNOFF AND TO WATER YIELD FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field Investigation, applied research.

e) Thirty watersheds at the Blacklands Experi- mental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, varying

in size from approximately 3 acres to 5860

acres, have been equipped with precalibrated

flumes or with current meter rated weirs to measure runoff rates. Precipitation is meas- ured by recording rain gages. The land factors are determined by periodic inventory

of crops, covers, and crop systems on the land. Relationships between climatic and land factors and the runoff produced are ana- lyzed to develop prediction methods for esti- mating storm peaks and water yields.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff, maximum volumes of flow for selected periods

of time, and detailed data for selected

runoff events are reported annually. Several analytical and Interpretive reports have been published

.

(4350) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Twelve watersheds, approximately 3 acres In size each, of single land use, crop or grass, are instrumented with H-type flumes to measure the runoff. The relationships between the runoff and the associated precipitation

as influenced by the land characteristics

are investigated. These relationships will facilitate the prediction of runoff from ungaged watersheds composed of combination

of these single soil-cover, sub-watersheds

or unit source areas.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff, maximum volumes of flow for selected periods

119
(4351)

merits have been or are being made on twenty-four plots or watersheds varying

In size from one-quarter to 5860 acres. These sediment yields are correlated with

precipitation, runoff, topography, soils, land use, and conservation practices. The

data are analyzed to develop techniques and procedures for estimating sediment yield and sources from ungaged watersheds. On Lowry

Draw in the Edwards Plateau area near

Sonora, Texas, sediment range lines have been established, in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, at two detention

reservoir sites with drainage areas of 4.38

and 16.85 square miles. In addition, ar- rangements have been made for sampling the flow from the reservoir spillways.

(4352) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU AREA OF WEST CENTRAL

TEXAS.

\>) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Five detention reservoirs in Lowrey Draw are equipped with water level recorders. Runoff volumes are measured by volume change in the reservoir. Rates of Inflow can also be determined. The watersheds above the reservoirs range in size from 686 to 10787 acres. A current meter rated gaging station

will be placed at the outlet of the Lowrey

Draw watershed which has a drainage area of 48 square miles. A rain gage network will determine the precipitation over the area.

In addition to the development of the rainfall-runoff relationship for this area,

a study will be made of the disposition of

the water temporarily stored in the reservoirs.

(4353) EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA

OF OLD TILE DRAIN SYSTEMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation - applied research.

e) A study to evaluate the effectiveness of

some old existing tile systems in draining

and leaching soils; to evaluate the functioning of tile drains with and without

filter materials; and, to evaluate the adequacy of tile drain design criteria.

(g) Tile lines laid in certain soils, without filter or envelope materials provided, accumulate soil over a long period of time until they become plugged or only partially

effective. Studies are shedding light on the occurrence of the salinity - clay mineral complex and interactions that influence movement of soil particles Into drain lines.

(4354) INFILTRATION RATES AND PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF

SALINITY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Leon Lyles, Research Agricultural

Engineer, or Dr. Craig Wiegand, Research

Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco,

Texas.

Field investigation; applied research. The purpose of the work is to relate Infiltration rates to the occurrence of salt-affected profiles. Infiltration

rates are to be determined on about a dozen salt affected and adjacent non-affectel profile pairs which have been chemically and physically characterized. The infil- tration rates will be related statistically

to the severity of salinization and to the chemical and physical properties of the profiles.

Completed. The final intake rate (5 hours) in the nonsaline sites averaged about 3 times those of the adjacent saline sites. Analysis of variance revealed that saline profiles were higher in percent clay and surface elevations were slightly higher than adjacent non- saline sites. Multiple regression analyses

relating Infiltration rate and salt concentration to the physical and chemical properties of the profiles are currently

being interpreted.

(4356) EFFECTS OF BENCHING AND TERRACING ON MOISTUFE CONSERVATION ON SLOPING HARDLANDS OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied and design research

.

(e) 1. To test the feasibility of altering the configuration of the land to intercept,

spread, and infiltrate surface runoff in contour basins. 2. To determine the extent

to which such intercepted runoff will add

to available soil moisture supplies and how

such additional soil moisture may best be utilized for crop production. 3. To de- termine the relative value of the three types of terrace systems, conservation

benching, graded, and level closed end for moisture conservation and crop production.

4. To measure runoff from well managed

contour farmed hardland soils.

(g) It has been found that graded and level terraces are equally effective in conserving

runoff water under semi-arid conditions where 10 or 11 months of fallow precade

planting either wheat or grain sorghum. It has been found that the conservation bench

terrace system is superior to either graded

or level terraces in the conservation of runoff water.

(4357) EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE ON RUNOFF, EROSION, AND CROP YIELDS UNDER

BLACKLAND CONDITIONS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

dl Experimental - applied research,

e) Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12 field scale (1 1/2 acre) plots representing

a typical cultivated slope of Blackland

Prairie soils. The plots are in three cropping systems with row cropping every

year, in alternate years, and every third

year. By taking soil moisture and crop residue measurements, in the future the interactions of varying climatic influences with crops and management are determined as

a basis for determining runoff and erosion

on farms and watersheds,

(g) Statistical analysis of runoff results for 4-year period 1959-62 indicated no significant difference between plot replications or cropping systems but a significant difference

in runoff for different years. Similar

analysis of soil loss data for this period

showed no significant difference between

cropping systems, and a significant difference between plot replications and years.

(4844) TESTING OF MATERIALS FOR IMPROVED SUBSURFACE

of time, and detailed data for selected (d) runoff events are reported annually. (e) SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE TEXAS BLACKLANDS AND THE EDWARDS

PLATEAU. Laboratory project.

Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas. Field investigation, applied research. At the Blacklands Experimental Watershed (f

)

near Riesel, Texas, sediment yield measure- (g)

120
DRAINAGE

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Laboratory tank studies will be made to evaluate drainage materials with particular

emphasis on filters and new drain tube materials. One or more field installations

will be made in which drainage materials will

be compared and evaluated. Electric

analogue studies will be made for predicting

flow rates into tile lines.

(g) Laboratory studies have been made on several

old and new drainage tubing materials,

including concrete pipe, plastic tubing, fiber pipe, fiberglass wall tubing, and thin- walled steel tubing. Tank tests and measure- ments include deformation of tubing under

pressure, rate of water movement into tubing,

and effectiveness of filter materials.

(4845) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONS OF IRRIGATED

COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH TO WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project,

c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas,

d} Field investigation; applied research,

e) A set of thirty-six lysimeters, one meter

square and ten feet deep, are being utilized

to study the influence of soil moisture level, water table depth and water table salt level treatments on evapotranspiration, vegetative

growth and yield of cotton. The objectives

of the project are: (1) To determine the contribution of a water table to the water

requirement of cotton; (2) to study soil moisture use and extraction by cotton as Influenced by various water table depths; and (3) to study the effect of water table

salt concentration on salt movement and moisture uuuptake by the cotton plant,

(g) Moisture condition in the root zone and water table depth significantly influenced

the proportion of total moisture use (evapotranspiration) attributable to use from the water table. The relationship between water table depth and per- cent moisture use from the water table

was nearly linear. During the period

May 7 to August 1, 60 percent of the total water requirement of cotton was utilized

from the water table under low soil moisture

and high water table (3 feet) conditions. Lowering the water table to 9 feet under the

same moisture conditions reduced moisture

use from the water table to approximately

20 percent of the total water requirement. Under high soil moisture conditions, approximately 42 percent of the total water requirement of cotton was utilized from a water

table 3 feet below the soil surface compared

with 11 percent when the water table was at

9 feet.

(4846) TILLAGE PRACTICES AND CROPPING SYSTEMS WITH ALFALFA FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND WHEAT PRODUCTION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Comparison of clean tillage versus stubble mulch tillage on continuous wheat with and without nitrogen fertilizer, and rotations

of three years wheat with three years

alfalfa. Plowing to 12 inches was done in 1955 to disrupt the plow pan on half of all plots. The purpose of the project is to evaluate stubble mulch tillage and deep

plowing with different cultural practices

for increasing water infiltration, reducing

runoff, controlling erosion, and improving

crop production.

(g) Deep plowing reduced runoff the first year approximately 25%, the second year about

15^ and the third year about 5%, the following years there was no measurable

difference. There was no measurable dif- ferencee in crop production. Spring appli- cation of nitrogen has materially reduced

runoff and increased wheat production. Runoff is reduced by stubble mulch during

the fall season but not in the spring. Runoff is reduced and wheat production is increased the first and second years of wheat following three years of alfalfa.

(4847) EFFECT OF SURFACE CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT

ON RUNOFF, EROSION, CROP YIELDS, AND SOIL PROPERTIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Eight individual terrace fields on characterized Blackland Prairie soils are managed by 2 tillage systems in a 2-year rotation of cotton-wheat with crop growth

and yields and soil characteristics

determined, and with rainfall and runoff gauging on 4 terraces.

(f) Terminated December 7, 1962.

(g) Nine years of data show no consistent or significant difference between the runoff

from trash-mulch tillage versus clean, conventional tillage.

(h) "Surface Residues Reduce Erosion," R. M. Smith and R. C. Henderson, Soil and Water

Mag. (Assoc. Tex. Soil Conserv. Dist.)

10(9) :8, September 1960.

(4848) GRADED FURROWS FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION CONTROL,

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Purpose of work is to determine relationships between furrow length and slope, runoff and

soil loss, and to see if graded furrows will permit Increased terrace spacing. Terrace

spacing is doubled and a channel rather

than a conventional ridged terrace is used

to convey runoff water. Increased terrace

spacing is accomplished by planting on 40-lnch lister furrows on a 1 percent

grade. The amount of runoff and soil loss

from the furrows is measured along with

rainfall intensities, soil moisture, and

surface residues.

(g) Physical system was established in summer of 1963. Methods used in designing runoff

structures and instrumenting the system include model tests and electronic devices

for recording water depths and wetted

perimeters

(4649) EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE METHODS FOR THE NONIRRIGATED AREA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer, or Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness and cost of Installation

operation and maintenance of three drainage

methods; open drain ditches, subsurface drain tile, and drainage wells in reduction

of soil salinity and control of a ground water table.

(5211) LIMITED IRRIGATION OF GRAIN SORGHUM IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. J. T. Musick, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

121
(e)

(5212)

(g)

(5213)

(g)

(5214)

(d)

(e)

Field Investigation; applied research.

To determine number and timing of Irrigations

for most efficient use of limited irrigation

and expected precipitation; plant spacing for most efficient use of limited water; and some

soil moisture-plant growth-yield relationships under limited soil moisture conditions. Results in 1963 indicate that water appli- cation during plant fruiting resulted in very- efficient use of limited water. Higher

grain yields and more efficient use of water

were obtained from double rows on 40-inch

beds compared to single rows and also by a closer within row plant spacing. SOIL LOSS FROM THE ENDS OF LEVEL TERRACES AND THE EROSION OCCURRING BETWEEN TERRACES. Laboratory project.

Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma. Field investigation; applied research. Purpose of work is to determine soil losses

from terraces and from different sections downslope within terrace intervals. Runoff and

soil loss are measured from a system con- sisting of 8 terraces and 20 small plots. Half of the area is clean tilled and half

stubble mulched. Terraces are arranged in pairs, one concrete and one soil channel. Concrete lined channels are used to provide

a permanent base for measuring soil movement

into terrace channels. Plots, located at the ends of the pairs of terraces, permit determination of silt contribution from three sections of normal terrace intervals. Terrace Installations are completed and 1963 spring and summer runoff and soil loss data have been obtained. Data showed some variation between different pairs of terraces but marked similarity of both runoff and soil loss was obtained within pairs, i.e., between

concrete and regular soil channel terraces.

The small plot portion of the study will be installed in early 1964. WATER INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL MOISTURE UNDER GRADED FURROWS ON PULLMAN SILTY CLAY

LOAM. Laboratory project.

Mr. W. H. Sletten, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas. Field Investigation; applied research. Determine water intake characteristics,

storage, distribution, and irrigation

efficiency of long furrows on Pullman

silty clay loam soil. High initial water intake rates which

rapidly declines to less than 0.1 Inch per hour permit rather uniform and efficient irrigation of long irrigation furrows.

Soil shrinkage cracks contribute significantly

to intake and storage of irrigation water

in the plant root zone. DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A SIMPLE SYSTEM TO CLARIFY PLAYA WATER WITH FLOCCULENTS AND THE USE OF AN IRRIGATION DITCH AS A SETTLING

BASIN. Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas. Field Investigation; applied and design

research.

To develop a simple system for removing

sediments from muddy playa lake water. This research project will be an effort to assemble relatively simple equipment to clarify muddy lake water prior to injection

into a shaft as a means of storing runoff water and thus prevent its loss to the atmosphere by evaporation. This experiment was terminated early in 1963. The system design specified in the research

outline is not capable of removing enough

sediment to be used in widespread recharge

(f)

(5216)

projects. The modified system Including a sand filter did remove enough sediment to be used in recharge work but the capacity

of the system is low.

(5215) STRATIGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS UNDERLYING A PLAYA AND ITS WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c; Dr. Frederick B. Lotspeich, Research Soil Scientist, Southwestern Great Plains Field

Station, Bushland, Texas.

(d) Field and laboratory Investigation to deter- mine the stratigraphic relationships and hydrologic properties of the sedimentary formations underlying a playa and its watershed.

(e) Areal extent and thickness of each major

lithologic unit will be determined by

drilling several bore holes in and on the periphery of the playa and obtaining cores

of the complete section where possible.

Properties of the sedimentary formations

to be determined in the laboratory will include particle size distribution, per- meability, specific yield, bulk density, carbonate equivalent, cation exchange

capacity, exchangeable cations, mineralogy,

and pH

.

Initiated in 1963, field and laboratory work

is continuing. GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION OF A PLAYA AND ITS WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Determine the stratigraphy of a playa and its watershed using surface electrical resis- tivity and electric and gamma-ray well logging equipment.

(e) The playa will be surveyed with the elec- trical resistivity equipment on a 500 foot

grid. Data will be collected and analyzed

according to standard practice. Each bore hole drilled on the playa watershed will

be logged electrically and these data correlated with the drillers log and the stratigraphy and properties of each lithologic member.

(f ) Initiated in 1963, field and laboratory work Is continuing.

(5217) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Jr., Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Rlesel, Texas.

(d) Field Investigation, applied research.

(e) Six watersheds of 5 to 15 acres; six planned, three selected, one installation completed

in 1963. These watersheds are all in range

areas of different soil and geologic

formations, and runoff will be measured by

pre-calibrated flumes. The relationship between the runoff and the associated precipitation as influenced by range use, geology, and soils are investigated.

(5218) THE DURABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DRAINAGE MATERIALS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A field Installation of old and new drainage

tile, pipe and tubing is being made to eval- uate the durability, and effectiveness of the materials. In addition, the investigation includes a study of the effectiveness

of providing envelope material to Increase

the flow of water and decrease movement of sediment into drain lines under stratified

soil conditions.

122
U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, Calif.,

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University and Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan

Utah.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs are being tested to develop more effective and lower cost methods of reducing seepage losses in irrigation

systems. The investigation included: (1) Evaluation of physical properties of lining

materials; (2) model testing of linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing

at selected sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic conditions.

(g) After nearly 10 years both vinyl and polyethylene film employed as buried linings con- tinue to provide effective seepage control.

A built-up asphalt coated Jute lining is highly effective after 7 years. After 9 years as an exposed canal lining the tensile

and elongation of butyl sheeting remained

unchanged. After 17 years of exposure on a walking deck butyl sheeting retained 80 percent of the original tensile and elongation.

(h) "Conveyance Losses In Irrigation Systems

and Measures for Control," Seepage Symposium,

Feb. 19-21, 1963. "Irrigation Research In the United States," Aridity & Man, Publication of American

Association for the Advancement of Science.

"New Slipform Uses Free-Flow Hopper," Farm & Home Science, Vol. 23, No. 3, September

1962. "Distribution, Control, and Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm," USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 926, July 1963.

(2117) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF

SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

and Federal agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 6014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

Applied research.

(e) To determine the consumptive use of water

by crops, phreatophytes, and other

vegetation, and net irrigation supply re- quirements. To develop empirical formula

from climatological and other data for de- termining rates of consumptive use.

(h) "Determining Consumptive Use and Irrigation

Requirements," by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne

D. Crlddle, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bui. No. 1275i59

pp. (1962) illus.

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND

LAKES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

of California, counties and other agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada

.

(d) Experimental; compilation and analysis of data. Applied research.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes and develop empirical formulas from climatological data for

computing monthly evaporation. Cooperative

field measurements are being made of pan evaporation at stations in California ranging from near sea level In Santa Barbara

County to 9,194 feet elevation at Kaiser

Pass in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains.

(2181) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER FOR IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer, 4816 East Shields Avenue, Fresno 3, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store imported water under- ground in quantity and of a qualty needed

in various locations. The objectives are:

(1) To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of surface soil and sub- strata on selected recharge sites and to relate these characteristics to infiltration

and percolation rates, and to lateral aquifer flow; (2) to determine the feasi- bility of recharge irrigation (deep percolation by heavy irrigation of crops) as a means of storing water underground; (3) to determine the effect on recharge of the quality of water reaching the groundwater

table under selected site conditions, and

on the quality of the groundwater;

and (4) to prepare a recharge guide which permits the evaluation of a site for

recharge, suggests methods and systems of recharge to be used and indicates the quality of groundwater that may be expected

as a result of recharge,

(h) "Proceedings 1963 Biennial Conf. on Ground Water Recharge and Ground Water Basin

Management," edited by Leonard Schiff. Issued November 1963 by Ground Water

Recharge Center, Fresno, California.

"A Soil-Drainage Study in Southwestern

Fresno County," by W. C. Bianchi, et al. Hilgardia, vol. 33(5), pp 171-78, 1962. "Research in Ground Water Recharge - South- western Fresno County," by E. E. Haskell,

Jr., W. C. Bianchi and C. R. Pomeroy,

Calif. Agr. vol. 17(9), 1963.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine surface-Irrigation requirements

of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three soil textures with constant water tables at various depths, and on well-drained soil in the absence of a water table; to determine

the effect of plant growth stage on the rate

of water use by Lahontan alfalfa; to de- termine the relation between the use of water by alfalfa under various water table conditions, evaporation from porous atmometer

bulbs, and evaporation from a Weather Bureau evaporation pan; and to evaluate the effects

of a fluctuating water table on the yield

and growth rate of alfalfa.

(g) The seasonal values indicate that: (1) The consumptive use and yield of alfalfa for the non-irrigated treatments decreased as the depth to water table increased; (2) the non-irrigated lyslmeters show a lower consumptive use and yield than the irrigated

lyslmeters in most instances; (3) the consumptive use and yield of the drained irrigated treatments are comparable to the values measured for the eight-foot water

table, non-irrigated treatment; and (4) the differences due to water table depth are less for the non-irrigated treatments. Alfalfa plants, grown on a sandy loan soil, can stand submergence for three days without

a reduction in yield.

(h) "Consumptive Use and Yield of Alfalfa Grown

in the Presence of Static Water Tables,"

by Rhys Tovey. University of Nevada Agr.

Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. 232, 65 pp. (1963) illus.

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE

AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

123
(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer, Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Field and applied research.

(e) To determine the causes for drainage

problems in the study area, to develop

equipment and techniques suited to conditions

in the study area which will permit deter- mining qualitative and, if possible,

quantitative relationships between causes for drainage problems in the study area and

in other similar areas; to develop physically and economically feasible methods of correcting or alleviating problems in the study area and in other similar areas.

(f) Project completed and preparation of report

underway.

(g) Canal seepage measurements are being ana- lyzed for relationship to high water table build-up. Results of investigative borings

are being compiled for determination of cor- rective drainage measures. Hydraulic con- ductivity and specific yield data are being

compiled for design of corrective drainage

measures. Plastic lined mole drains are being studied as a possible economical

drainage problem. Well, piezometer, and

irrigation efficiency data are being com- piled for analyzing the cause for drainage

problems.

(h) "Experimental Plastic Drains in Nevada,"

by A. S. Dylla, M. E. Rollins, and V. I. Myers. U. Nev. Agr. Expt . Sta. B. 228:

13 pp. (1963) lllus.

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Laurltzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan

Utah.

(dl Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) New methods and equipment for conveying and applying irrigation water are being

developed. The hydraulic properties of lay- flat tubing are being studied and new materials are being evaluated to determine

their use in conveyance structures.

(g) Two devices for regulating and measuring water deliveries from irrigation canals

and ditches have been developed. These devices are essentially leakproof and simple

to regulate.

(3558) LABORATORY MODEL AND FIELD STUDIES OF REDUCING SEEPAGE IN SANDS WITH BENTON ITE

(b) Laboratory and field project, in cooperation with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Research Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 8014,

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine factors influencing blanket treatments and sediment penetration and retention involved with sealing irrigation

canals or reservoirs with bentonito, and to develop procedures to obtain effective seals. Laboratory experimentation is being done with sands placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches

in diameter and 2 feet long. Ponds 20 x 40 feet are used in field tests. Bentonite is applied by blanket treatment and by dis- persing it in the water. Numerous aspects

concerning the chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of the bentonites,

waters, and sands will be evaluated.

(g) Investigations, to date, suggest that effective

seals can be obtained within certain unknown

limitations for the dispersion or sediment treatment. Blanket treatments are very effective if kept moist.

(h) "Experimental Bentonite Sealing," by Myron

B. Rollins, A. S. Dylla, and G. A. Myles. Nevada Expt. Sta. Bui. No. 228, 11 p. June

1963.- "Bentonite Can Reduce Seepage Losses," by

Myron B. Rollins and A. S. Dylla. Nevada

Ranch and Home Review, vol. 2 (5), 14-15,

Spring-Summer, 1963.

(3560) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS.

(b) Laboratory and field project, in cooperation

with University of Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta. and Nevada State Department of Conservation

and Natural Resources.!

(c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada

(e) To measure the evapo-transpiration of meadow vegetation in the Humboldt Basin area which subsists primarily under shallow water

table conditions The data will be used to determine areal use of ground waters by

native vegetation and phreatophytes and to develop methods of more efficient utilization

of those water supplies.

(f) Progress report covering three years data underway.

(g) Evapo-transpirational rates are being obtaind by water use measurements of meadow grasses growing in plastic lysimeters. Vegetative

growth, soil moisture, water table, and weather data are being collected to which evapo-transpiration rates from tanks can be related.

(h) "Plastic Membrane Tanks for Evapotranspiration Determinations," by A. S. Dylla

and Rhys Tovey, 'Agricultural Engineering,

vol. 43 (10), pp 584-585, 1962, lllus.

(3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Water Conser- vation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe, Arizona

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) ASA, class 125, cast iron, 90-degree, flanged elbows from five different manufacturers

have been calibrated under standard flow conditions. Magnitude of errors caused by

flow disturbances from various fittings

and installations were determined for 3-inch diameter elbows.

(f) Completed.

(g) Comparison of calibration results from 3, 6, and 10-inch diameter elbows give standard deviations within ± 3 percent.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Laurltzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanics Art, 130, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) There are areas in many regions where water

for livestock and even culinary uses is scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable wata1 in the form of precipitation falls each

year. As an example, the precipitation on one acre of land in an 8-inch rainfall area amounts to 217,248 gallons. This is enough

to supply water to more than 200 head of cattle for 100 days. This study Includes

the development and testing of materials for ground covers and storage facilities to be used for the collection and storage of water in low rainfall areas together with

the design and operation of these facilities.

(g) Ground covers and closed storage structures have been developed for Intercepting and storing precipitation. To satisfy the need

for a name this combination of structures has been termed a "Rain Trap." Butyl

sheeting continues to be the most satis- factory material for both the interceptor

and the storage reservoir. Other materials

are being Investigated, and there are indications that some of these will be less expensive and reasonably serviceable as ground covers. Modifications have been made

124
in the design and fabrication of ground

covers and storage bags made of butyl to improve their performance,

(h) "Graze More Range with This New Water-Saving

Idea". Ford Farming, p. 22, Summer 1962. "Capturing Precipitation". ICID Annual

Bulletin, 1962, p. 52. "Trap Water as Well as Tap Solar Energy".

Science, Vol. 140, No. 3571, pp. 1149-50, June 7, 1963. "Rain Traps". Proceedings, National Agricultural Plastics Conference, 1963.

(3874) INFLUENCE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER UPON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN THE SAN JACINTO

BASIN, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Luther B. Grass, Soil Chemist, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A study of the use of Colorado River Water

for irrigation applicable to the intermediate valley and plains areas of southern Calif.

is being conducted in two ways. First, in 1954 a group of key soil sampling stations

were selected and sampled annually. The soil analyses were compared with previous

analyses, annual rainfall patterns and cropping practices. The second study, initiated in 1960, encompasses a plot program In which potatoes and grain are grown in a three-year rotation. One-half

of the plots were presallnized. Only suf- ficient water to supply evapotranspi ration

is applied to one group of plots, while to the second an excess of 20 percent evapo- transpltatlon demands is applied.

(f ) Field work completed, report being prepared.

(g) Key salinity trend stations have revealed

during the past ten years that soil salinity has Increased gradually in areas irrigated

with Colorado River water. Winter rainfall

has a very marked influence upon this rate

of accumulation. A winter of substantially

above normal rainfall will do much to leach

the accumulated salts from the soil. However, on an average annual basis rainfall

is not a dependable means of leaching.

Consequently, the farm operation must

include a leaching program as part of the irrigation practice. The plot studies have,

in the first season, indicated the influence

of but moderate concentration of salts upon

productivity.

(4358) FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT AND ROUTING IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field investigation.

(e) Water level recorders are located at 2,000-

foot intervals in a 3-mile reach of natural

channel. The reach has a gaging flume at the inlet and at the outlet, and major

tributary inflow is gaged. Flood waves generated by cloudburst type thunderstorms

are being studied.

(g) Propagation of the peak of the flood wave for discharges between 1000 and 2000 cfs took

place at velocities of 10-15 feet per second,

as compared with velocities of 5-7 feet per

second for the front of the wave moving on a dry channel bed.

(4359) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic research

.

(e) Ralngage networks with densities of one recording gage per square mile are being

operated on the 58-square-mile Walnut Gulch watershed in southeastern Arizona and the 67-square-mile Alamogordo Creek watershed

in northeastern New Mexico. The walnut Gulch study is augmented by horizontalsearch 3-cm. radar. Objectives of the study

are to determine precipitation parameters, of importance in predicting runoff and sediment yield, and to give particular

attention to the small area, highly intense, convective .summer thunderstorms typical of the region.

(g) Data from Walnut Gulch watershed for a 7-year

period of record indicate that summer convective thunderstorms are elliptical in shape with the major axis approximately 1.5 times the minor axis. Eighty percent of the storms are smaller than 4 1/2 square mite

in area, and 96$ are smaller than 10 square miles. Maximum runoff events are typically

the result of multi-celled storms separated

in space and time. On the Alamogordo Creek

Watershed, convective thunderstorms are of greater intensity and larger areal extent

than at Walnut Gulch. The difference is due

to the greater amount of pricipitable water

in the air mass in eastern New Mexico as compared with Southeastern Arizona, and to the fact that frontal action is more common

thus giving an added lift to convective

storm cells.

(h) "A Record Storm Event on the Alamogordo

Creek Watershed in Eastern New Mexico," by

R. V. Keppel. J. Geophys. Research Vol. 68, No. 16: 4877-4880. Aug. 1963. "Convective Storm Patterns in the South- western United States", by H . B. Osborn and

W. H. Reynolds. Bui. of International

Assoc. Scientific Hydrology V:8, No. 3: 71-83. Sept. 1963.

(4360) RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) On semiarid rangeland watersheds up to 43,000 acres in size, runoff measurements

are being maintained, and an attempt is being made to relate water yield to climatic and watershed characteristics, and

to evaluate the effects of a range program

on rates and amounts of flood runoff and on net water yields. A new design of critical depth flume with capacities up to 18,500

cfs Is being used to gage the flashy, sediment-laden flows.

(g) On 5 Walnut Gulch watersheds ranging from

560 to 36,900 acres, water yield decreases exponentially with the 0.3 power of the watershed size. All of the water yields to date have occurred from June to September

as a result of Intense convective thunderstorms. On the Alamogordo Creek Watershed

(43,000 acres), flow events originating on the central portion of the valley floor

cause a flat-top hydrograph with a sustained peak lasting 2 to 3 hours. It is believed

that this is caused by unusually large

valley storage located upstream from a channel discontinuity. On the other hand, runoff events originating on the highly

Incised southeast or southwest branch of the main stem are sharp-peaked.

(h) "Field Performance of Large Critical Depth

Flumes for Measuring Runoff from Semiarid

Rangelands," by Osborn, H. B., Keppel, R. V., and Renard, K. G. , ARS-41-69; 14 pp. March

1963.

(4361) THE ROLE OF VALLEY AND CHANNEL MATERIALS AND VEGETATION IN THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI- ARID WATERSHEDS.

125
(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural

Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. K. G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, A.rizona.

d) Experimental, field investigation.

e) Measurements from tandem gaging stations are utilized to evaluate the losses that occur

as runoff traverses ephemeral stream

channels. Records from shallow wells show depletion patterns of the transmission

loss water.

(g) Losses up to 25 acre-f eet-per-mlle of channel have been measured on one reach of channel in a single flash flood. Records

from wells in both the local and regional water tables indicate that in one reach of the main channel, most of the water Is dissipated by evaporation and transpiration, while in another reach there may be some movement from the channel alluvium down to the regional water table.

(4362) TOE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND

NATIVE VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Ariz, and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Dr. J. L. Gardner, Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research.

(e) Interrelations of soils and native vege- tation as they Influence water and sediment yield are being evaluated on rangeland

watersheds of 100 to 43,000 acres in Arizona and New Mexico. Supplementary to studies on entire watersheds, inflltroraeter studies on 6 x 12' plots are in progress.

A primary objective of the inf iltrometer

studies is determination of parameters of rangeland vegetation most effective in evaluating its Influences on runoff and sediment production on watersheds.

(g) On the infiltrometer plots, maximum runoff

is reached in about half the time on areas supporting brush as compared to those supporting grass. On small watersheds above

stock tanks, average anr.aal sediment pro- duction — but not runoff — is logarithmically correlated with basal area of grass

cover.

(4363) HYDROLOGIC DATA REDUCTION WITH ANALOG-TO- DIGITAL CONVERTER.

(b) Laboratory projects, cooperative with the Arizona and Mew Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; laboratory.

e) Hydrologic records in analog form are being reduced to digital form by means of an automatic analog to digital converter. Information is transferred primarily from rainfall charts to punched cards for future computer programs.

(h) "Use of Chart Readers for Analog to Digital Conversion of Hydrologic Data," by Herbert

B. Osborn, ARS-41-81: 12 pp. June 1963.

(4364) RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY MICROCLIMATE, WATER BALANCE, SOIL AND VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, A.rizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research.

(e) Runoff and sediment yields are being measured from several small, single soil- cover subwatersheds located within larger

experimental watersheds having mixed soil- cover situations. Objectives are to eval- uate the effects of various, soil-vegetation

complexes, microclimate and water balance phases on local runoff and sediment pro- duction, and to Identify and characterize

unit source-areas controlling the net storm runoff and sediment yields of larger, more

complex watersheds,

(g) Average annual sediment yield from small predominantly grass-covered watersheds is about 1%, by weight, of their water yield. Sediment yield measured from predominantly

brush-covered watersheds ranges from around

2%, by weight, of water yield upward.

(4365) SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND WATERSHED CHARAC- TERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. K. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental, field and laboratory.

e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the relationship of sediment production on unit source areas to sediment yields of complex watersheds, (2) to develop methods for sediment yield prediction, and

(3) to develop methods for reducing sediment yields from semlarid rangeland watersheds in

the Southwest. Integrated depth samples of suspended sediment are being collected, and single-stage samples by automatic samplers. Total load and particle sizes are being

determined for correlation with storm and runoff measurements on several experimental watershed with varying soil, vegetation

characteristics, and drainage features. Studies will be carried out over a number

of years during which effects of changing

range cover and corresponding changes in flow regimes of the watersheds may be evaluated.

(4368) DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) (1) To develop a portable device that can be used in the design and evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems and (2) to determine procedures for the use of the portable Irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device in measuring soil intake rates, sprinkler application rates and other

factors pertinent to the efficient design

of sprinkler irrigation systems.

(g) A portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device has been designed and constructed. Tests show that the device works satis- factorily. Procedures for measuring soil Intake rates for sprinkler irrigation

system design have been developed.

(h) "A Portable Irrigation Sprinkler Evaluation

Device", Irrig. Engin. & Maintenance 12(2): 8-9 (1962) illus.

"A Method of Measuring Water Intake Rate into the Soil for Sprinkler Design", by

Rhys Tovey and Claude H. Pair, Proc. of the Sprinkler Irrigation Association Tech. Conf., March 1963.

(4850) WATERSHED RELATIONS TO RECHARGE OF DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED GROUND WATER BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

(d) Basic and applied research.

126
(e) Soil moisture measurements (made with

neutron scattering moisture meters to depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) together

with measurements of precipitation and other

cllmatologlcal factors are being made on a watershed near Lompoc, California, to de- termine how much, If any, of the rainfall in certain areas penetrates beyond the root zone,

to recharge groundwater. The thirteen sites now being studied represent various cover,

soil, and topographic conditions. A study

Is made of movement of water In various

soils to help determine net contribution

to ground water recharge by deeply pene- trating rainwater. A technique for pre- dicting ground water recharge by deep pene- tration of rainwater is being developed

which will provide probability estimates of seasonal recharge based site conditions and cllmatologlcal records.

(g) Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. The magnitude of this migration is predictable and

amount of downward movement of moisture

through the root zone can be estimated

fairly accurately without the benefit of periodic moisture determinations; provided

monthly precipitation data are available and

the range of available moisture in the root

zone is known.

(h) "Agricultural Utilization of the Waters of the Santa Ynez River Basin in Southern

Santa Barbara County, California". H. P. Blaney, P. R. Nixon, G. P. Lawless, and

E. J. Wiedmann. Processed report. Oct. 1963. "Soil Moisture Measurement with the Neutron

Method", C. H. M. van Bavel, P. R. Nixon,

and V. L. Hauser. U. S. Dept. Ag., Agr.

Res. Serv. ARS-41-70: 39 pp. 1963.

(4851) WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LOSSES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agrlc.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

(d) Experimental and field Investigation, basic

and applied research.

(e) Measurements of soil moisture content are being made at 13 neutron scatter metering

sites on a watershed near Lompoc, Calif. Soil suction is measured at one site by

tenslometers. Precipitation is measured

within a complex of four of the soil moisture

sites. Outside of the watershed, in a plot

(approx. one acre) of perennial ryegrass,

soil moisture data are obtained by an elec- tronically weighing lysimeter, neutron

scatter meter, tenslometers and moisture

blocks. Soil temperature, soil heat flux,

drainage from the lysimeter, wind velocity

and direction, solar, total hemispherical,

and net radiation, albedo, air temperature

and humidity are measured in or near the lysimeter. Most of this data is automati- cally recorded. Data is also obtained from

an adjoining USWB class A type climate

station, which contains extra instruments consisting of a hygrothermograph, spherical atmometers, and recording rain gage. Purpose

of this work is to determine the relationships

between evapotranspiration and various cli- matic, soil, and plant Influences as these relationships affect watershed performance

with respect to net water yield.

(g) Much of the available water in the root zones of the native vegetation was quickly

used after each dry season started. The lack of available water reduced evapotranspiration rates. It was found that these rates

of evapotranspiration correlated to con- siderable degree with the soil moisture

content of the root zones.

(h) "Evapotranspiration - Climate Comparisons in Coastal Fogbelt, Coastal Valley, and Interior Valley Locations in California," P. R. Nixon,

N. A. MacGillivray, and G. P. Lawless.

Gen. Assem. of Berkeley, IUGG, Internal. Assoc. of Sci. Hydrology, Committee for

Evap., Publ. No. 62, pp. 221-231. 1963. "Agricultural Utilization of the Waters of the Santa Ynez River Basin in Southern

Santa Barbara County, California", H. F. Blaney, P. R. Nixon, G. P. Lawless, and

E. J. Wiedmann. Processed report. Oct. 1963. (4853) SALINITY BALANCE INVESTIGATION OF CITRUS

IRRIGATION ON RESIDUAL SOILS, USING COLORADO RIVER WATER.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service, and Riverside County (California) Flood Control Dlst.

(c) Mr. Sterling Davis, Drainage Engineer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

d) Experimental.

e) The salinity of the soil and drainage water from this watershed is compared with

total Colorado River water irrigation appli- cation plus rainfall to determine the salinity trends within a 1,000 acre watershed planted primarily to citrus orchards. Granodiorlte rock underlying these soils minimizes loss of effluent to deep percolation. Bi-annual soil samplings are taken

of selected sites within the watershed. Intensive investigations including flow recorders, flumes, and recording rain gages, were activated in May 1961. The program was expanded in 1962 to include sufficiently

large flumes to measure winter storm runoff. The project was established as a five-year program

.

(g) Preliminary observations have demonstrated

the capabilities of this research technique

In securing information on salinity trends

on a watershed-wide basis.

(4854) EFFECT ON TILE DRAINS OF MANGANESE AND IRON SOLUBILITY IN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Luther Grass, Soil Chemist, P. 0. Box

629, Pomona, Calif.

dl Experimental.

e) A study to determine the ability of various

soils to yield ferrous or amanganous ions

in drainage effluent under varying condi- tions of reduction and pH and to develop

an index for classifying soils as to their reduction potential. Tile line deposits of manganese and ferric oxide now represent a serious threat to irrigated agriculture,

particularly in the Coachella and Imperial

Valleys of California. SCS and ARS tech- nicians have collected and forwarded soil samples from 11 locations throughout the United States where this problem has been

observed in agricultural drain lines. Apparatus has been set up in the laboratory

to subject these reduced conditions.

(5219) WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS WITH CHEMICAL

TRACERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, U. S. Water

Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A,

Tempe, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Techniques and equipment for the integrated

sample method of water discharge in open channels and in pipelines using fluorescent

chemical tracers are being developed.

(g) A sensitive laboratory fluorometer has been adapted for field use. Preliminary field measurements indicate that uniform mixing of tracer with water flowing in an open channel

is difficult to obtain.

(5220) UNSATURATED FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRI- CULTURAL SOILS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. E. J. Doering, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

127
P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The objectives are (1) To develop improved

techniques (in terms of effort, reliability,

and time) for measuring the water transmitting

properties of agricultural soils at various matric suction values; and (2) to determine

the unsaturated flow properties of a variety

of agricultural soils. Diffusion theory

and linear flow systems are being utilized.

(g) The measurement of the unsaturated flow properties of soil is by no means experimentally routine. However, the recent development of apparatus for accurately

measuring and recording low rates of liquid flow simplifies the collection of the required outflow data.

(5221) THE ROLE OP SOIL MOISTURE IN SEMIARID RANGE- LAND HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service.

(c) Dr. H. A. Schreiber, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

dj Experimental; field and laboratory,

e) The objectives of this study are: (a) To determine the relation of soil moisture to vegetation and soil characteristics; (b) to determine and evaluate effects of soil moisture

and related vegetation conditions on detention,

retention, and deep penetration of rainfall;

(c) to compare with the naturally occurring

moisture regime the effects produced by two Imposed moisture regimes on soil and vegetation characteristics relating to the hydrology and sediment production of semiarid rangelands;

(d) to study the effects and interactions with soil moisture of maintaining a higher

than natural level of fertility on soil and vegetation characteristics affecting the runoff net water yield, and sediment yields

and forage production of semiarid rangeland

watersheds.

(5222) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Tehachapi

Soil Conservation District, and California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, Calif. 93438.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Objectives of this study are to develop storm time-depth-area relationships of rainfall in Central and Southern California to geographic

location in the detail needed for design of flood runoff control works on agricultural watersheds of 400 square miles or less; and to characterize other precipitation parameters

relating to the net water yields, flood

runoff and sediment production of such watersheds.

(5223) DETERMINING THE EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL WATERSHED

MODELING RELATIONSHIPS CAUSED BY MANIPULATING

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FLUID USED IN THE MODEL'S RAINSTORM SIMULATOR.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State University.

(c) Mr. D. L. Chery, Jr., Hydraulic Engineer, USU Box 229, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental laboratory. Applied research

(also for both a master's and doctoral thesis).

(e) To determine the effect on model-prototype

relationships resulting from changes in the physical properties of water-chemical mixture used in a model watershed's rainstorm simulator. Data from the model are compared with records

of the prototype watershed (97-acre semiarid watershed near Albuquerque, New Mexico) to ascertain which water-chemical mixtures give

the best correlation between the two. The watershed model consists of a 1:175 fiber- glass topographical model and an automatically

programmed rainstorm simulator. In the storm simulator the fluid is applied in several independent subunits by positive

displacement pumps driven by variable speed

D. C. electric motors. The fluid is distributed evenly over the subarea by

equal length polyethylene tubing,

(h) "Description of a Watershed Model and Rainfall Simulator," D. L. Chery, Jr., Engenusu,

January 1964, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(5224) GROUND WATER AS A FACTOR IN THE WATER BUDGET

OF SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. D. E. Wallace, Geologist, P. 0. Box 213, Tombstone, Arizona.

d) Experimental, field; applied research.

e) Objective of the study is to provide infor- mation on ground water accretion and movement and aqulfer-streamflow relationship

as affected by surface and subsurface geologic conditions.

(g) Research will include: (1) Preparing maps

and stratigraphic sections of the watershed

and associated areas; (2) collecting cores

and samples of the various materials for laboratory analysis; (3) utilizing drilling

techniques and sensory methods to determine

porosity, permeability, and transmissablllty

of aquifers and valley material. Pumping

tests and tracers will also be utilized in determining flow movement in subsurface

strata

(5225) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF RESEEDING RANGELAND.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Experiment Stations of Arizona and New Mexico, U. S. Soil Conservation Service,

local ranch owners.

(c) Mr. D. R. Kincaid, Research Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental, field; applied research.

e) Treatments comprise combinations of brush

removal, soil pitting and reseeding to perennial range grasses. They are applied

to replicated 6xl2-foot plots, and to drainage areas up to 10 acres. Objective is to investigate effects of a practical range con- servation program on yields of water and sediment

(g) Mean runoff from eleven storms In the summer

of 1963 varied significantly among 24 un- treated brush-covered 6xl2-foot plots. Soil and vegetation characteristics to which these differences are due are being investigated. Indications are that microrelief , cover of erosion pavement, and cover of vegetation

are the most Important.

(5226) DYNAMICS OF WATER AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS,

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Principles involving uptake of water from

soil by plants and subsequent loss to atmosphere are under study. A mathematical

model for the soil-plant atmosphere system ha has been derived. Experiments are conducted

in the greenhouse and growth chamber to test the validity of the model.

(g) The unsaturated conductivity of the soil as well as the soil suction has been shown to be important In governing water uptake by

plants. The mathematical model has been

extended to provide a quantitative relation between transpiration and soil moisture.

(h) "Some Observations on the Movement of Water

to Plant Roots," W. R. Gardner and C. F. Ehlig. Agron. J. 54: 453-456, 1962.

128
Impedence to Water Movement in Soli and

Plant," W. Ft. Gardner and C. F. Ehlig. Science 138: 522-523, 1962. "Relation of Root Distribution to Water

Uptake and Availability". W. R. Gardner. Agron. J. 56:41-45 (1964) illus.

"The Influence of Soil Water on Transpiration

by Plants", W. R. Gardner and C. F. Ehlig.

J. of Geophys. Research 66(20) :5719-5724,

(1963) illus.

(5227) EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM FIELD SOILS IN THE PRESENCE OF A WATER TABLE.

(b) Field project conducted in cooperation with

the Southwestern Irrigation Field Station.

(c) Mr. E. J. Doering, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The objectives are (1) To develop simplified

but accurate techniques for evaluating

evaporative losses from field soils, and

(2) to determine the applicability of theory

describing evaporation from soils in the presence of a water table to the solution of field problems.

(g) Both direct (evaporimeter) and indirect (salt accumulation and distribution) methods have been used at a field site in Imperial Valley,

California to estimate the actual evaporation

rate under essentially steady flow conditions.

The two methods produced comparable estimates

of the evaporation rate, but greater precision

of estimate was achieved by the evaporimeter

methods.

(h) "A Direct Method for Measuring the Upward

Flow of Water from the Water Table", E. J. Doering. Soil Scl. 96(3): 191-195 (1963) illus. Sept. 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Central States Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to R. D. Lane, Director, 111 Old

Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio.

(3563) SUBSURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research,

(e) Movement of subsoil water will be studied

in various geologic and soil types to:

(1) Develop techniques for quantitatively

measuring subsurface water movement from

small plots; (2) to learn the effect of artificial rainfall on quantity and timing

of subsurface water movement; and (3) to develop a flow equation, including coeffi- cients for the significant variables affecting that flow. This information will aid watershed technicians in making land management decisions on areas that have

lots of subsurface stormflow.

(g) The upper 10 to 15 feet of a 50-foot long

plot was wetted while the lower 30 to 35 feet was left dry. The subsurface movement of water down the plot lowered downslope tensi- ometer readings. In almost every case seepage occurred from the collection system several hours after the simulated storm started,

indicating that water moved laterally beneath

the surface parallel to the slope. In all storms seepage occurred only from the trough

immediately overlying the water- impeding strata Unsealed nuclear meter access tubes, installed near each group of tenslometers have served

as piezometers during most of the simulated

storms. The tubes terminate in heavy clay

at 46 inches in the downslope tube. After

pumping the water out of the tube it refilled

to its former level in 30 to 40 minutes. This

confirms the hypothesis developed from tensl- ometer readings that a temporary ground water

table builds up above the clay layer during

heavy rainstorms. In most cases these levels

have receded within 12 to 18 hours.

(4373) USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING FOREST SOIL MOISTURE AND DENSITY.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research,

(e) Some newly developed equipment, operating on the principle of nuclear radiation, facilitates the measurement of soil moisture and

the soil's closely allied property—bulk

density. We now have a five-piece set of this nuclear radiation equipment. We are investigating principles that will guide us in the use of this equipment,

(g) A local calibration curve developed for a surface moisture nuclear probe on forest and

range land of the Central States predicts a higher soil moisture for a given impulse

rate than does the curve furnished by the manufacturer. Results for the extreme con- ditions of water and dry soil show that the impulse rate became constant when the water

depth was increased to 5 Inches and the dry

soil was thickened to 12 inches. If this meter is to be used on soil that is less than 12 inches thick, a separate field cali- bration should be made for that particular

soil on its underlying material. The probe must be placed on a smooth, even surface when observations are being made because the Impulse rate decreased rapidly as an air

space or layer of unincorporated organic

matter, between the probe and the surface to be measured, increased. Standardized placement procedures should be followed in order to give reproducible results. Since shallowly frozen soil gave a lower (drier)

reading than the same soil when not frozen,

special care should be taken to Insure a good contact between the meter and the frozen soil surface, an applicable cali- bration curve must be developed for use when

the soil is frozen. Changing the temperatuie

of a 12-inch deep layer of water had no significant effect upon the impulse rate. However, the mean of a group of cold weather

readings on the manufacturer's paraffin

standard was significantly lower than that

of a similar group made in the summertime. Therefore, the impulse rate computed from the direct meter readout, rather than the ratio method, should be used for converting from meter reading to a related moisture content.

In October 1962, surface moisture and density nuclear meters were compared with gravimetric

samples in an Inventory at the Ohio Power

Company's stockpiled coal at a thermoelec- tricity generating plant. The results suggest that after careful calibration, the nuclear method could be easier and faster than the gravimetric sample method for estimating the moisture and density of the stockpiled coal. The California sand cone method and gravimetric

samples secured with a post hole auger have been used for estimating the density and moisture, respectively, in previous invento- ries of this coal stockpile. Such measure- ments have been obtained from the bottom of 2 to 4 foot deep pits cut into the surface of t the coal with a bulldozer. Measurements and samples were taken from 15 such shallow pits on this coal pile on October

1962. Moisture and density nuclear meter

readings were then made on a surface adjacent to that used for taking the sand cone measure- ment and the gravimetric sample. The density, as determined from the 15 California sand cone measurements, ranged

from 68.8 to 86.8 and averaged 79.8 pounds per cubic foot. The moisture content of the

15 gravimetric samples ranged from 5.1 to 10.2 and averaged 8.3 percent on an oven- dry weight basis. The range in values for both density and moisture are relatively

narrow and the nuclear probes are capable of measuring much wider ranges than these. The simple linear correlation between the surface density nuclear meter readings and

129
(4752)

(e)

(g)

(4753)

(Si

(e)

(g)

the densities determined by the California

sand cone gave a correlation coeffecient of 0.452. This is statistically significant at about the 90 percent probability level. The correlation coeffecient between the surface moisture nuclear meter reading and the gravi- metric moisture samples was only slightly

higher, 0.456. This was also statistically

significant at the 90 percent probability

level

Since sampling with the nuclear meters would

not require that pits be opened with a bull- dozer or that the samples be processed in the laboratory, it appears that this method would

be a better way of sampling moisture and den- sity of stockpiled coal. No doubt the accuracy

of nuclear meter sampling can be greatly im- proved over that found in this study if addi- tional calibration measurements were obtained.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OP A CONIFEROUS PLANTATION THAT ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO TREE

GROWTH AND TO WATER AVAILABLE FOR STREAMFLOW. Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research. This is an intensive soil-moisture study initiated to discover some basic tree stand characteristics that are closely related to tree growth and to water available for

stream flow and to develop guides for field

use in managing forest plantations to obtain

optimum production of wood and water. Analysis of the calibration readings on the plots of this study shows that the uniformity

between plots is satisfactory. The differences between wet readings in the spring of 1962 and dry readings in the autumn of 1962 Indicate

that the larger treatment effects, ranging

from zero to 0.6 inch of water per foot of

soil, will be just detectable In the smaller difference range. These results suggest that

the cutting treatments that will open the stand to different spacings may now be made

and that the design will be successful in isolating treatment effects if: (1) Treatment effects are at least as large as those described above; and (2) Basic plot vari- ability remains the same for subsequent years

as it was in 1962. Trees on the plots were

cut to different spacings In the autumn of 1963. Effects of the cutting on soil moisture

should be apparent within the next one to two

years. FOREST RESTORATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ON STRIP MINED LANDS. Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research. Surface runoff on spoil banks, freshly formed during strip mining in the Appalachian

coal fields, has a high soil erosion and

sediment transport potential. This seriously affects water quality and has other deleterious effects on watersheds in which

coal is harvested. It is highly desirable

to establish a vegetative cover as quickly

as possible after mining disturbance in order to minimize erosion and maintain water

quality. The purpose of this project is to develop practical surface mining methods for

the rugged, forested watersheds of the Appalachian coal field that will result in

a minimum of damage to soil, water, and

other resources and that will leave the mined areas in the best possible condition

for restoration of these resources. Surveys of coal seams in the Harlan, Kentucky

area gave an average swell factor of 1.55 for

the number of observations taken but individual measurements varied over a wide range. The angle of repose was 37 degrees -- the

same as for sand or gravel and clay mixtures.

This varied within the limits of 34 to 40 degrees.

Using hlghwall height and original slope angle

as independent variables, an equation was

developed for predicting slope distance covered by spoil material,

y = 3.91^5 xx

+ 1.73^2 x2

- 29.0095- The mean disturbed width (horizontal) of the strip mines observed in this study was

found to be 231 feet. On this basis, each mile of contour strip mining disturbs 28 acres: 2 acres of hlghwall, 16 acres of pit, and 10 acres of outslope per mile. This study has shown that the area of strip- mine disturbance can be predicted if the proposed hlghwall height and the original

slope angle are known. A useful corollary

to this is that if some land use or feature downslope from a proposed strip mine limits

the amount of disturbed area that can be

tolerated, the allowable depth of cut or height of hlghwall can be computed during

the planning stage. In this way, the outslope can berestrlcted to the desired

length and the property below protected.

A slight increase in the concentration of dissolved solids — from 50 ppm to 85 ppm -- and specific conductance -- 78 epm to 134 epm — was observed in the non-flood stage

of the stream during mining, but both decreased during the first half of 1963 after stripping ceased. Theoretically a quick temporary ground cover supported by a more permanent cover of trees

should materially reduce sheet and rill erosion from the fresh spil banks. Accordingly, European alder (Alnus

glutlnosa ) from 18 seed sources and 7 other species of alder were tried on some eastern Kentucky spoil banks. Weeping love grass, crabgrass, and Kentucky

31 fescue seeded In the spring germinated

and appeared to be well established after

one growing season. Brown mustard germinated, but quickly died out. Crown vetch had low germination and grew slowly. Summer

seeded species: German millet, Sudan grass, Kentucky 31 fescue, grain sorgllum, and crabgrass had low germination and developed

slowly.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah. Inquires concerning projects should be addressed to Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(4992) CONTROLLING EROSION FROM LOGGING SKIDTRAILS.

(b) W

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations; applied research.

A 5-year field test of the efficiency of different types of mechanical structures in stabilizing and controlling erosion on skidtrails. Completed. Erosion measurements on 569 intervals of 105 logging skidtrails revealed the following:

(1) Erosion is greater and rate of healing

is slower on soil derived from granite than

on soil derived from basalt; (2) More soil is eroded from skidtrails unavoidably located in ravine bottoms than from trails on sldehills;

(3) Control structures that divert water off

the skidtrail onto undisturbed forest floors

are superior to those that only retard water movement and filter out sediment along

the skidtrail; (4) Any increase in spacing between control structures Is accompanied

by increase in soil movement; and (5) Optimun

spacing between erosion control structures

depends upon the percent of slope, whether

location of the skidtrail is on a sidehill cr in a ravine, and the soil parent material.

"Soil Erosion Control Structures on Skid- trails," W. J. Kidd, Jr., Intermountain

Forest and Range Expt. Sta., Ogden, Utah.

8 pp., lllus. 1963. (U. S. Forest Service

Res. Paper INT-1) . Copies available upon

130
request to Station Director.

(4993) SOME SNOWMELT CHARACTERISTICS OF A WESTERN

WHITE PINE FOREST.

13

(e)

(4994)

Si

(e)

(E)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research.

A study of 4-year' s data to determine effects

of climatic and site factors on snowmelt characteristics in a western white pine

forest

.

Completed.

Average daily snowmelt in the spring months was 0.42 inch. The increase in average snowmelt

rate with the delay in the time at which

melting began, reflects the effect of warmer

temperatures as the spring season progressed. When other studied factors were held constant, average daily snowmelt rate increased with increasing elevation. A greater snow accumulation at high elevations left more

snow subject to warm temperatures In late

spring. Snowmelt rate increased as the forest canopy density decreased. Maximum

snowmelt rates occurred on southwest

exposures; minimum snowmelt rates were on northerly exposures. EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC FACTORS

ON FREE-WATER EVAPORATION IN MOUNTAINOUS

TERRAIN. Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research. An investigation of evaporation rates in mountainous terrain in northern Utah is being conducted -with a specially designed network of 13 Weather Bureau Class A evaporation stations at elevations ranging from 4,400 to 9,000 feet. The investigation seeks

to determine the effects of elevation,

topography, and exposure on evaporation.

Preliminary results indicate that meteorological and topographic parameters can be correlated with evaporation rates for different locations on a daily basis. Conclusions concerning the degree that evaporation can be explained by these parameters will have to await completion

of the study. Maximum daily rates of evaporation in 1962

from these 13 sites varied from 0.33 to 0.57

inch, and maximum hourly rates on selected

days ranged from 0.018 to 0.040 inch. Of the several variables affecting evaporation, wind appears to be the dominant meteorological factor. "Evaporation Rates in Mountainous Terrain,"

1963, Eugene L. Peck and Dale J. Pfankuch.

I.A.S.H. Com. for Evaporation, Pub. No. 62, pp. 267-278. Copies available upon request

to Station Director.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Lake States Forest Experiment Station.

2) Studies of forest bog hydrology on five

small forested swamp watersheds. Present instrumentation Includes a recording well

and a series of 9 to 12 nonrecording wells

in each of 5 bogs, plus several upland wells

in adjacent mineral soil. Involved are a total of 5 recording wells and 52 non- recording wells. Four swamp watersheds have been equipped with stream-gaging

stations, Involving two 120 degree V-notch weirs and three "H" flumes. (3) Lab- oratory and field studies to evaluate the hydrologic and physical characteristics of peat soils. Moisture characteristics of undisturbed peat cores have been determined

with specially built pressure cells. The hydraulic conductivity of several peat

materials is being tested using field piezo- meter and laboratory techniques. (4) A

study of four bottomless field lysimeters

to evaluate evapotransplration from peat

lands under forest and nonforest wildland

conditions. These are 10-foot-dlameter,

sheet metal cylinders, 3 feet in height, driven into the soil about 18 inches, or deep enough to reach rather impermeable

peats. (5) A classification of peat lands

from a watershed management viewpoint.

