Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks From 

Western Pacific Islands; 

Gastropods (Eratoidae 

Through Harpidae)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533
Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks From 

Western Pacific Islands; 

Gastropods (Eratoidae 

Through Harpidae)

By HARRY S. LADD

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533

Descriptions or citations of 195 representatives of 

21 gastropod families from 7 island groups

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1977
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

V. E. McKelvey, Director

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Ladd, Harry Stephen, 1899-

Cenozoic fossil mollusks from western Pacific islands.

(Geological Survey professional paper ; 533)

Bibliography: p.

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:533

1. Gastropoda, Fossil. 2. Paleontology Cenozoic. 3. Paleontology Islands of the Pacific. I. Title. II. Series:

United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 533. 

QE75.P9 no. 533 [QE808] 557.3'08s [564'.3'091646] 75-619274

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, D.C. 20402 

Stock Number 024-001-02975-8
CONTENTS

Abstract _ _ _ _ ___ _ _

Introduction ____ _ _ __

Stratigraphy and correlation _ _ _

Fiji _ __ __ __ _____ __ ____ __ _

New Hebrides

(1966, 1972)

"P1 ?} TYllllPQ. f^nVAVpH 1TI i"VlP nVPdPTTJ" TIJ3TIPT*

Eratoidae

Cypraeidae

A+layi^lHail

"^Jsii'lf lHsi<X

Page 

1

1

1

q

6

6

6

7

14

14

14

14

17

17

18

25

9fi

97

31

Paleontology Continued

Systematic paleontology Continued

Families covered in the present paper Continued

Cymatiidae 

Tonnidae __ _______

Ficidae _ - _ _ _ _ ___

Thaididae __ _ _ _ _ _

Columbellidae -

Buccinidae _ - -

Nassariidae _ -

Fasciolariidae _

Harpidae _

Localities _ _ _ _

ILLUSTRATIONS

	[Plates follow index]

PLATE 1. Neritidae, Cerithiidae, Xenophoridae, Eratoidae, and Cypraeidae.

2-5. Cypraeidae.

6. Cypraeidae, Ovulidae, and Atlantidae.

7. Atlantidae and Naticidae.

8,9. Naticidae.

10. Cassidae.

11. Cassidae and Cymatiidae.

12. Cymatiidae, Bursidae, and Tonnidae.

13. Ficidae, Muricidae, and Cymatiidae.

14. Muricidae, Thaididae, and Magilidae.

15. Magilidae and Columbellidae.

16. Columbellidae and Buccinidae.

17. Buccinidae, Melongenidae, Nassariidae, and Thaididae.

18. Nassariidae, Fasciolariidae, and Olividae.

19. Olividae and Mitridae.

20. Mitridae.

21. Mitridae, Harpidae, Buccinidae, Cerithiidae, Nassariidae, and

	Xenophoridae.

221. Xenophoridae and Cyclophoridae.

23. Cypraeidae.

Page

33

35

36

37

37

39

41

44

49

51

51

55

58

59

67

68

73

77

m
IV CONTENTS

FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of island groups _. 

2-6. Maps showing fossil localities on 

2. Guam, Mariana Islands ____________.

3. Saipan, Mariana Islands ____________

4. Santo, New Hebrides ________ __ __.

5. Viti Levu and adjoining islands, Fiji __.

6. Vanua Levu and adjoining islands, Fiji

TABLES

Page

69

70

71

72

72

TABLE 1. Correlation chart of Cenozoic units in the island area _____ ____

2. Distribution of species in families ___________________ _______

3. Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the 

island area _________________ __ ___________ ______

4. Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area

Page

4

7

8

11
CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; 

GASTROPODS (ERATOIDAE THROUGH HARPIDAE)

By HARRY S. LADD

ABSTRACT

Descriptions and citations of Cenozoic fossil mollusks from 

seven island groups in the western Pacific, started in U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Papers 531 and 532, are continued in the present report, which deals with 195 species 

and subspecies. These include representatives of 21 gastropod 

families Eratoidae through Harpidae additions to three 

families previously covered, and a representative of one family 

(Cyclophoridae) not previously treated. One new genus, 

Nawenia in the Buccinidae, and 25 new species and 2 new subspecies are described. More than half the new forms were 

found in Fiji, the rest in the Marshall Islands and Palau. 

Most of the new forms occur in upper Miocene or Pliocene 

sediments.

Most of the mollusks described appear to be reef associated. 

Many are from lagoonal beds, but the most diversified fossil 

assemblage yet collected in Fiji was obtained from Pliocene 

marls that accumulated on an offshore shelf at moderate 

depths. An even richer assemblage of mollusks has recently 

been found in shallow-water Pleistocene marls on the island 

of Santo in the New Hebrides.

The mollusks are clearly Indo-Pacific in general aspect 

and are most closely related to fossil and living forms from 

tropical Indonesia and northern Australia.

INTRODUCTION

The descriptions of Cenozoic fossil mollusks from 

seven island groups in the western Pacific started by 

Ladd (1966, 1972) are continued in the present report. The island groups form a broad and somewhat 

irregular belt spreading 4,000 miles across the tropical Pacific from the Marianas and Palau on the 

northwest to Fiji and Tonga on the southeast (fig. 

1). In the present report, 195 species and subspecies 

representing 21 families of gastropods (Eratoidae 

through Harpidae) are described or recorded along 

with additions to 3 families previously covered and 

a representative of one family (Cyclophoridae) not 

previously reported. The fossils treated range in age 

from late Eocene to Holocene.

The following references, containing identifications of fossil mollusks, supplement those listed on

pages 3-5 of Ladd (1966) and page 1 of Ladd 

(1972).

1967 Warden, A. J., The geology of the central 

islands: New Hebrides Condominium Geol. 

Survey Kept. 5, 108 p. Includes (p. 23) the 

names of a dozen gastropods identified by 

Hedley (1905) from beds below the massive limestone at the Foreland on island of 

Epi; one pelecypod from the overlying reef 

is cited.

1968 Band, R. B., The geology of southern Viti 

Levu and Mbengga: Fiji Geol. Survey 

Dept. Bull. 15, 49 p. Includes (p. 22) the 

names of three pelecypods from the Lami 

Limestone determined by H. S. Ladd.

1971 Colley, H., and Ash, R. P., The geology of 

Erromango: New Hebrides Condominium 

Geol. Survey Regional Rept., 112 p. Includes (p. 49) the names of 28 mollusks 

identified by Abrard (1946) in assigning a 

Quaternary age to limestones from Erromango.

1972 Richards, H. G., Quaternary mollusks from 

Fiji: Nautilus, v. 86, p. 81-82. Includes the 

names of 21 mollusks collected from northwestern Viti Levu.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to Dr. Derek Green, Director of 

Mineral Developments, Fiji, for assistance in a continuation of my paleontological studies. Under his 

direction, I have received samples containing fossil 

mollusks from several members of the geological 

staff: Peter Rodda, Senior Geologist, who collected 

in several parts of Viti Levu and on smaller islands 

to the west and northwest; F. I. E. Coulson, who 

found fossils on several supposedly all-volcanic 

islands in Lomaiviti, who made additional collections 

in Lau and who accompanied me to Tonga where we
CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

FIGURE 1. Location of island groups from which fossil mollusks have been obtained. Dashed line marks structural boundary 

of Pacific basin (andesite line). Islands shown include the surrounding reefs.

collected Eocene mollusks. William Hindle and P. G. 

Woodrow made additional collections from Vanua 

Levu and from nearby islands; Andrew Strasfogel, 

Peace Corps Volunteer Geologist with the Fiji Survey, submitted fossiliferous drill cores from Viti

Levu and collected many fossil mollusks on both Viti 

Levu and Vanua Levu. I am also indebted to Dr. 

Horace G. Richards of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, who loaned fossils that he and 

his associates collected in Fiji. Dr. C. P. Nuttall of
STRATIGRAPHY AJ D CORRELATION

the British Museum (Natural History) loaned fossils collected some years ago by Ronald Bartholomew 

of the Fiji Geological Survey.

Dr. D. I. J. Mallick, Senior Geologist of the New 

Hebrides Condominium Geological Survey, and Mr. 

K. A. Liggett, of the same organization, submitted 

collections of fossils from several islands in the New 

Hebrides.

Warren Blow of the U.S. Geological Survey aided 

in the preparation of much of the material. A few of 

the photographs were made by W. M. Briggs, Jr., 

while a member of the U.S. Geological Survey. All 

the remaining pictures were taken by Robert M. 

McKinney of the Geological Survey, and several of 

the photographs have been retouched by Eleanor 

Stromberg of the Survey.

I am indebted to Drs. H. A. Render and J. P. E. 

Morrison of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Druid Wilson of the 

Geological Survey; Walter 0. Cernohorsky of the 

Auckland Institute and Museum, New Zealand; Dr. 

Robert Robertson of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and Dr. Winston Ponder of 

the Australian Museum for discussions involving the 

identification of certain fossils. The manuscript has 

benefited from technical reviews by Dr. R. Tucker 

Abbott of the Delaware Museum of Natural History 

and Dr. Peter Jung of Naturhistorisches Museum, 

Basel.

STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION

The geological mapping programs being carried 

out by the Surveys of Fiji and the New Hebrides that 

were mentioned in Ladd (1972, p. 3) are continuing. 

In Fiji, the mapping has been completed, except on 

some of the smaller islands. Latest published stratigraphic units in the two island groups are given in 

table 1.

In other parts of the island area, geologic work on 

land has been largely restricted to Tonga. Studies 

dealing primarily with igneous rocks have been carried on by Bryan, Stice, and Ewart (1972) and 

Ewart and Bryan (1972). Studies of the fossiliferous limestones of Eua continue to appear, the fifth 

and sixth chapters being reports on the bryozoans by 

Cheetham (1972) and on the brachiopods by Cooper 

(1971). A paper on the geologic setting of the deposits by Stearns was published in 1971. During that 

same year, a consortium of oil companies drilled two 

deep holes on the nearby island of Tongatapu. According to Durkee (1972, p. 1854; 1973, p. 2116), 

both wells went to about 5,500 feet. They penetrated 

Pleistocene to lower Miocene limestone and argillaceous volcanoclastic rocks but did not reach the 

Eocene limestone.

During recent years, the surface of the entire 

earth has been studied in the light of plate tectonics, 

and the island area, as defined in the present report, 

has been the subject of much interesting speculation. 

This area includes the island arcs that play an important part in all theories involving mountain building, continental drift, and sea-floor spreading. The 

several deeps (trenches) that form parts of the 

island area have been mapped, some have been sampled, and drill holes have been put down in the deep 

waters near the trenches and between the various 

groups of islands.

In 1969, during the course of Leg 6 of the cruises 

of the drilling ship Glomar Challenger (California 

Univ., Scripps Inst. Oceanography, 1971), four holes 

(nos. 55-58) were drilled on the Caroline Ridge between Palau and the Marshall Islands in water ranging in depth from 2,500 to 4,500 m. Drilled sections 

were from 130 to more than 560 m, mostly in oozes 

and chalks of late Oligocene and early Miocene age, 

resting, in some places at least, on basalt. A hole (no. 

59) drilled in the abyssal floor just east of the Mariana Trench in 4,555 m of water passed through a 

total of more than 1,100 m of Neogene, Eocene, and 

Paleocene clay and bottomed in Cretaceous clay and 

lithified ash. A hole (no. 60) on the west wall of the 

Mariana Trench in 3,717 m of water passed through 

nearly 350 m of lower Miocene volcanic ash, part of 

a thick apron of pyroclastic materials extending 

eastward from Guam.

On Leg 20 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (California Univ., Scripps Inst. Oceanography, 1973a), a 

deep hole was put down on the margin of the Caroline Abyssal Plain in 6,090 m of water, finding Mesozoic chalk but not reaching basement. Three other 

holes drilled on Ita Matai Guyot in the same area in 

water depths of 1,400-1,500 m found more than 

100 m of foraminiferal beds underlain by oolitic 

limestone and coral debris extending back to the 

early Eocene.

Latest deep sea drilling in the island area was carried out in 1971 on Leg 21 in the Fiji-Tonga area 

(California Univ., Scripps Inst. Oceanography, 

1973b). On this cruise, one hole was drilled in the 

Lau Basin (site 203), one in the South Fiji Basin 

(site 205), and one east of the Tonga Trench (site 

204). The Lau Basin hole was drilled in waters 

2,720 m deep to a depth of 409 m through nannofossil ooze, clay, and volcanic sand ranging in age 

from Pliocene to Holocene. The South Fiji Basin 

hole in 4,320 m of water ended in basaltic pillow lava
CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

TABLE 1. Correlation chart of

PERIOD

QUATERNARY

LATE 

TERTIARY

EARLY 

TERTIARY

EPOCH

Holocene

Pleistocene

Pliocene

Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

2 

3

>

«

Ld

0)

TO

_>

l_

<a 

u

25(5° 

(- W(-

1- < < U _J O

- O iz

h

g

f

e

d

c

b

a

MARSHALL

ENIWETOK

>t-

* %

0) 9)

complex, chi Reef and forer lagoonal 

?

Reef complex

BIKINI

>>

«

c 

o en

0) 0) §*

?i

E

o 0

 DO

0) 

0)

a:

? 

?

?

Globigerina 

ooze^/

ELLICE

FUNAFUTI

Reef 

limestone

?

PALAU 

SAIPAN

Beach deposits Raised

beaches

Lesion, J««« Limestone

 Mariana

Limestone ?

Terrace 

[ deposits Palau r" --?---- - 

Limestone

>^iral clay 

\and lignite

Fina-sisu Formation _,

Tagpbchau 

Limestone

Ngeremiengui 

Formation

i f f Matansa LimestcxK

AilTIPlik Densinyama Formatio

Cm-matinn sHa«man Formatior

Babelthuap 

 Formation 

MARIANA

TINIAN GUAM

Raised-beach 

sand and Beach 

gravel deposits

Mariana Mariana 

Limestone Limestone

?

Alifan '

Janum 

Formation 

Barrigada 

Limestone

Bonya 

Limestone

_ Tagpochau Umatac

Limestone Formation

Alutom

- rocks

-i/ Occurrence on Sylvania Guyot adjoining Bikini (Hamilton and Rex. 1959) 

U Robinson (1969).

-I/ Reported as Burdigalian lower Pliocene.

±1 Mitchell (1971).

_i/This is a generalized section from Rodda's

map of 1967. In this and other reports

(Phillips, 1965, 1966, Rodda and Band, 1967. Band, 1968)

the Geological Survey of Fiji recognizes volcanic

groups, sedimentary groups, and undiffefentiated

units that cannot, at present, be accurately

integrated. 

_§-/ Generalized section based on I b bo t son (1969),

Rickard (1970) and Coulson (1971).

after passing through 335 m composed mainly of 

abyssal nannofossil ooze of late Oligocene, Miocene, 

and early Pliocene age. The hole east of the Tonga 

Trench in waters 5,354 m deep penetrated 160 m of 

clay and volcanogenic sediments ranging in age from 

late Oligocene to Quaternary. The lowest samples 

contained reworked fossils of Cretaceous age.

The deep-sea drilling to date seems to fit well with 

the regional pattern of basement ages set forth in 

1970 by Fischer and others. Additional drilling will 

tie known sections more closely together, especially 

now that chert and other resistant types of sediments 

can be cored. Some thought is being given to the 

drilling of deep holes at sites in existing lagoons. 

Such holes would recover fossil mollusks of great 

interest to the present study.

The occurrence of lower Eocene (Tertiary a) 

phosphatized Globigerina ooze from Sylvania Guyot 

in the Marshall Islands and the widespread occurrence in the island area of limestones of late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) age have been noted earlier (Ladd, 

1966, p. 7-8). The Eocene limestone drilled beneath 

Eniwetok yielded only one identifiable mollusk, a 

species of Tiirritella related to a living species that 

also has been reported from the upper Tertiary of 

Indonesia (Ladd, 1972, p. 14). A varied assemblage 

of mollusks was recovered from the base of the 

Eocene limestone of Eua, Tonga. It was recognized 

that a few of the shells were shallow-water types, 

but they were worn and were thought to have been 

carried in (Ladd, 1970, C1-C2). Reviewers of Ladd 

(1970) noted the absence of a characteristic "Eocene
Cenozoic units in the island area

STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION

NEW HEBRIDES

a

UJ

4s is

Pleisto cene

Pliocene

V

§ 

o

i

ej

North Santo-i/

Alluvium, etc.

Papatai Limestone

Tawoli Calcilutite 

Tawoli Calcarenite -^ 

Wounpouko Calcarenite Li/

Pailapa Graywacke 

llava Volcanics 

Peteao Graywacke 

Oil nay Subgraywacke 

Pelapa Graywacke 

Mamasa Volcanics 

Pelowou Limestone 

Peteao Limestone

Basement 

complex

Northern 

Malekula-i/

Alluvium, etc.

Tenmaru 

Limestone

Malua Formation

Port Sandwich Formation 

Andesite, etc. 

Minor intrusive rocks 

Lambubu Breccia 

Matanui Group

Red mudstone 

formation

FIJI

I

^u 

o

0

and sne

tocene

o .2 

o w

Pliocene Miocene and 

and sne 

ocene

UJ

e -i

01

VITI LEVU^

Group

Alluvium

Thuvu

Verata

Mba

Koroimavua

Navosa

Nandi

Mendrausuthu

Ra

Savura

Singatoka

Wainimala

Intrusive 

rocks

Younger 

intrusive rocks

Tholo 

Plutonics

LAU

Mango 

Odinite

Fulanga 

Limestone

Ndalithoni 

Limestone

Koro Mbasanga 

Volcanics

Futuna 

Limestone

Volcanics

VANUA 

LEVU ^

Alluvium and 

other deposits

Mbua Group 

Monkey Face 

Group

Tuatua Limestone 

Undu Group

?

Natewa 

Group

7

TONGA

Reef

limestone

Reef

limestone

Reef

limestone

Tuff

Limestone and 

tuffaceous 

limestone

i

look" and speculated that the assemblage might include Miocene or other post-Eocene shells carried 

seaward to mingle with still unburied late Eocene 

Foraminifera and other fossils. W. P. Woodring suggested that the possibility be tested by examining the 

filling of some minute shallow-water shell to see 

what sort of nannoplankton might be contained in it. 

None of the available mollusk shells were suitable 

for this purpose, so five specimens of a small shallowwater brachiopod, Argyrotheca anomala Cooper 

(1971, p. F5), were selected for study. These were 

sent to M. N. Bramlette who asked David Bukry of 

the U.S. Geological Survey to check their contents 

for calcareous nannofossils. Bukry (written commun. 1972) reported as follows:

A probable early Oligocene or possibly latest Eocene age is 

indicated for the rare nannofossil assemblage recovered by 

the occurrence of 2 species which become extinct in the early 

Oligocene ( + ). An hour of microscope scanning yielded the 

following species and numbers of specimens:

tBramletteuis serraculoides Gartner _____________ 1

Coccolithus eopelagicus (Bramlette and Riedel)____ 3

C. pelagicus (Wallich) _________________________ 10

Cyclicargolithus floridanus (Roth and Hay) ______ 59

( + ) Cyclococcolithina formosa (Kamptner) ___________ 2

Dictyococcites bisectus (Hay, Mohler, and Wade)__ 5 

D. scrippsae Bukry and Percival _ _ _____________ 12

Micrantholithus aeqiialis Sullivan __ ________ 2

Retictilofenestra sp _______________________ _ - 2

* Sphenolithus sp __ ___ __ ___ ___ _________ __ 2

(*) One of the specimens resembles a late variety of 

late Oligocene <S. distentus * * *
CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

The above determinations indicate clearly that the 

Eocene assemblage, though it contains a mixture of 

shallow- and deep-water forms, is not a mixture of 

young and old forms. Cheetham (1972), who studied 

cheilostome Bryozoa from the same deposit, also reported a mixture of shallow and deep-water species.

PALEONTOLOGY

The distribution of the 195 species in the 21 families of gastropods covered in the present paper is 

shown graphically in table 2. The faunas are mostly 

reef associated, and it is not surprising to see that 

the mitrids and the cypraeids are most heavily represented and that the columbellids, naticids, and nassariids are next in abundance. The other 13 families 

are sparsely represented, two of them, the Ficidae 

and the Melongenidae, by only one species each. The 

cypraeids outnumber all others in numbers of specimens, many unidentifiable molds occurring with specifically identifiable material. A few species of the 

mitrids are represented in abundance, but nearly 

two-thirds of the species recorded are based on 

single specimens.

GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION 

OF SPECIES

The geographic distribution of the fossil species 

from the island area is shown in table 3. The greatest number was obtained from Fiji; Eniwetok was 

second and Guam, third.

The geologic distribution of the same species is 

shown in table 4. The numbers are greatest for the 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) and the Pliocene (Tertiary h). More than half of the fossil species are still 

living.

PALEOECOLOGY

FIJI

As mentioned in earlier chapters in the present 

series (Ladd, 1966, p. 11-15; 1972, p. 3,11), most of 

the fossil mollusks collected in the island area are 

reef associated. In the 1972 paper, a brief reference 

was made to the upper Tertiary marls of Vanua 

Levu that were thought to have been deposited in ! 

waters 300 to more than 600 feet deep. The beds in- j 

elude the highly fossiliferous sediments exposed near j 

Nasarowangga that were first collected by M. J. 

Rickard (station B 107) and later by Peter Ibbotson, W. H. Hindle, H. S. Ladd, and others (station 

817). The most productive exposure is in a roadcut 

west of Nasarowangga. It has yielded many types of

fossils, including the most abundant and diversified 

assemblage of mollusks yet collected in Fiji. Its age 

is now generally recognized as Pliocene (Tertiary 

h) , and additional evidence bearing on the environment can now be given.

A rich assemblage of planktonic Foraminifera and 

a restricted assemblage of nannoplankton were obtained from the marls. The nannoplankton, according to David Bukry of the U.S. Geological Survey 

(written commun., 1973), include no open-ocean 

forms such as Ceratolithus and Discoaster. However, 

present in the marls are planktonic mollusks such as 

Atlanta and the pteropod Cavolina. Among the benthonic mollusks are Phenacovolva nectarea Iredale, 

described from shells dredged at 9-12 fathoms, and 

Subcancilla abyssicola Schepman (1911, p. 26), 

dredged in Indonesia from depths of 247 and 411 m 

(810 and 1,350 ft). Solitary corals from the marls 

include many Carylophyllia (Acanthocyathus) spinosa Umbgrove. According to John W. Wells, who 

made the identification (written commun., 1969), 

the subgenus Acanthocyathus has a bathymetric 

range of 70 to 750 m (230 to 2,460 ft). William M. 

Briggs (written commun., 1965), while with the 

U.S. Geological Survey, recognized more than 40 

species of ostracodes, making up a normal marine 

assemblage that probably lived at depths no greater 

than 150 m (500 ft). John E. Fitch (written commun., 1973) examined a variety of otoliths recovered 

from the marls, recognizing several deep-water families of fishes (meso- and bathypelagic types).

All in all, the paleontological evidence seems to 

suggest accumulation on an offshore shelf at moderate depths rather than on a reef flat or in a shallow lagoon.

The occurrence of the coral-dwelling gastropod, 

Magilus antiquus Montfort, in the lower Miocene 

conglomerate of station 160, near Suva, Viti Levu, 

Fiji, is the only fossil occurrence known in the island 

area; elsewhere, the genus ranges into the Eocene. 

The single large shall from Fiji was found weathered 

free, but worn heads of reef corals, some bored by 

clams (Coralliophaga and Lithophaga) , occur in the 

same conglomerate (Ladd, 1934, p. 179-181).

A minute land snail, a cyclophorid referable to the 

genus Diancta, was recovered from the marine Pliocene beds at station C1142, northwest Viti Levu, 

Fiji. The occurrence is interesting, if not particularly significant. The genus is represented on Viti Levu 

today by several species, some living in the interior, 

others in the coastal areas, including small islands on
PALEONTOLOGY 

TABLE 2. Distribution of species in families

the reef. Apparently, Diancta was also present in 

Fiji in Pliocene time, and the small shells were 

washed into the sea. The occurrence is the first fossil 

record of the genus that lives today in the Mollucas 

as well as in Fiji.