(g) Results to date on 22 ln-situ tests of permeability of peats by the auger-hole method indicate that hydraulic conductivity

of four classes of peats studied to date range from 1.58 x 10"^ for moss peats to 8.52 x 10- 6 for aggregated peat, with woody

and herbaceous peats being between these two

values. The hydraulic conductivity found

in the above field tests were somewhat lower

than those observed in laboratory tests run

on 36 cores of peat about 4 inches in diameter and 4 inches high. The rate of water loss In early August from a forested

plot in terms of inches per day in bottomless lysimeters agrees closely with a similar situation in an entire bog where table fluctuations were observed by means of wells

and also with potential evapotransplration

calculated by the Thornthwaite method. The rise in water table level in the denser,

well-decomposed peat is around 12 inches per

inch of precipitation, while in low density

sphagnum peat moss the water table rise was

only about 2 inches per inch of precipi- tation . Stream flow records from four swampland watersheds during the first full year of record showed that 65 to 85 percent of the total annual runoff occurred in a 2-month period in the spring.

(h) "Forest Soil Freezing and the Influence of Management Practices, Northern Minnesota,"

Sidney Weitzman and Roger R. Bay. U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper LS-2, 8 pp., tbls.,

1963. "Management Practices can Affect Freezing of Soil," Sidney Weitzman and Roger R. Bay. Forest World 2(4): 41-43, 1963.

"A Review of Forest Swamp Drainage Methods

in Northern Europe." J. H. Stoeckeler.

Jour. For. 61: 99-104, illus. 1963. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., 55101, unless indicated otherwise for a specific project.

(3887)

(Si

(e)

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA. Laboratory project.

Experimental and field Investigations; basic

and applied research. Tests the influence of forested bogs on streamflow and groundwater behavior. Five major projects have been undertaken to date:

1) Studies of the effect of forest cover conditions on individual hydrologic processes. This has included the impact of soil-cover types on snow accumulation and

melt, soil freezing, and moisture regime.

(3889) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFT- LESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, with some aspects in cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation Dept.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied research

.

(e) Major emphasis is given to methods of con- trolling runoff and erosion, including

gully stabilization through reforestation,

and other land-use treatments. Studies of infiltration, soil freezing, soil-moisture

movement, and storage on loessal soils under

the Impact of grazing and other uses are underway including coniferous versus broadleaf tree plantings. The effect of land use and land treatments on springflow con- tinues to be Investigated. A total of 35 water-measuring devices have been installed

on watersheds ranging from about 2 to 55

131
acres in area. The devices include 90-degree V-notch weirs, modified 2-foot San Dlmas flumes, and several sizes of H-flumes. All are equipped with recording instruments. Of the above devices, four are at springs with per- manent flow. A total of about 35 wells up to 100 feet deep have been drilled above 4 springs in an attempt to locate the water

table divide.

(g) Studies of soil moisture with the neutron meter revealed that water was released from

the snowpack with only brief rises of temperature above the melting point and that this water infiltrated and percolated through

3 feet of frozen ground. Moisture content

of the frozen profiles changed frequently

as a result of water movement into and out

of the profile.

Closely spaced wells were installed to determine the actual elevation of the water

table to topographic surface of the land. Preliminary data indicate that the absolute elevation of the water table is higher in the valleys than under ridges. Should this be generally true in the Driftless Area, it would raise considerable question as to aspects of determination of true watershed

boundaries

.

Runoff studies of dual-use watersheds (i.e.,

partly in farmland on gently sloping ridgetops

and with timber cover on the steeper land

below) indicate that of 35 storms that produced runoff from farmed uplands on 3 gaged watersheds, only 3 storms produced

runoff at the bottom of the wooded slopes.

Apparently the higher infiltration rate of the soils in the steeper wooded part of the watershed accounts for absorption of much of the runoff.

(h) "Flow Characteristics of Two Types of Springs

in Southwestern Wisconsin," Willie R. Curtis.

U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note LS-1, 2 pp., illus.,

1963.

"Tool for Editing Analog-to-Digital Tapes," Willie R. Curtis. Jour. Soil and Water

Conserv. 17: 254, illus., 1962. "Device for Automatically Starting a Recording Rain Gage when Rainfall Begins," Willie R. Curtis. U.S. For. Serv. Res. Note LS-3, 3 pp., illus., 1963.

(3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER

MICHIGAN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Two major projects have been undertaken to date: 1) A major study is designed to determine the hydrology of ground-water

recharge and consumption in deep sandy soils

of the Udell Hills area in Michigan. Installations to date Include a series of 114 ground-water wells in deep morainal

areas and adjoining outwash plains; of these,

8 have automatic recorders. After the cali- bration period, the effect of cover manipulation -- especially plantation establishment

and harvesting methods -- on ground-water

recharge and use will be established. (2) A second major study is concerned with

streambank stabilization and the sediment problem in streams flowing through these sandy areas. Major objectives of this study

are (a) to determine the Influence of land use upon sediment production, and (b) to evaluate the effect of streambank stabili- zation measures upon suspended sediment

loads. A total of 20 sampling stations have been established on 11 streams. A new

aspect of the study on streambank stabili- zation includes tests of rock riprap at or near

the waterline and planting brush species above it. Upperbank treatments also Include

seeding and fertilizing plus various chemical mulch applications,

(g) Fieldwork was completed in summer 1963 using

two geophysical exploration techniques to describe the water-table depths and aquifer

thickness in the upper morainal portion of

the Udell Experimental Forest near Wellston,

Mich. Major emphasis has been placed on the use of seismic refraction methods. Electrical resistivity measurements were also taken along the same transects as the seismic profiles. The results, as yet in a preliminary stage of analysis, indicate

that large portions of the Udell ground water basin have sand aquifer thickness of 100 feet or more, and that the seismic velocity constants through unsaturated

sands remained rather constant at about 1200

fps. at depths below 10 feet. Studies of actual ground water elevations in relation

to surface topography in this area show

that there was a general conformity of slope between the water table and the ground

surface, but the water-table gradient was much subdued. Hydrograph records of water-table behavior

show a total annual ground water recharge

for 1962 of 8.9 inches under red maple-aspen

type and 6.4 Inches under pine, indicating

that alteration of the cover type has an effect hydrologlcally

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

IS)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project. Field investigation; basic and applied

research. Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va.,

to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages. Increases in streamflow from forest cutting

disappear rapidly with regrowth of vegetation; growing season increases in a commercial clearcut watershed dropped from

4.4 inches in 1958 to 0.2 inches in 1961. Watersheds less heavily cut over showed similar trends. Suspended sediment from erosion was greatest during and immediately

after the logging operation. Average

turbidity during the logging operation on the commercial clearcut watershed was 490

p. p.m., the first year after logging, 38, and the second year, 1. The rapid decrease was due to formation of erosion pavement on the sediment- source areas, and regrowth of vegetation. Following clearcutting the average maximum water temperature was 8°F higher than on the uncut watershed. Tem- perature of 75-79°F, observed several times, would probably eliminate brook trout. Assuming that average annual increase in water yield of 5.3 inches could be maintained by clearcutting and periodic spraying to kill small trees and low vegetation, based on cost of spraying and loss In timber income,

the cost for the increase in streamflow would be an estimated 4 cents per 1,000

gallons. "Effect on Streamflow of Four Forest Practices in the Mountains of West Virginia,"

K. G. Relnhart, A. R. Eschner, G. R. Trimble,

Jr. Northeast. Forest Expt. Sta. 79 pp., illus. (U.S. Forest Service Res. Paper NE-1). "Cutting the Forest to Increase Water Yields^' G. R. Trimble, Jr., K. G. Relnhart, Henry H. Webster. Jour. Forestry 61: 635-640, 1963. "Logging and Trout: Four Experimental

Forest Practices and their Effect on Water

Quality," Arthur R. Eschner and Jack Larmoyeux. Progressive Fish-Culturist 25: 59-67, illus., 1963. 132
(2419) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) The objective is to determine the effect of forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West

Thornton, New Hampshire. Seven weirs have been built and climatic stations established.

(g) In the winter of 1959-60, the maximum snow depth in white pine and red pine plantations

was about 21 inches and in the open and in hardwood stands about 26 inches: Melt rate was 0.10, 0.05, and 0.04 inches per degreeday over 32°F for the hardwood, red pine, and white pine respectively. Concrete

frost was extensive in the open field and under white pine. Temperature readings above

a snowpack, in the snow, and in the soil beneath indicated that no soil freeze will occur under 18 inches of snow with air temperatures as low as 4°F. Clearcutting experimental watersheds exposes precipitation gages to much greater wind

movement and can reduce annual catch by 3 to

6 percent. Windshields should be employed

when a heavy cutting treatment is planned.

In the East tilted gages have not given the increased catches that have been reported in the West probably due to their exposure in relation to wind direction and to surrounding

protective forest cover.

(h) "Snow and Frost Conditions in New Hampshire, Under Hardwoods and Pines and in the Open,"

George Hart. Jour. Forestry 61: 287-289.

"Some Relationships Among Air, Snow, and

Soil Temperatures and Soil Frost," George

Hart and Howard W. Lull. Northeast.

Forest Expt. Sta., 4 pp., lllus. (U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE-3).

"Some Observations on Precipitation Measure- ments on Forested Experimental Watersheds,"

Raymond E. Leonard, Kenneth G. Reinhart

Northeast. Forest Expt. Sta.. 4 pp. ( U. S. Forest Service Res. Note NE-6)

(2910) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING

RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the School of Forestry, Pa. State Univ. and the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) A cooperative study was started in 1957 to determine the effect of forest cover and treatment on quantity and quality of stream- flow in the oak-hickory type In Pennsylvania, and to study associated and basic soil-water relationships.

(g) Six experimental watersheds have been selected weirs have been constructed, and climatic stations established.

(3567) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE

WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) A cooperative study started in 1958 to determine effect of growth of loblolly and white pine in plantations on streamflow, and to compare streamflow from watersheds

in conifer plantations with streamflow from

a hardwood-forest watershed. Streamflow of three experimental watersheds is being measured and a climatic station has been

established.

(g) An inexpensive weir to gage small streams was

built of wood and lined with a sheet of vinyl film. The cost was about $850 and the weir is expected to last 5 to 10 years without repair.

(h) "A Vinyl-Line Weir for Small Watershed

Studies," Irvln C. Relgner. Jour. Forestry

61: 297-8, 1963.

(3568) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK

WATERSHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N.J.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Division of Water Supply of the City of Newark, N. J.., Newfoundland, N. J.

(d) Field Investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) A cooperative study to determine the influence of selected treatments of forested municipal watersheds on water supply.

(g) Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were built In the fall of 1958 and stream gaging

and climatic measurements were started in the spring of 1959.

(4756) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SYRACUSE

UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

(d) Field Investigation; basic and applied

research

(e) This cooperative project was started In 1961 to determine quantitative relationships

of forest types and stand conditions to the amount, timing, and quality of streamflow in the Adirondacks, the glaciated Appalachian

Plateau, and the Catskllls.

(g) A problem analysis has been completed and

2 studies Initiated: a study of snow deposition and melt under different forest

types and densities In the Appalachian

Plateau, and a study of long-time trends in water yield from an Adirondack watershed to forest conditions.

(h) "Forest Watershed Management In New York,"

D. R. Satterlund, A. R. Eschner. State Univ. College of Forestry at Syracuse Univ., Bull.

46, 32 pp., illus. 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , FOREST SERVICE, Northern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director, Northern Forest Experiment Station, 210 Admiral Way, Juneau, Alaska 99801.

(2654) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Field investigation, applied.

(e) This work is concerned with the relationships between salmon spawning streams and timber harvesting in Southeast Alaska. Work Is concentrated on 3 streams lying 40 miles

west of Ketchikan. Two of the watersheds

have been logged. The third watershed will ramaln unlogged.

Study is concentrated on factors which can exert a major influence on pink and chum salmon development and survival In a logged stream. During 1963 measurements or samples were taken of: 1) stream discharges;

2) stream temperatures; 3) stream channel

shift; 4) stream debris occurrence and

movement; 5) suspended sediment levels In streams

(4995) EFFECT OF LOGS AND DEBRIS IN LIMITING SALMON- PRODUCING STREAMBED AREA IN A SOUTHEAST

ALASKA STREAM.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Field Investigation, theoretical; applied.

(e) Work was undertaken to explore effects of log-debris pools in limiting effective

salmon spawning area in a southeast Alaska

stream. Special emphasis was placed on the role of pools (log-debris caused or otherwise) in shaping a stream's profile.

133
The effect of profile on stream velocities

during salmon spawning conditions was examined by using Manning's velocity formula,

V ^(S*)(r2/3). This involved measurement of roughness co- efficients (n) for the study stream. Flow velocity conditions were then estimated for component lengths of streambed models in- corporating pools. The ability of pink

salmon to utilize the model profile was

rated. Completed.

Pools, either log-debris caused or otherwise, form a significant loss of productive streambed spawning area when the general gradient is suitable. This loss can be much enlarged when pool associations are viewed in profile. There is an advantage in salmon streams which have relatively long intervals between

pool structures, provided the overall stream gradient does not closely approach or exceed

usable gradient. In cases where overall stream gradient exceeds usable gradient, pool structures in the streambed can only be beneficial

.

Low stream stages should favor spawning on steeper gradients, and conversely higher

stages should favor spawning on milder

gradients. Usable gradient limits should

also increase with roughness of the stream bottom

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box 3141, Portland, Oregon, 97208.

(4757) WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

.

(e) Field studies in ponderosa pine and mixedconifer forests and forest-ranges on the east slopes of the Cascade Range In Oregon and Washington: Erosion in forests and

ranges: (1) Sediment production from Swauk sandstone-ponderosa pine; (2) sediment pro- duction from grazed pine-fir-larch ranges, Blue Mountains; (3) stimulation of seeded and natural grass cover by fertilization - Swauk sandstone soils; (4) relation of parent material and vegetative cover to organic matter, aggregation, pH, and bulk

density of forest-range soils - eastern

Washington; (5) effect of climate on development of soils from identical parent

rock. Evapotranspitation: Includes

studies with the overall objective of measuring factors which affect distribution and

use of water in forests and related ranges:

(1) Measurement of solar energy In a pine

forest; (2) seasonal changes in soil moisture under a lodgepole pine forest;

(3) measurements of moisture use by plants;

(4) effect of removing bursh and tree growth in three experimental watersheds on water yield (Entiat watershed study, in calibration stage -- no treatment yet ap- plied); (5) water-holding capacity and drying rates for humus types characteristic

of ponderosa . pine-Douglas-fir forests - east

side of the Cascade Range.

(g) Soils formed from basalt, sandstone, and granodlorite have been sampled at three horizon depths in relatively undisturbed sites with either grass or forest cover. Properties measured were aggregation, bulk density, organic

matter, pH, total porosity, and percents of

clay, silt, and sand. These properties were

not significantly Influenced by cover dif- ferences in the samples measured. Mean size

of water-stable aggregates was used as an index of erodibility. Over 40 percent of its

variability was accounted for by multiple

variation in organic matter content, pH, total porosity, and bulk density. A pattern

of increasing soil erosion hazard appears to be associated with increasing soil depth for

soils developed from all three parent materials. Quantity of soil organic matter

is apparently a very important factor in maintaining stable soil conditions. Sandstone soils formed from very similar

parent materials in eastern and western Washington show a significant influence of climate on several soil properties. Moisture equivalent, permanent wilting moisture percent, and total porosity were all found significantly different. Erodibility, as measured In grams of soil moved by artificial rainfall was also significantly different,

(h) "Vegetative Manipulation for Controlled Water Supply," by Earl G. Dunford, Oregon

State University-Society of Amer. Foresters Symposium Proc . , pp. 77-87. March 1963.

(4758) WATERSHED LOGGING METHODS AND STREAMFLOW

.

(b) Laboratory project with some phases in co- operation with City of Portland, Bureau of Water Works and Oregon State University.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Research is conducted at three field locations in the Cascade Range of western

Oregon: Bull Run watershed (domestic supply

area for Portland), H. J. Andrews Experi- mental Forest, and South Umpqua Experimental

Forest. Studies are confined to two forest

types representing major segments of the remaining old-growth forests of the Pacific

Northwest: (1) Douglas-fir, western

hemlock, western redcedar, and (2) Douglasfir, sugar pine. Investigations represent

an initial effort to study precipitation

runoff, erosion, and soil moisture in undisturbed stands, and to follow changes

caused by several methods of logging. Included are studies in four categories:

(1) Soil movement on logged land and an evaluation of effectiveness of grass seeding

on roadbanks; (2) changes in water quality

resulting from roadbuildlng, two methods of cable logging, two degrees of forest removal

-- 25 percent and 100 percent -- and slash

burning; (3) changes in streamflow caused by clear cutting and partial cutting in groups of varying size on matched watersheds

in old-growth Douglas-fir and sugar pine-fir. Pretreatment measurements are still being

made to provide statistical basis for treatment evaluation; (4) soil moisture

movement and disposition and the role of vegetation In evapotranspiratlon, including measure of seasonal changes in soil moisture under a Douglas-fir stand, vertical movement

of water in Douglas-fir soils, rainfall interception by crowns of old-growth Douglas- fir soils, rainfall interception by crowns

of old-growth Douglas-fir, and changes in plant succession following logging and

slash burning,

(g) Effect of timber cutting on soil moisture use was studied in the Bull Run watershed, source of municipal water for Portland, Oregon.

Samples show that removal of old-growth

Douglas-fir results in lower soil moisture

depletion during the growing season and accelerated recharge of the soil mantle with

the beginning of fall rains. Accuracy of such soil moisture determinations is dependent on density of vegetation and depth of sampling. During the period of growth, soil moisture sampling variation was

smaller in nonlogged areas than In clear-cut

areas, where vegetative cover was drastically

reduced. Variation tended to be lower in samples obtained from the deeper portions of

the soil profile. After constructing 1.65 miles of road In a 250-acre experimental watershed, runoff

from the first rainstorms carried 250 times

the sediment concentrations measured in an

134
adjacent undisturbed watershed. Two months

later, sediment levels had diminished to levels slightly above those measured before

construction. However, disturbance caused

by the road construction appears at least partially responsible for several slides

that have taken place in the watershed. The

largest of these resulted in a massive move- ment of debris which scoured a 3,000-ft. section of streambed and deposited over 5,000

cubic yards of sediment in debris Jams downstream. Roads were not in use during the period of measurement; the experiment was designed to examine the effects of con- struction only. Statistical analysis of suspended sediment data Indicate that sedi- ment concentrations are significantly related

to volume of stream discharge, rates of Increase in discharge, and elapsed time since construction. Another analysis shows that experimental watersheds can be calibrated in 1-3 years by

comparing their reaction to storms. Variables

used Include: (1) rise-in-stage from beginning

of storm to its peak; (2) elapsed time for

this occurrence. Regression of one watershed

on another is determined separately for the

two variables. Existence of a treatment

effect can be demonstrated by the proposed

method. Quantitative evaluation of the treatment must be determined in the usual manner by summing discharge for the period of Interest

.

(h) "Mud, Rock, and Debris Slide on an Experi- mental Watershed," by R. L. Fredriksen.

Pac. NW. Forest & Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note PNW-1, January 1963.

"Soil Moisture Sampling Variation as Affected

by Vegetation and Depth of Sampling," by

Nedavia Bethlahmy. Soil Sci. Vol. 95(3): 211-213, March 1963. "Effects of Burning on Soli," by C. T. Dyrness. Forest-Watershed Sympos. Proc, Oregon State University, pp. 291-304, March 28, 1963. "Rapid Calibration of Watersheds for Hydrologlc Studies," by Nedavia Bethlahmy.

Internatl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Bull. VIII(3):

38-42, Sept. 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(4996) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN CALIFORNIA'S

SNOW ZONE (SNOW MANAGEMENT RESEARCH).

(b) Laboratory and the following cooperators:

State of California, Dept. of Water Resources, Atomic Energy Commission, and Pacific Gas & Electric Company.

(c) Dr. James L. Smith, Project Leader, Snow Management Research, Pacific Southwest

Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The objective of this project is to determine methodology for Increasing water yield and changing of timing of water delivery by

vegetation manipulation, by evaporation

suppressants, etc. Its area of interest is confined to the snowpack zone of the Sierra Nevada of California. Present studies emphasize development of methods for management of high elevation snowpacks for yield

and control of water; the effects of timber

cutting upon soil moisture losses and snow accumulation and melt; and the evapotranspiration from various sites -- species combinations

.

Project scientists are located in Berkeley

with field personnel and studies located at

the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, Soda

Springs, California, and the Teakettle Experimental Forest in the headwaters of

the north fork of the Kings River above

Fresno, California. Both sites lie at 6000-

7000 feet elevation. At the Teakettle Experimental Forest four small watersheds

(0.27-0.86 square miles in area) are under

study prior to Installation of log roads

and a timber harvest to determine their effects upon water yield and sediment. At

the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory seven

small watersheds are gaged for the study

of logging effects and riparian treatment upon water yield. In the headwaters of the Feather River a practical sized logging

is being tested for snow accumulation and

melt effects. Gamma and neutron probes are being tested for measuring hydrologlc

characteristics of snowpacks. Evaporation

suppressants are being tested for reduction

of such losses from snowpacks.

(g) Rapid measurement of hydrologlc characteristics of snowpack which may permit more accurate appraisal and prediction of delivery

of snowmelt water may be possible using

gamma and neutron probes. Commercially

available probes with gamma and neutron

sources (Nuclear-Chicago, P-20 and P-19

probes) were tested for the ability to measure snow density, ice lenses, and the thermal quality (free water) of the individual layers in the snowpack. Usable

regressions of snow density (D) at each

depth, measured gravimetrically and with

neutron counts (Cn) and gamma counts (Cg) in CPM in the snowpack were obtained.

Ice lenses in the snow were readily

detectable by shifts in the neutron probe

counts; neutron counts would increase markedly at the occurrence of ice; gamma

counts were only slightly affected. In a study of changes in the thermal quality of snowpack throughout the day and from day to

day, neutron counts were directly related

to the percentage of ice in the snow, as contrasted with free water. Summer soil moisture losses and winter

surface evaporation from snowpack at high

elevation sites were reduced by the addition

of the suppressant hexadecanol. Hexadecanol

was applied to the soil surface of 1/15

acre plots of bare soil, brush, and red fir

forest. The hexadecanol was applied to 17 natural sites, the applications being at rates of 35, 130, and 680 pounds per acre.

In fully vegetated sites of red fir and natural brush, indicated reductions in the

loss were small, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3 Inches for the total summer. At sites where vegetation had been removed by bull- dozing or in which natural bare ground

occurred, reduction in evaporation of treated sites was 0.3 to 1.0 inch. Application of hexadecanol to the snow surface decreased evaporation by as much as 50 percent. Without the hexadecanol, the evaporation rates ranged from 0.012 to 0.039 inch per day; with 20 to 30 pounds per acre of hexadecanol,

the rates were 0.006 to 0.016 per day. Measurements of evaporation from snow under

various topographic and forest conditions

for the years 1958-1960, were summarized and evaporation for the Castle Creek watershed,

elevation 7,500 feet, was computed. Evaporation ranged from 0.5 inch under dense forest on the valley floor to 3.1 inches in large openings on exposed ridges. Average

evaporation for the four square mile Castle Creek Basin was computed as 2.0 inches depth.

Average annual precipitation for Castle Creek is 74 inches per year, so snow evapo- ration is about 2.7 percent of total pre- cipitation.

(h) "Evaporative Loss From Soil, Native Vegetation, and Snow as Affected by Hexadecanol,"

by Henry W. Anderson, Allan J. West, Robert

R. Ziemer, and Franklin R. Adams, Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Publ. No. 62, pp. 7-12, 1963.

"Use of Radioactive Sources in Measuring

Characteristics of Snowpacks," by Henry W. Anderson, Philip M. McDonald, and Lloyd W. Gay, U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note PSW-11,

9 pp., 1963.

(4997) WATER SOURCE HYDROLOGY, CALIFORNIA AND HAWAII.

135
(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators are: State

of California, Department of Water Resources; University of California; State of Hawaii, Division of Forestry.

(c) Mr. Henry W. Anderson, Project Leader, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is through analytical modeling

to advance the state of knowledge of watershed hydrology and sedimentation, and particularly,

knowledge of the relationship of watershed

management and other hydrologic processes at the water sources to water yield, floods,

sedimentation, and water quality delivered

from wildland watersheds.

(g) The relation of some soil characteristics to soil-forming factors at high elevation wildland sites was determined from soil samples taken at 208 places in the teakettle Experimental Forest (elevation, 6,700 to 8,000

feet.) The relation of soil texture, organic

matter, Middleton's dispersion ratio and Anderson's soil-aggregation ratio to rocktype, cover type, aspect, elevation and slope was determined by multiple regression analysis. First results showed that soils developed

from Olivine basalt were less erodible than

soils developed from quartzite and granodlorite

.

Fir soils were less erodible than those under

pine, brush, and grass cover types. Soils developed under grass on basalt at these high elevation sites, however, were the least erodible soils. Soils on the east aspects

tended to be less erodible than on the north,

south, and west aspects. Texture variations

were significantly related to both elevation

and slope— in that particles larger than sand

size and total clay decreased with elevation; correspondingly, sand Increased with

elevation. Sand did not correlate with

slope, but particles larger than sand and

total clay decreased with an increase in

slope. Erodibillty tests showed that these higher soils were approximately 2.7 times

more erodible than soils formed on similar rock types and similar sites at lower (1,000

to 4,000 foot) elevations. Studies of 258 soil samples all collected on

20 percent west slopes, throughout northern California showed marked relationship of soil characteristics to climate, as well as to rock type. Soil erodibillty (the soil- aggregation ratio) was found to vary widely

within the single group of acid igneous

rocks as well as among major divisions of geologic rock types. Soils developed on granite and rhyolite had erodibilities more

than twice that of soils developed on dlorite. Soils on quartzdlorite and on granodlorite

were intermediate. The dispersion ratio of soils was found to be related to the tern- ( perature at the site, expressed as the dis- sociation constant of water at the mean monthly temperature at the site. The surface- aggregation ratio of the soil was found to be related to a quadratic expression of the amount of precipitation, the dissociation

constant of water for that precipitation at the temperature of the site, and their joint

products

.

Analytical studies of watershed channel,

patterns and characteristics suggest that channel bifurcation ratios and channel

length ratios are largely the result of the definition of stream order numbers; however,

the slope ratio of watersheds appears to be

a valid expression of slopes in the watersheds. Mean path length after Busby and Benson (International Association of Scientific Hydrology 20: 32-36, 1960), together with the second, and perhaps third and fourth moment

of the distribution of path lengths appear

to be promising measures of watershed shape.

Computer programs to simplify computation of soil texture, distributions and erodibillty, watershed equivalent plane and orientation, and area-elevation distributions have been

developed.

Soil sampling in a study of erodibillty of Hawaii wildland soils was completed during

the summer of 1963. Seventy-five sampling

sites (365 individual soil samples) were selected along 26 transects of the Waianae

and Koolau Mountain Ranges on Oahu. The

soils were sampled under tree, shrub, or grass cover under varying precipitation as- pect, and slope conditions. The parent materials of the watershed soils are mainly

basaltic flows, pyroclastic deposits, or other detrltal materials.

The soils aggregate stability was tested by

the wet sieving technique using aggregates

initially passed through a 7.93 mm sieve, and the results expressed as mean weightdiameters or percent distribution of certain aggregate sizes. An inspection of our limited preliminary data shows the following results: (1) On some transects mean weight-diameters appear to in- crease with increasing rainfall with a de- crease in aggregates smaller than 0.50 mm. On other transects there Is no apparent

change in mean weight-diameter but there is an increase in aggregates less than 0.50 mm

in size; while on other transects we find a decrease in mean weight-diameter with in- creasing rainfall, with an increase in aggregates less than 0.50 mm in size.

(2) Generally we found larger mean weight- diameters on steep slopes {60% or greater).

(3) Unconsolidated ash soils, with low bulk

density, have the smallest mean weight- diameters with aggregates less than 0.50 mm exceeding 50$. (4) Mean weight-diameters

from soils developed from cinders are larger

and the aggregates resist slaking as do soils from basalt flows.

(h) "A Rapid Method for Getting Area-Elevation

Information," by James R. Wallis and Kenneth

L. Bowden, U. S. Forest Service, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta- tion Research Note 208, 10 pp., illus., 1962. "Logging for Water Quality in Northern

California," by James R. Wallis, U. S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-N23, 6 pp., illus., 1963. "Sediment Sources and Causes, Pacific Coast Basins in Oregon and California," by Henry

W. Anderson and James R. Wallis, Proceedings

Second Inter-Agency Conference Sedimentation,

1963. (In press.) "Snowcover Relations in the Kings River

Basin, California," by Arnold Court, Journal Geophysical Research 68(16) :4751-4761, 1963.

"Area Burned by Wildfire in California Watersheds, 1940-1959," by James R. Wallis, Kenneth L. Bowden and J. D. Lent. U. S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-30, 22 pp., illus., 1963.

4998) WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, AND FLOOD AND SEDI- MENT REDUCTION IN THE LOWER CONIFER ZONE OF

CALIFORNIA

.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators are: California Department of Water Resources, California Division of Forestry, East Bay

Municipal Utilities District, California Department of Fish and Game.

(c) Mr. Robert P. Crouse, Project Leader, Lower Conifer Zone, Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1960 Addison

Street, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) This project conducts basic studies of forest hydrology which will suggest methods

of land management for improving water yield,

preventing floods and controlling sediment in the commercial timber zones of California below the snowpack.

A study of soil moisture depletion in the Sierra zone of the Lower Conifer Zone concerns the magnitude of soil moisture storage and depletion under different stand and timber cutting intensities. Because soil creep and landslides are prevalent in the zone, a study of gravitational

136
mass movement will form an effort to develop

the means of estimating the consequences of mass movement in terms of sedimentation. The ultimate objective is to develop the means

of predicting the role of land management

practices, such as logging and road building

in initiating or accelerating mass movement.

"Forest Radiation Balance—Lower Conifer

Forests" is a study measuring the components

of the solar radiation balance of lower conifer stands. Measurements of shortwave transmission in pine stands will provide a basis for planning analytical methods.

The Caspar Creek-Jackson State Forest study continues as reported last year,

(g) The soil moisture study has installed 20 plots on the Challenge Experimental Forest

in the Yuba drainage area (an area representative of optimum precipitation, soil depth, and growing conditions within the zone) to study the effects of various intensities of logging upon soil moisture storage and

depletion. Groundwater level is being

recorded and changes in soil moisture are measured by the neutron scattering method. An IBM 1620 computer program has been developed

which takes raw data in the form of neutron

counts and plot graphs for each sampling point

and each study site in terms of percent volume moisture content by depth of measurement.

A plan of study and analysis has been

developed and instrumentation chosen for

the observation of soil creep rates and

trajectarles. The first experimental site has been located in the coastal mountains

near Berkeley. Measurements of shortwave solar radiation

transmission through tree crowns to the forest floor were initiated in a dense Monterey pine stand with nine Eppley

pyranometers. Preliminary analysis indicated

a range in mean transmission on clear days

from about two percent at a solar altitude

of 30° to about 10 percent when the solar altitude was about 70°.

(4999) FLOOD AND SEDIMENT REDUCTION FROM STEEP UNSTABLE BRUSH LANDS OF THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: California Division of Forestry, Los Angeles County

Flood Control District, Los Angeles County

Fire Department, University of California,

Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Riverside, Angeles

National Forest.

(c) Mr. Jay S. Krammes, Acting Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experi- ment Station, 110 North Wabash Avenue,

Glendora, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) Purposes are (1) to determine how watersheds

function: what happens to the precipitation,

and how water and soil movement are influenced

by conditions of vegetation, soil, geology,

and topography; and (2) to develop methods of watershed management, including treatment of areas denuded by fire, to insure maximum

yield of usable water and satisfactory flood

runoff and soil erosion control. Principal work center is the 17,000-acre San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started by

lightning in July 1960 consumed the vegetation,

mostly brush, on 90 percent of the area and destroyed or damaged many of the research

installations. Immediately after the fire

a major emergency research program was started

to test the effectiveness of various measures

used to reduce flood runoff and erosion on the denuded watersheds. These rehabilitation meas- ures include seeding grasses and mustard singly

and In combination with physical treatments

such as wattling, channel barriers and contour

terraces. The tests are being made on 38 watersheds of 2 to 90 acres each, equipped to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge and suspended sediment. Twenty-five have basins to measure bedload. Studies of the erosion processes and tests of applied managemei.t

methods to decrease the erosion potential are being continued.

(g) The lack of rapid infiltration over a burned watershed contributes to excessive surface

runoff. Reducing debris movement from burned watersheds then appears to be partly

a problem of getting water into the soil mantle

Surface soils following a fire are usually

"non-wettable" due to an ash dust layer. Some of the soils are naturally hydrophobic

as a result of particle coatings with a chaparral leachate. In a recent burn, we tested a wetting agent treatment on six

small plots. The objective of the treatment

was to establish the suitability of a surfleant for reducing debris movement. During the dry winter of 1962-1963, the plots treated with the wetting agent produced

95 percent less debris and 32 percent less surface runoff than the treated plots. There was additional evidence that the treat- ment benefited grass establishment. The treated plots had four times the vegetative

cover of the untreated controls. In co- operation with the Los Angeles County Flood

Control District, we ran several hydraulic

model tests on our flumes that were In- stalled since the fire. All flumes are 30 feet long, 25 feet high, have 1.5:1 side slopes, and are set on approximately a 5 percent slope. They are constructed of either reinforced gunite or reinforced soil cement and can be installed at a reasonable

cost. We have two types: those with an invert width of 0.5 feet installed in 25 watersheds and those with an invert width

of 2 feet constructed in 11 watersheds. All flumes have soil cement transitions

added to direct flow into the flume. The model tests on the large and small flume consisted of having a control section at the flume inlet and varying the approach flow

conditions. The conditions tested were:

(1) subcritical approach velocity consider- ably less than critical velocity, (2) a subcritical approach velocity near critical

velocity, (3) a supercritical approach

velocity near critical velocity, and (4) a supercritical approach velocity considerably

greater than critical velocity. For each condition a rating curve was obtained. The curves seem to be in relatively close agree- ment with no consistent variation between

supercritical and subcritical approaches.

The rating curves appear to be valid when applied to field runoff data containing

appreciable debris quantities.

(h) "The San Dlmas Experimental Forest," by L. W. Hill, U. S. Forest Service, Pacific SW Forest and Range Expt . Sta . (unnumbered publication),

25 pp., 1963. "Tests of Chemical Treatments to Reduce Erosion from Burned Watersheds," by J. S. Krammes and H. Hellmers, Jour. Geophys. Res. 68(12): 3667-3672, 1963. "It's Not Over When the Fire's Out," by R. M. Rice, U. S. Forest Service, Pacific SW Forest and Range Expt. Sta. (unnumbered publication),

4 pp., 1963. "Aspirin Solves Ralngage Headache," by R. B. Thomas, Weatherwise, 1963.

(5000) WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT FROM THE BRUSHLANDS

OF THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: California

Division of Forestry, Los Angeles County

Flood Control District, and University of California at Berkeley, Riverside, and Los Angeles.

(c) Mr. Leonard F. DeBano, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) The work center is the 17,000-acre San Dimas Experimental Forest in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California.

Field investigations include studies concerned

137
with the hydrologic factors of chaparral

watersheds, riparian zone hydrology, and evaluation of water yield improvements.

Laboratory studies on the movement (saturated

and unsaturated), loss and storage of water

in brushland soils supplement field studies

on chaparral and riparian zone hydrology.

Purpose of the work is (1) to establish

fundamental plant, soil, water relationships

as they Influence water losses and water

yields; and (2) to develop and test cultural practices aimed at Improving water yield.

(g) Applied watershed management studies on Monroe Canyon, a 875-acre watershed on the San Dimas Experimental Forest, have shown

that the removal of deep-rooted woodland- riparian vegetation on select reaches of canyon bottom sites increases streamflow yield appreciably. The average annual increase in streamflow during the 24-month period following removal of 38 acres of woody

vegetation was 25.5 acre feet. The largest increases were during the summer months and

streamflow, which had ceased by early July

before treatment, became yearlong. Below

normal precipitation occurred during the 2-year study period indicating that greater

yields could be expected under average

rainfall conditions.

The cost of increasing water yield (based on

a 30-year period) by riparian treatment was estimated to be 68 dollars per acre treated. This cost is not considered competitive with

the cost of water supplied locally in southern California, but may be competitive with the estimated cost of delivering water from northern California.

The conversion from chaparral vegetation to grass on side slopes with deep soils In Monroe Canyon showed less increase in water yield

per acre treated than the riparian zone treatment. On the side slope sites an Increase

in water yield of 17-acre feet per 140 acres treated might be expected by converting brush

to grass. The cost of this conversion may be prohibitive for water yield alone. Studies of soil temperature and moisture

regime under Coulter pine and native chaparral species were carried out in the San Dimas lysimeters during the summer of

1963. Preliminary analysis of these data Indicates that the soil temperature regime under these species is amenable to a Fourier

analysis. Data on moisture transfer in response to temperature gradients are being

evaluated.

(h) "The Cost of Converting Brush Cover to Grass

for Increased Water Yield," by L. W. Hill,

U. S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-2,

7 pp., 1963. "Converting from Brush to Grass Increases Water Yield In Southern California," by

L. W. Hill and R. M. Rice, Jour. Range

Management. 16(6): 300-305, 1963. "Streamflow Increases After Removing Woodland- Riparian Vegetation from a Southern California Watershed," by P. B. Rowe, Jour. Forestry.

61(5): 365-370, 1963.

(5001) WATER YIELDS IN HAWAII.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: State of Hawaii, Department of Forestry.

(c) Mr. Henry W. Anderson, Acting Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is to develop a hydrological

and meteorological base in Hawaii's wildland watersheds that will suggest methods of land management for maintaining or improving water

yield and water quality and minimizing soil erosion and sedimentation; to obtain adequate

understanding of the processes of receiving

and discharging water and being able to predict the effects of a wide span of forest

land management practices upon water yield

and water control; such studies are to suggest ways to manage watersheds that will (1) assure

the continued protection of watersheds; (2) improve the distribution of the water yield

by modifying the balance between the ground- water recharge and surface waterflow; (3) increase water yields by decreasing

evapotranspiration losses; and (4) minimize

flood runoff and sedimentation. Major work center is in Honolulu, with the principal study being the determination of evapotranspiration from soil moisture measurements and meteorological determinations

at the sites. Periodic sampling of soil moisture under stands of various trees, brush, and grass species has been made at two sites near Honolulu and at one site in the Waianae Range, all on Oahu.

(g) Water loss measurements in the April to September 1963 period, together with soil moisture storage to the 10.5-foot depth are summarized below: Total water

content to 10.5 ft. depth Decrease in Rainfall Early Early water content for

Cover type May Sept

.

for interval interval

In. in. in. Paper bark 53.3 42.2 11.1 4.7 Silk-oak jlj 54.0 42.4 11.6 4.7

56.8 43.6 13.2 7.0 Eucalyptus 59.5 46.4 13.1 7.0 Grass 56.0 49.3 6.7 4.7 Brush 58.9 48.6 10.3 7.0 The spring of 1963 was unusually wet and soil moisture depletion did not start until about

the last week in April. Rainfall during

the depletion period was of low intensities

and generally short duration. Little, if any, of the rainfall was runoff. Consequently, most was lost through interception or evapotranspiration. Plans now call for thorough analysis of the moisture losses as related to weather and

soil factors,

(h) "Hydrology of the Alakai Swamp, Kauai,

Hawaii," by Bessel D. Van't Woudt and Robert E. Nelson, Hawaii Agricultural Expt.

Sta., University of Hawaii, Bulletin No.

132, 30 pp., illus., 1963. "Soil Moisture Constants and Physical

Properties of Selected Soils in Hawaii,"

by Teruo Yamamoto, U. S. Forest Service Research Paper PSW-P2, 10 pp., illus., 1963. "Water Storage Capacities of Soil Under

Four Different Land Uses In Hawaii," by Teruo Yamamoto and Paul R. Duffy, U. S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-5, 4 pp., 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine and spruce-fir forests and of the management

of these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water, largely from stored snow. The purpose is to solve problems in the management of forested watersheds of the high altitude

zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum

yields of usable water,

(g) Detailed studies of snow physics at Fraser Experimental Forest in the Colorado Rockies

are revealing how forest cover influences runoff from accumulated winter snow. Results show that water vapor loss takes place

throughout the snowpack, not just the surfaae

138
layers. The total loss from the snow was

about 0.1 Inch per day for clear days during March 1962.

(h) "An Improved Heat Pulse Velocity Meter as an Indicator of Sap Speed and Transpiration,"

C. M. Skau and R. H. Swan son, Jour. Geophys.

Res. 68: 4743-4749, illus.

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by waterhed vegetation; to determine the influence of various types of forest and grassland vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment

such as grazing and timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield; and to determine for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving

plants) the amount of water used, methods

for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with more useful plants; and for mixed conifer and chaparral types

of vegetation to determine the hydrologlc

characteristics of natural watersheds and

the effect of cover modification upon water

yields, soil stability and other resource

values. At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall,

runoff, and erosion are measured on three watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation type

at high elevation, on two watersheds in the ponderosa-chaparral type, and from four watersheds In the grassland-chaparral type

at intermediate elevations, and on nine

small watersheds in the semldesert-chaparral

type at low elevations. Water use by different types of plants in various soils

is studied on eleven large lysimeters. Three watersheds have been established

on the ponderosa pine type, three in the mixed-conifer type, and two watersheds In the high (9300-foot elevation) grassland

type (measuring weirs currently under con- struction) . Effect of frost on water yields

(surface runoff and soil moisture accretion)

is studied on small grass, aspen and mixed

conifer plots. Soils from grass, aspen and mixed conifer plots are being laboratory

tested for hydrologlc characteristics.

Soil moisture is followed with a neutron

probe. Gaging stations for four watersheds

In the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game Interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds and

and another cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect of mani- pulating chaparral cover. Supplemental

studies are determining the proper use of chemicals, fire, and mechanical treatment for manipulating shrub In the type. Interception, moisture use, and factors affecting water yield are being tested In Utah and alligator juniper forests on the Beaver Creek Project, south of Flagstaff, Arizona. Ecology of Tamarlx pentandra and other phreatophytes is under investigation.

Germination, seedling survival, sprouting

ability, and rate of spread studies were

continued. A field apparatus employing

plastic tents, a ventilating system, and a wet-dry bulb hygrometer has been developed

and used for detailed measurements of evapotranspiratlon of phreatophytes.

(g) Some early findings from the study of salt secretion In tamarisk show that salt appears

first as a single strand (monofilament) from salt gland (not as a "whisker" as reported earlier) . Monofilament can reform

later into whisker. Time lapse photomicrographs showing growth rate of filament

have been made. Seventy-four percent of the tamarisk clipped

at 2-week intervals were dead by August 1962; by March 1963 the mortality had increased

to 92 percent. The same relationship occurs

for plants clipped 4 weeks apart; mortality

in August 1962 was 56 percent, but by April

1963 it had increased to 80 percent. It is possible the successive clipping has lowered

the stored carbohydrate content to account for the continued deaths during the winter. Apparently three species of tamarisk had been Introduced Into the United States by

the 1870 's and all three species growing

in Washington, D. C. Tamarix tetrandra was

a common ornamental shrub without spreading

into wild areas. Tamarix gallica appeared

about the same time in the Texas Gulf area where it is now a common naturalized shrub. Very few plants of this species have been collected in the West and always as an ornamental. Tamarix pentandra had appeared

as an ornamental in the East by the 1870' s, but in the arid West no collections were

made until 1900. Tamarisk occurring in the Salt and Verde River drainages in Arizona

does not show appreciable Increases or marked decreases. Comparison of a U.S.G.S. survey of 1944, with aerial photos taken by

the Army Engineers in 1958, shows no appreciable spread of phreatophytes.

Observations made along the Pecos River

in Texas indicate that tamarisk is definitely

decreasing In importance in this area. With total annual precipitation during the past year, approximate average, both volume

and duration of streamflow in the 3-3ar

chaparral watersheds C and D continued to be greater than prior to destruction of plant

cover by wildfire in June 1959. Differences

in consumptive use of water on the two watersheds, expressed as total precipitation

minus total measured yield at the weir dams, appears to be widening. This may be related

to the increasing difference In total shrub canopy cover. Watershed C has been sprayed

yearly by helicopter to keep the shrub canopy cover depressed to 10 percent or

less. Shrub cover Is now approximately 7 percent. This compares with 30 percent on Watershed D where shrubs have been allowed

to make natural regrowth. Artificial seeding with Lehmann lovegrass and transplanting of native curlymesquite grass clumps during the summer of 1961 and 1962 has apparently

produced the start toward a satisfactory

cover on Base Rock lysimeters Nos. 2 and 3. They are producing much larger water yields

both as percolation and surface flow, than lysimeter No. 1 where the original grass and half-shrub cover was left undisturbed. Comparison of evaporation from snow in three covers (grass, aspen, and mixed conifer), was studied at the Rudd Knoll soil moisture

plots. The estimated total seasonal loss which averaged between 0.53 inch per month

for the grass plots, and 0.60 inch per month

for the aspen plots, did not vary significantly between vegetative types, probably because

even though the losses were higher in the open grassland plots, snow left these plots earlier and subsequent evaporation from the aspen and mixed conifer plots was enough to bring the seasonal totals approximately

equal. Soil moisture use during the water year of 1961-1962 was 9.14, 14.56, and 8.79

Inches, respectively, for grass, aspen, and mixed conifer. In addition, 10.19 inches of precipitation occurring during the growing

season was utilized. However, a detailed

analysis of the soil-water regime is necessary to eliminate drainage water from plant

use

.

Both concrete and granular types of soil freezing occur in the White Mountains of Arizona. Concrete type of soil freezing

occurred to a depth of 6 inches or greater

throughout the snow season In open grassland under 24 Inches of snow. However, only

granular type of freezing occurred under

mixed conifer and aspen types, but ice layers were formed In the litter. These

ice layers were present only after thawing

and freezing periods. Surface runoff was significantly greater on plots where concrete freezing was present. Using the heat pulse

velocity meter as an Indicator of sap speed

139
and transpiration, field experiments with

Juniper trees show that (l) on clear days

the heat pulse velocity increases rapidly

from sunrise to midmorning and remains high

until sunset, low rates prevail at night,

(2) leaf wetting produces an immediate decrease in heat pulse velocity; rates remain

low while leaves are wet, then increase rapidly when leaves dry, (3) within 24 hours

after dry soil is irrigated, heat pulse

velocity increases 2-5 times, and (4) natural

soil drying, even with high air temperatures,

causes a decrease in heat pulse velocity,

(h) "Root Distribution of Five-Stamen Tamarisk,

Seepwillow, and Arrowweed," Howard L. Gary, Forest Sci. 9: 311-314, lllus.

(1969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project. Some work in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management and Geological

Survey.

d) Applied research.

e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located

about 8 miles north of the San Luis community

and west of the Rio Puerco main channel pro- vide the study area. Water and sediment Inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed

by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and amounts of vegetation changes are periodically measured over the watersheds. Ten years of data have been collected under cattle grazing during a 5 1/2-6 month overwinter

period (November 1 to April 30). Evaluation of soil ripping (Jayhawker) on surface runoff, erosion, and vegetation. Surface runoff plots (64), 10' x 31', are installed on a north and south aspect and upper and lower slopes representing

different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez

drainage. Precipitation, runoff, and

sediment are measured.

To obtain information on factors effecting

rates of snowpack ablation and correlation

to relative water yields from several vegetation zones in high altitude watersheds in New Mexico. Plastic membrane

lysimeters 50 square feet in size and in batteries of three were Installed in open

areas and In spruce-fir forests on north

and south slopes.

(g) Runoff, sediment, ground cover, and pre- cipitation measurements have been taken on three watersheds of 338, 471, and 555 acres. From 1952 to 1958 the watersheds were

grazed as open range and partly under fence yearlong and overwinter. Since 1958,

grazing control consisted of overwinter

(Nov. 1 to May 1) use only to 55 percent

utilization of the principal forage species, alkali sacaton. Average annual sediment production declined

from 0.8 acre-foot for the period 1952-58 to 0.1 acre-foot for the period 1959-62 on Watershed I; comparable values on WS II are 0.9 and 0.2 acre-foot, and for WS III 0.4 and 0.2 acre-foot. Runoff and precipitation

averages were about the same between periods. Ground cover decreased between 1952-58, but doubled on the three watersheds under grazing

control

.

(h) "An Inexpensive Runoff Plot," George Garcia,

Wayne Hickey, Jr., and E. J. Dortignac, Res. Note RM-12, 8 pp., illus.

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (1) Soil moisture effects of thinning dense ponderosa pine. (2) Control of runoff and

soil erosion by seeded and native vege- tation of the 1959 Deadwood Burn. (3) Development of a diversion type sampler for continuous measurement of sediment and

runoff in small streams. (4) Runoff from grazed and protected Kentucky bluegrass

range in relation to soil compaction. (5) Water yield and sediment production in relation to standard forest management

practices

.

(f) Items 1, 2, 3, and 5 active; item 4 temporarily suspended.

(g) Sixteen plots designed to evaluate control of runoff and soil movement by seeded and nati\e

vegetation on the Deadwood Burn continue to reflect basic differences between Igneous derived soils of the City Creek site and limestone derived soil at the Pine Crest

site. Following seeding, vegetation

became established more rapidly on the City Creek plots, but after three years live plant cover is about the same on both plots. Total cover, including litter, Is greatest

on City Creek plots. Average runoff per

inch of rain is about the same from both

sites. Sediment production has dropped

considerably as ground cover increases. Highest production per unit of runoff Is from the Pine Crest site. Results suggest good

control of runoff and soil erosion by plant

cover.

(3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, WYOMING

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(di Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The objectives of the study are to determine

the effects of big sagebrush on total runoff

from snowmelt, snow accumulation and storage

pattern. Three high elevation sagebrush

watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in western Wyoming provide the study area . V-notch weirs gage the runoff, and suspended sediment samples are taken periodically. Snowpack is sampled along permanent transects and at random points. Precipitation is sampled by

a network of recording and non-recording

gages. The objective of this study is to determine

the soil moisture withdrawal pattern under

natural stands of big sagebrush, and the effect of sagebrush eradication on moisture

withdrawal. Four 0.1 acre plots on an east and a west exposure have been established

within high elevation sagebrush type in western Wyoming. Sagebrush on two of the plots on each exposure has been eradicated by spraying. Soil moisture samples are taken periodically to trace moisture withdrawal under each condition. Study to evaluate

the comparative efficiencies, in terms of water stored In accumulated snow, of tandem

4-foot slatted snow fences erected at different spacing intervals on open windswept slopes in woutheast Wyoming. Study

to evaluate the effects of inducing snow accumulation on a watershed through use of artificial barriers. Three experimental

grassland-type drainages, 88 to 144 acres, have been selected for the study area in southeastern Wyoming where snow transport

by wind commonly occurs. V-notch weirs are installed to measure water yield. Snowpack

is sampled in areas of natural accumulation

along permanent transects. Summer pre- cipitation is sampled by a network of recording and nonrecording gages,

(g) The rate of incrase of snow-water content was greater in the sagebrush cover type than In the grassland from December 28 to January 29, 1963. During this period, the crowns of sagebrush plants were exposed. After January 29, the sagebrush plants

became completely covered by snow and the rate of increase became similar in both cover types. Significantly more water accumulated

on the sagebrush plots than on comparable

grass type plots. The metamorphism and

subsequent melt of snow began earlier and proceeded at greater rates in and adjacent

to sagebrush crowns. However, the average

rate of decrease In water content was nearly

the same in both cover types.

140
Snowpack data from uncut lodgepole pine stands and from each clearcut block size, averaged

over four aspects, Indicate that there are only minor differences in snow accumulation

and retention characteristics of clearcut

blocks, 5, 10, and 20 acres in size. The peak snowpack water equivalent of the blocks

was about 2.5 inches greater than that of the uncut forest. Snow persisted in the uncut

stands approximately 10 days longer than in the cutover areas.

(3895) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALPINE HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose is: 1) To correlate snowdrift intensity with meteorological and terrain

features; 2) to measure the amount and vertical distribution of snow carried by the wind in an area of moderately rough terrain;

3) To determine Important features associated

with the deposition of snow; 4) to determine

the effect of slat and wire fencing on the accumulation of snow in selected natural catchments in the alpine portion of Loveland

Basin, Colorado, and to test the relative effectiveness of this type of fence at two locations in the same general area; and

5) to test several types of wind barriers

in alpine conditions,

(g) Vertical slot snow fencing increased snow depths and net snow volume at three of the

six alpine test fields. Fences more than doubled the volume of snow in two of these

fields. At a third field snow volume in- creased 50 percent. At the other three

fields, snow depths were Increased close behind the fences but were decreased in other places giving no net increase in the total amount of snow caught. Lee drifts usually

hand lengths 8-12 times the height of the fence (8-12 H). In steep terrain this

length shortened to 7-8 H.

A study was made of the influence of the gap between the bottom of a snow fence and the ground on the position and size of the lee snowdrifts. After the first major storm,

the average distance from a 6-foot snow fence

to the leading edge of the lee drift was 12.2 feet for a 1-foot gap, 31.7 feet for a 2-foot

gap, and 45.5 feet for a 4-foot gap. In midMarch, at the end of the accumulation season, these distances had reduced to zero for a 1- foot gap, 16.5 feet for a 2-foot gap, and

25.6 feet for a 4-foot gap. The magnitude and location of the maximum snow depth in the lee drifts after the first storm was 65 inches

51 feet behind the fence with a 1-foot gap. On the same date it was 42 inches 70 feet behind the fence with a 2-foot gap, and 32 inches 86 feet behind the fence with a 4-foot

gap. By mid-March these had changed to 83 inches of snow 28 feet behind the fence with

a 1-foot gap, 65 inches of snow 62 feet behind the fence with a 2-foot gap, and 52 inches of snow 90 feet behind the fence with

a 4-foot gap. The maximum snow depth moved

closer to the fence with the smaller gap as this gap became plugged with snow. There was

not enough snow to plug the larger gaps, therefore, the position of the maximum snow depth remained about the same all winter.

(3896) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field Investigations; applied research.

(e) Field plot to observe the adaptability and

growth characteristics of twenty-three tree shrub and twenty-six grass and forb species

for further testing on critical erosion

sites

.

Research to find the influences of mechanical watershed rehabilitation measures on the microclimate and other site factors in the southern Rocky Mountains. To determine

the effect of range conditions and related

factors on sediment production and runoff

on three mountain grassland watersheds in western Colorado. Range condition is being

measured by means of 20 or more 3-step transects on each watershed. Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to gage the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to 272 acres. Water samples are taken several times daily during snowmelt and periods of storm runoff for determination of suspended

sediment; bedload is measured in the weir

ponds.

(g) The challenge to Improve past methods of gully control has led to the development of

a new design and new installation methods

for a check dam. Using prefabricated

concrete the design is for a gravity type

structure made up of three types of members.

The piers rest on 1-foot thick footing slabs which are 3 feet wide and 8 feet long. Piers and footings are made of reinforced

conventional concrete. The dam wall is 3 Inches thick and made from prestressed

lightweight concrete. Small steel plates

and angle irons are used to help hold the wall members rigid. The wall is inclined

10 degrees downstream. This simplifies

design and insures that the overflowing water will fall at a distance downstream

from the wall. A backhoe is used to make

the necessary excavation and the boom of the backhoe also is used to set the dam parts

in place. The prototype is 45 feet long and

6 feet high. The footing was set 1.5 feet below grade and the sidewalls extended 4 feet into the bank. The energy dissipating

apron was made from loose rock and is placed well above the bottom of the wall

to prevent undercutting.

The prototype dam was placed in 3 hours,

not including time for excavation and backfill. There is no "hole-to-hole" fitting

needed. Steel loops are attached when parts

are fabricated to facilitate handling in the field. The piers are aligned by eye and elevations determined by hand or engineers

level. The design is well suited for mass

production and can be easily adapted to most locations

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use

and information.

(c) Dr. Thomas F. McLintock, Director, South- eastern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, North Carolina.

(d) General investigations of forest influences

in the southeastern United States, with primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic

research on watershed processes and related

application in watershed management.

(e) Basic research into forest hydrologic pro- cesses from the precipitation of water over

an area until it leaves the watershed as streamflow or evapotranspiration. Demon- strations of several cover types and land management practices and their effect upon

water yield, quality and flow characteristics Development of watershed management methods

pertinent to the region and cooperative

trials and demonstrations of these methods.

Most of the experimental and hydrologic

data are collected on the 5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, located in the zone

of maximum precipitation for the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the southern Applachians) . The basic hydrologic

gaging network at the Coweeta Hydrologic

Laboratory, near Franklin, N. C, includes

1 multiple and 11 unit watersheds currently

active and 19 standby watersheds on which

up to 27 years of continuous streamflow

141
records and a cumulative total of more than

680 years are available on drainages

ranging from 4 acres to 8 square miles, 11 recording and 12 standard rain gages, 1 recording hygrothermograph, 1 metering

anemometer, 1 recording anemometer and wind vane, 1 evaporation pan, and 2 recording pyrheliometers. An additional 42 rain gages of various types are currently

being used for special studies. Occasional water samples are collected from selected watersheds for quality analysis on a storm period basis. Soil moisture is measured in

the field with 2 neutron scattering devices

servicing a network of some 48 access tubes.

A small laboratory equipped for soil and plant

physical analysis and instrument repair is

on the area. Most recording devices are of

the chart-trace type with exception of one analog-to-digital streamflow recorder. Stream- flow data are being reduced from chart traces

to punch cards by an Oscar-K chart reader

with subsequent computation and analysis by

computers at the National Weather Records Center in Ashevllle, N. C. Supplementing

the plant-soil-water studies at Coweeta is

a research unit located in the piedmont at Union, S. C. Past soil moisture studies include development of field measurement techniques for moisture investigations by

the neutron method, comparative water use requirements of cover types, moisture

recharge and depletion investigations, and

depth of moisture withdrawal by representative cover types. Research facilities are largely Inactive at the present time but include 4 unit watersheds, and a standard Weather Bureau weather station. Research

studies include: (1) a review of the relation of rain gage catch to actual pre- cipitation on steep forested watersheds;

(2) incident solar radiation on forested and cleared slopes; (3) effect of forest cover

and mountain physiography on the radiant energy balance; (4) internal water balance of forest trees as related to transpiration and

drought; (5) distribution of roots of common

forest trees in the southern Appalachians;

(6) movement and storage of soil water on steep slopes; (7) moisture storage and drainage of piedmont soil profiles; (8) predicting soil moisture in steep terrain for hydrologlc purposes; (9) morphology of the

soil mantle related to moisture storage and movement; (10) the effect of forest cutting

on water yield; (11) the hydrology of mountain unit watersheds under several cover

types; (12) mechanizing streamflow data collection and computing; (13) a study of the high runoff-rainfall relations on Watersheds Numbers 36 and 37; (14) source, volume, and timing of streamflow from mountain watersheds,

(15) a regional study of the small watershed

hydrograph based on records from Coweeta, Bent Creek, Union, and Fernow, and (16) a pilot study testing multiple uses such as water, timber, recreation, and wildlife on

a 360-acre watershed. Research by personnel

of the Wetland Improvement Project at Charleston, South Carolina is developing

effective water control practices to improve

productivity of wetland forest soils of the southeastern coastal plain and evaluating

effects of these practices on wetland hydrology and soils. Accordingly, much of the program consists of drainage studies in cooperation with National Forests, wood-using

industries, and other wetland forest managers

who have made or plan capital investments to drain their land. In addition, research is also being conducted on the Santee Experimental

Forest, located 32 miles north of Charleston, which has a small soils laboratory and two stream gaging stations on watersheds of 400 and 10,000 acres. Active studies include:

(1) response of wet, slash pine flats to drainage; (2) relationships between soil- water conditions and tree survival and growth

on drained wetlands; (3) study of the water- balance of selected wetland units; and (4)

evaluation of the drainage state of repre- sentative wetland sites.

(f) All projects are to be carried to completion

through analysis of data, preparation of reports, and publication of technical

articles.

(g) Past cutting experiments at Coweeta have resulted in 6 to 16 inches of increased water yield the first year following 100% reduction in basal area of the hardwood

forest cover. As the forest vegetation

recovered after cutting, these increases In yield dropped off at a rate approximately

linear with the logarithm of time, indi- cating that as the coppice forest matured evapotranspiratlon returned to precutting

levels. The 23-acre watershed conversion

from hardwood to grass to compare evapo- transpiratlon losses continues to show no difference attributable to conversion. The grass cover will be deadened in 1964 to compare yield increases from deadening grass with past watershed cutting experiments.

Large, inclined soil columns are being used

to study storage and movement of water on steep slopes. A 3 x 3 x 45-foot soil column inclined at 40 percent drained for 145 days after soaking, strongly supporting the theory that baseflow at Coweeta originates largely

from unsaturated moisture flow through the sloping soil to the stream. A larger soil column, 4.5 feet wide, 7 feet deep, 200 feet long and inclined at 38 percent, was seeded

to grass and allowed to recharge naturally. After a 33-day rainless period, water yield

rate was only slightly lower than nearby

watersheds. Indications are that this soil column will flow perennially under grass

cover and existing climatic conditions. Appraisal of past precipitation measurements

at Coweeta Indicates that the sampling

density of 1 gage per 10 acres plus a fortuitous original choice of gage sites has provided good estimates of areal precipitation. Maximum errors are well under 5 percent of seasonal and annual

totals. Gage openings in high forest were found to provide natural shielding against

adverse wind effects. Pit gages were studied and found satisfactory for measuring pre- cipitation on exposed, windswept sites. In

the hotter, drier piedmont where rainfall averages 50 inches yearly, loblolly pine

growing on plastic covered and noncovered

plots used practically all available water

in the surface 10 feet of soil by the end of the growing season. With plastic removed

and winter recharge allowed, cumulative re- charge and precipitation were linearly related from mid-November through mid-February. Thereafter, cumulative recharge

practically ceased while cumulative rainfall continued to Increase. Recharge slowed when

the B horizon became fully recharged and because of a textural discontinuity at the B-C horizon, very little water entered the

C horizon. Recent study results at the Wetland Improvement Project demonstrate how widely water requirements of plants vary. Survival and growth of baldcypress and water

tupelo planted and drained wetland sites indicate that these species require flooded

or near flooded conditions for best early

development, while loblolly pine and sweetgun do best when water levels are at their

lowest point. Sandy, flatwood sites that were once too wet to plant show an excellent,

early response to drainage after one year. Survival of planted 1-year-old slash pine averages over 95 percent. Also the 4-foot- deep drainage ditches in the area exert definite internal drainage effects 300 feet from the ditch during periods when the water

table is within a foot of the ground surface and 500 feet when the water table Is 2 feet

or deeper.

(h) "Rainfall Interception by Hardwood Forest Litter in the Southern Appalachians," by

J. D. Helvey, to be submitted to Forest Science

.

142
"The Measurement of Water Deficits in Broadleaf

Plants," by John D. Hewlett and Paul J. Kramer, Protoplasma 381-391, 1962.

"A Pilot Test of Multiple Use on a Small Mountain Watershed," by John D. Hewlett and James H. Patrlo, Appalachian Section, Soc

.

Amer. Foresters, Proceedings 42nd Annual

Meeting, 11-18; presented also to the Soil Conservation Section Meeting at Rock Eagle

State Park, Ga., 1963. "Instrumental and Soil Moisture Variance Using the Neutron Scattering Method," by John D. Hewlett, James E. Douglass and Jerome L. Clutter. Soil Science (in press)

1964. "Moisture and Energy Conditions Within a Sloping Soil Mass During Drainage," by John

D. Hewlett and Alden Ft. Hibbert. J. of Geophys.

Research, 68: 1081-1087, 1963. "Investigation of the Schardakow Method for

the Measurement of Diffusion Pressure Deficit,"

by Edward B. Knipling, Thesis, Duke Univ.,

72 pp., 1963. "Forest Experiment Demonstration Area on Trail," by James H. Patric, Appalachian

Trallways News, 24: 21-22, 1963. "Seasonal Water Absorption by Deep Rooting

Forest Trees on Plastic Covered Mountain and Piedmont Soils," by J. H. Patric and J. E. Douglass, to be published in the Soil Science

Soc. Amer. Proceedings.

"Research in Hydrology of Forested Headwaters

at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory," by

John D. Hewlett, presented at the North Amer. Wildlife and Nat. Res. Conf., March 1964. "What's New in Wetland Hydrology," by Roger

R. Bay and Ralph A. Klawltter, to be published

in Proceedings of Society of American

Foresters, 1963.

"A Method of Sealing Neutron Access Tubes In Wet Areas," by C. E. Young, Jr. and James E. Henderson, to be published as a Station

Research Note.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. W. M. Zillgitt, Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, T-10210 Federal Bldg.,

701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70113.

(2914) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural Research

Service, and University of Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest and potential forest lands; basic and applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments,

two to four acres each, were installed in batteries of three to determine runoff and erosion from old fields, depleted upland

hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature

upland pine-hardwoods. Treatments are deferred until after a suitable calibration

period. Five additional watersheds in pine

plantations are being calibrated prior to testing effects of timber harvesting on runoff, erosion, and sediment flows. Related

studies Include restoration of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water relationships.

(g) Data collection on all watersheds was con- tinued. Watershed treatments have been initiated on six watersheds.

(h) "Sediment Yields from Small Watersheds Under

Various Land Uses and Forest Covers," S. J. Ursic and Farris E. Dendy, SFES, 9 pp., illus.,

1963. "Planting Loblolly Pine for Erosion Control

in North Mississippi," Stanley J. Ursic, U.

S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper SO-3, 20 pp., illus., 1963.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON,

ARKANSAS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations on effects of forest

type and condition on timing of flows in streams of the Ozark-Ouachita uplands; basic

and applied research,

(e) Runoff and sediment from three small mountain watersheds are measured currently. Cover conditions will be changed after an adequate calibration period. Related

studies of soil moisture and erosion are continuing.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, Coastal Engineering

Research Center. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Coastal Engineering

Research Center, 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20016.

(181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; basic research.

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will

be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale in small laboratory tanks (to determine scale effects) for various median diameter and specific

gravity sediments.

(g) Additional tests were made using crushed coal of average specific gravity 1.5 (modeled by

the settling velocity relationship to give

corresponding characteristics of material

tested in the large tank) . Observed material movement and profile changes corresponded

basically to the large scale results in the prototype tank, although the coal slope

deteriorated somewhat faster. A partial

explanation for differences Is the wide

range of specific gravities of individual

coal particles. Tests for a few selected

storm waves were made in the large tank with waves from 2 to 5.5 feet in height

using a sand of 0.4-mm. median diameter. The profiles obtained in these tests are being compared with those obtained earlier

with 0.2-mm. sand to indicate differences

in rates of scour and degree of protection

with different sized material. A single

test was made simulating a tidal condition.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves. Wave

gages have been installed in a number of locations in coastal waters. These wave

gages provide electrical recordings on pen

and ink paper strip chart recorders and also magnetic tape recordings. The records

from the paper chart recorders are analyzed

for significant wave height and wave period. The records from the magnetic tape recorders

are analyzed on a laboratory spectrum

analyzer to provide a spectral analysis of wave frequency (or period) versus: (1) Linear average wave height; (2) squared

average wave height; and (3) peak wave

height.

(g) Two additional wave recording stations were installed during 1963 at Virginia Beach,

Virginia, and Manteo, North Carolina, the latter in cooperation with a study of beach

phenomena by Louisiana State University. Installation of 3 pressure wave sensors at

the Buzzards Bay Light Tower (Coast Guard)

is planned for 1964. These wave sensors

will be used to establish pressure gradient

at different water depths. This data will

be compared to surface waves presently

being measured by the relay wave gage now operating at the tower.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS.

143
(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping

sand past inlets and to determine the applicability of the methods in stabilization

of beaches adjacent to inlets. Data are being procured on the effect to the shoreline

of sand by-passing operations at Port Hueneme, California and Lake Worth Inlet, Fla. and on the effect to the shoreline of a new harbor constructed at Ventura, California. This latter harbor involves an offshore detached breakwater along with

entrance Jetties to the new harbor. Data at the three locations include periodic hydrographic surveys south and north of the inlet, wave data, sand samples, detailed records of pumping operations, and detailed records of entrance channel maintenance. A general study

is being made of the possibility of adapting

commercial Instruments utilizing a radioactive

source to the discharge line to measure quantity of material pumped in by-passing

operations

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of beaches by artificial means. The present

continuing phase of this general study involves the measurement of a natural beach

slope and attempts to determine Its response

to the forces normally incident upon the

shore such as wave height and period, angle

of wave approach, tide, and direction and magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative Importance of the forces or combinations of forces may be evaluated.

(g) Computing machine techniques have been

applied to the statistical evaluation of the importance of the forces and of the parameters.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION

GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use in securing accurate records

of wave characteristics. (See also Project

660)

(g) Two staff and four pressure wave gages were

furnished to the Detroit District (Lake Survey) for installation in Lake Michigan for a study

of wave conditions at several points in the lake. Data from these gages are to be used

in a wide study of the lake for pollution

control by the Public Health Service. One pressure wave gage was furnished the Portland,

Oregon, District for Installation at Umpqua. This gage will be Installed about one mile offshore with the sensing unit mounted on top

of a piling at a depth below the draft depth of ships. All of these gages use magnetic tape recorders.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN ON THE RATE OF

LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(di Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system. Initial tests consist of waves generated at

a 30-degree angle to the sand beach with measurement of material movement being made

at the downdrift end. The tests planned for

the immediate future, as have the current

season tests, will continue to emphasize

the task of collecting and establishing

reliable calibration data on the relationship

between the littoral transport rate and the wave characteristics. These generalized

(not to specific model scale) studies are being made in the Shore Processes Test Basin

of the Beach Erosion Board. They will

include tests of waves up to about 1 foot

in height and wave periods of 1.25 to 4.00 seconds

(g) In tests of littoral transport and wave characteristics, it Is important that waves impinging on a test beach remain constant for sustained periods of wave action. In such tests the beach is constantly under- going deformation and change due to the wave action. A testing problem of wave height variability has caused a temporary

delay in the progress of littoral transport

testing. The problem is illustrated by

results from two types of wave height

measurements. In the first type, wave heights are obtained by moving a wave gage

from point to point along the toe of the test beach slope and analysis of these measurements shows a rather large variability

of wave height. In the second type of measurements, wave heights are obtained at

a fixed gage and analysis of these also

shows a fairly large variability of wave height. In summary, the wave heights vary with length along the test beach and with

time. Only one value of average littoral transport rate is derived from a given test, and correlation of the wave characteristics

(heretofore, assumed fairly constant) Is made to this average value. The fact that

the waves are variable In height leads to interpretation as to what wave characteristics (height, energy, etc.) to correlate

in a given test. The causes of the wave height variability are only partially

understood. Its cause has been attributed

to wave resonance in the basins, resulting

from: interaction of waves generated and

test set-up geometry; probable aperiodic effects in wave generation; irregular changes

in the beach; or a combination of two or more of these sources. Wave height data have been collected in the Shore Processes

Test Basin for several special setups, including; splitter walls, baffles on wave generating bulkheads, direct onshore wave approach instead of the usual 30° approach,

and for a rubble beach In lieu of a sand beach. Additional observations were made in other CERC laboratory facilities. Results

of these measurements and observations are negative In that they do not point sharply

to the cause of wave height variability In the test setups. Certain leads have been suggested from observations and from analysis

of the measurements, but definite con- clusions or causes have not been found. Further special tests are planned.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE ATLANTIC COAST OF

NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLANDVIRGINIA SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO CAPE CHARLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Reports

to consist of three chapters: geomorphology

and shoreline histories, littoral forces, and littoral materials. Subject matter to include physiography, geological development

of the shore region, sources of littoral material, waves, tides or water level fluctuations, current physical characteristics of the littoral materials, Inter- relation of sedimentary properties, relation

of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, and changes

in shoreline configuration.

(g) The Delaware-Maryland-Virginia shoreline

from Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles Is currently under study. Data compilation

for this reach is essentially completed and

the report is under preparation.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Design.

144
(e) To supplement and revise the Coastal Engineering Research Center's (formerly Beach Erosion

Board) Technical Report No. 4, "Shore Pro- tection Planning and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) This report was reprinted in October 1961.

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICALLY NOURISHED AND

CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to restore or nourish a beach sector and

the effect of the fill on adjacent shores.

A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Data collected at Seaside Park, Sherwood

Island State Park, and Hammonasset, Conn.; Key West, Fla.; and Presque Isle, Pa. are being compiled to be published as Technical Memoranda

.

(2660) STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN SUSPENSION

IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPERATURE

EFFECTS)

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the relationship between wave, water, and sand characteristics, and the amount of material maintained in suspension

and, hence, available for longshore transport by currents.

(g) Plans are in progress to collect surf zone suspended sediment samples in the area of Nags Head, North Carolina in early 1964. The surf zone suspended sediment samples

will be part of a more comprehensive

project to secure coastal data on ocean waves at the coastal site selected. The

data will include observations and measurements of the wave characteristics. The observations and measurements will be analyzed for correlation to the suspended

sediment concentrations found and compared

to concentrations of suspended sediment which have been measured in the CERC laboratory facilities.

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

for various waves for different types of shore structures. Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Wave run-up testing was carried out at a small

scale on some stepped- seawall designs. The

tests re-affirmed previous conclusions that artificial roughening of sloped seawalls by

steps materially decreases the run-up below

that which could be expected on a smooth

slope. Tests were made for both 1 on 2, and 1 on 3 slopes. Tests were made for

vertical steps and also for re-entrant type

steps. Essentially the same run-up was obtained for both types of steps, although

there is an indication that slightly lesser

run-up may occur with the re-entrant type

step. This Indication is masked within the general scatter of data for both types.

(3226) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES.

(bj Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To relate Increase in water level at the shore due to wave action alone, to the inci- dent wave characteristics and shore hydrography.

(3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research.

(e) A simulated sediment (glass containing a radioisotope was dispersed along a 16-Inch

wide strip normal to the waterline in the Shore Processes Test Basin. Waves and wave- induced currents transported the sediment

and simulated sediments. Periodically, the beach and offshore zones were monitored with appropriate detection instruments and timespace histories of the labelled particles were determined.

(g) Two laboratory tests were completed during

the late summer of 1962. It was found that the sediments moved alongshore and also toward deeper water. The transport may have been pulsating in character. A possible onshore-offshore oscillatory motion was also

noted.

(4760) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DUNE BUILDING WITH

SAND FENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The experimental study consists of the con- struction of various types and arrangements

of sand fences to determine the fence type

and arrangement most effective in building

a dune by trapping and holding wind-blown

sand. Slat-type snow fencing and locally constructed brush fencing have been used in straight, straight-with-side spurs, and

zigzag configurations. The study is being

conducted on the Outer Banks of North

Carolina between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout

.

(4762) CORRELATION OF STORM WAVE ATTACK AND BEACH

EROSION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field and office investigation to develop

quantitative correlation between storm violence and shore erosion,

(e) Repetitive profiles are taken at selected beach areas. The storm wave action between

surveys is analyzed and correlations between

the wave action and observed profile changes

are established. Repetitive profile lines were established In November 1962 at nine locations between

Delaware Bay and Cape Cod. These profiles

are resurveyed at weekly or bi-weekly

intervals. Storm wave action is measured

by the Beach Erosion Board Ocean Wave gages, and storm surges by U.S.C. & G.S. tide gages. (4763) OFFSHORE SAND SOURCES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To develop data on offshore deposits of material along the U. S. coasts that could

be used in beach fill or nourishment

projects.

(g) Map study has been made to locate possible

source areas. A pilot operation utilizing

a "sparker" type sounder to indicate depth

of deposit was carried out off the Florida

coast. Plans for a dredging operation

using a dredge with pump-out capability are underway to study feasibility and costs.

(4764) MODEL TESTS - PROPOSED LOS ANGELES - SANTA MONICA CAUSEWAY.

(b) Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army (for State of California).

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An offshore sand barrier has been proposed

for a causeway across a portion of Santa Monica Bay. One proposal involves a rock

barrier, submerged perhaps 15 feet (to prevent damage to swimmers and small craft) to hold the seaward end of the sand barrier.

It thus eliminates the large quantity of sand otherwise necessary to form the toe of the sand barrier. A few large scale (waves 3-6 feet In height) tests have been made to give an indication of possible quantity of scour shoreward of the rock barrier Induced

by it, and the relative proportion of this scour material which might be moved seaward across the rock barrier crest and become

145
unavailable for further nourishment and protection of the sand barrier.

f) Completed.

g) The test series was quite abbreviated, and a much fuller set of data would be desirable

should this proposal ever reach design stage. However, the tests indicated that the amount

of scour depends quite critically on wave

height, and the direction of movement of the scoured material depends primarily on sand

size (being greater in the offshore direction

with finer sands) and wave period (being

greater in an offshore direction with shorter

periods)

.

(h) Final report furnished the Los Angeles

District

.

(5079) WAVE HEIGHT PREDICTION FOR WAVE MAKERS IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) By equating the volume of water displaced in half a period by a displacement-type wave maker to the volume of water raised above mean water level in a sine-shaped wave, a simple relation results for shallow water

waves which gives wave height as a function

of wave length, wave maker stroke, and wave maker geometry. For shallow water, this relation agrees with hydrodynamlc theory

for piston-type and flap-type wave makers, and with published and unpublished data for waves generated by displacement-type wave makers in absolute water depths ranging from 0.5 feet to 13 feet.

f) Completed.

g) The height of wave generated by displacement-type wave makers in shallow water is approximately equal to 2«s/L times an appro- priate dimension of the wave maker. S is -he stroke of the wave maker, L is the wave

length given by small amplitude theory, and

the wave maker dimension Is measured perpendicular to the direction of S. This relation agrees with the hydrodynamlc theory

for piston and flap-type wave makers over the range of depths usually used in coastal engineering experiments, and It is supported

by data from 4 piston-type and 2 plunger-type

wave makers for depths satisfying the condition „ .

(5080) MODEL STUDY OF OFFSHORE WAVE TRIPPER FOR TEXAS CITY, TEXAS, HURRICANE PROTECTION.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Experimental; applied research,

(e) A laboratory study was made of the effectiveness of a submerged breakwater in causing the breaking offshore of the larger waves, a bottom profile off Texas City, Texas, was modeled to a 1:50 scale. Both vertical faced and rubble mound offshore wave trippers

were tested. Two elevations were tested for

each wave tripper; one at 9 feet, and one at

13 feet below the still water level. Two types of shoreline conditions were tested. One consisted of a smooth concrete slope of the modeled profile, extended to still water

level, with a rubble absorber landward of that

point. The other had a rather steeply faced

rubble seawall that extended landward from

8 feet below to a point 15 feet above the still water level. Wave heights were measured

at several locations both shoreward and seaward of the tripper.

f) Completed.

g) Both types of submerged breakwaters caused a reduction In wave- height. Percentage wave height reduction increased with Increase in height of the incident waves, and with increase

in the elevation of the offshore structures. The rubble mound type of wave tripper con- struction was more effective In reducing wave height than the vertical faced type for the

same elevation. Reflection from both types

of onshore structures was significant, but seaw«rd reflection from both types of offshore wave trippers was negligible.

(h) To be published in the Annual Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board, 1963.

(5081) WAVE OVERTOPPING, CURVED SEAWALL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Laboratory tests of wave overtopping are being carried out for a curved seawall similar to the Galveston wall, with a normal beach fronting seawall, and with a large scour hole immediately in front of and adjacent to the wall. The beach profile

for the latter case is essentially that of the post Hurricane Carla survey in 1961 In the Galveston area.

(g) Tests indicate that the depth over the offshore bar coupled with the reflection characteristics of the seawall cause partial

or entire breaking of waves with dissipation

of energy over the bar and in the area between the bar and the seawall, particularly

at the instant the incoming wave meets the seaward moving reflected wave; and that consequently the depth of the scour hole Immediately adjacent to the seawall is relatively unimportant In affecting the degree of wave overtopping.

(5082) EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW CRESTED OR SUBMERGED

BREAKWATERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the relative effectiveness of low-crested and submerged rubble mound

breakwaters. Measurements have been made

in the laboratory of the transmission of wave energy over and through both permeable

and impermeable rubble mound breakwaters of varying crest width, crest elevation, and water level elevation. Tests were made at both small scale (maximum 6" wave) and large

scale (maximum 3-foot wave).

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Portland. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 3577, 3578, 4504,

4505, 5068 to 5071, inclusive, should be addressed

to the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer, Dist., Walla Walla, Building 602, City-County Airport, Walla Walla, Wash. 99362.

(3577) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington,

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e) An undistorted, fixed-bed, l:100-scale model reproduced approximately 2.4 miles of Snake River bed and overbank topography at the dam

site. The dam axis is 41.5 river miles upstream from the confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers and about 60 miles from the city of Pasco, Washington, Studies were made

to determine flow conditions during various construction stages and after completion of the project.

(f ) Tests have been completed.

(g) After verification of the model, studies of successive construction stages were made.

It was found that proposed limits for ex- cavation along the right bank were inadequate, revisions In alignment and height of first-step cofferdam cells were needed, and problems concerning fish passage would arise during each phase of construction. Numerous

conferences and demonstrations held on the model helped solve problems regarding fish migrations. Final designs for all features

of the project were developed and tested under anticipated prototype operating

conditions. Then the model was revised for

studies of cofferdams to protect the work

area during stilling basin repairs at Ice Harbor Dam. Tests showed cofferdams would

be adequate.

146
(h) Final report Is in preparation.

(3578) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A l:10-scale model was used for tests of the 24-ft-wlde, l-on-10 sloped fish ladders for John Day Dam.

f) Tests have been completed.

g) Velocities, flow patterns, and flow characteristics were determined for typical fixed weirs

of several alternative designs. A design

was developed in which flow conditions were

comparable to those within a 24-ft-wlde fish ladder sloped 1 on 16. The north fishway

exit, orifice control section, and eight

typical weirs downstream from the control section were Investigated for a maximum

variation of 11 ft in forebay level. A slot-type counting station for the south fish ladder was satisfactory in all respects.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(3900) MODEL STUDY OF DOWNPULL FORCES ON EMERGENCY

CLOSURE GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(c) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlv., North Pacific, Corps of Engineers, 210 Custom House, Portland, Oregon 97209.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This is a general study of various sluice coaster gate bottom and lip shapes, and

includes downpull and discharge measurements

as affected by angle of gate bottom, length

of gate lip extension, control valve opening, number of control valves operated, and

condition of air vents (open or closed). A l:25-scale model reproduces a level approach

to an intake tower with vertical headwall

normal to intake center line, two three-sided bellmouth intakes, a 20-ft.-wide by 22-ft.-

high emergency gate (tractor type), two lO-ft.-wide by 15-ft.-hlgh control valves

(talnter), and a 22-ft.-diam. outlet tunnel. Hydraulic downpull forces are computed from pressures at 21 critical locations on the emergency gate.

f ) Tests have been completed.

g) Downpull forces were measured on a tractortype emergency closure gate with bottom beam

sloped 30, 37.5, and 45 degrees and with lip extensions of 0, 3.5, 8, and 12 In. under

heads between 50 and 300 ft. Downpull forces

were highest with the 30-degree bottom and

lowest with the 45-degree bottom. Although

lip extensions reduced the downpull, their effectiveness decreased as the bottom slope was Increased.

(h) "Downpull Forces on Emergency Closure Gates,"

U.S. Army Engineer Division Hydraulic

Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon. Tech. Report

No. 106-1, September 1963 - (Available on

loan) . Final report covering the test

re suits

.

(4380) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR GREEN PETER DAM, MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, OREGON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(c) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland,

Oregon 97205.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The 2-bay spillway, flanking abutments, out- let conduits, stilling basin, fish collection

system, powerhouse tallrace, and about 1540

ft and 1620 ft of spillway approach and exit channels, respectively, were reproduced in

a l:50-scale model. The model was used to check the adequacy of designs for the spill- way crest, piers, abutments, and gate trunnion

supports, outlet eyebrows, stilling basin, and training wall between the stilling basin

and powerhouse tailrace.

f 1 Tests have been completed.

g) Improved designs for the abutments, training

walls, and stilling basin were developed. Tests of the fish ladder auxilliary water

intake, fishway entrance, an*i powerhouse

tailrace were made with powerhouse discharges between 950 and 4500 cfs. The best method

for coordinated operation cf the spillway,

powerhouse, and fish facilities were determined.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(4504) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla, Corps

of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an un- dlstorted scale ratio of 1:100 reproduces the Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topography between river miles 68.3 and 71.6. The dam axis is at mile 70.3. The original

layout consists of a straight, 8-bay,

gravity-type spillway controlled by 50- by 59-ft talnter gates, a powerhouse for six Kaplan turbines (initial Installation three

units), an 86- by 675-ft navigation lock having a maximum lift of 101 ft, concrete nonoverflow sections, rockfill abutments, and facilities for passing migratory fish

over the dam. The initial power installation will produce 405,000 kilowatts. Purposes of the model are to check the structures layout

and flow conditions affecting cofferdam

placement, power generation, navigation, and

fish passage.

(g) Studies of various plans for the first and intermediate stage cofferdams were completed

In 1963. Base tests of the original structures are in progress.

(4505) MODEL STUDY OF FISHWAY DIFFUSERS FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) An existing l:8-scale fishway diffuser model

was revised so that two diffusion chambers

were supplied by a single riser from the conduit. Included In the model were diffusers 3 and 4 and the common distribution

well, the supply conduit, and a portion of the 16-ft-wide south shore fish ladder that carried all flow which passed through the diffusion chambers. In the original design,

a 7 -in. -wide control orifice was located

3.5 ft above the diffuser well floor, and 1.5-ft-hlgh ports admitted flow Into the respective diffusion chambers. The infor- mation desired from this model Include: the orifice size required to provide 48 cfs through each diffuser with a head of 2 ft (supply conduit grade line minus tailwater

elevation), a submergence of 4 ft (supply conduit grade line minus elevation of downstream weir adjacent to diffuser 3), and a conduit flow of 500 cfs; a family of rating curves for heads of from 0.5 ft to 6.0 ft and various submergences; and the effect on diffuser discharge of varying the conduit flow from about 50 cfs (only one diffuser) to 750 cfs while a constant head

is maintained on the test diffuser.

fl Tests have been completed,

g) Two diffuser floor plans and 12 orifice arrangements were tested in efforts to obtain uniform distribution of diffuser

flow into the fish ladder. The most satisfactory arrangement was selected from

the test results.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(4506) MODEL STUDY OF FINGERLING COLLECTOR FOR GREEN PETER DAM, MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, ORE.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers Portland, Oregon.

(c) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

!

147
Corps of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland,

Oregon 97205.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two undistorted hydraulic models are being used for studies of facilities for down- smigrant fingerling salmon and steel- head trout at Green Peter Dam. The proposed

facility is composed of an entrance horn, vertical adjustable-height riser, separator, flow distribution control device, trough, flexible hose, transverse pipe system, and outlet pipe followed by a flume into the tallwater. The collector will be located on

the upstream face of the dam at the focal point of reservoir discharge. Its 20-ft- high horn will collect fish near the water

surface with a minimum submergence over its top of 5 ft and a maximum submergence at its bottom of 40 ft. About 200 cfs will enter

the horn and carry migrating fish inward,

upward, and across a separator screen ( a 10- by 20-ft perforated plate) covering

the compartmented flow distribution device through which from 190 to 194 cfs will pass vertically into a collector well and then be pumped back to the reservoir. Fish in the remaining 6 to 10 cfs will be carried from

the separator screen through a flexible hose attached to laterals through the dam and thence by open channel flow to the tailrace.

A trash boom at the upstream face of the dam will prevent small floating and suspended debris from entering the fingerling collector.

(g) Two-ft-wide sections of prototype and model separator plates were tested in a flume model as the first step in deter- mining model-prototype similitude relationships. The model perforated plate that reproduced flow conditions over the prototype plate in the most satisfactory manner

was used in a l:4-scale model of the entire fingerling collector. Tests of different distributor bar spacings, trough designs, deflector locations, and separator slopes

are progressing in the l:4-scale model. MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design. The l:42.47-scale model includes a 3-bay

section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling

basin. Tests are being made to evaluate hydraulic performance of the proposed spillway

and to develop revisions in design that would increase performance or reduce con- struction and maintenance costs,

(g) Pressures, head-discharge relationships, and pier contraction coefficients were determined for free flow over the crest and for unequal

openings of adjacent crest gates. Current

tests are directed toward development of a satisfactory unpaved stilling basin.

(5069) MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE NAVIGATION LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two l:25-scale models will be used for studies

of the 86-ft-wlde by 675-ft-long lock. One model will include the lock chamber, split lateral filling system, river outlet for emptying system, and portions of the upstream

and downstream approach channels. The filling

and emptying culverts are located on the river

side of the lock chamber for structural and economic reasons. An alternative method for distributing flow to the lateral culverts through a central junction chamber will be evaluated in an auxiliary model before tests

in the comprehensive model. Possibility of vortex action over culvert intakes constructed

on the same side of a common monolith will be investigated.

(g) Construction of the comprehensive model was

(5068)

(b)

completed and preliminary tests begun.

Design and construction of the auxiliary

model are In progress.

(5070) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) At present, a l:50-scale, undistorted, fixed- bed model reproduces the river bed and pertinent overbank topography for approximately 3600 ft upstream and 4400 ft down- stream from the project axis. After

verification studies, the cofferdams, diversion tunnel, and temporary fish passage facilities will be installed and diversion

problems studied. Then the forebay

height will be Increased to accommodate

the 673-ft-high dam, and the spillway,

stilling basin, regulating outlets, fish handling facilities, and log sluices will

be installed for tests of these elements,

(g) Verification studies are in progress.

(5071) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER GRANITE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b)

(d)

(g)

(5072)

(b)

(e)

(g)

U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash. Experimental; for design. An undistorted, l:100-scale, fixed-bed model

will reproduce the Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topography for 1.4 miles upstream and 1.7 miles downstream from the project axis (107.5 river miles upstream

from the junction of the Snake and Columbia

Rivers). Studies will be made to determine

flow conditions during successive construction stages and after proposed structures

have been installed. Site preparation and model design are In progress. TESTS OF RUBBER TAINTER GATE SEALS, LIBBY

DAM ( MONTANA ) AND DWORSHAK DAM (IDAHO) PROJECTS.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps

of Engineers, Seattle, Wash. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Seattle, 1519 South Alaskan Way, Seattle, Wash. 98134. Experimental; for design.

Tainter-type sluice valves are being designed for use at Libby and Dworshak Projects. The gates at both projects will operate under a maximum head greater than 260 ft. This head Is unusually high for this type of gate. Sealing and deformation tests on a 2-in. unclad rectangular rubber seal and a similar seal with "Teflon" -clad sealing

surface will be made in a 1:1- scale pressure

tank under a head of 300 ft. Initial tests will be made with the upstream face of the

seal flush with the gate and with a 3/8-in. gap between the retainer bar and seal plate.

Preliminary plans are to make a 30-day deformation test on a Teflon-clad rectangular seal and a 15-day test on an unclad rectan- gular seal. A Teflon-clad J-type seal will

be tested if funds are available after tests

of the rectangular seals. The test apparatus was revised and three specimens of rubber seals were obtained.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, page

73.

148
U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39181.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project provides for construction and operation of a model of the Mississippi

River watershed including the Missouri, Ohio,

White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers and their principal tributaries. The model area comprises 200 acres and reproduces 1,250,000

square miles of the Mississippi Basin. The topography of the streams and flood plains is reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000

and vertical scale of 1:100. All existing

and proposed flood-control reservoirs,

levees, dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent

works are reproduced. The completed con- struction consists of the Upper Mississippi

from Hannibal, Missouri, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the Missouri River from Sioux

City, Iowa, to the mouth; the Ohio River

from Louisville, Kentucky, to the mouth

including the Wabash River below Riverton,

Indiana; the Tennessee River from Pickwick

Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; the Cumberland

River from Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; the White River from Georgetown,

Arkansas, to the mouth; the Arkansas River

from Blackburn Damsite, Oklahoma, to the mouth; and the Red River from Alexandria,

Louisiana, to the mouth. Water- surface elevations are measured by electrically op- erated stage devices with the recorders located

in central control buildings. Streamflow is introduced and controlled by automatic instru- ments called Inflow controllers. The model

was designed to study coordination of releases from reservoirs, investigate the effect of reservoir operation on flood stages, check the routing of project and other floods, establish and check levee grades, predict

stages, and determine the effect of floodways

on stage reduction.

(g) The extant of model operation each year is determined by the testing programs directed

by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions

and Districts that have operable sections on the model. The model was operated as an Integrated unit for comprehensive (basinwide)

tests. Tests were conducted to verify the Memphis, Tennessee, to Natchez, Mississippi,

reach to the 1945, 1950, and 1961 floods. Tests were conducted to determine flow lines

on: (1) the Wabash River levees with

existing levees and the comprehensive levee

system installed; and (2) the Missouri

River from Boonville to the mouth with the agricultural levee system installed.

(425) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pa.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation

channel, and to determine the probable

effect on the hydraulic and salinity regimen

in the estuary that would result from modifications of channel depth and alinement and flow regulation, the entire Delaware River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is reproduced in a fixed-bed, silt-injection

type model with scale ratios of 1:1,000

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by automatic

tide generators. Observed prototype salinities

are reproduced in the Delaware Bay portion

of the model, and provisions made for the Injection of silt, and for measuring silt deposits. Studies are also made of salinity intrusion and the dispersion and dilution of wastes discharged into the estuary,

(g) Tests to determine the necessity for re- habilitating all or portions of the Reedy

Island Dike, the Pea Patch Island Dike,

the Pennsville Dike, and the south jetty

at Wilmington Harbor, Delaware, indicate

that there is no need to rehabilitate any portion of the Reedy Island Dike, and probably none of the Pea Patch Island Dike except possibly the upstream end. The Pennsville Dike should be rehabilitated to about elevation +3 feet mlw, and the gap resulting from failure of the inshore portion of the south jetty at Wilmington Harbor should be closed.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The cavitation characteristics of such elements as baffle piers, steps in stilling basins,

spillway and conduit gate slots, and offset

joints are studied in either a vacuum tank

or a variable-pressure, closed- jet water

tunnel. The Investigation includes a review

of literature to evaluate the many variables

that affect cavitation results. A highvelocity water facility is being used to study resistance of concrete and protective

coatings to cavitation.

(994) EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This Is a general study to determine the hydraulic effects of various types and degrees

of model scale distortion on velocity distri- bution and other hydraulic conditions, with

the ultimate aim of establishing limits of permissible distortion for the various types

of models. A rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend with provisions for changing

the vertical scale to provide distortions

of 0 to 10 is used in the study.

(f) Suspended.

(998) WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general investigation to obtain

data from which the magnitude and elevation

of wave forces on a vertical wall can be predicted. The specific purposes of the study are to (1) study existing literature

and testing equipment; (2) verify experimentally the clapotis pressure theory; and

(3) determine maximum shock-type pressures, delineate the critical conditions necessary

to create the extremely high shock pressures, and determine the magnitude of pressures due to partially breaking waves. The literature

study and adaptation of existing test equip- ment have been completed, and measurements

of wave-pressure distribution on a vertical wall resulting from breaking waves is in progress in a 1.5- by 94-foot wave flume. Test waves are generated by a piston-type

generator placed in one end of the flume

.

Wave heights and pressures are measured

electrically.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a 5- by 4- by 119-foot and 12.5- by 4- by 119- foot wave flumes to develop design procedures and formulas, supported by experimental data,

149
from which the design of safe and economical breakwaters can be determined. In addition

to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons,

tribars, quadripods, modified cubes, and other specially molded armor units are being

studied.

(1002) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Tests are conducted In flumes and harbor

model basins to obtain Information that will allow more accurate determination of optimum

scales for wave models, and the effects of different scales and operating techniques on

the accuracy of model results.

(f) Inactive.

(1004) INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; development.

e) Various types of measurement and control equipment for use in hydraulic studies are being developed. These include improvements

in a remote-control system for a model towboat, a hawser-stress transducer for measuring

model lock tow hawser forces, and a revolutionsensing and remote-indicating device for velocity meters. A pilot study of a turbulence

meter, and a feasibility study for a portable

salinity meter for model use were begun.

(1467) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical (model and prototype); for design.

(e) A general study to develop, analyze, and disseminate to Army Corps of Engineers

establishments hydraulic design criteria to ensure adequate capacity, economy of design

and construction, and safe and satisfactory

operation of large hydraulic structures. Criteria are developed from model and prototype tests relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, gates and valves,

channels, and navigation structures.

(g) An analytical procedure was developed which permitted correlation of empirical discharge

data for vertical-lift gates independent of the crest geometry and approach conditions. This procedure involves the ratios of gate

discharge to uncontrolled discharge versus a function of a head-gate opening parameter. An analytical procedure was also developed which permits the correlation of empirical pressure data for spillway flip-bucket and

toe curves. This procedure relates the discharge, curve radius, and total head to the boundary surface pressure and its location

on the bucket or toe curve

.

(h) "Turbulent Boundary Layer Development on Spillways" and "Discharge Rating Curves for Vertical Lift Gates on Spillway Crests."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Papers Nos. 2-587 and

2-606, July and October 1963, respectively.

(Available on loan.) "Nonuniform Flow Functions—Circular Section."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-601, Sept.

1963. (Available for purchase or on loan.)

(1474) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various

elements upon these forces was conducted in

a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide

was reproduced with provisions for varying

the length up to 600 feet on each side of

the gate. Forces required for operation of miter gates were measured for variations of the following elements: gate leaves, speeds and accelerations of operation, submerged

depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous operation

of gate leaves,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1475) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This study was conducted to aid in developing

design criteria for pumping plants that depmd

on development of slphonic action in the discharge side of the pumps in order to yield the required discharge. Full-size models of a 6-inch and 12-inch plastic dis- charge line were tested. Variables investi- gated during the tests were: initial rates

of flow, tallwater levels, slope and length

of the riverward leg, and venting conditions

at the crown.

f) Final report in preparation.

g) The tests indicated that for each plan tester! there was a minimum flow below which siphonit action would not fully develop. This minimun flow appeared to be dependent upon the diameter, length, and slope of the riverward leg. The priming time was divided into two intervals based on pressures at the crown. The positive

phase (during which crown pressures were above atmospheric) depended upon the discharge,

tailwater, crown venting condition, length of line, and diameter as well as the characteristics of the pump. The negative phase (period

during which crown pressures were less than atmospheric) depended on the velocity of flew during the priming period, head, length, slope and diameter of the riverward leg. Only the sloping portion of the riverward leg in- fluenced the minimum initial priming velocity and length of the negative phase; vertical extensions had no effect. Field data have been obtained on discharge lines for 21 pimping plants with diameters ranging from

12 to 72 inches. All data are being analyzed

in an effort to develop a satisfactory

design procedure.

(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers (correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. J.B. Tiffany, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.).

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine the effects of salinity and related phenomena on the vertical distribution

of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75

foot wide. One end of the flume Is connected

to a 25-foot-square tidal basin in which any desired tide can be produced and in which the salinity can be controlled. The opposite

end is connected to a fresh-water source. Combinations of flume roughness, tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, mean depth, and fresh-water inflow are studied. Tests to define diffusion characteristics were conducted and the results are being analyzed.

(1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The study of erosion characteristics of various sizes of riprap and gravel material

is being performed with a view to securing

adequate protection at minimum cost. Measure- ments of velocity and depth at which move- ment of material begins will be made. Data collected on models of specific structures

are being analyzed in an effort to generalize

the test results.

150
(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

cH Experimental; applied research,

e) A laboratory flume, In which water temperatures

can be varied to simulate normally experienced

summer and winter temperatures, Is being used to Investigate the effects of water

temperature on streambed forms and roughness

of various types of bed materials. Preliminary tests with fine sand have been com- pleted and tests with crushed coal undertaken,

(f) Suspended.

(2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Investigation was conducted In a model which reproduced the following: 1) that portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on

the north to Wassaw Sound on the south;

2) the Savannah River and its flood plain to

the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and

3) that portion of the Intracoastal Waterway

which crosses the area included in the model. The model was of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic

tide generators were used to reproduce tides

and tidal currents throughout the harbor, and salt water was used in the model ocean

to reproduce the effects of density difference

on current velocities and distributions. Shoaling studies were made by injecting

finely ground gllsonite into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed

in the prototype, following which the effects

of proposed improvement plans on shoaling

patterns were observed and evaluated. Studies

were also made of the effects of proposed

improvement plans on dispersion and dilution

of contaminants discharged into the harbor. Refinements of plans for reducing and local- izing shoaling were tested for conditions of recently recommended changes in project

channel width and depth.

(f) Tests completed; preparation of Section 4 of final report in progress.

(g) The results of model tests indicate that construction of a sediment trap and tide gate

in lower Back River will effectively eliminate

shoaling in lower Front River for conditions

of the proposed wider and deeper channels

throughout the harbor. Tests indicate that this plan offers the greatest benefit in reducing the cost of maintenance dredging

in the harbor.

(h) "Savannah Harbor Investigation and Model

Study," Volume III, "Results of Model

Investigations"; Section 3, "Results of Supplemental Tests." U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Technical

Report No. 2-580, November 1963. (Available

on loan.)

(2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE

.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29.4 to 32.2, the lock, dam, and powerhouse, was used to investigate flow characteristics in the approaches to the

lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the river- ward downstream lock wall including the culvert manifold which discharges into the spillway stilling basin, five spillway bays, 324 feet of approach channel, and 596 feet

of exit channel, was used to investigate

flow characteristics in the stilling basin and exit channel . The emergency lock gate

was studied in a 1:25 model which reproduced

the gate, gate sill, and portions of the upstream lock approach and the lock chamber downstream from the gate. This model was used to determine: 1) hydraulic forces on and stability of the emergency gate under various flows Including free flow over the lock miter sill; 2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions; 3) gate wheel reactions and sill roller reactions at given positions; and 4) head loss through

the bridge decking,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2678) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, McALPlE

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky,

dl Experimental; for design,

e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduced a six- mile reach of the Ohio River Including

adjacent overbank areas, the locks and dam structures, and all bridges and other

structures that might affect flow conditions. Purposes of the model study were to: determine

the effects of location, size, and alinement

of the dam on stages and currents in the upper pool; determine the effects of location,

size, and alinement of a new approach

channel on navigation and surge conditions; determine the best location for a new navi- gable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad

bridge; determine a method of operating the

dam for optimum navigation conditions; study

navigation conditions in the lower approach

as affected by flow through dam, powerhouse,

and lock-emptying system; and provide a means for navigation interests to satisfy themselves

as to the acceptability of the proposed plan

by observing the model in operation.

(g) Satisfactory plans were developed covering

composition and location of dam, upper and lower approach channels, and lock filling

and emptying. Tests of various gated

sections of the dam provided data for use by the District office in developing dis- charge rating and stage-duration curves. Data were also obtained on the effects of various dam designs on head at the hydroplant, and on velocities along the Indiana

shore

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSET

BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Boston, Massachusetts.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of the Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide generator

reproduces normal tides throughout the model, and a separate, manually operated generator

reproduces hurricane tides of the desired characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans for prevention of hurricanetide damage have been proposed. The relative and absolute effectiveness of these plans in reducing hurricane-tide elevations throughout the bay system were determined and the effect

of the best plan on such important factors

as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity, and shoaling for normal conditions were investigated. Fresh water only is used in the model during tests of the proposed barrier plans, but both salt and fresh water

are used in tests to determine the effects

of barrier plans on all significant factors

for normal conditions. Model appurtenances

consist of automatic tide gages to record

both hurricane- tide and normal-tide ele- vations at critical points, recording

salinity meters, recording dye meters for observing pollution and/or flushing

characteristics, current velocity meters,

151
and equipment for simulating shoaling of the (b) channels and other navigation facilities.

(g) Results of supplemental tests indicate that

the flood-control effectiveness of the Lower (d) Bay Barrier plan would not be impaired by (e) eliminating the spur dike on the west side of the East Passage Barrier opening, nor by conversion of the navigation opening of the Sakonnet River Barrier from a gated to an ungated type.

(2681) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted by the Coastal Engineering Research Center, under the super- vision of the Waterways Experiment Station,

to investigate the effects of model scale on the results of experimentally determined

criteria for the design of rubble-mound

breakwaters. Stability tests have been made

of a breakwater slope of 1 on 1-1/2 using

wave periods of 2.61, 3.75, 7.87, and 11.33

seconds. Tests in the Coastal Engineering

Research Center wave flume (15 feet by 20 feet by 635 feet) using a linear scale of 7.5 (g) to 1 based on the tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station 5- by 4- by 119- foot wave flume were temporarily suspended.

Stability tests have also been conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station small wave

flume (1 foot by 1.5 feet by 94 feet) using

a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted

in the 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume. Therefore, data on the stability of rubble- mound breakwaters will be available for

three different linear scales, 0.5 to 1,

1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data from the Coastal Engineering Research Center wave

flume will be correlated with data from the Waterways Experiment Station flumes. Analysis

of data was in progress.

(2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Various types of acoustic flowmeter equipment for discharge measurement in closed rectangular and circular conduits were investigated

for proposed field application in large conduits and tunnels. Both line and point transducers were evaluated. (3236)

(f) Discontinued.

(2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI (b) RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer (d) District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, (e) New Orleans, Louisana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, channel reallnements, and contraction works) in elimi- nating or reducing the periodic maintenance

now required in order for deep-draft vessels

to navigate the Jetty and bar channels of Southwest Pass, the lower 12 miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of the Gulf of Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model

to scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and (g) 1:100 vertically. Tides, tidal currents, littoral currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and saltwater and freshwater

flows in Southwest Pass and the bar channel were reproduced in the model. Shoaling

studies were made by introducing various mixtures of plastic materials into the model

to simulate prototype shoaling materials and thus reproduce in the model the patterns and distribution of shoaling that occur in the prototype

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING, HUDSON RIVER, N. Y. (h)

(b)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N. Y. Experimental; for design.

A comprehensive, fixed-bed model, constructed

to linear scales of 1:100 vertically and

1:1,000 horizontally, is being used to determine the source of material shoaling

the Hudson River in the vicinity of Edgewater

and Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this

shoaling. The model reproduces Upper and Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson

River to Hyde Park, East River to Throgs

Neck, and tributaries flowing into the modeled bodies of water. Provisions are included for reproducing tides, freshwater

discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling. Another model, reproducing the Hudson River

between pier 21 (Duane Street) and West 158th Street, Manhattan, to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:300 horizontally, and including provisions for simulating tides, tidal currents, and shoaling of navigation

slips is being used to determine the causes

of shoaling in the pier slips in New York

Harbor, and to develop plans for alleviating

this shoaling. Tests in the comprehensive model indicated

that the best plan involving increasing the river cross section at the George Washington

Bridge would decrease shoaling of the navigation channels by about 25 percent and would decrease shoaling of the slips by

about 15 percent. Field and office studies indicate that a control structure in the Harlem River is technically infeaslble, al- though model tests show that such a structure would significantly reduce shoaling botti in the navigation channels and in the slips. Tests show that deepening the channel through Haverstraw Bay would not reduce

shoaling of channels or slips. A sediment trap in the upstream end of the 30-foot project channel would reduce shoaling in

the remainder of this channel, although

similar reduction can be attained by over- dredging the area involved at frequent

intervals. Tests in the pier slip model indicate that approximately 25 percent of any dredge spoil free-dumped in the navi- gation channel would return to and deposit

in the slips. These tests also show that free-dumping, if permitted, should not be

done within 500 feet of the pierhead line. MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM, MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania

.

Experimental; for desigh.

A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures, was used to study approach condi- tions under various river flows and methods

of operation of control gates; to determine effects of design modifications; to develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions; and to demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability

of the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint

.

Tests indicated that modification of the

left abutment of the dam and the left bank

improved current alinement along the left

side of the channel and reduced velocities

in the lower lock approach. Modification of the right bank downstream of the lower guide wall provided additional maneuver area without appreciably affecting navigation con- ditions. Tests also indicated the maximum

discharges which could be passed without overtopping the cofferdams during various phases of construction, velocities with the cofferdams in place, and the effects of the cofferdams on navigation during construction.

Final report in preparation.

152
(3243)

(b)

(d)

GO

(3561)

(b)

(h)

(3584)

(b)

SI

MODEL STUDY OP LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4, MONONGAHELA RIVER. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures was used to determine the effects of modifications to the existing locks and dam on navigation conditions, and to develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OP LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, LOUISIANA. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana. Experimental; for design. The investigation was conducted in a fixedbed model that reproduced to scales of 1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

Mississippi Sound west of Grand Island, and Lakes Borgne, Pontchartrain, and Maurepas,

together with significant tributaries. The model reproduced the tides, tidal currents,

salinities, and freshwater discharges of the prototype. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of proposed hurricanesurge control structures across the con- nections between Lake Borgne and Lake Pontchartrain upon the hydraulic and salinity

regimens of the area landward from the structures. Completed.

Test results Indicate that the proposed

gated control structures in the Rigolets and

Chef Menteur Passes, which would reduce the existing cross-sectional area of the passes by about 75 percent, would have no significant effects on the present salinity regimen

of the lakes or on the passage of floods when the Bonnet Carre Spillway is in operation. Complete closure of all structures during a hurricane would not cause adverse

salinity conditions or increase the high- water elevation by more than 1.4 feet msl.

It was concluded from the tests that fresh- water inflow must be given equal consideration with any plan for modification of the salinity regimen of the lake system. "Effects on Lake Pontchartrain, La., of Hurricane Surge Control Structures and Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Channel; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report No. 2-636, November 1963. (Available on loan.) MODEL STUDIES OF RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES

RIVER, IOWA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Disrict, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois. Experimental; for design.

A 1:50 model that reproduced 900 feet of the approach channel above the spillway, an

825-foot-wlde section along the dam, the

spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and 575 feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:16 model

that reproduced one conduit and a 16-footwide portion of the spillway and stilling

basin were used to study flow conditions in the approach, particularly at the abutments,

to verify stilling basin and training wall

design, to evaluate reduction in conduit

flow during combined operation, to determine the need for armor plate at the outlet portal, and to study the effects of deflectors above the conduit outlet portals. Tests on the L:16-scale model indicated that during combined operation, simulating spillway

and conduit flow at maximum reservoir

elevation, pressures within the conduit and

the outlet portal were positive. "Eyebrows"

or deflectors above the portal increased

conduit flow and dropped the grade line within the conduit. The Folsom Dam highlevel conduit, reproduced in the model, verified prototype cavitatlon-damage areas

and furnished a basis for Interpretation of Red Rock conduit test results. The general

model provided Information on spillway

capacity as affected by abutment changes;

velocities in the approach, particularly

against the dam; optimum basin elevation consistent with safety and economy; basin

elements of minimum size; and bottom

velocities in the exit channel,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop Improved dragheads designed to attain a greater rate of intake of solids when dredging mud and silt mixtures (soft

materials) and dredging densely packed, fine sand (hard material), an investigation was

conducted in a 60- by 10-foot flume containing various types of bed material.

The draghead and suction line, constructed to a scale of 1:6, were connected to a suction pump mounted on a double carriage that pro- vides travel, both longitudinally and transversely, along the top of the flume.

(h) Final report In preparation.

(3590) EFFECTS OF HURRICANE BARRIER ON NAVIGATION

CONDITIONS IN EAST PASSAGE, NARRAGANSETT

BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A barrier across East Passage has been proposed to limit the quantity of water

entering Narragansett Bay from hurricane

surge. A 1:150 model of East Passage was used to examine ship navigation conditions

with respect to barrier location and its navigation opening under current, wave, and wind conditions created by astronomical

tides and hurricane surges. A self-propelled,

radio-controlled, model aircraft carrier,

dynamically similar to its prototype, was used in the tests. Two-dimensional flume tests were conducted to investigate the effect of roughness on the discharge

through the proposed barrier opening.

Calibration tests were conducted on a roughened overflow section of the barrier

in the East Passage model. Comprehensive

velocity measurements were taken on the East Passage model for a neap tide condition.

(f ) Tests completed; final report In preparation.

(g) Tests showed that a velocity of 3.5 knots

through the roughened barrier is produced

by a head differential of 0.5 foot across

the barrier. This is equivalent to the maximum differential caused by a 2.8-foot

tide range.

(3592) MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Arkansas River multipurpose project includes the development of river navigation

from the Mississippi River to the general

area of Tulsa. Present plans for navigation

include construction of several navigation

locks and dams. A movable-bed model con- structed to linear scales of 1:120 horizontally and 1:40 vertically, reproducing a 5-mile reach of a typical stream having

characteristics generally similar to reaches

of the Arkansas River and including a typical

153
Arkansas River lock and dam structure, was

used to Investigate various problems that occur in the vicinity of the structures.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests indicated that: navigation conditions

in the upper approach would be affected by

high-velocity currents and crosscurrents near

the end of the upper guard wall of the lock at the location tested; conditions in the upper

approach could be improved by extending the contraction works in the upstream bend to reduce flow across the bar and by moving the lock and dam structure farther downstream; shoaling would occur in the lower approach

channel which could be reduced by means of low wing dikes extending from the end of the lower guard wall; the sandbar in the bend upstream would extend toward the dam and

tend to reduce flow through the bays near the abutment on the barside of the channel; deposition would occur over the dam gate sill and in the stilling basin, but the shoaling

should not affect the operation of the gates

or the stilling basin.

(h) "Navigation and Sedimentation Conditions at Typical Lock and Dam, Arkansas River, Arkansas and Oklahoma; Hydraulic Model Investi- gation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-623,

April 1963. (Available on loan.)

(3596) HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY DISSIPATOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general investigation to determine the energy loss coefficient of an impact energy disslpator of variable height and depth for varying slopes, diameters, and energy of flows of the incoming pipe was conducted on

a 1 .0-foot-diameter impact energy disslpator.

The disslpator consisted of a vertical section

of circular pipe affixed to the outlet end

of a storm drainage outfall, termed a stilling well. The energy of the Influx was

determined from measurements of the discharge

and the hydraulic gradient, and the energy of the efflux from measurements of the water

surface above the top of the well. The slope and size of the incoming pipe were varied to determine the effect of each upon the energy

dissipated. For a particular slope and diameter of the incoming pipe and a particular height and depth of the disslpator above the Invert of the incoming pipe, the relative

energy content of the efflux to the Influx

was determined for a range of Reynolds

numbers to ascertain the effect of Reynolds number upon the energy loss in the disslpator.

(f) Completed.