NEW HEBRIDES

In 1973, during a search for road-surface materials on the island of Santo (formerly Espirtu Santo) 

in the New Hebrides, D. I. J. Mallick and David 

Greenbaum of the New Hebrides Geological Survey
8 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 3. Geographic distribiition of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area

______________________________SPecies_______________________________Palau Guam Saipan Jg^ Bikini FfUuT Hebrides Fiji Tonga

Additions to families covered in Ladd (1966, 1972)

Neritidae:

Pisulina adamsiana G. and H. Nevill ________________________ __ __ __ X

Cyclophoridae:

Diancta aff. D. macrostoma Mollendorff __________________ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ X

Cerithiidae:

Argyropezal suvaensis Ladd, n. sp ___________________________ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Cerithium aff. C. novaehollandiae A. Adams ___________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Xenophoridae:

Xenophora corrugata (Reeve) ___________________________ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ X

konai Habe _________________________________ __ __ __ _ __ __ X

calculifera (Reeve) ________________________________ __ _ __ __ __ _ X

Tugurium aff. T. exutum (Reeve) __________________ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ X

Families covered in this report

Eratoidae:

Erato hindlei Ladd, n. sp _____________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Trivia (Trivirostra) oryza (Lamarck) ________________ ______ X X __ X X

Cypraeidae:

Cypraea (Lima) Isabella Linnaeus _______________________ X __ X __ _ _ __ X

lekalekana Ladd ________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Mauritia) arabica Linnaeus ______________________ __ _ __ X _ __ X __ X

(Talparia) talpa Linnaeus ______________________ __ X

(Cypraea) cf. C. tigris Linnaeus ________________________ __ X

(Lyncina) lynx Linnaeus __________________________ __ X X _ __ X X

argus Linnaeus ______________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X __ X

carneola Linnaeus ________________________________ __ X __ __ __ X __ X

lakemba Ladd _______________________________ __ __ __ __. __ __ __ X

porteri Gate ________________________ __ __ _ _.. __ __ X

(Pustular ia) cicercula Linnaeus __________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

margarita Dillwyn _____________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

globuhis Linnaeus ______________________________ __ X

everwijni Martin _________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

childreni Gray ____________________________ X X X ______ X

(Monetaria) moneta Linnaeus ____________________ __ X X X _ X X

(Erosaria) erosa Linnaeus _____________________ __ X __ __ __ __ X

caputserpentis Linnaeus _______________________________ _ X __ __ __ __ X

labrolineata Gaskoin __________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

helvola Linnaeus __________________________________ ______ XX X __ X X

cf. C. miliaris Gmelin ________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

guttata Gmelin _________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Staphylaea) nucleus Linnaeus ____________________________ __ __ __ __ X __ X

(Erronea) errones Linnaeus _______________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

mbalavuensis Ladd ___________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

cylindrica Born _____________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Adusta) aff. C. kamai (Beets) __________________ __ __ __ X

(Cribraria) cribraria Linnaeus ______________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

sp __________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Ovulidae (Amphiperatidae) :

Pedicularia (Pediculariona) pacifica Pease _______________________ __ __ __ X

sp ________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Primovula rhodia (A. Adams) ____________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Phenacovolva nectarea Iredale __________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Atlantidae:

Atlanta peronii Lesueur ___________________________________ __ __ __ X __ __ X X

Oxygyrus levu Ladd, n. sp ______________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Naticidae:

Ampullina (Ampullinopsis) berauensis (Beets) ___________________ __ __ __ X

Globularia (Cernina) fijiensis Ladd ___________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Waluia) edwardsi Ladd ________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Pachycrommium stockwelli Ladd _____________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Pachycrommiumt pacificum Ladd ___________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Polinices (Polinices) mammilla (Linnaeus) _____________________ __ X __ X __ __ X X

(Polinices) cumingianus madioenensis Altena ____________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

cf. P. columnaris (Recluz) _______________________________ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ X

Mammilla melanostoma (Gmelin) _____________________________ __ __ X __ __ __ _ X

Pliconacca martini Ladd, n. sp _____________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ X

Neverita sp ___________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Sinum sp. A __________________________________________ __ __ __ X

Naticarius marochiensis (Gmelin) s. 1 __________________________ X X __ X X __ X X __

onea (Roding) ____________________________ __ X

Cassidae:

Bathygalea (Bathygalea) sp. A _____________________________ __ X

Cassis cf. C. cornuta Linnaeus ______________________ __ __ X __ _ __ _ X
PALEONTOLOGY

TABLE 3. Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area Continued

Species Palau Guam Saipan ^ 'k Bikini ^"f Hebrides Fiji Tonga

Cassidae: Continued

Phalium (Semicassis) bisulcatum (Schubert and Wagner) _________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X

(Semicassis) vavakuana (Ladd) ___________________________ __ __ __ __ __ -_ __ X

(Casmarial) sp _____________________________ __ X

Cymatiidae:

Gyrineum (Gyrineum) bituberculare (Lamarck) __________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Biplex perca Perry ________________ ______________________ __ __ __ __ __ _ XX

Cymatium (Lampusia) aquatile (Reeve) ________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Cymatriton) rickardi Ladd, n. sp ________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Septa) mbecula (Linnaeus) _____________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

gemmatum (Reeve) _______________________________ __ __ __ __ X

Distorsio (Distorsio) anus (Linnaeus) ________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Rhysema) pusilla Pease _____________________________ __ __ __ X

reticulata Roding ____________________________________ __ __ __ __ X X

Bursidae:

Bursa (Cohibrellina) nobilis (Reeve) _________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Cohibrellina) margaritula (Deshayes) _____________________ __ __ __ __ X X

Tonnidae:

Eudolium sp _____________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Quimalea pomum (Linnaeus) ________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ _- X

Tonna sulcosa (Born) _________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ -- -- X

Ficidae:

Ficus variegata Roding ______________________________________ __ __ __ _- __ -- -- X

Muricidae:

Murex (Murex) guppyi Ladd, n. sp ___-_-___-___--_---_--__--_-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- X

(Murex) nasongoensis Ladd _____________________________ __ __ _- -_ __ -- -- X _____

bantamensis coulsoni Ladd, n. subsp ____________________ __ __ __ X

cf. M. multispinosiis G. B. Sowerby __________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ _- X

Pterynotus sp _________________________________________________ __ __ __ X

Vitularia miliaris (Gmelin) _____________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Thaididae:

Drupa (Drupa) ricintis (Linnaeus) ____________________________ __ X

(Morula) granulata (Duclos) __________________________ __ __ __ __ X

(Crania) fiscella (Gmelin) _________________________________ X X

(Drupella) cf. D. monilifera (Pease) ________________________ __ __ __ X

Nassa serta (Bruguiere) ___________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Thais (Stramonita) sp ______________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Cymia) aff. T. carinifera (Lamarck) ______________________ __ __ X

Magilidae:

Coralliophila (CoraUiophila) sp ________________________________ __ __ __ X

(Pseudomurex) macneili Ladd, n. sp ________________________ __ __ __ X

bayeri Ladd, n. sp __________________________________ X

(Fusomurex) sp. A ______________________________________ t __ __ __ X

sp. B _____________________________________ "__ __ __ X

Latiaxis (Latimurex) inftata (Dunker) __________________________ __ __ __ X

(Latimurex) sp. A _____________________________________ __ __ __ __ X

Coralliobia (Quoyida) monodonta (Blainville) ___________________ __ __ __ X

Magilus antiquus Montfort _____________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Columbellidae:

Columbella pardalina Lamarck __________________________________ __ __ __ X __ __ __ X

Euplica turturina (Lamarck) ________________________________ __ X X

varians (Sowerby) ___________________________________ __ __ __ XX

aff. E. varians (Sowerby) _______________________________ __ __ __ X

Lavesopus eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp __________________________ __ __ __ X

Zafrona lifuana (Hervier) __________________________ __ _ __ X

Graphicomassa ligula (Duclos) ____________________________ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ X

sp ________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Anachis (Costoanachis) winradi Ladd, n. sp ____________________ X __ __ __ X

(Costoanachis) rewaensis Ladd, n. sp ______________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

lauensis Ladd, n. sp ________________________________ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Zafra) smithi (Angas) ______________________ __ __ __ X

Pyrene obtusa (Sowerby) ____________________________________ __ __ __ X

Mitrella sagitta (Gaskoin) ________________________________ __ _ _ XX

gonzabuensis MacNeil ____________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

oweni Ladd, n. sp _____________________________________ X

sp. A ______________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Zemitrella bikiniensis Ladd, n. sp _____________________________ __ __ __ _ X

Buccinidae: X

Siphonalia subspadicea MacNeil _____________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

aff. S. stearnsii Pilsbry _______________________ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ X

Searlesia hindlei Ladd, n. sp ________________________________ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ X

Euthria hoffmeisteri Ladd, n. sp . ____________________________ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ X

MetuJa (MetuJa) ibbotsoni Ladd, n. sp _________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Cantharus (Pallia!) sp ___________________________________ __ __ X

Nawenia bartholomewi Ladd, n. gen. and n. sp __________________ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ X
10 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 3. Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area Continued

Species Palau Guam Saipan ^'k Bikini FfUu"f' Hebrides Fiji Tonga

Melongenidae :

Pugilina (Mayeria) swartzi Ladd, n. sp ______ _ ______________ _ ___ __ __ __ X

Nassariidae :

Nassarius (Phrontis) tiarula (Kiener) _______ _ ___ _ _ __________ __ __ __ X

(Arcularius) leptospirus A. Adams _______ _ ____ _ _ _ _______ __ _ __ _ __ X

graniferus (Kiener) _____ _ ___ _ __________ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ X

eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp ________________ _ _______ _ ____ __ _ __ X

(Arcularius) 1 sp _______ _ ___ _ ____________ _ _______ _ __ _ _ __ X

(Uzita) verbeeki (Martin) _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ ____ _ __ __ X _ __ __ _ _ __ X

Nassarius (Uzita) mangkalihatensis Beets _________________ _ __ _ X

(Zeuxis) concinnus (Powys) ____ _ ____ _ ___ _ ____ _ ______ _ __ X

planicostata (A. Adams) ________________ _ _____________ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ X

vitiensis (Hombron and Jaquinot) ____ _ ________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Niotha) fijiensis (Ladd), new name __________ _ ____________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

ovus (Martin) ____ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ ___ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ X

tnarshallensis Ladd, n. sp _____ _ __ __ _____ __ _ __ __ __ __ XX

Fasciolariidae :

Latirus sp ____ _ _ _ ________ _ _____________________ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

craticulatus (Linnaeus) __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _____ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ X

barclayi (Reeve) __ _ ______________________________________ __ X

Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck) ____ _ ______________ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ XX

incarnata (Kiener) ________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

chlorostoma (Sowerby) ____ _ ____________________________ _ __ __ __ X

waluensis Ladd, n. sp _________________________________ _ ___ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ X

eniivetokensis Ladd, n. sp ________________________________ _ __ __ __ X

ustulata (Reeve) __ _ _______ __ _ _ ________ _ ___ ____ __ X

goikulensis Ladd, n. subsp ______________________________ X

Fusimis sp ____________________________________________________ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ X

Olividae :

Belloliva (Olivellopsis) simplex (Pease) ________________________ __ __ XX

Oliva carneola (Gmelin) _________________ _ _______________ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ X

annulate Gmelin __________________ _ _____________ _ ________ __ X __ __ X X

woolnoughi Ladd __________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

lauensis Ladd ____ __ __ __________________ _ ________ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ X

miniacea (Roding) _______________________________________ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ X

mustdina Lamarck ________________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Mitridae : Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding _________ _ ____________ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Mitra) imperialis Roding ______ _____ __ ____ _ _____ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ X

cf. M. puncticulata Lamarck ____________________________ __ __ __ __ X

(Ncbtilaria) aurantia (Gmelin) _____________________________ __ X

coronata Lamarck _____________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

crassicostata Sowerby? _________________________________ __ X

fraga Quoy and Gaimard ______________________________ __ __ __ X

turgida Reeve _________________________________________ __ __ __ X

(Strigatella) fastigium Reeve _______________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Pterygia crenulata (Gmelin) ___________________________________ __ __ X

fenestrata (Lamarck) ____________ _ _______________________ __ X

Scabricola (Scabricola) desetangsii (Kiener) _____________________ _- X __ __

Subcancilla abyssicola (Schepman) ______________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

interlirata (Reeve) ______ _ __ __ _ _ _ _________ _ ___ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

malleti (Petit de la Saussaye) ______ _ ____ _ __ _ _________ __ X

nasongoensis (Ladd) ___________ _ ________________________ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Cancilla (Domiporta) carnicolor (Reeve) ____________ _ __________ __ X

Vexillum (Costellaria') amanda (Reeve) _________________________ X __ __ __ __ __ __ X

(Costellaria) ccrnohorskyi Ladd, n. sp _______________________ __ __ _ X

deshayesi (Reeve) ______ _ ________ _ _________________ _ __ __ __ X

aff. V. discoloria (Reeve) _______ _ _____________________ __ __ __ __ X

festum (Reeve) ______ ___ ___ __________ _ __________ __ __ XX

leucozonias Deshayes ____ _ _______________________ _ ____ __ __ __ X

obeliscus (Reeve) ____ _ _ _ __ _ ______ _ _________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

radius (Reeve) __ _ ____________________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

aff. V. gembacana (Martin) ___________________________ __ __ XX

roseum (Broderip) ________________________________ _ __ __ __ __ X

strasfogeli Ladd, n. sp ____ __ _ __ _____ _ ________ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ X

stainforthi (Reeve) ____________ _ _______________ _ _____ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

aff. V. zebuense (Reeve) _______________ _ _______________ __ X

(Pusia) approximatum (Pease) __________ _ _________________ __ __ __ X

exquisitum (Garrett) _______ _ _________ _ _____ _ ______ __ __ __ X

microzonias (Lamarck) _ _ __ _____ _ ___ _ __ ___ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ X

Harpidae:

Eocitharal sp. A ____ _ _ _______ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ___ _ _ __ _ __ _ ___ _ __ X _

sp. B __ ____ _ ____ _ _I II ~~ x II II II __ II

Harpa amouretta Roding ____ _____ ____ _ __ _______ __ X

major (Roding) _____ ____ ___ ___ _ __ _______ _ _ II _I x _I _I

Total of 195 species ____ ___________________ 8 29 9 53 18 2 26 96 9
PALEONTOLOGY 11

TABLE 4. Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area

[Queries following occurrences show uncertainty as to the exact age of the beds from which the fossils were obtained. The Alifan Limestone of 

Guam may be Miocene or Pliocene (Tertiary g or h); the Mariana Limestone of the same island may be Pliocene or Pleistocene]

Tertiary

SPecies EoS^U Early Miocene Mfo^ene

b e f g

Quaternary

Pliocen<

h

; Pleisto- Holocene

Living

Additions to families covered in Ladd (1966. 1972)

Neritidae : 

Pisulina adamsiana G. and H. Nevill ____ _ _

Cyclophoridae : 

Diancta aff. D. macrostoma Mollendorff __ ____ ___ _

Cerithiidae : 

Argyropezal suvaensis Ladd, n. sp _ _ _____ _ _ X

Cerithium aff. C. novaehollandiae A. Adams

Xenophoridae : 

Xenophora corrugata (Reeve)

konai Habe _ _ _ _ _

calculi f era (Reeve) __ _ _ __

Tugurium aff. T. exutum (Reeve) _ __ __ _

X

x"

X

X

X 

X

X X

Families covered in this report

Eratoidae: 

Erato hindlei Ladd, n. sp __ _ _ ___

Trivia (Trivirostra) oryza (Lamarck) _ XX

Cypraeidae : 

Cypraea (Luria) isabella Linnaeus _ _ _ _

(Luria) isabella lekalekana Ladd ________ X

(Mauritia) arabica Linnaeus _ _ _ _ _

(Talparia) talpa Linnaeus _____ ____

(Cypraea) cf. C. tigris Linnaeus ________ X ?

(Lyndna lynx Linnaeus _ __ _ __ _ X

argus Linnaeus ______ _ ___ _ _ _ _

carneola Linnaeus _ _ _ _

lakemba Ladd ___ _ _ _ _ __ ____ _ _ __ X

porteri Gate _ _ ______

(Pustularia) cicercula Linnaeus _ _ _

margarita Dillwyn

globulus Linnaeus

everwijni Martin _ _ X

childreni Gray ___ __ _ _ X

(Monetaria) moneta Linnaeus _ X

(Erosaria) erosa Linnaeus

caputserpentis Linnaeus _ _ ___ _ _ _

lafyrolineata Gaskoin _ _

helvola Linnaeus ______ XX

cf. C. miliaris Gmelin

guttata Gmelin

(Staphylaea) nucleus Linnaeus

(Erronea) errones Linnaeus _

mbalavuensis Ladd

cylindrica Born

(Adusta) aff. C. kamai (Beets) X

(Cribraria) cribraria Linnaeus

sp _ _ _ _

0 vulidae : 

Pedicularia (Pediculariona) pacifica Pease

sp _______ x

Primovula rhodia (A. Adams)

Phenacovola nectarea Iredale

Atlantidae: 

Atlanta peronii Lesueur

Oxygyrus levu Ladd, n. sp _ _

Naticidae : 

Ampullina (Ampullinopsis) berauensis (Betts) X

Globularia (Cernina) fijiensis Ladd _ _ X

(Waluia) edwardsi Ladd _ _ _ X

Pachycrommium stockwelli Ladd

Pachycrommiuml pacificum Ladd _ x

Polinices (Polinices) mammilla (Linnaeus) X X

(Polinices) cumingianus madioenensis Altena X

cf. P. columnaris (Recluz)

Mammilla melanostoma (Gmelin)

Pliconacca martini Ladd, n. sp _ _ X

Neverita sp ___ _ _ _ X

Sinum sp. A _

Naticarius marochiensis (Gmelin) s. 1 _ _ XX

onca (Roding) _ _ __ ___ _ _ __

X 

X

X? 

X

X? 

X?

X?

"x

X?

X? 

X? 

X? 

X? 

X 

X

X 

X

X

X 

X

X

X

X 

X

X

X 

X?

X 

X

X 

X?

X 

X 

X?

X 

X

x"? 

x~

X

X 

X

x~

X 

X

--

X

x~

X?

X 

X 

X

"x

X

--

X

X

--

"x

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

x~

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

x"

X 

X

X 

X

X

x" 

~x

x~

X
12 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS 

TABLE 4. Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area Continued

Tertiary Quaternary

Eocene Early Miocene Miocene pliocene Pieisto- Holo- L- .

 r ; j - 7 cene cene

Cassidae:

Bathygalea (Bathygalea) sp. A _______________________ __ __ __ __ X? X?

Cassis cf. C. cornuta Linnaeus ________________________ __ __ X

Phalium (Semicassis) bisulcatum (Schubert and Wagner) ____ __ __ X X __ X

(Semicassis) vavakuana (Ladd) __________________ __ __ __ X

(Casmarial) sp _____________________________ __ __ __ X

Cymatiidae:

Gyrineum (Gyrineum) bituberculare (Lamarck) __________ __ __ __ __ X __ __ X

Biplex perca Perry ________________________________ __ __ X X __ X

Cymatium (Lampusia) aquatile (Reeve) ___________ __ __ __ __ X __ __ X

(Cymatriton) rickardi Ladd, n. sp _________________ __ __ __ __ X

(Septa) rubecula (Linnaeus) __________________ __ __ X __ __ __ __ X

gemmatum (Reeve) __________________ __ __ __ __ X X

Distorsio (Distorsio) anus (Linnaeus) _________________ __ __ __ _ X _ X

(Rhysema) pusilla Pease _____________________ __ __ __ __ X X

reticulata Roding _____________________________ __ __ __ __ X __ __ X

Bursidae:

Bursa (Colubrellina) nobilis (Reeve) _____________________ __ __ __ __ X __ __ X

(Colubrellina) margaritula (Deshayes) _____________ __ __ __ __ X X __ X

Tonnidae:

Eudolium sp _____________________________ __ __ x

Quiinalea pomum (Linnaeus) __________________________ __ __ __ __ __ X __ X

Tonna sulcosa (Born) ______________________________ __ __ __ __ X __ __ X

Ficidae:

Ficiis variegata Roding _____________________________ __ _____ X __ __ X

Muricidae:

Murex (Murex) guppyi Ladd, n. sp ____________________ __ __ __ __ x

(Murex) nasongoensis Ladd ______________________ __ __ __ x

bantamensis coulsoni Ladd, n. subsp ___________ __ __ __ X X

Murex cf. M. multispinosus G. B. Sowerby _______________ __ __ __ __ x

Pterynotus sp ______________________________________ __ ~_ __ __ __ __ x

Vitularia miliaris (Gmelin) ____________________ _ __ __ _~ X __ __ X

Thaididae:

Drupa (Drupa) ricimis (Linnaeus) ___________________ __ __ __ __ X __ __ X

(Morula) granulata (Duclos) _________________________ ~_ __ __ __ __ __ X X

(Cronia) fiscella (Gmelin) ___________________ __ __ _~ x __ X __ X

(Drupella) cf. D. monilifera (Pease) __________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ x

Nassa serta (Bruguiere) _______________________________ ~_ __ __ __ __ X __ X

Thais (Stramonita) sp ________________________________ ~__ __ __ x

(Cymia) aff. T. carnifera (Lamarck) ____________ ~_ _ x

Magilidae:

Coralliophila (Coralliophila) sp __________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ x

(Pseudomurex) macneili Ladd, n. sp _________________ ~~ ~_ __ x

bayeri Ladd, n. sp ___________________________ __ __ __ x

(Fiisomurex) sp. A _________________________ _ __ X X

sp. B ____ ~~ __ x __ ~ ~- --

Latiaxis (Latimurex) inflata (Dunker) __________ __ __ __ x __ __ __ X

(Latimurex) sp. A ________________________________ __ _ __ X __

Coralliobia (Quoyula) monodonta (Blainville) _________ __ ~_ __ __ __ I_ X X

Magilus antiquus Montfort ___________________________ __ ~_ x __ __ __ __ X

Columbellidae:

Columbella pardalina Lamarck __________________________ ______ X X __ X X

Euplica turturina (Lamarck) _________________________ __ __ __ x? X? X __ X

varians (Sowerby) ______________________ ~_ x _I __ __ __ X X

aff. E. varians (Sowerby) __________________________ __ __ __ X

Lavesopus eniwetokcnsis Ladd, n. sp _____________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X

Zafrona li/uana (Hervier) ______________________________ __ __ __ __ X X

Graphiocomassa ligula (Duclos) ________________________ _ __ __ __ X __ __ X

sp _ _______________________ ~_ __ __ __ x _" _I

Anachis (Costoanachis) winradi Ladd. n. sp _________________ __ X __ X

(Costoanachis) rewaensis Ladd. n. sp ________________ __ __ __ __ X

lauensis Ladd, n. sp ____________________________ __ __ __ __ X

(Zafra) smithi (Angas) ___________________ ______ X X X X X

Pyrene obtusa (Sowerby) ________________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ X X

Mitrella sagitta (Gaskoin) _______________________ __XXXXXXX

gonzabuensis MacNeil ______________________ __ __ __ __ x

oweni Ladd, n. sp ____________________________________ __ __ __ X

sp. A ________________________________ __ __ __ __ X

Zemitrella bikiniensis Ladd, n. sp ______________________ __ __ __ X

Buccinidae:

Siphonalia subspadicea MacNeil _______________________ __ __ X X

aff. S. stearnsii Pilsbry ___________________________ __ __ __ __ X

Searlesia hindlei Ladd, n. sp. _________________________ __ __ __ __ X

Euthria hoffmeisteri Ladd, n. sp ___________________ __ __ __ __ X

Metula (Metula) ibbotsoni Ladd, n. sp ______________ __ __ __ __ X

Cantharus (PoUial) sp _____________________ __ __ __ X

Nawenia bartholomewi Ladd, n. gen. and n. sp _______ __ __ __ __ X
PALEONTOLOGY 13

TABLE 4. Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area Continued

Species

Melongenidae : 

Pugilina (Mayeria) swartzi Ladd, n. sp _ _

Nassariidae : 

Nassarius (Phrontis) tiarula (Kiener)

(Arcularius) leptospirus A. A. Adams

graniferus (Kiener) _

eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp _ _ _

sp _

(Uzita) verbeeki (Martin)

mangkalihatensis Beets _

(Zeuxis) concinnus (Powys)

(Zeuxis) planicostata (A. Adams) _

vitiensis (Hombron and Jaquinot)

(Niotha) fijiensis (Ladd), new name

ovus (Martin)

marshallensis Ladd, n. sp _ .

Fasciolariidae: 

Latirus sp _

craticulatus (Linnaeus)

barclayi (Reeve)

Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck)

incarnata (Kiener)

chlorostoma (Sowerby)

waluensis Ladd, n. sp

eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp _

ustulata (Reeve)

goikulensis Ladd, n. subsn

Fusinus sp

Olividae :

Belloliva (Olivellopsis) simplex (Pease)

Oliva carneola (Gmelin)

annulata, Gmelin

woolnoughi Ladd

lauensis Ladd _

miniacea (Roding)

mustelina Lamarck _

Mitridae: 

Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding

(Mitra) imperialis Roding

cf. M. puncticulata Lamarck

(Nebularia) aurantia (Gmelin)

coronata Lamarck

crassicostata Sowerbv?

fraga Quoy and Gaimard

turgida Reeve _

(Strigatella) fastigium Reeve

Pterygia crenulata (Gmelin)

fenestrata (Lamarck)

Scabricola (Scabricola) desetangsii (Kiener)

Subcancilla abyssicola (Schepman)

interlirata (Reeve) _

malleti (Petit de la Saussaye)

nasongoensis (Ladd)

Cancilla, (Domiporta) carnicolor ( Reeve)

Vexillum (Costellaria) amanda (Reeve)

(Costellaria) cernohorskyi Ladd, n. sp

deshayesi (Reeve)

aff. V. discoloria (Reeve)

festum (Reeve)

leucozonias Deshayes

obelisctis (Reeve)

radius (Reeve)

aff. V. gembacana (Martin)

roseum (Broderip)

strasfogeli Ladd, n. sp

stainforthi (Reeve)

aff. V. zebuense (Reeve)

(Pusia) approxinatum (Pease)

exquisitum (Garrett)

microzonias (Lamarck)

Harpidae : 

Eocitharat sp. A _ _ _ _

sp. B

Harpa amouretta Roding

major Roding

Total of 195 species _ _ _

Tertiary

Eoclne Eal^ Miocene

6 e f

. __ - _ X

X

- - X

~-

v

X

X

x

V V

y

y

y

y

__

X

__

X

X

X X

. __ _ X

._ X

. _____ 3 7 41

Quaternary

Late 

Miocene

a

--

X

X 

X

X

X

--

~x

X 

X

"x

X

"x?

X

X

X 

X

X

X 

X

--

"x

X?

44

Pliocene

h

--

--

x"?

X

x"?

X

X 

X

x"

x"?

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X

x"

X?

x" 

x"?

X? 

X 

X 

X?

x"?

X

X 

X

X

X?

X

x"?

99

Pleistocene

--

X

x"?

x"? 

"x

X 

X

x"?

X 

X

X 

X

X

X 

X?

X 

X?

"x? 

x"?

__

X

"x

X?

"x

54

Holocene

X

~x

--

--

X 

X

X

X

"x

X

33

Living

X 

X 

X

"x

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

"x

X 

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X

"x

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X

~x

~x

X 

X 

X

X

"x 

~x

X 

X

"x

X

107
14 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

made extensive collections of mollusks and other fossils from a series of loosely consolidated dark marls 

(SM242) about 70 m (230 ft) above sea level on the 

upper Kere River. The assemblage of mollusks is 

Pleistocene and the shells are exceedingly well preserved; many retain traces of their original color 

and polish. The total number of molluscan species 

exceeds 100. It is dominated by forms that live intertidally or at shallow depths. Cones and cowries are 

abundant and diverse, and the shells collected include 

some rarities three incomplete but identifiable 

shells of Conns gloriamaris Chemnitz, a rare living 

species that has not previously been collected in the 

New Hebrides; shells of the living, equally rare 

Cypraea guttata Gmelin; and many specimens of 

Cypraea porteri Gate, previously known only from 

the Holocene type collected in the Phiippines. Some 

of the less well preserved shells are partly covered 

by bryozoans, barnacles, and other attached forms; 

some gastropods have calcareous grains firmly 

wedged in their apertures, suggesting wave action 

on a beach or reef flat prior to final deposition. Ruth 

Todd of the U.S. Geological Survey examined a rich 

assemblage of smaller Foraminifera, and found 

typical reef types (oral commun., 1973). Among the 

unusual fossils from SM242 are two shells of a large 

barnacle, Coronula, a type that lives attached to 

cetaceans. The genus is known from the Miocene to 

the present and has a cosmopolitan distribution 

(Newman and others, 1969, p. R289). The New 

Hebrides fossils exceed 40 mm in diameter. Such 

large shells must have been attached to a whale 

whose body apparently was carried into shallow 

water.

GUAM

Over most of the northern half of Guam and the 

coastal areas on the south, the surface rock is the 

Mariana Limestone. Several facies have been recognized, most of them being composed of reef-associated organisms that lived in fairly shallow waters. 

The occurrence of an example of the moderately deep 

to deep-water genus Bathygalea in the Mariana is 

suggestive, but the type of the genus, B. coronadoi 

(Crosse) to which the Guam species is closely related has been obtained from depths of only 18-20 

fathoms (Abbott, 1968, p. 100-101. The single specimen from Guam was collected by the Pacific Island 

Engineers north-northwest of Taguan Point from 

limestone now assigned to the detrital facies of the 

Pliocene and Pleistocene Mariana (Tracey and 

others, 1964).

FAUNAL RELATIONS

The broad relationships of the mollusks described 

in the present paper are similar to those of the 

groups described earlier (Ladd, 1966, 1972). They 

are Indo-Pacific in general aspect and are more 

closely tied to the fossil and (or) living forms of 

tropical Indonesia and northern Australia than to 

those of the more temperate waters of southern Australia and New Zealand. Ties with Okinawa, Japan, 

and areas in the Indian Ocean do not appear to be 

as close as those with Indonesia.

Among 56 species from the upper Tertiary sections of the island area, 43 still live in parts of the 

area, and by far the greatest numbers of these were 

collected in Fiji.

Continued collecting in Fiji has moved that area 

ahead of the Marshall Islands in numbers of fossil 

species. Three of the families in the present unit are 

represented by fossils found only in Fiji.

Of the 27 new species and subspecies described in 

the present report, more than half (15) were found 

in Fiji, eight in the Marshall Islands, and four in 

Palau. Most of the new forms occurred in upper Miocene and Pliocene sediments, seven in lower Miocene 

sediments, and one in Holocene sediments.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

ADDITIONAL SPECIES IN FAMILIES COVERED 

IN LADD (1966, 1972)

Family NERITIDAE 

Genus PISULINA Nevill and Nevill

Nevill, G. and Nevill, H., 1869, Asiatic Soc. Bengal Jour., v. 

38, pt. 2, no. 2, p. 160, pi. 17, fig. 4.

Type (by monotypy). Pisulina adamsiana G. and 

H. Nevill, Holocene, Ceylon.

Pisulina adamsiana G. and H. Nevill 

Plate 1, figures 1, 2

Pisulina adamsiana G. and H. Nevill, Asiatic Soc. Bengal 

Jour., v. 38, pt. 2, no. 2, p. 160, pi. 17, fig. 4; Habe, 

1963, Venus, v. 22, p. 231, 232' (fig. 1).

Small, globose, spire low; shell, smooth, white, 

glossy; aperture semilunar; outer lip thin, inner lip 

heavily callused with a large tooth centered below 

the midpoint and occupying more than one-third of 

the length of the lip.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174942: height 4.5 mm, diameter 6.0 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at depths of 30-40 ft; age, Holocene. The 

species was also recovered from the Sand Island 

drill hole on Midway at a depth of 170-175 ft; age,
PALEONTOLOGY 15

Quaternary. The species lives today in the Indian 

Ocean and in the Amami Islands, south of Japan. It 

has not been found alive in the Marshall Islands or 

in Hawaii but probably occurs in both areas.