(g) Test results indicate that there is an opti- mum depth of the stilling well below the invert of the incoming pipe, dependent on the slope of the incoming pipe. Limited tests Indicated that there is also an optimum

height of the well above the pipe invert for

each given set of conditions. In regard to energy dissipation, test results show that

the smaller the ratio of the diameter of the incoming pipe to that of the stilling well

and the flatter the slope of the Incoming

pipe, the greater the value of the energy

loss coefficient. The energy loss coefficient

is less for full pipe flow than for partial

pipe flow. Discharge coefficients for a circular stilling well were determined for

both partial and full pipe flows and free outflow conditions, and empirical equations

were developed.

(h) "Impact-Type Energy Disslpator for Storm- Drainage Outfalls; Stilling Well Design."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-620, March

1963. (Available on loan.)

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

(h)

(3902)

(b)

(f)

(g)

(3903)

(b)

of the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads,

Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research. This was a general investigation to determine

a resistance coefficient and the law of velocity distribution for flow In structural- plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test section reproducing a 5-foot-diameter

standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:4 was tested In order to obtain additional data on the resistance coefficient and velocity

distribution and to correlate model work with full-scale tests. Fiber-glass test sections reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-foot- diameter structural-plate pipe at scales of 1:2.2, 1:8, and 1:16, respectively, were tested to determine the effect of relative roughness upon the resistance coefficient

and velocity distribution. The hydraulic

gradient and the energy loss through 20- to 80-dlameter lengths of test section were established by piezometers located at 5^-foot intervals. These piezometers were 1/8 Inch in diameter, on center of the crests of the corrugations, and four in number around

the periphery of the pipe. Velocity traverse were made by means of calibrated pitot

tubes at several locations along the test section for determination of the velocity

distribution.

Final report In preparation. RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas. Experimental; field Investigation.

The movement of sediment in the vicinity of the Galveston Bay Jetty was Investigated by

use of radioactive gold-Impregnated glass. The glass was ground to the particle size of the natural sediment. In the first series

of tests, the activated, gold-impregnated

glass was deposited at three locations on the north side of the Jetty, and the paths of the particles were traced by Instruments from a small boat. Readings were procured over a period of about one week. It was expected

that the tidal action, littoral current, and wind waves would move the material around the end of the Jetty and/or through the Jetty.

In a second series of tests, the tracer material was deposited at five additional

locations north of the north Jetty. These locations extended the area under study beyond the end of the Jetty. A third series of tests was conducted in which material was placed at three locations outside the south

Jetty. Tests completed; final reports in preparation.

In the first series of tests, some of the radioactive material passed through a small boat opening in the Jetty, and further tests were needed to determine whether any material passes around the end of the jetty. In the second series of tests, the bulk of material deposited near the end of the jetty swept around the end Into the ship channel and was randomly distributed over the area between ttie Jetties. In the third series of tests, that material placed off the south Jetty remained

outside the jetty with movement generally east and south. MODEL STUDY OF TSUNAMIS AT HILO HARBOR,

HAWAII.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii. Experimental; for design.

A comprehensive, fixed-bed hydraulic model

will be constructed by the U. S. Army

Engineer District, Honolulu, to determine the optimum plan of protection for Hllo Harbor

from attack by tsunamis, dangerous surges, and short-period waves. Remedial works in the form of breakwaters are proposed. The

154
Waterways Experiment Station's part in the comprehensive Hilo Harbor investigations

being conducted by the Honolulu District is

to: (1) design the tsunami generator, (2) establish model and pit limits for Phase I and II of the study, (3) suggest and procure instrumentation for the model, and (4) design

the wave filter for Phase II of the investigation. To this end a pilot model study to investigate model distortion and scale effects was conducted. Design of the Phase I model

is in progress. Flume tests are being con- ducted to determine the design of a wave filter for the Phase II model. Tests to determine the design parameters of a bore generator are being conducted in a small flume

.

(g) Tests performed in the pilot model show that the Hilo tsunami model can be distorted as much as 3 to 1, vertical to horizontal.

(3905) KELLEYS ISLAND HARBOR STUDY, LAKE ERIE, OHIO.

(b) State of Ohio.

(d) Analytical; for design.

(e) An analysis was performed to estimate the magnitude and duration of waves which approach

the North Bay area of Kelleys Island, and determine the type, length, and orientation

of breakwaters and wave absorbers required to provide good entrance conditions and adequate

protection to boats moored in the proposed harbor of refuge. Use was made of wave- hindcast methods, wave refraction and dif- fraction theories, and model data and design

procedures developed at the Waterways

Experiment Station for evaluation of the stability characteristics of rubble-mound

breakwaters and wave absorbers.

f) Completed.

g) Results of the analysis indicated that:

(1) waves about 6 feet in height will reach the proposed harbor site occasionally;

(2) the harbor entrance should open to the west to ensure adequate inner-harbor

protection from waves having the greatest

magnitudes and frequency of occurrence,

and the littoral drift resulting therefrom; and (3) one of the harbor and breakwater

systems investigated will provide sufficient protection to ensure that waves exceeding 0.5

foot in height inside the harbor will occur only rarely.

(h) "Estimate of Wave Action Conditions and Selection of Optimum Plan for Proposed Harbor of Refuge, Kelleys Island, Ohio; Analytical Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-560, March 1963. (Available on loan.)

(3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND

OAHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, Missouri River, and District

Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha,

Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

design.

(e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of power

plant transients at Oahe and Garrison Dam have been made to evaluate results of a compre- hensive digital computer study made by the sponsoring offices, and to determine extent

to which operation corresponds to design in order to develop a solution of the entire problem of power plant transients, with primary

emphasis on governing stability. For different

plant loadings, instantaneous pressure values

at a number of locations in the power tunnel,

the surge tank system, turbine scroll case, and draft tube were obtained simultaneously

with instantaneous values of tunnel velocity,

reservoir and tailwater elevations, turbine

speed and gate opening, power output, and other elements (including governor system). Pressure and water level were measured with

electrical pressure transducers, velocities

were measured with pressure transducers

mounted in probes projecting into the flow and connected to pitot-static tubes on cross

struts in the penstock, and mechanical and electrical values were obtained with appropriate transducers. Measurements were recorded on about 90 channels of oscillograph

and magnetic tape recorders. Data are being digitized by the Omaha District for computer analyses.

(3907) SHOALING PROCESSES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The annual cost to the Federal Government of maintaining navigable channels in tidal waterways is estimated to be of the order of $60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers Com- mittee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded

that a thorough study of shoaling processes

in tidal waterways would lead to Improvements

in channel design, dredging, and spoiling

practices, and other maintenance techniques

which would reduce this large expenditure.

The Committee concludes that the following

program of research is essential In arriving

at the objective of reducing maintenance

cost: (1) Flume studies to determine the basic laws Involved in the movement and deposition of muddy sediments; (2) flume

studies to determine effects of repetitive

scour and deposition on sedimentation; (3) the development of techniques for using

radioactive tracers for observing the movement and deposition of sediments in nature;

(4) the development of a simple and accurate

Instrument for in-place measurement of turbidity; (5) a study of the physical, chemical, and hydraulic factors involved in the stabili- zation of deposits in navigable channels;

(6) determination of the effects of floccu- lation on shoaling; (7) prototype studies aimed at correlation of sedimentation phenom- ena in tidal waterways with physical, chemical, hydraulic, salinity, and other significant factors; and (8) classification of the sediments which constitute all major repetitive shoals in tidal waterways. Item (1) above was completed under terms of a contract between the University of California and the

U. S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, and all pertiment reports have been published; item (2) is presently Inactive; item (3) is in active status by the U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station and

U. S. Army Engineer Districts, Galveston and Wilmington; item (4) is presently inactive; item (5) is being investigated under terms

of a contract between the University of Calif and the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- periment Station; item (6) is under study

by the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics and

the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station, and a research program has been

formulated; and items (7) and (8) are in progress by the U. S. Army Engineer Water- ways Experiment Station. No definite con- clusions have yet been reached as a result

of these studies.

(3908) ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION MODEL.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model reproducing to scales of 1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically

about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near

the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers,

57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 mile of the lower White River, and the major

portion of the White-Arkansas River backwater area was used for the investigation. The model was used to demonstrate alternate

routes for the entrance to the Arkansas River navigation project, flow patterns, nature of overbank flow, effect of Arkansas-White

Cutoff, and problems related to the location

155
and alinement of the navigation entrance to the Arkansas River from the Mississippi

River.

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(3909) MODEL STUDY OP HANNIBAL (FORMERLY OPOSSUM

CREEK) LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Penna.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120, fixed-bed, comprehensive model reproducing about 4 miles of the Ohio River and the lock and dam structures is being used to study navigation conditions in the approaches to the locks, determine

suitability of the selected site, and develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions found.

(g) Effects of modified excavation in the upper

lock approach were determined, and tests of the effects of submerged dikes in reducing

velocities indicate that a reduction in velocities in the upper approach could be obtained with submerged dikes designed to deflect flow after it passes the bend upstream.

(3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, reproduced about 800 square miles

of prototype area, including all of Matagorda

Bay, part of the connecting bay system, and

a portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents were reproduced by one primary and one secondary

tide generator, and fresh-water discharges

of tributaries, together with the rainfall over the area, are introduced by means of weirs and flowmeters. Salt water w«s used in the model gulf to reproduce the prototype salinitv reeimen, and provisions

were made for the injection of silt in the model for measurements of deposits on the bed of the model. Studies were made

to determine: (1) The best location for the entrance channel; (2) the best route for the channel from the entrance to Point Comfort;

(3) such protective works as may be required

in the interests of navigation and maintenance of the channel; and (4) the effects of the deep-draft navigation channel on the salinity regimen of the bay system.

(h) Final report In preparation.

(3912) MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

reproduces about 174.5 square miles of prototype area, including a small portion of Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico extending 8 miles north of the north

Jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south Jetty, and offshore to about the 50-foot contour of depth. Tides, tidal currents, littoral

currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico are reproduced. Studies are being

made to determine: (1) Plans for relocation

and stabilization of the Jetty channel on an alinement and depth suitable for navigation

of supertankers; (2) means of protecting the north Jetty from undermining action of tidal

currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of the relocated and deepened Jetty (inner bar) channel and plans for minimizing shoaling; and (4) shoaling characteristics of the deepened outer bar channel.

(g) Test results indicate that the plan 2 channel

reallnement is the best of those tested to date, including the existing alinement. Results of tests of Jetty modifications are being analyzed, but no conclusions have been

reached.

(3913) MODEL STUDY OF GULF OUTLET CHANNEL, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Egineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana,

dl Experimental; for design.

e) The investigation was conducted in a fixed-bed extension of the Lake Pontchartraln model and In conjunction with that model

study. Reproduced was that area eastward

of New Orleans to Breton Sound and south of Lakes Pontchartraln and Borgne to include

the connecting waterways between those

lakes and the Gulf Outlet Channel, now under construction. Scales are 1:2,000 hori- zontal and 1:100 vertical. Tides, tidal currents, salinities, and water exchange

through the connecting waterways are simulated. Purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the channel on the salinity

regimens of Lakes Pontchartraln and Borgne, which will be connected to the channel by

existing waterways.

f) Completed.

g) Test results Indicated that the Gulf Outlet

Channel, with no control over its connection

to Lake Pontchartraln through the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal, would cause a large increase in the present salinity of the lake. However, a gated control structure installed near the Junction of the channel and Lake Pontchartraln could be used, In conjunction

with accurate freshwater inflow predictions,

to maintain the salinity level in Lake Pontchartraln at the desired concentration. Tests with the Bonnet Carre spillway dis- charging the design flow and with both the Gulf Outlet Channel connected and hurricane

surge structures installed in Chef Menteur

and Rigolets showed that high-water elevation

in Lake Pontchartraln would be raised to a maximum of 1.4 feet msl.

(h) "Effects on Lake Pontchartraln, La., of Hurricane Surge Control Structures and Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Channel; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-636, November 1963. (Available on loan.)

(3914) MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING

LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky,

dl Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 model which reproduced the filling and emptying system was used to develop feasible modifications which will improve prototype

performance

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3915) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING VALLEY

PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska,

dl Experimental; for design.

e) The Gering Valley project In western Nebraska will consist of low rectangular drop struc- tures designed for alluvial channels, a series of which will be located in the main

Gering drain as well as in the tributaries. Structure widths will vary from 6 to 33 feet and lengths from 16 to 47 feet, with drop

heights of 5 and 10 feet. A l:12-scale

model and a l:33-scale model were used to examine the hydraulic performance, of the drop structures with particular interest in basin

performance, discharge capacity, and the extent and size of riprap required upstream

156
and downstream of structure. Each model reproduced a typical drop structure, adjacent overbank areas, and about 300 feet of the approach and exit areas. The smaller scale model permitted more rapid modifications of the structure. Tests were conducted of 15 drop structure designs. These tests

Involved: (1) observation of flow conditions

and Investigation of scour tendencies above

and below the structures; (2) effect of such factors as basin length, basin elements, and

sill height and basin wall position; and (3) determination of riprap size and placement,

(g) Families of curves were developed that permitted drop structure design based on drop height and discharge conditions. Design

criteria based on Investigation of structures having a 5-foot drop height were applicable to structures with drop heights up to 10 feet. A satisfactory plan for placement of riprap material in the vicinity of the structure was developed.

(3916) MODEL STUDY OF OAHE RESERVOIR SPILLWAY, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha Nebraska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:50 model reproduced the remote, gated

control structure which will serve as the

spillway, the stilling basin, and approximately 1,700 feet of approach and 1,200

feet of exit channel. The model study was

concerned with: (1) flow characteristics

in the approach and exit channels; (2) dis- charge data for the spillway gates without downstream submergence; (3) the shape,

arrangement, 'and locations of baffles for dispersal of energy downstream from the gate

structure; (4) feasibility of a simple type

of transition between the structure and the discharge channel; and (51 velocities on the apron below the struccure and in a portion of the unlined exit channel.

(g) Test results Indicated that, while the spillway as originally designed functioned

satisfactorily, a conventional -type stilling basin was not appropriate because of the lack of residual tail-water to force a hydraulic jump. A shallow, depressed basin wa3 developed which dispersed the smaller flows

and eliminated surface waves noted at the larger flows with the original design basin.

A schedule for use in operation of the spill- way gates was developed. This schedule when used in conjunction with the depressed

basin was the optimum method of dissipating

flows on the apron until downstream sub- mergence occurred. Tests of the exit channel indicated that sector walls could replace the concrete transitions below the rectangular

section of the basin. The paved apron

could be reduced in length some 45 feet, and

the riprap section could be reduced to 160 feet in length.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests are made on various elements of spill- ways to develop improved designs and to better define values of coefficients used

in design formulas. A flume 70 feet long

by 6 feet wide and 6 feet high comprises the test facility. Section models designed for

study of particular elements of spillways are installed In the test flume. A series of tests was conducted on weirs of various heights to determine optimum shape from a consideration of discharge coefficients and pressures.

(g) The desirability of a weir crest shape

tangent to the upstream face of the weir has been established. This applies to weirs with

sloping and vertical upstream faces.

(3S18) MODEL TESTS FOR TYPICAL FLOOD- AND WATER- CONTROL STRUCTURE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Jacksonville, Corp3 of Engineers,

Jacksonville, Florida.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:16 model, reproducing 384 feet of the approach channel, an 81 .33-foot-wlde 3-bay structure, the spillway, stilling

basin, and 192 feet of the outlet channel, was used to investigate discharge characteristics of typical structure, and determine

discharge coefficients for open and partially open gates through a range of headwater and tailwater conditions.

f) Completed.

g) As expected, results indicated that the greater the depth of approach and/or dif- ference in elevation between weir crest and

exit channel, the greater the discharge

coefficient for all flow conditions. The effects of both on the discharge coefficients are shown by means of graphical plots. Ex- pressions describing free and submerged controlled and uncontrolled flow conditions

and parameters that will define the limits

of each of the four possible flow conditions were determined.

(h) "Typical Spillway Structure for Central and Southern Florida Water-Control Project;

Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-633, September 1963. (Available on loan.)

(4382) HYDRAULIC PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Field investigations for applied research

and design.

(e) The hydraulic prototype testing program of the Corps of Engineers is coordinated for complete coverage of needed testing, pre- vention of unnecessary duplication of testing facilities and tests, recommendations of Instrument installations at projects where

physical and hydraulic conditions will be suitable for obtaining data, and investigation

of prototype hydraulic performance. Personrel and equipment are made available to Corps of Engineers Districts conducting hydraulic

field tests. Assistance also is given in planning test facilities, analyzing data, and preparing reports. Hydraulic prototype

tests related to and conducted partly under

this study are described in item 4397 on McAlplne Lock emergency gate tests; item 3906 on power plant transients tests; Prototype Hawser-Stress Measurements, Jackson

Lock, Tombigbee River, Ala.; Culvert Pressure Tests, Greenup Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Ky. and Ohio; and Prototype Pressure Tests, Nolin Dam, Nolin River, Ky.

(4383) MODEL STUDY OF TURTLE CREEK CHANNEL

IMPROVEMENT, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To evaluate proposed channel Improvements

and determine the necessity for raising

bridges and modifying piers and abutments,

a 1:50 model reproducing the lower 7,700

feet of Turtle Creek channel was used. The model included provisions for testing plans with the existing and improved channels in the lower, 1,500-foot reach of the channel.

(g) Tests indicated that the proposed channel

was adequate to carry the design discharge,

although low-level railroad bridges in the reach would project Into the flow. Additional reduction in stages and improvement

in. flow conditions could be obtained by

realinement of the lower 800 feet of channel

to eliminate projecting piers and abutments, and by removing projections and obstructions

157
remaining in the channel upstream,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4384) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PROCTOR RESERVOIR, LEON RIVER, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:40 model reproducing a center bay and adjacent half bays of the spillway and stilling basin, and 400 feet of approach

and exit areas, was used to verify discharge coefficients and pressure conditions on the

low ogee weir with sloping upstream face and

to determine the effect of varying the depth

of approach on these factors. Results will will be utilized for this and other projects

in the Fort Worth District.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4385) MODEL STUDY OF BELLEVILLE LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project Involves construction of a nonnavigable-type dam with parallel locks; the main lock will be 1,200 feet by 110 feet and the auxiliary lock 600 feet by 110 feet. A 1:120 fixed-bed model reproducing

about 3 miles of the river was used to study

navigation conditions in the lock approaches

and the effects of the structures on flood

stages.

(f) Suspended.

(4386) MODEL STUDY OF HOLT LOCK AND DAM, WARRIOR

RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama

.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:80 model, reproducing the structures, 4,800 feet of the approach channel and 4,800 feet of the exit channel, was used to study flow conditions in the lock approaches

and in the approach and exit channels for all arrangements of the structures. A 1:36 section model reproducing one full bay and

two adjacent half bays of the spillway and

stilling basin was utilized for studies

of the adequacy of the weir and stilling basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 800 feet of the lock approach channel, intake

manifolds, the 670-foot lock chamber,

culverts, bottom laterals, outlet stilling

basin, and 730 feet of the downstream exit channel was used to study various types of filling and emptying systems to determine

the most advantageous system from the standpoints of rate of operations, degree of turbulence, and economy. A 1:15 model of

a culvert valve was used to study proposed

valve designs.

(h) Final report In preparation.

(4387) MODEL STUDY OF WILLOW SPRINGS AND SAG JUNCTION DIVERSIONS, CHICAGO SANITARY AND

SHIP CANAL, ILLINOIS.

(b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests were conducted on two 1:60 models,

reproducing the diversion channels and a portion of the Sanitary and Ship Canal

at each location, to determine the effect

of crosscurrents on navigation and to verify or further develop the hydraulic

design of the diversion channels and ap- purtenant hydraulic structures. A 1:16 section model was used for study of control structures

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4388) SECTION MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 6, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 section model, reproducing a 5-foot depth of approach channel, one 60-foot gate

bay and two adjacent half bays, the spillway

stilling basin, and outlet channel, was

used to determine the optimum parabolic shape of the downstream face of the gate sill, the dimensions and elevation of the stilling

basin, the shape of the gate piers, the spill- way rating curves with full and partially

opened gates, and the minimum riprap require- ments for various elevations of the exit channel

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4390) MODEL STUDY OF CANNELTON LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO

RIVER, INDIANA AND KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project involves the construction of a nonnavigable dam with parallel locks, the main lock to have clear dimensions of 1200 by 110 feet and an auxiliary lock, 600 by

110 feet. A 1:120 model reproducing about

9 miles of the river is used for investigation of navigation conditions in the lock approaches, effects of the structures on flood stages, to obtain data for development of rating curves, and to determine the effect of powerhouse installation on flow

and navigation conditions. A 1:25 model,

reproducing 500 feet of the lock approach

channel, Intake manifolds, the 1270-foot

lock chamber, culvert, sidewall port

manifolds, outlets, and 200 feet of the downstream exit channel is being used to determine the suitability of a sidewall

port filling system under heads and sub- mergences which will obtain at other locks

on the Ohio River.

(g) Plans to reduce the swellhead caused by the powerhouse installation and to improve flow distribution In the approach to the power- house were developed. Tests in the 1:25-

scale lock model have resulted in a satis- factory filling and emptying system for Cannelton, Uniontown, and Hannibal Lock

conditions. Satisfactory hawser stresses

as well as turbulences obtained with the type 45 port arrangement, which consisted of

25 type A ports spaced 28 feet center to center In each wall with the most upstream

port in the left wall 344 feet below the upstream miter gate pintle. The type 45 arrangement also Included 15-foot- by 15- foot by 4-foot-high angular deflectors at the twelve upstream ports in each wall.

(4391) MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 3, ARKANSAS

RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A movable-bed model reproducing about 13 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank area, constructed to a scale of

1 to 120 horizontally and 1 to 80 vertically,

is being used to determine the suitability of the proposed site for the lock and dam structure, the effects of proposed regulating works In the vicinity including a cutoff, and modifications which might be required to provide adequate channel depths In the lock approaches and safe navigation conditions with minimum maintenance.

(g) Tests indicated that the number of gate bays

could be reduced from 22 to 18 and the elevation of the gate sills could be the

same across the channel without any

158
appreciable effect on channel development

or swellhead at the dam. Plans which would

tend to reduce shoaling in the lower lock approach would produce currents which might

be objectionable to navigation.

(4392) EXTENSION OP LA GUARDIA FIELD RUNWAY, NEW

YORK.

(b) Port of New York Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing New York Harbor model is being

used for tests to determine the effects of certain proposed fills in East River, for the purpose of extending the North-South runway

at La Guardia Airport, on the hydraulic and flushing characteristics of the surrounding

areas.

(f) Inactive.

(4393) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF SOUTH JETTY, SIUSLAW RIVER, OREGON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Stability tests were conducted in two wave

flumes 119 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 4 feet wide on section models of the jetty constructed to a linear scale of 1:50 to determine experimental coefficients (KA

) in the Waterways Experiment Station breakwater

stability equation for design of repairs of the south jetty at the river mouth. Design

criteria were also desired for both the head

and trunk of the structure for the conditions

of (1) waves breaking directly on the structure, (2) special placement by crane of selected long-axis stones above low tide,

(3) angles of wave attack of 0 and 90 degrees, and (4) pell-mell placement by crane of cover-layer stones from toe of jetty to crest

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that values of vary only

slightly with the angle of wave attack.

Also, It was found that the stability of the jetties could be improved by placing long- axis stones so that the long axes were

normal to the breakwater slope. Design

coefficients for the jetty head and trunk

sections situated in water depths of 14, 21, 30, and 40 feet were determined.

(h) "Stability of South Jetty, Siuslaw River,

Oregon; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-631, July

1963. (Available on loan.)

(4395) DISPERSION STUDIES IN NEW YORK HARBOR MODEL.

fb) Interstate Sanitation Committee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing New York model is being used for

a comprehensive study of the diffusion

patterns from most of the major sewer out- falls In New York Harbor. Model tests are conducted using conservative fluorescent dyes

as tracers, and the results will be used for

planning the construction of additional

sewage treatment facilities. Results are being analyzed by the Interstate Sanitation

Commission.

(f) Inactive.

(4396) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The model reproduces the lower 52 miles

of the Columbia River and pertinent offshore

areas to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents, density currents, waves, and other phenomena significant to the movement and deposition of sediments are reproduced

and studied. Some portions of the model

are of the fixed-bed type, while other portions are of the movable-bed type. The purposes of the study are to determine

the need for and to develop optimum plans

for rehabilitation of existing jetties and proposed additional Improvements; to investi- gate future shoaling developments in the entrance channel and In the reach between

the entrance and Oak Point, and means of alleviating such shoaling; and to investigate

existing and proposed spoil-disposal areas

to establish locations that will not permit movement of material back to the channel.

(4397) McALPINE LOCKS EMERGENCY GATE PROTOTYPE TESTS

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engrs., Louisville, Ky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Prototype measurements of the forces acting

on the downstream leaf of a two-leaf, verti- cal-lift emergency gate (531 kips dry weight) were made to determine acceptability of the gate under flowing water conditions. Measure- ments included tension In the dead end of the hoist fall lines, gate-end elevations,

and gate vibration. The prototype downpull

and gate vibration were compared with the results of a model study.

(g) Results of the tests indicated stable gate

operation under relatively severe flow

conditions. Gate vibration was very low with no tendency to increase, indicating no elastic resonance with any fluctuating

hydraulic load. Good agreement was found between prototype observations and results

of a model study of the gate. Gate hoist

loads were somewhat higher In the prototype

than in the model, the variation being

attributed to differences in gate con- struction or higher seal and reaction-roller

friction in the prototype.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4398) MODEL STUDY OF AMISTAD DAM SPILLWAY, RIO

GRANDE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

(d} Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:70 model reproducing one-half of the river for a distance of 1,500 feet upstream

and 2,500 feet downstream, one powerhouse, and one-half of the 950-foot-wide, 16-bay

structure including the spillway and stilling basin was used to determine spillway

rating curves, flow conditions at the abut- ments and training walls, pressures on weir

crest, lateral pressures on pier subjected

to unbalanced flow, and stilling basin

action

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4399) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF BREAKWATER, TSOYING HARBOR, TAIWAN.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Okinawa, Corps of Engineers, San Francisco, California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Stability tests were conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet

wide, and 4 feet deep on section models of the breakwater constructed to linear

scales of 1:47.6 and 1:58.6 and to obtain

data from which alternate designs could be developed for construction of the proposed

breakwater. Design criteria for both the head and trunk of the breakwater were desired. Cover layers of both quarrystones

and quadrlpod armor units were tested.

(f) Completed.

(g) Test results indicated that the stability

of breakwater sections constructed of quarry- stone cover layers is more dependent upon

the roughness and shape of the stone used

than upon the method of placing the stones

159
in the cover layers. Breakwater head and

trunk sections constructed of 25- to 35-ton quarrystones would be stable for the 27-foot design wave height. For these conditions the slopes of the head and trunk sections were

1:4.5 and 1:3.5, respectively. Breakwater

head and trunk sections, constructed of 32-

ton quadripods, would be stable for the design wave height of 27 feet. For these conditions, variable width benns were used

in the design, and the effective side slope

of the trunk and the head section was 1:6.

(h) "Designs for Rubble-Mound Breakwater

Construction, Tsoying Harbor, Taiwan; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-640, in publication.

(4593) MODEL STUDIES OF MILLERS FERRY LOCK AND DAM, ALABAMA RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project will Include a nonnavigable dam with a gated and an overflow section, a lock on the left bank having clear dimensions

of 600 by 84 feet, and a powerhouse. A 1:100 model, reproducing about 3.1 miles

of river, will be used to Investigate navi- gation conditions through an existing

bridge and in the lock approaches, the ef- fects of the structures on flood stages, and

the effects of powerhouse operations on navigation conditions. A 1:50 model of a section of the gated portion of the dam,

reproducing 600 feet of the approach

channel, a 50-foot-wlde gate bay with piers

and 28.5 feet of each adjacent gate bay, a 125-foot-wide section of the stilling basin, and 700 feet of the exit area, was used, to determine flow characteristics over the spillway and verify the adequacy of the stilling basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 700 feet of the lock approach

channel, the 600- by 84-foot lock chamber,

the entire culvert system, and 800 feet of the downstream exit channel is being used to

study the suitability of the longitudinal floor culvert system for filling and emptying the lock under heads and submergences

which will obtain at the site.

(g) Results in the general model indicate that a dike would be required along the upper lock approach channel to overcome the adverse cur- rents with the hydroplant in operation, and

that a dike would be required along the left overbank below the bridge to eliminate cur- rents from the overbank when powerhouse is not in operation. Modification of the left bank would be required to Improve navigation

in the lower approach. In the spillway

section model it was found that the downstream

face of the gate sill should be shaped to the equation X

2 = 40Y in order to cause flow to follow along the gate sill and not override

the stilling basin. A stilling basin con- sisting of a horizontal apron and sloping

end sill was found to be adequate for energy

dissipation. In the lock studies satis- factory designs were developed for connections between the main culverts and the floor

culverts. Although tests still were in progress for development of an optimum

arrangement for the floor culverts, results

to date indicate that the lock can be filled

in about 11 minutes with the longitudinal floor culvert system.

(4594) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, SHELBYVILLE DAM, KASKASKIA RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis, Missouri

.

dl Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:40 model that reproduces 1,550 feet of the approach channel, the gated spillway with

sloping chute leading to a conventional hydraulic-jump type stilling basin, a portion

of the earth embankment on each side of the spillway, outlet works through the embank- ment consisting of a double-barrel sluice discharging into the spillway stilling

basin, and 1,150 feet of the exit channel

is being used to study the overall hydraulic

performance of the spillway and outlets of the sluices, and to verify chute and stilling basin designs.

f) Suspended.

g) Foundation considerations governed the ele- vation of the stilling basin. Basin elements

of minimum size and a basin apron of minimum

length were developed. A sluice outlet in the left training wall was developed which

resulted in more effective dispersion of sluice flows by the baffle piers.

(4595) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, OUACHITA RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer %Di St., Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg,

Mississippi * d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project involves construction of a cutoff channel about 5,600 feet long with a bottom width of 564 feet, a gated structure (consisting of four tainter gates each 50 feet wide and 26 feet high) located about midway of the cutoff, a 200-foot-wide navigable pass on the right of the dam, and

a 600- by 84-foot lock on the left. A 1:100 model, reproducing about 2.6 miles of the river, was used to investigate navigation conditions in the approaches to the lock and navigable pass, and the effects of the structures on flood stages.

f) Tests completed.

g) Tests with the right abutment of the navi- gation pass replaced with a concrete piertype abutment wall 8 feet by 39 feet, and a wall 1 foot thick with the top at elevation

22.0 extending from the abutment wall to the right bank, showed that the right abutment of the navigation pass could be modified as indicated without producing any adverse

effect on navigation in the approaches to the pass.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4596) MODEL STUDY OF OVERFLOW EMBANKMENTS FOR LOW HEAD DAM ON ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:4 model reproducing a 40-foot-wide

section including 90 feet of approach ehanne} the embankment with upstream and downstream

slopes of 1 on 3 and 1 on 4, respectively, and crown widths of 20 and 35 feet, and 100 feet of exit channel was used to verify the adequacy of proposed designs utilizing four gradations of riprap on the downstream slope of both an access and nonaccess type overflew embankment for unit discharges ranging from

5 to 60 cubic feet per second per foot width.

(g) The model Indicated the transition riprap

placed between the roadway and the larger

stone on the downstream slope was inadequate, and that the stone used on the downstream

slope should be extended to the edge of the roadway. Relations between headwater and tail-water elevations, with respect to the crown, at which each of the four types of protective stone failed for the range of unit discharges Investigated were determined. Although attempts to generalize test results have been unsuccessful, the prime require- ments for design of the overflow embankments

have been satisfied.

(h) Final report In preparation.

(4598) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, CAYUGA INLET, ITHACA, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y.

!

160
d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:20 model, reproducing 300 feet of the trapezoidal approach channel, the rectangular, 80-foot-wide drop structure, the 60-foot-long

basin with baffle piers and end sill, and about 400 feet of trapezoidal exit channel, was used to confirm the suitability of the drop structure, and if indicated, to develop

advantageous modifications thereto. Of particular concern was the magnitude of channel velocities below the structure.

f) Tests completed.

g) Tests demonstrated that the original design

structure was unsatisfactory as little or no energy dissipation occurred at low and inter- mediate flows. The length of the structure

was reduced and baffle piers eliminated in the basin. A 3-foot-hlgh sill was added to the weir crest to reduce velocities in the channel upstream from the structure. Use of

a 12-foot-radius abutment wall improved

entrance conditions to the structure and reduced construction costs.

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(4599) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURES, LITTLE SIOUX RIVER, LITTLE SIOUX, IOWA

.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer DIst., Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The structure will consist of a low, 50-footwide, rectangular drop located in the control

channel with rock protection downstream and

on adjacent berms. A 1:30 model, reproducing

about 700 feet of the approach channel and berms upstream of the structure with por- tions of the adjacent levees, the drop

structure, and about 1,300 feet of the channel and berms below the structure was used to study the placement of riprap materials in the vicinity of the structure, and the dis- charge capacity of the structure.

f ) Tests completed.

g) As the design of the drop structure for Little Sioux was based on the successful design of

the Gering Valley structure, and as initial observations revealed satisfactory per- formance of the structure from a hydraulic

standpoint no changes were made to the drop

structure during the course of the model

study. Model tests were mainly concerned

with the determination of an adequate riprap

plan to protect the structure and obtain the most economical use of the rock. Cali- bration data for submerged and unsubmerged

flows were obtained. It was determined from

the model study that while the overall per- formance of the structure was excellent, and

the dimensions of the drop structure based on the Gering Valley tests were satisfactory, certain modifications to the structure would

Improve hydraulic performance and effect economies in construction. Tests indicated that stone sizes in the original riprap plan were larger than necessary and smaller sizes could be used

with a resulting saving in construction

costs. Tests also Indicated that approxi- mately 150 feet of riprap protection on the channel banks upstream from the structure could be eliminated. The capacity of the control structure was found to be adequate.

(h) Final report In preparation.

(4600) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, CAPE FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Wilmington, Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, North Carolina.

d) Experimental; field Investigation.

e) The movement of material from dredge spoil areas was investigated using labeled sediment

to determine if spoil material moves into the wharf areas at Sunny Point Army Terminal.

The sediment was labeled using auric chloride

(Gold-198) solution adsorbed on existing

sediment. Material was placed at four loca- tions under two extreme tide conditions.

Movement of sediments was observed for two weeks using Instruments on a small boat.

(g) Test results showed that significant amounts of the spoil material are trans- ported into the north and center wharf

basins, regardless of whether the material

Is placed during rising or falling tide.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4601) MODEL STUDY OF POLUTION, CONEY ISLAND

CREEK, NEW YORK.

(b) New York City Department of Health, New

York, New York,

dl Experimental; for design,

e) An existing model of New York Harbor is being used to investigate diffusion patterns

from sewage treatment plant outfalls and combination sewer and storm outfalls with

special attention to contamination of bathing beaches and other recreational

facilities. Plans for diverting pollution

away from certain critical areas are also being investigated.

(f) Inactive.

(4602) LOCK FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A 1:15 valve model used to develop the vertically framed Holt Lock valve was utilized to compare the performance of this

valve with that of the McNary type valve. The Holt valve was 12.5 by 12.5 feet and the McNary valve was 11 feet wide by 12 feet

high. Therefore, for tests of the McNary

valve the valve was expanded to 12.5 by

12.5 feet by additions of 1.5 feet in width

and 0.5 foot in height to the center portions

of the valve.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(4603) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM FOR LOW-LIFT LOCKS, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas, and other interested Corps of Engineers offices.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 model, reproducing 700 feet of lock approach channel, Intake manifolds, a 670- foot-long lock chamber, culvert, sidewall

port manifolds, outlet manifold, and 700 feet of downstream channel is being used to de- termine an optimum port arrangement for the filling and emptying system for low-lift

locks. An intake is to be developed for use

In all tests. Then optimum shape, size,

number, spacing, and location of the ports

in the lock chamber as related to culvert

size will be determined for a full range of heads and submergences. The Little Rock District is sponsoring the first phase of the tests In which a 12- by 12-foot culvert will

be used. Tests of other size culverts will be sponsored by interested Corps of Engineers offices for the purpose of standardizing

lock design for 600- by 110-foot locks.

(g) Tests with type A port design installed at

24-, 26-, 28-, and 32-foot centers In the lock chamber walls indicated that with 28- foot spacing turbulence appears to be well distributed across the lock chamber. A location at least 70 feet below the filling

valves was selected for positioning the first port of the culvert manifold due to pressure conditions in the culvert. Tests with 2-foot-deep recesses in front of the port as well as with angled ports (type C) were also completed during the year. These

systems have been documented for a full range of submergences and heads. A satis- factory 8-port sidewall intake manifold was developed for certain of the low-lift locks.

(4604) MODEL STUDY OF INTAKE AND FLOOD-CONTROL

OUTLET, DEGRAY DAM, CADDO RIVER, ARKANSAS.

1

161
(b)

(g)

(b)

(h)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:23 model reproducing the intake tower and

a portion of the reservoir, the diversion

tunnel, stilling basin, and 240 feet of the exit channel is being used to develop a conventional hydraulic jump-type stilling

basin, and to study flow through the intake

tower, elbow, tunnels, and at the flow- control device at the end of the flood- control tunnel.

A stilling basin necessitating minimum excavation was developed.

(4605) MODEL STUDY OP BREAKWATER, KAHULUI HARBOR,

HAWAII. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Honolulu, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu,

Hawaii

.

Experimental; for design.

Stability tests were conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet wide,

and 4 feet deep, on section models of both

the east and west breakwater heads, and

sections of the trunk of the east breakwater

constructed to a linear scale of 1:68.5 to develop designs for repair of the damaged breakwater heads and trunks. Tests con- ducted were concerned with the stability of 35- and 50-ton tribars.

Final report in preparation.

(5228) DESIGN OP SMALL-BOAT HARBORS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies are being conducted to develop equations and experimental coefficients for use in pre- dicting the motion of small boats moored to floating docks under the action of progressiveand standing-wave systems. A study of wave- induced oscillations of small moored vessels

is being made under contract by the California

Institute of Technology, Division of Engineering and Applied Science.

(5229) GENERAL COASTAL INLET STUDIES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study to develop means for computing discharge and velocity distribution

through tidal inlets, leading to determination

of tidal prisms and water-surface elevations

in inner bay systems; and to determine the factors involved in both Inner and outer bar

formation, the shoaling of inlet channels, and

the stability of inlet shape and location. The project will consist of the following

three phases: (1) Tests in four generalized

test facilities, three of which will be located at the Waterways Experiment Station

and the fourth at the Coastal Engineering

Research Center; (2) analysis of results of these tests by the Waterways Experiment

Station, the Coastal Engineering Research

Center, and the committee on Tidal Hydraulics;

and (3) field observations under sponsorship

of the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics to confirm the principles developed. Design of the three facilities to be located at the Waterways Experiment Station is in progress;

the facility at the Coastal Engineering

Research Center is already In existence.

(5230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 4, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed model, reproducing about 5 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent

(g)

(5231)

(b)

(d)

(5232)

(b)

(d)

(h)

(5233)

(b)

(d)

overbank areas, the lock and dam structures,

and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions, is being used

to determine the suitability of the proposed

site for the lock and dam structure, the effects of regulating works in the lower

approach, and to develop modification which

might be required to overcome any un- desirable navigation conditions. Results indicated that the location of the dam and upper navigation approach conditions

are satisfactory. The riverside location

of the 600-foot guide wall would provide better navigation conditions in the upper

lock approach than the landside location. Installation of fenders at Rob Roy Bridge would produce some increase in velocities

through the navigable span with no appreciable change in alinement of the currents. Navigation conditions In the lower lock

approach were satisfactory. MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, OZARK

LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:120, fixed-bed model, reproducing about

3 miles of the Arkansas River, adjacent overbank areas, the lock and dam structures,

and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions, is being used

to determine the suitability of the proposed

site for the lock and dam structures, and to develop modifications which might be required

to overcome any undesirable navigation

conditions

.

MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, HUNTINGTON

RESERVOIR, WABASH RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design.

A gated spillway with six conduits through

the spillway section is proposed for Huntington Dam. A 1:60 model of a 60-foot- wide section of the spillway and stilling basin and 500 feet of the exit channel was used in the study. The spillway gate piers

and conduits through the spillway were not reproduced; however, the model was adjusted

to simulate the increased head that would

have obtained with crest piers and abutments present. The purposes of the study were: (1) To insure good energy dissipation in the stilling basin at low and Intermediate flows, and safe conditions

at high flows; (2) to study the effect of the flatter than usual downstream spillway

slope (10 horizontal to 12 vertical) on basin action; and (3) if the originally

proposed basin design was found to be unsatisfactory, to make revisions necessary

to secure the desired results. Tests completed. Tests with a roller bucket basin indicated

that, while the spillway weir of original

design functioned satisfactorily, tail- water depths were Insufficient for satisfac- tory performance of the bucket-type energy

dissipator. An alternate basin design

incorporating a horizontal apron with baffle

piers and an end sill performed adequately.

Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OF SUBMERGED SILLS, ST. RIVER. CLAIR

District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer

District, Detroit, Corps of Engineers,

Detroit, Michigan.

Experimental; for design. Construction of submerged sills at the head

of the St. Clair River is proposed as a means of raising the level of Lake Huron.

A 1:60, fixed-bed model will reproduce 3 miles of the river from Lake Huron downstream,

162
and will have provisions for simulating

sediment movement and shoaling. This model

will be used to study effects of one or more

submerged sills at different locations on backwater effect, to study sedimentation

characeristics, and to study velocities and current directions. A large-scale model will

be installed In a flume to study various methods of sill construction.

(5234) MODEL STUDY OP SEAWALL, TEXAS CITY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A levee and seawall system has been proposed

to protect Texas City and adjacent areas

of the shore of Galveston Bay from flooding

caused by hurricanes. To develop designs for

(1) vertical-faced seawalls, (2) rubble-mound

structures to protect the natural ground at the base of a vertical wall on its bayside, and (3) rubble-mound armor layers to protect

the bayside slope and crown of an earth levee, 1:35 section models of the structures are being tested in a concrete flume 119 feet

long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Model waves are generated by a plunger-type wave

machine, and measured and recorded

electrically.

(g) Stability tests of a rubble-mound seawall revealed that a single layer of 8-ton armor

stones on a 1:2 slope on the bayside of the structure would be stable under the attack

of 6-second waves somewhat larger than 16

feet. On the landside, a single layer of 3.3-ton stones scotched by two rows of 6-ton

stones placed in a trench would be stable under the attack of 6-second, 15-foot waves.

(5235) MODEL STUDY OF BESSIE CUTOFF, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Memphis, Corps of Engineers,

Memphis, Tennessee.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The proposed Bessie Cutoff would eliminate

the river bend at New Madrid, Mo., and shorten the river about 20 miles. A model,

reproducing 85 miles of the river to a horizontal scale of 1:500 and a vertical

scale of 1:100, is being used to obtain indications of the probable effects of various degrees of cutoff development on velocities, current directions, watersurface profiles, navigation depths, channel meandering tendencies, and general

navigability of the affected reach. The model is of the fixed-bed type with pro- vision for converting to a movable bed the reaches expected to be affected appreciably

by the cutoff.

(5236) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER ATCHAFALAYA RIVER BASIN, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Mississippi River flood-control model was used to determine the effects of dredging, side-channel closures, and levee extensions proposed to enlarge the main channel through

the lower Atchafalaya River basin, and thus increase its flood-carrying capacity, on slopes and velocities within the main channel. The model is of the fixed-bed type with a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and a vertical

scale of 1:100. It reproduces the Mississippi

River from Helena, Ark., to Donaldsonville,

La., the Arkansas-White, Yazoo, and Red- Ouachlta backwater areas, the Old River

Channel from Angola to Barbre Landing, La., the Atchafalaya River and Basin to the Gulf

of Mexico, and the Morganza and West Atchafalaya Floodways.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results consisted of data on stages,

velocity measurements within the basin,

arid directions of flow within the various channels and along the overbank for use by

design engineers in establishing dredging

and side-channel closure program and priorities

(5237) WAVE ACTION, HALF MOON BAY HARBOR, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, San Francisco, Corps of Engineers,

San Francisco, Calif.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Half Moon Bay Harbor is partially protected

from severe storms by a 2,620-foot-long

west breakwater and a 4, 420-foot-long east breakwater which enclose a 245-acre area witti 6-foot or greater water depths, and form a 600-foot-wide entrance channel 24 feet deep.

During storms, a severe concentration of wave energy at the entrance travels into the inner harbor, creating intolerable anchorage

conditions. A model study Is being conducted to determine: (1) The relative influence of the waves that approach the harbor from the several storm directions; (2) the effects of surge action inside the harbor believed to result from wave energy passing through the voids in the breakwaters in addition to that through the entrance; and (3) the most

feasible of several plans proposed for

reducing the effects of wave and surge action now prevailing. The 1:100 model, covering

an area of about 13,000 square feet, re- produces all the inner harbor, breakwater

system, and sufficient bay area to permit simulation of waves from all critical storm directions. Waves are generated by a 60-

foot-long, plunger wave machine, and are measured and recorded electrically.

(g) Test results indicate that during storms from the southwesterly to south directions,

severe wave action obtains inside the harbor

at the docks and piers as alleged. The

shoals southerly of the harbor entrance

cause a concentration of wave energy at and in the present harbor entrance. Several breakwater plans studied adequately reduce

the wave energy entering the harbor during

severe storms. Preliminary analysis of test results indicates that extending the west breakwater 800 to 1,000 feet south- easterly or a similar revision at the harbor

entrance will reduce wave action inside the harbor to an acceptable level.

(5238) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, STOCKTON DAM, SAC RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Kansas City, Corps of Engineers^ Kansas City, Kansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 4-gated, ogee spillway and one 45,000- kllowatt powerhouse unit located In a concrete nonoverflow section adjacent to

the spillway are proposed for Stockton Dam.

A 1:60 model reproducing 1,700 feet of the approach area, the entire spillway and powerhouse, the stilling basin, and 1,100

feet of the exit channel will be used to investigate the hydraulic adequacy of the spillway, stilling basin, and appurtenances, and determine any desirable modifications

for various operating conditions.

(5239) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, MARINA DEL REY, VENICE, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army E-nglneer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Marina Del Rey is a small-craft harbor

consisting of eight lateral basins off a main channel which opens into Santa Monica

Bay. A 1:175 model of the entire harbor

area was used to study wave action within

the project area and to investigate and

163
(b)

develop remedial plans for alleviating adverse Id) wave and surge action presently restricting (e) full usage of the harbor. Waves were generated with a 40-foot-long, vertical-plunger wave

machine, and were measured and recorded elec- trically.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Final analysis of model test data indicated

that an offshore breakwater, 2,325 feet

long, constructed 640 feet seaward of the

ends of the channel Jetties, would reduce wave action within the harbor to an acceptable level.

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(5240) MODEL TESTS FOR HURRICANE BARRIERS, WAREHAMMARION, MASSACHUSETTS. Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hurricane protection plan for the area including Wareham and Marion, Mass., consists principally of 50- and 100-foot-wlde, ungated (5243) barriers across the mouths of the Weweantlc

and Wareham Rivers, and a 100-foot-wide,

gated barrier across the mouth of Onset (b) Bay which will permit navigation during

normal tides. The barriers will reduce the entry of flood surges into the waterway (dl areas behind them during hurricanes and (e) other severe storms. A 1:25 model, re- producing a 400-foot-wide section including

750 feet of approach channel, each navi- gation opening and allied barrier, and 750 feet of exit channel, was used to determine

the discharge characteristics of the barriers

and the maximum current velocities through

the navigation openings. The cover stone of the barrier and the rock sill of each navi- gation opening were simulated with properly

scaled model stone to provide the effect of roughness

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Discharge coefficients applicable to the structures for both free and submerged

flows, the limits of each type of flow regime, and velocities in the navigation openings

were determined.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5241) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION AND SHIP MOORING, POINT LOMA, CALIFORNIA.

(t) Department of the Navy.

Idl Experimental; for design.

(e) The Navy Electronics Laboratory desires to use an aircraft carrier, moored behind a protective breakwater about 4,000 feet offshore, in the design and development of electronic equipment. A 1:100 model re- producing about 4.4 square miles of the

locality, and a 1:100 model of an Essex

class aircraft carrier are being used to: (f)

(1) Determine wave-action conditions that will (g) obtain within the ship mooring area; (2) study variations in design and location of the breakwater; (3) secure data on actual movement of the moored ship due to wave

action; (4) investigate the feasibility of

a proposed floating causeway shoreward from

the ship; and (5) study adequacy of design

of a proposed small-craft landing area shoreward from the ship. Waves are gener- ated by a 60-foot-long wave machine, and

are measured and recorded electrically.

(g) Model tests and moving pictures of the floating causeway showed conclusively that this structure would develop more movement

from expected wave action than could be tolerated, and this portion of the project

was abandoned. (h)

(5242) PROTOTYPE CULVERT PRESSURE TESTS, GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, KENTUCKY AND OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(5244)

(b)

(d)

Experimental; for design.

The filling and emptying system of the main,

110- by 1,200-foot lock consists of two culverts and a split-lateral system. Prototype pressures in this filling and emptying system and water- surface elevations

in the lock chamber were measured for comparison with model results and for further development of lock design criteria. Pressures in all parts of both lock

culverts, and water-surface elevations in both pools and the lock chamber were measured with electrical transducers connected to piezometers by air-purged

lines. Positions of the filling and emptying valves during filling and emptying with one and both valves were determined using circular potentiometers. All data,

accompanied by a common time indication, were recorded on light-beam oscillographs. Pressure data points were digitized for

reduction and plotting with an electronic

computer. PROTOTYPE TESTS, GATED INTAKE AND TUNNEL, NOLIN DAM, NOLIN RIVER, KENTUCKY. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design.

The Nolin Dam outlet works consist of a three-gated intake structure and horseshoeshaped tunnel having a capacity of 16,000

cubic feet per second. It is planned to measure the tunnel hydraulic grade line and gate-hoist cylinder pressures, and from

these measurements to evaluate tunnel friction and intake losses and compute gate

forces, Test facilities will Include five pairs of sldewall piezometers connected to a manifold. Pressures at full tunnel flow will be measured by means of the air-purge tech- nique, using mercury manometers. Pressure

taps are provided in the operating gate- hoist cylinder to measure gate forces during

partial gate opening operations. MODEL TESTS OF ENERGY DISSIPATOR, J. PRIEST DAM (STEWARTS FERRY). PERCY

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

Experimental; for design.

The J. Percy Priest Dam spillway will be 213 feet long and will be surmounted by 4 tainter gates 45 feet wide by 41 feet high. A 1:36 model of a 90-foot-wide section of a revised bucket and 300 feet of the exit channel was used to study the adequacy of the revised

bucket design in dissipating the energy of flows ranging from 17,000 to 256,000 cubic feet per second. Completed. Tests of the revised bucket indicated that for normal tailwater conditions, energy was

dissipated by roller action throughout the range in discharge. Submergence of roller

action would not occur in the range of tail- waters investigated (up to elevation 475), and spray action occurred only at tailwater

levels 5 to 13 feet below normal. As the tests were concerned only with two-dimensional flow, the effect of lateral flow on bucket action Is not known. Although no tests were conducted with the spillway gates in operation, it is recommended that whenever

possible all gates be opened equally in order to distribute flow uniformly over the entire bucket and prevent the occurrence of lateral eddies.

"J. Percy Priest (formerly Stewarts Ferry)

Dam, Stones River, Tennessee; Hydraulic

Model Investigation, Appendix A: Revised

Spillway Bucket." U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memorandum No. 2-239, June 1963. (Available

on loan.

164
(5245) MODEL STUDY OP HOUSTON SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Array Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Houston Ship Channel is a 52-mile reach extending from the Gulf of Mexico across Galveston Bay to the Turning Basin at Houston. A model study is being conducted to determine if the present cost of maintenance dredging in the channel can be re- duced by proposed plans of channel realinement, partial or complete diking of connecting bays, sediment traps, dikes in Galveston Bay, local contractions, enlargements, and other remedial measures. The model reproduces a portion of the Gulf of Mexico outside the entrance to Galveston

Bay; all of Galveston and Trinity Bays;

Dickinson Bay and Clear Creek to the head

of project; the tidal portion of Trinity

River; the Houston Ship Channel in its

entirety; and Buffalo Bayou from the Turning

Basin to the confluence of White Oak Bayou.

The model is of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:600 horizontally and 1:60 vertically. Tides and

tidal currents are reproduced by a tide generator located in the Gulf of Mexico portion of the model, and the salinity of the model Gulf is reproduced to scale so that the effects of salinity differences on the vertical distribution of current velocities, as well as salinity concentrations

throughout the model, accurately reproduce

those of the prototype. The model will be used to establish the effects of all proposed

improvement works on tidal current velocities

current patterns, and salinities in all critical areas. All hydraulic and salinity

data obtained from the model will be quantitative and can be applied directly to

the prototype. Shoaling studies will be made by injecting finely ground gilsonite

into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed in the prototype,

following which the effects of proposed

improvement plans on shoaling patterns may

be observed and evaluated from a qualitative

viewpoint

(5246) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, UNIONTOWN LOCK AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project includes a nonnavigable, gated

structure and two parallel locks. A 1:120

model, reproducing about 8.-6 miles of the Ohio River and adjacent overbank areas, the lock and dam structures, and the lower reach

of the Wabash River, is being used to investigate navigation conditions with the proposed structures, to determine the effects of modifications in the composition

and arrangement of the structures, and to develop any modifications considered desirable.

(5247) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, JONESVILLE LOCK AND DAM, OUACHITA -BLACK

RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model, reproducing 750 feet of the lock approach channel, Intake manifold, the 84- by 600-foot lock chamber, culvert, sidewall

port manifolds, outlets, and 650 feet of the exit channel, is being used to develop the optimum side port filling and emptying

system for the lock,

(g) The type 3 arrangement, which consisted of

17 type A ports spaced 20 feet on centers in each lock wall, performed satisfactorily.

The most upstream port was in the left wall

at station 2 + 03.29. Recesses in front of the eight upstream ports were angled upstream. Data for a six-barge tow with

submergences of 14, 20, and 30 feet and heads of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 feet were

obtained. A satisfactory arrangement of type A ports at 20-foot spacing and without floor recesses was also determined. This arrangement, type 19, consisted of 17 ports

in each wall with the most upstream port in

the left wall at station 1 + 63.29. Data similar to that described for type 3 were

obtained.

(5248) MODEL STUDY OF FLOATING BREAKWATER, SMALL BOAT BASIN NO. 2, JUNEAU, ALASKA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Alaska, Corps of Engineers,

Anchorage, Alaska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A floating-log breakwater is proposed to, protect Small Boat Basin No. 2 from storm- wave action. To determine wave attenuation

characteristics of a floating-log breakwater, tests were conducted in a concrete wave

flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Models of a 30-foot-long section

of the breakwater were reproduced at a linear scale of 1:6. The breakwaters

simulated 3- and 4-foot-diameter logs

spaced on 4.0-, 5.7-, and 8.2-foot centers. Vertical barrier plates were attached to the faces of the logs to increase the ef- fective depth of flotation of the logs. Model waves were generated by a plungertype wave machine, and measured and recorded

electrically.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) It was found that 3-foot-diameter logs spaced from 5.5 to 6.0 feet on centers would

provide sufficient protection to the boat

basin, based on the criterion of a trans- mitted wave height (Ht)-0.5 foot, if it

is considered feasible to add vertical plates to the seaside face of the logs

extending to a depth of 4 feet below the Stillwater level.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5249) PROTOTYPE HAWSER-STRESS MEASUREMENTS, JACKSON

LOCK, TOMBIGEE RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers,

Mobile, Alabama, and Office, Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Jackson Lock chamber is 110 feet wide by

670 feet long and has a 34-foot maximum

lift. Reverse tainter valves control flow

in two 12. 5-foot- square culverts, each of which has 6 intake ports in the upper

approach walls, 14 side ports to the lock

chamber, and an outlet discharging outside

the lower lock approach. Measurements of prototype hawser loads resulting from hydraulic forces acting on a tow of loaded barges were made to obtain data for com- parison with model test results. Both rigid

and flexible connections between the tow

and floating mooring bltts were used in the

tests. The rigid connections, containing

calibrated dynamometers, were installed fore and aft on the port side of the tow and connected to floating mooring bltts in the

lock land wall. One connection measured

longitudinal hawser forces, and the other measured transverse forces. Potentiometers

were mounted on the culvert-valve operating

arm to measure valve opening. Differentialtype pressure transducers were used for measuring the slope of the water surface in the lock chamber, and absolute pressure

transducers were used for drawdown measure- ments of the water surface in the approach

channel. Potentiometers also were installed

on the land-wall floating bitts to measure

tow movement during the rigid connection

tests. For the flexible-connection tests,

165
the rigid connections were replaced by

flexible hawsers of 1-inch-diameter wire

rope, and calibrated dynamometers were installed in the hawsers at each corner of the tow and connected to floating bitts in both lock walls. Other instrumentation was

identical with that of the rigid connection

tests

.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Good agreement was found between the prototype cable hawser measurements and the model results with maximum longitudinal forces of about 4 tons and maximum transverse forces

of about 1-1/2 tons. Unscheduled over- filling of the lock chamber, resulting from

the momentum of the flow in the filling

system, forced the upstream miter gates to open near the end of the 4-minute valve

test, causing longitudinal forces of 8 tons. Prototype hawser loads in the rigid-connection

tests were much higher than in the flexible- connection tests because allowable clearances between the floating mooring bitt rollers and guides permitted the tow to move freely about

2 inches, resulting in impact-type loads.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5250) PROTOTYPE SPILLWAY TESTS, ANALYSIS AND REPORT, FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA

.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Fort Randall Dam spillway is a 1,000-footwide concrete chute, with a design capacity

of 620,000 cubic feet per second. Discharge

is controlled by twenty-one 29- by 40-foot tainter gates. Two test series, one in 1960 and one in 1962, have been conducted to obtain vertical velocity distribution and water- surface depths on the spillway chute for use in checking design resistance co- efficient assumptions and computing discharge over the spillway. These data will assist

in eliminating a deficiency in the infor- mation on full-scale chute spillway flows used in design of such structures. To obtain

the measurements, two pitot piers were fabricated and installed on the spillway

chute. The pitot piers instrumentation con- sisted of eight total-head tubes to measure

vertical velocity distributions. Watersurface measurements along the spillway

length were made with wire-weight gages. Visual observations and photographic records

of flow conditions were also made. Data were obtained at seven average flow depths up to 3.5 feet with velocities up to 45 feet per second.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Flow-depth measurements indicate that essentially normal depth obtained in the vicinity of the pitot piers. Vertical velocity distributions are well described by a logarithmic equation. The tests

indicate a somewhat higher resistance co- coefficient than assumed for design.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5251) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, ROBERT

S. KERR LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project will consist of a nonnavigable

dam, a 110- by 600-foot lock, and a powerhouse. A 1:120 model, reproducing about

3.2 miles of the Arkansas River and the lock and dam structures, will be used to study navigation conditions in the approaches

to the lock, determine suitability of the selected site, and develop modifications re- quired to overcome any undesirable conditions.

The model will be of the fixed-bed type with provision for a movable-bed section below the dam for use in developing channel configurations in the reach.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS . Cooperative with the Johns Hopkins University. See page 44.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS. Cooperative with the University of Illinois.

See page 37

.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. Cooperative with the National Bureau of Standards. See page 166.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. Cooperative with Purdue University. See page 66. CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. Cooperative with U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. See page 154. INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS.

(3597;

(3805)

Cooperative with Oregon State College,

page 61

.

See

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN. Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 21.

[4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR. Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 24.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

(1478) WIND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental

studies of (1) wind tides (setup), (2) growth of wind waves, and (3) surface traction of wind on wavy surfaces.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

fb) Bureau of Public Roads.

(dj Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design.

(h) "Tapered Inlet Structures for Pipe Culverts,"

by John L. French, reprinted from the American Society of Civil Engineers Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 90, No. HY2, March

1964, Part I.

(2436) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

d) Experimental; applied research,

ej To determine augmented dissipation of hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in various fluids,

(h) "Friction at Menisci on Hydrophobic Surfaces^' by G. H. Keulegan and M. R. Brockman, (In press)

.

(3250) INERTIA L FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW

.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of Inertia and drag coef- ficients of cylinders and plates when

166
subjected to a varying monotonically vary- ing flow,

(h) Report in preparation.

(4400) MOTION AROUND A BODY IN A STRATIFIED FLUID.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research,

(e) A study is made of the internal waves pro- duced by the horizontal motion of three- dimensional objects of revolution through

a stably stratified liquid.

(4891) WAVE PROPAGATION IN A TURBULENT LIQUID.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A study is being made of additional gravity

wave damping due to turbulence.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4892) TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW THROUGH COMPLIANT WALLED TUBES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of effect of compliancy of boundaries on a turbulent flow with a view

toward possible damping of turbulence and potential reduction in wall shear stress.

(5252) WIND ACTION ON PRE-EXISTING WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of effect of a following wind

on a mechanically produced swell, with

emphasis on changes in wave damping and on hydraulic roughness of the resulting surface.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU. Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

as indicated, should be addressed to Mr. William E. Hlatt, Chief, Hydrologlc Services Division, Weather

Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivation of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation

from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and

land surfaces, utilizing readily available meteorological data and pan evaporation observations.

(g) Work will continue in Fiscal Year 1964 on the project to develop a realistic soil moisture

accounting model. The main purpose of the

soil moisture accounting is to provide a more reliable index of antecedent soil conditions for use in computation of runoff

from rainfall for river forecasting. The technique is being tested on 5 basins with

different climatic regime.

Meteorological data have been compiled and punched on cards for approximately 70 first- order Weather Bureau stations and daily potential evapotranspiration is being computed. An improved IBM 1620 computer program has

been developed for computation of the potential

evapotranspiration. A computer program has

also been developed for estimation of solar radiation from percent sunshine.

It had been planned to initiate in Fiscal Year 1963 a project to compare the U. S. Class A evaporation pan and Soviet GGI-3000

and 20m tanks in accordance with the recom- mendation of the World Meteorological

Organization's Commission for Instruments

and Methods of Observation. The program

could not be carried out due to lack of specifications required to build the Soviet evaporation tanks. Arrangements have been made to purchase the GGI-3000 tanks

and specifications for the 20m2 tank should

be available soon. It is hoped that the tests can be started in the Spring of 1964. The joint project of the Weather Bureau and

Forest Service to study the effect of elevation, aspect and exposure on evaporation has completed the second year of its obser- vational program. The installation consists of 13 Class A evaporation pan stations

at various elevations (4300 to 9000 feet) located on the windward and lee sides of the Wasatch Range near Farmington, Utah. The observational program will be continued in 1964 and analyses of available data have been started,

(h) "Appraisal of Seasonal Variation in Pan Coefficients," by T. J. Nordenson and "Evaporation Rates in Mountainous Terrain",

by E. L. Peck and D. J. Pfankuch presented

at 13th General Assembly of IUGG, Berkeley,

Calif., August 19-31, 1963.

(1744) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio River Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio, Upper Ohio River

Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna and Delaware River Basins, Harrlsburg, Pa.; Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.; Middle and Upper Mississippi River Basin, St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River Basins, Tulsa,

Okla.; New England and Hudson River Basins,

Hartford, Conn.; South Atlantic and East

Gulf River Basins, Augusta, Ga.; West Gulf

Drainage Basins, Ft. Worth, Tex.; and Middle Atlantic River Basins, Washington, D.C. (d) Theoretical and field Investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these Investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures for

all ranges of flow for various streams of each basin. Procedures include: (1) Rainfall- runoff relations involving consideration of the physics of soil moisture, vegetative

reception, transpiration, evaporation and geological features of the basins; (2) snow- melt forecasting relations involving con- sideration of the physics of snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (4) streamflow routing procedures, based upon adaptations of basic hydraulic principles,

using electronic or mechanical analogues.

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points. Refinement and modification

due to reservoir construction, channel Im- provements and other changes are a continuing

project. The Fort Worth River Forecast Center has successfully applied the IBM-1620 electronic computer in river forecast pro- cedure development and in operational flood

forecasting. The newest River Forecast Center at Sacramento, Calif., was equipped

with an IBM-1620 computer. The use of an IBM-1620 computer for development and operational forecasting is also available to the River Forecast Centers at Portland, Oreg. , Kansas City, Mo., and Washington, D. C.

(h) "Role of Digital Computers in Hydrologic

Forecasting and Analyses," by J. R. McCallister and "Rainfall-Runoff Models" by M. A. Kohler presented at 13th Assembly

of IUGG, Berkeley, Calif., August 19-31,

1963.

(1745) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted In following field office River Forecast Center - Portland, Oreg., Water Supply Forecast Unit - Salt Lake City,

Utah, River Forecast Center - Kansas City,

Mo., River Forecast Center - Sacramento,

Calif., River Forecast Center - Hartford, Ccnn.

167
(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation

and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the development of precipitation-runoff relations for water supply forecasting utilizing

statistical methods to correlate precipitation during the winter with runoff during

the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for

nearly 400 points in the United States. These forecasts of water-year and residual

flow are released in Monthly Water Supply

Forecast Bulletins, January through May. This research program is of a continuing

nature designed to improve and extend the present forecasting service.

(2437} UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design

criteria in estimating required capacities

of hydraulic structures. Work includes:

(1) Development for the Hawaiian Islands and Alaska of a generalized relationship

between depth, area, duration and frequency

for areas up to 400 square miles, durations

of 5 minutes to 24 hours, and return periods

from 1 to 100 years; and development of a generalized portrayal of probable maximum

precipitation for areas to 400 square miles

and durations to 24 hours. (2) Survey of maximum observed rainfall amounts for dur- ations from 5 minutes to 24 hours for 296 stations in the United States and analysis

of their dally and seasonal distributions, and depth-duration characteristics. (3) Determination of average annual precipitation

in the 48 conterminous States from dally amounts of 0.50 inch or greater, their con- tribution to the mean annual total pre- cipitation, and the average annual number of days with such amounts. (4) Development for

the 48 conterminous States of a generalized

relationship between depth, area, duration

and frequency for areas up to 400 square

miles, durations from 2 to 10 days, and return periods from 2 to 100 years. (5) Development of relationship between snow depth, water equivalent, area and frequency for

March in Great Lakes region.

(f) Items (1) to (3) completed, (4) and (5) active.

(h) "Rainfall-Frequency Atlas of the Hawaiian

Islands for Areas to 200 Square Miles, Durations to 24 Hours, and Return Periods

from 1 to 100 Years" Technical Paper No. 43,

U. S. Weather Bureau, 1962. "Probable Maximum Precipitation and Rainfall- Frequency Data for Alaska for Areas to 400 Square Miles, Durations to 24 Hours, and

Return Periods from 1 to 100 Years" Technical Paper No. 47, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1963. "Maximum Recorded Ut.ited States Point Rainfall for 5 Minutes to 24 Hours at 296 First- Order Stations" Technical Paper No. 2, revised 1963. "Average Annual Precipitation from Daily

Amounts of 0.50 Inch or Greater" by J. L. H. Paulhus and J. F. Miller, Monthly Weather

Review (in press).

(2438) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

b) Laboratory projects.

c) Mr. D. L. Harris, Project Leader, Storm

Surge Research Project, Meteorological

Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington,

D. C. 20235.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

basic and applied research.

(e) The basic research is the numerical approximation to the solutions of the hydrodynamic storm surge equations and

is being done to give a better understanding

of the physical processes involved in storm

surge generation and modification. The applied research is the development of empir- ical methods of forecasting storm surges with the purpose of Improving storm tide forecasts.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these inundations are being developed and used In

the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm warning service. Continued Improvement

in these forecasts is expected to result

from this research.

(h) "Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm

Surge" D. L. Harris, Technical Paper No. 48, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1963.

(2943) METEOROLOGICAL RADAR TRANSPONDER (MRT) FOR

REPORTING RAINFALL.

\>) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; development and operation.

(e) A compact device, consisting of a tipping bucket rain gage and transponder, that can be installed in relatively remote areas

at an average distance of 70 miles from the radar and up to 140 miles with a mountaintop installation. Activated by a signal fran the radar, the MRT transmits a pulsed signal which appears in Binary code on the radar

scope indicating the accrued amounts of precipitation. Investigations are con- tinuing for application to reporting of river and tide stage, and snow water-equivalent

data.

(g) MRT-1 now operational; as of July 1963 ten MRT-2's have been installed with twenty

remaining installations to be completed.

(h) "Project Report on the Weather Bureau's

Radar Hydrology Program (MRT- 2) " by A. F. Flanders, Proceedings of the Tenth Weather

Radar Conference, pp 280-281, April 1963.

(3251) PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY WSR-57 RADAR.

(b) Laboratory projects at Weather Bureau Offices in Detroit, Mich., Evansville, Ind., Kansas

City, Mo., Missoula, Mont., Oklahoma City,

Okla., Sacramento, Calif., St. Louis, Mo., and Wichita, Kansas.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation,

operation and applied research.

(e) Studies are being made' to relate, within

100 N.M. of the radar, the intensity and duration of weather echoes with observed

rainfall. Estimates of rainfall can be determined by use of the calibrated atten- uators on the radar and converting these

db values to theoretical rainfall rates by means of a rainfall rate-echo intensity

graph. This use of radar has application

to flood forecasting, water supply fore- casting and will also be used to determine

a radar range correction value.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that by aver- aging point radar estimates of rainfall over

a river basin and comparing them with observed averaged rainfall over the same basin

favorable correlations within 10 percent are possible under certain weather regimes.

Data collection being continued.

(h) "Report of U. S. Weather Bureau Studies in Radar Hydrology" by A. F. Flanders, 13th General Assembly of IUGG, Committee on Precipitation, Berkeley, Calif., Aug. 1963.

(3601) STUDY OF TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Experimental; development and applied

research.

(e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave

length radar signals over a fixed course and relating it to the measured precipitation

along the path of the radar beam, a relationshiD can be established enabling

i

168
an instrument (specifications being written)

to monitor areas above damsites and small headwaters for the purpose of alerting

downstream interests to heavy rainfall.

T) Completed.

g) The project was carried out from 1960 to 1963 using a .87 cm pulsed radar from which energy- was reflected over a fixed path (approximately 8 KM long) by a series of passive

reflectors. Reductions in signal strength

due to attenuation by rain were compared

with records from a network of conventional

raingages. The results indicate that its application is best for use in the detection

of rain likely to cause flash floods over

small drainages,

(h) "Study of Techniques for Measuring Rainfall by Reference to Radar Attenuation" by

Collis, Honey and Fernald, Final Stanford

Research Report on Weather Bureau Contract

10468, June 1963.

(3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Field Investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The flood forecasting procedures used by

the Weather Bureau are primarily based on discharge. However, the flood warnings to be of any value must be in terms of stage

(or elevation). This is accomplished by

use of U. S. Geological Survey rating

curves relating discharge to stage. Rating

curves are defined only to the maximum

observed stage of record. Therefore, it

is imperative to devise a reliable method

of extending rating curves in order to issue accurate stage predictions for the record breaking flood.

(f) In abeyance, work being done by U. S. Geological Survey.

(h) "Extension of Rating Curves by Field Surveys"

by W. T. Sittner, Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY2, Proc. Paper 3444, pp 1-9, March 1963.

(3920) FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A device employing a Helipot (multi-turn

potentiometer) operated by a float or connected to an existing river gage and linked by wire or radio to an observation

point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles by radio). A reading is obtained by

balancing the resistance in the system with

a similar unit at the observation point.

May be operated on AC or DC power.

(g) Field installation of units linked by land

lines now operational; radio link still under development

(3921) PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE

PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING

CAPABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A twenty-inch capacity, weighing- type

battery-operated precipitation gage pro- viding a punched tape record which can

be machine processed, capable of over one month's unattended operation. Gage so designated that data can be telemetered

through use of a "black box" attached to recording mechanism,

(g) Initial gages procured and undergoing

laboratory and field tests. Installation

and field testing began Sept. 1963.

(4401) BINARY-DECIMAL TRANSMITTER FOR USE WITH ANALOG-DIGITAL RECORDER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Fischer & Porter Co.

d) Experimental; design development.

e) Black-box attachment for Analog-Digital

Recorder (ADR) permitting interrogation by

telephone or radio of river stage data,

(g) Initial installations undergoing field test.

(4402) RADAR PRECIPITATION INTEGRATOR.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Experimental and field investigation,

applied research and development.

(e) A system for measuring precipitation by S- band radar, employing six levels of Intensity on the log receiver, which quantizes

the received radar signal from selected

grid locations. The accrued precipitation

Is recorded on paper tape as well as dis- played in units of depth by a series of electro-mechanical counters set in a map

corresponding to the 140 grid locations. Because of the pulsed digital nature of the readout It is possible to transmit the signal by narrow bandwidth links. An evaluation of the system Is in process utilizing a dense network of recording raingages operated by the Agriculture Research

Service near Norman, Okla.

(f) Construction phase completed. Evaluation

phase active.

(g) The system has been installed at the Weather Bureau's Weather Radar Lab, Norman, Okla.

(h) "Construction of Prototype," by Ronald T. H. Collis, Final SRI Report on phase II of contract CWB-10282, April 1963.

(4765) THE ANARTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT.

(b) Laboratory project (supported by National

Science Foundation)

(c) Mr. F. Ostapoff, Polar Meteorological Re- search Project, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash.

25, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied.

(e) Attempts have been made to assess quantitatively the meridional and vertical velocity

components of the Antarctic Circumpolar

Current, an important problem In the study

of oceanic circulation around Antartica

and its interaction with the atmosphere.

(g) Transverse and vertical velocity components

were computed from hydrographlc data along

meridional cross-sections through the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Results

indicate the existence of a well-defined

convergence zone lying north of the primary

polar front.

(h) "On Frictionally Induced Transverse Velocity

Components in the Antarctic Circumpolar

Current," Dent. Hydro. Zeit., vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 103-113, 1962.

(4766) OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION,

bi Laboratory Project.

c) Dr. Kirk Bryan, General Circulation Research

Laboratory, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash. 25,

D. C.

d) Experimental, theoretical; basic.

e) As part of the fundamental Investigation of atmospheric processes by the General Circulation Research Laboratory, work has been initiated to study the large-scale

aspects of the Interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere. The problem of the response of a simplified ocean model to wind stress was chosen as a starting point.

Numerical solutions for this problem in- corporate a much more detailed treatment of the non-linear terms than has been possible

in previous studies. Model and boundary

refinements will be made to check whether

the results could be explained by aspects

other than the pattern of wind stress.

(g) Preliminary conclusions drawn from calcu- lations indicate that details of the ob- served pattern of wind stress are very im- portant for explaining many features of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Systems.

(h) "A Numerical Investigation of a Nonlinear

Model of a Wind-Driven Ocean," by K. Bryan

:

169
to be published In Journal of the Atmospheric

Sciences.

(4767) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION IN THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

id) Applied research and design.

(e) Estimates of probable maximum precipitation

for durations up to 24 hours for the Hawaiian Islands.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Probable Maximum Precipitation in the Hawaiian Islands," U. S. Weather Bureau, Hydrometeorological Report No. 39, Washington,

May 1963.

(4768) STORM WINDFLOW OVER CALIFORNIA.

(5012)

(h)

Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

Applied research. Determine windflow In precipitation storms for purposes of estimating design storms and forecasting precipitation.

Completed. "Three-Dimensional Wind Flow and Resulting

Precipitation in a Northern California

Storm," Weather Bureau Research Paper No.

44, Washington, August 1963. Supt. of Documents, Washington, D. C. 35 cents. PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION FOR THE U. S. PACIFIC NORTHWEST (COLUMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE )

.

Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army.

Applied research.

Six- to 72-hour probable maximum precipitation

for basins up to 1000 sq. mi. in extent, for

each month. Includes temperature and winds

for several days prior to and during storm. Estimates used in design of flood control

structures. Unpublished preliminary report.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J.F. Poland, U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, California.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

(e) To determine the principles and factors involved In the strain, deformation, and com- paction of water-bearing rocks resulting

chiefly from changes in hydrologic environment . (h) "Physical and Hydrologic Properties of Water- Bearing Deposits from Core Holes in the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, Calif." by A. L. Johnson, and D. A. Morris, 1962a; U. S. Geol. Survey open- file rept., multilithed, 182 p., 26 figs., 10 tables. (To be combined with

similar reports on two other areas for publication as Prof. Paper.) "Subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley—

A

progress report," J. F. Poland and J. H. Green, 1962, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply

Paper 1619-C, 16 p., 12 figs. "Tectonic Control of Interior Drainage,

San Joaquin Valley, Calif.," G. H. Davis, and J. H. Green; Art. 146 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-D, p. D89-D91. "Compaction of the Aquifer System and Land Subsidence in the Santa Clara Valley, Calif."

J. H. Green, 1962: Art. 172 in U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-D, p. D175-D178.

"An Automatic Recording Liquid-Level Tiltmeter

/ abs./," F. S. Riley, 1962: Am. Geophys

.

Union Trans., v. 43, no. 4, p. 427. "Relation of the Pore Volume of Sllty Sedi- ments to Overburden Load, Particle Size, and Sorting," R. H. Meade, 1963: Art. 210 in

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-E, p. ElllE114. "Relation of Core Expansion to the Laboratory Determination of Porosity of Alluvial Sediments

/ abs./," J. F. Poland, 1963, Am. Geophys.

Union Trans., v. 44, no. 1, p. 46.

(2689) DI FFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF

SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

(X>) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., U.S. Geol. Surv., Tallahassee, Florida.

(d) Field and laboratory Investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the dis- tribution of salt water in coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

(h) "Bank Storage and Ground-Water Movements

Caused by Flood Waves in Surface Streams,"

H. H. Cooper, Jr., M. I. Rorabaugh, 1963,

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 475-A. "Type Curves for Nonsteady Radial Flow in an Infinite Leaky Aquifer in Short Cuts and Special Methods in Aquifer Tests," H. H. Cooper, Jr., 1963, U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 1545-C. (In press.) "Ground-Water Movements and Bank Storage

Due to Flood Stages," H. H. Cooper, Jr.,

M. I. Rorabaugh, 1963, U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1536-J. (In press.)

(2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL

STREAMS. Laboratory project

.

Dr. Chlntu Lai, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Purpose is to develop a mathematical system

that describes the flow pattern and related

channel characteristics for a tidal stream, and to develop methods for determining the discharge in the reach.

(g) Basic partial differential equations for

tidal flow were derived. These equations were transformed into characteristics

equations and then organized into difference equations suitable for electronic digital

computer. Trial runs have indicated satis- factory results. Another approach to the solution of partial differential equations

by implicit method is under study.

(h) "Flows of Homogeneous Density in Tidal

Reaches, by Method of Characteristics," by Chintu Lai (In review).

(2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation and Texas A. and M. College.

(c) Mr. G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geol. Surv., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the project is to Improve the techniques for measuring evaporation from open water surfaces both in Instrumentation

and theory. To develop methods for re- ducing evaporation which are both economical

and practical for field application.

(h) "Evaporation Control, 1959-60," G. E. Koberg,

R. R. Cruse, and C. L. Shrewsbury, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 1692, 55 p., 10 figs., 1963.

(2948) ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, Colo.

(d) Theoretical study and instrument development.

(e) Use of a variable-resistance gird analyzer 3n analyzing steady-state ground-water flow problems In which the transmissibillty varies in space.

(h) "Orientation of Axes for Calculating Dis- tribution of Transmissibillty from Water- Level Altitudes," R. W. Stallman, 1963,

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-E,

p. 165-166. "Calculation of Resistance and Error In an Electric Analog of Steady Flow Through

Nonhomogeneous Aquifers," R. W. Stallman,

1963, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper

1544-G.

170
(g)

(2950)

(2949) ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

(b) Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus 12, Ohio,

(d) Experimental; Instrument development.

The objective Is to measure the average velocity In a natural channel by acoustic means. Two sets of Instruments have been constructed

on basis of new design concepts. The in- struments are being tested in the field. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. (3264) Laboratory project.

Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological (b) Survey, Washington 25, D.C. (c) Basic research. Field and laboratory studies, original and other investigations will be analyzed in terms (d) of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism and other effects (e) on shape of natural channels.

(g) Sand channel reach with controlled flow on the Rio Grande below El Paso selected for concentrated study.

(3253) CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM. (g)

(b) Laboratory project.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Field investigation; basic research.

In an ephemeral stream (arroya), measurements

are being made on the following: Stress on rocks during a flow; movement and location of rocks after flow; extent of scour and fill; (h) movement of bars; changes in cross sections

at certain locations; erosion on slopes; mass movement of soils; and soil wash.

(h) Report in preparation. Paper on downstream

scour and fill to be presented at Second National Conference on Sedimentation in Jan. 1963.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Laboratory model and field comparative study

of techniques and of various commercially

available Instruments for measuring soil moisture. New equipment may also be de- signed as result of study.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neutron

meter, tensiometers, moisture blocks and sampling equipment. Evaluation of neutron (3265) meter. Design of small-diameter fast-response

tensiometer. Library research.

(h) "A Field Method for Measurement of Infiltra- (b) tlon," by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey (c) Water-Supply Paper 1544-F.

(3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES. |d|

(b) Cooperative with the State of California.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, (g) Colo, or Mr. Fred Kunkel, District Geologist,

U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Theoretical, laboratory and field study of (3939) specific yield, and related properties,

such as moisture equivalent, field capacity,

moisture tension, unsaturated permeability fb) and time-drainage relationships, as related (c) to ground-water storage. Evaluation of existing, and possible development of new (d) methods for determing these properties. (e) (g) Library research, laboratory study in pro- gress or completed of factors affecting column

drainage, centrifuge moisutre equivalent, moisture tension and unsaturated permeability.

(h) "Specific yield—Column drainage and centri- (g) fuge moisture content," by A. I. Johnson,

R. C. Prill, and D. A. Morris: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file report; also U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1662-A (1963).

"Centrifuge Technique for Determining

Time-Drainage Relations for a Natural

Sand," by R. C. Prill and A. I. Johnson:

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-E (1963). "Research on Specific Yield," (abstract),

by A. I. Johnson and D. A. Morris,

California Association Engineering Geologists

Meeting, October 1961; U. S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept. (1961). SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

TECHNIQUES.

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo. Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research. Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration

equipment and techniques, such as gamma ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity and conductivity loggers, temperature loggers, power augers and core samplers, for solving

ground water occurrence problems Portable temperature logger nearly completed; core samplers designed and commercial models procured and compared under field

conditions; power augerlng equipment and techniques evaluated; evaluation in progress

of gamma-ray conductivity and temperature

logging equipment for salt-water encroach- ment and waste disposal problems. Library

research in progress.

"Selected References on Laboratory and Field Methods in Ground-Water Hydrology," by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply

Paper.

"Training Aids: Hydrologic Laboratory;

Symbols and Definitions from Soil Mechanics

and Soil Physics; Design of Well Screen and Filter Pack; Portable Equipment for Borehole

Exploration; Modified Parshall Flume," by

A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey Open-file

Rept.

"Geophysical Logging of Boreholes for Hydrologic Studies," by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey Open- File Rept. "Outline of Equipment for Hydrologic Studies^ by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey OpenFile Rept.

"Geophysical Exploration of Wells as an Aid

in Location of Salt-Water Leakage, Alameda

Plain, California," by R. P. Moston and A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey Professional Paper 424-D, p. 262-264. INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo. Experimental; basic and applied research. Laboratory model study of infiltration of fluids from surface pits into a thick unsaturated zone above the water table. Model tank designed and constructed; several

test runs with beads of different particle

size completed; library research; test runs photographed by slide and movie. STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER, TENNESSEE

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. P.H. Carrigan, U. S. Geological Survey, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Field investigation; applied research. Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive

study of the entry, movement, location and

fate of radioactive wastes discharged into

the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory.

Laboratory flume study conducted In addition

to field investigations.

171
(3953) BASIC RESEARCH IN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGY.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(cj Dr. R. S. Sigafoos, USGS, Arlington, Va.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The overall objective of this project is to better understand the relationships between

wild vegetation and the hydrologic environment. The immediate objectives are to develop methods of analyzing vegetation to find

evidence of hydrologic events, to increase

the record in time and space and to relate vegetation to differences in the physical environment and to the history of the area.

(g) Four reports in preparation or scheduled.

(3954) CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED STREAMS,

(bj Laboratory project.

(cj Dr. R. K. Fahnestock, USGS, Fort Collins, Colo.

Id) Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the channel characteristics of streams below

active glaciers, especially those carrying

substantial amounts of debris which is sorted and transported by meltwater. It should assist developing an understanding of glacial outwash deposits, both present and past, in other areas. This study should also add to both the knowledge of the influence of diurnal fluctuations in flow on the characteristics of alluvial channels and to the knowledge of long term response of stream channels to glacier fluctuations. The project

is carried on at White River below Emmons

Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Wash., flume studies

are carried out at Colorado State University.

(f) Suspended.

(3955) DOWNSTREAM EFFECT ON DAMS, DIVERSIONS AND

IRRIGATION DRAINS ON ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

bj Laboratory project.

c) Dr. M.G. Wolman, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Md.

dj Field Investigation; applied research,

e) The purpose of the project is to determine the downstream effect of dams, diversions and irrigation drains on alluvial channels. All available data are to be gathered and summarized on channel surveys before and after construction. This will be accomplished

insofar as possible by correspondence with

State, Federal, and local agencies,

fj Completed.

h) Manuscript in preparation.

(3956) LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC TRENDS AS INDICATED BY GLACIERS.

ibj

Laboratory project,

cj Dr. M.F. Meier, USGS,. Tacoma, Washington,

dj Field investigation; basic research,

e) In general, this continuing program seeks to

improve our knowledge and understanding of high mountain and glacier hydrology, and to develop and test means for analyzing

quantitatively the response of a glacier to changes in climate. Immediate objectives are

to determine the complete water- and massbudgets, and the time-variations in these budgets for a glacierized basin, and to test and refine current theories of the response

of a glacier's surface profile to a per- turbation in climate,

(h) "Proposed Definitions for Glacier Mass Budget

Terms," M. F. Meir, Jour. Glaciology, v. 4, No. 33, p. 252-261, 3 figs., 1962.

"The Kinematic Wave on Ni squally Glacier,

Washington (Abstract)," M. F. Meier and J. N. Johnson, Jour. Geophys. Research, v. 67, p. 886, 1962. "Recent Variations in Mass Net Budgets of Glaciers in Western North America," M. F. Meier and A. S. Post. Internat. Assoc. of Sci. Hydrology, Obergurgl Symposium, Pub. 58,

p. 63-77,8 figs. "Mechanics of Response of Glaciers to Climatic Change—a Progress Report," M. F. Meier, Geol.

Soc. America Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas,

Nov. 12-14, 1962, Special Session on Quantitative Approach to Geomorphology. Review by Alfred A. Knopf of "The World of Ice," by J. L. Dyson, New York, 292 p., Artie, p. 321-322.

(3957) THE HYDROLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE HUMBOLDT

RIVER VALLEY.

(b) State of Nevada and U. S. Bureau of Recla- mation . (c) Mr. T.W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif,

(dj Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine how the available water in Humboldt River valley might better be utilized. The following hydrologic data will be collected and studied: (1) Runoff characteristics

and magnitude of use of surface waters;

(2) the specific yield of sediments in the flood plain and the magnitude and extent

of water-level fluctuations in the ground- water reservoir; (3) the use of water by

greasewood and willows; (4) variations in chemical quality of the water in the flood

plain; (5) amount of underflow at Comus and Rose Creek to be determined by means of pumping tests of exploratory holes; and

(6) amount of ground water from tributary

valleys, to be determined on the basis of chemical analyses and low-flow measurements.

The General Hydrology Branch has furnished

the project leader and will determine the amount of water used by greasewood and willows by use of tanks (lysimeters) simi- lar to those used in the Buckeye project. Site is near Winnemucca, Nevada, In the Humboldt River Valley.

(g) Quantitative data obtained on the annual

rate of use by willow and greasewood. However, the use by greasewood was abnormal

(low) due to the concentration of boron in the root zone, causing defoliation during

the latter part of the 1962 growing season. Leaching of the tanks by back-washing, to remove most of the boron appears to have been successful. Samples of soil inside and outside the tanks and samples of the effluent

leach water were collected and analyzed for boron and other constituents. Foliage volume measurements were made of all species

except rabbitbrush, which was not mature, and photographic records of growth were made

at 4 to 6 week intervals. Replanting of some of the rabbitbrush to replace seedlings

planted In April 1962 that did not survive.

(h) "Research Studies on the Use of Water by

Phreatophytes, " T. W. Robinson, Nevada

State Dept. of Conv. 3rd Progress Report, Humboldt River Research Project, 1962.

(3958) THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON SLOPE MORPHOLOGY,

(b) Laboratory project.

[cj Mr. R. F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the morphologic and hydrologic differences existing among slopes of various exposures

and to measure the resulting effects on erosion, soil moisture, and vegetational

cover. Also, the effect of differential

exposure on drainage-basin evolution will

be investigated. Sites for study are several selected small areas in Wyoming,

Colorado, and New Mexico.

(3959) LONG-TERM CHRONOLOGIES ON HYDROLOGIC EVENTS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Mr. W. D. Simons, USGS, Tacoma, Washington,

(dj Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to provide information on flood and drought frequencies and other critical hydrologic events from

the history of major river basins. Data will be sought to evaluate long-term fluctuation in water supply to determine whether or not there has been either an upward or downward trend during the last

172
2 or 3 centuries. Such data will include

crop records, news items, historical

records, tree-ring data and lake levels. Efforts will be made to obtain useful data from anthropological research studies in the Pacific Northwest. This study would

provide additional knowlege on probable

frequency and duration of critical hydrologic

events especially droughts for each major

river basin. The first investigation would

be in the Columbia River basin.

(3961) USE OP WATER BY SALTCEDAR.

b) Bureau of Reclamation.

c) Dr. T. E. A. vanHylckama, USGS, Phoenix,

Arizona

.

(e) The purpose of this project is to measure

the use of ground water by saltcedar in evapotranspirometers and to evaluate these

data against those obtained by energy

budget and mass transfer methods. Esti- mates can then be made of the quantity of water salvageable by control or eradication of saltcedar. Large evapotranspirometers have been constructed in an environment of saltcedar and planted at the same density as in the surrounding

area. The use of water from these tanks

will be measured and the effect of main- taining ground water at different levels

studied.

(h) "Buckeye Project - Water Use by Saltcedar,"

T, W. Robinson and C. W. Bowser, U. S. Geol. Survey and U. S. Bur. Reclamation, 26 p., 59-3 Phreatophyte Subcommittee meeting Pac.

S. W. Inter-Agency Comm., 1959. "Measuring Water Use by Saltcedar," T. E. A. van Hylckama, Proc. 4th Ann. Arizona Watershed Symposium p. 22-26; Ariz. Water

Resources Comm. and State Land Dept., State

of Ariz., 1960.

"Use of Water by Saltcedar (Tamarix Pentandra)

as Measured by the Water-Budget Method (a preliminary report)," T. E. A. van Hylckama,

23 p., abstract in Jour. Geophys. Research,

v. 67, p. 3535, 1962.

(3962) RESEARCH IN PHREATOPHYTE S.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif,

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to provide

a more complete understanding of the factors affecting the occurrence and use of ground

water, by species, of phreatophyte s, the areal extent of the widespread species, the magnitude of the phreatophyte problem; and

the development of information and techniques for salvaging the consumptively wasted

water.

(h) "Glossary of Terms Relating to the Phreatophyte

Problem," T. W. Robinson, Duplicated report for the Subcommittee on Phreatophytes,

Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee, 1962.

(3963) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THEORY AND MEASUREMENT.

(h) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. 0. E. Leppanen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The long term goals of the project are to develop methods to determine evapotranspiration losses from hydrologically important

areas. These methods should preferably be Independent of detailed ground water, soil moisture, and surface water data. Immediate objectives are the development of soil moisture measurement methods, determination

of practical methods of measuring and computing heat exchange over vegetated areas, and development of a mathematical model to describe the hydrologic behavior of a reach

of river channel subject to large evapo- transpiration losses.

(h) "a Test of the Energy Budget Method of Measuring Evapotranspiration, " 0. E. Leppanen and G. E. Warbeck, Jr., Internat. Assoc. Aci. Hydrology, Publ. 53, p. 428-437, 1960.

"Methods for Study of Evapotranspiration,"

0. E. Leppanan, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 424-B (U. S. Geol. Survey Research

1961) p. 43-45.

(3965) HYDROLOGIC EFFECT OF VEGETATION MODIFICATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. M Myrlck, USGS, Tuscon, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the change in water yield produced by the vegetation modification and to develop a more comprehensible understanding of the function of vegetation, within the hydrologic

regime, under semiarid conditions. Sub- stitution of short-rooted grass for deep- rooted trees is the basis for this study. The study has been divided into two parts;

(1) The determination of the changes in water yield produced by a pinon- Juniper

eradication program on a drainage area of

200 square miles; and (2) the intensive study of 2 pairs of small watersheds to evaluate

the hydrologic processes involved and alterations that occur as a result of vegetation modification. Correlations of runoff, using precipitation will be used

for (1). In part (2) an attempt will be made to evaluate the major portions of the hydrologic cycle and to define the inter- relationships. Study site is Carrizo and Corduroy Creek basins in the Fort Apache

Indian Reservation, Arizona,

(h) "Hydrologic Aspects of the Pinyon and Juniper Eradication Project on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona," R. M. Myrlck and M. R. Collings, New Mexico

Geological Soc, Thirteenth Field Conference,

Mogollon Rim Region, 1962.

(3966) EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF

FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo.

Id) Field investigation; applied research,

(e) The purpose of this project is to collect

data on the physical properties of sediments forming the perimeter of alluvial channels, and to determine the effect of sediment

type on fluvial morphology and hydraulics.

The physical and chemical properties of alluvial materials and their relations to and effects upon fluvial morphology are not

well enough understood and require consider- able research. Basic data are collected at about 200 cross-sectional sites on as many

as possible of the following: channel shape,

dimensions, gradient, pattern, and roughness; channel and bank vegetation; stream discharge

velocity of flow; suspended and bed sediment

loads; and the types of sediment forming

the cross-sectional perimeter of the channels

(h) "Sinuosity of Rivers," S. A. Schumm, (abs.)

Geol. Soc. Am., Special Paper, 1963.

(3968) STUDY OF CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOOD- PLAIN AGGRADATION, TUSAYAN WASHES, ARIZONA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R.F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo,

(dj Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the physical and hydraulic factors that control channel characteristics in aggrading

and degrading alluvial channels in the semiarid and arid Southwest. An under- standing of these processes is needed in order to plan conservation practices in a logical and economic fashion. The project includes study of aggradation occurring

naturally as well as aggradation induced

by channel structures. Studies are in the drainage basins of Polacca, Oraibi, Jeddito, Dinnebito Washes, all tributary to Little Colorado River near Winslow in northeastern

Arizona.

(h) "Influence of Riparian Vegetation on Channel

Shape Northeastern Arizona," R. F. Hadley,

173
U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C, Art.

156, 1961. "Characteristics of Sediment Deposits Above

Channel Structures, Polacca Wash, Arizona,"

R. F. Hadley, 2nd Federal Interagency Sedi- mentation Conference, Dept. Agrlc. Misc. Series, 1963.

(3969) GENERAL STUDIES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. F. Hadley and Mr. N. J. King, USGS, Denver, Colo.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) The purpose of this project is to investigate the basic processes of erosion in a semiarid and arid environment. Studies

fall into three general groups: (1) Quantitative measurements of gully growth, channel widening, and channel erosion; (2) measure- ments of rates of upland erosion; and (3) detailed studies of a particular erosion process in a selected area. The quantitative measurements will be utilized to aid in design of soil and water conservation

measures. Studies are being made in several areas in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.

(3970) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. Hofman, USGS, Menlo Park, California.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project Is to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of changes in land use associated with development of suburban, industrial and urban communities; also included is a study of hydrologic problems

in storm drainage In urban areas. Changes

in land use associated with urban development

affect local hydrologic factors such as runoff, flood frequency, recharge, channel

stability, sediment production and the inter- relationship between surface and ground

water. Data on stream flow, precipitation,

soil moisture and related hydrologic and cllmatologic data, topographic effects, and

geologic, soils, and ecologlc information,

together with documentation of changes in land use as they occur, are needed for

proper evaluation. The study area, San Franclsqulto Basin at Stanford University,

Palo Alto, California.

(3971) THE HYDROLOGY OF PRAIRIE POTHOLES, NORTH

DAKOTA.

(b) Research Section of Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

(c) Mr. Wm. S. Eisenlohr, Jr., U.S.G.S., Denver,

Colo.

dl Field Investigation; applied research,

e) The purpose of this project is to study the processes by which water enters and leaves

prairie pothole ponds, and the causes of variation in the chemical quality of the water. The immediate objective is to find methods by which to determine the activity of

the various hydrologic processes operating

in the potholes.

(g) Collection of data continued on the original group of potholes and several others were

selected and Instrumented.

(h) "Current Studies of the Hydrology of Prairie

Potholes," J. B. Shjeflo and others, U. S. Geol. Survey Circular 472, 1962.

(3972) STUDY OF WATER APPLICATION AND USE ON A RANGE WATERSP READER IN NORTHEASTERN

MONTANA

.

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and

Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e; The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the use of a waterspreader on forage yields. Little information is available on amounts

of water applied to and used by waterspreaders or on the amounts of water needed

for successful waterspreaders . As water becomes more in demand, information on the efficiency of water used by waterspreaders

becomes increasingly Important. Water

applied to the spreader is measured by means

of a water-stage recorder which determines

the duration of flow through a pipe into the spreader and by means of a rain gage. Plant measurements are being made by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Study site

is the Willow Creek area near Fort Peck, Mont

.

(g) Data on soil moisture storage and use have been obtained for three years (1959-61) when water was applied to the spreader.

Analyses are being made of the differences

in storage and use on the three major soil- vegetation types included in the spreader.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(3975) STUDY OF EFFECTS OF GRAZING IN BADGER WASH

AREA, COLORADO.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Land Management, Reclamation, Forest Service, and Fish and Wildlife

Service.

(c} Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine runoff and sediment yields from small watersheds representing Mancos shale areas

of the Colorado Plateau and to determine the effects of grazing exclusions on runoff

and sediment yields. An associated

objective is to evaluate effects of a system

of reservoirs.

(g) Field records were obtained and computed for runoff and sediment yield at 16 reservoirs

and for precipitation at 10 recording rain

gages. Periodic measurement of Infiltration

rates was begun at 8 locations.

(h) "Hydrologic and Blotic Characteristics of Grazed and Ungrazed Watersheds of the Badger Wash Basin in Western Colorado,

1953-58," G. C. Lusby, G. T. Turner, J. R. Tompson and V. H. Reid, U. S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1532-B.

(3976) EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT BARRIER ON SHEEP

CREEK, NEAR TROPIC, UTAH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo,

(dl Field investigation; applied research,

(e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the effect of a small barrier dam on Sheep Creek on channel aggradation. A qualitative evaluation of land-treatment practices may be possible.

(g) Collection and computation of field data was

continued. Surveys of the reservoir body

and channel upstream and downstream from the reservoir were made and computed. Samples

of reservoir sediments were obtained and

size analyses were made.

(h) Progress report In preparation.

(3978) EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON ARID

LANDS IN WESTERN UNITED STATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and Mr.

R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of different mechanical treat- ments on arid lands. Several small basins

on land administered by the Bureau of Land Management in central Montana, eastern New

Mexico, and western Colorado, are the study

sites. Some reservoirs have been, and

others are to be constructed in each of these basins, and runoff and sediment yield is being and has been determined before treat- ments are applied. Among the treatments applied after precalibration are the following: spike-tooth pitting, eccentric-disc

pitting, and contour furrowing (with furrow intervals determined on the basis of computed furrow water-storage capacity) . Other measurements made would include: vegetation

174
kinds and quantities before and after treatment, soil-moisture storage and seasonal and annual changes,

(h) "Effects of Land Treatment Practices on Erosion and Vegetation on Range Lands in Parts of Arizona and New Mexico," H. V. Peterson and F. A. Branson, Jour, of Range

Management, v. 15, no. 4, p. 220-226, 1962. "Effects of Contour Furrowing, Grazing

Intensities and Soils on Infiltration Rates,

Soil Moisture and Vegetation Near Fort Peck, Montana," F. A. Branson, R. F. Miller and

I. S. McQueen, Jour, of Range Management,

v. 15, no. 3, p. 151-158, 1962.

(3979) GENERAL EVALUATION OF SOIL AND MOISTURE TREATMENT PRACTICES.

!b) Laboratory investigation,

c) Mr. K. R. Melin, USGS, Denver, Colo,

dj Field investigation,

e) The purpose of this project is to appraise

the structures and treatment practices used

in soil moisture conservation to determine

their effectiveness in accomplishing the purposes for which they were designed. The field studies include maintenance of records on runoff, erosion and sedimentation

to determine the effects of the structures

or practices at several areas in Colorado,

Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and New

Mexico.

(3980) HYDROLOGY OF DEATH VALLEY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, U. S. G.S., Menlo Park,

Calif, and Mr. C. B. Hunt, U.S.G.S, Denver,

Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this report is to study the various phases of the hydrology of Death

Valley. Data on evaporation, wind movement, humidity and temperature are being obtained under informal agreement with the National

Park Service. Relations of plants to salinity and effects of salinity on evapo- transpiration also are being investigated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report on the hydrology of Death Valley

In preparation.

(3981) PLEISTOCENE LAKES OF THE GREAT LAKES BASIN.

(b) Nevada State Engineers.

(e) Mr. C. T. Snyder, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to prepare

a map based on data gathered during Soil and Moisture Conservation Investigations showing

the Pleistocene Lakes in the Great Basin

area. Further refinements can now be made to Lakes Lahounta and Bonneville and the associ- ated smaller lakes that existed concurrently. An additional large Pleistocene lake recently

discovered is included.

(f) Completed.

(3984) WATER AND SOIL RELATIONSHIPS AS INDICATED BY PLANT SPECIES OR PLANT COMMUNITIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen and Mr.

R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

d) Field Investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to determine whether or not phonological development of vegetation differs for communities having

the same macroclimate but different soils. Plants have been used as indicators of con- ditions, processes and uses for many years. Where plants can be used as indicators of soil conditions, expensive measurements of physical and chemical properties can be reduced. Plant specJes or communities may be used as indicator o of potential production

to be expected from land management and treatment practices. Research sites are near Golden, Colorado. Other sites will be selected.

(h) "Soil Water Availability and Use by Grasslands on Adjacent Stony and Shale-derived

Soils in Colorado," F. A. Branson, R. F. Miller and I. S. McQueen, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 425-C, p. 251-253, 1961.

(4404) EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, AND LAND-FORM DEVELOPMENT IN ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS.

bj Laboratory project.

c) Messrs, Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller, and Irel S. McQueen, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field Investigation; both basic and applied

research.

(e) Purpose is to ascertain the causes and forces that separate soil and/or rock particles from their sources, and to study

the resultant land forms for geomorphic

analyses. Field study areas have been

selected in several western States, and a primary field research station has been established at the Warbonnet Ranch, 13 miles

north of Harrison, Nebr., where all factors relating to erosion and sedimentation are being measured both automatically by

specialized recording instruments and manually. The Warbonnet research station has

been established for a minimum 10-year

project life.

(4405) PIPING, AN EROSIONAL PHENOMENON IN CERTAIN SILTY SOILS OF ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Messrs. Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller,

and Irel S. McQueen, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation; both basic and applied

research.

(e) Purpose is to ascertain the causes of piping

and thus enable field engineers and geologists to control this form of destructive

erosion. Soils chemistry and physiology

will be thoroughly investigated, the atmos- pheric and other environmental factors related to piping will be determined, and

long-term (10 years, at least) observational records will be kept on several areas where piping is a prominent form of erosion. Primary study areas are near Chinle and Cameron in Arizona; Cuba, New Mexico; and

Panquitch, Utah.

(4408) ANALOG MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Rolland W. Carter, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington, D. C.

&) Basic and applied research,

e) Investigation of applicability of analog

computer technique to solve problems

involving either hydrologic data in general

or surface-water flow in particular.

(g) Results to date Indicate concept and approach are valid. Additional methods and instrumentation being investigated.

(h) "Use of Hydrologic Models in the Analysis

of Flood Runoff," by John Shen (in press).

(4410) BANK SEEPAGE DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Mr. M. E. C. Pogge, U. S. Geological Survey,

Iowa City, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for

doctoral thesis.

(e) Purpose is to understand the mechanics of seepage flow into and from bank storage

along a channel in response to movement of flood waves through a channel reach.

(g) Program expanded to include study of origin

of base flow. Objective now to determine interrelationships between ground and surface water for understanding hydrologic character- istics of streams. Observation well and

stream gaging stations installed in snail study basin in Central Iowa. Additional wells installed in Missouri Valley for pumptest determination of hydraulic characteristics of outwash aquifer.

175
(4411) LIQUID MOVEMENT IN CLAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. H. W. Olsen, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

d) Experimental and theoretical study; basic

research.

(e) To study the nature of liquid movement through clays in response to gradients of electrical potential, ionic concentration, and temperature; and to relate the movement

to such factors as the mlneralogieal and

chemical composition of the clay and pore

liquid.

(4770) STUDIES IN GE0M0RPHOLOGY

.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. A. V. Jopling, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Massachusetts.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The purpose of the project Is as follows:

(l) To carry out fundamental research on the erodibility characteristics of cohesive materials under a fluid shear stress. Erodibility will be interpreted in terms

of the physlcochemical properties of the materials under investigation. (2) To

determine the effect of size, shape, density, and surface texture on the static angle of subaqueous repose for cohesionless granular

materials. (3| To study the transition from

a ripple (dune) to a plane-bed regime in a very narrow (1/2 in.) laboratory flume. Particle movement will be studied by

photographic techniques. (4) To study the effect of partial stabilization on the hydraulic geometry of a meandering laboratory

stream.

(4779) LARGE-SCALE ROUGHNESS.

!b) Laboratory project,

c) Mr. J. Davidian, USGS, Washington 25, D. C.

dl Field Investigation; applied research,

e) Purpose is to study energy losses produced

by large-scale roughness resulting from

channel alignment and configuration,

(g) Bed-particle samples have been collected on

64 streams in three different parts of the country. A relation between Manning's

roughness coefficient, particle size, and

size distribution has been found and is being

refined.

(4782) WATER MANAGEMENT.

ib)

Laboratory project,

c) Mr. C. W. Reck, USGS, Washington 25, D. C.

d) Experimental; applied research,

e) Purpose is to develop hydrologlc principles

and methods of water-resources appraisal

that can be used for water management.

(f) Suspended.

(4784) FLOW LOSSES IN EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS.

!b) Cooperating Agent - Bureau of Land Management,

c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colo,

d) Field investigation, basic research,

e) Measurement of surface flow losses in an ephemeral stream channel and determination of whether or not the absorbed water reaches a ground-water reservor will be evaluated

on the San Ysidro Wash in Sandoval County, New Mexico. Secondly, these studies will

furnish an opportunity to determine changes

in channel and hydraulic geometry in a "losing" reach of channel.

(g) Channel controls and gaging stations were completed in the study reach. Six creststage gages were installed in the study

reach. Two recording rain gages were

installed in the drainage basin. Surveys were made of the longitudinal profile and

several channel cross sections to observe

changes during the course of the study.

(4785) THE VTGIL NETWORK,

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L. B. Leopold, U.S.G.S., Washington 25,

D. C.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) To determine the changes with time on a number of small watersheds (from 1 to 10 square miles) in the vegetation, the channels, the biota, and the overall landscape.

(g) Progress has been made on choossing a series of small watersheds along a line or transect stretching in an east-west direction between

the major mountain masses on the North

American continent. Later it is hoped to have a similar series of watersheds in a north- south line through the central part

of the United States where the topography

is relatively flat. The north- south transeck, then would give a representation of the effect of latitude uninfluenced by major

differences in Topography.

(4786) EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC FEATURES CONCERNING GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. H. E. LeGrand, U.S.G.S., Washington 25,

D. C.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) To put into hydrologlc perspective the various problems of ground-water contamination. To identify and classify both the contamination problems and their major

geologic settings.

(g) Progress is being made on classifying the hydrogeologic framework in which contamination occurs.

(h) "Management Aspects of Ground-Water

Contamination," by H. E. LeGrand, American Water Works Association Journal, in press.

(4787) MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Akio Ogata, U. S. Geological Survey,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental tnd theoretical study; basic

re search.

(e) Theoretical and laboratory study of microscopic and macroscopic aspects of flow through porous media.

(4789) THE EFFECT OF PHREATOPHYTE CLEARING, MIDDLE

GILA RIVER VALLEY, SAN CARLOS INDIAN RESERVATION, ARIZONA.

ib)

Laboratory,

c) Mr. R. C. Culler, U.S.G.S., Tucson, Ariz,

d) Field investigation, basic research,

e) To evaluate the change in evapotransplration

produced by the eradication of phreatophytes

and the substitution of a beneficial vegetation. A water budget evaluation will be made of 16 miles of the flood plain of the Gila River, within the San Carlos Indian Reservation, Arizona. The water budget will

be kept with the phreatophytes undisturbed

for the calendar years 1963 to 1966. In 1967 the phreatophytes will be removed and a suitable replacement vegetation will be

established. From 1967 to 1970 the water

budget will be evaluated for the replacement

vegetation.

(g) Four gaging stations on the Gila River and 63 stations on tributaries were installed. Installation of observation wells and soil moisture meter access pipes was started. Other instrumentation was completed.

(5073) STATISTICAL DERIVATION OF THE VELOCITY

PROFILE FOR TURBULENT FLOW.

X>) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. N. C. Matalas and Mr. W. J. Conover, U.

S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

e) A statistical model of turbulence, based

on a random walk process, is developed to represent two-dimensional flow. This model

is used to derive a mathematical form of the velocity profile across the turbulent field.

(f) Completed.

i

176
(g) The velocity profile is defined as a three parameter hyperbolic function, with two parameters reflecting the effect of bed

roughness and fluid viscosity on the shape of the velocity profile and the fluid parameter

being the mean velocity across the turbulent

fluid. This profile is shown to provide as good and in some cases a better fit to observations than the logarithmic velocity

distribution.

(h) "Derivation of the Velocity Profile From a Statistical Model of Turbulence," by N. C. Matalas and W. J. Conover (in review).

(5074) DISPERSION IN OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Atomic Energy Commission.

c) Dr. N. Yotsukura, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and laboratory investigation;

basic research.

(e) To relate longitudinal dispersion to channel

geometry* boundary roughness, and flow

characteristics.

f) Completed.

g) Longitudinal dispersion is strongly in- fluenced by velocity transport, and its

coeff. relative to lateral diffusion coeff.

is a function of friction factor, which de- pends on Reynolds number and boundary roughness.

(h) "Model Studies of Dispersion in Open Channels,"

by N. Yotsukura, G. P. Smoot, and D. I. Canal,

U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper

(in draft).

Numerical Solution to a Dispersion Equation,"

by N. Yotsukura and M. B. Fiering, ASCE

Journal (in press).

(5075) DOPPLER VELOCITY METER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus, Ohio

d) Experimental; instrument development.

e) The objective is to measure the instantaneous

local velocity by means of the Doppler

frequency shift of an ultrasonic signal reflected by minute particles of suspended

sediment

(g) Model undergoing laboratory and field tests.

(5076) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIO- ACTIVE WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey for Atomic Energy

Commision.

(c) Mr. William W. Sayre, Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) A significant fraction of the low level liquid radioactive wastes which are dis- charged into surface streams Is often

sorbed by bed material and fine material

sediment particles. Consequently the manner

in which these sediments are transported is a significant factor in determining the distribution of radioactive wastes in the

stream environment. The project is devoted

to investigating the dispersion and transport

of both fine and bed material sediment particles. Experiments are being conducted in natural streams and in laboratory flumes. Radioactive tracer techniques, fluorometry and nephelometry are among the experimental

techniques being employed. Analytically and experimentally the phenomenon of sediment transport is being treated from a Lagrangian

point of view.

(g) The transport of bed material particles can be described as an alternating sequence of steps and rest periods in which the step lengths and rest period durations are exponentially

distributed. In stochastic processes this would be known as a compound Poisson process. This yields a concentration distribution

function which agrees with distributions of concentrations of radioactive tracer particles

observed in the North Loup River, Nebraska, and in a laboratory flume. Radioactive tracer techniques provide a feasible method for determining bed material

discharge averaged over a period of time. The longitudinal dispersion of dye and fine suspended sediment particles In a wide rectangular open channel with a rough

boundary follows closely the prediction of the Taylor-Elder theory in which a virtual coefficient of longitudinal dispersion is computed using the velocity distribution

and the Reynolds analogy concerning the equivalence of mass and momentum transfer. Also in such a channel, experiments to date indicate that at large distances from

the source the rate of lateral dispersion

from a continuous point source is essentially constant over most of the flow depth,

(h) "Transport and Dispersion of Labeled Bed

Material, North Loup Bed River, Nebraska,"

by W. W. Sayre and D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey Open File Report, Fort Collins, Colorado, 112 p., April 1963. "Application of Radioactive Tracers in the Study of Sediment Movement," by D. W. Hubbell and W. W. Sayre, prepared for presentation at Federal Inter-Agency

Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Miss.,

January 28 - February 1, 1963, 30 p. "Uptake and Transport of Radionuclides by

Stream Sediments," by W. W. Sayre, H. P. Guy and A. R. Chamberlain, U. S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 433-A, U. S. GPO, Washington, 35 p., 1963. "Transport of Radionuclides in Fresh Water: Dispersal of Bed Sediments," by W. W. Sayre and D. W. Hubbell, in Transport of Radio- nuclides in Fresh Water Systems, U. S._

Atomic Energy Commission, Report No. T±D7664, pp. 327-352, July 1963.

(5077) ARTIFICIAL CONTROLS FOR ALLUVIAL CHANNEL

STREAMS.

b) U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The basic stream flow data collection

program of the U. S. Geological Survey for

sand bed channels is in need of improvement.

Such channels have unstable stage-discharge

relationships. Thus effort is being made

to develop control designs and construction

methods suitable for alluvial channels. Methods for improving the stability will be designed and then tested in the laboratory

and field. Careful consideration will be given to construction techniques in order

to minimize costs to the data collection

program

(5078) ALLUVIAL CHANNEL HYDRAULICS.

b) U. S. Geological Survey.

c) Mr. H. P. Guy, Acting Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

e) A laboratory study of resistance to flow, sediment transport and related problems in alluvial channels.