Famuy CYCLOPHORIDAE 

Genus DIANCTA Martens

Martens, 1867, Die Landschnecken, in Die Preussiche Exped. 

nach Ost-Asien: Berlin, pt. 2, p. 164.

Type (by monotypy). Diplommatina constricta 

Martens. Holocene, Moluccas.

Diancta aff. D. macrostoma Mollendorff

Plate 22, figures 7, 8

Shell small, sinistral, the lower half of the body 

whorl extended far to left; composed of 51/2 whorls, 

those above the body whorl forming a pupoid spire 

whose strongly convex whorls are separated by a 

deep suture; penultimate whorl the largest. Aperture 

circular, vertical, without trace of tooth, peristome 

expanded, continuous, with a wide second flange below. Sculpture consisting of slightly oblique axial 

costae that are more widely spaced on the body 

whorl than elsewhere.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175056: height 2.8 mm, diameter 1.7 mm.

A number of Holocene species of Diancta have 

been described from Viti Levu, Fiji, the island that 

yielded the above-described fossil (Mousson, 1870; 

Mollendorff, 1897; Kobelt, 1902, p. 419-421), but I 

have not seen specimens. In general form, the fossil 

resembles the lectotype of D. macrostoma Mollendorff (1897, p. 44) from Viti Levu figured by Zilch 

(1953, pi 6, fig. 88), but the figure does not show the 

body whorl.

Occurrence. A single fossil from station C1142 

on Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). This 

appears to be the first fossil record of the genus.

Family CERITH1IDAE 

Genus ARGYROPEZA Melvill and Standen 

Melvill and Standen, 1901, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 371.

Type (by monotypy). Argyropeza divina Melvill and Standen. Holocene, Persian Gulf.

Argyropeza? suvaensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 1, figure 3; plate 21, figure 8

Medium in size, slender, flat-sided; each of more 

than eight whorls bearing two spiral rows of pointed 

nodules, the nodules in each row connected by a low 

spiral rib; rows of nodules widely separated, close to 

the sutures above and below; intervening area gently concave; suture distinct, in the center of a moderately deep excavated area; a spiral riblet lies between the suture and the lower of the two spiral 

rows of nodules; indistinct axials extend from the 

nodules of the upper row toward those of lower row; 

nodules of one whorl not alined with those on 

whorls above and below; surface of whorls otherwise smooth, except for microscopic retracted growth 

lines. Aperture of holotype incomplete, on the paratype it appears subcircular; lips incomplete in both 

specimens; base with several weak spirals, the uppermost the strongest.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 174966: 

height (incomplete) 10.6 mm, diameter 2.7 mm; the 

paratype, USNM 175062: height (incomplete) 10.1 

mm, diameter 3.0 mm.

The paratype is more strongly sculptured than the 

holotype and possibly represents a distinct species; 

additional and more complete specimens will be 

needed to resolve this question.

Of the several species of Argyropeza known to live 

in the Indo-Pacific today, A. suvaensis is most closely 

related to A. melvilli Schepman (1909, p. 170, pi. 12, 

fig. 1) described from a single Holocene shell 

dredged from the Sulu Sea at a depth of 535 m. The 

two species agree in most observable features, but 

the spiral ribs connecting the spirally arranged 

nodules are much stronger on the fossils, whereas 

the oblique axial ribs are better developed on the 

living species.

Two other fossil occurrences of Argyropeza have 

been reported, both from Okinawa (MacNeil, 1960, 

p. 40). One of the Okinawan occurrences is from the 

Pliocene and is compared with the small Holocene 

species, A. divina Melvill and Standen, the type of 

the genus. Its two spiral rows of nodules are close 

together in the middle of the whorl, there being a 

wide and deep sutural depression. The other fossil 

occurrence on Okinawa is from the Miocene. It also 

is a small shell, and MacNeil compared it with the 

Holocene A. schepmaniana Melvill and Standen, a 

species that bears three spiral rows of nodules.

The Fijian fossils are only tentatively assigned to 

the genus Argyropeza. They appear to be congeneric 

with A. melvilli Schepman, but the author of that 

species had some questions as to generic reference of 

his Sulu Sea specimen. MacNeil (1960, p. 43) expressed the opinion that Schepman's specimen was 

an Alipta (Finlay, 1926, type, by original designation, Cerithiopsis crenistria Suter) and tentatively 

assigned a Neogene specimen from Okinawa to that 

subgenus, naming it C. (A.) premelvilli. Not having 

seen specimens of C. crenistria, MacNeil compared 

the figured aperture of the type species as shown by
16 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Suter and by Wenz with the aperture of "Argyropeza" melvilli shown by Schepman. MacNeil believed 

that his Okinawan fossil was related to A. melvilli, 

but he recognized that his only specimen was immature and that its apertural features were not necessarily diagnostic. The Fijian fossils here described 

also appear to be closely related to Schepman's A. 

nevelli. The Fiji shells are adults, but neither shows 

a complete aperture.

Occurrence. Both types (the only specimens) collected from the same locality (holotype, station 

C497; paratype, station FB-13) in Suva, Fiji; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary/).

Cerithium (Cerithium) aff. C. novaehollandiae A. Adams

Plate 1, figure 4

Medium in size, flat-sided, slightly turreted. Sculpture consisting of strong narrow, slightly curved 

axial folds that are swollen near the suture, both 

above and below; body whorl with three slightly 

beaded spirals that are more prominent than those 

intervening, the spiral at the periphry the largest; 

below the periphery, on the base, are several prominent spirals, the one nearest the periphery the largest. A broad varix is present on the body whorl opposite the aperture. Inner lip callused, slightly 

detached.

Measurements of the figured specimen, British 

Museum GG13317: height (incomplete) 18.7 mm, 

diameter 9.4 mm.

The fossil is less strongly turreted than the Holocene C. novaehollandiae, has finer spiral sculpture, 

and narrower axial folds; folds swollen above as 

well as below the suture.

Occurrence. A single specimen from station 

RB44 of R. W. Bartholomew on Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). C. novaehollandiae 

was described by A. Adams, MS., Sowerby, 1855, p. 

864, pi. 178, fig. 54) from Australia.

Family XENOPHORIDAE 

Xenophora corrugata (Reeve) 

Plate 21, figures 10-12

Phorus corrugatus Reeve, 1842, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p.

163; 1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, Phorus, pi. 2, fig.

6. 

Xenophora corrugata (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 89, pi. 23, fig. 2.

Spire moderately high, broadly convex, bearing 

strong diagonal wrinkles that, like the suture, are 

more or less hidden by attached objects; in the two 

Fijian fossil specimens available, most of the attached objects are rounded pebbles of volcanic rock

that have been coated with cream-colored calcareous 

material. Base deeply concave, its surface covered 

by close-set spiral ribs that are beaded by low curved 

radials, resulting in a corrugated surface.

The fossils resemble X. cerea (Reeve) (Reeve, 

1845, pi. 3, fig. 9), but that species has a less concave 

base.

Measurements of the figured specimens from Fiji 

(pi. 21, figs. 10-12) USNM 175049: height (incomplete) 35 mm, diameter 57 mm; a smaller Fijian 

specimen USNM 175076 from the same bed, measures : height 35 mm, diameter 38.5 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from station C1264, 

Viti Levu, Fiji, from the Thuvu Group; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Holocene specimens have been 

collected from Fiji, Australia, Japan, and the Indian 

Ocean. The species has not previously been reported 

as a fossil.

Xenophora konai Habe

Plate 22, figures 1-3

Xenophora konai Habe, 1953, Illustrated catalogue of Japanese 

shells, no. 23, p. 176, figs. 3-5; 1964, v. 2 of Kira and 

Habe, Shells of the western Pacific in color, p. 57, pi. 

16, fig. 5.

The single fossil shows the characteristically convex whorls, deep suture, oblique corrugations, and 

wavy spiral riblets; lower surface concave, covered 

with many beaded spirals; umbilicus opening 

obliquely.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175090: height 45.7 mm, diameter 54.1 mm.

Occurrence. Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. The species lives today in 

Japanese waters.

Xenophora calculifera (Reeve)

Plate 22, figures 4-6

Phorus calculiferus Reeve, 1842, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p.

162; 1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, Phorus, pi. 1, fig.

1. 

Xenophora calculi/era (Reeve), Tryon, 1886, Manual Conchology, v. 8, p. 159, pi. 44, figs. 75, 76; Habe, 1964, v. 2

of Kira and Habe, Shells of the western Pacific in color,

p. 57, pi. 16, fig. 4.

Shell large, convex, whorls covered by close-set, 

rounded, radial cords. Attachment scars at suture. 

Base concave; umbilicus wide and deep, encircled by 

revolving striae; radial cords on the base are strongly beaded near the periphry.

Measurements of the figured specimen: height 

about 45 mm, diameter 74 mm.

The attachment areas on X. calculifera are not 

limited to the early whorls as they are on shells of 

Tugurium exutum (Reeve).
PALEONTOLOGY 17

Occurrence. A single, nearly complete shell from 

station SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides. The species 

lives today in tropical west Pacific waters.

Tugurium aff. T. exuturn (Reeve) 

Plate 1, figure 5

Two incomplete specimens from the Pliocene beds 

at station RB44 of R. W. Bartholomew on Viti Levu, 

Fiji, may represent the Holocene species, T. exutum. 

Both fossils retain patches of their original shell that 

show the obliquely curved striae and grooves of T. 

exutum and the broad curved axial plicae present on 

many shells of that species. The fossils, however, 

show far more numerous attachment scars on the 

whorls of the spire than could be found on any Holocene shell. The figured specimen retains some parts 

of the shell on the ventral surface. The narrow band 

of revolving striae is present, as on shells of T. 

exutum, but between this band and the umbilicus the 

nearly flat surface is covered by closely set spiral 

ribs that are beaded by shallow curved radial 

grooves.

Measurement of the figured specimen, British Museum GG13318, are: height 14 mm, diameter 45.5 

mm.

The specimens from western Viti Levu may represent an undescribed species, but additional and more 

complete specimens will be needed to decide the question. T. exutum lives today on islands bordering the 

South China Sea and northward to Japan. It has 

been reported from the Pliocene of Vanua Levu, 

Fiji (Ladd, 1972, p. 56). MacNeil, (1960, p. 47) 

cited its occurrence in Taiwan and, questionably, 

from the Miocene of Japan.

FAMILIES COVERED IN THE PRESENT PAPER 

Family ERATOIDAE 

Genus ERATO Risso

Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions 

de 1'Europe meridionale ... v. 4, p. 240.

Type (by monotypy). Voluta cypraeola Brocchi. 

Late Tertiary of Italy.

Erato hindlei Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 1, figures 6-9

Large, stout; protoconch smooth, convex, followed 

by four whorls that make up the flattened spire; 

body whorl strongly inflated above, constricted below; outer lip thickened, sharply reflected, bearing 

12-14 strong subequal teeth; inner lip concave with 

a distinct fossula below and with about a dozen 

teeth that are weaker and less regularly spaced than 

those of the outer lip; aperture wide, slightly flaring below.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650625: 

length 8.6 mm, lateral diameter 6.0 mm, dorsoventral diameter 4.5 mm. A paratype, USNM 650626, 

measures: length 6.9 mm, width 4.7 mm, dorsoventral diameter 3.9 mm.

E. hindlei has a wider aperture and coarser teeth 

than other Pacific species of the genus.

Occurrence. Holotype from station K138 and 

paratype from station 817 on Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). A third specimen collected 

with the paratype at station 817 is incompete but 

appears to be conspecific. A single specimen from 

station C1142 on Viti Levu is also probably Pliocene 

in age.

This species is named for William Hindle of the 

Fiji Geological Survey who collected the types and 

many other fossils while he was mapping in western 

Vanua Levu.

Genus TRIVIA Broderip

Broderip, 1837, Penny Cyclopedia, v. 8, p. 256.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 15, p. 142). Cypraea 

europaea Montagu. Holocene, eastern Atlantic.

Subgenus TRIVIROSTRA Jousseaume

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Zool. France Bull. 9, p. 100.

Type (by subsequent designation, Roberts, 1885, 

in Tryon Manual Conchology, v. 7, p. 161). Trivia 

scabriuscula Gray ( = Cypraea oryza Lamarck). 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Trivia (Trivirostra) oryza (Lamarck) 

Plate 1, figures 10-12

Cypraea oryza Lamarck, 1810, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris Annales, v. 16, p. 104.

Cypraea scabriuscula Gray, 1828, Zool. Jour., v. 3, p. 365 

Trivia oryza (Lamarck), Roberts, 1885, in Tryon Manual

Conchology, v. 7, p. 200, pi. 21, figs. 82, 83. 

Trivia (Trivia) koroensis Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus.

Bull. 119, p. 220, pi. 39, figs. 9, 10. 

Trivia (Trivirostra) scabriuscula (Gray), Ladd, 1945, Bernice

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 367, pi. 52, figs. T-V. 

Trivirostra oryza (Lamarck), Kira, 1962, v. 1 of Kira and

Habe, Shells of the western Pacific in color, p. 44, pi.

19, fig. 2.

The examination of additional fossil material 

from Fiji and the Marshall Islands has led to the 

conclusion that the Miocene species, T. koroensis 

Ladd, cannot be separated from Holocene shells of 

T. oryza (Lamarck). No additional examples of the 

Pliocene shells referred by me to T. scabriuscula 

(Gray) have been collected, but that species is now 

recognized as a synonym of T. oryza (Lamarck). 

The figured specimen, USNM 174983, from drill hole
18 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

2A, Bikini, at depth 841-847 ft, measures: length 

4.6 mm, lateral diameter 3.3 mm, dorsoventral diameter 2.7 mm.

Occurrence. Three specimens from the Miocene 

(Tertiary /) Suva Formation (station 160), Viti 

Levu, Fiji; nine from the Miocene and younger beds 

of Eniwetok and one from the upper Miocene of 

Bikini, Marshall Islands; two from the Pliocene 

Ndalithoni Limestone, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; five 

from the post-Tertiary beds of Eniwetok. The species also occurs in the elevated marls of Santo in the 

New Hebrides (station SM242) ; age, Pleistocene. 

Schepman (1907, p. 185) reported the species from 

Quaternary beds on Celebes (Sulawesi). The species 

lives today in the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and many 

island groups in the western Pacific, including Fiji 

and the Marshall Islands where fossils were 

collected.

Family CYPRAEIDAE

The cowries, originally grouped under the Linnaean genus Cypraea, constitute one of the most 

widely distributed groups of gastropods in the 

warmer seas. Their polished shells have beautiful 

patterns in a variety of colors. These patterns, combined with minor variations in shell form, have led 

some conchologists, both amateur and professional, 

to recognize 60 genera and hundreds of species and 

subspecies. Paleontologists, who ordinarily have to 

deal with shells that lack color patterns, are unable 

to recognize many of the suggested taxa. Recently 

Kay (1957, 1960) showed that many of the cowries 

have little anatomical differentiation. She proposed 

that all species of the subfamily Cypraeinae be assigned to the genus Cypraea. In the present paper, 

this recommendation has been followed, other generic names being reduced to subgeneric rank.

The cowries today are one of the most abundant 

and diversified groups of shells to be found on reefs 

and rocky intertidal flats in the island area. Conditions apparently were similar in the past, and 27 

species, representing a dozen subgenera, have been 

identified as fossils in the present report. As shown 

on tables 2 and 3, the shells were collected in all 

island groups except Palau. Actually, fossil cypraeids were found in some abundance in Palau but, with 

one exception, only in the form of molds that could 

not be identified specifically. The exception was a 

shell from the Miocene marls of the Goikul peninsula, but it was too badly crushed for specific identification. No Eocene cypraeids were found and only 

one species from the oldest Miocene beds (Tertiary

e). In all younger stages, cypraeids were abundantly 

represented.

Genus CYPRAEA Linnaeus

Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae 10th ed., p. 718.

Subgenus LURIA Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Zool. France Bull, 9, p. 92.

Type (by original designation). Cypraea lurida 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea.

Cypraea (Luria) Isabella Linnaeus

Plate 1, figure 13

Cypraea Isabella Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 

p. 722; Roberts in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v. 7, p. 165, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7; Ostergaard, 1935, 

Bernice p. Bishop Mus. Bull. 131, p. 16; Kay, 1961, 

Malacology Soc. London Proc., v. 34, pt. 4, p. 18.

Two specimens from drill hole E-l on Eniwetok 

Atoll at a depth of 60-70 ft are identical with shells 

collected from the surface of the atoll. One of the 

fossils, USNM 174960, is figured. It measures: 

length 16.7 mm, lateral diameter 9.4 mm, dorsoventral diameter 8.2 mm. The fossils are Holocene in 

age; they retain traces of orange color at the extremities. A single specimen from station 20562 on 

Guam is from the Mariana Limestone; age, Pliocene 

or Pleistocene. Ostergaard identified molds of the 

species from stations 4 and 7 on Tongatapu, Tonga; 

age, probably Pleistocene.

Cypraea (Luria) Isabella lekalekana Ladd

Plate 1, figures 14-19

Cypraea (Talparia) Isabella lekalekana Ladd, 1934, Bernice

p. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 218, pi. 38, figs. 9-12;

1945, Bernice p. Bishop Mus Bull. 181, p. 363, pi. 52,

figs. B-D. 

Luria (Basilitrona) Isabella lekalekana (Ladd), Schilder and

Schilder, 1938, Malacology Soc. London Proc., v. 23, pt.

3, p. 176; 1944, Archiv fur Zoologi, v. 36a, no. 2, p. 16. 

Cypraea Isabella Linnaeus [Cypraea Isabella lekalekana Ladd],

Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 6, no. 4, p. 181.

Apparent differences between fossil and Holocene 

shells were briefly discussed by Ladd in 1945 (Ladd 

and others, p. 363). The holotype of L. isabella lekalekana from the lower Miocene (Tertiary /) of western Fiji station 160 (pi. 1, figs. 14-16) is larger, 

shorter, and thicker than the paratype from the 

same locality described with it. Three additional 

specimens were collected from the type locality. Five 

shells were obtained from the Pliocene (Tertiary h) 

in eastern Fiji, and one of these (Univ. Rochester, 

Mus. Nat. History, 13061) is figured (pi. 1, figs. 17- 

19) ; it measures: length 20.7 mm, lateral diameter 

12.6 mm, dorsoventral diameter 9.9 mm. All of the 

later specimens are smaller and more cylindrical
PALEONTOLOGY 19

than the holotype. Further study of Holocene specimens of L. Isabella from Fiji and many other western Pacific islands indicates the difficulty of separating the fossils from Holocene examples. The fossils 

as a group are proportionately shorter and thicker 

than Holocene shells, but the Holocene collections do 

include rare examples that cannot be easily separated from the fossils.

Subgenus MAURITIA Troschel

Troschel, 1863, Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begriindung 

einer natiirl. Class., v. 1, p. 208.

Type (by virtual tautonymy). Cypraea mauritiana Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Mauritia) arabica Linnaeus

Plate 2, figures 1, 2

Cypraea arabica Linnaeus, 1758; Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 

p. 718; Roberts, in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v. 

7, p. 174, pi. 8, figs. 18, 19, 23, 24; Ostergaard, 1935, 

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 131 p. 27; Cernohorsky, 

1964, Veliger, v. 6, no. 4, p. 182, pi. 21, fig. 3.

Seven specimens were recovered from limestone 

at USGS locality 21028, Santo, New Hebrides; age, 

Pleistocene. All specimens have the thickly callused 

margins that characterize the species, and several 

shells retain traces of brown marginal spots.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174958: length 51.7 mm, lateral diameter 35.0 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 27.6 mm. An incomplete but 

identifiable internal mold was collected by Ostergaard from Nukualofa quarry (station 7) on Tongatapu in Tonga; age, probably Pleistocene. An unusually large specimen was collected from a pit on 

Aranit Island, Eniwetok Atoll, at a depth of about 

5 ft; age, Holocene.

Subgenus TALPARIA Troschel

Troschel, 1863, Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begriindung 

einer natiirl. Class., v. 1, p. 206.

Type (by subsequent designation, following virtual tautonymy, Schilder, 1924, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, A 90, no. 4, p. 100). Cypraea talpa 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Talparia) talpa Linnaeus

Plate 2, figures 3, 4

Cypraea talpa Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., p.

720; Roberts in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v. 7,

p. 167, pi. 3, figs. 31-33; Kay, 1961, Malocology. Soc.

London Proc., v. 34, pt. 4, p. 190. 

Cypraea (Talparia) talpa Linnaeus, Demond, 1957, Pacific

Sci., v. 11, p. 304.

Three specimens from the Mariana Limestone of 

Guam at USGS locality 20531; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) or Pleistocene. The figured specimen, USNM 

174975, measures: length 52.3 mm., lateral diameter 

25.6 mm., dorsoventral diameter 22.4 mm. The species lives today throughout most of the Indo-Pacific 

region.

Subgenus CYPRAEA s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Montfort, 1810, 

Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 2, p. 631). 

Cypraea tigris Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Cypraea) cf. C. tigris Linnaeus

Plate 2, figure 5

Two specimens that probably represent the widely distributed type species of Cypraea were collected 

on Guam from beds assigned to the upper Tertiary 

Alifan Limestone (upper Miocene, Tertiary g, or 

Pliocene, Tertiary h). The figured specimen (USGS 

loc. 20730) has a wider and flatter outer lip and a 

narrower aperture than Holocene specimens from 

the same area. The fossil USNM 650420 measures: 

length 75.0 mm, lateral diameter 53.7 mm, dorsoventral diameter 38.7 mm. The second fossil (USGS 

loc. 20719) also has an unusually narrow aperture 

and the opening is strongly arched.

C. tigris lives today throughout the Indo-Pacific 

region. It has also been reported from the upper 

Miocene of Java and the Quaternary of Celebes 

(Sulawesi) Vlerk, 1931, p. 245).

Subgenus LYNCINA Troschel

Troschel, 1863, Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begriindung 

einer natiirl. Class., v. 1, p. 208.

Type (by subsequent designation, Tryon, 1883, 

Structural and Systematic Conchology v. 2, p. 198). 

Cypraea lynx Linnaeus; age, Holocene, IndoPacific.

Cypraea (Lyncina') lynx Linnaeus

Plate 2, figures 6, 7

Cypraea lynx Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., p.

721; Ostergaard, 1935, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull.

131, p. 16, 30; Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, no. 3,

p. 299; Kay, 1961, Malacology. Soc. London Proc., v.

34, pt. 4, p. 189; Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 6, no.

4, p. 185, pi. 24, fig. 20. 

Lyncina lynx (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells

of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 66, pi. 8, fig. 36.

Cypraea lynx is one of the most abundant and 

widespread cowries living in the Pacific today, and 

fossil occurrences indicate that it has been living in 

several parts of the island area for a considerable 

time. On Guam, specimens were collected from the 

Pliocene and Pleistocene Mariana Limestone on both 

the east and the west sides of the island (USGS Iocs.
20 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

20534 and 20512). The figured specimen, USNM 

174961, from USGS locality 20534, measures: length 

46.6 mm, lateral diameter 25.2 mm, dorsoventral 

diameter 22.9 mm. A single specimen was collected 

from the Pleistocene and Holocene Tanapag Limestone on Saipan. A shell from USGS locality 21028 

on Santo, New Hebrides, retains traces of color; it is 

probably no older than Pleistocene. In Fiji, the 

species occurs in rocks believed to be early Miocene 

(Tertiary /) in age at station 160 on Viti Levu and 

in Holocene beds at station C1640 on Nanuyanuya 

in the Yasawas. Ostergaard collected a nearly complete fossil specimen from the sea cliff at Houma on 

Tongatapu in Tonga. Two other specimens were 

found by J. E. Hoffmeister in the Nukualofa quarry 

on Tongatapu. Age of all Tongan specimens is probably Pleistocene. According to Vlerk (1931, p. 244), 

the species has been collected from the Pliocene or 

Quaternary of Timor and the Quaternary of Celebes 

(Sulawesi).

Cypraea (Lyncina) argus Linnaeus

Cypraea argus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., p. 

719; Ostergaard, 1935, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 

131, p. 16, 27; Abrard, 1946, Annales Paleontologie, 

1946-47, p. 46, pi. 4, fig. 34, Demond, 1957, Pacific. Sci., 

v. 11, p. 304; Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 6, no. 4, 

p. 184, pi. 22, fig. 6.

Lyncina argiis (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells 

of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 65, pi. 8, fig. 33.

Represented by two internal molds from Nukualofa quarry on Tangatapu, Tonga (B. P. Bishop Mus. 

cat. 202544) that reveal the characteristic elongate 

form, anteriorly widened aperture, and fine dentition. Measurements of one of the specimens: length 

58.2 mm, lateral diameter 31.0 mm, dorsoventral diameter 26.6 mm. The fossils are probably Pleistocene in age. Abrard reported the species from the 

elevated reefs of Efate in the New Hebrides, age, 

probably Quaternary. The species lives today 

throughout the Indo-Pacific region, from Madagascar to Hawaii.

Cypraea (Lyncina) carneola Linnaeus

Plate 2, figure 8, 9

Cypraea carneola Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 

p. 719; Roberts, in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, 

v. 7, p. 166, pi. 3, figs. 26-30; Ostergaard, 1935, Bernice 

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 131, p. 6, 8, 15, 16, 27; Demond, 

1957, Pacific Sci. v. 11, no. 3, p. 299; Kay, 1961, 

Malocolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 34, pt. 4, p. 186.

Lyncina carneola (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 66, pi. 8, fig. 35.

Two small shells from Santo in the New Hebrides 

(USGS loc. 21028), probably Pleistocene, represent

this species. The larger of the two, USNM 174962, is 

figured; it measures: length 27.5 mm, lateral diameter 16.0 mm, dorsoventral diameter 14.0 mm. 

Two specimens from Guam (USGS Iocs. 20742, 

21369) are from the Pliocene and Pleistocene Mariana Limestone.

Ostergaard and W. A. Setchell collected molds of 

this widely distributed Indo-Pacific species from 

stations 2, 4, and 7 in the elevated limestones of 

Tongatapu, Tonga; age, probably Pleistocene. Ostergaard also collected living examples from the shores 

of Tongatapu. He noted that both the fossils and the 

living specimens from Tonga were uniformly small 

and suggested that this might be a racial character.

Shells of living specimens are easily identified by 

their striking colors banded orange-brown dorsal 

surface and purple teeth below. The Holocene shells 

show some variation in form, but casts made from 

the Tongan molds collected by Ostergaard clearly fall 

within this range.

Ostergaard (1928, p. 29) reported many examples 

from the Pleistocene limestones of Oahu, Hawaii, 

noting that the fossil shells were consistently smaller 

than the rare examples found living in Hawaii today.

MacNeil (1960, p. 50, pi. 17, fig. 5) figured a specimen from the Pliocene of Okinawa as C. aff. C. carneola and referred to occurrences of related fossil 

forms in Japan, Formosa, and Indonesia.

Cypraea (Lyncina) carneola lakemba Ladd

Plate 2, figures 10, 11

Cypraea (Lyncina) carneola lakemba Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 362, pis. 51, figs. K. L; 52, A.

No additional material collected. The figured type 

(Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History 13060) from 

the Miocene Futuna Limestone, station L391, Lakemba, Fiji, measures: length (incomplete anteriorly) 42.3 mm, lateral diameter 25.7 mm, dorsoventral 

diameter 21.6 mm.

The single known specimen from Fiji is much 

more sharply margined anteriorly than are Holocene 

shells of C. carneola from the same area, but future 

collecting may show that the Lakemba subspecies 

should be identified with C. carneola.

Cypraea (Lyncina) porter! Cate

Plate 23, figures 4-9

Cypraea (Lyncina) porteri Cate, 1966, Veliger, v. 8, no. 3, 

p. 200-201, pi. 29, figs. 1-4; Burgess, 1970, The living 

cowries, p. 356, pi. 44, fig. A.

Shell medium in size, solid, strongly inflated, margins heavily callused; constricted terminals also 

thickly callused; aperture narrow, broadly curved,
PALEONTOLOGY 21

slightly expanded anteriorly; teeth sharp, numbering 25 or more on each lip but not extending far 

from the aperture; teeth of inner lip narrower than 

those on outer lip. Traces of scattered brown spots 

visible on dorsal surface.

Measurements of the figured specimens: Plate 23, 

figures 4-6, collection of D. I. J. Mallick: length 43.8 

mm, lateral diameter 32.3 mm, dorsoventral diameter 24.7 mm. Plate 23, figures 7-9, USNM 175077: 

length 38.2 mm, lateral diameter 26.4 mm, dorsoventral diameter 19.6 mm.

The fossil shells are all slightly smaller than the 

holotype from the Philippines, and the spots on the 

dorsal surface are less numerous. The spot pattern 

of the fossils resembles that shown on Cypraea lynx, 

but the shape of the fossil shell is far too bulbous for 

that species.

Dr. David Greenbaum of the New Hebrides Condominium Geological Survey identified the first fossil specimens. His identification was confirmed by 

Ladd and later by Crawf ord Gate.

Occurrence. Represented by 16 shells from the 

marls on the Kere River (station SM242 and USGS 

Iocs. 25715, 25717), Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. Previously known only from the holotype, a 

shell collected alive in 48 ft of water, Manubul 

Island, Philippines.

Subgenus PUSTULARIA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology p. 324.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc., v. 15, p. 142). Cypraea 

cicercula Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Pustularia) cicercula Linnaeus 

Plate 3, figures 1. 2

Cypraea cicercula Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th 

ed., p. 725; Kay, 1961, Malocology Soc. London Proc., 

v. 34, pt. 4, p. 186.

Pustularia cicercula (Linnaeus), Kira, 1962, Shells of the 

western Pacific in color, p. 46, pi. 19, fig. 19; Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 6, no. 4, p. 187, pi. 26, fig. 53.

A single specimen of the type species was collected 

from the post-Tertiary limestones of the New 

Hebrides (USGS loc. 21028, Santo). The shell is 

highly inflated, its extremities produced and slightly 

upturned; the granulose dorsal surface bears a shallow central crease.

Measurements, USNM 174956: length 20.3 mm, 

lateral diameter 13.6 mm, dorsoventral diameter 11.8 

mm. The species lives today throughout the western 

and southwestern Pacific.

Cypraea (Pustularia) margarita Dillwyn 

Plate 3, figures 3-5

Cypraea margarita Dillwyn, 1817, Catalogue Recent Shells,

v. 1, p. 470; Reeve, 1846, Conchologica Iconica, Cypraea,

pi. 22, figs. 123a, b. 

Cypraea (Pustularia) margarita (Solander) Dillwyn, Ladd,

1945, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 365, pi. 52,

figs. N-P. 

Pustularia margarita (Dillwyn), Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger,

v. 6, no. 4, p. 187, pi. 26, fig. 52: Gate, 1969, Veliger,

v. 12, no. 1, p. 129, pi. 19, fig. 23.

Cernohorsky, in his 1964 (p. 187) discussion of 

this species, noted that "Ladd's record of Cypraea 

margarita from Fiji is an indeterminable form of 

one of the Pustularia group." With this comment in 

mind, I reexamined the single fossil, and it is here 

refigured. It seems clearly to be a Pliocene representative of P. margarita (station HOC, Vanua 

Mbalavu), but no additional specimens have been 

collected. The specimen (Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. 

History 13065) measures: length 10.9 mm, lateral 

diameter 7.2 mm, dorsoventral diameter 6.0 mm.

Occurrence. The species is widely distributed in 

Polynesia today.

Cypraea (Pustularia) globulus Linnaeus

Plate 3, figures 6, 7

Cypraea globulus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 

ed., p. 725; Roberts, in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, 

v. 7, p. 198, pi. 20, figs. 59, 60.

Pustularia globulus (Linnaeus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 72, pi. 11, fig. 51.

Characterized particularly by its globular form, 

beaked extremities and nongranular surface.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174663: length 17.0 mm, lateral diameter 10.1 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 9.1 mm.

Occurrence. A single specimen from the Agana 

Argillaceous Member of the Mariana Limestone at 

USGS locality 20730 on Guam, Mariana Islands; age, 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. The species is widely distributed today, from East Africa to Polynesia.

Cypraea (Pustularia) everwijni Martin 

Plate 3, figures 8-10

Cypraea everwijni Martin, 1883-87, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden 

Samml., ser. 1, v. 3, p. 140, pi. 7, fig. 140.

Cypraea (Pustularia) everwijni Martin, 1916, Geol. ReichsMus. Samml., new ser, v. 2, no. 6, p. 244, pi. 2, figs. 

44, 45.

Cypraea (Erosaria) agassizi Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus Bull. 119, p. 219, pi. 39, figs. 3-5.

Since C. agassizi was described from Viti Levu, 

Fiji, a second specimen has been collected from the 

same locality. These two specimens are identical
22 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

with shells described as C. everwijni by Martin from 

the lower Miocene, West Progo beds, in Java.

Measurements of the figured specimen from Fiji 

(Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1152) : length 

13.9 mm, lateral diameter 9.5 mm, dorsoventral diameter 7.8 mm.

Occurrence. Recorded by Martin from the lower 

and the upper Miocene of Java. In the island area, 

two specimens from station 160 on Viti Levu, Fiji; 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary /).

Cypraea (Pustularia) children! Gray 

Plate 3, figures 11-13

Cypraea childreni Gray, 1824, Zool. Jour. 1, p. 518; Kay, 1961,

Malocolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 34, pt. 4, p. 186;

Cernohorsky, 1964, Veliger, v. 6, no. 4, p. 187, pi. 24,

fig. 29. 

Cypraea (Ipsa) childreni Gray, Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 366. 

Pustularia (Ipsa) childreni (Gray), Gate, 1965; Veliger, v.

8, no. 2, p. 50, pi. 4, figs. 3a, 3b; 1969, Veliger, v. 12,

no. 1, p. 129, pi. 2:0, fig. 25.

The figured Miocene specimen from station 160, 

Viti Levu, Fiji, USNM 650637, measures: length 

22.4 mm, lateral diameter 15.3 mm, dorsoventral diameter 12.1 mm. It is more sharply sculptured than 

Holocene shells from Fiji and other Pacific islands.

Occurrence. A single figured specimen from Viti 

Levu is early Miocene (Tertiary /) in age. An internal and external mold that probably represents the 

species was found in an elevated reef (Fulanga 

Limestone, station L35) on the island of Fulanga in 

eastern Fiji; age, probably Pleistocene. A third solitary specimen was collected from the upper Tertiary 

Alifan Limestone near Apra Harbor on Guam 

(USGS loc. 20726). A fourth specimen, a broken 

shell, was collected from the Tanapag Limestone of 

Saipan (station 17891) ; age, probably Holocene. In 

drill hole E-l on Eniwetok, two well-preserved shells 

were recovered from 30 to 40 ft; age, Holocene. The 

species lives today on many island groups from 

Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, eastward to Fiji and 

Hawaii.

Cypraea (Monetaria) moneta Linnaeus

Plate 4, figures 1-5

Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed.

p. 723; Roberts in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v.

7, p. 177, pi. 10, fig. 46, pi. 11, figs. 51-54, pi. 23, figs.

60-69; Hertlein and Allison, 1960, Veliger, v. 2, no. 4,

p. 95, pi. 22; Kay, 1961, Malocolog. Soc. London Proc.,

v. 34, pt. 4, p. 189. 

Cypraea (Monetaria), moneta Linnaeus, Abrard, 1946, Annales paleontologie, v. 32, p. 68, pi. 4, fig. 40; Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci. v. 11, p. 304.

This widely distributed living Indo-Pacific species 

has a thickened margin that is easily recognizable. 

Fossil examples were found on Saipan, Guam, Fiji, 

Eniwetok, and the New Hebrides.

Measurements of the figured specimen from Saipan, USNM 648287: length 23.1 mm, lateral diameter 16.3 mm, dorsoventral diameter 11.5 mm. Figured young specimen from Eniwetok drill hole K-l, 

USNM 648288: length 14.0 mm, lateral diameter 9.5 

mm, dorsoventral diameter 6.5 mm.

Occurrence. A dozen specimens from the Mariana Limestone on Saipan (USGS loc. 17893) ; age, 

probably Pleistocene. Specimens were recovered 

from 10 localities in the Mariana Limestone of Guam 

(USGS Iocs. 20511, 20526, 20534, 20536, 20562, 

20626, 21369, 21378, 21379 and 21381) ; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. A single specimen from Fiji 

(USGS loc. 25142) is Miocene; one from Eniwetok 

(drill hole K-l, 33-44 ft) is Holocene. Abrard described specimens from the Quaternary elevated 

reefs on Eromanga and Efate in the New Hebrides, 

and one young specimen was found in Quaternary 

Limestone at USGS locality 21028 on Santo in the 

same group.

Holocene shells have been found throughout the 

Indo-Pacific region from Africa to Hawaii, including 

such outposts as Clipperton, the Cocos, and Galapagos Islands.

Submenus EROSARIA Troschel

Troschel, 1863, Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begriindung 

einer natiirl. Class., v. 1, p. 205, 210.

Type (by subsequent designation, Jousseaume, 

1884, Soc. Zool. France Bull., v. 49, p. 96). Cypraea 

erosa Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Erosaria) erosa Linnaeus

Plate 4, figures 6, 7

Cypraea erosa Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae. 10th ed., p. 

723; Roberts in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v. 7, 

p. 192, pi. 18, figs. 1, 90, 100; Ostergaard, 1928, Bernice 

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 51, p. 28; Kay, 1961, Malacolog. 

Soc. London Proc., v. 34, pt. 4, p. 186.

Cypraea (Erosaria) erosa Linnaeus, Abrard, 1946, Annales 

Paleontologie v. 32, p. 86; Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., 

v. 11, p. 302.

Characterized particularly by its thickened and 

pitted margins. The figured specimen, USNM 

174964 from USGS locality 20732 on Guam, measures: length 35.5 mm, lateral diameter 18.4 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 15.0 mm.

Occurrence. Six speciments from USGS localities 20526, 20633, 20636, 20732, 20762, Guam in
PALEONTOLOGY 23

the Mariana Limestone; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. Abrard recorded the species from the elevated 

Quaternary reefs of Eromanga, New Hebrides. 

Ostergaard found it abundant in the elevated Pleistocene limestones of Oahu in Hawaii but noted the 

rarity of living examples in that area today. C. 

erosa lives throughout most of the Indo-Pacific region.

Cypraea (Erosaria) caputserpentis Linnaeus

Plate 4, figures 8-10

Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 

10th ed., p. 720; Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v. 7, 

p. 173, pi. 6, figs. 98-100; Kay, 1961, Malacolog. Soc. 

London Proc., v. 34, pt. 4, p. 186.

Cypraea (Erosaria) caputserpentis Linnaeus, Demond, 1957, 

Pacific Sci., v. 11, p. 302.

Erosaria (Ravitrona) caputserpentis (Linnaeus), MacNeil, 

1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 51, pi. 19, 

figs. 3, 10.

Erosaria (Erosaria) caputserpentis caputserpentis (Linnaeus), Gate, 1969, Veliger, v. 12, no. 1. p. 130, pi. 21, 

fig. 32.

A single mold of this widely distributed Holocene 

Indo-Pacific species was collected from the Mariana Limestone on Guam (USGS loc. 20489) ; age, 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. Another single specimen 

was found in a limestone pit (USGS loc. 21028) on 

Santo Island in the New Hebrides at an altitude 

of 240 ft; age, probably Pleistocene. The New Hebrides specimen, USNM 650563, measures: length 

38.5 mm, lateral diameter 26.8 mm, dorsoventral 

diameter 16.8 mm.

MacNeiPs Okinawan specimen was collected from 

the Pliocene; as MacNeil notes, the species has also 

been reported from the Pleistocene of French Somaliland, Hawaii, and Taiwan. An occurrence reported from the Pleistocene of Tonga by Ostergaard 

(1935, p. 16, 27) is incorrect.

Cypraea (Erosaria) labrolineata Gaskoin

Plate 4, figures 11-13

Cypraea flaveola labro-lineata Gaskoin, 1849, Zool. Soc. London

Proc. for 1848, p. 97. 

Erosaria (Ravitrona) labrolineata labrolineata (Gaskoin),

Gate, 1964, Veliger, v. 7, no. 1, p. 12; 1965, Veliger,

v. 8, no. 2, p. 52, pi. 5, figs. 9a, 9b; 1968, Veliger, v.

10, no. 3, p. 228, pi. 27, fig. 34. 

Erosaria labrolineata (Gaskoin), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine

shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 82, pi. 13, fig. 64.

A single, almost complete, fossil from Pliocene 

beds at station RB44 and two specimens from the 

Miocene at USGS locality 25142 on Viti Levu, Fiji, 

seem to represent this species known to live today 

in the southwest Pacific from Indonesia to the Tokelau Islands. The figured Pliocene specimen (British Museum GG13319) measures: length 19.4 mm, 

lateral diameter 11.9 mm, dorsoventral diameter 8.7 

mm. The fossils have more widely spaced labial 

teeth than Holocene shells, but this is a variable 

feature. Cernohorsky reported the species uncommon 

in Fiji today.

Cypraea (Erosaria) helvola Linnaeus

Plate 5, figures 1-3

Cypraea helvola Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th, ed.

p. 724; Roberts in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology, v.

7, p. 194, pi. 19, figs. 8, 9; Ostergaard, 1935, Bernice

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 131, p. 29; Kay, 1961, Malacolog.

Soc. London Proc.. v. 34, pt. 4, p. 188; Cernohorsky,

1964, Veliger, v. 6, no. 4, p. 189, pi. 25, fig. 39. 

Cypraea (Monetaria) annulus sosokoana Ladd; 1934, Bernice

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 220, pi. 39, figs. 6-8. 

Cypraea (Erosaria) cf. eburnea Barnes, Ladd, 1945, Bernice

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 364, pi. 52, figs. k-m. 

Cypraea (Erosaria) helvola Linnaeus, Demond, 1957, Pacific

Sci., v. 11, no. 3, p. 303. 

Erosaria helvola (Linnaeus), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western

Pacific in color, p. 48, pi. 20, fig. 14. 

Erosaria (Erosaria) helvola Linnaeus, Gate, 1969, Veliger, v.

12, no. 1, p. 130, pi. 21, fig. 31.

This variable species ranges today throughout 

the Indo-Pacfic region from the Red Sea to Hawaii. 

In Fiji, Miocene (Tertiary /) fossils were found in 

some abundance at station 160 on Walu Bay, and 

across the bay at USGS locality 25142; a single 

specimen was recovered from the Miocene of Lakemba (station L391). One shell was found in drill 

hole 2A on Bikini and two in drill hole F-l on 

Eniwetok from the upper Miocene (Tertiary g). A 

half dozen specimens were collected from the Pliocene at stations HOB and HOC on Vanua Mbalavu. 

The species occurs in the elevated limestones of 

Tonga (station 4 on Tongatapu) and in the deep 

hole on Funafuti at depths of 399 and 497 ft and in 

the elevated marls of Santo in the New Hebrides 

(station SM242). All three of these occurrences are 

probably Pleistocene.

The figured specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 

648289, measures: length 21.6 mm, lateral diameter 

14.7 mm, dorsoventral diameter 10.0 mm.

Cypraea (Erosaria) cf. C. miliaris Gmelin

Plate 6, figure 1

A single specimen that may represent this Holocene species was recovered from the silt-sandstones 

at USGS locality 24793 on the Island Pentecost, New 

Hebrides.

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 174995, 

are: length 27.8 mm, lateral diameter 7.3 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 7.1 mm. The specimen closely
24 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

resembles C. miliaris in shape and sculpture but may 

possibly represent an usually large and smooth example of C. helvola Linnaeus.

Occurrence. USGS locality 24793, Pentecost, 

New Hebrides; age, probably Pleistocene. C. miliaris 

Gmelin lives today from Japan to Indonesia and the 

north coast of Australia (Burgess, 1970, p. 165) but 

has not been reported as far east as the New 

Hebrides.

Cypraea (Erosaria) guttata Gmelin

Plate 23, figures 1-3

Cypraea guttata Gmelin, 1791, Systema naturae, 8th ed. p. 

3402; Dance, 1969, Rare shells, p. 70, pi. 7, c; Burgess, 

1970, The living cowries, p. 158, pi. 11, figs. A, 1A.

Cypraea (Erosaria) guttata, Gmelin Woodward, 1963, Jour. 

Conchology, v. 25, no. 5, p. 180-183, 1 pi. (see for additional citations).

The first fossil occurrence of this rare and beautiful species retains no trace of color pattern, but the 

deep grooves of the outer lip both above and below 

identify the shell without question.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

214259: length 56.6 mm, lateral diameter 34.5 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 26.6 mm.

Occurrence. Five specimens from the Pleistocene 

marls of Santo, New Hebrides; four from station 

SM242 and USGS locality 25718 on the Kere River, 

one from USyS locality 25742 on the Navaka River. 

Living examples have been collected from island 

groups in the western Pacific, from Japan to the 

New Hebrides.

Subgenus STAPHYLAEA Jousseaume

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Zool. France Bull., v. 9, p. 97.

Type (by original designation). Cypraea staphylaea Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Staphylaea) nucleus Linnaeus

Plate 5, figures 4-6

Cypraea nucleus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed.,

p. 724; Kay, 1961, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v.

34, pt. 4, p. 189; Hedley, 1899, Australian Mus. Mem.

3, p. 454. 

Cypraea (Pustularia) nucleus Linnaeus, Ladd, 1945, Bernice

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 366, pi. 52, figs. Q-S. 

Staphylaea (Nuclearia) nucleus (Linnaeus), MacNeil, 1960,

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 51, pi. 19, figs.

5,6.

The single Pliocene shell described by me from 

station 110 Fiji measures 16.3 mm in length, 9.2 mm 

in lateral diameter and 7.5 mm dorsoventrally. It is 

less inflated than the Pliocene shell figured by MacNeil from Okinawa and than most Holocene shells. 

This difference is probably due to the immaturity of

the Fijian fossil. An incomplete mold from a depth 

of 464 ft in the deep hole drilled on Funafuti shows 

the pustulose sculpture of the species. Hedley (1899, 

p. 454) reported dead shells occurring frequently on 

the Funafuti beach. The species has been collected 

from many island groups in the Indian and Pacific 

Oceans.

Subgenus ERRONEA Troschel

Troschel, 1863, Das Gebiss der Schnecken zur Begrundung 

einer naturl. Class., v. 1, p. 205, 210.

Type (by subsequent designation, following virtual tautonymy, Schilder, 1924, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Abt. A, no. 4, p. 202). Cypraea errones 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Erronea) errones Linnaeus

Plate 5, figures 10-12!

Cypraea errones Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed. 

p. 723; Roberts, in Tryon, 1885, Manual Conchology v. 

7, p. 183, pi. 14, figs. 88, 89, 7.

The type of Erronea is represented by a single 

specimen collected from station RB32, Viti Levu, 

Fiji, by H. G. Richards; age probably Pliocene.

Measurements of the figured specimen (Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Geol. 31514) : length 18.1 

mm, lateral diameter 10.0 mm, dorsoventral diameter 7.9 mm.

Cypraea (Erronea) mbalavuensis Ladd

Cypraea (Erronea) mbalavuensis Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 364, pi. 52, figs. H-J.

Originally described from the Ndalithoni Limestone at station 110, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) . No additional material collected.

Cypraea (Erronea) cylindrica Born

Plate 5, figures 7-9

Cypraea cylndrica Born, 1778, Index Mus. Caesarei Vindobonesis, p. 169; Reeve, 1845, Conchologica Iconica, 

Cypraea, pi. 14, fig. 64; Burgess, 1970, The living 

cowries, p. 291, pi. 32, figs. B C.

Cypraea (Erronea) cylindrica Born, Abrard, 1946. Annales 

Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 65, pi. 4, fig. 35.

Characterized particularly by its elongate cylindrical form, flattened base, and sides that are marginated at the extremities. The teeth on the outer lip 

are large; those on the columella are finer but are 

extended.

Measurements of the figured specimen, British 

Museum GG1320: length 31.4 mm, lateral diameter 

9.7 mm, dorsoventral diameter 11.6 mm.

On the single fossil, the aperture is less dialated 

anteriorly than on most Pacific shells and the colum-
PALEONTOLOGY 25

ellar teeth are heavier, two of them near the anterior 

end of the series bifurcating inward.

Occurrence. The single fossil was collected at 

station RB44 on Viti Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). Abrard reported it from the elevated Quaternary reefs of Eromanga, New Hebrides. 

The species lives today from Guam and Palau south 

to Australia and westward into the Indian Ocean.

Subgenus ADUSTA Jousseaume

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Zool. France Bull., v. 9, p. 93.

Type (by absolute tautonymy). Cypraea adusta 

Lamarck = Cypraea onyx Linnaeus. Holocene, IndoPacific.

Cypraea (Adusta) aff. C. kamai (Beets)

Plate 5, figures 13-15

Shell small, ovately biconic, flattened below; aperture moderately wide, expanded anteriorly; umbilicate depression near posterior end; outer lip narrow, 

bearing 21 strong teeth that extend to the margins 

except in the midsection; inner lip also with 21 

strong teeth that extend to the margin anteriorly 

and posteriorly but only halfway across in the midsection ; shell margined above.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174971: length 15.3 mm, lateral diameter 8.5 mm, 

dorsoventral diameter 6.3 mm.

The Eniwetok fossil is smaller and somewhat more 

inflated than the shells referred by Beets (1941, p. 

82, pi. 4, figs. 156-179) to C. kamai.

Occurrence. A single specimen from drill hole 

E-l on Eniwetok at a depth of 2,720-2,730 ft; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e}. Beets described C. 

kamai from the upper Miocene of East Borneo.

Subgenus CRIBRARIA Jousseaume

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Zool. France Bull., v. 9, p. 94.

Type (by original designation). Cypraea cribraria Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cypraea (Cribraria) cribraria Linnaeus

Plate 6, figures 2-4

Cypraea cribraria Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae. 10th ed., 

p. 713; Roberts, 1885, in Tryon, Manual Conchology, 

v. 7, p. 190, pi. 17, figs. 71, 72.

Cribraria cribraria (Linneaus), Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, p. 103, pi. 20, fig. 114; Gate, 1969, 

Veliger, v. 12, no. 1, p. 129, pi. 25, fig. 57.

A single shell from station 817 on Vanua Levu, 

Fiji, appears to represent this species that has been 

reported living from Africa to Hawaii. The fossil, 

USNM 174957, measures: length 17.0 mm, lateral 

diameter 9.0 mm, dorsoventral diameter 7.9 mm.

The shell is Pliocene in age and is the first reported 

occurrences of the species as a fossil.

Cypraea (Cribraria) sp.

Cypraea (Cribraria) species Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 363, pi. 52, figs. E-G.

No additional material collected, and the exact 

identification of the single Pliocene specimen from 

Fiji (station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu) remains uncertain.

Family OVULIDAE (AMPHIPERATIDAE) 

Genus PEDICULARIA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology, p. 245, 357.

Type (by monotypy). Pedicularia sicula Sowerby. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea.

Subgenus PEDICULARIONA Iredale

Iredale, 1935, Australian Zoologist, v. 8, p. 101.

Type (by original designation). Pedicularia stylasteris Hedley. Holocene, Australia.

Pedicularia (Pediculariona) pacifica Pease

Plate 6, figures 5-7

Pedicularia pacifica Pease, 1865, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

516; 1868, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 4, p. 96; Tryon, 

1885, Manual Conchology, v. 7, p. 242, pi. 1, figs. 6,

7.

The following is based on two fossils, apparently 

young shells: Apertural margin lobed, subrectangular to lunate in outline; outer lip irregular, contracted in middle; columella elevated. Exposed spire, 

consisting of one smooth whorl and at least two 

beaded whorls. Sculpture of body whorl consisting 

of closely set spiral striae beaded by finer axial 

striae.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648479: length 3.0 mm, width 2.0 mm.

In proposing Pediculariona, Iredale recognized the 

elevated sculptured spire buried in adult shells as 

distinctive. The fossils possess such a spire and some 

larger Holocene examples of P. pacifica show traces 

of the spire.

Occurrence. Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok at depths 

of 35-45 ft; age, Holocene.

Pedicularia (Pediculariona) sp.

Pedicularia (Pediculariona) species Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 640-C, p. C7, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5. Eua, 

Tonga. Late Eocene (Tertiary 6).

Genus PRIMOVULA Tbiele

Thiele, 1925, in Kukenthal, W., and Krumback, T., Handbuch 

der Zoologie, v. 5, p. 88.

Type (by monotypy). Amphiperas beckeri Sowerby. Holocene, South Africa.
26 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Primovula rhodia (A. Adams) 

Plate 6, figures 8-10

Amphiperas rhodia A. Adams, 1854, Zool. Soc. London Proc.,

p. 130, fig. 8. 

Ovulum rhodia (Adams), Reeve, 1865, Conchologica Iconica,

v. 15, Ovulum, pi. 4, no. 18. 

Primovula rhodia (A. Adams), Kira, 1962, Shells of western

Pacific in color, pi. 19, fig. 6.

Small, elongate, smooth; extended to a point posteriorly, slightly truncated anteriorly; aperture widened anteriorly; inner lip smooth with a conspicuous nodular callus posteriorly and a broad shallow 

excavation anteriorly; outer lip thickened, dentate 

within. Measurements of the figured specimen, 

USNM 650631: height 11.7 mm, diameter 6.2 mm.

Occurrence. A single fossil from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Holocene shells have been reported from many localities 

in Japan.

Genus PHENACOVOLVA Iredale

Iredale, 1930, Queensland Mus. Mem., v. 10, pt. 1, p. 85.

Type (by original designation). Phenocovolva 

nectarea Iredale. Holocene, Queensland, Australia.

Phenacovolva nectarea Iredale 

Plate 6, figures 11-13

Phetmcovolva nectarea Iredale, 1930, Queensland Mus. Mem., 

v. 10, p. pt. 1, p. 85.

Medium in size, spindle-shaped, extremities prolonged and recurved; aperture crescentic, wider below; inner lip smooth with a low inconspicuous 

nodule posteriorly; outer lip thickened and reflected. 

Sculpture consists of fine striae at the extremities.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650633: height 18.4 mm, diameter 7.6 mm.

The single fossil is proportionately a little thicker 

than the type figured by Iredale.

Occurrence. One specimen from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Iredale described the species from shells dredged from 

corals at depths of 9-12 fathoms at Port Curtis, 

Queensland, Australia.

Family ATLANTIDAE 

Genus ATLANTA Lesueur

Lesueur, 1817, Jour. Physique, Chimie, Histoire Nat., v. 

85, p. 390.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London, Proc. pt. 15, p. 149). Atlanta 

peronii Lesueur. Holocene, warm and temperate 

seas.

Atlanta peronii Lesueur

Plate 6, figures 14-20

Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817, Jour. Physique, Chimie, Histoire Nat., v. 85, p. 390, pi. 2, figs. 1.1, 1.2; Tesch, 

1949, Carlsberg Foundation Dana Rept. no. 34, p. 16, 

fig. 9.

Shell small, thin, planorboid, compressed. Earliest 

whorls coiled in a dextral spire; periphery of last 

whorl extended as a thin keel.

Measurements of the figured specimen from drill 

hole E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 35-40 ft, USNM 

174959 (pi. 6 figs. 14, 15) : height 0.5 mm, diameter 

2.2 mm; figured specimen from Fiji, USNM 650661 

(pi. 6 figs. 16,17) : height 0.6 mm, diameter 2.3 mm. 

Both specimens appear to be immature shells, the 

last whorl being in contact with the preceding whorl 

at the aperture. The figured specimen from station 

SM43 on the island of Santo, New Hebrides (pi. 6, 

figs. 18-20), USNM 650654: diameter 3.4 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at depths of 30-40 ft are Holocene in age. 