(g) Five different bed materials ranging in

size from 0.19 millimeters to 0.93 milli- meters have been studied. The forms of bed

roughness which occur and their relation to sediment transport and resistance to flow have been studied and described. The effect

of large concentrations of suspended

fine sediment (clay), the viscosity of the water and the specific weight and gradation

of the bed material on the mechanics of flow and on sediment transport in alluvial

channels have also been investigated.

(h) "A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Gradation of Bed Material on Flow Phenomena

:

i

177
In Alluvial Channels," by Niwat Daranandana,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ.,

May 1962. "Control Structures in Alluvial Channels,"

by Frederick C. Stepanich, M. S. Thesis, Colorado State University, October 1962.

"An Investigation of Total Sediment Discharge

In Alluvial Channels," by Feng-Ming Chang, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ., December 1962. "Electrokinetic-Probe Response to VortexStreet Frequency," by Hslng Chuang, paper to be published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Colorado State University Civil Engineering

Report No. CER62HC55, September 1962. Discussion of Francis M. Henderson's paper

"Stability of Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, published in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 88, No. HY4, July 1962. Closure to "Forms of Bed Roughness In Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, published in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 88, No. HY4, July 1962.

"A Study of Variables Affecting Flow Characteristics and Sediment Transport in Alluvial

Channels," by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, presented at the Federal Inter- Agency Sedimentation Conference, Jackson,

Miss. "Control Structures for Sand Bed Channels,"

by F. C. Stepanich, D. B. Simons, and E. V. Richardson, presented at ASCE Water Resources

Conference, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Discussion of "Depth Discharge Relations in Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson and W. L. Haushild, ASCE Hyd.

Div. Journal.

"The Dissimilarity Between Spacial and Velocity-Weighted Concentrations," by H. P. Guy and D. B. Simons, (a short paper), U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 475-D.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF MINES, Morgantown Research Center.

(4436) FLOW PROPERTIES OF COAL-WATER SLURRIES.

(b) Laboratory project —information for general

public use.

(c) Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director, Morgantown Research Center, Morgantown, West

Virginia.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The object of the project is to establish

friction factor-Reynolds number relationships for coal-water slurries of various concen- trations with coals of different ranks and

size analyses. Work is being done with 1/2

inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch pipes. Data are processed on an IBM-1620 computer.

(g) Preliminary results show a change in Theo- logical classification at or above 45 percent coal concentrations.

(h) "Aqueous Slurries of Coal and Granular Materials; A Bibliography," by L. F. Wllmott,

W. R. Huff and W. E. Crockett, Bureau of Mines Inf. Clrc. 8165, 1963.

(4790) DIELECTRIC SEPARATION OF PARTICLES FROM SUSPENSIONS OF FINE COAL IN OIL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director, Morgantown, Research Center, Morgantown, W. Va.

(d) Experimental; applied research for a M.S. thesis at West Virginia University.

(e) The purpose of the project is to explore the feasibility of separating solid particles in nonpolar liquids by the application on a nonuniform electric field to a flowing stream

of the suspension and in particular the separation In an oil vehicle of fine coal from

its ash constituents.

(g) Capacitance cells have been constructed for

determining the dielectric constants of the solids fractions and the oils in the suspensions

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF

RECLAMATION. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225.

(2457) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED AND EARTH-LINED CANALS.

(e) Three field test reaches have been selected for study and for verification of laboratory

studies In order to establish critical tractive force criteria for design of canals.

A laboratory flume is being calibrated for determining tractive forces that erode soil

in terms of standard soil properties'.

(h) "Studies of Tractive Forces of Cohesive

Soils in Earth Canals," by E. J. Carlson

and P. F. Enger, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-504, October 1962.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS.

(e) A soil classified as a fine silt having

practically no cohesive qualities was

subjected to surface water waves generated In a laboratory flume to determine Its resistance to erosion.

f) Tests completed.

g) The relationship of bank erosion to wave

length, wave period, wave height, and time cf exposure to waves was determined.

(h) "Canal Bank Erosion by Surface Water Waves Generated in a Laboratory Flume," by R. A. Dodge, Jr., Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-506, June 1963.

(2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED OUTLET WORKS.

f) Tests in progress.

g) Data were taken for two types of stilling basins for high-head slide gates. Prelim- inary design curves were developed for the usual hydraulic jump basin and for a simple

plunge-type basin.

(h) Progress report In preparation.

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

f) Tests completed.

h) Report in preparation.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES.

f) Inactive.

g) Losses for a variety of conventional, open, broken-back transitions were found to be 0.6 to 0.7 Ahyfor outlet service and 0.4

Ahy for inlet service. Scour was slightly reduced with the closed conduit transitions,

(h) "Progress Report 1 -- Research Studies on Inlet and Outlet Transitions for Small Canals," by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch

Report No. Hyd-492, July 1962.

(3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES.

(f) Laboratory tests completed, field data to be analyzed progressively as obtained.

(h) "Control of Alluvial Rivers by Steel Jetties!! by E. J. Carlson and R. A. Dodge, Jr., Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-503, Oct.

1962.

(3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT.

178
fl Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS- -EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA.

(f) Tests and data analyses completed.

(h) Results are presented In revised edition of Bureau of Reclamation Engineering Monograph

No. 7, "Friction Factors for Large Conduits

Flowing Full," November 1962.

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES.

(h) "Use of an Electronic Computer to Obtain

Flow Nets for a Channel with a 90° Offset,"

by H. T. Falvey, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-500, November 1963. Additional

reports to be prepared.

(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR.

f ) Single weir investigation completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Radial gates are used extensively in irri- gation systems for discharge and water sur- face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of flow passing the gated structure be known. Literature research resulted in an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the gate capacity with unsubmerged flow.

(g) Extensive model and prototype radial gate

data were obtained from the TVA Hydraulic

Laboratory. The data are being analyzed to verify the proposed discharge formula and

to extend the scope of presently available

information.

(3614) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; applied research and design,

(e) A fixed-bed, hydraulic model has been constructed to determine the possibility

of reduction in scour and deposition in unlined channels due to secondary currents.

A Preston Tube has been constructed and is being used to measure boundary shear along

the curved portion of the trapezoidal model

channel

.

f) Tests in progress.

g) For a given model discharge of 2.85 cfs at a depth of 0.7 5 feet high boundary shear

stresses existed on the outside bank down- stream from the curve and to a lesser extent

on the inside bank in the leading portion of the curve

.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(3985) DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE-LINED

CANALS

.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental, laboratory and field Investigations; applied research and design.

(e) This study is for the purpose of exploring

the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the relationship of boundary surface resistance

to the cumulative resistance of crossings,

inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local items in concrete-lined canals of different

sizes, shapes, and grades. This study is part of a program to explain why design

procedures used successfully for small and medium sizes of canals may not be adequate

for large concrete-lined canals on flat slopes

.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY.

(f) Completed.

(g) The following were developed during the study

width and alinement of the approach channel; length and shape of the pier at the gate

section; discharge calibration; curvature of the tunnel trajectory approaching the combi- nation flip bucket stilling basin; length,

depth, and shape of the flip bucket basin; and riprap requirements downstream from basio

(h) Report in preparation.

(3994) HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE BLOCK

PRESSURES.

b) Laboratory project.

g) Minimum subatmospherlc pressures on a square- edge block are related to tailwater depth

for a range of approach velocities.

(h) "Progress Report VI, Research Study on Stilling Basins, Energy Disslpators, and Associated Appurtenances—Section 12, Stilling Basin Chute Block Pressures

(Basin II)," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-514, May 1963.

(3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES.

f) Tests in progress.

h) Progress report in preparation.

(4412) OROVILLE DAM DIVERSION TUNNELS AND TAILRACE.

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:54.63 scale hydraulic model was used to study complex, high-velocity diversion flows

in the two 36-foot-diameter, 4, 500 -foot-long

tunnels and to study surge characteristics

of the underground power house whose draft tubes connect to the downstream portion of the tunnels to form the tailrace. A 1:46.6

scale air model was used to evaluate various

passage configurations for connecting the draft tubes to the tunnels to obtain minimum

losses.

f) Completed.

g) Flow and pressure conditions were satis- factory in the bellmouth inlets, tunnels, and outlet portals for diversion flows. Better river channel flow conditions were obtained with a higher guide wall on the right side of Outlet Portal 1, and with the channel upstream from the portals filled to the downstream face of the dam. Other

improvements in the river, such as guide walls and the removal of rock outcrops, were

not necessary or economically feasible. The design of the complex tail-race system for

the underground powerhouse satisfactorily

controlled surging for all possible load acceptance or load rejection cycles.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Diversion

Tunnels for Orovllle Dam," by W. P. Simmons,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-502, Jan. 1963. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Draft Tube Connections and Surge Characteristics of the Tailrace Tunnels for Orovllle Powerplant,"

by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-507, April 1963.

(4413) OROVILLE DAM TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS.

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:18 scale model of the tunnel plug

outlet works was used to determine the appurtenant structures necessary in the 35-foot-diameter tunnel to adequately

dissipate the high energy flow from two 54-inch Howell-Bunger valves discharging under a 670-foot head.

ff) Completed.

(g) A design was developed which adequately

dissipates the high energy flows from two 54-inch Howell-Bunger valves, each dis- charging 2,700 cfs under a head of 670 feet. The valves are placed 3 feet above the tunnel centerline, and the appurtenances

consist of a deflector ring around the

179
inside of the tunnel and two rows of baffle

piers on the Invert downstream,

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the River Outlet Works at Orovllle Dam," by D. Colgate,

Hydraulics branch Report No. Hyd-508, Oct.

1963.

(4416) BLUE MESA DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:32.78 scale model was used to study the radial gate controlled intake, inclined

tunnel, and the flip bucket for flows up to 33,650 cfs discharging at a velocity of 113 feet per second at the outlet portal,

fl Tests completed.

g) The approach channel shape, tunnel transition

section at the intake, inclined tunnel, ver- tical bend in tunnel, and flip bucket were

developed,

(h) Report in preparation.

(4419) WHISKEYTOWN DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:32.78 scale model was constructed to study

the morning-glory intake, the vertical tunnel

bend, the straight tunnel, the flip bucket, and the downstream river channel for flows up

to 28,450 cfs discharging with a maximum

velocity of 96 feet per second at the outlet

portal

.

f) Completed.

g) The following were developed during the study: Guide vanes for the crest, a deflector and air

vent for the vertical bend, shape of the flip

bucket, discharge channel alinement, and head

discharge relationships for the spillway.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Whiskeytown Dam Spillway," by G. L. Belchley, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-498, November 1963.

(4421) SEDIMENT CONTROL AT DIVERSIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Various devices were studied to develop

ways of reducing the amount of bed sediment entering canals.

f) Completed.

g) Several arrangements of bottom and surface guide vanes were tested, and their effectiveness in reducing sediment intake

into a canal diverted from a large river was

compared.

(h) "Sediment Control at a Headworks Using Guide

Vanes," by E. J. Carlson and P. P. Enger, a paper presented at the Federal Inter-Agency

Sedimentation Conference, Jackson, Miss.,

February 1963. To be published in Conference

Proceedings. Available from U. S. Superintendent of Documents.

(4425) WATER-COLUMN SEPARATION.

b) Division of Design Project,

d) Theoretical and field Investigation;

applied research,

(e) Field tests are being used to check theo- retical developments designed to predict

completely the hydraulic transient con- ditions occurring during separation and rejoining of water columns occurring during

separation and rejoining of water columns

in pump discharge lines.

f) Continuing.

g) Peak pressures higher than predicted were measured in the field.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4791) HIGH-VELOCITY JET ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS,

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Experimental; for operation and maintenance.

(e) A 100-fps, 1-inch-diameter Jet was impinged

at 45 degrees on protective coverings pro- posed for application on concrete surfaces

to be subjected to high-velocity flow with

sediment laden water.

f) Conpleted.

g) All protective coatings tested, in which

the surface was unbroken, withstood the Jet for 4 hours. All coatings tested in which a broken or cut surface extended to the cenT crete were ripped from the concrete test blocks in less than 5 minutes.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4792) CANADIAN RIVER AQUEDUCT CHECK TOWERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory tests are being made to determine

the hydraulic losses and alr-entralnment

potential of check towers to be installed

in the 125-mlle-long Canadian River Aqueduct. The towers and aqueduct are to be so de- signed that the top of each tower are slightly below the hydraulic gradient. Pre- liminary studies are with a 90 degree vertical bend from the conduit alinement, a rising leg, a 180 degree return bend, a descending leg, and a 90 degree vertical bend to return the conduit to the main conduit

alinement. The inside diameter of the check tower is the same as the conduit. Air

movement through vertical 4-, 6-, 8-, and

12-inch vents is being determined.

(f) Continuing.

(4793) ROTATING DISK—PAINT TEST APPARATUS.

ih) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; development,

(e) A test apparatus consisting of four disks, each rotating in a separate chamber, was constructed and tested. Protective coatings

will be applied to the disks and to the walls

of each chamber, to evaluate the coating's resistance to flowing water.

f) Completed.

g) Water velocity and path charts have been prepared for both the rotating disks and the chamber walls.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4794) VERTICAL STILLING WELL.

(.To) Laboratory project,

id) Applied research.

(e) The purpose is to obtain the optimum size,

depth, and internal configuration of vertical stilling wells for high-head discharges.

The test Installation has a 4-foot by 4-foot-square well 6 feet deep, followed by a canal with a 4-foot bottom width and

1-1/2:1 side slopes. An adjustable downspout is symmetrically located in the well

and discharges against the flat floor. Piezometers are located in the floor and lower sldewalls of the well. Adjustable

corner fillets provide a means for determining optimum fillet angle, size, and height.

f) Continuing.

g) The addition of corner fillets to the well results in much smoother water surfaces. The fillets direct the flow from the corners back to the center of the well inducing roller action. Optimum fillet configuration

has been determined for one ratio of downspout area to well area. Additional studies will determine optimum fillet configura- tions for larger downspouts.

(4795) SUCTION ELBOWS FOR LARGE PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; research and design.

(e) The purpose is to make a comparative analysis

of two suction elbows involving 135 degrees

of turn rather than the usual 90 degrees. Tests are being made with 1:9.187 scale model elbows having 8-lnch outlet diameters. One elbow is based on the concept of RV beirg constant, and the other is based on the con- cept of a constant radius centerline. The cross sectional areas of both elbows decrease in the downstream direction. Use of elbows

i

180
with 135 degrees of turning results In a shallower forebay with cost saving due to decreased excavation. The shallower forebay

prevents "pooling" of water In the forebay

and provides a more efficient design because

the kinetic energy of the canal flow Is maintained. Sediment deposits which often occur in the forebay will also be decreased.

f) Completed.

g) Both elbows showed a high degree of efficiency;

however, design simplicity dictated the use

of the elbow with a constant radius centerline. The velocity distribution at the location of the pump Impeller was excellent

and the energy loss from forebay to Impeller

station was 0.10 hv2-

(h) "Model Studies of Suction Tubes for Mile 18 and Forebay Pumping Plants," by T. J. Isbester,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-513, June

1963.

(4798) DOWNPULL STUDIES OP FIXED-WHEEL GATE FOR RED BLUFF DIVERSION DAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) 1:18.6 model studies were conducted to determine downpull forces on 18- by 60-foot,

upstream seal, fixed-wheel gates for free

and submerged flow conditions.

f) Tests completed.

g) To reduce downpull during submerged operation

the conventional solid-web beams on the downstream face of the gate were replaced

with open bow trusses. A combination of weighing and pressure techniques was used

to measure total downpull and to separate

it into the forces acting on certain

parts of the gate.

(h) "Hydraulic Downpull Studies of the Fixed- Wheel Spillway Gates for Red Bluff Diversion

Dam," by R. A. Dodge, Jr., Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-511, April 1963.

(4799) SAN LUIS DAM FOREBAY SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:14.83 scale model was used to study

the morning-glory spillway intake, vertical

shaft, and vertical bend for flows up to 3,000 cfs, dropping approximately 100 feet through the inlet and vertical shaft.

f) Tests completed.

gj A deflector, with air vent and guide vanes, was developed for the vertical bend,

(h) Report in preparation.

(4800) SAN LUIS DAM FOREBAY.

(bl Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design,

(e) A 1:22 scale model was used to study the morning-glory inlet, vertical bend, and

stilling basin for flows up to 3,600 flowing

at approximately 50 feet per second at the tunnel exit portal.

f) Completed.

g) Morning-glory- inlet, tunnel, and stilling basin size requirements were determined. A deflector, air vent, and guide vanes were

developed for the vertical bend. Pressures

in the inlet, vertical bend, and stilling basin were recorded.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4802) STUDIES ON ORIFICES FOR AUTOMATIC RADIAL

GATE CONTROLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A study to determine flow characteristics

and coefficients of discharge of various

size orifices in floatwell intakes of automatic radial gate controls. Studies

have been made of 1-lnch and 3-inch orifices

in horizontal and vertical planes, in non- standard settings, with different approach

and exit conditions at heads from 1 to 100

feet.

f) Inactive.

g) Although the test arrangements differed substantially from arrangements for which

data are presently available, measured

coefficients compared closely with existing

data

(4805) CAUSEY DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:11 scale model was used to observe hydraulic performance of the slide gate controlled outlet works. The features

Included: Symmetrical wye branch upstream

from gates, chute, hydraulic Jump stilling

basin, and a portion of the downstream river

channel

f) Completed.

g) All features of the design were found to be acceptable. Pressures and head losses in the wye branch were determined and hydraulic

Jump data were taken for use in future de- signs.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Causey Dam Outlet Works," by D. L. King, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-496, April 1963.

(4806) NORTON DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8.75 scale model was used to study the hydraulic characteristics of the chute and stilling basin for the slide gate controlled

outlet works.

f) Completed.

g) All features of the design were found to be acceptable. Pressures on the chute and in

the hydraulic Jump stilling basin were recorded and configuration of the hydraulic

Jump was measured for varying heads and discharges.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Norton Dam Outlet Works," by D. L. King, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-497, October 1963.

(4807) MORROW POINT DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to aid

in the development of the unusual design of the spillway and outlet works for the thin- arch concrete dam. The original design,

consisting of a free overfall spillway and

an outlet works located near the bottom of the dam, was abandoned because of un- desirable flow conditions in the artifi- cially formed stilling pool at the base of the dam. The present design includes four fixed-wheel gate controlled conduits near the top of the dam which pass the combined

spillway and outlet works discharge of 38,100 cfs, allowing it to fall approximately 400 feet to the stilling pool.

f) Tests in progress.

g) Model studies have proven the acceptability

of the present design. Design of the control weir which forms the stilling

pool was modified and the two inside spill- way conduits were tipped downward to provide more even distribution of Impact

of the free-falling Jets.

(4808) JOES VALLEY DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:20 scale model was used to study

hydraulic features of the morning-glory

spillway. The model included the spill- way entrance, a portion of the reservoir

topography surrounding the entrance, the vertical bends, and a portion of the horizontal tunnel.

f ) Completed.

g) Minor modifications were made to the preliminary design to correct undesirable

flow conditions which prevailed for the

181
maximum discharge of 5,000 second-feet. Appurtenant devices were developed to control

the vortex which formed during submerged

operation and improve flow conditions during

unsubmerged operation,

(h) Report in preparation.

(4947) 0R0VILLE DAM INCLINED POWERPLANT INTAKE TOWERS

(t> ) California Department of Water Resources.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) Head loss, air entrainment, and other hydraulic

phenomena of the unique inclined intake towers are being studied in a 1:24 scale model. Gates are arranged on the towers so water can be drawn from selected levels in the reservoir to maintain desired river temperatures for irrigation and fish propagation. Differential pressures across

these very large gates, and any tendencies

for hydraulic instability during operation,

are also being studied.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4948) OROVTLLE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) California Department of Water Resources,

id] Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:78 scale model is being used to study the hydraulic features of the preliminary design. The model contains five flood control outlets

flanked on each side by four gated spillway

sections, the spillway approach channels and surrounding topography, the concrete-lined

apron and excavated channel downstream from

the spillway and outlets, and a portion of the Feather River Channel

(f) Inactive.

(g) Tests showed that acceptable flow conditions

occurred only when a very long converging

apron was used. Attempts to reduce the apron to an economical size produced un- acceptable flow conditions, and the pre- liminary design was abandoned. Testing

will resume on a modified design of the

spillway.

(4949) HYDRAULIC DOWNPULL COMPUTATIONS FOR GLENDO DAM FIXED WHEEL GATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Theoretical computations.

(e) Computations were made to determine the effect of rapid closure of the fixed wheel

gate under emergency conditions, with water

standing in the gate well due to initial back pressure

(f) Completed.

(g) Water temporarily trapped in the gate well creates an additional head, and hence additional hydraulic downpull, for most of the gate travel when the gate is closed rapidly. However, the peak hydraulic downpull occurs

at small gate openings and is not affected

by reasonably rapid gate closure.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4950) NAVAJO MAIN CANAL HEADWORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 scale model containing two 9- by 12- foot top seal radial gates, a divided under- ground stilling basin, and a horeshoe-shaped

downstream tunnel was constructed to aid in evaluating and improving the stilling basin

performance, and to test the unusual appli- cation of radial gates. Discharges will

range from 100 ?fs to 2,120 cfs, and heads

will vary from 21 feet to 132.5 feet.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4951) SAN LUIS OUTLET WORKS EMERGENCY GATES- -DOWN- PULL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:35 scale model of a single intake struc- ture and gate was constructed to study

downpull characteristics. The studies were performed under controlled discharge con- ditions simulating maximum power generation

at the powerplant, and under conditions

simulating a rupture at the structure or in the downstream tunnel. The study is part of

a long-range program to provide sufficient information to analytically determine down- pull forces on large gates.

(g) Modifications, in the form of recesses and offsets in the gate chamber, greatly affect

the flow over the top of the gate, and result In changes in the downpull and uplift

characteristics. Also, changes In the ratio

of gate lip extension to leaf thickness greatly affect the downpull

(h) Report In preparation.

(4952) SURGE STUDIES IN LONG, LOW-HEAD PIPELINE

SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Laboratory studies will be made to verify an electronic computer program for analyzing

low frequency surge characteristics of long

pipeline systems. The test facility con- sists of 1,400 feet of 4-inch pipe, a constant head water supply, a constant head

terminal reservoir, and a slow closing and opening valve for producing controlled changes in rate of flow. The pipeline is inter- rupted at 160-foot Intervals with open check stands that divide the line into individual reaches with pressure heads not greater than 2.8 feet. Total drop of the line is 24 feet.

(4953) ARBUCKLE DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory studies were conducted on a 1:18 scale model to determine the hydraulic

operating characteristics of the slide gate controlled outlet works and the effects of operation of the hydraulic Jump stilling basin on an adjacent spillway stilling basin.

f) Completed.

g) All features of the design were found to be acceptable. Some fine material was deposited

in the spillway stilling basin during

operation of the outlet works alone but no

severe eddy currents were observed In the downstream channel

(h) Report In preparation.

(4954) SAN LUIS FOREBAY PUMPING PLANT INTAKE TRANSITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model Is being used to compare head loss, velocity distribution, and flow patterns in various configurations of canal transitions to pumping plant intakes.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4955) SAN LUIS FOREBAY CANAL SURGE STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:48 scale model Is being constructed to determine the magnitude and velocity of surge in a pumping plant supply canal after power

failure and rejection of flow. Effects of bifurcations, curves, and canal structures

and methods of relieving the surge will be Investigated.

(4956) YELLOWTAIL AFTERBAY DAM SLUICEWAY AND SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d^ Experimental; for design.

(e) 1:24 scale models were used to study hydraulic characteristics of the gate-controlled

sluiceway and spillway which are designed for

a total discharge of 20,000 cfs. Flow con- ditions in the approach channel and through

182
the gates, overfalls, and stilling basins

were studied.

(f) Completed.

(g) The stilling basins were modified by changing

dentate spacing and pier sizes. The tests resulted in more efficient energy dissipation

within the basins and an accompanying re- duction of erosion in the downstream channel.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4957) BAFFLED PIPE OUTLET ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) Laboratory study.

Id) Applied research.

(e) Hydraulic model studies are being made to extend present information concerning this

type of impact energy dissipator. Prototype

data from existing operating structures will

be compared with model data. Investigation

of erosion around the structures and in the downstream bed will be stressed.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4958) AIR DEMAND TESTS ON 84-INCH JET FLOW GATE

TRINITY DAM, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Field investigations.

(e) Field measurements were obtained to compare model and prototype air demand for the complete range of gate openings at maximum

operating head (369 feet) on the gate.

(f) Completed.

(g) Maximum velocity in the air supply conduit was within design limits.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4959) FLAT BOTTOMED TRAPEZOIDAL VENTURI FLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A pilot study of a single flume is being

conducted to determine the best approach to

a comprehensive program to generalize the design and calibration of this type of water

measuring device.

(g) The model study has demonstrated that the particular pilot flume tested is an adequate

measuring device.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4960) PROTOTYPE PIEZOMETRIC AND AIR DEMAND MEASURE- MENTS OF 4- BY 4-FOOT TANDEM GATE- -NAVAJO

DAM, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) To compare the model and prototype, piezometric measurements were obtained for the complete

range of gate openings with a head of 164.5

feet. Further tests are planned at heads of about 230 feet and 300 feet to more fully

evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of this gate and to check the model scaling.

(4961) USE OF RADIOISOTOPES FOR WATER MEASUREMENT,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field and laboratory Investigations of theoretical and experimental nature.

(e) The purpose of the program is to determine the applicability of the use of radioactive

irotopos to measurement of open channel flows

by the dilution or total count methods. The program is being continued to provide

statistical data on the capabilities of the methods.

(h) "Use of Radioisotopes for Open Channel Flow Measurements," a technical paper by L. 0. Timblin, Jr., and A. J. Peterka.

(4962) LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE REMOVAL OF

SALT WATER FROM A TWO-PART AQUIFER USING TILE

DRAINS INSTALLED IN THE UPPER MEMBER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Tests were performed on a 16-foot-long 1:40

scale model containing a two-part aquifer to determine the hydraulic action of simulated

00

tile ground-water drains placed 0.2 foot below the model surface. The lower aquifer

was composed of coarse sand 50 times more permeable than the fine sand in the upper

aquifer. For initial conditions the model

was charged with salt water, concentration

6,000 ppm NaCl, dyed blue for visual identification.

Completed.

For the given prototype conditions, tile ground-water drains will not Intercept and discharge fresh water If the lower aquifer

contains salt water. The fresh water tends

to drive the salt water ahead of it to the drain. "Progress Report No. l--Laboratory Investi- gation of the Removal of Salt Water From a Two-Part Aquifer Using Tile Drains Installed

in the Upper Member," by A . J. Peterka and

R. E. Glover, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-520, June 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Comanding Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, D. C. 20007.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

Ill

(e)

(h)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. Research is being conducted on the mechanism

and effects of cavitation phenomena in real

and Ideal fluids. (1) Linearized theory is being applied to determine cavity shapes and forces in steady flows. (2) Experimental

studies of the growth of cavities on hydrofoils are to be made in both steady and unsteady flows (see project #3284).

Discontinued.

A better correlation between theoretically

and experimentally determined cavity shape has been achieved by modifying linearized cavitation theory to include surface tension

effects. "Surface Tension and Free Surface Effects in Steady Two-Dimensional Cavity Flow About

Slender Bodies," by S. H. Schot, TMB Report

1566 (January 1962)

.

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of underwater noise associated with various hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation, bubble oscillation, and turbulence. Attention is now being given to measurement of spectra and space-time correlations

of pressure fluctuations on walls adjacent

to turbulent flaws, such as flat plate

boundary-layer flaws, turbulent boundarylayers on gravity propelled bodies, and fully turbulent pipe flaws.

(g) Cross-spectral densities of the pressures

at pairs of longitudinally and transversely

spored points on a flat plate adjacent to

a turbulent boundary-layer in a wind tunnel have been measured. Results obtained for selected ranges of free- stream velocity,

boundary- layer thickness, separation of the two points, and for a range of frequency,

are expressed non-dlrnensionally . The data supplement measurements of spectral densities and correlations obtained by others.

(h) "Measurement of Fluctuating Pressures on a Wall Adjacent to a Turbulent Boundary-Layer," Donald W. Jorgensen, David Taylor Model Basin Report 1744, July 1963.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES. Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Theoretical research.

183
(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines which can be applied to a wide variety of ship forms especially to those of modem

design.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathematical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Computations and measurements of the pressure distribution and impact forces on the bottoms of slamming ships for the purpose

of developing design criteria to effect their reduction,

(g) A theory which is applicable to almost any practical ship forebody section has been developed for determining impact force and pressures on a ship's bottom during slamming. The theory was applied to three different

ship forms ranging from extreme U to ex- treme V and pressures, forces and impulse were compared. A comparison of the theory with two dimensional drop tests using the

V-forra was also included. In addition, model tests have been conducted on a MARINER

Class ship and bottom pressures measured

during slamming in a seaway. Results will

be compared with theory.

(2019) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of. Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces on a series of models with variations

in stern shape.

f) Completed.

g) The instrumentation and test techniques for measuring the propeller induced vibratory forces on a single screw ship model

has been developed sufficiently to obtain repetitive results. Although there is in- sufficient information available to permit

extrapolation to full scale forces, com- parison of test results of models of similar

type and dimensions appears valid. During

the past year tests were conducted of a series of 3 models, based on the 0.70 Cg series 60 parent form, with variations in stern section shape from U to V. Measurement of Instantaneous pressure has

been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN

and on the hull of a 30-foot model of that

vessel. Preliminary data indicates that

the model measurements when similarly

extrapolated also produce higher values

than were measured on board ship.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and moments acting on bodies due to the prox- imity of a free surface. The studies in- clude both the case in which the surface

is Initially undisturbed and the case in which there are disturbances originating at

a distance. Experiments are being con- ducted to verify the theoretical developments.

(g) Methods were developed for computing the forces and moments acting on bodies of revolution, both due to waves generated

by the body itself and to regular trains

of waves. Experiments with a spheroid

moving under waves largely confirmed the theory except in following seas. The damping forces on a submerged translating

ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of its six degrees of freedom have been

developed theoretically. The effect of tank walls has been evaluated theoretically

as well. Theoretical methods have been developed for

the determination of wave resistance of floating bodies in steady motion from wave measurements along a parallel cut. The first and second order' diffraction and radiation forces acting on a submerged two- dimensional circular cylinder have been developed and computations have been made. Analytic expressions have been obtained for arbitrary bodies relating the radiation and diffraction forces to each other,

(h) "The Exciting Forces on Fixed Bodies in

Waves," by J. N. Newman, Journal of Ship

Research, Volume 6, No. 3, December 1962. Also available as TMB Report No. 1717 dated May 1963. "The Determination of Wave Resistance from Wave Measurements Along a Parallel Cut,'" by

N. N. Newman, paper presented at the Seminar

on Wave Resistance Theory at Ann Arbor,

August 1963. "First and Second Order Forces on a Cylinder

Submerged Under a Free Surface," by T. Francis Ogilvie, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 16, Part 3, pp 451-472, 1963.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental study of factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships, for the purpose of developing procedures

for predicting their motion. The work is oriented in four directions: (1) Finding

the equations of motion of a ship In a sea- way, with the forces obtained from solutions

of the boundary value potential problem. This approach will provide equations which

are valid for transient as well as steadystate oscillatory conditions. (2) Validiflcation of the more common technique of assuming that the longitudinal plane motions

can be described by a system of linear second order differential equations with constant frequency dependent coefficients. The coefficients in the equations of motion are determined experimentally, as well as the forces on restrained models in regular waves. The motions of a free model can then be com- puted and compared with experiments to determine the validity of the theory. (3) Analytical and experimental studies of the damping of ship motions by free surface effects. (4) Determination of the form of a set of equations for the motions of a ship which are more reasonable physically than

the second order constant-coefficient

equations. Such equations will be derived

in a heuristic manner, and certain parameters will be determined experimentally. The resulting equations should be valid for

transient and steady-state sinisoidal motions,

(g) A restrained ship model has been towed in regular waves and the force and moment

induced by the waves has been measured. Com- parison of these data with calculations based on the Froude-Krylov hypothesis shows only qualitative agreement. Calculation of damping coefficients has been completed for Series 60 model, yielding generally excellent agreement with forced oscillation

experiments. A mathematically defined model

has been oscillated in pitch and in heave over a range of frequencies and forward

speeds, to determine the coefficients for the assumed second order equations of motion. Equations of motion for the oscillating ship have been obtained which remove the necessity for frequency dependent coefficients. These equations include convolution integrals over

the past history of the motion, and are com- pletely general. Mathematical theories have been developed for predicting the motions of single and multiple

184
spar buoy configurations,

(h) "The Motion of a Spar Buoy in Regular Waves," by Robert Taussig, TMB Report No. 1673, May

1963.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades.

(2471) THEORY OF CONTRA ROTATING PROPELLERS.

b) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

(e) Studies of the theory of contrarotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity. Open water and water tunnel tests

to determine, experimentally, the effect

of various propeller parameters.

f) Discontinued.

g) Application to open water and wake adapted

propellers. Latest experiments have shown

the performance to be insensitive to spacing between propellers so long as they

are operated at their design spacing.

(h) "The Design of Contrarotating Propellers

Using Lerbs' Theory," by W. B. Morgan,

SNAME Trans., Vol. 68-1960.

(2472) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference

.

(d) Experimental testing; basic research.

(e) The investigation was authorized by the International Committee on "Scale Effect

on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion

Factors," as part of the international cooperative test program in ship basins.

The International Committee will compare

the results from the various basins and present a report to the coming International

Conference. The tests will be carried out with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped

with different kinds of stimulators. The friction corrections will be calculated by

the various basins according to their methods

.

(f) Completed.

(g; The specified program of model testing has been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done before the evaluation work can proceed.

(h) Results have been reported to the Interna- tional Towing Conference. A TMB Report is being prepared comparing TMB results with

those of other basins.

(2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any shape

of section area curve is to be developed

first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as tp, tA , Cpp, Cpa, Lg, lXj xf» xa> etc., upon resistance will be systematically investigated by using this flexible model.

f) Inactive.

g) The flexible model has been built and ex- perimental test work begun. Thirty resistance tests have been conducted during the past fiscal year. Preliminary work: with

this flexible model indicates its" adaptability for this work is satisfactory. An analysis of the test results has not been

completed.

(2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT,

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The frictlonal resistance of a "new" plate

consisting of a special molecular coating

will be compared with the frictlonal re- sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass

plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate. The test equipment will be designed and constructed to study wave and spray for- mation for the determination of the true wetted surface. The plate will be tested

with maximum speed of 15.0 knots and with

various stimulation devices.

r) Completed.

g) The NIkuradsl coated plates have been tested. Significant resistance differences between

coated and non-coated plates have been measured on a coated brass plate and an un- coated aluminum plate. Since the contours

of the leading and trailing edges of the

two plates vary considerably doubt Is raised at whether the coating or the difference in the contours caused the resistance

differences. A stainless steel plate having

the same contours and the coated brass

plate has been constructed and tested.

(2971) FULL SCALE TRIALS AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of existing test data,

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the proper selection of the correlation

allowance (ACjO to be used in model tests. The results of about 54 correlations of surface ships have been completed and

published. The present target is the analysis of correlations submarines, con- sidering all trials conducted, and selecting

those most acceptable to this program,

(g) Same analysis has been done in connection

with submarines. Further analysis of the data derived from the surface ship trials

is continuing.

(3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) This work will provide hydrofoil design

criteria for the Bureau of Ships to be used

in designing high speed, sea-going hydrofoil

craft. The forces on two-dimensional hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching

oscillations of the foil, and due to en- counters with regular, head and following

waves will be determined experimentally. Both cavitating and non-cavitating con- ditions will be studied. The data from

the experiment will be digitized and then

will be analyzed on the IBM 7090 computer

using existing thesis.

(g) All of the experimental equipment has been assembled and its operation partially

checked. Preliminary experimental runs

have been made. A full schedule, experi- mental program will start early in 1964. Preliminary results should follow later In

the year. Several equipment and analysis

reports are being prepared for publication.

(h) "Calculated Hydrodynamic Loads on an Oscillating Hydrofoil," by T. J. Langan and

D. Coder, TMB Report No. 1695 (in review).

(3285) HYDROELASTICITY PROBLEMS.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and Theoretical Applied

Research.

(e) Investigations to determine the conditions which produce hydroelastic instability of oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The effects

of speed, frequencies, mass distribution,

cavitation, free surface and waves on the system stability will be studied. This work

is related to Unsteady Hydrofoils (Reference

No. 3284.)

185
(g) A flutter dynamotor for a two-dimensional,

two-degree of freedom hydrofoil has been

constructed. Flutter tests of a super- cavitating hydrofoil are underway in the 36 inch Water Tunnel.

(h) "A Simplified Analysis of the Hydroelastie

Instability of a Three-Dimensional Hydrofoil,"

by M. E. McCormick, TMB Report 1555, April

1963.

(3286) SUPE RCAVTTA TING PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds including improved

section shapes for good operating characteristics and better strength capability,

(g) Theoretical series for preliminary design purposes have been computed and published. Crashback and windmilling performance has

been experimentally obtained. Experiments

with a controllable pitch supercavitating

propeller have confirmed the feasibility of

this type of propulsion device.

(3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES

60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE, POWERING, WAKE

DISTRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCED

VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime Administration.

(d) Experimental testing and evaluation of data for basic research.

(e) Models representing specific variations in stern shapes and designed for special instrumentation Installation will be built.

The basic design will be the Series 60, 0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other forms

will be derived having systematic changes

in section shapes (from V to extreme U) and

for variation in waterline endings (from fine to blunt). An attempt will be made to develop formulation to mathematically express

the stern variations from the parent.

f) Completed.

g) The basic model has been constructed and powering data has been obtained.

(3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A new seakeeping test facility is now in operation. Techniques for generating irregu- lar short-crested seas and measuring the response of ship models at oblique headings

is under development.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Pro- gramming to individual wavemakers results

in generation of confused seas of almost any nature. The rectangular basin offers opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even In cross seas. Problems in analysis involve determination

of the seaway (in the tank) as a function

of frequency and direction. Ship motions

in confused seas will be random In nature

and will be analyzed by spectrum methods.

(3617) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

b) David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Studies and design of ventilated propellers for operation at intermediate speeds.

(g) Experiments on the use of tripping wedge and tripping wire have been performed. The wedge appears to be no better than the wire and

causes a loss in performance. Work on measurements of ventilated cavities is progressing.

(3619) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies of performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

(4426) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW WAVE DRAG HULL

FORM.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d) Basic research.

(ej To establish a series of basic hull forms which can be used as a guide to evaluate the merit of future high speed ship designs. The basic test work has been completed.

Thirty three models were tested for re- sistance Including 4 defining the parent

form and 2 catamarans. Analysis of data for basic series have been completed. Series is to be extended to determine the effect of a variation in LVB. The design and construction of these models have

begun

.

(g) Further expansion of this series may Include

a variation in Cp.

(h) A paper to be presented to the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers is contemplated. An unclassified report will

also be published.

(4427) A METHOD OF CALCULATING SPINDLE TORQUE OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method of calculating the spindle torque cf a controllable pitch propeller over the com- plete range of operating conditions and a theoretical Investigation of the effect of various design parameters upon spindle torqie. In order to calculate spindle torque at off design conditions, the off design performance of the controllable pitch propeller must first be determined.

(g) A method of calculating the spindle torque

at design conditions has been completed. The geometric problem of determing the effective distortion of blade sections at off design

pitch settings has been solved. The solution has been programmed for the 7090 Computer.

(4428) COMPUTER SOLUTIONS OF FREE SURFACE FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) The potential problem of a translating body

oscillating on the free surface will be solved directly on a digital computer by

distributing pulsating sources over the surface of the body and calculating the required source density. The individual

source potentials are chosen to satisfy the free surface boundary condition.

(g) The integral equations for source density

have been formulated for the case of two- dimensional bodies with no forward speed. The numerical analysis and programming have been largely completed for this case.

(4429) LATERAL FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) The lateral force on a translating body which vertically cuts the free surface is being

formulated theoretically. Two special cases

are included: (a) If the draft is large

compared to the length, the body is a strut with angle of attack. (b) If the draft is very small, the body corresponds to a yawed

thin ship.

(g) An integral equation has been derived for the density of a surface distribution of dipoles. such that the boundary condltons are satisfied.

(4809) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN PRESSURE GRADIENTS ON ROUGH SURFACES.

186
b) Laboratory project, David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research,

(e) Research in behavior of turbulent boundary

layers in pressure gradients leading to separation. Initial roughnesses will be screens of various gages fastened to wall

of wind tunnel . Velocity surveys and turbulence measurements will be performed,

(g) Data have been obtained at one non-zero

pressure gradient for one wall roughness. Pitot tube and hot wire surveys have been

made at seven longitudinal positions on the rough wall. At each position the boundarylayer velocity distribution and turbulence intensities were measured at three tunnel velocities

(4810) SHIP WAKE SIMULATION STUDIES.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

(e) To produce ship wake distributions in a ariable pressure water tunnel in order to determine the performance of propellers in non-uniform wake flows.

(g) A theoretical method has been obtained for determining the wire grid geometry necessary

to produce arbitrary, steady, three-dimensional flows. Simple experimental confir- mation of the method has been obtained.

(h) "A Method of Wake Production in Water

Tunnels," by J. H. McCarthy. DTMB Report

#1785, 1963.

(4811) STEADY-STATE FORCES ON SUPERCAVITATING AND

VENTILATED HYDROFOILS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) To study the steady-state lift and drag characteristics of supercavitating hydrofoil

configurations for application to hydrofoil

craft and supercavitating propeller design.

(g) Experimental determination of the lift and

drag of various three-dimensional super- cavitating hydrofoils is in progress. These

include foils with 2-term, 5-term and flat- faced sections. The effects of aspect-ratio

and taper are being investigated. Ventilation by blowing air through holes in the suction surface of the foil is used to extend the range of cavitation number. Future research Includes the determination

of two-dimensional lift and drag, studies

of flap configurations and measurement of the interaction of tandem and cascade foils.

(h) "Experimental Determination of the Forces

on Supercavitating Hydrofoils with Internal Ventilation," by N. L. Ficken, Jr. and G. F. Dobay, Proc. of National Meeting of IAS on Hydrofoils and Aerospace Sciences, Sept.

1962. DTMB Report No. 1676.

(4812) PROPELLER AND BODY INTERACTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(di Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Study and development of design criteria for determining propulsion characteristics of submerged bodies and hydrofoil-supported

craft.

(g) Axial clearance between a submerged body of revolution and a stern propeller has been optimized on the basis of propulsive coefficient. A method has been developed for

computing thrust deduction for submerged

hydrofoil-propeller arrangements

(4813) INVESTIGATION OF DUCTED PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

(e) To develop a design method for ducted propellers and to conduct a parametric study

of ducted propeller performance,

(g) A theory of the ducted propeller with finite

number of blades has been developed. From this theory a design method will be devel- oped and then a parametric study of ducted propeller performance will be conducted.

(4814) POWERING IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Experimental.

(e) To determine the powering characteristics

and speed loss of ships in waves by con- ducting model tests in regular and irregu- lar waves. Limitations of present pro- cedures for predicting power and speed loss

in a seaway from tests in regular waves

will be determined and new techniques will

be developed where necessary.

(4815) PARAMETRIC STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To provide basic information from which the most suitable destroyer form for high

sustained sea speeds in a seaway can be established. Model tests will be conducted

in regular and irregular seas using a series

of models for which the significant geometric

parameters are systematically varied. Motions and powering increase in waves will

be studied.

(4816) FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SHIP ROLLING.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Though extensive studies of rolling have been made in recent years, a great deal remains to be learned concerning the funda- mental properties of rolling for both

surface ships and submarines. Areas which

require additional research are (1) applicability of superposition principle for rolling motion especially in short crested

waves, (2) unstable rolling motion in o- blique regular and in irregular waves, (3) nonlinear roll behavior in rough seas, etc.

In order to clarify the fundamental nature

of rolling, model tests will be conducted in regular and irregular waves at various heading angles. Parameters significant for roll will be investigated.

(5121) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER INDUCED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces to study the effect of for and aft clearance in the propeller aperture.

(g) The instrumentation is basically the same as previously used in programs of this type. Insufficient information has been obtained

upon which to base quantitative conclusions

but there is evidence of considerable vari- ation in vibratory fuses depending upon clearance from the stern frams.

(5122) FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To visually determine in water the effect of boundary-layer growth and trailing edge

geometry on separation, and the mechanism of vortex shedding, from stationary and oscil- lating hydrofoil shapes.

(g) The hydrogen bubble visualization technique has been adopted to the 12-INCH water tunnel and preliminary flow studies have been made

on a number of two-dimensional bodies. The experiments are being extended to study vortex shedding from stationary foils having

different trailing edge geometries.

(5123) THE EFFECT OF GAS NUCLAI ON CAVITATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of gas nuclai on the

187
(g) inception of cavitation. Acoustic techniques to measure the distri- bution and size of nuclai are being studied, and one will be applied to the water tunnels

at DTMB. Cavitation inception studies will

be made for a simple body and propellers

and the results correlated with gas nuclai

content of the water.

(5124) PROPELLER OSCILLATING PRESSURE FIELD.

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin. Experimental; applied research.

To experimentally determine the oscillating

pressure field about marine propellers and correlate these measurements with theoretical

predictions. Pressures will be measured on a flat plate

parallel to the axis of two propellers, one

a propeller of conventional design and the other of double blade thickness, in both uniform and non-uniform flow.

(5125) HYDRODYNAMICALLY EXCITED PROPELLER SINGING.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the characteristics of flow

induced propeller singing and investigate methods to suppress singing.

(g) Tests on a model propeller have demonstrated

the feasibility of studying singing at model

scale by suitable trailing edge modifications.

The investigation will be extended to determine the applicability of two-dimensional

flow-excited vibration data to propeller

blades and to study the influence of vari- ations in trailing edge geometry and other design parameters on propeller singing.

(5126) CAVITATION INCEPTION ON A ROUGH SURFACE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) An investigation of cavitation inception over isolated three-dimensional roughness elements

on a flat plate as a function of boundarylayer parameters, pressure gradient, geometry

and size of the roughness elements, etc. Theoretical studies will attempt to establish

sealing laws for cavitation.

(g) Equipment being designed.

(5127) INTERACTION FORCES BETWEEN LIFTING SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional theory for determining the forces and moments acting on two lifting

surfaces as one passes through the wake of the other will be developed. This theory will

be applied to the prediction of propellerappendage interaction forces on a ship.

(5128) BOUNDARY-LAYER STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; basic and applied

research

.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research

.

(e) Studies of boundary-layer phenomena important

to naval hydrodynamics; methods for reducing

frlctional resistance, improved analytical methods for laminar and turbulent boundarylayers, prediction of transition from laminar

to turbulent flow.

(g) A high speed towing rig is under design and construction.

(h) "The Effect of Fluid Injection on the Drag

of Flat Plates at High Reynolds Numbers," by

P. S. Granville, International Shipbuilding

Progress, Vol. 10, No. 101. (Jan. 1963).

"The Boundary-Layer and Frlctional Resistance

of Flat Plates in Non-Newtonian Fluids," by

P. S. Granville, David Taylor Model Basin

Report No. 1579 (Dec. 1962). For sponsored projects see the following:

(3026) Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function Wave Steepness. 14

(3686) Nonlinear Coupled Ship Motions.

(4570) Pressure Distribution on Semi-Submerged

Oscillating Bodies.

(49711 Ship Resistance in Irregular Waves

(4099) Wake Characteristics for Bodies of Revolution.

(4974) Turbulence Characteristics of the Wake

of a Body of Revolution.

(4677) The Investigation of Two-Dimensional Unsteady Cavity Flows About Fixed Symmetric Bluff Bodies.

(51121 Turbulence Measurements in Liquids.

(2603) Water Tunnel Air Content Studies.

(4199) Geometry of Air Cavities in a Boundary

Layer.

(4202 ) Micro Bubble Studies.

(4691) A Study of Drag Reduction by the Use

of Non-Newtonian Boundary Layer Additives . (4696) Theoretical Investigation of Two- Dimensional Unsteady, Supercavitated

Hydrofoil Flows with Free-Surface Boundary Conditions.

(4699) Force Characteristics of a Cavitatlng

Body in a Compressible Liquid Mixture.

(3826) Hydrodynamics of Ship Slamming.

(3828) Studies in Hydroelastlclty

.

(4702) Hydrodynamics of Ship Anti-Roll Tanks.

(4703) Vibration of Submerged Elastic Plates.

(4704) VIoration of Hydrofoil Structures.

(4219) Supercavltating Hydrofoil Theory.

(2155) Seakeeping Qualities of Ships at All Headings to Waves.

(2616) The Blade-Frequency Force Generated by

a Propeller on a Body of Revolution.

(3830) Acoustic Radiation of a Cylindrical Bar and an Infinite Plate Excited By

the Field of a Ship Propeller

.

(3832) Formulation of Equations for Submarine Trajectories with Six Degrees of Freedom.

(4220) Analytical Investigation of Course Stability and Steering Qualities of Ships.

(4222) Three-Dimensional Approach to the Gust Problem for a Screw Propeller.

(4224) Influence of Afterbody Shape on Angular Harmonic Content of the Wake

of Single Screw Ships.

(4228) Flutter of Hydrofoils on Flexible Structures

.

(4709) Surface Piercing Hydrofoil Flutter.

(4711) Study of the Propeller Singing

Phenomenon.

(4713) Experimental Study of PropellerInduced Vibratory Pressures on Simple

Ship Surfaces.

(5057) Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for

a Marine Propeller of Low Pitch Angle

with Chordwise Loading Distribution.

(5060) Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for a Marine Propeller of an Arbitrary Pitch Angle with Chordwise Loading Distribution.

(5061) Applications of Unsteady Lifting

Surface Theory Using Weissinger Model.

(5066) Deformation of Regular Waves by a Ship Model.

(4863) Dimensional Effects on Hydrophone

Output in the Near Field.

(5189) Acoustic Excitation of Flow Plates by Turbulent Flow.

(4716) Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient Fields.

(5190) Sound Radiated From a Turbulent Boundary

Layer.

(5191) Interaction of Distributed Surface Vibrations with an Adjacent Boundary

Layer Flow.

(5192) Forces and Moments on an Oscillating

Hydrofoil

.

(5193) Theoretical Study of Hydrofoil Flutter Characteristics.

(5196) Turbulent Flow Transition Near Solid

and Flexible Boundaries.

(5198) The Low-Aspect Ratio Jet Flap Hydrofoil.

(5199) The Effect of Flow Separation From the Hull on the Stability of a High Speed Submarine

.

(5202) Determination of Ship Wave Resistance.

15

1516

21

43

64

68

70

71

71

71

72

72

74

7474

75

7576

76

77

77

79

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81

81

6182

8283

85

96

96

96

96

188
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND

TURBINE LABORATORY.

(3623) HIGH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

CALIBRATION

.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory)

.

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Associate Technical Director for Applied Physics Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phila. Naval

Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A facility is available for calibrating with

water at pressures and temperatures up to 2500 psi and 600 F respectively. Capacity

is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and temperature and greater at lower pressures and temperatures. After flowing through the metering section the water is cooled and weighed. The facility is also used to in- vestigate and verify orifice meter coef- ficients at pressures and temperatures above

those at which the coefficients in use were

established. A number of flow meters which

measure the flow in nuclear reactor loops

have been calibrated.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A limited amount of test data indicate good

agreement between orifice flow rates obtained

by calibration at high pressures and temper- atures and those obtained by extrapolating

from cold water calibrations. Other meter

tests show the need to include suitable corrections for change in shape, size,

density, etc.

(3624) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard;

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab., Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pa.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) The 90 degree elbow has been proposed for metering flow in shipboard systems. This

type meter is attractive since the use of an existing elbow would not require any

changes to the piping and would impose no additional pressure drop on the system. In addition, the elbow can meter reverse flow. The chief drawbacks are large variation in elbows and the lack of an exact relationship

between flow and differential pressure. Testing was limited to the long turn 90 degree, type A elbows of Specification

MIL-F-1183 to establish criteria for their installation and use.

f) Completed.

g) When certain standards are imposed on the fabrication and measurement of the elbows

and a specified means of computing flow is used, a measurement tolerance of 4 percent

can be expected. In control applications the elbow meter was found to have a square root transfer function and a repeatability of 0.2$.

(h) "Elbow Flow Meter Investigation," J. W. Murdock & C. Gregory, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory report to Bureau of Ships,

Washington 25, D. C, 45 pages with 11 illustrations, December 10, 1962. "Performance Characteristics of Elbow Flow Meters," Paper No. 63-WA-17, presented at ASME annual meeting November 1963.

(4001) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER FLOW TESTS.

b) American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

c) Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East Forty-Seventh Street, New York 17, New York.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Although the ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters has sponsored many fundamental research programs dealing with the development of basic constants used with primary

elements, hardly any of this work has been

done on steam flow at high pressures and

temperatures. Neither has research been done

on high temperature water flow. Analysis

of many tests Indicate that the basic calibrations obtained with low temperature water (air and gas) could be extrapolated

with high accuracy to the measurement of high pressure and temperature steam and water flow provided suitable corrections were made for the change in the shape and size of the primary element, the pipe and the fluid. This procedure has been experimentally

verified for steam up to 2000 psi and 1050 F and for water to 2500 psi and 600 F.

fl Completed.

g) Nozzles and orifices were calibrated with water at 240 F, 2200 psia, and with steam at 1050 F, 2000 psla. Pipe Reynolds numbers

averaged 600,000 for the water and 4,000,000

for the steam. Coefficients were generally

in agreement with ASME predicted coefficients. Two and a quarter percent (2 1/4$) chrome- molybdenum steel proved unsatisfactory for

the steam nozzles showing rusting and pitting after less than 10 hours. Type 430 stainless steel was substituted and was

satisfactory.

(h) Test results reported to ASME as: "Flow Meter Calibrations for the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers Research Committee

on Fluid Meters," by C. Gregory, 31 Oct. 1962. ASME has not published results.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY.

(4867) THE HYDROBALLISTICS OF WATER ENTRY.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic and applied research.

(e) The purpose is to study high velocity water

entry as related directly or indirectly to the behavior of missiles. The study includes the stability and forces during

the entry, cavity development and pressure,

and the missile trajectory. A wide range

of developmental and research configurations

and of esperimental conditions are investigated. Guns are used to launch models Into

a tank equipped for operation at various

> pressures.

(h) "Research for Design of a Hydroballlstics

Tank," by Albert May, NOLTR 63-119, Aug. 30, 1963. Copies may be obtained from the Defense Documentation Center.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

(4002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT.

(bl Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

yc) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, California

.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The objectives of this project are as follows:

(1) To study missile water-exit behavior and associated phenomena under different con- ditions to determine if problems exist in missile water-exit technology and to establish scaling techniques for modeling

missile water-exit behavior. (2) To evaluate qualitatively the inherent value of slender- body theory in predicting the underwater and water-exit behavior of an underwater launched missile in the presence of various sea states.

(g) Studies have been made on the water-exit

behavior of a momentum-propelled 2-lnch- diameter hemisphere-head missile under dif- ferent . degrees of cavitation, ranging from fully wetted to fully cavltating, and for a range of trajectory water-exit angles. The results Indicate that considerable

189
perturbations In missile pitch and pitch

velocity take place at water exit, and it is inferred that problems may exist in missile water-exit technology.

The experimental fully-wetted flight and water-exit behavior of a blunt based axi- symmetrlc missile traveling in a standing

wave are simulated on an analogue computer

using motion equations derived from slender- body theory. The analytical approach is supplemented by introducing experimental

hydrodynamic coefficients and transverse drag terms. The results of the simulation

are compared graphically with the experimental behavior to illustrate an upper limit of the accuracy to be expected of slender-body

theory.

(h) The following reports are in process of Publication: "Water-Exit Behavior of Missiles, Part 2, Effect of Cavitation and Exit Angle," by

J. G. Waugh and G. W. Stubstad. (NAVWEPS

Report 7735), U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, China Lake, Calif. "Water-Exit Behavior of Missiles, Part 3, Macroscopic Effects of the Hydrodynamic

Plow Pattern," by J. G. Waugh and G. W. Stubstad. (NAVWEPS Report 7735), U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif.

"A Qualitative Correlation of Theoretically Predicted and Experimentally Obtained

Underwater- Launched Missile Behavior in the Presence of Waves," by M. L. Sturgeon and

J. G. Waugh (in preparation).

(4434) DUCTED PROPELLER DESIGN.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., Attn: Mr. J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) An estimate of the flow through a ducted propeller system involves a solution to the duct boundary condition. This can be determined by reducing the integral form

of the boundary condition on the duct to a set of linear algebraic equations relating the Glauert coefficients for a ring vortex

density distribution to the Fourier co- efficients of radial wash due to the duct camber line and average propeller velocities.

A solution to the set of linear algebraic

equations has been programmed on an IBM 7090 computer for any value of the duct chord- diameter ratio. The program also Includes

a solution to the harmonic coefficients describing circumferential variations in vortex density on a cylindrical vortex

surface due to circumferential variations

in the flow field induced by the propeller. These harmonic solutions can be used to calculate the pressure fluctuations on the duct surface. The computer program can be used to solve added boundary conditions involving blade surface, duct thickness and

central body effects.