The figured specimen from station 817 and two specimens from station B82, both on Vanua Levu, Fiji, 

are Pliocene (Tertiary h) : a single specimen from 

station K671 and four specimens from K755 on 

Vanua Levu, Fiji and many specimens from Santo, 

New Hebrides (USGS loc 24918) are Pleistocene in 

age. The species lives today in the warm waters of 

both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

Genus OXYGYRUS Benson

Benson, 1835, Asiatic Soc. Bengal Jour., v. 4, no. 39, p. 74.

Type (by monotypy). Oxygyrus inflatus Benson 

( = Atlanta keraudrenii Lesueur). Holocene, South 

Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

Oxygyrus levu Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 7, figures 1-4.

Shell large, nautiloid, deeply umbilicate on both 

sides; body whorl large, its periphery unkeeled. Irregularly spaced curved axial lines on the body 

whorl are variable in strength, but none are prominent. Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 

650659, height 4.7 mm, diameter 11.0 mm; paratype, 

a mold of a smaller shell, USNM 650660, height 3.2 

mm, diameter 9.0 mm.

The species is much larger than the living type of 

the genus, 0 keraudrenii (Lesueur), and is less inflated than that species. The Fijian fossils more 

closely resemble an internal mold from the Miocene 

of Jamaica placed by Woodring (1928, p. 134) under 

Atlanta (Atlantidea) lissa with the statement that 

the specimen might represent Oxygyrus. The Ja-
PALEONTOLOGY 27

maican specimen is too poorly preserved to permit 

close comparison with the Fijian fossils.

Occurrence. Represented by two specimens: the 

holotype from station 817 on Vanua Levu, Fiji, and 

the paratype, an internal mold from station 1136 on 

the same island. Age of both specimens probably 

Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Family NATICIDAE 

Genus AMPULLINA Bowdich 

Bowdich, 1822, Elements of conchology, p. 31, pi. 9, fig. 2.

Type (by monotypy). Natica depressa Lamarck. 

Eocene, France.

Subgenus AMPULLINOPS1S Conrad 

Conrad, 1865, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 1, p. 27.

Type (by monotypy). Natica mississippiensis 

Conrad. Oligocene, Mississippi.

Ampullina (Ampullinopsis) berauensis (Beets)

Plate 7, figures 5-7

Globularia (Megatylotus) berauensis Beets, 1941, Nederland 

en Koloniers Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. Vehr., Geol. ser., v. 

13, pt. 1, p. 78, pi. 4, figs. 147-152.

Small, strongly inflated, height exceeding width, 

angle of spire slightly less than 90°; whorls about 

six, suture deeply impressed; base rounded, aperture lunate, umbilicus open, sheath well developed, 

bounded by a sharp rim. Sculpture consisting of 

fairly regularly spaced axial lines of growth and, on 

the body whorl, fine spiral striations.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650621, E-l, Eniwetok, 2,760-2,770 ft: height 9.6 

mm, diameter 9.0 mm.

Occurrence. Eight specimens from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at depths between 2,710-2,780 ft; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e) ; types from the upper 

Miocene of East Borneo.

At the writer's request, C. Beets, who named this 

species, compared the figured Eniwetok specimen 

with the types in Leiden. He noted (written commun., 1957) that the Eniwetok shell was more juvenile and somewhat smaller (smallest Borneo shell 

about IVs times the size of the Eniwetok specimen) 

and that the Eniwetok shell had a slightly higher 

spire. The five specimens occurring above and below 

the specimen examined by Beets are immature and 

even smaller than the one he identified. The shells 

from Eniwetok, like those from Borneo, show fine 

spiral striations on the body whorl. The differences 

between the shells from the two areas seemed minor 

to Beets; he regarded the two as conspecific.

Genus GLOBULARIA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology, p. 345.

Subgenus GLOBULARIA s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1847, Indicis generum malacozoorum, v. 1, p. 480). 

Natica sigaretina Lamarck. Eocene, Paris basin.

Snbgenus CERNINA Gray

Gray, 1842, Synops. British Mus., 44th ed., p. 60.

Type (by monotypy). Natica fluctuosa Sowerby. 

Holocene, Philippines.

Globularia (Cernina) fijiensis Ladd

Plate 7, figures 8, 9; plate 8, figures 1, 2

Globularia (Cernina) fijiensis Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 358, pi. 51, figs. A, B.

The type specimen (Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. 

History 13052) was collected from the Futuna Limestone of Lakemba (station L389) in eastern Fiji. It 

measures: height 53.9 mm, diameter 47.2 mm. A 

second specimen that probably represents the species has been found in the limestone of the Suva Formation on Viti Levu (station 295) in western Fiji. 

Both occurrences are in beds referred to the lower 

Miocene (Tertiary /). The Suva specimen (USNM 

650623) is a slightly crushed internal mold. It measures : height 53.8 mm., diameter 57.7 mm.

Globularia fijiensis differs from G. fluctuosa (Sowerby), the only living Cernina, in the shape of the 

body whorl; in G. fluctuosa,, the upper part of the 

whorl is flattened near the aperture, the suture descending gradually; in G. -fijiensis, the upper part of 

the whorl is inflated near the aperture, the suture 

ascending.

G. nakamurai Otuka (1938, p. 37, pi. 3, figs. 1921) 

from the Miocene of Japan is considerably larger 

than G. fijiensis and has a shallower suture.

Subgenus WALUIA Ladd 

Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 211.

Type (by original designation). Globularia edwardsi Ladd. Miocene, Fiji.

Globularia (Waluia) edwardsi Ladd

Plate 7, figure 10; plate 8, figure 10; plate 9, figures 12, 13

Globularia (Waluia) edwardsi Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 119, p. 212, pi. 36, figs. 7, 8; pi. 37, figs. 1, 

2; pi. 38, fig. 1; Wenz, 1938, Handbuch de Palaozoologie, 

v. 6, p. 1022, fig. 2930.

Since G. edwardsi was described in 1934, additional material has been obtained from the three localities that yielded the type specimens (stations 

160, 295, and 158, Viti Levu, Fiji). There are now
28 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

seven nearly complete specimens of the giant snail 

and half a dozen smaller specimens (immature or 

incomplete) that probably represent the species. In 

addition, the Geological Survey of Fiji had a large 

specimen said to have been collected in 1939 by C. 

Bucknell from limestone near Korolevu, nearly 50 

miles west of the Suva area; this specimen cannot 

now be located.

Two of the types of G. edivardsi are refigured in 

the present report and, in addition, another specimen 

that shows the flaring aperture rim more clearly 

than do the types.

Measurements of the figured specimens. 

Height 

(mm)

Diameter 

(mm)

Holotype (B. P. Bishop Mus.,

Geol. No. 1231) ___________ 127 142 

Paratype B. (B. P. Bishop Mus.,

Geol. No. 1223) ___________ 170 188 

Figured specimen (USNM 174970) _ 218 205

Subgenus PACHYCROMMIUM Woodring

Woodring, 1928, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 383, p. 391.

Type (by original designation). Amaura guppyi 

Gabb. Miocene, Dominican Republic.

Pachycrommium stockwelli Ladd

Plate 7. figures 11, 12

Pachycrommium stockwelli Ladd, 1945., Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 359, pi. 51, figs. C, D.

Still represented only by the type specimens. They 

measure: holotype (Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History, 13053) height 15.0 mm., diameter 10.7 mm; 

the paratype (Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History, 

13054) height 10.9 mm., diameter 8.3 mm. Ndalithoni Limestone, station 110 Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

According to Cox (1948, p. 19), the species described by Pannekoek in 1936 as Ampullina (Ampullospira) harrisi from the lower Miocene of Java 

is a Pachycrommium that occurs also in the Neogene 

of Borneo. This species is much larger than the Fiji 

fossil and is less strongly shouldered.

Pachycrommium? pacificum Ladd

Pachycrommiuml pacificum Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 359, pi. 51, figs. E, F.

The generic identity of this species remains uncertain. It is represented by three partly crushed 

specimens from station L466 on Oneata, Fiji; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary /).

Genus POL1NICES Montfort

Montfort, Conchyliologie Systematique 2, p. 222.

Subgenus POLINICES s. s.

Type (by original designation), Polinices albus 

Montfort (=Nerita mammilla Linnaeus). Holocene, central and southwest Pacific.

Polinices (Polinices) mammilla (Linnaeus)

Plate 8, figure 3

Nerita mammilla Linnaeus, 1758, Systerna Naturae 10th ed.,

p. 776. 

Polinices (Polinices) mammilla (Linnaeus), Ladd, 1934,

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 210, pi. 36, figs.

4,5. 

Natica (Mamma) mamilla (Linnaeus), Abrard, 1946, Annales

Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 53. 

Polinices cf. F. mammilla (Linnaeus), MacNeil, 1960, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 54, figs. 17, 21.

Small to medium, thick-shelled, smooth; spire 

small, low to moderately elevated; body whorl flattened above, greatly expanded below; aperture semilunate; parietal callus thick, entirely covering the 

umbilicus.

Measurements of the figured specimen (USNM 

650624, drill hole 2A-13-A, Bikini, core at depth 

200-211 ft) : height 18.6 mm, diameter 13.7 mm.

Occurrence. Several specimens from the Suva 

Formation at station 160 (Tertiary /) and from 

RB32 (probably Tertiary h) on Viti Levu, collected 

by H. G. Richards; single Holocene specimen from 

drill hole K-l, Eniwetok, at depth 222-233 ft, a 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) specimen from drill hole 

F-l, at depth 670-680 ft. Common in Pliocene and 

Pleistocene Mariana Limestone at south end of Tinian (USGS loc. 17896) ; occurring in rocks of same 

age on Guam (eight specimens from USGS Iocs. 

20541, 20600, 20608, 20626, 20745, 21380). One shell 

from the Pleistocene marl of Santo, New Hebrides 

(USGS loc. 25715). MacNeil figured a specimen from 

the Pliocene Nakoshi Sand of Okinawa. The species 

has also been reported from the upper Miocene and 

younger beds of the New Hebrides, the Miocene and 

Pliocene of Java, the Pliocene of Sumatra and Timor, 

the Quaternary of Celebes (Sulawesi) and Billiton 

(Vlerk, 1931, p. 258). Living examples have been 

reported from many localities in the central and 

southwest Pacific, Indonesia, and Japan.

Polinices (Polinices) cumingianus madioenensis Altena

Plate 8, figure 4

Natica (Polinices) poiuisiana Recluz, Martin, 1905, Geol.

Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., v. 1, p. 263, pi. 39, figs.

634, 637. 

Polinices (Polinices) sp. Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus.

Bull. 119, p. 211, pi. 36, fig. 6. 

Polinices (Polinices) cumingianus var. madioenensis Altena,

1941, Leidse Geol. Mededel., v. 12, p. 58, fig. 18.
PALEONTOLOGY 29

INatica (Natica) sp. Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop Mus.

Bull. 181, p. 357. 

Polinices cf. P. cumingianus madioenensis Altena, MacNeil,

1961, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 53, pi. 13,

fig. 1.

Medium in size, ovate, spire low, broadly pointed, 

suture lightly impressed; aperture semi-elliptical, 

outer lip thin; umbilicus large but almost completely 

filled by a funicle, parietal callus thick, projecting 

slightly beyond the funicle.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174969: height 20.5 mm, diameter 20.0 mm.

Authors, including Altena, have stated that two of 

the species of Natica, N. cumingianus and N powisiana, described by Recluz (1844, p. 210) are synonymous. In naming his new variety, Altena chose N. 

cumingianus because of page priority.

The Fijian fossils seem to be identical with the 

shells described by Altena and Martin from the Neogene of Java. When compared with the shells from 

the Pliocene Nakoshi Sand of Okinawa figured by 

MacNeil, there appear to be no important differences, the Fijian fossils having a slightly lower spire.

Occurrence. In 1934, I figured and briefly described a single specimen collected at station 160 on 

Viti Levu, Fiji. Later collecting at the same locality 

yielded three more specimens; one of these is figured 

in the present report; age, early Miocene (Tertiary 

/). A small and somewhat eroded specimen from the 

Ndalithoni Limestone at station HOB on Vanua 

Mbalavu may represent this species; age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h).

Polinices (Polinices) cf. P. columnaris (Recluz) 

Plate 8, figure 5

Polinices cf. P. albumen (Linnaeus), MacNeil, (pars) U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 53, pi. 2, fig. 23.

Small, obliquely depressed, spire low, aperture 

semielliptical; umbilicus wide and deep, partly filled 

by a strong broad funicle; sculpture consisting of 

curved lines of growth.

Measurements of the figured specimen from station 817, Fiji, USNM 174968: height 10.0 mm, diameter 9.7 mm.

All four Fijian fossils are small and cannot be 

separated from many young shells of the living P. 

columnaris, nor from the smaller of the Okinawan 

fossils figured by MacNeil.

Occurrence. A single fossil from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji, and two from station RB44 on 

Viti Levu; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). An incomplete shell from station L389 on Lakemba, Fiji, may 

represent the same species; age, early Miocene Tertiary /). A shell from the marls of the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides, is Pleistocene in age. MacNeil's Okinawan shell was collected from the Miocene Yonabaru Clay Member of the Shimajiri Formation. P. columnaris lives today in the Philippines 

and in parts of the Indian Ocean.

Genus MAMMILLA Schumacher

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations des vers testaces, p. 190, Copenhagen.

Type (by monotypy). Mammillata fasciata 

Schumacher (= Nerita melanostoma Gmelin). Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Mammilla melanostoma (Gmelin)

Plate 8, figures 6, 7

Nerita melanostoma Gmelin, 1791, Systema naturae, 13th ed.,

p. 3674. 

Natica (Mammilla) melanostoma (Gmelin). Tryon, 1886,

Manual Conchology, 8, p. 50, pi. 21, figs. 13-18; pi. 22,

fig. 21. 

Mammilla melanostoma (Gmelin), MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 54, pi. 8, fig. 1, pi. 12, fig.

19 (see for additional references).

A single large specimen of this widespread Holocene Indo-Pacific species was collected from the 

Tanapag Limestone on Saipan (USGS loc. 17891) ; 

age, probably Holocene.

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 650623 

(pi. 8, fig. 7) : height 39.1 mm, diameter 38.4 mm. 

The specimen retains traces of dark color in the columellar area. A smaller specimen was recovered 

from the Pliocene marls of station 817 on Vanua 

Levu, Fiji. This shell, USNM 174940, (pi. 8, fig. 6) 

measures: height 15.5 mm, diameter 13.2 mm.

A single shell was found in the Pleistocene beds of 

Santo, New Hebrides (SM 242-74A).

As noted by MacNeil, the species has been reported 

from the Miocene and Pliocene of Java, the Miocene 

or Pliocene of Okinawa, and the Pleistocene of Java 

and the Red Sea area.

Genus PLICONACCA (Cossmann and Martin

Cossmann and Martin, 1914, in Martin, Geol. Reichs.-Mus. 

Leiden Samml., v. 2, no. 4, p. 171.

Type (by monotypy). Natica trisulcata Martin. 

Eocene, Java.

Pliconacca is characterized particularly by the 

presence of transverse grooves across the umbilical 

callus. The grooves are shown by the type species 

from the Eocene of Java and by a comparable species from the Eocene of North America {Polinices 

(Pliconacca} arata (Gabb), Palmer, 1937, p. 123]
30 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

but have not previously been reported from postEocene rocks.

Pliconacca martini Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 8, figures 8, 9

Shell small, subglobose, spire moderately high, 

suture distinct. Aperture ovoid, outer lip thin; umbilicus covered by callus except for a narrow slit 

below; callus crossed by two or three broad grooves, 

the areas adjoining the grooves slightly elevated. 

Oblique plicae prominent on each whorl immediately 

below the suture; lines of growth thicker near the 

base of the body whorl than over the middle part of 

whorl. On all specimens, the apical whorls are partly eroded.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 174967: 

height 12.8 mm, diameter 10.8 mm.

P. martini differs from the Eocene species P. trisulcata Martin (1914, p. 171) and P. arata (Gabb) 

(Palmer 1937, p. 123) in that it is not widely umbilicate and has more prominent plicae near the 

suture. The callus grooves on P. martini are less 

prominent than on the Eocene species, but these are 

somewhat variable features. On two specimens of P. 

martini, one of the elevated areas between grooves is 

continued as a weak ridge deep inside the shell.

Occurrence. Represented by a dozen specimens 

from three stations on Vita Levu: FB13 (holotype), 

FB7, C497, all in marls of the Suva Formation; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary/).

This species is named for Dr. K. Martin who monographed the molluscan faunas of the East Indies and 

established a Tertiary section in that area.

Genus NEVERITA Risso

Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de 

PEurope meridionale, v. 4, p. 149.

Type (by monotypy). Neverita josephinia Risso. 

Holocene, Mediterranean Sea.

Neverita? sp.

Neverita'! sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

640-C, p. C7, pi. 4, fig. 16. 

Eua Tonga. Late Eocene (Tertiary b).

Genus SINUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, v. 2, p. 14.

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1915, U.S. 

Natl. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 109). Helix haliotidea Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific.

Sinum sp. A 

Plate 9, figures 1, 2

Minute, spire moderately high, made up of about 

three rounded whorls; sculpture consisting of fine 

flattened spiral riblets that vary in size; base smooth.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174941: height 1.2 mm, diameter 3.2 mm.

The single specimen with its relatively elevated 

spire does not seem closely related to described species, but the shell is probably immature and a 

specific name is withheld,

Occurrence. Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, at depth 

of 55-60 ft; age, Holocene.

The only other representative of the genus Sinum 

occurring in the fossil collections from the island 

area is an unidentifiable internal mold of a small 

specimen from the reef facies of the Mariana Limestone at USGS locality 20680 on Adelup Point, 

Guam; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene.

Genus NATICARIUS Dumeril

Dumeril, 1806, Zoologie Analytique, p. 164.

Type (by monotypy). Nerita canrena Linnaeus. 

Holocene, West Indies.

Naticarius marochiensis (Gmelin) s. 1.

Plate 9, figures 3-10

Nerita marochiensis Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 13th ed.,

p. 3673. 

Natica (Natica) marochiensis (Gmelin), Ladd, 1934, Bernice

P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 209, pi. 36, figs. 2, 3. 

Natica marochiensis (Gmelin), Abrard, 1946, Annales Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 53. 

Naticarius (Naticarius) marochiensis (Gmelin), Wissema,

1947, Young Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda from

the Island of Nias, Leiden, Rijksuniv., Doctoral thesis,

p. 136. 

Naticarius marochiensis (Gmelin) s. 1., MacNeil, 1960 (1961),

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 55, pi. 15, figs.

21, 22 (see for addtional references).

Many authors have recognized that the shells of 

living examples of this species are variable in form 

and in color pattern. Thus broadly defined, N. marochiensis has been recognized throughout the IndoPacific region, from the east coast of Africa to 

Hawaii. Reports of fossil occurrences are numerous 

and are almost equally widespread, the oldest fossil 

being found in the lower Miocene of Indonesia, Fiji, 

and Marshall Islands, others in the upper Tertiary 

(Miocene or Pliocene) in the Philippines, the Pliocene of India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Okinawa, the 

Pleistocene of Indonesia, Hawaii, the Red Sea area, 

and East Africa.

N. marochiensis is characterized particularly by 

low plicae near the suture on later whorls and by a 

deep umbilicus that is partly, but never completely, 

filled by funicle. Fossils from the island area average 

smaller than the shells of living examples.
PALEONTOLOGY 31

Measurements of the figured specimens. 

Catalog No. Locality Height Diameter 

(mm) (mm)

USNM 174951_Fiji, station 817, Vanua 10.9 10.2

Levu. 

174953_Palau, USGS locality 5.6 5.0

21301 (op erculum:

3.7 mm by 2.2 mm). 

174955__Guam, USGS locality 8.8 7.8

20535.

Fossil occurrences in the island area. 

In Fiji: age, early Miocene (Tertiary /), station 

160, Viti Levu. Age, late Miocene (Tertiary g), 

stations F238 and C148, Viti Levu. Age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h), stations C1142, Viti Levu, and 817 

and K700, Vanua Levu.

In the Marshall Islands: in three deep holes on Eniwetok from 211 to 630 ft; age, Miocene (Tertiary 

/ and g) to Holocene. In two deep holes on Bikini 

from 1,124 to 192 ft; age, Miocene (Tertiary /), 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) and Holocene.

In Palau: from USGS Iocs. 21301, 21304, 21305, 

21308, and 21310 in the marls at the base of the 

Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g).

In Guam: a single specimen from USGS loc. 20535 

in the Talisay Member of the Alifan Limestone; 

age, Tertiary g or h.

In the New Hebrides: specimens have been collected from the post-Tertiary beds of Maewo (USGS 

loc. 24794), Pentecost (USGS loc. 24793) and Santo 

(station SM242).

The species lives today on reef flats in Fiji. Edmondson (1946, p. 160) cited it as the commonest 

shore species in Hawaii. The early Miocene occurrences on Viti Levu and on Eniwetok and the late 

Miocene occurrences in Palau are in shallow-water 

beds, but during the Pliocene on Vanua Levu, the 

species lived in somewhat deeper waters.

Naticarius onca (Roding)

Plate 9, figure 11

Cochlis onca Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, v. 2, p. 147. 

Natica chinensis Lamarck, 1816, Hist. nat. animaux sans

vertebrae, v. 8, p. 644; Tryon, 1886, Manual Conchology v. 8, p. 20, pi. 3, fig. 53. 

Naticarius onca (Roding), Kira, 1962, Shells of western

Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 40, pi. 18, fig. 4. 

Natica (Naticarius) onca (Roding), Cernohorsky, 1971,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Rec., v. 8, p. 186, figs. 33-35.

Shells of living examples carry a striking pattern 

of dark spots arranged in four to five spiral lines. 

Fossil shells from Guam lack the color pattern but 

have the globular shape and the wide umbilicus that 

is nearly filled by a thick callus. The callus is bordered by a narrow groove that ends above in a deep 

perforation. The suture is slightly impressed, and 

weak plications are present below the suture.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174965: height 12.2 mm, diameter 11.5 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from USGS locality 

21377 on Guam; two larger shells from USGS localities 20533 and 20607 on Guam probably represent 

the species. All specimens from the Mariana Limestone of Pliocene and Pleistocene age. The species is 

widely distributed in the western Pacific today, from 

Australia and Indonesia north to Japan and eastward through the Philippines and New Caledonia to 

Fiji, Tonga, and the Wallis islands, but has not previously been reported from the Mariana Islands.

Family CASSIDAE 

Genus BATHYGALEA Woodring and Olsson

Woodring and Olsson, 1957, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

314-B, p. 22.

Type (by original designation). Cassis coronadoi Crosse. Holocene, north coast of Cuba, off Cape 

Fear, N.C.

Subgenus BATHYGALEA s. s. 

Bathygalea (Bathygalea) sp. A

Plate 10, figures 1, 2

Internal mold very large, globose, spire moderately high, broadly convex in profile, angle slightly less 

than 100°. Whorls flattened above a rounded shoulder that bears low widely spaced knobs, about five 

on body whorl; traces of a row of lower knobs occur 

at about the midpoint of the body whorl. Outer lip 

reflected.

Measurements of the single specimen, USNM 

174982: height 115 mm, diameter 100 mm.

The Guam fossil is poorly preserved but definitely 

a Bathygalea. It appears to be closely related to the 

type of the genus, B. coronadoi (Crosse) and to B. 

wyvillei (Watson). According to Abbott (1968, p. 

100-101), B. coronadoi has been recovered from 

depths of 18-20 to 124 fathoms; Bayer (1971, p. 

135) described the first live specimens dredged from 

a depth of 235-280 m (130-155 fathoms). B. wyvillei lives today off Japan, the Philippines, Solomon 

Islands, and Australia at depths from 60-80 to 310 

fathoms.

Occurrence. A single internal mold from the 

detrital facies of the Mariana Limestone at USGS 

locality 20598 on Guam; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene.

Genus CASSIS Scopoli

Scopoli, 1777, Introductio ad historiam naturalum * * * * p. 

393.
32 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1909, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 59, p. 60). Cassis cornuta Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cassis cf. C. cornuta Linnaeus

Plate 11, figure 1

Cassis species Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, 

p. 221.

An internal mold of a large cassid from the early 

Miocene limestone at the head of Walu Bay, Viti 

Levu, Fiji (near station 295) probably represents 

this widespread Indo-Pacific species. The mold measures 145 mm in height and has a diameter of 116 

mm. It was collected on January 5, 1896, by Sir 

Henry Berkeley and presented to Professor A. 

Agassiz. Two incomplete molds from the Miocene 

Tagpochau Limestone on Saipan (USGS loc. 17890) 

may represent the same species. Abbott (1968, p. 47- 

48) has summarized all records of C. cornuta. 

Martin (1879, p. 45, pi. 8, figs. 5 and 5a) reported 

it from the upper Miocene of Java.

Genus PHALIUM Link

Link, 1807, Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung, Rostock 

pt. 3, p. 112.

Subgenus PHALIUM s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1909, U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 59, p. 62). Buccimim 

glaucum Linnaeus; Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Subgenus SEMICASSIS Morch

Mb'rch, 1852, Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra et Gadea, Comes de Yoldi, p. 112.

Type (by subsequent designation, G. F. Harris, 

1897, Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca, British Mus., 

London, p. 198). Cassis japonica Reeve ( = Cassis 

bisulcata Schubert and Wagner). Holocene, IndoPacific.

Phalium (Semicassis) bisulcatum (Schubert and Wagner) 

Plate 10, figures 3-6

Cassis bisulcata Schubert and Wagner, 1829, ConchylienCabinet, Nurnberg, v. 12, p. 68, figs. 3081, 3082.

Cassis pila Reeve, 1848, Conchologica Iconica, v. 5, Cassis, pi. 

9, fig. 23.

Cassis japonica Reeve, 1848, Conchologica Iconica, v. 5, 

Cassis, p. 9, fig. 23.

Semicassis pila (Reeve), MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 339, p. 58, pi. 13, figs. 2, 3.

Phalium (Semicassis) bisulcatum (Schubert and Wagner), 

Abbott, 1968, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 2, no. 9, p. 126, 

pi. 8, figs. 13-21, pis. 105-114 (see for additional citations) .

This widely distributed Holocene species is present 

in abundance (37 specimens) in the Pliocene beds 

at station 817 on Vanua Levu in Fiji. Three other

stations on Vanua Levu, where beds of essentially 

the same age are exposed (K700, K714, and K806), 

have yielded 10 specimens, and on Viti Levu, one 

specimen was collected from the Pliocene beds at 

stations C89 in the Mba area. Two specimens from 

station 817 are figured: the larger, USNM 174972, 

measures: height 51.3 mm, diameter 32.0 mm; the 

smaller, USNM 174973 measures: height 19.9 mm, 

diameter 9.0 mm. The species also occurs in the dark 

marls (stations SG80, SM242) of Santo in the New 

Hebrides; age, Pleistocene.

The specimen figured by MacNeil as Semicassis 

pila (Reeve) from the Shinzato Tuff (Miocene or 

Pliocene) of Okinawa cannot be distinguished from 

the Fiji shells. MacNeil cited other fossil occurrences 

from the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene of Indonesia. Abbott mapped the distribution of Holocene 

occurrences from East Africa to the Marshall Islands 

and Japan to Australia, including Fiji.

Phalium (Semicassis) vavakuana (Ladd)

Plate 10, figures 7, 8

Semicassis (Semicassis) vavakuana Ladd, 1934, Bernice P.

Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 222, pi. 39, fig. 12. 

Phalium (Phalium) areola vavakuana (Ladd), Abbott, 1968,

Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 2, no. 9, p. 88.

Since this species was described in 1934 from the 

Miocene of the Nasongo area of Viti Levu (station 

59), two additional specimens have been collected. 

One of these is from the type area near Nasongo 

(station F238), the other from the Miocene conglomerate at station 160 in the Suva area. Abbott 

compared the Fijian shells to young specimens of 

P. areola, but the types and the shell from station 

160 are fully mature, with heavy detached callus 

plates on the inner lip. All the shells have the strong 

spiral sculpture of P. bisulcatum, none show the 

smoothish body whorl of P. areola. The holotype, 

from station 59, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Geology 

No. 1206, measures: height 35.0 mm, diameter 22.9 

mm.

Subgenus CASMARIA H. and A. Adams

H. and A. Adams, 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

216.

Type (by subsequent designation, G. F. Harris, 

1897, Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in * * * British, Mus., London, p. 200). Buccinum vibex Lirmaeus = Buccinum erinaceus Linnaeus. Holocene, IndoPacfic.

Phalium (Casmaria?) sp. 

Plate 11, figure 2

The extensive fossil collections from the Mariana 

Islands contain only one cassid, an internal mold of
PALEONTOLOGY 33

a medium-sized shell from the Talisay Member of 

the upper Tertiary Alifan Limestone at USGS locality 20989 on Guam. The specimen, USNM 174974, 

measures: height 60 mm, diameter 45 mm. The 

original shell is not present, but color changes in the 

mold suggest the presence of a strong varix on the 

body whorl, two others on earlier whorls, and a 

columellar shield.

The mold may represent P. (C.) erinaceus; the 

spire is high, as in that species, but the body whorl 

is more inflated and the varices better developed 

than on most specimens available for comparison.

Family CYMATIIDAE 

Genus GYRINEUM Link

Link, 1807, Beschr. der Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, pt. 3, p. 

123.

Subgenus GYRINEUM s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation following virtual 

tautonymy, Dall, 1904, Smithsonian Misc. Colln. v. 

47, p. 131). Murex gyrinus Linnaeus. Holocene, 

southwest Pacific.

Gyrineum (Gyrineum) bituberculare (Lamarck)

Plate 12, figures 7-9

Ranella bitubercularis Lamarck, 1816, Tableau Encyclopedic 

Methodique (Vers), pi. 412, fig. 6; 1845, Animaux 

sans vertebres, v. 9, p. 548; Reeve, 1843, Conchologica 

Iconica, Ranella, pi. 7, no. 40.

Ranella (Argobuccinum) bitubercularis Lamarck, Tryon, 

1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 42, pi. 23, fig. 44.

Ranella (Apollo) bitubercularis Lamarck, Martin, 1899, Geol. 

Reichs Mus., Leiden, Samml. v. 1, no. 6, p. 149, pi. 23, 

figs. 349-351.

Gyrineum (Gyrineum) bituberculare (Lamarck), Altena, 1942, 

Leidse Geol. Meded., deel 3, afl. 1, p. 96 (see for additional citations) ; Cox, 1948, Schweizer Palaeont. Abh. 

v. 66, p. 40, pi. 3, figs. 6a, b.

Gyrineum species Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 

119, p. 222, pi. 39, fig. 13.

Small, biconic in outline, with a continuous varix 

on each side; aperture broadly lenticular, continued 

anteriorly as a short, slightly curved canal; inner 

lip thinly callused, its edge detached; outer lip thin, 

crenulated within. Sculpture consisting of strongly 

beaded spiral ribs; between each two of which are 

two or three fine spiral threads; spiral sculpture 

overrides prominent axial ribs, giving the shell a 

cancellate appearance.

Measurements of the figured specimen, from station 817, Vanua Levu, USNM 174976: length 17.5 

mm., diameter 10.8 mm.

Occurrence. Single specimens from station 817 

on Vanua Levu and 304 on Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). The species lives today from 

Samoa westward through New Caledonia, Queenland (Australia), the Malay Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean to the Red Sea. Fossil occurrences have 

been reported from the Miocene and Pliocene of 

Java and other parts of Indonesia and from the 

Quaternary of Celebes.

Genus BIPLEX Perry 

Perry, 1811, Conchology, pi. 4.

Type (by subsequent designation, Jousseaume, 

1879, Le Naturaliste, v. 1, p. 2). Biplex perca 

Perry. Holocene, western Pacific.

Biplex perca Perry 

Plate 11, figures 3, 4

Biplex perca Perry, 1811, Conchology, pi. 4, no. 5; MacNeil, 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 59, pi. 2, fig. 

30, pi. 8, fig. 9, pi. 13, fig. 4 (see for additional citations) .

Gyrineum (Biplex) perca (Perry), Altena, 1942, Marine Mollusca of Kendeng beds * * * p. 100 (see for additional 

citations).

ApoUon (Biplex) perca (Perry), Wissema, 1947, Young Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda from the Island of 

Nias: Leiden Rijksuniv., Doctoral thesis, p. 145.

A single juvenile shell of this highly decorated 

type species was collected by R. W. Bartholomew on 

Vanua Levu (station VL1) and submitted to the 

British Museum. The specimen, British Museum 

GG1840, measures: length 14.9 mm, diameter 10.3 

mm. Present in abundance in the marls of the Kere 

River, Santo, New Hebrides.

The species lives today in Indonesia, the Philippines, and north to Japan but has not been found 

in Fiji.

Reported fossil occurrences include questionable 

Miocene in India and Java, Miocene and possibly 

Pliocene in Okinawa, Pliocene in several parts of 

Indonesia, and Pleistocene in Java. The Fiji occurrence is probably Pliocene. The New Hebrides shells 

are Pleistocene.

MacNeil (1960) summarized available bathymetric data: Japan 57-163 fathoms: Philippines 

(Albatross collections), more than 50 localities 

ranging from 80 to 350 fathoms.

Genus CYMATIUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Museum Boltenianium, p. 129.

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1904, 

Smithsonian Misc. Colln. v. 47, p. 133). Murex 

femorale Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies.

Subgenus LAMPUSIA Schumacher

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un noveau systeme des habitations 

des vers testaces, Copenhagen, p. 250.
34 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1847, Indicis Generum, v. 1, p. 575). Murex pileare 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Philippine Islands.

Cymatium (Lampusia) aquatile (Reeve)

Plate 11, figures 5-7

Triton aquatilis Reeve, 1844, Conchlogiica Iconica, v. 2, 

Triton, pi. 7, no. 24.

Two small and incomplete specimens from the 

Pliocene of Fiji probably represent this Holocene 

species. The figured specimen, USNM 174996, measures : length 18.4 mm, diameter 17.6 mm. Both fossils have a slightly wider apical angle than Holocene shells and the figured specimen is more sharply sculptured than are shells of living examples. The 

figured specimen retains two of the groups of stout 

teeth inside the outer lip that seem to be characteristic of C. aquatilis. One of the fossils (figured 

specimen) was collected from station 817 on Vanua 

Levu, the other (British Museum specimen) from 

station RB32 on Viti Levu. The species, originally 

described from the Philippines, is common on the 

reefs of Fiji today and has been collected through 

various inland groups to Hawaii. Currently some 

authors (Cox, 1948, p. 39; Cernohorsky, 1967, p. 50; 

Keen, 1971, p. 507) place C. aquatile in synonymy 

under the genotype C. pileare (Linnaeus), but it appears to me that these two widely distributed species 

can be separated.

Subgenus CYMATRITON Clench and Turner

Clench and Turner, 1957, Johnsonia, v. 3, no. 36, p. 210.

Type (by original designation). Cymatium nicobaricum Roding. Holocene. western Atlantic and 

Indo-Pacific.

Cymatium (Cymatriton) rickardi Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 13, figures 10, 11

Shell small, rather slender, with a flat-sided spire, 

the whorls separated by an intrenched suture. Protoconch consisting of about two convex whorls, followed by seven to eight sculptured whorls. Aperture 

oval, outer lip with a sharply raised rim, bearing 

about 10 strong lirae, inner lip heavily callused with 

strong but rather irregular ridges, posterior canal 

extended and recurved. Sculpture consisting of several varices, which, on the earlier whorls, are only 

a little stronger than the axial ribs spaced between. 

A series of rounded spiral cords overrides all 

axials; between the cords, fine secondary and tertiary threads occur.

Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 

175030, length 27.0 mm, diameter 14.0 mm. Paratype, USNM 195031, length 22.5 mm, diameter 6.8 

mm.

C. rickardi is smaller and proportionately shorter 

than C. nicobariciim, type of Cymatriton, and lacks 

the strong shoulder of that species.

The species is named for Dr. M. J. Rickard who 

collected many fossils while preparing a reconnaissance map of Vanua Levu for the Fiji Geological 

Survey.

Occurrence. On Vanua Levu, Fiji, the types and 

21 other specimens from station 817 and two from 

station K700; on Viti Levu one specimen from station C1142. Age of all specimens Pliocene (Tertiary 

h).

Subgenus SEPTA Perry

Perry, 1810, Arcana, pi. a.

Type (by monotypy. Septa scarlatina Perry 

(= Murex rubecula Linnaeus). Holocene, south Pacific.

Cymatium (Septa) rubecula (Linnaeus)

Plate 11, figure 8 

Murex rubecula Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed.,

p. 749. 

Triton rubecula (Linnaeus), Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology,

v. 3, p. 12, pi. 7, fig. 40. 

Septa rubecula (Linnaeus), Ladd, new subspecies?, 1934,

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 223, pi. 39, figs. 14,

15.

No additional material. The incomplete specimen 

(Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. 1210) measures 21.6 

mm in diameter. As pointed out in 1934, the fossil 

from Fiji differs from Holocene shells only in minor 

features of sculpture. After examining additional 

Holocene material, I now think it unlikely that the 

fossil represents a distinct subspecies. C. rubecula 

lives today from the Red Sea to the central Pacific. 

The Fijian fossil from station 160 on Viti Levu is 

early Miocene (Tertiary /) in age. The species has 

also been reported from Quaternary rocks on Celebes 

(Sulawesi).

Cymatium (Septa) gemmatum (Reeve)

Plate 11, figures 9, 10

Triton gemmatus Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2, 

Triton, pi. 15, figs. 60a-b; Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 13, pi. 7, figs. 41-44.

Cymatium (Septa) gemmatum (Reeve), Clench and Turner, 

1957, Johnsonia, v. 3, no. 36, p. 222, pi. 125, figs. 1, 2 

(see for discussion of distribution).

A single incomplete specimen of this widely distributed Indo-Pacific western-Atlantic Holocene species was recovered from drill hole 2 on Bikini in 

core from a depth of 180 ft; age, Quaternary. The
PALEONTOLOGY 35

specimen, USNM 650471, measures: length 19.2 mm, 

diameter 10.3 mm.

Genus DISTORSIO Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 133.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc., v. 15, p. 133). Murex anus 

Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific.

Subgenus DISTORSIO s. s. 

Distorsio (Distorsio) anus (Linnaeus)

Plate 11, figure 11

Murex anus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., p. 

750.

Distorsio (Distorsio) anus (Linnaeus), Clench and Turner, 

1957, Johsonia, v. 3, no. 36, p. 236; Cernohorsky, 1967, 

Veliger v. 9, no. 3, p. 323, pi. 45, fig. 23.

An incomplete fossil from station RB44 on Viti 

Levu preserves a large part of the extensive parietal 

callus and the basal part of the recurved siphonal 

canal. Measurements of the figured specimen, British Museum GG19757: length 38.5 mm, diameter 

24.9 mm. A smaller incomplete shell was collected 

at station K700 on Vanua Levu. Both specimens are 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) in age.

D. anus, Holocene type of the genus, lives throughout the Indo-Pacific region.

Subgenus RHYSEMA Clench and Turner

Clench and Turner, 1957, Johnsonia, v 3, no. 36, p. 236.

Type (by original designation). Triton clathratum Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies.

Distorsio (Rhysema) pusilla Pease

Plate 11, figures 12, 13

Distorsio pusilla Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 397; 

Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 35.

Small, biconic; protoconch of one or two smooth 

whorls followed by about five sculptured whorls; 

aperture narrowly triangular; anterior canal of 

moderate length, gently curved; inner lip thinly callused but dentate, its margin free and thickened; 

outer lip strongly dentate, deeply excavated above. 

Sculpture consisting of coarse spiral ribs between 

which are closely set spiral striae; ribs beaded where 

they cross axial plications. Measurements of the 

figured specimen, USNM 650634: length 10.6 mm, 

diameter 4.5 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at depths of 30-40 ft; age, Holocene. A 

single Holocene specimen in the USNM collections 

(337878) was obtained from dredging a channel 

entering Honolulu Harbor. The specimen described 

by Pease may have come from the same source. This 

little species is also known to live in Japan and Fiji.

Distorsio (Rhysema) reticulata Roding

Plate 11, figure 14

Distorsio reticulata, Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 133;

Cernohorsky, 1967, Veliger, v. 9, no. 3, p. 324, pi. 45,

fig. 24. 

Triton decipiens Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2,

Triton, pi. 20, sp. 102.

This species lives today from the Seychelles in the 

Indian Ocean to Hawaii in the central Pacific. It is 

characterized particularly by its thin concave outer 

lip and its deeply excavated columella. The fossils 

from Fiji are all small. The figured specimen, USNM 

650635, measures: length (incomplete) 19 mm, 

diameter 19.1 mm. Cernohorsky reported that the 

species is found throughout Fiji today but is moderately rare. All five fossils are from station 817 on 

Vanua Levu; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). The species has also been collected in large numbers from 

the elevated marls of Santo in the New Hebrides 

(station SM242) ; age, Pleistocene.

Family BURSIDAE 

Genus BURSA Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 128.

Type (by subsequent designation, Jousseaume, 

1881, Soc. Zool. France Bull. v. 6, p. 174). Bursa 

mammata Roding (= Murex bufonius Gmelin). 

Holocene, western Pacific.

Subgenus COLUBRELLINA Fischer

Fischer, 1884, Manual Conchyliologie, p. 656.

Type (by monotypy). Ranella candisata Lamarck (= Murex conditus Gmelin). Holocene, western 

Pacific.

Bursa (Colubrellina) nobilis (Reeve)

Plate 12, figures 1-3

Ranella nobilis Reeve, 1884, Conchologica Iconica, Ranella pi. 

4, fig. 16; Martin, 1899, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden 

SammL, v. 1, no. 6, p. 146, pi. 23, figs. 340-342.

Bursa nobilis (Reeve), CernohoTsky, 1967, Marine shells of 

the Pacific, p. 46, pi. 2, fig. 6.

The major sculptural features of this highly ornate species are constant, but the strength of the 

spiral lines of granules that cover the shell surface 

varies considerably.

Measurements of the figured specimens: USNM 

174980 (pi. 12, fig. 1) length 62.0 mm, diameter 

36.3 mm; a slightly smaller specimen, USNM 

174981 (pi. 12, figs. 2, 3) length 45.5 mm, diameter 

33.3 mm.

The five specimens assigned to B. nobilis are 

larger and more ornately sculptured than the two 

nearly complete shells assigned to B. margaritula 

(Deshayes) that follow.
36 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Occurrence. Represented by five specimens from 

station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Martin reported the species from the Miocene and Pliocene of Java; it has also been reported 

(Vlerk, 1931, p. 241) from the upper Miocene of 

Sumatra and the Pliocene of Timor. Reeve described 

the Holocene shell from an unknown locality. According to Cernohorsky, (1967) it lives throughout 

the tropical Pacific but is uncommon. The only specimens in the United States National Museum are 

two dead shells dredged by Harald Rehder off the 

island of Ua Pou in the Marquesas. They were recovered from a depth of 40-51 fathoms from a bottom of sand and broken shell.

Bursa (Colubrellina) margaritula (Deshayes) 

Plate 12, figures 4-6

Ranella margaritula Deshayes, 1832, in C. Belanger, Voyage 

Indes Orient, v. 6, p. 424; Reeve, 1844, Conchologica 

Iconica, Ranella, pi. 3, no. 15; Martin, 1899, Geol. 

Reichs-Mus. Leiden, Samml. v. 1, no. 6-8, p. 146, pi. 

23, figs. 337-339.

Medium in size, biconic; varices narrow; whorls 

with a strong keel, the keel bearing eight prominent 

tubercles on each whorl; surface of whorls covered 

by alternately strong and weak spiral ribs. Aperture 

broadly lenticular; outer lip lirate within; anterior 

and posterior canals short.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175075: length 28.7 mm, diameter 19.9 mm.

The peripheral tubercles on the fossils are somewhat worn and do not have the backward upturn 

shown by the tubercles of many Holocene shells.

Occurrence. Figured specimen from station 

F238, Viti Levu, Fiji; two other shells from station 

C148 in the same area; age, late Miocene (Tertiary 

g). Shells from the Kere River marls, Santo, New 

Hebrides (USGS loc 25715), are Pleistocene. The 

species lives today in the Philippines and in parts of 

the Indian Ocean. Fossil occurrences have been described from the Miocene and Pliocene of Java and 

other parts of Indonesia.

Family TONNIDAE 

Genus EUDOL1UM Dall

Dall, 1889, Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 29, p. 232.

Type (by original designation). Dolium crosseanum Monterosato. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea.

Eudolium sp. 

Plate 12, figure 10

Three incomplete specimens of a relatively high 

spired pyriform tun, bearing many closely set spiral 

ribs crossed by fine oblique axial threads, seem to 

represent a species of Eudolium. The incomplete figured specimen, USNM 174986, measures: length 

23.9 mm, diameter 17.7 mm. The body whorl bears 

34 spiral ribs; secondary spirals are not present.

Occurrence. Figured specimen and one other 

from USGS locality 25142; a third specimen from 

station FB-13; both stations in Suva area, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /).

Genus QU1MALEA Iredale 

Iredale, 1929, Australian Zoologist, v. 5, pt. 4, p. 345.

Type (by original designation). Buccinum pomum Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Quimalea pomum (Linnaeus) 

Plate 12, figure 11

Buccinum pomum Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed.,

p. 735. 

Malea pomum (Linnaeus), Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci. v. 11,

p. 309. 

Malea (Quimalea) pomum (Linnaeus), Habe, 1964, Shells of

the western Pacific in color, v. 2, pi. 24, fig. 7.

Represented by a single specimen from USGS locality 21028, Santo, New Hebrides; age, Pleistocene. 

The specimen, USNM 174984, is incomplete and is 

encrusted with tubular growths inside and out but 

retains the heavy spirals and a part of the strongly 

toothed outer lip; measurements: length (incomplete). 49.4 mm, diameter 45.5 mm. The species lives 

today throughout the Indo-Pacific region. It has been 

reported as a fossil from the Quaternary of Timor 

(Vlerk, 1931, p. 243).

Genus TONNA Brunnich

Briinnich, 1772, Zoologiae fundamenta praelectionibus academicis accomodata, Hafniae et Lipsiae, p. 248.

Type (fide Suter, 1913, Manual New Zealand Mollusca, p. 314). Buccinum galea Linnaeus. Holocene, 

Mediterranean Sea.

Tonna sulcosa (Born) 

Plate 12, figures 12, 13

Buccinum sulcosum Born, 1778, Index Rerum Natur. Musei

Caesarei Vindobonensis, p. 230. 

Dolium fasciatum (Bruguiere), Lamarck, 1844, Animaux

sans vertebres, v. 10, p. 142; Reeve, 1848, Conchologica

Iconica, Dolium, pi. 7, fig. 1; Tryon, 1885, Manual

Conchology, v. 7, p. 263, pi. 3, fig. 16. 

Tonna fasciata (Bruguiere), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western

Pacific in color, v. 1, pi. 23, fig. 7.

Represented by seven specimens from the Pliocene (Tertiary h) beds of Vanua Levu, Fiji. Six of 

the specimens (two large, four small) are from 

station 817, the other, a small specimen, from station 

K700. The figured specimen, USNM 174985, from 

station 817 measures: length 35.5 mm, diameter 23.4
PALEONTOLOGY 37

mm. It retains a part of the outer lip that is dentate 

within.

The species occurs today in Japan, the China 

coast, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Family FICIDAE 

Genus FICUS Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 148.

Type (by tautonymy and subsequent designation, 

Winckworth, 1945, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., 

v. 26, p. 140). Ficus variegatus Roding (=Bulla 

ficus Gmelin = Murex ficus Linnaeus). Holocene, 

western Pacific.

Ficus variegata Roding

Plate 13, figures 1-3

Ficus variegata Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, v. 2 p. 

148; Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 

2, p. 113, pi. 33, fig. 1.

Pyrula ficus Lamarck, 1799, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles * * * Soc. Hist. nat. Paris Mem. 

1, p. 73; Martin, 1879 Tertiarschichten auf Java, 

Leiden, p. 57, pi. 14, fig. 9; Tryon, 1885, Manual conchology, v. 7, p. 266, pi. 5, fig. 29, pi. 6, figs. 36, 37.

Ficula laevigata Reeve, 1847, Conchologica Iconica, Ficula, 

pl. 1, fig. 4.

Shell medium to large, spire low. Protoconch consisting of about 21/2 smooth convex whorls; body 

whorl greatly expanded; columella curved over the 

anterior half of its length. Sculpture finely reticulate 

but variable. On most shells, the closely set spirals 

are strong and flat topped; on others, they alternate 

with weaker spirals; on juvenile shells, the strong 

spirtls may alternate with weak ones, neither set being strongly flattened (pl. 13 figs. 2, 3) ; axials are 

regularly spaced but usually weaker than the spirals. 

Such sculptural variation also characterizes the 

shells of living specimens.

Measurements of the figured specimens: an adult 

shell, USNM 650628, height (incomplete) 89 mm, 

diameter 58.4 mm; a juvenile shell, USNM 650629, 

height 22.4 mm, diameter (incomplete) 12.5 mm.

Occurrence. Represented by six adult and two 

juvenile shells, all from station 817, Vanua Levu, 

Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Martin recorded it 

from the Miocene of Java.

The species is widely distributed today in IndoPacific seas, from the Red Sea to Taiwan, but has not 

been found living in Fiji.

Family MU RIGIDAE 

Genus MUREX Linnaeus

Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae 10th ed., p. 746.

Subgenus MUREX s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Montfort, 1810, 

Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 2, p. 619). Murex 

pecten (Lightfoot) (=M. trib id us Linnaeus). Holocene, western Pacific.

Murex (Murex) guppyi Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 13, figures 6-7

Shell medium in size, spire composed of six or 

more whorls; each whorl with two strong primary 

ribs that divide the inflated area into three parts; 

above the upper rib the whorl is flattened, the remainder of the whorl being moderately convex. 

Three prominent varices are present but are not 

alined from whorl to whorl; three or four secondary 

ribs occur between the primary ribs, and threadlike 

tertiary ribs are discernible in some areas. On the 

body whorl, long slightly curved spines are developed 

where the primary ribs cross the varices, and shorter spines occur on the varices below the lower of the 

two primary spirals. Aperture oval, outer lip crenulate, inner lip erect, detached. Siphonal canal long, 

straight, with spines extended at regular intervals.

Measurements of the holotype from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji, USNM 175003: length 62.8 mm, 

diameter (spines omitted) 22.5mm.

M. guppyi is related to M. verbeeki Martin, a Neogene species from Indonesia (Martin, 1895, p. 123, 

pl. 19, figs. 278-281), but on that species the whorls 

are more evenly convex and the primary spirals are 

all nearly equal in size.

This species is named for H. B. Guppy who studied 

Vanua Levu, Fiji, between 1896 and 1899 and wrote 

a comprehensive report on its physical and geological features.

Occurrence. Holotype and three other specimens 

from station 817 on Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Murex (Murex) nasongoensis Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 13, figures 8, 9

Murex (Murex) aff. recurvirostris Broderip, Ladd, 1934, 

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 224, pl. 40, figs. 

3, 4 [not fig. 5].

Murex cf. M. recurvirostris Broderip, Cernohorsky, 1967, 

Veliger, v. 10, no. 2, p. 129 [part].

Shell medium in size, globose; whorls inflated, 

separated by a deep suture. Aperture broadly ovate 

with a shallow notch posteriorly and a narrow canal 

anteriorly that is not completely roofed over; both 

inner and outer lips lirate within, inner lip detached 

and thickened anteriorly. Each whorl with three 

varices, those of each whorl aligned with those of
38 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

the preceding whorl; low rounded axial ribs are 

present between varices, five between each two 

varices on the body whorl; varices and ribs overridden by alternating spiral cords and threads.

Measurements of the holotype and only specimen, 

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Geology No. 1208: 

length 39.1 mm, diameter 30.7 mm.

The Fijian fossil resembles Murex batamensis 

described by Martin (1895, p. 126, pi. 19, figs. 288- 

290) from the Neogene of Java and recorded by 

Cox (1948, p. 43, pi. 4, figs. 4a, b, c) from the Neogene of North Borneo, but it has a broader apical 

angle and is much less spinose than that species.

Occurrence. Station 59, Viti Levu; age, probably 

Miocene.

Murex (Murex) bantamensis coulsoni Ladd, n. subsp. 

Plate 13, figures 12-15; plate 14, figures 1, 2

Murex (Murex) aff. recurvirostris Broderip, Ladd, 1934, 

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 224, pi. 40, fig. 5 

[not figs. 3,4].

Murex cf. M. recurvirostris Broderip, Cernohorsky, 1967, 

Veliger, v. 10, no. 2, p. 129 [part].

Shell small, whorls strongly inflated, separated by 

a deep suture. Aperture small, ovate with a thin, 

erect peristome that is crenulated to form the outer 

lip that is conspicuously dentate within; inner lip 

with a smooth margin but internally with several 

rounded denticles anteriorly; posteriorly, the peristome bears a shallow notch, anteriorly, it is extended as a narrow canal that is almost completely 

roofed over. Each whorl with three prominent 

varices which, on the body whorl, converge to the 

base of the anterior canal; varices of the body whorl 

alined with those of earlier whorls. Two to four axial 

ribs are present between each two varices; varices 

and ribs overridden by alternating primary and 

secondary spirals, the primary spirals, on some 

specimens, being extended as short spines.

Measurements, of the types:

Holotype, USNM 174997, length 24.3 mm, diameter 15.6 mm.

Paratype A, USNM 174998, length 23.1 mm, diameter 15.0 mm.

Paratype B, USNM 174999, length 19.0 mm, diameter 13.6 mm.

Paratype C, Bishop Mus. Geol. no. 1209, length 

30.1 mm, diameter 16.7 mm.

Paratype D, USNM 175001, length 16.3 mm, diameter 9.7 mm.

The above description is based on 13 nearly complete specimens from 4 localities 3 on Viti Levu, 

the fourth on Vanua Levu, Fiji. The Viti Levu localities furnished one specimen each, the remaining 10 

coming from a single station on Vanua Levu. The 

anterior canal is incomplete on all specimens, and the 

thin peristome shows evidence of wear.

Paratype C, when originally described, was affiliated with Murex recurvirostris Broderip, a variable 

species living on the west side of Central America 

and in the Caribbean region, where it has a record 

dating back to the early Mioceine. Of several forms 

that have been described from the Americas, the 

Fijian fossils appear closest to M. recurvirostris 

rubidus F. C. Baker, a living form that is limited to 

Florida and the Bahamas (Clench and Perez Farfante, 1945, p. 6, pi. 3, figs. 1-7). The Fijian fossils 

appear more sharply sculptured, and the intervarical 

ridges are stronger and more uniform in size than 

on the Holocene 'shells.

The Fijian fossils are closely related to M. bantamensis Martin and may be identical with that species, known from the Neogene of Java (Martin, 

1895, p. 126, pi. 19, figs. 288-290) and of North 

Borneo (Cox, 1948, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 4a-c) and the 

Pliocene of Timor (Tesch, 1915, p. 63, pi. 81, fig. 

140). The shells of M. bantamensis coulsoni are more 

strongly sculptured than those of M. bantamensis 

from Indonesia.

The Fijian form is smaller than M. bantamensis 

oostinghi, described by Wissema (1947, p. 172, pi. 6, 

fig. 148) from the Neogene of Nias and has a broader apical angle. Murex saplisi described by MacNeil 

(1960, p. 63, pi. 8, figs. 14, 15) from the Miocene of 

Okinawa also has a broader apical angle than the 

Fijian shells and has weaker spiral sculpture.

The new subspecies is named for Frank I. Coulson, geologist with the Fiji Geological Survey who 

has made many collections of fossils while mapping 

in Fiji.

Occurrence. Holotype, three paratypes, and six 

other specimens from station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). One specimen each from 

stations 59 and 165 on Viti Levu; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g) and from C1133; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Murex cf. M. multispinosus G. B. Sowerby 

Plate 13, figures 4, 5

Medium in size, fusiform, whorls inflated; aperture oval, extended anteriorly as a moderately long 

canal; margins of aperture free, outer lip denticulate. Each whorl with three prominent varices; surface between varices covered by spiral ribs of several sizes, all more or less beaded, even scaly. Long
PALEONTOLOGY 39

slightly curved spines are developed where the largest spiral ribs cross the varices.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175002: length (incomplete) 54.1 mm, diameter 

(spines omitted) 31.8 mm.