(4868) NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: A. G. Fabula, P5006, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The turbulent flow characteristics of dilute solutions of various high polymers

are being studied to understand why they

often display anomalous flow behavior.

(g) Pipe flow studies for Reynolds numbers around

105 have disclosed some new aspects of the phenomenon (apparently first reported by

3. A. Toms in 1948). To obtain consistent

(and more interesting) results, newly mixed

solutions have been tested once each in a blow-down type of pipe apparatus and then dis- carded. In some cases increasing pressure drop

per unit length as far as 400 diameters (400 cm

downstream of an abrupt inlet contraction

was observed. This behavior might correspond

to macromolecular-coil scission or disentanglement or both. For the polymer

solutions tested, there is a correlation between turbulent flow properties and the Intrinsic viscosity which is a measure of macromolecular coll size,

(h) "The Toms Phenomenon i,n the Turbulent Flow

of Very Dilute Polymer Solutions," by A. G. Fabula, paper presented at the Fourth International Congress on Rheology, 1963.

(4872) A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYERS BASED ON THE LAW OF THE WALL AND THE LAW OF THE WAKE.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena

8, California.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) A method for computing turbulent boundary

layers based on the law of the wall and

Coles' law of wake is under development. This method is applicable to two dimensional

bodies and to bodies of revolution in axial- symmetric flow where the boundary layer thickness is not necessarily small compared

to the body radius. A simultaneous solution

of the momentum integral equation and the energy integral equation is carried out assuming the mean velocity profiles are given by a universal, two-parameter repre- sentation as suggested by Coles. The computational procedure will be programmed

for ag IBM 7090 computer.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(4873) RING WING LOADINGS.

bi Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) A study of the effect of the ring wing

chord-diameter ratio on lift and pitching moments due to normal forces for isolated three-dimensional wings at angle of attack

has recently been published. A second report to be published later includes the effect of axial forces on the total pitching moment

and position of the wing aerodynamic center.

It was found that, relative to two-dimensional airfoils, the effective position of aero- dynamic center is changed significantly due

to curvature of the chord plane and the axial forces due to wing camber and wing

half cone angle.

(h) "Lifting Surface Theory Applied to Isolated Ring Wings at Angle of Attack," by Jack F. Reynolds, NavWeps 8401, NOTS TP 3322.

(4918) PROPELLER DESIGN METHOD TREATING THE BLADES

AS LIFTING SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code

P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

Calif.

f d.) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A theoretical method for designing propellers

treating the blades as lifting surfaces has been developed and programmed for an IBM

7090 computer. The singularity distributions representing the bound circulation, shed vorticity, and blade thickness are treated

as continuous sheets, making it necessary to determine the Cauchy principal value of

the improper integrals expressing the induced velocities on the blades. The camber lines and pitch angles are determined from the variation of the normal component of induced velocity across the blade. The method allows for essentially arbitrary spanwise and chord- wise distributions of circulation. It is applicable to moderately loaded, non-optimum,

190
4919)

(b)

(g)

4920)

(g)

wake-adapted propellers with or without skew. This work was undertaken to provide a fairly

rigorous method of designing propellers that would not contain the many assumptions and approximations that are found In the existing

design methods that can he carried out on a hand calculator. Completed.

"A Lifting Surface Propeller Design Method for High Speed Computers," by D. M. Nelson. NavWeps Report 8442, NOTS TP 3399, U. S. Naval

Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif,

(in preparation).

RELATIVE PLOW AT LIFTING LINE FOR COUNTER

ROTATING PROPELLERS. Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif. Theoretical; applied research.

A theoretical means for determining the relative flow at the lifting line for counter rotating propellers is being developed and programmed for an IBM 7090 computer. This method is intended to handle non-optimum,

wake-adapted propellers. The Induced velo- cities at the lifting line arising from the effect of the front or rear propeller on itself are determined by a slightly modified

version of the induction factor method

developed by Lerbs.* The mean axial velo- cities at one propeller Induced by the other

are determined by replacing the finitely

bladed propeller by an infinitely bladed

propeller having the same radial thrust distribution and operating in the same wake. The mean tangential velocities at the rear propeller induced by the front propeller are determined by Stokes' theorem. The effect of the tapering afterbody on which the propellers

are located Is approximately accounted for by

continuity consideration. "Moderately Loaded Propellers with a Finite Number of Blades and Arbitrary Distribution

of Circulation," by G. W. Lerbs, Trans. SNAME, Vol. 60, 1952, pp. 73-117. All theoretical work has been finished and

the final check solutions are being run on the computer. UNDERWATER GAS-JET PROPULSION STUDY. Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

3202 E. Foothill Blvd. Pasadena 8, Calif.

Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or T. G. Lang, Code

P5006. Experimental; applied research.

The thrust and efficiency of a submerged

supersonic gas-jet propulsion system will be studied on a model propelled by a solid propellant grain generating hot gas at 4,000

psi exhausted through four nozzles along its afterbody. The efficiency of the momentum

exchange with the surrounding water will be studied in an effort to Increase the normally

low propulsion efficiency of high speed jets.

Investigation of supersonic submerged gas

jets in a still-water tank showed the jets to

be unstable in nature. The jet breaks

into small bubbles immediately on exit. The majority of the Jet noise has been found due

to the resonant oscillation of these bubbles.

Project Page

. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project

1548) Problems in Hydrodynamics.

3377) Theoretical Studies in Hydrodynamics.

3378) Hydrodynamics of Turbomachlnes.

4073J Studies in Ventilating Flows and Model Scaling.

5036) Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamic Parameters Affecting Cavitation Bubble Grovvth and Collapse.

(3677) (4083)

(4084)

(4970)

(4093) 4112

(73)

(79) (1875

(2091)

(2541)

(2792)

(3074)

(4149)

(2801)

(3444)

(4160)

(4655)

(4494)

(4983)

(4985)

(3120)

(2144)

(3153)

(4200)

(4700)

(4502) (5010)

(4917)

(2154)

(4221)

(4226)

(4227)

(4229)

(4709)

(4711)

(4712)

(5063)

(5065)

(4737)

(4738)

(5192)

(5193)

(5197)

(5199)

(1478) (2436)

(3250) (4400

Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine. 12 Dynamic Interaction Between Ships. 15 Ships of Minimum Resistance. 15 Pressures Acting On a Hemisphere

Oscillating On a Free Surface. Vibratory Motions of Floating Bodies.

The Discharge of Major Western Rivers

In Relation to the General Circulation

of the Atmosphere. Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing

Water. Cavitation

.

Characteristics of Stable Eddies. Research on Ship Theory.

Development of Instruments For Use

In Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. The Decay of Turbulence in a Zero

Momentum Wake

.

Wake of Zero Momentum Flux. Drag of Supercavltating Bodies of Revolution. Interaction of Waves with Submerged

and Floating Bodies. Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous Damping on the Amplitude of Resonant Oscillations in Harbors. Motion of Submerged Bodies Below a Free Surface. Entralnment of Cohesive Sediments.

The Transition Between Two Phase Slug

and Annular Flow. Determination of the State of the Art in Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Phenomena

.

The Flow Properties of Bubbly Mixture s

.

Office of Naval Research Atmosphere

Interaction and Wave Project.

Experimental and Analytical Studies

of Hydrofoils.

Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation Numbers

.

Investigation of the Forces and Interference Effect of Tandem Flat Hydrofoils.

Oscillatory Lift and Drag Forces on Ventilated Hydrofoils in Regular Waves. 72

15

16

22

41

4141

41

41

42

42

4348

49

50

51

53

54

54

58

70

70

71

Swell Attenuation Studies. Laboratory Study of the Runup and Reflection of Low-Steepness Waves. Mechanisms Involved in Wind-Generated

Waves

.

Investigation of High Speed Ship Forms

.

Unsteady Forces and Motions on a Hydrofoil Moving Under an Irregular

Sea. Investigation of Surface-Piercing

Fully Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils.

Smooth Water Behavior of Surface- Piercing Hydrofoil Vessel.

The Boundary Layer Under Progressive

and Standing Waves.

Surface Piercing Hydrofoil Flutter. Study of the Propeller Singing Phenomenon

.

Interference Effects of a Submerged

Hydrofoil on a Surface-Piercing

Strut

.

Wave-Resistance Reduction of NearSurface Bodies.

A Study of Ship Forms at High Froude Numbers

.

Experimental Hydrodynamics of Rotating System.

Synoptic Oceanography-Surface

Effects.

Forces and Moments on an Oscillating

Hydrofoil.

Theoretical Study of Hydrofoil

Flutter Characteristics.

Special Problems in Fluid Dynamics. The Effect of Flow Separation from

the Hull on the Stability of a High

Speed Submarine. Wind Waves.

Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials. Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow. Motion Around a Body in a Stratified

Fluid.

73

73

76

76

79

7980

80

82

94

9596

96

97

97 166 166

166

167

191
Project Page

4891) Wave Propagation In a Turbulent Liquid. 167 4892) Turbulent Shear Plow Through Compliant Walled Tubes. 167 (5252) Wind Action on Pre-Existing Waves. 167

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director, TVA Engineering Laboratory, P. 0. Box 37, Norris, Tenn.

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

d) Development.

e) Transistorized radio components powered from nickel cadimum batteries, which will be charged by thermoelectric generators and/or

solar cells, will be used. Data in gray binary code will be transmitted by audio

tone pulses. Unattended operation of long duration is a primary objective in the design

of these stations.

(g) A model of the electronics between the digital

shaft position encoder and the gaging station transmitter has been assembled and is now undergoing test. Design of the decoding electronics at the receiving station is essentially complete.

(4439) DENSITY UNDERFLOW WITHDRAWAL STRUCTURES.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A three-dimensional model was used to develop

the basic relationship involved in the design of skimmer wall structures used to insure the withdrawal of the bottom layer

in a two-layered, density stratified

reservoir.

f) Laboratory study completed.

g) Design curves were developed which will per- mit design of structures which will insure withdrawal of only the bottom layer or of withdrawal of the bottom layer plus 1 percent, 2 percent or 5 percent of the flow

from the top layer.

(h) A technical paper describing the results was presented at the A.S.C.E. National Conference,

Hydraulics Division, held at Pennsylvania

State University, August 6-9, 1963, by the authors Mr. Rex A. Elder and Dr. D. R. F. Harleman.

(4441) MEASUREMENT OF KAPLAN TUREZNE DISCHARGES USING

OTT COMPONENT CURRENT METERS.

(d) Equipment development and field measurement

operation

(e) A measuring technique is being developed with which the flows through Kaplan type turbines

can be accurately measured by use of Ott component type current meters which can vertically traverse the flow at the turbine

intake gate slots. These measurements, made

at several fixed discharges, will be used to calibrate Winter-Kennedy scroll case pressure

taps. The Winter-Kennedy taps will then be

used, with suitable measuring equipment, to determine the discharge for any turbine loading.

(g) The carriage framework upon which the Ott component type current meters will be mounted,

along with their associated lifting devices, and the necessary recording Instrumentation

has been designed, constructed and field

tested. Development of the actual measuring

techniques is now in progress.

(4878) PARADISE STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT STUDIES.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Model studies were conducted on a 1:8 scale model of the forced draft blower and the appurtenent duct work beginning with the fan silencers and extending through the first pass of a four pass tubular pre-heater to:

(1) obtain uniform velocity distribution

into the pre-heater, and (2) reduce head

loss in the duct system.

(g) Vane designs were developed which materially

improved the flow distribution without appreciably increasing the head loss in the

system.

(h) Internal report in preparation.

(4880) VIBRATION STUDIES OF STEAM PLANT AIR AND GAS

DUCTS.

d) Experimental; for basic and applied research.

e) Studies are being made to extend our knowledge relating to flow induced duct vibrations and to apply the findings to present and future installations. Duct vibrations which are believed to stem from

the highly turbulent flows created by the forced draft fans and by the various duct configurations have been experienced in the duct work of some plants. These turbulent

conditions create pressure fluctuations which could lead to wall vibrations.

(f) Suspended.

(4881) BASIC STREAM AND RESERVOIR HEAT BUDGET

STUDIES.

d) Experimental; for basic and applied research.

e) This is a study to develop the basic tem- perature prediction equations for a stream

or reservoir into which a volume of water

at a different temperature is Injected. All known variables such as stream flow characteristics, meteorological conditions and thermal characteristics will be included. Theoretical studies, field tests, and possible laboratory studies will be com- bined to produce verified equations.

(g) A basic heat budget equation has been developed which relates mean water tem- perature to meteorological, hydraulic, and thermal characteristics. The equation can be used to predict mean water temperature

as a function of distance below a steam

plant, using 24-hour time averages. To date this equation has been proved for the completely mixed non-recirculating river

flow case.

(4882) GUNTERSVTLLE MAIN LOCK INTAKE DESIGN.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The intake facilities for the 100 foot wide x 600 foot long, 45 foot lift, new lock are of the multiple opening type located in an extension of the two lock walls. The design is being studied by means of a 1:24 scale model to determine (1) If each entrance opening carries its share

of the discharge, and (2) that no objectionable vortices occur.

f ) Model testing completed.

g) An effective operating design was developed

which produced no objectionable vortices during lock filling operations and es- sentially balanced flows in both culverts.

(h) An internal report has been issued.

(4883) GUNTERSVILLE MAIN LOCK DISCHARGE STRUCTURES.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The discharge structures for the 110 foot

wide x 600 foot long, 45 foot lift, new

lock are to be located immediately below

the downstream miter gate and will consist

of multiple horizontal openings across the width of the approach channel at river bed

level. Each culvert will have its own discharge system. The 1:24 scale model tests are to determine the actual outlet configu- ration required to furnish satisfactory

navigation conditions near the outlet area.

f) Model testing completed.

g) A design was developed which produced satis- factory downstream navigating conditions.

(h) Internal report in preparation.

(5002) BULL RUN, UNIT I, AIR AND GAS DUCT STUDIES.

192
(h)

( 5003

)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(5004)

(d)

(h)

(5005)

Experimental; for design. Tests using a 1:16 scale model were conducted

to develop the most favorable overall oper- ations of the air and gas duct systems under

various operating conditions. The ducts (5006) studied extended from the inlet to the outlet of the breeching sections into the chimney. Studies were also conducted using

a 1:30 scale model of the breechlngs and t;he (d) chimney to develop a deflector design in the (e) chimney base to eliminate surging and to reduce pressure losses. Completed.

The flow distribution patterns In the duct systems were suitably modified at critical points (by means of vanes and perforated

screens) to provide the type of distribution

required for optimum operation. It was found that excessive pulsations could develop

throughout the air and gas systems without a (f

)

satisfactory deflector structure In the base (g) of the chimney. A design which eliminated

this surging was developed. Internal reports issued. TELLICO PROJECT, NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS. Field investigations and model tests; for planning design and operations. (h) Tests were conducted on a distorted scale model with a horizontal scale of 1:250 and a ( r ~>07) vertical scale of 1:50 and field measurements

were taken at the proposed project site for purposes of determining the effect of power (d) peaking releases from the Ft. Loudoun and

the proposed Tellico projects upon navigation (e) conditions downstream from these facilities. This problem was envisioned primarily be- cause of the proximity of the two hydro

facilities. Ft. Loudoun is situated on the Tennessee River just 1.2 miles upstream from

its confluencs with the Little Tennessee

River and the proposed Tellico Project is ten- tatively proposed to be located on the Little Tennessee River only 0.3 miles upstream from

this confluence.

Model tests completed. Model tests proved the presence of a severe cross-current problem at the confluence,

occurring during peaking or steady state discharges. This could be eliminated by (f) the addition of a guide wall structure at the confluence of the two rivers and the adoption (5008) of an operating program which would specify

the conditions under which the two hydroelectric

facilities might be operated in concert. (d) Advance report issued. (e) NICKAJACK PROJECT. Experimental; for design. Model studies are being conducted on a dis- torted model, 1:150 horizontal scale by 1:90 vertical scale, representing an area of approximately 3 miles in length by 1 mile

In width at the river site. Three basic dam layouts were tested and the test results

studied to determine the most advantageous

design based on economy and performance. The hydraulic problems associated with each phase of the construction program are also

studied

.

Two internal reports have been issued to date, (5009) dealing with various phases of the design, construction and the interim operations of this facility. (d) WHEELER PROJECT, TURBINE UNITS 9, 10 and 11, (f) VIBRATION STUDIES. (g) Field investigations; applied research. Severe vibrations of these fixed-blade

turbines has lead to instrumentation of one unit to study the inter-relationships of the hydraulic forces and the unit vibrations. Pressures are measured in the scroll case at

3 locations, on the head cover at one location and at 5 locations in the draft tube. Vibra- (h) tions are measured at 8 radial points on the

shaft and at one vertical point. A measurement is also taken at one point under the generator thrust bearing support bracket. WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER

INTAKE, UNITS 7 & 8, ENTRANCE CONDITION AND TRASH STUDY. Experimental; for mechanical design. Tests were conducted using a 1:40 scale model to determine the modifications

necessary to produce good flow conditions

into the intakes for the condenser water

pumps for Units 7 and 8 and to provide,

at the same time, for maximum protection

from floating or submerged trash which had

tended to collect at the Intake openings.

The remedies would have to be external to the already constructed intake structure. Completed.

The studies indicated the need for two modifications to the present intake. These

were: (1) the removal of a dike and anchor

cell which extended approximately 36 feet into the river 110 feet upstream from the Intake structure, and (2) the addition of a rounded 90 degree corner, 13 feet in radius,

on the upstream corner of the intake struc- ture . Internal report In preparation. STUDIES OF BEND LOSSES AND VANING IN LARGE

CONDUITS. Experimental; basic research and applied

research.

These studies are to develop basic design

criteria for air and gas duct systems for

steam plants, with particular reference to methods of vaning for optimum flow conditions and minimum head loss characteristics and to

the effects of multiple bends on the loss characteristics of the system. The first phase of these studies will deal with duct sections having height to width ratios of

2:1. Other phases will deal with more complex duct shapes and bends. The data will be developed entirely by laboratory

testing. The study Is being conducted on a limited basis in 1964 and will be expanded

in 1965. Temporarily suspended. STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE ON JET

DISPERSION. Experimental; basic and applied research.

To determine the effect of the turbulence

In the discharging Jet from a chimney on the rise of the plume above the stack, measure- ments of the turbulence characteristics of several TVA stacks will be made and by means

of model comparisons, the mixing characteristics of the Jet will be compared with

those for an ideal discharge condition. These data will then be combined by the Di- vision of Health and Safety with other field

data from the same plants to develop an overall plume rise equation. This study is co-sponsored by TVA and USPHS. Field and model studies will be conducted during 1964 and 1965. MODEL-PROTOTYPE COMPARISON OF LOCK HAWSER

PULL FORCES. Experimental field investigations for applied research. Completed.

The results from these model-prototype com- parison studies indicate that the hawser

force is a poor variable to use In lock design evaluation due to the extreme dif- ficulties encountered in making these type measurements. The results indicated, however, that in well designed locks the hawser

forces are directly related to the water

surface slopes.

Report in preparation.

193
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch. Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Mr. James W. Beverage, Chief, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902. EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN. Field investigation; applied research. To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations in

Basin, together with standard meteorological

readings. Results published in monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee

River Basin" (Project 768). PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN. Field investigation; basic research.

A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water

dispatching and Improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc. Monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation

in Tennessee River Basin." RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

Field investigation; basic research. Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs

throughout the year are determined by

soundings, and by continuous recording gages

in natural streams. GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS. Field investigations; design. Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and stability. MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY. Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. Theoretical; applied research. Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling

factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions. Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies. PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE. Theoretical; operation.

By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined for

use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs. Results reported monthly and weekly within

the orgainzatlon. SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS. Field investigation; basic research. Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and sounded, volumetric samples are collected and

analyzed, quantity and distribution of sedi- ment are computed to determine deposition by

stream, probable life of reservoir, effect

of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of down- stream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs.

(3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN

NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

(d) To determine water-land relationships for

some of the principal soils used for agri- cultural purposes t" western North Carolina under important vegetative covers. Obser- vations include rainfall, runoff, soil- moisture, potential evapotransplratlon, and actual evapotransplratlon.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four

covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a fifth watershed.

(f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop, alfalfa, have been discontinued.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual reports on the project.

(h) "Water Use by Several Crops in a Weighing

Lysimeter," by C. B. England, Agronomy

Journal, Vol. 55:239-242, 1963.

(3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT.

(b) Project conducted In cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm de- velopment program designed to give the optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended

and deposited sediment are observed, periodic soils-land-use and inventories are made and records of income summaries and public and private investments are maintained.

(e) Project activities are divided into cali- bration, action, and evaluation phases.

(f) Agricultural economics portion of project terminated June 30, 1962; hydrologic portion

terminated September 30, 1962.

(g) Results are summarized in annual reports on

the project.

(h) "Parker Branch Research Watershed--Pro ject

Report, 1953-1962," TVA report, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1963.

(3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

(d) To study the effect of changes in the vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of cultivation on the hydrologic factors of runoff and soil erosion.

(e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover indexes.

(f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting which will be accomplished in 1963.

(g) During the 24-year period 1935-1958, the forest cover improvement in the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection with no measurable change in water yield, no change in volume of either surface runoff

or ground-water runoff, marked reduction in summer peak rates of discharge with lesser

reduction in winter rates, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff

from the channel system, and a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load.

(3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and erosion control measures.

(e) Continuous record from 1941 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads.

(f ) Trees have been marked for selective cutting which will be accomplished in 1963.

(g) During the 20-year period 1941-1960, the cover improvement and erosion control In the watershed resulted in a decrease in surface runoff volumes and an increase in ground- water discharges, marked reductions in summer and winter peak flood discharges, a reduction in overland surface velocities, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff from the channel system, an appreciable decrease in water yield, and a 96 percent reduction in sediment load.

(4011) NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED.

194
(b) Project conducted In cooperation with U.S. Forest Service.

d) Field investigation; basic research. (d)

e) To determine the effects of normal, high- standard National Forest Multiple-use

management upon the hydrology of the area. Observations include rainfall, runoff, air

and water temperature, and humidity.

Timber inventories, soil surveys, wildlife

inventories, and evaluations of soil dis- turbances will be made. Project activities (e) are divided into calibration, development, and evaluation phases.

(g) Results are published in annual reports distributed to cooperating agencies.

(4884) UPPER BEAR CREEK EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT. (f

)

(b) TVA Tributary Area Development project (g)

cooperative with U. S. Forest Service and Auburn University.

Quantitative determination of the effect of soil type, slope, and vegetative cover upon

runoff, peak discharge, and erosion on small watersheds progressing to large watersheds. Development of procedures to make data usable

in projecting effects from small watersheds

to larger drainage areas and to transfer

results of the study to ungaged areas. Four general types of land cover and use will be considered in the study of the watersheds

that progress downstream from areas of several hundred acres through intermediatesized watersheds to a drainage area of 143 square miles. The instrumentation phase of the project was nearly completed in 1963. Results will be published in annual reports.

195
H. G. ACRES & COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Laboratory. (h) Report submitted to client. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. F. H. Jonker, Head, Hydraulic

Department, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Con- sulting Engineers, Niagara Falls, Canada.

(5083) SPILLWAY MODEL FOR THE WOODSTOCK FLOOD CONTROL RESERVOIR.

(b) Vance, Needles, Bergendoff and Smith Limited,

Consulting Engineers, Woodstock, Ontario.

d) Experimental; design.

e) Tests were performed on a 1:50 scale movable bed model, to determine rating curves for the sector gates, and to develop the dimensions

of the downstream stilling basin.

f) Tests completed.

g) The model tests indicated that the major

dimensions of the stilling basin and the downstream slope protection were determined by the asymmetrical flow conditions which occurred when only one or, two of the gates

were operated.

(h) Report submitted to client.

(5084) DIVERSION STRUCTURE MODEL FOR THE MACTAQUAC HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Tests were carried out on 1:75 and 1:120

scale movable bed models to determine the most efficient configuration of the upstream

approaches, the required dimensions of the diversion structure, and the required apron

level and appurtenances for the downstream

stilling basin to provide adequate energy

dissipation.

f) Tests completed.

g) The test results indicated that to minimize

contraction losses at the diversion structure, a spur dyke was required, constructed

out from the upstream cofferdam, to deflect

the river flow and turn It through a large radius arc. Energy dissipation was achieved

by using 17.5 feet baffle piers and a 9.5- foot dentated end sill in a 255-foot long

stilling basin.

(h) Report submitted to client.

(5085) MODEL TESTS FOR THE PROPOSED MACTAQUAC HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Model tests were made using a 1:120 scale movable bed model of the project area to determine; the optimum configuration of the approach channel to the main spillway and

powerhouse; and the dimensions of the downstream roller bucket. "Tests were also com- pleted to determine the most efficient location for log booms to permit passage of 200,000 cords of pulpwood in a 3-day period

and for fish ladders to handle up to -10,000 salmon in a six-month period.

f) Tests completed.

h) Report submitted to client.

(5086) MODEL TESTS OF A HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT INDICATOR

FOR THE GRAND RAPIDS GENERATING STATION.

(b) Manitoba Hydro-Electric Commission.

Id) Experimental; design.

(e) A study to determine the accuracy with which

horizontal movement of the intake structure could be measured was carried out using a 1:3 scale model . The sensitivity to temperature variation and local vibration of a submerged

float which will be anchored by a wire to sound bedrock at the bottom of a 100-foot

shaft was investigated.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The test results indicated that such an instru- ment was not affected by local vibration but that

it accurately recorded any movement of the structure due to thermal expansion and contrac- tion and would therefore require field calibra- tion before horizontal movement of the structure

can be evaluated.

(5087) EFFECTS OF THE LOCATION OF A TAILRACE WEIR

ON TURBINE EFFICIENCY.

(b) Corporacion Autonoma Regional Del Cauca,

Call, Colombia.

d) Experimental; design.

e) The tailrace for the Callma II Hydro-Electric

Project will discharge into the Rio Calima

at right angles to the river. A tailrace weir is located between the draft tube outlets and the river channel. Model tests were carried out on a 1:10 scale model of the draft tube and the tailrace configuration,

to determine the relative effects on turbine efficiency resulting from a variety of tailrace apron slopes and weir distances downstream from the draft tube exit.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report submitted to client.

(5088) MODEL TESTS OF CHUTE SPILLWAY FOR THE CALIMA

II HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Corporacion Autonoma Regional Del Cauca,

Call, Colombia.

d) Experimental; design.

e) Model tests are being carried out on a 1:32.8 scale movable bed model to determine: (1) The discharge characteristics of the ogee shaped

spillway, which is constructed on an arc.

(2) The magnitude and frequency of pressure fluctuations on the 240-metre long chute which drops 46 metres. (3) The optimum

shape of the downstream flip bucket

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(4921) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF SEA WATER IN- TRUSION .

(b) Government of Barbados and University of Alberta

(c) Prof. J. P. Verschuren, Dept of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton,

Alberta, Canada.

d) Laboratory study, master's thesis.

e) Study of fresh water - salt water interface location under pumping and non-pumping

conditions. Two different size models were used and results plotted non-dlmensionally.

Test will be carried out in the field to check results and In laboratory using bigger

models.

(g) Under certain conditions the Ghyben-Herzberg

relation does not hold. The inverted cone

of depression of the interface is not symmetrical under influence of the horizontal velocities of the fresh water. Pumping at more points with lower rates reduces the

salt water intrusion and loss of fresh water

to the ocean.

(h) "Two Density Subsoil Flow In a Coastal Aquifer," H. A. Sealy, M.Sc. Thesis, 1963.

(4922) ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER

REGIME.

b) Field research financed by NRC grant.

c) Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

d} Observational and theoretical basic research,

e) Investigate small gravel river self- adjustment for vanishingly small bed-load

charge, relatively steady flow, no suspended

load, and limited meandering.

(f) Complete part of continuing program by co- operating group.

(g) Confirmed laboratory finding that F^q depends on relative stone size, within limits, as well as on stone size. Confirmed utility

of Wolman method of estimating gravel size. Suggested that, for depth very small relative

to stone size and for unduned bed-movement, behavior might be explained in terms of a fourth root friction factor combined with a relation between tractive force and stone

size as in non-moving bed. Laboratory

196
demonstration of building up of gravel river

followed by degradation when bed-load ceased

(h) "Gravel Rivers with Low Sediment Charge,"

Rolf Kellerhals, dipl . lng.ETH . M.Sc. Thesis,

University of Alberta, 1963.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

(4451) HEAD LOSS IN SPHERICAL AND CONVENTIONAL WYES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of British Columbia.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The spherical wye due to its small di- mensions is particularly suitable as a wye- branch in large penstocks under high head.

A Lucite model of a spherical wye was con- structed and the head losses measured. Models for conventional type of wyes are under construction. For all wyes the inside diameter of the main pipe and the branch

pipes are 5 1/4 and 3 3/4 Inches respectively.

Several modifications such as tapered outlets, rounded corners and different sphere diameters are being investigated.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4902) FLOOD SYNTHESIS AND FORECASTING FOR THE FRASER RIVER.

(b) British Columbia Disaster Relief Fund Committee

.

c) Dr. M. C. Quick, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

d) Mainly theoretical, using existing meteorological and hydrological data, but some extra field and laboratory work is being undertaken

.

(e) starting with meteorological data, an attempt

has been made to synthesise the 1948 Fraser

Flood. Data for other peak flow years has als> been examined. From this study a method is being developed to assess the probability of certain peak flows. The present experi- mental project is concerned with soil tem- perature gradients and freezing levels under

the snow.

(h) Preliminary report in preparation.

(4903) FORCES ENCOUNTERED BY A CYLINDER IMMERSED

IN FLOWING WATER.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. M. C. Quick, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of British Columbia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Much of the experimental work is being done by an M.A.Sc. student.

(e) The main purpose is to study the variation of lateral and drag forces with the permitted

amplitudes of vibration of the cylinder. Various methods of stabilizing the cylinder

to reduce or remove the oscillating forces,

are being investigated.

(4904) FISH PASSAGE THROUGH HYDRAULIC TURBINES - INFLUENCE OF INJECTION OF COMPRESSED AIR ON

FISH MORTALITY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ.

of British Columbia.

(d) Experimental; applied research. Much of the experimental work is being done by an M.A.Sc.

student

.

(e) Cavitation is considered as a major factor contributing to the mortality of fish passing

through a hydraulic turbine. Injection of compressed air in the regions of maximum

cavitation results in a significant reduction

in cavitation. This project is being undertaken to determine the extent of reduction in fish mortality resulting from the injection

of compressed air into the penstock or draft

tube. In a series of tests young salmon will

be Injected into the penstock and will pass through a 10 in. dia. four-bladed model

propeller wheel. The turbine will operate under different conditions of speed, gate

opening and sigma.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, Department of Civil Engineering,

(4043) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS.

(b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department,

Inspection Division.

(c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique,

2500 Marie-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A full scale three-story plumbing system has been erected in the Hydrodynamics

Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique. The diameter of the pluvial column, the soil stack and the drain is 4 Inches. The drain

has many sections of pyrex glass to permit

observations at critical points. A system

of valves and of cross-connections on the vents lends to various combinations of tests. The back-water valves have a transparent

lucite cover to enable visual observations. As air entralnment has a great importance

on the venting capacity, the rate of air entrained in the vertical columns Is measured at the inlet by means of a hotwire air-meter. Various flooding conditions

of the public sewers are simulated by a tank

in which the water level can be controlled

by gate valves. This research is aimed at determining whether back-water valves can offer home dwellers a reliable protection

against flooding due to any overload of combined sewers. If this method Is not satisfactory, an improved design of plumbing

system may be suggested.

f) Reactivated.

g) The mechanism of air entralnment has been studied and tests have revealed the best position for some of the vents.

(h) Interim report entitled "Etude experimentale

des soupapes de surety contre les surcharges

d'egout" submitted to sponsor.

(5089) MODEL TESTS OF THE PILLUR DAM SCOUR VENT FOR

THE KUNDAH HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT, INDIA.

b) Canadian Vickers Limited.

c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal

26, Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The purpose of the investigation Is to study

the hydraulic performance of a scour vent for different headwater and tailwater con- ditions. The model built to a scale of 1:20 comprises a hydraulic inlet flared In three directions, a vertical lift emergency gate,

a radial type control gate and an energy

dlssipator.

The experimental investigation is primarily

concerned with (1) the development of cavitation free entrance shapes, (2) the determination of the hydraulic thrust on the emergency gate for different openings

and discharge conditions, (3) the observation

of mechanical vibrations on the gates, and

(4) the performance of the energy dlssipator.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO, Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer,

Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University

Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO

197
IRISHMAN'S POINT.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of St. Lawrence

River between Ogdensburg and Leishman's

Point, a distance of 16.1 miles, was con- structed to determine the design of channel enlargements, the location of the Iroquois

during construction of the St. Lawrence Power Project. The locations and conditions for a series of six ice booms for ice con- trol were determined.

(f ) Work is completed and model removed.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- national Joint Commission with respect to navigation and ice-forming velocities and

the seaway navigation channel was located. The optimum arrangements and location for

the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A plan of river control during construction was developed. Log booms for ice control have been successful since their installation in the prototype.

(4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

id) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model reproducing five miles of the Niagara River

from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts

is being used to determine the operational characteristics of the Niagara River Control Structure under developed conditions. This

model was previously used to investigate

the remedial works necessary for the Preser- vation and Enhancement of Niagara Falls and

for the location of the intakes and necessary river Improvements of both Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the State

of New York. To fully realize the terms of

the 1950 Niagara Treaty, additional remedial works have been designed. These include a five-gate extension to the existing 13-gate

control structure as well as a system con- taining an upstream accelerating wall, a downstream training wall and overflow weir

for the safe passage of ice past the various Intakes along the Canadian shore of the river above the Falls. The sequence of con- struction of these works and the conditions

during their construction were determined

In the model . Rating of the structure under

cofferdammed conditions was obtained. An echo-sounding survey with electronic fixing

was made in the field in 1962 and portions

of the model re-contoured. Certain river

improvements were designed and executed to assist in the passage of ice floes.

(4454) ONTARIO POWER GENERATING STATION - INTAKE AND WEIR MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:50 scale model was built of the Ontario Power outer forebay Intake wall and a portion of the downstream training wall and overflow weir, which are a part of the extension to the Niagara River additional remedial works. The design of the weir and

wall as developed in the distorted Niagara

Model was checked in this natural scale model.

f) Work Is completed and model removed.

g) The requirement of the International Joint Commission that the downstream training

wall be covered by water during the Tourist

Season Days, was fulfilled.

(4455) ARROW LAKES DAM - COLUMBIA RIVER.

(b) British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.

id) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) An 1:80 scale model of the Arrow Lakes and

dam and environs was built to determine the detailed location and adequacy of the water

passages In a concrete structure and the energy-dissipating works necessary to ensure

the protection of an associated earth dam. Numerous tests have been made with a movable bed of fine sand to determine erosion characteristics and navigation velocities upstream and downstream of a lock situated between the concrete structure and the earth

dam.

A 1:50 scale model was tested In a flume to determine the hydraulic design of the tunnel ports in the concrete structure and to de- velop the associated energy-dissipating work. Rating of these ports was obtained as well as the hydraulic loadings on the port gates. A 1:60 scale model of one of the four sluice- ways is being tested in the flume to determine the rating of the sluice and the hydraulic

loadings on the sluice gate. Piezometers

are being used to determine under varying

conditions of flow, the rollway pressures as well as the pressures at selected locations

in the energy-dissipating bucket and associated tooth-like projections of the dissipator.

14508) LITTLE LONG MAIN DAM MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:80 natural scale model was constructed

of the main dam containing two submerged

tunnel ports and five sluiceways with

staggered sill elevations. Discharge capa- cities of these components were determined

as well as several schemes of closure in raising the head pond. Conditions down- stream of the structure at several access bridge piers were studied.

f ) Work is completed, and model removed.

g) Headpond was filled during spring freshet

this year as per model schedule.

(4509) HARMON GENERATING STATION MODEL,

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:80 natural scale model was constructed

of the main dam, two submerged ports and two sluiceways. A diversion channel was de- signed with associated cofferdams for use during construction. Capacities of ports

and sluices were determined. Location of downstream access bridge piers was determined. A ski-jump type energy dissipator for the sluiceways was also designed.

(f) Model la still active.

(4510) DOUGLAS POINT CIRCULATION MODEL.

(b) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.

(d) Experimental; for operation.

(e) A 1:100 vertical and 1:500 horizontal

scale model was constructed of an area one- and-a-half miles by three miles of Lake Huron in the vicinity of the Douglas Point nuclear plant Intake and outfall. The cir- culation of the cooling water from the outfall with respect to the intake was investigated with littoral drifts of different velocities and opposite directions, as well as no drift.

(f) Work is essentially completed, but model Is still active.

(4511) CLAIREVILLE DAM MODEL.

(b) Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation

Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design

(e) A 1:40 natural scale model of the dam and

its environs was built and the capacity and rating of the five sluiceways determined. Schemes of various energy dissipators were Investigated and a design recommended.

(f ) Work is complete, and model removed.

(g) Sluiceway capacity was determined and a scheme of energy dissipation developed.

(4512) WESTERLY WATER PURIFICATION PLANT MODEL.

198
(b) The municipality of Metropolitan Toronto.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8 plastic model of one of the bays of a water purification plant was constructed.

It contaired the main manifold with its assoc- iated laterals and the filter and backwash

cycles will be checked to ensure as uniform

a distribution of flow as possible through

the lateral beds.

(f) Work is completed and model inactive.

(g) The head losses in the main manifold and distribution system were obtained for both

filter and backwash cycles. A report of the findings was made to the consulting

engineering firm.

(4963) KIPLING GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(4964)

(f)

Ontario Hydro.

Experimental j for design.

A 1:80 scale comprehensive model has been constructed of the main dam containing two submerged tunnel ports and two sluiceways to determine the dewatering arrangement for

construction, cofferdam location and elevations, velocities during closure of cofferdam and the rating of the diversion

ports during construction of main dam and sluiceways

.

LAKEVIEW THERMAL GENERATING STATION - RECIRCULATION STUDY OF CONDENSER COOLING

WATER. Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design and operation.

A 1:24 natural scale model Is being con- structed of the intake channel and pump wells for the condenser cooling water of the eight 300-megawatt thermal units. A study will be conducted to determine the best method of Introducing warm condenser recirculation water upstream of the pump wells to prevent ice difficulties at the travelling seasons. Model is under construction.

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD.

(4456) VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OP CURRENT RECORDER,

(b) Laboratory Project.

(d) Experimental - development of instrument for hydrographic and oceanographic research for acquisition of datum in computable form

(punched tape)

.

(e) Recording of velocity by impulse counter for propeller type current-meter. Recording of direction by reading an encoder monitorized

by a marine compass. Instrument must be:

1) rugged, 2) simple and easy to maintain,

3) very low power drain for long periods,

(recording up to 6 months under ice),

(g) Prototype routine tests equivalent to 2 years

without failure have been carried out. These prototypes are under construction and will

be tested at sea early in 1964. Depth up

to 2000 feet. Patent pending.

(4517) MONTREAL - SOREL SHIP CHANNEL.

(b) Department of Transport.

(d) Theoretical and experimental: design,

(ej Two models representing a section of the

St. Lawrence River from Laprairie Basin

including Montreal Harbour to Sorel Islands

were built at a scale 1/150 vertically and

1/600 horizontally.

The purpose of the model was to study the Improvement of 1 avigation in this section of the St. Lawrence River.

(4521) MANICOUAGAN 5: BOTTOM OUTLET

(b) Quebec Hydro and Surveyer, Nennlger and Chenevert

.

(dl Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/60 scale model was bllt to study the

best design for the bottom outlet with regard

to the erosion downstream of the structures. This model was also used for pressure measure- ments on the structures. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

(4522) BRAZEAU OUTLET WORKS PROJECT. Dominion Bridge Co. Ltd. Experimental; design.

Study on a 1/36 scale model of the hydraulic

forces and possibility of vibration of the headgates provided at the entrance of the pump turbine units and operated against

direct or reverse flow. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

(4523) PERFORATED BREAKWATERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Theoretical and model study of swell re- flexion against vertical perforated breakwaters. A series of tests were conducted in

a two-dimensional wave flume at a 1/30

scale in order to obtain a better under- standing of the advantages, limitations and possible use of perforated breakwaters.

(f) Completed.

(h) The Engineering Journal.

(4965) ST. TIMOTHEE REACH.

(b) Hydro - Quebec.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on an undistorted 1/100 scale model of the water level control in the St. Timothee

Reach.

(4966) WHITESHELL NUCLEAR RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT.

(b) Atomic Energy of Canada, and Shawinigan

Engineering Co. Ltd.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/7 scale model was used to study the proper design of the water intake pump of the main pumping station in order to ensure

a good operation of the pumps.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4967) OAKVTLLE REFINERY WHARF.

(b) Foundation of Canada Engineering Corp.

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) The study concerns the stability of cells which are subjected to severe erosive action of waves. Tests with 1/30 scale cell were conducted in a 16 foot wave flume.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4968) RAP IDE BLANC PROJECT. Shawinigan Engineering Co. Ltd. Experimental; design.

Study on a 1/48 scale model of the modi- fications to be made on Spillway No. 1 in order to suppress the large vibrations which appear when the gate is partially opened.

Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

(4969) BIG CHUTE LOCK. Department of Transport.

Theoretical and experimental; design.

A 1/20 scale model of this lock, which

forms part of the Trent River navigation

facilities, was used to determine filling and emptying conditions, intake and outlet flow characteristics as well as the hydraulic

flow conditions along the whole water con- ducting circuit. Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

199
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor E. Kuiper, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Fort Garry,

Manitoba, Canada.

(4548) SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration,

Regina

(d) Experimental project to determine nature of deposition of sediment.

(e) The upper 80 miles of the South Saskatchewan Reservoir were reproduced as a length ratio

of 1:15,000; a width ratio of 1:1500; and a depth ratio of 1:40; resulting in a model

that was 30 feet long, 4 feet wide and 3 feet

deep. The model was operated in accordance

with the prototype fluctuations in discharge,

sediment transport and reservoir level. The purpose of the tests was to study the pattern

of deposition in longitudinal direction.

(f) Testing Is completed on deposition of uniform

material. The model Is now being used for

tests to determine the deposition pattern

of sand and silt; and the behaviour of density currents.

(g) Regarding deposition of uniform material it was found that the slope of the delta surface between the upper and lower reservoir

levels approximates the slope of the river

bed. The slope below is substantially

steeper. The slope above follows the back- water curve towards normal depth.

(4550) RED RIVER FLOODWAY INLET MODEL.

(b) Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba.

(d) Experimental project to aid In the design of the inlet works of the Red River Floodway.

(e) The upper end of the Floodway, the control

dam with drum gates, and two miles of Red River Channel were reproduced at a horizontal

scale of 1:120 and a vertical scale of 1:60,

resulting in a model of 40 x 160 feet. Tests were conducted with artificial surface ice

to study the formation and behaviour of ice Jams at critical points in the river system.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests indicated what places in the river

system were most susceptible to ice jams and what size of ice floes were critical for

the formation of ice Jams.

(h) Report under preparation.

(4551) MEANDERING OF ALLUVIAL RIVERS,

(b) University of Manitoba.

(d) Basic research In the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree.

(e) Verification of established river regime under

available laboratory conditions. Plans are being made for a study of sediment movement

in river bends.

(f) Tests are being continued.

(5253) WAVE RUN-UP ON SMOOTH AND ROUGH SLOPES,

(b) University of Manitoba.

(d) Basic research in the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree.

(e) Tests were conducted in a flume of 3 feet

wide, one to two feet deep, and 44 feet long.

A wave generating mechanism produced waves of 0.08 to 0.58 feet in height. The wave period could be changed from one to four

seconds. Smooth and rough slopes were tested,

ranging from vertical to 1:8.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) An Initial series of tests verified previous

tests performed by R. P. Savage and reported

in the Proceedings of the ASCE. Subsequent

tests were conducted with extra large riprap,

having the same dimensional range as the Impinging wave height. Charts were produced

establishing the relations between wave

height, wave period, diameter of rip rap, and wave uprush.

(h) "A Model Study of Wave Run-up on Smooth and

Rough Slopes," by Kenneth M. Adam. Part requirement for degree of M.Sc. from Univ.

of Manitoba.

(5254) WIND SET UP ON LAKES.

ISi

(e)

(5255) I

(e)

(f)

University of Manitoba. Basic research in the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree. Tests were conducted in a flume of 3 feet

wide, and 44 feet long. The depth of water

was a few inches. The air space above the water surface was one foot. Wind setup was determined for different wind velocities, different plan shapes, different profiles,

and different bottom roughness. Tests completed.

Data are being analysed.

Report under preparation. MOVABLE BED MODEL SCALES. University of Manitoba.

Basic research in the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree. Tests are being conducted in a movable bed

channel, 4 feet wide, 1 foot deep, and 20 feet long. Erosion patterns are being

studied, resulting from a coffer dam that blocks off half of the channel cross-section. Tests will be conducted how the same erosion pattern can be produced with smaller models,

and different bed materials.

Tests are being conducted.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering

and Applied Mechanics.

(4545) BREAKUP OF SOLITARY WAVE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGlll University,

Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Examination of disintegration of a solitary wave in shallow water on encountering deep

water.

(f) Apparatus constructed.

(4546) CAVITATION AT HIGH-HEAD SLUICE GATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics, McGlll Univ., Montreal 2, P. Q. , Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research, for Master's

degree

.

(e) Study of pressure fluctuations on wall behind

an obstruction which produces cavitation.

(f) Small syphon tunnel built.

(4923) DIVISION OF OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) National Research Council, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGlll Univ., Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for Master's

degree

.

(e) Detailed examination of flow at junction between straight channel and a branch at

90°.

(4924) WAVES IN AND NEAR PACK ICE.

(b) Defence Research Board, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGlll Univ., Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research, for Master's degree.

(e) Study of fundamental mechanical processes

of interaction between surface waves and floating elastic bodies.

(h) Internal reports: "Wave Celerity in a Floating, Elastic Plate", "The Energy of Waves in

200
a Floating, Elastic Plate".

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Research

Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(4047) BAIE COMEAU, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The new development of the harbour is com- pleted. It involves a perforated verticalwall breakwater, 1000 ft. long, 60 ft. wide,

56 ft. high, built as the extension to an existing wharf.

(g) Observations have shown the breakwater to perform in a satisfactory manner during

storms. The wave run-up appears to be suppressed and no erosion can be observed at the toe. The breakwater can thus provide

berthing facilities as well as harbour

protection.

(4464) RUSTICO HARBOUR, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1:150 by 1

: 30 wave and tidal model with

movable bed of crushed bakelite was made

to study harbour inlet Instability and to determine suitable remedial measures.

(f) Model study completed and recommendations

issued to sponsor.

(g) Shallow water interaction between waves and currents found to be responsible for in- stability rather than littoral drift.

(h) "Basic Experiments on the Development of Coastal Inlets With and Without Wave Action,"

K. L. Philpott, Proc. Xth I.A.H.R. Congress,

pp. 303-310, London, September 1963.

(4466) AIR BUBBLERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) Field measurements and laboratory tests were performed to determine the mechanism whereby

an air bubbler prevents ice formation in an

oceanic environment.

(g) Field measurements afforded a clear picture

of the mechanism and heat balance of the air bubbler operation. In most oceanic environ- ments the air bubbler will be effective with varying degrees of efficiency.

(4525) FORMATION OF ICE IN RIVERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) Water temperatures are being recorded in the

St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario,

and Three Rivers, Quebec, to obtain Information on heat losses.

(g) Preliminary calculations show satisfactory

agreement between measured and computed

heat losses. For closer correlation more

precise measurement of meteorological con- ditions- particularly radiation- will be necessary.

(4527) TIDE PROPAGATION IN AN ESTUARY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) During the last 25 years, several structures have been built In the estuary of the Fraser

River, B.C., to increase locally the depth of the navigation channel. A 1:1440 by 1:144 fixed-bed model of the entire tidal section has been constructed to determine the actual effect of such structures on the tidal propagation.

(g) The model has been calibrated for different

discharge conditions and the first series of tests was started during September 1963.

(4528) EFFECT OF EARTH'S ROTATION ON RIVER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Considerations of gravity and Coriolis forces acting in fast-flowing, straight rivers of small slope indicate that considerable

spiral flow is possible. A small rotating

table has been constructed to study flow in channels in a rotating system.

(5090) CODROY HARBOUR, NEWFOUNDLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1:180 by 1:120 fixed-bed wave and current model of the harbour has been constructed to Investigate silting conditions in the harbour entrance and to devise remedial works.

(5091) ST. BRIDES HARBOUR BREAKWATER, NEWFOUNDLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/36 scale model of a proposed partially

submerged breakwater was tested In a wave

flume to determine its effectiveness in providing protection seaward of an existing

structure

(f) Completed, results reported to sponsor.

(5092) BRANCH HARBOUR, NEWFOUNDLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Theoretical for design.

(e) A study of methods of reducing or eliminating

the need for regular maintenance dredging,

by making use of a river for flushing

combined with reduction of littoral drift passing the harbour entrance.

(5093) GENERAL HARBOUR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, sponsored in part by

Dept. of Public Works, Canada.

d) Field and theoretical, applied research.

e) A general study of the hydraulic aspects of harbour design with the eventual objective

of standardizing procedures and, if possible,

designs, for relatively simple situations not requiring model studies. The first stage concerns evaluation of design conditions and

in this connection a method of processing

wind data for estimation of wave prob- abilities is under study.

(5094) PERFORATED VERTICAL-WALL BREAKWATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Two-dimensional flume experiments are being

made to determine the behaviour of an erodible bed in front of the breakwater.

(g) Results obtained hitherto indicate that, for a non-cohesive bed, no erosion develops

at the toe of the breakwater regardless of the wave height or period.

(h) A report will be prepared.

(5095) DINGWALL HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

Id) Experimental.

(e) Model study of a harbour subject to heavy

sedimentation (sand) induced by waves.

(f) The model study has been completed, but the study is still active.

(g) The harbour entrance has been rebuilt. It Involves four rubble-mound breakwaters

forming a wave energy trap. Results

Indicate that no shoaling of the entrance

occurs

(h) Report is in preparation.

(5096) SAULNIERVILLE HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA,

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

201
Theoretical and field Investigation.

Development of a new harbour Involving a perforated vertical-wall breakwater.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

(2492) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(g

(2740

(g

(h

(3363

(g)

(h)

(3656)

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Experimental; applied research.

The relationship of precipitation and snow- melt to runoff characteristics on four watersheds of 20 acres each, under various land

use practices, is being evaluated. Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass-legume cover is greater than from watersheds plowed during the winter season. Negligible surface runoff from watershed in trees and pasture.

MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAINAGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL. Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research. Discharge measurements from lateral tile drains in Brookston clay soil are being made

to determine the proper drainage coefficient

to use in the design of main tile drains and

to determine the effect of lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage rate. Preliminary frequency analyses have been made

on runoff data collected over a 5-year period.

"Flow Characteristics of Tile Drains in Fine-Textured Soils," by F. R. Hore. Can. Agric. Engr., Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 17-18,20,36.

1963. HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field Investigation; applied research.

The study is being carried out to establish

criteria to be used in the development and operation of a water control project for

organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish a hydrologic water balance for the field area by

measuring, recording, and analyzing so far

as possible the evaporation, seepage, transpiration, precipitation, water table ele- vation and ground water discharge through

tile drains.

Data collection is continuing. The physical

properties of the organic soil have been determined and the results are presently

being analyzed. "Determination of a Procedure for the Measure- ment of Subsidence of Organic Soil," C. Mirza.

M.S. A. thesis on file in Massey Library, Ontario Agricultural College, 1963. "Progress Report on Hydrologic Investigation

of Organic Soil," R. W. Irwin. Proc. 9th Canadian Muskeg Research Meeting, N.R.C., Quebec City, 1963. "Air and Soil Temperature Study of Organic

Soil", R. W. Irwin. Eng. Tech. Pub. 9, Dept. of Engineering Science, Ontario

Agricultural College, Guelph, 1963. THE RESISTIVITY METHOD OF GROUND WATER

PROSPECTING. Laboratory project.

Mr. G. J. M. Wessels, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field Investigation; applied research.

The objective is to Investigate the appli- cation of the resistivity method to sub- surface exploration for ground water under

the geological conditions found in southern

Ontario.

(g)

(3660)

(g)

(3662)

(g)

(4052)

11]

(d)

(e)

(g)

Water table depths were determined with the resistivity method in glacio - lacustrine

sands. A report is in preparation.

RA IN FALL-DEP TH -A REA - INTENSITY RELATION SH IP S IN CENTRAL ONTARIO. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Field Investigation; applied research.

A dense network of standard and recording

rain gages has been established in the Guelph area with the cooperation of the Meteorololcg- ical Branch, Department of Transport. The network is over an area of approximately 12 square miles with an average gage density of

1 per square mile. The purpose of this study is to obtain detailed information on summer precipitation characteristics for use in the hydrologic design for small drainage basins. Analysis of data shows that for 8 years intensity-frequency relationships are different from nearby stations with longer record. POTENTIAL EVAP OTRAN SP IRATION AND CONSUMPTIVE

USE OF WATER BY CROPS. Laboratory project.

Dr. K. M. King, Department of Soils, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can. Field investigations; basic research.

The purpose of this investigation is to evalu ate the factors influencing evapotranspiratto

by the use of a specially designed floating

lyslmeter. Study Is being conducted on the effect of soil moisture on the heat budget

and evapotranspiratlon for crops. Errors due to temperature variations in zinc chloride filled floating lysimeters were found to be much more serious than those in water filled floating lysimeters. COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS. Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Experimental and field Investigation; applied research. This study is being made to determine the effect of several cover materials on soil movement and water discharged into a tile drain. Laboratory studies of some relatively new glass fiber materials have been completed and a field experiment based on those results was installed in the fall of 1960. Yearly sampling of sediment from drains at the field experimental site are being con- tinued but no conclusions can be drawn as

yet.

(4054) RUNOFF FROM FLAT LAND.

(b) Laboratory project In cooperation with Water Resources Division, Department of Northern

Affairs and National Resources.

(c) Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Four 2 to 10 square mile flat watersheds of fine-textured soils are to be studied to determine the relationship between pre- cipitation, snowmelt, watershed characteristics and runoff. Hydrologic data on this type of watershed are being sought for the establishment of criteria for the design of hydraulic structures. The Installation of gaging stations is complete.

(4925) MECHANICAL DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Discharge measurements and stage measurements

from three pump drainage sites are being recorded together with precipitation values.

202
Data collection is continuing.

"Pump Drainage Outlet," R. W. Irwin, Can. Agr. Eng. 4: 10-11, 1962. "Ditch Storage for Farm Drainage Pumping

Plants," Ft. W. Irwin. Agr. Eng. 44: 548-549,

1963.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, Hydraulic

Laboratories.

(3364)

(4057)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4468)

(b)

(4530)

(b)

(g)

LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Experimental and field; basic and applied.

Field and laboratory: 3-dimensional models.

"Model tests on the Relationship between Deep- water Wave Characteristics and Longshore

Currents", by Dr. A. Brebner and J. W. Kamphuis, Queen's University, Civil Report

No. 31. Available from Queen's University.

"A Model Study of the Breaking of Waves

at an Angle with the Shoreline," by Dr. A. Brebner and J. W. Kamphuis. Proc. 10th Congress of I.A.H.R. London, 1963.

THE TRANSPORT OF LOGS OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS

THROUGH PIPELINES.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ont., Canada. Laboratory investigation but to almost fullsize scale. The head losses associated with two-phase

flow of wood-chips and water. Wood-chips pumped through 400 ft. of 4" line with good success. CRITERIA FOR THE INCIDENCE OF TURBULENCE. National Research Council.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's Univ., Kinston,

Ont., Canada. Basic research. An apparatus to produce plane Couette flow

is used. Both shear intensity and distance between boundaries are independently variable.

THE VERTICAL PUMPING OF MINE PRODUCTS. Ontario Mining Association.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Applied research In laboratory.

To establish co-relation between. head losses

in vertical pumping and particle size, specific gravity, concentration, etc. Work progressing.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

theses.

(e) A long-term research carried out with a view

to systematizing discharge characteristics

for spillways having various pier spacings and proportions.

(f) A computer project is being undertaken to review all numerical work and to utilize appropriate statistical procedures in the function-fitting.

(g) Significant correlations obtained via special

plotting techniques.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Critical analysis' of the hydraulic radius concept and the effect of cross- section geometry on the resistance to flow In conduits. Detailed evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities, and wall shear

stresses. The channel under study was 70 feet long and had a variable rectangular

cross-section of 3 x 1, 3, 9 Inches, re- spectively, and used air as the fluid medium.

(f) First project completed.

(g) Friction coefficients plotted as function of bulk Reynolds number exhibit a trend similar

to but not identical with the circular pipe resistance law. The local velocities

correlate well In the form of the inner law provided the local shear velocity Is used. The appropriate velocity scale for the outer

law correlation is the average shear velocity, but this correlation is not established for Reynolds numbers below 10 . Static pressures Increase toward the center

of the ducts.

(h) "The Effect of Cross-Section Geometry upon

the Resistance to Flow in Conduits," by

H. J. Leutheusser, Ph.D. thesis, University

of Toronto, October 1961. "Turbulent Flow In Rectangular Ducts," by

H. J. Leutheusser, Journal of Hyd. Div., May, 1963.

(3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for Master's thesis.

(e) A jet of air is Injected at various angles

into a uniform cross-flow. From photographs

of the jet containing smoke, and velocities determined with a hot-wire anemometer the shape of the jet and the pattern of dlspersin

are being studied.

(g) Momentum equations yield parametric relation- ships for the shape of the jet which have been used to define the path of a jet

injected at 90 degrees to the cross-flow. Experiments are in progress with jets

entering at other angles.

(h) "The Round Turbulent Jet in a Cross-Wind,"

by J. F. Keffer and W. D. Baines, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol. 15, no. 4, April 1963.

(4064) EFFECT OF GROINS ON LITTORAL TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research for master's thesis.

(e) The motions of individual sediment particles

of various sizes and densities were studied

on a solid plane beach of 1:10 slope at 45 degrees to the wave direction. Direction and magnitude of the particle velocities and

the effect of groins upon particle motion

were studied.

(g) Wave Induced currents have been analyzed

and compared with experimental results. After minimizing the effects of nearshore circulation, equations are derived for littoral transport velocities of spherical particles for the given beach and wave configuration.

Modification of existing refraction theories

is proposed.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4065) EFFECTS OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ON WIND

LOADS ON BUILDINGS.

(b) Division of Building Research, National

Research Council of Canada.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

203
(d) Experimental; applied research for design

information.

(e) An artificially thickened boundary layer

has been created in a wind tunnel. Mean

and fluctuating pressure distributions around

typical shapes are being measured.

(g) Measurements of the effect of parapets on different shape of buildings indicate that,

in general, for higher parapets the peak

suction is less but the average lift on

the roof is greater.

(h) "Effect of Velocity Distribution on Wind

Loads and Plow Patterns Around Buildings",

W. D. Baines, Proceedings, Symposium on Wind Effects on Buildings and Structures, National

Physical Laboratory, Teddington, June 1963.

(4469) DIFFUSION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY IN NON- CIRCULAR DUCTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

d) Experimental, research for master's theses.

e) The role of secondary currents in the diffusion of heat from the wall of a square duct

is being studied. Comparisons are being

made with the turbulent heat transfer rates.

(g) Temperature distributions are very similar

to velocity distributions across the section but are more uniform.

(4470) CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT WALL JETS.

i>) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

(e) The flow in a two-dimensional wall Jet is being studied to determine the conditions under which flow similarity is maintained

at successive stations.

(g) Jets along rough and porous walls do not dis- play the same similarity as for a smooth wall. Furthermore, a reversal in wall pressure gradient has been found which cannot be explained.

(h) "Flow Characteristics of Wall-Jets on Smooth,

Rough and Porous Walls," Y. L. Lau, M.A.Sc.

Thesis, University of Toronto, October 1963.

(4472) SURGES IN AIR VENTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) Investigation of mixed regime conditions due

to sudden discharge changes in a horizontal

conduit equipped with air vent and surge tank.

(g) Experimental, photographic and computer data have been assembled in the mixed-regime

analysis for head-gate closure and for

conduit refilling. Significant data have been established on the surge front profile

and the phenomenon of air-entrapment

(h) "Transient Hydraulic Phenomena in a Horizontal Conduit — Air Vent — Surge Tank Supply System," by R. Abel, M.A.Sc. thesis,

University of Toronto, September 1962.

(4888) HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN AN AIR VENT - SURGE TANK ASSEMBLY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental, basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Using an existing small-scale replica of a schematic penstock-inlet, air entrainment

and pressure conditions due to various modes of gate and valve closure are being

Investigated.

(4889) UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN SHORT, CLOSED

CONDUITS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical, basic research

for master's thesis.

(e) Various cases of unsteady (oscillating) laminar flow as encountered in typical viscous damping devices are being investigated.

;4890) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW OF FLUID- SEDIMENT

MIXTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) Evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients, static pressures, velocities and wall shear stresses in closed conduits.

(5 2 56) OPTIMUM HEIGHTS OF CHIMNEYS.

(b) The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, Department of Works.

(c) Prof. G. R. Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental, applied research for design

information.

(e) Models of various configurations of blocktype buildings, equipped with smoke stacks

of variable height are being investigated in

a low-speed wind tunnel at a ratio of gas emission speed to wind velocity equal to unity. Objective of study is to derive rules for the proper height of chimneys resulting

in reduced aerodynamic downwash of the stack

gases.

(5257) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN A SEWER DROP

SHAFT.

bj M. M. Dillon and Co., London, Ontario,

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental, applied research for design

information.

(e) Model (1:12) investigation of a particular

drop shaft design from the viewpoint of flow configuration, energy dissipation, passage of debris and detergent content

in the fluid.

(f) Completed.

204
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

cylinders (2265) 11 spheres (3432) 42 Air entrainment

intake towers, Oroville Dam (4947) 182 Appara tus portable irrigation sprinkler (4368) 126 rainfall simulator (2596) 65 sediment sampler (1941 73 spray formation (2730) 185 turbulence incidence (4468) 203 water tunnel (79) 41 wave formation (2730) 185 wave gages (977) 144 Aquifers

recession hydrographs (5037) 25 two-part, salt water removal (4962) 183 Baffle piers

basic research (993) 149 cavitation (993) 149 Beach fills (2195) 145 Beach fills (4763) 145 Beaches

artifical (976) 144 by-passing sand, inlets (975) 143 equilibrium profile (181) 143 erosion (4762) 145 erosion, So. Lake Worth (4474) 27 littoral movement (3897) 145 particle movement (3897) 145 profiles, vertical walls (4935) 14 sand movement (4930) 14 wave action (181) 143 wave action (660) 143 wave action (1609) 48 wave action (1631) 74 wave run-up (4155) 47 Bends

90° trapezoidal (4973) 43 Boundary layer

acoustic effects (4864) 82 interfacial (3674) 12 instability (5109) 64 research (3788) 58 studies (5128) 188 Boundary resistance

drains (4541) 38 Boundary shear stress (2770) 18 Breakwater devices (5047) 26 Breakwaters

Kahului Harbor, Hawaii (4605) 162 low crested (5082) 146 movable (2801) 48 perforated vertical wall 201 rigid walls (4908) 38 rubble-mound (999) 149 rubble-mound (2681) 152

St. Brides Harbour (5091) 201 submerged (5082) 146 Tsoying Harbor, Taiwan (4399) 159 vertical perforated (4523) 199 wave forces (998) 149 Bubble studies (4202) 71 Bubbles

liquid shear flows (5195) 96 vapor (1548) 6 Canals

irrigation, Bentonlte sealing (3704) 20 irrigation, linings (151) 123 linings (151) 123 linings (1859) 31 linings

seepage (1859) 31 sediment control (4421) 180 Canals, concrete-lined

discharge capacity (3985) 179 Cavitation (3153) 70 Cavitation

baffle piers (993) 149 basic research (993) 149 basic research

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (1548) 6 David Taylor Model Basin (711) 183 Iowa State Univ. (79) 41 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 149 bubble collapse (5036) 8 bubble growth (5036) 8

Cavitation

cascades (3378) 8 concrete surface irregularities (3278).... 179 effect gas nuclal (5123) 187 formation and collapse (4082) 13 gate slots (993) 149 noise (1778) 183 offset Joints (993) ' 149 offsets (3278) 179 pipe bends (993) 149 sluice gates (79) 41 sluice gates (4546) 200 stilling basin steps (993) 149 water tunnel (79).. 41 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 149 Cavitation Characteristics

simple liquids (3807) 63 Cavitation research inception on rough surface (5126) 188 Channel improvement flood control, Middle Miss. River (236) 149 Montreal-Sorel (4517) 199

St. Lawrence River (3324) 197 shoaling processes (3907) 155 Tellico project (5003) 193 Turtle Creek (4383) 157 Willow Springs (4387) 158 Channel stabilization (4284) 103 Channel stabilization

Washita River Basin (4341) 118 Channels

alluvial (2505) 12 cohesive materials (4317) 113 conservation linings (1723) 99 conservation linings (3804) 61 critical flow (4542) 38 effect flood flows (4283) 103 ephemeral stream flow losses (4784) 176 seepage flow (4410) 175 stability (4316) 113 stabilization (4318) 113 subcritical flows (3400) 19 subcritlcal flows (4296) 106 thalweg profile studies (4251) 93 trapezoidal (4560) 43 vegetation lined (4337) 118 Channels, alluvial aggradation (3870) 112 aggradation (3968) 173 artificial controls (5077) 177 bar migration study (5179) 62 degradation (3870) 112 degradation (3968) 173 effect dams (3955)..! 172 effect diversion (3955) 172 effect irrigation drains (3955) 172 flood waves (4358) 125 hydraulics of (5078) 177 meandering (4551) 200 Channels, artificial

correction factors (5175) 60 Channels, curved mean flow characteristics (4148) 43 subcritical flow (3614) 179 turbulence characteristics (4148) 43 Channels, steep surface characteristic (3824) 71 Climatological data Colorado (4610) 23 Illinois (5053) 36 Coastal engineering study Cedar Key Highway Dock (4900) 28 Coastal inlet studies (5229) 162 Coefficients

hydrophobic disks and plates (2436) 166 roughness, streams (5181) 62 Conduits bend losses (5007) 193 circular, exit transitions (2543)...." 46 exit pressure distributions (2543) 46 pressure surges (3203) 16 two-phase flow (4235) 84 Conduits, closed

flow characteristics of foams (5099) 17 head losses (5049) 26 laminar flow (4889) 204 mean flow parameters (4890) 204

205
Conduits, noncircular

secondary currents (4531) 25 Conduits,pres sure friction factors (3275) 179 Convection, forced

film boiling (3758) 52 Coriolis

effect river flow (4526) 201 Culverts

discharge characteristics (2435) 166 drop inlet (111) 69 Culverts, box

energy dissipators (4537) 37 Culverts, outlets energy dissipators (5147) 10 Currents

anarctic circurapolar (4765) 169 longshore, formation (4158) 50 Cylinders accelerated motion (2265) 11 Damsgallery drainage (771) 194 Density current studies (4657) 55 Density currents sedimentation (307) 48 shallow water bay systems (4233) 83 tidal estuaries (1986) 150 Diffusers, annular

flow regime (5018) 69 performance (5018) 69 Diffusers, conical flow regime (5017) 69 Diffusion atmospheric (3398) 19 atmospheric (3708) 20 Diffusion studies (4094) 16 Diffusion studies open channel flow (4931) 14 Diffusion, turbulent stratified fluids (2548) 48 Disks, rotating resistance of (3749) 50 Dissipators

design (3596) 154 design (4245) 90 Distillation, sea water (1554) 11 Distribution systems arterial (4143) 39 Drag

low Reynolds numbers (4174) 58 skin friction (3143) 63 supercavitating bodies (4149) 43 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 11 Drag forces Immersed cylinder (4903) 197 oscillating hemisphere (4970) 15 velocity gradient fields (4716) 85 Drag measurement (4558) 39 Drag reduction (4199) 71 Drag reduction (4556) 26 Drag reduction

high velocity pipe flow (4691) 71 Drag resistance

piers (4147) 43 submerged objects (5134) 88 Drag, hemisphere 3-dimensional finite flow field (5137) 89 Drain tile cover material (4052) 202 depth and spacing (2330) 39 discharge measurements (2740) 202 flow characteristics (3490) 65 gravel filters (4114) 22 Junction losses (1929) 70 sediment deposition (3490) 65 sediment movement (3490) 65 Drainage, by pumping (2350) 56 Drainage

effect, solonetzic soils (4987) 37 galleries, dams (771) 194 irrigated lands (1819) 9 mechanical, agricultural lands (4925) 202 salt affected soils (4831) 110 subsurface (4183) 65 subsurface (4273) 100 subsurface (4844) 120 surface (3475) 59 surface (3745) 45 surface ^3867) 103 surface (4273) 100

Drainage, subsurface analog studies (5205) 103 Drainage, surface Mississippi Delta (4332) 116 Drainage basin studies (3421) 34 Drainage effluent quality of (5161) 24 Drainage improvement, surface (2333) 40 Drainage investigations (5033) 60 Drainage materials

durability and effectiveness (5218) 122 Drainage methods nonirrigated areas of Lower Rio Grande Valley (4849) 121 Drainage practices

development of techniques (4819) 105 level lands (5206) 106 sloping lands (5206) 106 Drainage systems

design (4271) 100 design criteria (4353) 120 efficiency (4843) 117 operation criteria (4353) 120 subsurface (5176) 61 Drains

plastic lined (4681) 66 Drains, filter operational characteristics (3060) 37 Drains, subsurface

plastic (4830) 109 Duct studies air and gas (5002) 193 Ductshead losses (4878) 192 vibration studies (4880).. 192 Ducts, noncircular

diffusion momentum and energy (4469) 204 Dunes (4760) 145 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875)... 41 Energy dissipation

transition of pipe to open channel floor (5133) 88 Energy losses bends (3441) 46 slug flow (4939) 30 Energy losses, frictional

gas-liquid, two-phase (4938) 30 Erosion

arid regions (4404).. 175 forest T4757) 134 ranges (4757) 134

sea level fluctuations (4129) 27 semiarid regions (4404) 175 Erosion control logging skidtrails (4992) 130 Erosion damage Galveston Sea Wall (4989) 85 Erosion research (4293) 105 Erosion research (4913) 40 Erosion research

arid regions (3969) 174 beaches, Florida (4479) 27 Blind Pass, Pla. (4901) 28 canals, earth lined (2457) 178 canals, unlined (2457) 178 cell stability (4967) 199 clay (4770) 176 control of (4276) 101 eastern South Dakota (4282) 102 eastern South Dakota (4817) 102 Exner equation (5183) 63 Florida inlets (3413) 27 forest influences (380) 141 forest influences (657) 139 Hawaii (5001) 138 hillslopes (4323) 114 Iowa (4279) 101 Lake Maracaibo channel (5119) 52 Lake Michigan (1863) 36 midwest claypans (4281) 102 Minnesota (4282) 102 movable bed model (5255) 200 Northeast soils (4294) 105 piping phenomenon (4405) 175 profile characteristics (4277) 101 rainfall (4182) 65 rainfall (4275) 101 runoff (4275) 101 runoff (4276) 101

206
Erosion research

sediment yield (4303) 108 semiarid regions (3969) 174 semidesert vegetation (657) 139 sheet runoff (4182) 65 soil (3424) 36

soil properties (4277) 101 southern Piedmont (4333) 116 volume of erosion (5207) 110 water (4848) 121 water control (4295) 105 Wisconsin (4280) 102 Evaporation (4632) 3 Evaporation

effects of elevation (4994) 131 effects exposure (4994) 131 effects topography (4994) 131 evapotranspiration (3662) 202 field soils (5227) 129 Illinois (555) 32 measurement (1015) 167 measurement (3881) 117 porous media (4115) 22 rangeland stockponds (4824) 109 reduction (2828) 61 reduction (3508) 75 reduction (4634) 4 reservoirs (765) 194 reservoirs (2180) 123 suppression, reservoirs (2703) 170 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) 194 Evapotranspiration

measurement (3963) 173 measurement (4138) 35 measurement (4833) 110 mechanics of (4239) 87 theory (3963) 173 watersheds, Central and So. Calif. (4851). 127 Film boiling

horizontal flow fields (4942) 31 turbulent (4941) 31 Filters (2535) 34 Filters (2837) 65 Fish ladders

dams, John Day (3578) 147 Fishways

velocity barrier (4726) 91 Wells models (5045) 91 Flashboards

dynamic forces (3068) 42 Flood control electric flood model (3385) 12 lower conifer zone of Calif. (4998) 136 Moosic project (5178) 62 rivers Mississippi Basin (236) 149 Flood forecasting

Fraser River (4902) 197 rating curves (3602) 169 Flood hydrographs

agricultural watersheds (4311) Ill foothill range watersheds (4311) Ill Flood routing (4565) 13 Flood routing (3476) 59 Flood wave studies (4101) 21 Flow, accelerated (3740) 42 Flow, accelerated (3782) 57 Flowcavity (4677) 64 conducting fluids (4980) 53 Flow, fluids packed beds (5170) 32

Flow, free surface (4685) 67 Flow, free surface (4719) 87 Flowgases in liquids (4188) 66 granular media (4695) 72 laminar (4588) 29 non-Newtonian (3390) 16 pulsating (3689) 16 pulsating (4859) 55 river under arch bridges (2839) 66 rotating cylinders (4734) 94 single and two-phase in tube (2374) 68 solid-liquid mixtures (3692) 16 solid-liquid mixtures (4096) 16 thin-film liquid (4706) 76 two-phase (4165) 54 two-phase, one-component (4984) 54 turbulent boundary-layer (4142) 39 unsteady free surface (4667) 59

Flow, accelerated curvilinear

pressure distribution (5136) 88 velocity distribution (5136) 88 Flow, annular

two-phase (4486) 57 Flow, divided mechanics of (3743) 45 Flow, gas-liquid

two-phase (4936) 30 Flow, laminar

rigid tubes (5016) 69 tube entrance (5150) 30 Flow, nonisothermal

vertical tubes (4589) 29 Flow, overland hydraulics of (4676) 61 Flow, potential

unisotropic singularities (4487) 57 Flow, pulsating

tubes (4690) 69 Flow, separated

body of revolution (5199) 97 Flow, supercritical transitions (5182) 62 Flow, turbulent

condutis (4937) 30 shear (4892) 167 solid-gas systems (4943) 31 vorticlty (4568) 13 Flow, two-phase

gas-liquid (5149) 30 regime boundaries (4494) 53 Flow, unsteady

inertial forces (3250) 166 Kutta condition (5107) 64 Flow development, secondary (4586) 29 Flow fields 3-dimensional finite (5135) 88 3-dimensional semi-finite (5135) 88 visualization (4498) 53 Flow measurement (2925) 152 Flow measurement

irrigation water (5164) 24 open channels (5164) 24 pipe (5164) 24 Flow problems

vascular system (4643) 45 Flow properties

bubbly mixtures (4985) 54 Flow separation

geometric characteristics (4151) 45 Flow stability branched tubes (4559) 39 flexible wall (5191) 96 two rotating cylinders (4641) 45 Flow studies partially saturated (4627) 2 Washita River (4345) 119 Flow vlsulization studies (5122) 187 Fluid flow hydraulics of (4081) 13 mechanics of (4123) 25 Fluid mechanics

educational films (3739) 42 Fluids viscoelectric (4671) 50 Fluids, non-Newtonian

flow characteristics (5048) 26 Flumes Farshall (2902) 19 trapezoidal (2902) 19 Flumes, metering

calibration (3848) 90 Flumes

venturl, calibration (4959) 183 venturi, design (4959) 183 Forces cavitating body (4699) 72 free surface (4428) 186 lateral (4429) 186 submerged bodies (3799) 60 wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 63 Frictional effects

in rivers (5040) 25 in waterways (5040) 25 Gage slots effect on downpull (4975) 43 Gatescavitation (993) 149 downpull forces (4798) 181 lock (1474) 150

207
Gates

pressure distribution (4146) 43 Navajo Dam, New Mexico (4960) 183 Trinity Dam air demand tests (4958) 183 Gates, fixed wheel Glendo Dam (4949) 182 Gates, tainter rubber seals (5072) 148 Gates, vertical water flow (5142) 10 Gates, vibration

effect lifting beams (4976) 43 Groundwater

accretion (4326) 115 accretion and movement (4290) 104 aquifers (4268) 100 aquifers, evaluation (3733) 35 aquifers, evaluation (4929) 14 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 170 acquifer productivity (3731) 34 aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689).. 170 aqulfer-streamflow relation (4346) 119 aquifer- streamf low relationship (5224).... 128 Arkansas (2255) 5 artificial recharge (559) 33 artificial recharge (2255) 5 basin management (4932) 15 Chicago area (1335) 33 contamination (4786) 176 density- stratified flow (5013) 7 dynamic storage of (5185) 64 East St. Louis area (561) 33 electronic analog model (4544) 38 exploration (3658) 202 flow in sediments (3524) 84 flow problems (2948) 170 fluctuations (821) 18 Inventory (4622) 1 movement (4326) 115 movement (5224) 128 movement by tracer (4628) 2 movement, laminar (5158) 5 movement, model studies (4630) 2 occurrence problems (3264) 171 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 33 pressure measurement (5030) 48 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 40 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 41 recharge (4635) 4 recharge (5051) 36 recharge basins (4850) 126 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 106 reservoir characteristics (4106) 21 resource evaluation (4536) 35 runoff (5051) 36 storage (5171) 45 studies of western desert, U.A.R. (4631).. 3 Tennessee Valley (780) 194 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4268) 100 wells, evaluation (3733) 35 Ground-water basin hydrologlc characteristics (4624) 1 Ground-water storage (3263) 171 Ground-water system, ChaJ Doah, Pakistan (5156) 5 Harbor Improvement Bale Comeau, Que. (4047) 201 Branch Harbour (5092) 201 Codroy Harbour (5090) 201 Dingwall Harbour, Nova Scotia (5095) 201 Rustico Harbour (4464) 201 Saulnierville Harbour, Nova Scotia (5096). 201 Savanah, Ga. (2428) 151 Harbor models Burns Waterways Harbor, Ind. (4899) 28 scale effects (1002) 150 Harbor studies design (5093) 201 Harbor study

Kelly's Island, Lake Erie (3905) 155 Harbors

small-boat, design of (5228) 162 Head loss spherical wyes (4451) 197 Head losses

Intake towers, Oroville Dam (4947) 182 Headgates, irrigation

calibration of (5129) 88 Heat exchange (4881) 192 Heat exchanger pressure loss (4172) 58

Heat transfer

electromagnets (4490) 52 fluldlzed beds (3474) 57 hot-wire characteristics (5110) 67 multiple-channel systems (4979) 53 packed beds (3474) 57 Highway drainage

culverts (111) 69 culverts (1591) ' 37 Hydraulic conductivity

mechanisms of (4186) 66 Hydraulic control systems valves (2335) 43 valves (4499) 68 Hydraulic cyclone (4743) 95 Hydraulic Jump (2161) 83 Hydraulic Jump (3994) 179 Hydraulic Jump (4540) 38 Hydraulic Jump (5165) 24 Hydraulic lines, dynamics (4197) 68 Hydraulic prototype tests (4382) 157 Hydraulic systems analysis (4933) > 14 Hydrodynamic forces bodies (5197) 97 cylinders (3853) 91 oscillating bodies (4570) 15 underwater bodies (2746) 7 vibrating body (4573) 17 Hydrodynamics (4642) 45 Hydrodynamics

flow studies (337 7) 7 rotating systems (4737) 94 Hydrofoil structures vibration of (4704) 75 Hydrofoils

design criteria (3284) 185 flutter (4228) 7 9 flutter (5062) 81 flutter characteristics (5193) 96 flutter speed (4928) 75 forces on (4200) 71 interference effects (4200) 71 Interference effects (4712) 80 Jet flap (5197) 97 Jet flap (5198) 97 measured flutter speed (4709) 80 oscillating (5192) 96 oscillating (5194) 96 predicted flutter speed (4709) 80 study (2144) . 70 supercavltating (4219) 76 supercavitating (4693) 72 supercavltating (4696) 72 supercavltating (4811) 187 surface-piercing (4227) 79 three-dimensional (4226) 78 unsteady forces and motions (4221) 78 ventilated (4700) 72 ventilated (4811) 187 ventilating flows (4073) 8 Hydrofoils, models

testing (3828) 74 Hydrofoils, teed forces (5058) 81 moments (5058) 81 Hydrograph laboratory (4820) 105 Hydrograph Studies

synthetic unit graph methods (4150) 40 Hydrologlc characteristics

organic soil (3363) 202 playa sedimentary formations (5215) 122 Hydrologlc data analyses (5138) 89 compilation and publication of (4823)... 106 reduction (4363) 126 telemetering (3056) 31 Hydrologlc studies Colorado (3958) 172 Death Valley (3980) 175 effects urbanization (3970) 174 effects urbanization (5050) 26 flood frequency (3953) 172 forest development (3953) 172 Humboldt River Valley (3957) 172 Missouri watersheds (5204) 103 New Mexico (3958) 172 Pacific Northwest (3959) 172 semiarid watersheds (4361) 125 Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 83

208
Hyarologic studies water yield (3965) 173 Wyoming (3958) 172 Hydrologic systems

nonlinear analysis (5145) 10 synthesis of (5117) 51 Hydrology

analytical (4297) 107 research (4322) 114 research, Great Salt Lake (5139) 89 unit hydrograph (4732) V 94 water source (4997) 136 Hydrophones (4863) 82 Infiltration (3417) 32 Infiltration

soil (3265) 171 Infiltration rates Irrigation (4986) 37 rains (4986) 37 Infiltration studies (3507) 75 Inlets

canal (3267) 178 culverts (ill) 69 navigation improvement (4475) 27 Instruments

evaporator, fluid mechanics study (4982)... 54 nuclear radiation equipment (4373) 129 precipitation gage, weighing-type (3921) — 169 pressure cells (1004) 150 pressure fluctuation (2541) 41 radar precipitation integrator (4402) 169 radar raingage (2943) 168 radio gages, rainfall (3629) 192 radio gages, stream (3629) 192 radioisotope snow gage (5168) 32 raingage, study of (5052) 36 rainstorm simulator (5223) 128 river gage, float-type (3920) 169 servomotors, design (4981) 53 soil moisture (3260) 171 velocity meter (1004) 150 wave gage (6601 143 wave gage (977) 144 wave gage (1004) 150 Intakes

flow conditions (5006) 193 Ontario Power Generating Station (4454).... 198 Interfacial effects density stratification (4145) 42 Irrigation

application rates (4664) 56 canals bentonite sealing (3558) 124 linings (3121) 59 control systems, mechanized (3553) 110 cut-back furrow (5177) 61 design sprinkler systems (4315) Ill drainage studies (1723) 99 drainage studies (1819) 9 drainage studies (2651) 123 efficiencies (2786) 31 efficiencies (3550) 110 farm structures (3556) 124 flow characteristics (4270) 100 grain sorghum (5211) 121 hydraulics of (5165) 24 intake rates (4175) 59 perforated plastic pipe (5154) 5 radial gates (3612) 179 sprinklers (3470) 56 sprinkler (4620) 1 sprinkler (4621 J 1 sprinkler, portable (4840) 112 surface (3185) 86 surface (3867) 103 surface, hydraulics of (3552) 110 underground perforated tubes (4489) 47 water measuring devices (5209) 112 water measurements (2650) 123 water pumping (5153) 5 water supply (23) 9 water supply (4842) 117 Irrigation systems

design data (4828) 103 efficiency (4827) 109 Jets (3854) 93 Jets

axi symmetrical flow (3395) 19 high-velocity (4791) 180 incompressible (5015) 69

Jets

mercury, instability (5108) 64 submerged (4071) 6 submerged (5042) 90 Jets, dispersion

effects of turbulence (5006) 193 Jets, gas underwater propulsion study (4920) 191 Jets, wall turbulent (4470) 204 Jetties

effect littoral drift (2190) 144 effectiveness (3271). 178 Sluslaw River, Oregon (4393) 15S Lakesapplication monolayer-forming

materials (5132) 88 Laminar flow

liquids (4095) 16 Liquid tensions measurement (5106) 64 Literature search two-phase, gas-liquid flow (4983) 54 Locksdischarge structures (4883) 192 emergency gates, McAlplne Locks (4397).... 159 filling, emptying systems Arkansas River Dam No. 6 (4388) 158 Arkansas River Dam No. 3 (4391) 158 Barkley Dam (2673) 151 Belleville, Ohio (4385) 158 Big Chute (4969) 199 Cannelton, Ohio River (4390) 158 Greenuo Dan, Ohio River (5242) 164 Jackson Lock, ' hawser-stress measurements (5249) 165 Jonesville Lock and Dam (5247) 165 low lift (4603) 161 Maxwell Dam (3236) 152 McAlplne, Ohio River (2678) 151 McAlplne Locks Ohio River (3914) 156 Monogahela River (3243) 153 valve studies (4602) 161 hawser pull forces (5009) 193 intake design (4882) 192 miter gates (1474) 150 navigation conditions (3909) 156 Meteorological observations (2760) 18 Meteorological observations (5162) 24 Meters

calibration (1963) 95 calibration (3859) 95 calibration (4255) (4256) 95 calibration (4746) 95 Meters, current development (4629) 2 direction recording (4456) 199 velocity recording (4456) 199 Meters

Doppler, velocity (5075) 177 elbow (3624) 189 elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 124 elbow 90° (5172) 47 flow (1963) 95 Meters, flow discharge coefficient (5022) 95 ultrasonic (2949) 171 Meters

flow nozzles (4746) 95 high pressure-temperature (3623) 189 Model analog studies river basins (5140) 89 Model distortion (994) 149 Model laws inlets (4481) 27 scale effects, harbors (1002) 150 Model studies

AEP 200 (5020) 95 Arkansas River, navigation dam (3592) 153 Arkansas River navigation entrance (3908) . 155 barrage at Muscoda (4735) 94 Bessie Cutoff, Miss. River (5235) 163 Big Sandy River (5026) 96 channels, Houston, Texas (5245) 165 Chong Pyong Spillway (4739) 95 Chong Pyong Hydroelectric project (4740).. 95 Columbia Lock and Dam (4595) 160 Columbia River (4396) 159 control structures, Little Sioux

River (4599) 161

209
Model studies Cornwall Development (5024) 96 Cornwall Reservoir (4741) 95 dams (3909) 156 dams (5071) 148 Degray (4604) 161 Kipling (4963) 199 Little (4508) 198 Millers Perry Lock (4593) 160 Nlckajack Project (5004) 193 Opossum Creek, Ohio River (3909) 156 Oroville (4412) 179 Snake River (3577) 146 Thermalito (5148) 10 Warrior River, Ala. (4386) 158 Delaware River, Pa. (425) 149 Douglas Point, Lake Huron (4510) 198 drop structure, Cayuga Inlet (4598) 160 energy dissipators, outlet pipe (4957) 183 fingerling collector (4506) 147 fishway diffusers (4505) 147 floating breakwater, Juneau, Alaska (5248). 165 flood control low Atchafalaya River Basin, La. (5236). 163 Galveston Bay (3912) 156 Grui Hydroelectric Project (4201) 71 Gulf Outlet Channel, La. (3913) 156 Harman Generating Station (4509) 198 head losses in bends (3441) 46 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) 152 hurricane structures, Lake Pontchartrain,

La. (3581) 153 inlet structures, Uttarbhag Pumping

Station (3540) 93 lake circulation patterns (5120) 52 Lakeview thermal generating station (4964). 199 Little Goose Lock and Dam (4504) 147 Little Goose, Snake River (5069) 148 lock and dam No. 4, Arkansas River (5230).. 162 locks (5069) 148 locks (5071) 148 Lower Granite, Snake River (5071) 148 Matagorda Bay (3911) 156 Muddy Run Development (5021) 95 navigation conditions

Kerr Lock and Dam (5251) 166 Uniontown lock and dam (5246) 165 Niagara River control structure [4026) 198 Opossum Creek, Ohio River (3909) 156 overflow embankments (4596) 160 Ozark Lock and Dam, Arkansas River (5231).. 162 Palo Seco Steam Plant (5025) 96 Pend Oreille River (4722) 90 pollution, Coney Island Creek (4601) 161 Red River floodway inlet (4550) 200 Round Butte (4246) 90 St. Timothee Reach (4965) 199 San Luis forebay pumping plant (4954) 182 seawall, Texas City, Texas (5234) 163

sea water intrusion (4921) 196 Sebastian Inlet, Fla. (4897) 28 ship mooring, Point Loma, Calif. (5241) 164 sluicegates, downpull forces (3900) 147 spillways

Oahe Reservoir, Mo. River, So. Dak. (3916) 157 Stockton Dam (5238) 163 vibration effects (4968) 199 stilling basin Huntington Reservoir, Wabash River (5232) 162 submerged sills, St. Clair River (5233).... 162 tunnel rock traps (5046) 91 watershed, arid (3845) 87 wave action Half Moon Bay Harbor, Calif. (5237) 163 Marina Del Rey, Venice, Calif. (5239)... 163 Point Loma, Calif. (5241) 164 Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (4966) 19g Model tests diversion structure (5084) 196 energy dissipator

J. Percy Priest Dam (5244) 164 Grand Rapids Generating Station (5086) 196 hurricane barriers, Wareham-Marion,

Mass. (5240) 164 Mactaquac Hydro-Electric Development (5085) 196 pillur dam scour vent (5089) 197 scour (4764) 145 spillway, Calima II Hydro-Electric

Project (5088) 196

Model tests

spillways, general tests (3917) 157 suction well designs (4896) 28 Wells Hydrocombine (4724) 90 Woodstock flood control reservoir (5083).. 196 Model verification

prototype confirmation (1467) 150 Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631)... 89 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 152 Moisture regimes (4327) 115 Motions, nonlinear liquid (4927) 75 Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 183 Nozzles, annular (3677) 112 Open channels boundary layer growth (5131) 88 control cross waves (4715) 85 correction factors (5175) 60 discharge rates (5114) 51 dispersion studies (5074) 177 energy losses (5101) 17 flow measurements (4961) 183 flow problems (4076) 7 hydraulics of (4705) 76 Influence of roughnesses (458l) 29 Interference effects (4692) 72 junction flow (4923) 200 junctions (3805) 61 90° bends (4923) 200 roughness (3003) 203 roughness (3183) 85 secondary motion (3725) 28 stability (3253) 171 structure boundary growth (5131) 88 surges (4912) 39 transitions (5166) 6 unsteady flow (4338) 118 unsteady flow (5144) 10 velocity distribution (2083) 39 velocity profiles (5101) 17 Orifice studies high head (3996) 179 Orifices

basic research (149) 93 calibration (4746) 95 constant head turnout (3274) 178 discharge coefficient (5011) 94 radial gate controls (4802) 181 segmental (4623) 1 submerged (5042) 90 two-dimensional (4576) 28 vortex flow (1181) 93 Outlet works

damsArbuckle (4953) 182 Causey (4805) 181 Morrow Point (4807) 181 Norton (4806) 181 Oroville (4413) 179 prototype tests, Nolln Dam (5243) 164 gate vibrations (4522) 199 hydraulic forces (4522) 199 San Luis, downpull studies, gates (4951).. 182 Outlets

canal (3267) 178 pipe, cantilevered (1168) 70 Particle entrainment (3670) 6 Particle, falling

Stokes drag (4173) 58 Particle measurement

light scattering (4166) 54 Particle study viscous fluid (5105) 17 Particle transport (4612) 23 Percolation studies, California (2181) 123 Pipe fittings

cavitation (993) 149 pressure drop (4167) 55 Pipe flow (47 25) 91 Pipeline systems

surge studies (4952) 182 Pipescavitation (993) 149 corrosion, prevention (4135) 35 flow measurement (3525) 86 flow of mixtures, liquid-solid (2275) 16 friction, high pressure (956) 93 friction, steady and unsteady states (2614) 75 friction losses (3747) 46 joint leakage (5100) 17 networks (1689) 89 networks (5155) 5

210
Pipes

pumped sediment (5041) 25 resonance studies (4946) 56 sand-water mixtures (4564) 13 turbulent flow (4640) 25 unsteady flow (5029) 29 Pipes, corrugated

roughness study (3597) 154 Playa survey (5216) 122 Plumbing

backflow prevention (4043) 197 Porous media (30301 17 Porous media (4611) 23 Porous media

clay suspension (4563) 13 dispersion, mechanics of (3748) 49 flow (4767) 176 fluid displacements (4086) 9 hydrodynamic dispersion (4916) 76 hydraulic characteristics (4826) 109 non-Newtonian flow (5038) 25 turbulent flow (4068) 6 unsteady flow (4736) 94 unsteady flow equations (5039) 25 Porous medium

two-fluid flow (4717) 85 Precipitation

disposition, small watersheds (4836) Ill diurnal distribution (4137) 35 Lake Michigan (4139) 35 maximum, Hawaiian Islands (4767) 170 Precipitation characteristics

effect hydrology (5222) 128 effect sediment production (5222) 128 Precipitation distribution

Illinois Basins (4537) 36 Pressure distribution

basic research (79) 41 Pressure fluctuations (4977) 43 Pressures, unsteady measurement of (5186) 65 Propellers

blade loading (4222) 78 counter rotating

relative flow at lifting line (4919) 191 design method (4918) 190 ducted (4813) 187 ducted (5201) 97 flow distortion (3487) 63 flow induced singing (5125) 188 low pitch angle (5057) 81 nonuniform wake flows (4810) 187 oscillating pressure field (5124) 188 singing phenomenon (4711) 80 sound level generation (3830) 77 spindle torque (4427) 186

study of Induced vibratory forces (5121).... 187 supercavltating (3286) 186 torque (5061) 81 transient forces (2616) 77 unsteady lifting surface (5060) 81 unsteady lifting surface theory (5057) 81 ventilated (3617) 186 vibratory thrust (5061) 81 Propellers, ducted research (4434) 190 stern-mounted (5200) 97 Propellers, theory

lifting (2237) 185 Propellers, vertical axis performance characteristics (3619) 186 Prototype check tests Garrison Dam (3906) 155 Oahe Dam (3906) 155 Pump systems

dredge (4156) 47 Pumps

centrifugal (3746) 46 dredge (3084) 46 dredge, design (4154) 47 Pumps, dredge literature survey (51731 47 performance study (5174) 47 Pumps, impeller design (3442) 46 Pumps, jet, for sediment (3673) 12 Pumps, water-column separation (4425) 180 Pumps, dredging

hopper draghead (3586) 153 Rainfall (5152) 4 Rainfall collection and storage (3873) 124

Rainfall depth-area-intensity (3660) intensity (3058) intensity (3424) intensity-kinetic energy relationship (4278) maximum (779) maximum (2788) rainfall-runoff (68) rainfall-runoff (7681 rainfall-runoff (856) rainfall-runoff (2162) rainfall -runoff (2561) rainfall-runoff (3808) rainfall-runoff (4054) rainfall-runoff (4108) rainfall-runoff (4348) rainfall-runoff (4352) rainfall-runoff relations (2397) records (2534) Tennessee River Basin (7681 Tennessee River Basin (779) Rainfall measurements

radar (3601) variations in topography (5141) Rainfall, research intensity (3251) intensity (3419) North Central Wisconsin (4733) uniform supply (4539) United States (2437) Rainfall-runoff

frequency relationship (4910) Reservoirs application monolayer-forming

materials (5132) evaporation (765) evaporation (21801 evaporation (4234) evaporation, retardation (2532) retarding-type (43051 retarding-type (4306) sediment distribution (4306) sedimentation (4307) sedimentation, measurements (2334) sedimentation studies (4825) silting Illinois (552) temperature gaging (769) Tennessee River (785) skimmer wall structures (4439) Resistance coefficients

drains (4541) River regime characteristics (3031) , River regime studies (4922) Roughness

artificial channels (2950) , artifical surfaces (2328) , effect of water temperature (1988) , large scale (4779) , Runoff

amounts (4330) , changes in meadow (5208) , changes in pasture (52081 , complex watersheds (4360) , conservation farmed watersheds (4300)... control (4323) conventionally farmed watersheds (4300). denudation effects (23) Eastern South Dakota (4282) effect of forest (377) effect snow melt (42861 loss measurement (4357) measurement on terraces (5212) , measuring devices (4336) midwest claypans (4281) Minnesota (4282) mixed-use watersheds (4299) precipitation characteristics (4342)....

prediction (4325) rainfall-runoff (856) rainfall-runoff (1744) (1745) rainfall-runoff (2162) rainfall-runoff ( 2331 1 rainfall-runoff (2334) rainfall-runoff (4325) rainfall-runoff relations (2397) rangeland (4301) rates (4296) rates (4330)

202

3436

101 194

34

41 194

44

83

5465

202

22 119

12084

33 194

194

168

89

168

34

9438 16839

88 194

123

84

33 113

108

108 102

40 102

32 194

194

192

38

18 196

171

41 151 176

116

110

110 125

107 114

107

9 102 138

104

120

122 118 102

102

107 119

114

44 167

83

40

40 114

84

107 107 116

211
(4817 j

)3902

4600

Runoff

seralarld watersheds (4359) , small areas (1946) , small areas (2316) , small watersheds (2492) , small watersheds (2841) streams (3522) urban areas (856) , Washita River (4344) Washita River Basin (4343) water management, Iowa (4279).. watersheds (4344) watersheds

Idaho (1862) Ralston Creek, Iowa (66)....

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) Tennessee River Valley (780) Wisconsin (4280) Runoff measurement Blacklands of Texas (4350) watersheds (4350) Runoff production

unit source areas (5217) Runoff studies

coastal plains soils (4334) Eastern South Dakota

southern Piedmont (4333) Salt infiltration

soil profiles (4354) Salt-water intrusion studies (5028) Salt-water intrusion studies Lake Maracalbo channel (5119)... Sand transport

by winds (4895) Scour

bridges (4626) channels (4991) mechanics of (4617) Sediment fluorescent tracing (4127) mechanics of dune (5118)..

mechanics of ripples (511E radioactive tracer tests ( radioactive tracer tests ( radio-carbon dating (5210) reduction sediment load (4821) ripple characteristics (5188) routing (4320) , Sediment barrier

Sheep Creek, Utah (3976) Sediment, cohesive

scour resistance (2874) Sediment control

canals (4421) , lower conifer zone of Calif. (4998) Sediment diffusion (3738) Sediment, fluvial distribution, radioactive wastes (5076), Sediment measurement

rangeland watersheds (4310) , watersheds (5207) Sediment movement nearshore (4077) Sediment particles, movement (4625) Sediment particles velocities (4064) Sediment, removal muddy playa lake water (5214) Sediment, suspended Washita River Basin, Okla . (4340) , Sediment transport (3675) , Sediment transport (3871) , Sediment transport (50341 Sediment transport (5165) Sediment transport artificial channels (2950) Lake Maracalbo channel (5119) natural channels (2950) natural streams (3671) permeable bed (4574) research (4654) Sediment transportation (4076) , Sediment transportation

bed load, wave action, effect (1823)..., coarse material (4822) density currents (307; low rates (4075) , measurement (194) suspended load, measurement (194) , Sedimentation (307) ,

Sedimentation (4190) 63 125 Sedimentation

75 arid regions (4404) 175 36 research (4322) 114

202 reservoirs (552) 32

67 reservoirs (785) 194 84 reservoirs (4321)..' 114

44 semiarid regions (4404) 175

119 So. Saskatchewan Reservoir (4548) 200 119 velocity of particles (2583) 57 101 waves (2660) 145 119 Sedimentation basins (3541) 93 Sedimentation basins

31 flow stability (4669) 59 40 Sedimentation studies

41 Sabetha Lake watershed (4304) 108 194 Sediments, cohesive

102 entralnment (4655) 51 Seepage

119 canal linings (1859) 31 119 channels (4708) 76 rangeland stockponds (4824) 109 122 reservoirs (4708) 76 soil sediments (1859) 31 116 streams (3428) 42 102 Servomechanlsms (3436) 44 116 Servomechanism underwater missile (4678) 64 120 Sewer drop shaft

29 flow characteristics (5257) 204 Sewer outfalls

52 ocean (3678) 12 Sewerage systems

27 design criteria (3438) 44 Ships

2 bending moments (3516) 77 85 design (2472) 185

24 forces (2091) 41 forces, on bodies (2229) 184

27 forms (5065) 82

51 high speeds (5065) 82

51 hull (5056) 81 154 hull characteristics (5203) 98 161 hull form design (4426) 186

117 hull form research (2729) 185 105 hulls (3685) 15

73 hydrodynamic characteristics (4972) 16 114 hydrofoil supported (4812) 187 mathematical lines (1783) 183

174 model testing facility (3292) 186 motion (2091) 41 84 motion (2154) (2155) 76 motion (3686) 15 180 motion (4083) 15 136 motion (4816) 187 42 resistance (3026) 14 seaworthiness (2230) 184

177 slamming (1786) 184 slamming (3685) 15 108 stability (1907) 74 110 stability (4220) 78 stabilization tanks (4702) 74 13 vibration (2019) 184

2 vibratory pressures (4713) 80 wave induced oscillations (5014) 7 203 wave resistance (4084) 15 wave resistance (4971) 16 122 wave resistance (5055) 80 wave resistance (5056) 81 118 wave resistance (5202) 98 12 wave tests (1907) 74 112 Ships, hull

92 wave-resistance reduction (5063) 82

24 Ships

motion, investigation of (5064) 82

171 propellers, contra-rotating (2471) 185

52 slamming, hydrodynamics of (3826) 74 171 Shore processes (2192) 144

6 Shore protection

28 methods, techniques (2193) 144

51 structures (4477) 27

7 Silting

harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364). 203

11 reservoirs

106 Illinois (552) 32

48 Tennessee Valley (785) 194

7 terraces (5212) 122

73 siphons

73 pumping plants (1475) 150

48 sluice gates, cavitation (79) 41

212
Sluice gates

Lockport (3425) 37 Sluiceways

damsClalreville (4511) 198 Yellowtail (4956) 182 design (4723) 90 Slurries coal-water (4436) 178 Snow surveys (3895) 141 Snow surveys (4834) Ill Snow surveys accumulation (4837) Ill Colorado (55) 18 melts (4837) Ill runoff forecasting (55) 18 Snow water content measurement (3416) 31 Snowmelt characteristics western white pine forest (4993) 131 Soil moisture

conservation (3979) 175 effect denudation (23) 9 effect timber cutting (377) 138 forest Influences (380) 141 forest influences (657) 139 movement (3079) 40 movement (4619) 1 sediment production (5221) 128 semlarld rangeland hydrology (5221) 128 semldesert vegetation (657) 139 Soil moisture level effect on evapotranspiration (4845) 121 plant growth (4328) 115 water use (4328) 115 Soil moisture regimes

unglaclated Allegheny Plateau (4269) 100 Soil moisture study (4752) 130 Soilsunsaturated flow characteristics (5220).... 128 Spheres accelerated motion (3432) 42 Spillways

calibration, Rock Island Dam (4721) 90 dams (5068) 148 dams (5070) 148 dams (5113) 91 damsAmistad (4398) 159 Angat (4694) 72 Blue Mesa (4416) 180 Chief Joseph (3065) 46 Flaming Gorge (2960) 178 Fort Randall Dam (5250) 166 Glen Canyon (2719) 178 Joes Valley (4808) 181 Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 71 Morrow Point (4807) 181 Oroville (4948) 182 Peters (2151) 75 Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 153 San Luis (4799) 181 Shelbyville (4594) 160 Sultan No. 1 (4244) 90 Wells (3534) 89 Whiskeytown (4419) 180 Yellowtail (3989) 179 Yellowtail (4956) 182 drop design (1865) 33 Dwarshak (5070) 148 free surface flow (4707) 76 Green Peter Dam (4380) 147 Karnafuli (4697) 72 Little Goose, Snake River (5068) 148 Mossyrock (5113) 91 Proctor Reservoir (4384) 158 weir type (1298) 203 Spur dikes design criteria (3086) 46 design criteria (4645) 47 Stilling basins

dams, San Luis (4800) 181 dimensions (2959) 178 erosion below (1987) 150 performance, Navajo Main Canal (4950) 182 Stratified flow (4561) 7 Stratified flow mechanics of (307) 48 Stratified fluids

flow (4252) 94

Stream gaging Tennessee Valley (769) 194 Streambeds, salmon-producing

effects logs (4995) 134 Streamf low effect of phreatophyte (5159) 5 Streamflow, low flows duration (3420) 34 frequency (3420) 34 Streamflow data Idaho (5167) 32 Streamflow forecasts (1744) (1745) 167 Streamflow predictions (4313) m Stream flow studies mass (4915) 55 Streams bed material (4730) 92 channel hydraulics (4285) 103 discharge records (2695) 170 effects logging (3535) 92 flood routing (4285) 103 glacier-fed (3954) 172 stage discharge, Iowa (67) 41 Structures conservation (1723) 99 conservation (2789) 36 conservation (4335) 118 drainage (2789) 36 energy dissapating (5146) 10 farm irrigation (5130) 88 flood control (3918) 157 flood control, design of (5012) 170 water control (3918) 157 Structures, drop

Gering Valley, Nebr. (3915) 156 Surface water

storage, farms (4841) 116

supply, farms (4841) 116 Surge studies

San Luis forebay canal (4955) 182 Surges (4472) 204 Surge s dry bed (5143) 10 Tidal flow bays (4701) 74 estuaries (4701) 74 harbors (4701) 74 Tidesatmospheric (4501) 73 estuary (4527) 201 Narragansett Bay (2680) 151 oceanic (4501) 73 storm prediction (2438) 168 Transition

laminar and turbulent (5098) 17 supercritical velocities (2386) 70 Transpiration retardation (3732) 35 Transport processes

atmosphere (5160) 124 Tubes (3689) 16 Tubes, vertical condensation (5151) 30 Tunnel boundaries

effect on measured forces (4181) 64 Tunnels

dam diversion (4412) 179 water air content (2603) 70 Turbines

discharge measurements (4441) 192 fish passage (4904) 197 vibration studies (5005) 193 Turbulence, controlled (5169) 32 Turbulence

decay (2792) 42 high level (4098) 20 mechanism (2536) 39 mechanism of (2840) 67 mechanism of (4582) 29 rough surfaces (3427) 39 structure (4582) 29 structure of (4606) 22 transverse roughness (4940) 31 water measurements (3486) 63 Turbulence entrainment (3670) 6 Turbulence, generation

pulsating viscous flow (3780) 56 Turbulence intensity, measurement of (4656) 55 Turbulence levels measurement of (3539) 93

213
Turbulence measurement

apparatus (73) 41 Turbulence measurements

liquids (5112) 68 wake of a body (4974) 43 Turbulent boundary layers

computation method (4872) 190 rough surfaces (4809) 186 sound radiation (5190) 96 Turbulent flow (5189) 83 Turbulent flow annular tubes (4686) 68 liquids (4095) 16 rectangular channels (4687) 68 Turbulent flow transition (5196) 97 Turbulent liquids

gas absorpsion mechanism (4988) 59 Turbulent structure generated wake separating boundary

layers (5111) 67 Turbulent transfer mechanics (4649) 50 Turbulent weights (4160) 50 Unsteady flow (4180) 63 Velocity distribution

bend losses (5023) 95 effect roughness (3539) 93 Velocity measurement (3074) 42 Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (73) 41 hot-wire (73) 41 Velocity profile turbulent flow (5073) 176 Virtual mass (3782) 57 Virtual mass (5097) 17 Virtual mass partly submerged bodies (4170).. 57 Vortex, drain-hole formation (4945) 46 Vortex formation (3776) 56 Vortex motion (4579) 28 Vortex motion

wake flows (4668) 59 Vortex shedding (2802) 49 Vortex stretching (4579) 28 Vortices

outlet works (5187) 73 standing (3766) 54 Water

structure of (4569) 14 Water conservation (3057) 31 Water conservation facilities

designs (4356) 120 Water conservation practices (4274) 100 Water conservation practices (4846; 121 Water consumption

residential (3437) 44 Water, consumptive use

Idaho (4535) 32 irrigated crops (2177) 123 vegetation (3560) 124 Water control

southern Piedmont (4331) 116 Water control facilities, design (1723) 99 Water discharge measurements

chemical traces (5219) 127 Water distribution systems (4538) 37 Water entry

high velocity (4867) 189 Water exit body forces (5035) 8 elipsoidal bodies (4002) 189 Water flow tests

high pressure (4001) 189 Water hammer (4858) 55 Water hammer (4860) 55 Water hammer (4861) 55 Water hammer (4862) 56 Water Intake and distribution

Pullman silty clay loam (5213) 122 Water loss brushland soils (5000) 137 Water management

hydrologic principles (4782) 176 subsoil (3563) 129 Water measurement

irrigation (23) 9 northwestern range watersheds (4312) Ill rangeland watersheds (4310) 108 stream flow (67) 41 Water movement, flow laws (4679) 66

Water movement

recharge installations (4592) 40 Water requirements marshlands (3530) 86 Water resources engineering (4572) 17 Water resources planning (5115) 51 Water resources problems

Latin America (5116) 51 Water resources system (4543) 38 Water storage brushland soils (5000) 137 Water, surface characteristics (3059) 34 diversions (4838) 112 return flow (4838) 112 Water table falling (4832) 110 Water tunnel design (5180) 62 isotropic-turbulence (4580) 28 Water use, industrial (3734) 35 Water utilization (769) 194 Watershed hydraulics (4906j 38 Watersheds precipitation characteristics (4265) 99 Watershed management Arizona (657) 139 Arkansas (3225) 143 Baltimore, Md. (3567) 133 Continental Divide (377) 138 Hawaii (5001) 138 Laramie, Wyo. (3569j 140 Michigan (3890) 132 Newark, N. J. (3568) 133 New Mexico (1969) 140 Northern Minn. (3887) 131 Oregon (4758) 134 Pennsylvania (2910) 133 research (2658) 140 snowpack research (4996) 135 Southeastern United States (380 ) 141 Southwestern United States (4999) 137 Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 131 strip mined lands (4753) 130 Syracuse University (4756) 133 Tallahatchee Research Center (2914) 143 Watershed management research

Fort Collins, Colorado (3896) 144 Watershed studies Blacklands of Texas (4349) 119 Blacklands of Texas (4351 ) 120 central Florida (4329) 115 effects logging (2654) 133 forest influences (377) 138 forest influences (380) 141 forest influences (1188) 132 hydrologic cycle (2162) 83 ideal flow field (5157) 5 Illinois (552) 36 Illinois (657) 139 Illinois (2316) 36 management (4319) 113 mean annual water yields, Utah (4236) 87 Medicine Creek (4302) 108 North Fork Citico Creek (4011) 194 Oklahoma (2365) 61 Parker Branch (3307) 194 Pine Tree (3309) 194 prediction method (4287) 104 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 40 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 41 Red Prairie of Okla. (4339) 118 Reynolds Creek (4314) Ill runoff yields (4364) 126 sediment movement (4365) 126 sediment production (4913) 40 sediment yields (4364) 126 semiarid Arizona (4362) 126 New Mexico (4362) 126 Sleepers river (4288) 104 Sleepers river (4289) 104 southern Florida (4329) 115 surface runoff (4913) 40 Tennessee River Valley (768) 194 Tennessee River Valley (780 ) 194 tracer techniques (4324) 114 turbulence structure (41]0) 22 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4266) 99 unglaclated Alleghey Plateau (4267) 99

214
Watershed studies Upper Bear Creek (4884) 195 Virginia (4291) 104

W. Va. Appalachian Valleys and

Ridges (4292) 104 White Hollow (3308) 194 White Mountains. N. H. (2419) 133 Wisconsin (4264) 99 Yazoo River, Miss. (3869) 112 Watersheds

rainfall-runoff (4907) 38 Wave action

beaches (181) 143 beaches (660) 143 beaches 11609) 48 beaches (1631) 74 breakwaters, rubble-mound (999) 149 East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) 153 erosion, beaches (4762) 145 Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903) 154 Wave barriers (4650) 51 Wave characteristics

shoaling water (4990) 85 Wave forces harbors (3444) 49 inlets (3444) 49 moored objects (3750) 50 Wave overtopping Galveston Sea Wall (5081) 146 Wave propagation

turbulent liquid (4891) 167 Wave run-up

smooth and rough slopes (5255) 200 Wave setup beaches (3228) 145 Wave studies (3120) 58 Waves

attenuation studies (4502) 73 energy dissipation (5032) 60 forces, submerged structures (4728) 91 gravity (4866) 83 interaction problems (5104) 17 interfacial (5044) 91 internal (4400) 167 littoral drift (4898) 28 progressive (4566) 13 reflected (4639) 24 run-up, shore structures (2661) 145

short crested (4128) 27 tsunami (4651) 51 ultrasonic (3528) 86

Waves, gravity

effect on structures (4905) 38 reflections (4644) 47 wind generated (4738) 95 Waves, low steepness reflection (5010) 74 runup (5010) 74 Waves, ocean

internal (4500) 73 Waves, regular

deformation of (5066) 82 Waves, shallow water

energy losses (4229) 79 height prediction (5079) 146 Waves, solitary

breakup (4545) 200 Waves, surface characteristics, observed (660) 143 gages (977) 144 generation (4) 74 generation (1478) 166 interaction of floating elastic bodies (4924) 200 Waves, wind generated

forces (4911) 39 mechanisms (4917) 76 motions (4911) 39 Weirs

basic research (149) 93 tailrace, effects on turbine efficiency (5087) 196 Weirs, adjustable, discharge capacity (3611).. 179 Weirs, sharp-crested, flow (4088) 9 Wellsconstruction (2576) 56 shallow (4842) 117 stilling (4794) 180 unsteady flow (4857) 9 Wind action, pre-existing waves (5252) 167 Wind patterns (4609) 23 Wind setup, lakes (5254) 200 Wind tunnel tests aerodynamic downwash of gases (5256) 204 Wind, velocity (4102) 21 Wind waves

canals (2953) 178 diffraction (4934) 14 generation (4607) 23 refraction (4934) 14 research (4607) 23 Windflow, storm, California (4768) 170

215 « U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1964 O - 735-038
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Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1962 and 1963. Project reports cover work done at 86 private or State laboratories in the United States, 32 Federal

laboratories, and 12 Canadian laboratories. These publications outline

individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field.

Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 245, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1962, 196 pages. Price: $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 249, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1963,

210 pages. Price: $1.00.