The fossils may be identical with the Holocene 

shell that G. B. Sowerby (1904, p. 8, fig. 2) described from the Philippines, but I have not seen a 

specimen, and the single figure does not show details.

Occurrence. Figured specimen from station C89, 

Viti Levu, Fiji; a smaller specimen was found at 

station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age of both specimens 

Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Genus PTERYNOTUS Swainson

Swainson, 1833, Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, v. 3, explanation to pi. 100.

Type (by subsequent designation, Swainson, 1833, 

Zoological Illustrations, ser. 2, v. 3, pi. 122). 

Murex pinnatus Swainson (=Purpura alata Roding). Holocene, Pacific.

Pterynotus sp.

Plate 14, figure 3

A single small immature shell is the only fossil 

representative of Pterynotus yet found in the island 

area. The specimen shows a smooth rounded protoconch of one whorl followed by 3V£ moderately convex whorls carrying three to four low rounded spirals that override three low varices. The aperture is 

elongate-oval, its outer margin crenulated; anterior 

canal moderately long, nearly straight, open. The 

specimen, USNM 175000, measures: length 6.1 mm, 

diameter 2.6 mm.

Occurrence. Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, at depth 

of 80-90 ft; age, Holocene.

Genus VITULARIA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology, p. 297.

Type (by original designation). Vitularia tuberculata Swainson (= Murex vitulinus Lamarck = Murex miliaris Gmelin). Holocene, eastern Atlantic.

Vitularia miliaris (Gmelin)

Plate 14, figures 4, 5

Murex miliaris Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 13th ed., p.

3536. 

Murex purpura Chemnitz, Eeeve, 1845, Conehologica Iconica,

v. 3, Murex, no. 102, pi. 25, fig. 102. 

Murex (Vitularia) miliaris Gmelin, Tryon, 1880, Manual

Conchology, v. 2, p. 133, pi. 35, figs. 393, 397.

Medium in size, biconic, strongly angulated. Above 

the periphery, the surface of the whorl is smooth, 

except for broad axial folds that cross the area

obliquely; below the periphery, on the body whorl, 

are six axial folds, each one forming a heavy knob 

at the angulated shoulder; folds sinuous below the 

periphery; remnants of spiral sculpture in the form 

of irregularly distributed elongate pustules occur in 

front of each fold but are veneered and partly 

masked on the backside of each fold; in the valleys 

between folds, no trace of spiral sculpture remains. 

Aperture elongate-oval; inner lip smooth; outer lip 

not preserved.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175011: length (incomplete) 20.6 mm, diameter 13.5 

mm.

The single Fijian fossil seems to be well within 

the range of variation shown by Holocene shels.

Occurrence. A single specimen from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). The 

species lives today in the Indo-Pacific from Hawaii 

through parts of Melanesia to Indonesia and northern Australia to Ceylon and the Chagos Islands, but, 

so far as I can learn, no specimens have been collected in Fiji.

Family THAIDIDAE 

Genus DRUPA Roding

Boding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum v. 2, p. 55.

A review of this genus has recently been published 

by Emerson and Cernohorsky, 1973, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca, v. 3, p. 1-40.

Subgenus DRUPA s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Roverto, 1899, 

Primi ricerche sinonimiche sui generi dei gasteropodi, Atti Soc. ligustica, v. 10, p. 105). Drupa morum Roding.

Drupa (Drupa) ricinus (Linnaeus)

Plate 14, figure 6

Murex ricinus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th ed., p.

750. 

Drupa ricina (Linnaeus), Hirase and Taki, 1951, Handbook

of illust. shells in natural colors, pi. 110, fig. 11;

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci. v. 11, p. 310; Hertlein and

Allison, 1960, Veliger, v. 3, no. 1, p. 15.

A single worn specimen of this widely distributed 

living Indo-Pacific species was collected from the 

Mariana Limestone on Cabras Island off the west 

coast of Guam (USGS loc. 21591). The shell, USNM 

175005, measures: height 16.0 mm, diameter 14,8 

mm. It retains the dark spots of its original color 

pattern, but the spines have been greatly eroded; 

age, probably Pleistocene.
40 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Submenus MORULA Schumacher

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations des vers testaces, Copenhagen, p. 227.

Type (by monotypy). Ricinula papillosa Schumacher = R. morus Lamarck = R. uva Roding. Holocene, western Pacific.

Drupa (Morula) granulata (Duclos)

Plate 14, figure 7

Purpura granulata Duclos, 1832, Annales Sci. Nat., Paris, p.

9, pi. 2, fig. 9. 

Purpura tuberculata Blainville, 1832, Nouvelles Annales Mus.

d'Histoire Nat., v. 1, p. 204, pi. 9, fig. 3. 

Morula granulata (Duclos), Demond 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11,

p. 312; Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific,

v. 2, p. 127, pi. 36, fig. 2.

Characterized particularly by its large and regularly spaced knobs. Represented in the fossil collections by a single immature shell from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 60-70 ft; age, Holocene. The 

fossil, USNM 174987, measures: height 7.3 mm, diameter 4.7 mm. A worn shell was found in the Pleistocene marl on the Kere River, Santo, New Hebrides 

(USGS loc. 25715). The species is common and widespread in the seas today, from Africa to Hawaii.

Submenus CRONIA H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1832, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p: 

128.

Type (by monotypy). Purpura amygdala Kiener. Holocene, Australia.

Drupa (Cronia) fiscella (Gmelin) 

Plate 14, figures 8, 9

Murex fiscellum Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 13th ed., p.

3552. 

Morula fiscella (Gmelin), Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11,

p. 312. 

Cronia fiscillum (Gmelin), Habe, 1964, Shells of the western

Pacific in color, v. 2, p. 82, pi. 26, fig. 14. 

Morula, (Cronia) fiscella (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 128, pi. 36, fig. 7.

A single, somewhat worn specimen was recovered 

from drill hole F-l on Eniwetok at a depth of 690- 

700 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). The specimen, USNM 174988, measures: length 18.9 mm, dir 

ameter 9.7 mm. A larger specimen was collected 

from USGS locality 17897 on Saipan; age, probably 

Pleistocene. A single, incomplete shell from Maewo 

in the New Hebrides (USGS 24794) probably represents the species; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. The 

body whorl has seven broad, noded, axial ribs that 

are overridden by numerous scabrous spiral cords. 

The outer lip bears seven strong elongate teeth. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM

175050: height (incomplete) 24.4 mm, diameter 14.5 

mm.

The species lives today throughout the Indo-Pacific 

region, from Africa to Hawaii.

Subgenus DRUPELLA Thiele

Thiele, 1925, Gastropoda der Deutschen Tiefsee Exped., pt. 

2, v. 17, no. 2, p. 137.

Type (by subsequent designation, Thiele, 1929, 

Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, teil 

1, p. 295). Purpura ochrostoma Blainville. Holocene, western Pacific.

Drupa (Drupella) cf. D. monilifera (Pease)

Shell small, slender, biconic, spire less than half 

length; whorls strongly shouldered, the part above 

the periphery smooth except for subdued nodular 

axial folds and fine oblique axial lines. Sculpture below the periphry consisting of strong spiral ribs that 

override nodular axial folds. Aperture elongate, posterior canal short, anterior canal long and slightly 

recurved; inner lip callused, bearing one or two low 

nodes; outer lip with three prominent nodes.

Measurements of the specimens, both incomplete: 

USNM 175070, height 6.5 mm, diameter 3.6 mm; 

USNM 175071, height 6.4 mm, diameter 3.5 mm.

D. monilifera, described by Pease as Engina monilifera from Hawaii (1860a, p. 142), also has been 

collected in the Tuamotu Islands. The two worn 

shells from Eniwetok appear to be identical with a 

Holocene specimen from Hawaii, USNM 33303, collected in Kuhio Bay in 3 fathoms of water.

Occurrence. Two specimens from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 110-120 ft; age, Holocene.

Genus NASSA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, v. 2, p. 132.

Type. Nassa picta Bolten (=Buccinum sertum 

Bruguiere). Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Nassa serta (Bruguiere) 

Plate 17, figure 2

Buccinum sertum Bruguiere, 1789, Ency. Methodique Histoire 

Nat. des Vers, v. 1, p. 262, no. 25; Reeve, 1846, 

Conchologica Iconica, v. 3, Buccinum, pi. 6, no. 42.

Jopas sertum (Bruguiere), Tryon, 1880, Manual Conchology, 

v. 2, p. 180, pi. 55, figs. 181, 188-190.

Isopas sertum (Bruguiere), Ostergaard, 1935, Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull 131, p. 35.

Nassa serta (Bruguiere), MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 339, p. 64, pi. 19, fig. 8; Cernohorsky, 

1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 135, pi. 29, 

fig. 183.

A single large shell of this widely distributed 

Indo-Pacific species was collected by J. E. Hoff-
PALEONT )LOGY 41

meister from Haloipepe quarry on Tongatapu, Tonp,; 

(station 4 of Ostergaard Bishop Museum Cat. No, 

202956). The shell measures 55 mm in height and 

28.6 mm in diameter; age, probably Pleistocene. 

MacNeil (1960) reported it from the Pliocene and 

Pleistocene of Okinawa. The species lives today from 

the Red Sea to Hawaii.

Genus THAIS Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 54.

Type (by subsequent designation, Iredale, 1915, 

New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 47, p. 472). Thais 

neritoides = Murex fucus Gmelin = Thais Una Roding. Holocene, Cape Verde and Ascension Islands.

Subgenus STRAMONITA Schumacher

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations des vers testaces, Copenhagen, p. 226.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc. pt. 15, p. 138). Buccinum 

haemostoma Linnaeus. Holocene, eastern Atlantic.

Thais (Stramonita) sp.

"Thais" species Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, 

p. 224, pi. 40, fig. 1, 2.

No additional material collected. The single specimen from the Miocene of Viti Levu (station 59) 

bears a general resemblance to Thais (Stramonita) bitubercularis Lamarck, a species that lives 

today in the Philippines and Indonesia. The fossil, 

however, is too worn to permit specific identification.

Subgenus CYMIA Morch 

Morch, 1861, Maiakozoologische Blatter, v. 7, p. 98.

Type (by original designation). Cuma tectum 

Wood. Holocene, west coast of Central America.

Thais (Cytnia) aff. T. carinifera (Lamarck)

Plate 14, figure 10

Two incomplete molds from the Tagpochau Limestone of Saipan show the two revolving rows of 

prominent slightly uptilted tubercles that characterize T. carinifera Lamarck but differ from that 

species in that one of the secondary spirals between 

the two rows of the tubercles is larger than the 

others and is strongly beaded.

Measurements of the incomplete mold, USNM 

175004, from which the figured cast was made: 

height 32 mm, diameter 25 mm.

Occurrence. Inequigranular facies of the Miocene Tagpochau Limestone at USGS locality 17904, 

Saipan, Mariana Islands.

The living species, T. (C.) carinifera (Lamarck) 

has been collected in many western Pacific areas, 

including the Philippines, Australia, and Indonesia

and in the western Indo-Pacific from India and the 

Red Sea. It has also been reported as a fossil from 

the Pliocene and Quaternary of Java and the Pliocene of Timor (Vlerk, 1931, p. 238, as Purpura carinifera Lamarck).

Family MAGILIDAE

Genus CORALLIOPHILA H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

135.

Subgenus CORALLIOPHILA s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Iredale, 1912, 

Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 10, p. 221). 

Murex neritoideus Chemnitz = Purpura violacea 

Kiener. Holocene, Pacific.

Coraliu phiia (Corailiophila) sp.

Plate 14, figure 11

A single small immature shell has characters that 

appear to distinguish it from described species. It is 

biconic in form with strong axial folds that form 

rounded nodes at the periphery and below; six such 

nodes present on the periphery of the last whorl. 

Fine, closely set scaly spiral cords cover the shell 

surface; narrow discontinuous spiral streaks of 

brown occur in the low areas between nodes on the 

axial folds. Aperture elongate-ovate; anterior canal 

short. Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175014: height 6.7 mm, diameter 4.1 mm.

Occurrence. Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok at a depth 

of 40-45 ft; age, Holocene.

Subgenus PSEUDOMUREX Monterosato

Monterosato, 1872, Notizie intorno Conchiglie Fossili, p. 15.

Type (fide Wenz, 1938, Handbuch Palaozoologie, 

v. 6, pt. 1, p. 1131). Murex bracteata Brocchi. Pliocene, Italy.

Corailiophila (Pseudomurex) macneili Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 14, figures 12, 13

Medium in size, biconic; protoconch incomplete^ 

apparently composed of smooth whorls; spire made 

up of SVs turreted whorls; aperture lenticular, extended anteriorly into a wide, short canal that is 

bent backward; aperture and canal combined exceed 

length of spire; inner lip callused, detached anteriorly where it borders a narrow, shallow groove; outer 

lip curved inward over a low internal ridge that 

bears three indistinct transverse elevations posteriorly. Sculpture consists of strong axial folds, 12 

on body whorl, that are overridden by strong scaly 

spiral ribs, best developed below the shoulder where 

two, stronger than the others, are beaded as they 

cross the axials; above the shoulder, the spiral ribs
42 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

are weaker and more scaly; on the base, the spirals 

are strong and coarsely scaly.

Measurements of the holotype and only specimen, 

USNM 175035: height 15.9 mm, diameter 7.7 mm.

C. (P.) macneili, characterized particularly by the 

scaly areas above the shoulder and on the base, does 

not appear to be very closely related to other described species. It is named for F. Stearns MacNeil 

who studied the Cenozoic fossil molluscan faunas of 

the Ryukyu Islands.

Occurrence. A single specimen from drill hole 

F-l on Eniwetok at a depth of 700-710 ft; age, late 

Miocene (Tertiary g).

Coralliophila (Pseudomurex) bayeri Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 15, figures 1, 2

Medium in size, biconic; protoconch consisting of 

about three slightly convex smooth whorls, followed 

by 31/2 sculptured whorls; whorls of spire turreted 

by an elevated band bearing three prominent spiral 

ribs; above the uppermost of these primary spirals, 

the surface of the whorl is flattened in profile but 

made irregular by strongly elevated axial ribs, nine 

on body whorl, that continue through the belt of 

primary spirals but become less conspicuous on the 

lower part of the body whorl; secondary spirals occur between the primary spirals and over the remainder of the shell; all spirals with closely set 

curved scales. Aperture elongate-ovate, its length 

exceeding that of the spire; inner lip callused, detached anteriorly where it borders a deep grove; 

anterior canal slightly bent backward; outer lip 

constricted, smooth within.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175068: 

height 11.9 mm, diameter 6.2 mm.

C. bayeri is closely related to C. macneili described 

above but is more strongly turreted than that species, has fewer axials, and is more scaly; the anterior canal of C. bayeri is less strongly bent backward than that of C. macneili, and its outer lip is 

smooth within.

C. bayeri is named for Dr. F. M. Bayer who collected and studied the living corals and other shallow-water organisms of Palau.

Occurrence. Five specimens from the marls that 

lie at the base of the Palau Limestone (USGS Iocs. 

21301 and 21308) on Goikul peninsula, Babelthuap, 

Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). C. macneili, 

closest relative to C. bayeri, occurs in the upper Miocene beds drilled beneath Eniwetok, Marshall 

Islands.

Subgenus FUSOMUREX Coen

Coen, 1922, Soc. Italiana Sci. Nat, Atti, Pavia, v. 61, p. 69.

Type (by original designation). Purpura alucoides Blainville. Holocene, Mediterranean.

Coralliophila (Fusomurex) sp. A 

Plate 15, figure 3

Shell small, biconic, the whorls strongly angulated, 

suture lightly impressed; aperture ovate, extended 

anteriorly as a moderately long canal; inner lip detached anteriorly where it is bordered by a deep cleft. 

Sculpture consisting of broad, slightly retracted 

axial folds, six on the body whorl, that are covered 

below the periphry by closely set spiral ribs; above 

the peripheral angulation, the surface of the whorl 

is nearly smooth, showing only fine lines of growth 

and traces of spiral ribs.

Measurement of the figured specimen, USNM 

174993; height 12.3 mm, diameter 7.6 mm.

Coralliophila (Fusomurex) sp. A. is characterized 

by the comparative smoothness of its shell surface 

and the uniformity of its fine spiral ribbing. The 

Eniwetok fossils probably represent an undescribed 

form, but the specimens are somewhat worn, and 

neither of the two is acceptable as a holotype.

Occurrence. Figured specimen from drill hole 

F-l, Eniwetok at depth of 850-860 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). A second slightly smaller shell 

from drill hole K-1B at depth of 890-905 ft; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary/).

Coralliophila (Fusomurex) sp. B.

Plate 15, figure 4

Shell small, slender, biconic; protoconch consisting of about three smooth convex whorls, set at a 

slight angle to the axis of spire. Whorls of spire 

strongly shouldered; on the exposed body whorl the 

shoulder is made up of three primary spirals, the 

middle spiral forming the periphry, and is separated 

from the primary spiral above by a depression holding a single secondary spiral; the middle primary 

spiral is separated from the lowest primary by a 

groove holding two secondary spirals; below, on the 

base, are three primary spirals and intervening secondary spirals. The part of the whorl above the 

shoulder is relatively smooth, but the surface is made 

undulating by eight wide rounded oblique axial 

folds; traces of secondary spirals and fine oblique 

growth lines are visible under magnification. Axial 

folds continue across lower part of whorl. Aperture 

elongate-ovate, extending anteriorly as a long and 

slightly reflected canal; at the base of the columella 

is a deep cleft.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175069: height 10.2 mm, diameter 5.0 mm.
PALEONTOLOGY 43

Coralliophila (Fusomurex) sp. B is more slender 

than C. (F.) sp. A described above and has an entirely different pattern of spiral sculpture. It bears 

a general resemblance to C. (F.) shimajiriensis described by MacNeil (1960, p. 65, pi. 3, figs. 6, 12) 

from the upper Tertiary of Okinawa but is less 

strongly shouldered. The Eniwetok fossil seems to 

represent an undescribed species, but the single specimen is immature, somewhat worn, and not suitable as a type.

Occurrence. Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok at depth 

of 880-890 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /).

Genus LATIAXIS Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology, p. 306.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc., v. 15, p. 135). Pyrula 

mawae Gray. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Subgenus LATIMUREX Coen 

Coen, 1922, Soc. Italiana Sci. Nat. Atti., Pavia, v. 61, p. 70.

Type (by original designation). Murex meyendorffii Calcara. Holocene, Mediterranean.

Latiaxis (Latimurex) inflata (Dunker) 

Plate 15, figure 5

Fusus inflatus Dunker, 1847 in Philippi, R. A., Abbildungen

Conchylien, v. 2, p. 193, pi. 4, fig. 2. 

Coralliophila inflata (Dunker), Tryon 1880, Manual Conchology, v. 2, p. 209, pi. 66, fig. 377.

Medium in size, whorls inflated but lacking a distinct peripheral keel, apical angle about 65°, aperture broadly ovate, lirate within; siphonal canal 

moderately long, bordered by a deep umbilical cleft. 

Sculpture consisting of closely spaced, erect, scaly 

spiral ribs that are uniform in size on the spire but 

less regular on the body whorl where some are larger 

than others and where a few secondary spirals appear ; spiral ribs override broad axial folds of which 

there are 10 on the body whorl; folds angled anteriorly on the upper part of the whorl. The single 

fossil is somewhat worn, and the scales of the ribs 

are preserved only in protected interstices.

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 174992: 

height 18.8 mm, diameter 12.4 mm.

Occurrence. A single specimen from drill hole 

F-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 690-700 ft; age, late 

Miocene (Tertiary g). The species was described 

from the sea off Java. The Hirase Collection at the 

U.S. National Museum contains two specimens (No. 

344213) collected from Kii, off Honshu, Japan.

Latiaxis (Latimurex) sp. A 

Plate 15, figure 6

Medium in size, fusiform, apical angle slightly 

more than 40°; whorls strongly convex but without

a distinct keel at the periphery. Sculpture consisting of closely spaced, erect scaly spiral ribs, about 

15 on the penultimate whorl; traces of spiral threads 

appear between some of the spiral ribs; broadly 

rounded axial ridges present on all whorls, 8 on the 

penultimate whorl; siphonal canal long and slightly 

recurved.

Measurements of the incomplete figured specimen, 

USNM 174991: height 30.0 mm, diameter 11.3 mm.

The Bikini fossil appears to be most closely related to Latiaxis (Latimurex) costularis (Lamarck), 

an Indo-Pacific Holocene species, but is more slender 

and has more strongly convex whorls and stronger 

axials than that species. The Bikini shell is smaller 

than the western Pacific living species Latiaxis 

fearnleyi Emerson and d'Attilio (1965), has stronger axials, more inflated whorls, and lacks the spiny 

peripheral keel present on that species. Coralliophila 

jeffreysii Smith (1879, p. 213, pi. 20, fig. 98), a living species described from Japan, has coarser sculpture than the Bikini shell and is proportionately 

much wider.

Occurrence. The single incomplete fossil was obtained from the base of a core in drill hole 2A, 

Bikini, at a depth of 935.5 ft; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). The fossil is a well-worn shell, and 

parts of the exposed inner surface are encrusted 

with vermetid tubes. The slender shell seems clearly 

to represent an undescribed species but is too incomplete to be designated a type specimen.

Genus CORALLIOBIA H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

138.

Type (by monotypy). Concholepas fimbriata A. 

Adams. Holocene, Philippine Islands.

Subgenus QUOYULA Iredale 

Iredale, 1912, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc. v. 10, p. 221.

Type (by original designation). Purpura monodonta Quoy and Gaimard ( = P. monodonta Blainville). Holocene, Tonga.

Coralliobia (Quoyula) monodonta (Blainville)

Plate 15, figure 7

Purpura monodonta Blainville, 1832, ex Quoy and Gaimard

Ms., Mus. d'Histoire Nat. Paris, Nouv. Annales, v. 1,

p. 241; Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, Voyage de FAstrolobe,

Zoology, v. 2, p. 561, pi. 37, figs. 9, 10. 

Quoyula monodonta (Blainville), Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci.

v. 11, no. 3, p. 316; Keen. 1971, Sea shells of tropical

west America, p. 548, fig. 1072. 

Coralliobia (Quoyula) monodonta (Blainville), Kira, 1962,

Shells of the western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 68, pi. 26,

fig. 1.
44 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

This species that lives on living coral is represented in the fossil collections by a single small shell, 

USNM 174990, that measures: height 7.3 mm, dia^ 

meter 4.7 mm. It shows the characteristic single 

tooth at the base of the columella.

Occurrence. Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, at depth 

of 35.5-36 ft; age, Holocene. The species lives today throughout the Indo-Pacific and eastward to 

the shore of the Pacific, off Mexico and Panama.

Genus MAGILUS Montfort 

Montfort, 1812, Conchyliologie Systematique v. 2, p. 42.

Type (by monotypy). Magilus antiquus Montfort. Holocene, Indian Ocean.

Magilus antiquus Montfort

Plate 15, figures 8-10

Magilus antiquus Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie Systematique, 

v. 2, p. 42; Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, no. 3, p. 

316, fig. 25.

Medium in size with a low spire and a large globose body whorl; outer lip thin, slightly contracted 

below; columella sigmoid; inner lip callused below 

and extended into a short spout-like canal. Sculpture 

consisting of scaly axial lamellae that are best developed on the lower part of the outer lip where they 

are erect and wavy, their crenulations giving rise to 

a rude spiral sculpture.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650627: height 17.7 mm, diameter 17.2 mm.

The single fossil example of this coral-dwelling 

snail was found free of coral in a conglomeratic bed 

that also carried colonies of reef coral.

Occurrence. Station 160, Walu Bay, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). The species 

lives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Ceylon, CocosKeeling), Indonesia, Japan, northern Australia, 

New Caledonia, the Marianas and Hawaii. Martin 

(1879-1880, p. 77) reported the species from the 

Miocene of Java.

Family COLUMBELL1DAE 

Genus COLUMBELLA Lamarck

Lamarck, 1799, Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des 

coquilles, Soc. Histoire Nat. Paris Mem., 1, p. 70.

Subgenus COLUMBELLA s. s.

Type (by monotypy). Voluta mercatoria Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies.

Columbella pardalina Lamarck

Plate 15, figure 11

Columbella pardalina Lamarck, 1822, Animaux sans vertebres,

v. 7, p. 295; Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology v. 5, p.

108, pi. 44, figs. 59-74; pi. 45, fig. 75. 

Pyrene pardalina (Lamarck), Hatai, 1941, Japan Tropical

Inst. South Sea Islands, Bull. 7A, p. 138, pi. 28, figs.

4,7.

Shells of this abundant and widely distributed 

Indo-Pacific species were found in upper Miocene 

and younger beds under Eniwetok and in Pliocene 

limestone in Fiji. The figured specimen, USNM 

175012, from F-l, Eniwetok at 740-750 ft, measures : height 11.8 mm, diameter 5.3 mm.

Occurrence. Ten specimens from drill hole F-l 

on Eniwetok at depths of 680-860 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). One specimen in drill hole E-l at 

depth of 35-40 ft; age, Holocene. Two specimens 

from the Ndalithoni Limestone at station HOB, 

Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

The species lives today throughout the western 

Pacific, in Indonesia, and in parts of the Indian 

Ocean.

Genus EUPLICA Dall 

Dall, 1889, Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 18, p. 187.

Type (by original designation). Columbella turturina Duclos = C. turturina Lamarck. Holocene, 

Philippine Islands.

Euplica turlurina (Lamarck)

Plate 15, figures 12, 13

Columbella turturina Lamarck, 1822, Animaux sans vertebres,

v. 7, p. 296; Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, v. 5, p.

109, pi. 45, figs. 80-82; Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci. v.

11, p. 317, fig. 26. 

Columbella (Euplica) turturina Duclos, Dall, 1889, Mus. Comp.

Zoology Bull. v. 18, p. 187. 

Columbella turturina borealis Pilsbry, 1904, Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia Proc., p. 13.

Seventeen specimens of the heavy-shelled, subglobose type of Euplica were recovered from a total 

of eight drill holes on Bikini and Eniwetok at depths 

ranging from 12 to 253 ft; all are Quaternary in age. 

The figured specimen, USNM 175007, from drill hole 

2A, Bikini, at a depth of 242-253 ft, measures: 

height 10.3 mm, diameter 8.2 mm.

Pilsbry, in studying shell collections from Japan, 

recognized a race that was smaller and less inflated 

than the typical C. turturina. He noted that the 

Japanese shells also had a narrower aperture. A 

total of 13 specimens from 3 drill holes on Eniwetok at depths from 21 to 90 ft seem to fall within 

the limits set by Pilsbry, but the small shells occur 

with some larger inflated shells that appear to be 

typical examples of C. turturina. One of the smaller 

shells, USNM 175009, is figured (pi. 15, fig. 13) ; it 

measures: height 8.2 mm, diameter 5.1 mm. Pilsbry's subspecies has been placed in synonymy.

Single specimens from the Mariana Limestone at 

at USGS localities 20732 and 21373 on Guam are 

Pliocene or Pleistocene in age; a third specimen
PALEONTOLOGY 45

from USGS locality 21380 on the same island is 

from the Alifan Limestone, age, late Miocene (Tertiary #) or Pliocene (Tertiary h). The species lives 

today throughout the Indo-Pacific area.

Euplica varians (Sowerby)

Plate 15, figure 14

Columbella varians Sowerby, 1832, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 118, Reeve, 1858, Conchologica Iconica, v. 11, 

Columbella, pi. 17, fig. 91; Tryon, 1883, Manual 

Conchology, v. 5, p. 110, pi. 45, figs. 97-99.

Euplica varians (Sowerby), Habe, 1964, v. 2 of Kira and 

Habe, Shells of the western Pacific in color, p. 89, pi. 

28, fig. 32.

Shell small, biconic, thick; aperture narrow, sinuous, longer than the spire, denticulated within; 

sculpture variable, on most shells, consisting of axial 

folds that become obsolete below and fine spiral 

grooves.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175019, drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 30-40 

ft: height 6.6 mm, diameter 3.8 mm.

Occurrence. Fourteen specimens from five drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths of 2-212 ft; age, Holocene. A single specimen from drill hole 2B on Bikini 

from a depth of 2,461-2,472 feet has an indicated 

age of early Miocene (Tertiary e), but the shell is 

worn and may have been derived from younger beds. 

The species was first described from the Galapagos 

but was later found living in Hawaii and in many 

parts of the western Pacific, including the Marshall 

Islands. Some fossils were found in the Quaternary 

beds drilled, on Midway.

Euplica aff. E. varians (Sowerby) 

Plate 15, figure 15

A single shell from the upper Miocene beds drilled 

on Eniwetok differs considerably from the many 

specimens of E. varians obtained from Holocene 

rocks in Eniwetok drill holes. The Miocene specimen 

is larger, stouter, and its broad axial folds extend 

entirely across the body whorl. The specimen, USNM 

175060, measures: height 10.1 mm, diameter 6.1 

mm. It may represent an undescribed species, but 

the single specimen is somewhat worn.

Occurrence. Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, at a depth 

of 730-740 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g).

Genus LAVESOPUS Iredale

Iredale, 1929, Queensland Mus. Mem., v. 9, pt. 3, p. 289.

Type (by original designation). Columbella cumingii Reeve. Holocene, Philippines.

Lavesopus eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 16, figure 1

Medium in size, fusiform; protoconch consisting 

of about two smooth convex whorls, followed by six 

whorls that make up a flatsided spire; first four 

whorls of spire bear fine axial ribs; last two whorls 

smooth and slightly inflated. Aperture lenticular, less 

than half the length of the shell, notched above and 

recurved below; outer lip slightly thickened, dentate 

within; base of body whorl spirally grooved.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175013, 

from drill hole F-15-C, Eniwetok, at a depth of 39- 

42 ft: height 9.1 mm, diameter 3.2 mm.

L. eniwetokensis closely resembles L. cumingii, 

type of the genus, but is proportionately shorter and 

has a longer aperture.

Occurrence. A total of nine specimens from 

three drill holes on Eniwetok at depths of 30-120 

ft; age, Holocene.

Genus ZAFRONA Iredale

Iredale, 1916, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 12, p. 32.

Type (by original designation). Columbella isomella Duclos. Holocene, western Pacific.

Zafrona lifuana (Hervier)

Plate 16, figure 2

Columbella lifuana Hervier, 1899, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 47,

p. 358, pi. 13, fig. 6. 

Zafrona lifuana (Hervier), Habe, 1964, v. 2 of Kira and

Habe, Shells of the western Pacific in color, p. 87, pi.

28, fig. 17.

Small to medium in size, fusiform, moderately inflated. Protoconch of 31/2 smooth whorls followed by 

5V^ sculptured whorls. Aperture about one-third of 

length of shell, subrectangular in outline; outer lip 

thickened, denticulate within; inner lip erect, with 

a few low denticles inside. Sculpture consisting of 

many, regularly spaced axial ribs that are overridden by finer closely set spirals.

Measurements of the figured specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 175010: height 9.5 mm., diameter 3.6 

mm.

Z. lifuana is more slender than the type of the 

genus, Z. isomella (Duclos) (1840, pi. 9, figs. 7, 8) 

and has more strongly inflated whorls.

Occurrence. A single fossil from drill hole E-l, 

Eniwetok, at a depth of 30-40 ft and a second from 

drill hole 1, Bikini, at depth of 40 ft; age, Holocene. 

The species was described from the Loyalty Islands 

but also lives in Japan.
46 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Genus GRAPHICOMASSA I re dale 

Iredale, 1929, Queensland Mus. Mem., v. 9, pt. 3, p. 289.

Type (by original designation). Columbella 

ligula Duclos. Holocene, western Pacific.

Graphicomassa ligula (Duclos) 

Plate 16, figure 3

Columbella ligula Duclos, 1840, Histoire nat. de . . . Coquilles

Univalves Marines, Columbelle, pi. 11, figs. 11-16;

Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, v. 5, p. 119, pi. 47,

fig. 55. 

Graphicomassa ligida (Duclos), Iredale, 1929 Queensland

Mus. Mem., v. 9, pt. 3, p. 289.

Medium in size, spindle-shaped, suture slightly excavated as viewed from above; aperture narrow, 

elongate, extending for about half the length of the 

shell; inner lip callused and denticulate, detached 

below; outer lip thick, crenulate within. Traces of 

three discontinuous bands of brown are retained on 

body whorl, only the uppermost band showing on 

earlier whorls.

Measurements of the figured specimen, Academy 

of Natural Sciences Philadephia Geology No. 31515: 

height 17.6 mm, diameter 6.9 mm.

Occurrence. The single specimen collected by H. 

G. Richards from station RB32 on Viti Levu, Fiji, 

appears to be the first fossil occurrence of the genus; 

age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h) . The species 

lives today in many western Pacific island groups 

from Australia and Indonesia eastward to Tonga 

and the Marshall Islands.

Graphicomassa sp.

A single shell from the Pliocene Ndalithoni Limestone on Vanua Mbalavu (station HOB) in Fiji resembles the above-described type species of Graphicomassa but is larger, has slightly inflated whorls, 

and a wider aperture at the posterior end, of which 

a ridge on the columellar wall faces a tooth on the 

outer lip to form a channel. Measurements of the 

specimen, USNM 175018: height 20.0 mm, diameter 

8.0 mm.

Genus ANACHIS H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

184.

Type (by subsequent designation, Tate, 1868, Appendix to second edition of Woodward's Manual of 

the Mollusca, p. 13). Columbella scalarina Sowerby. Holocene, west coast of Mexico to Panama.

Subgenus COSTOANACHIS Sacco

Sacco, 1890, I Molluschi dei Terreni Terziarii del Piemonte e 

della Liguria, pt. 6, p. 57.

Type (by subsequent designation, Pace, 1902, 

Malacolog. Soc. London, Proc., v. 5, p. 43). Columbella (Anachis) turrita Sacco. Miocene, Italy.

Anachis (Costoanachis) winradi Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 16, figures 4, 5

Shell minute, fusiform; protoconch smooth, globular, slightly more than one whorl, followed by 

four whorls that make a flatsided spire; suture 

lightly impressed; aperture elongate, less than half 

the height of shell, moderately wide, notched posteriorly; columella nearly straight, inner lip callused, 

erect, dentate within; outer lip thickened posteriorly, extended over the aperture in the midsection, 

dentate within. Sculpture consisting of strong axial 

ribs on the posterior half of the body whorl and, on 

some shells, the anterior part of the penultimate 

whorl; the younger half of the body whorl and the 

whorls of the spire are free of axial ribs; strong 

spiral grooves are present on the lower part of the 

body whorl.

Measurements of the holotype from Palau, USNM 

175023: height 3.5 mm, diameter 1.4 mm. The slightly worn figured specimen from Bikini, USNM 175024 

measures: height 2.8 mm, diameter 1.3 mm.

A. winradi does not appear to be closely related to 

any described species. It bears a general resemblance 

to the much larger west Atlantic Holocene species, 

A. avara (Say), but there are many differences in 

sculpture and in apertural features.

This species is named, with syllables reversed, for 

Dr. George Radwin who has recently completed a 

comprehensive review of the columbellids of the 

Western Atlantic.

Occurrence. Represented by more than 30 specimens from USGS locality 21304 and more than a 

dozen from USGS locality 21301. Goikul Peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

One specimen from drill hole 2B, Bikini, at a depth 

of 1,177-1,188 ft, age early Miocene (Tertiary e).

Anachis (Costoanachis) rewaensis Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 16, figures 6, 7

Shell small, biconic, stout. Protoconch of three 

smooth slightly convex whorls coiled at an angle to 

the axis of the spire, followed by three flattened 

whorls that bear strong, rounded, slightly oblique 

axial ribs; ribs become obsolete on body whorl except on the upper part of the whorl near the aperture. Suture incised, aperture wide, subrectangular, 

less than half of the length of the shell; outer lip 

thickened, dentate within; anterior canal wide, 

short.

Measurements of the holotype (only specimen), 

USNM 175022: height 4.7 mm, diameter 2.2 mm.

A. rewaensis is larger than A. winradi, previously 

described, and the whorls of its spire are ribbed; 

those of A. winradi are smooth.
PALEONTOLOGY 47

Occurrence. Waindina Sandstone of the Suva 

Group at station C831, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Anachis (Costoanachis) lauensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 16, figure 8

Small, fusiform, stout; protoconch unknown; spire 

consisting of about five whorls, the first three bearing low, regnlarly spaced axial ribs; remaining 

whorls smooth except for strong spiral grooves at, 

the base of the body whorl; suture lightly impressed; aperture as long as remainder of spire; 

inner lip heavily callused, its margin erect, dentate 

within; outer lip thickened, dentate within, notched 

posteriorly.

Measurements of the holotype (only specimen), 

USNM 175021: height 7.2 mm, diameter 3.2 mm.

Occurrence. Ndalithoni Limestone, Station 

HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h).

Submenus ZAFRA A. Adams

Adams, A., 1860, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, ser. 3, v. 6, 

p. 331.

Type (by monotypy). Zafra mitriformis A. 

Adams. Holocene, Japan.

Anachis (Zafra) smithi (Angas)

Plate 16, figure 9

Columbella (Anachis) smithi Angas, 1877, Zool. Soc. London, 

Proc., p. 172, pi. 26, fig. 7.

Columbella (Seminella) lentiginosa Reeve, Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, v. 5, p. 170, pi. 57, figs. 22, 23.

Small, ovately fusiform, solid. Whorls six, the first 

two or three convex and glassy, forming the protoconch ; remaining whorls bearing strong axial ribs 

that may become obsolete on the last part of body 

whorl; base of body whorl with strong spiral 

grooves. Aperture, elongate, less than half the height 

of the shell; outer lip thickened, dentate within; anterior canal short, slightly recurved.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175016, from drill hole A-l, Eniwetok, at depth 

136.5-138 ft: height 3.8 mm, diameter 1.2 mm.

Anachis smithi is closely related to another Holocene species, A. virginea (Gould), but that species 

has a narrower and proportionately longer aperture 

that is made slightly sinuous by an extension of the 

midsection of the outer lip. Both species show variation in the ratio of height to diameter and in the 

tendency to develop a weak shoulder immediately below the suture. Both species still live.

Occurrence. A dozen specimens from four drill 

holes on Bikini at depths from 5 to 632 ft; three specimens from three drill holes on Eniwetok at depths

of 2 to 840 ft. Age of all fossils, post-Miocene except one specimen from F-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 

830-840 ft which is late Miocene (Tertiary #). The 

species lives today in Australian waters and was 

found in abundance in Holocene sediments on Midway Atoll in Hawaii.

Genns PYRENE Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, 

v. 2, p. 134.

Type (by monotypy). Pyrene rhombiferum 

Roding ( =Buccinum punctatum Bruguiere =Voluta 

discors Gmelin). Holocene western Pacific.

Pyrene obtusa (Sowerby) 

Plate 16, figure 10

Columbella obtusa Sowerby, 1832, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

117; Reeve, 1858, Conchologica Iconica, v. 11, Columbella, pi. 16, fig. 85; Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, 

v. 5, p. 181, pi. 59, figs. 59, 60.

Medium in size, stout, biconic, with an apical angle 

of about 50°. Acuminate tip of shell made up of a 

protoconch composed of two smooth convex whorls 

followed by four whorls, each with a strong spiral 

rib above and well-developed axial ribs below; remaining whorls of the spire smooth except for spiral 

ribs at the base of the body whorl. Suture slightly 

excavated; aperture longer than remainder of 

whorl; margin of inner lip erect; outer lip notched 

anteriorly and dentate within.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175008: height 12.7 mm, diameter 5.9 mm.

Occurrence. The single fossil is a well-preserved 

shell from drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 

60-70 ft; age, Holocene. The living species was first 

collected from the Society Islands but has since been 

found in many western Pacific groups, including the 

Marshalls and the Marianas.

Genus MITRELLA Risso

Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de 

1'Europe meridionale, v. 4, p. 247.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cox, 1927, Neogene and Quaternary Mollusca from the Zansibar 

Protectorate p. 28). Mitrella flamanea Risso 

(=Murex scriptus Linnaeus). Holocene, eastern and 

Mediterranean.

Mitrella sagitta (Gaskoin) 

Plate. 16, figure 11

Columbella sagitta Gaskoin, 1851, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 10; Reeve, 1859, Conchologica Iconica, v. 11, Columbella, pi. 28, fig. 180; Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, 

v. 5, p. 145, pi. 52, figs. 83, 84.

A small slender shell made up of seven to eight 

smooth whorls; the first two are slightly convex and
48 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

form the small protoconch; whorls of spire nearly 

flat; suture linear; aperture short; anterior canal 

wide; outer lip thickened near its margin, dentate 

within.

Measurements of the figured specimen: USNM 

175017 from drill hole F-l, Eniwetpk, at a depth of 

830-840 ft, height 8.0 mm, diameter 3.4 mm.

A few of the younger fossils retain traces of axial 

streaks of brown that are similar to patterns shown 

by some of the shells of living examples.

Occurrence. A total of 30 specimens from 7 drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths ranging from the surface 

to 947 feet; age, Holocene to early Miocene (Tertiary 

/). Three specimens from three drill holes on Bikini 

at depths from 115 to 1,100 ft; age, Holocene and 

Miocene (Tertiary / and e). The species lives today 

in Hawaii, the Marshall Islands, and other island 

groups in the western Pacific.

Mitrella gonzabuensis MacNeil

Plate 16, figure 12

Mitrella gonzabuensis MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 339, p. 67, pi. 67, pi. 3, fig. 13.

Well-preserved shells from the Pliocene marls of 

Fiji are identical with shells described by MacNail 

from lithologically similar beds of Miocene age on 

Okinawa. MacNeil stated "protoconch unknown," 

but one of his three specimens retains a smooth convex protoconch of about one whorl that appears the 

same as a protoconch shown by the only Fij ian shell 

that retains the apex. On the largest shell in the 

Fij ian collection, low axials are developed on the 

lower whorls, especially the penultimate whorl. The 

trace of a median color band retained on MacNeil's 

holotype also retains traces of a light subsutural 

band, and a comparable band occurs on the Fij ian 

shells.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175026: height 7.3 mm, diameter 2.8 mm.

Occurrence. Eight specimens from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) ; a 

worn shell from the Pliocene Ndalithoni Limestone 

of station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji, probably represents the same species. MacNeil's Okinawan specimens came from the Miocene Yonobaru Clay Member of the Shimijiri Formation.

Mitrella oweni Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 16, figure 13

Shell medium in size, biconic, with an acuminate 

spire made up of about nine whorls; suture impressed; aperture narrow, about equal in length to 

the spire; outer lip thick, with about a dozen strong 

denticles and several weaker ones within; columella

denticulate below; sculpture consisting of inconspicrrous lines of growth and strong spiral grooves at 

the base of the body whorl. Traces of two series of 

chevron-shaped brown lines are discernible on the 

body whorl of some specimens.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175048; 

height 17.3 mm, diameter 7.8 mm.

M. oweni closely resembles Columbella bandungensis described by Martin (1880, p. 30, pi. 6, fig. 7; 

1895, p. 118, pi. 18 figs. 263-269) from the Miocene 

and Pliocene of Java, but that species has a much 

shorter spire. Among living species, M. oweni seems 

closest to M. yorkensis (Crosse) from the waters off 

York Peninsula, Queenland, Australia, but that 

species has a longer and less acuminate spire and 

may have fine spiral lines not present on M. oweni.

This species is named for Robert 0. Owen, staff 

entomologist in Palau, who was of great help in 

planning my fieldwork in Palau.

Occurrence. Represented by many shells from 

USGS localities 21301, 21304, and 21308; marls at 

the base of the Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary #).

Mitrella sp. A

Plate 16, figure 14

Shell large for the genus, elongate, slender; protoconch of a single convex, smooth whorl followed 

by 10 smooth flattened whorls, the last two very 

gently convex; suture lightly impressed; aperture 

lenticular, less than half the length of shell, extended anteriorly to form a short straight canal; 

outer lip thickened by a broad varix; base of body 

whorl with coarse spiral grooves. The shell retains 

traces of regularly spaced narrow light-colored axial 

bands.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175020: height 15.0 mm, diameter 5.2 mm.

This is the largest Mitrella in the island fossil collections. It bears a general resemblance to M. gonzabuensis MacNeil (1960, p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 13) from the 

Miocene of Okinawa, but that smaller species has 

a shorter anterior canal and bears elongate denticles 

inside the outer lip.

Occurrence. A single imperfect specimen from 

station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Genus ZEMITRELLA Finlay

Finlay, 1926, New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 57, p. 431.

Type (by original designation). Lachesis sulcata 

Hutton. Holocene, New Zealand.
PALEONTOLOGY 49

Zemitrella bikiniensis Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 16, figure 15

Shell minute, fusiform, stout; protoconch consisting of about two smooth convex whorls, followed by 

four gently convex whorls; suture deeply impressed, 

giving the whorls a slight should^ r; aperture elongate, slightly sinuous, less than half the length of 

the shell; outer lip thickened, notched posteriorly, 

dentate within; inner lip with a moderately heavy 

callus; anterior canal short; shell smooth except for 

weak spirals at the base of the body whorl.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175025: 

height 3.7 mm, diameter 1.4 mm.

Z. bikiniensis seems most closely related to Z. 

laevigata (Suter), a Holocene species from New 

Zealand (Suter, 1913, p. 439; 1915, pi. 19, fig. 24), 

but Z. laevigata has a more lenticular aperture, and 

the oblique fold at the base of the columella is more 

prominent.

Occurrence. Holotype and only specimen from 

drill hole 2A on Bikini at a depth of 852-857 ft; age, 

late Miocene (Tertiary ff).

Family BUCCINIDAE 

Genus SIPHONALIA A. Adams

Adams, A., 1863, Annal and Mag. Nat. History, 3d ser., v. 11, 

p. 202.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1889, 

Coquilles fossiles de 1'Eocene . . . de Paris, v. 4, p. 

153). Buccinum cassidariaeformis Reeve. Holocene, Japan.

Siphonalia subspadicea MacNeil 

Plate 16, figure 16

Siphonalia subspadicea MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol Survey. 

Prof. Paper 339, p. 69, pi. 13, figs. 15, 16.

A single specimen that lacks the upper whorls of 

the spire is identical in all important features with 

the Okinawan species. On the Fijian shell, the spiral 

lirations, both primary and secondary, are more 

sharply elevated than on the Okinawan examples.

Measurements of the Fijian fossil, USNM 650630: 

height (incomplete) 19.3 mm, diameter 12.3 mm.

Occurrence. Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). Two molds from USGS locality 20568 on Guam probably represent this same 

species: age, Mariana Limestone (Pliocene and 

Pleistocene). MacNeil's Okinawan specimens were 

obtained from the Pliocene (Chinen Sand).

Siphonalia aff. S. stearnsii Pilsbry 

Plate 16, figure 17

The following description is based on two specimens, neither of which has a complete spire or an 

unbroken anterior canal.

Shell large, robust; lower whorls strongly shouldered with many axial plications; below the shoulder 

on the body whorl, the plications become weakened 

and disappear; surface of whorls covered by sharpcrested, closely set spirals; between each two of 

which are one or two fine secondary spirals; closely 

set axial threads that are finer than the secondary 

spirals are visible between the primary spirals. 

Aperture semilunar, posterior channel narrow, shallow ; inner lip thinly callused above where it fails to 

conceal the underlying spirals, thicker and smooth 

below; outer lip lirate within.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650631: height (incomplete) 33.6 mm, diameter 

28.7 mm.

The Fijian fossils are more strongly shouldered 

and more coarsely sculptured than Holocene examples of S. stearnsii. The fossils probably represent an undescribed form, but a decision must await 

the collection of more complete specimens.

Occurrence. Two incomplete specimens from station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). Pilsbry (1894, p. 31) described S. stearnsii from 

Japanese shells. The species has been collected from 

several localities in that country.

Genus SEARLESIA Harmer

Harmer, 1914, Palaeont Soc. Mon., v. 67, Pliocene Mollusca 

of Great Britain, v. 1, p. 135, pi. 13, fig. 1.

Type (by original designation). Trophon costifer S. V. Wood. Pliocene, England.

Searlesia hindlei Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 17, figure 1

Shell medium in size, fusiform, slender; protoconch not preserved; spire consisting of seven gently convex whorls; height of body whorl exceeding 

that of spire. Aperture lenticular; inner lip concave, 

covered by a thin callus; margin of outer lip not 

complete, but lip is lirate within; anterior canal long, 

recurved. Sculpture consisting of strong, rounded 

axial ribs on the whorls of the spire, the somewhat 

irregular series becoming all but obsolete before the 

body whorl; surface of entire shell covered by low 

flattened spirals, each on later whorls divided by a 

shallow groove; fine, closely set lines of growth are 

discernible over most of the shell.
50 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Measurements of the holotype, only specimen, 

USNM 175028: height 42.4 mm, diameter 20.2 mm, 

length of aperture 27.2 mm.

S. hindlei is closely related to S. dira (Reeve), a 

species that lives on the west coast of North America 

from Alaska to California and has been reported 

from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of California 

(Grant and Gale, 1931, p. 645). The Fijian fossil is 

more slender, thinner, and has an aperture and an 

anterior canal that are proportionately much longer 

than on S. dira.

Gould (1851, p. 141) described Fusus incisus as 

one of the Exploring Expedition shells, but he gave 

no locality. In 1852, he redescribed the species (1852, 

p. 232-233) and added "Habitat uncertain; probably 

New Zealand." Most later writers placed Gould's 

species in synonymy with Buccinum dirum described 

by Reeve (1846, pi. 12, fig. 92) but omitted reference 

to the probable New Zealand occurrence. Fusus incisus seems not to have been recollected in New 

Zealand, so the citation remains doubtful. I think 

Gould's species should be placed with S. dira.

This species is named for William Kindle of the 

Fiji Geological Survey who collected the holotype 

and only specimen.

Occurrence. Near station VL1, Vanua Levu, 

Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Genus EUTHRIA J. E. Gray

Gray, J. E., 1850, in M. E. Gray, Figures of molluscous animals, v. 4, p. 67.

Type (by monotypy). Fusus lignarius Lamarck 

(=Murex corneus Linnaeus). Holocene, Mediterranean Sea.

Euthria hoffmeisteri Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 17, figure 3

Shell medium in size, fusiform, spire broadly conical ; protoconch incomplete but apparently composed 

of two or more smooth whorls; whorls of spire flat, 

forming an apical angle of slightly less than 90°, 

bearing axial ribs; body whorl has fine spiral 

threads and intervening still smaller threads, clearly 

visible only under magnification. Aperture broadly 

semilunar, equal to nearly four-fifths of the length 

of the shell, with a shallow channel above and a recurved channel below (incomplete).

Measurements of the holotype, only specimen, 

USNM 175027: height 20.8 mm, diameter 12.0 mm.

The fossil is placed in Euthria with some hesitation. The ratio of body whorl to spire is appreciably 

greater than in most species in that genus, and the 

aperture is not constricted below. These features are

suggestive of the Volutidae. The outer lip of the fossil is incomplete and partly filled; no internal lirae 

are visible.

The species is named for Dr. J. Edward Hoffmeister who discovered the type locality while mapping 

Vanua Mbalavu in eastern Fiji.

Occurrence. A single specimen from station 

HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; Ndalithoni Limestone of 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) age.

Genus METULA H. and A. Adams

H. and A. Adams, 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

84.

Type (by hidden tautonymy). Buccinum hindsii 

H. and A. Adams (= Buccinum metula Hinds). Holocene, Pacific coast of Panama.

Metula (Metula) ibbotsoni Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 17, figure 4

Shell small, slender; base of protoconch smooth, 

remainder not preserved; spire consists of five nearly flat .sculptured whorls; suture slightly channeled, 

aperture elongate-lenticular, longer than spire, anterior canal short and straight; outer lip thickened, 

crenulate within; inner lip thickly calloused. Sculpture consists of many flattened closely set axial riblets and equally numerous but weaker spiral cords; 

a narrow, beaded, subsutural band is present on all 

sculptured whorls.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650650: 

height 18.3 mm, diameter 6.1 mm.

The Fijian fossil appears to be most closely related to an unnamed Holocene species from the 

Philippines (USNM 237056 and 238079), but on the 

Holocene shells, the spiral sculpture is nearly as 

strong as the axial, resulting in a beaded pattern 

that is best developed on the body whorl. The Fijian 

shell also closely resembles the specimen described 

by Jung (1969, p. 515, pi. 55, fig. 1) as Metula aff. 

cancellata Gabb from the upper Miocene Melajo Clay 

Member of the Springvale Formation of Trinidad, 

but that form has more strongly inflated whorls, 

coarser sculpture, and a slightly curved anterior 

canal. On shells of M. cancellata Gabb from the Miocene of Santo Domingo, Costa Rica, and Panama 

(Olsson and Bayer, 1972, p. 911), the upper spiral 

cords near the suture are larger and more widely 

spaced than other spirals, but on M. ibbotsoni, all 

spiral cords are of equal size.

This species is named for Dr. Peter Ibbotson who 

mapped and collected fossils from the Pliocene of 

western Vanua Levu.
PALEONTOLOGY 51

Occurrence. Two specimens from station 817 on 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Genus CANTHARUS Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, pt. 2, p. 132.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 

1889, Soc. Royal Malacolog. Belgique Ann., v. 24, p. 

141). Cantharus globularis Roding ( = Buccinum 

tranquebaricum Gmelin). Holocene, Indian Ocean.

Subgenus POLLIA Gray

Gray, in Sowerby, 1834, Genera Recent Fossil Shells, no. 42, 

footnote second page of Purpura.

Type (by monotypy). Buccinum undosum Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Cantharus (Pollia?) sp.

A single incomplete external mold from the Miocene Tagpochau Limestone on Saipan (USGS loc. 

17675) may be referable to Pollia. The widely spaced 

axial plications that are overridden by fine spiral 

ribs suggest the Miocene shell from Java described 

by Martin (1921, p. 460, pi. 59, fig. 38) as Tritonidea (Cantharus) angsanana. The cast, USNM 

650644, measures: height 11 mm, diameter 7 mm.

Genus NAWENIA Ladd, n. gen.

Type. Naivenia bartholomewi Ladd, n. sp. Pliocene (Tertiary h), Vanua Levu, Fiji.

Moderately large, inflated. Protoconch consisting 

of three convex whorls bearing widely spaced spirals 

and closely set axial threads; early whorls of spire 

with strong axial ridges that become obsolete on the 

later whorls; edge of outer lip sharp but thickened 

and dentate within.

Nawenia bears a general resemblance to several 

thin-shelled buccinids that live today in higher latitudes, but the protoconch, sculptural features, and 

color pattern of the fossil are distinctive.

Nawenia bartholomewi Ladd, new gen. and n. sp. 

Plate 17, figure 5; plate 21, figure 7

Medium in size, globose; protoconch consisting of 

about three convex whorls marked with fine widely 

spaced spiral threads and closely set oblique axial 

threads that are beaded at the intersections; the 

five whorls of the spire are gently convex, covered 

by flattened spiral ribs that tend to alternate in size; 

the first two whorls of the spire also bear strong 

axial ridges that become obsolete on later whorls; 

all whorls of the spire with fine, slightly oblique 

axial lines of growth. Aperture broadly lenticular; 

edge of outer lip sharp but thickened and dentate 

within; non-umbilicate, inner lip lightly callused.

The single specimen retains traces of narrow, 

oblique, widely spaced bands of dark red color on the 

upper part of the body whorl and the adjoining part 

of the penultimate! whorl.

Measurements of the holotype, British Museum. 

GG1842; height 34.5 mm, diameter 22.8 mm.

The species is named for Ronald Bartholomew 

who collected the only specimen in 1957 while mapping on Vanua Levu for the Geological Survey of 

Fiji.

Occurrence. Station VL1, roadcut north of Naweni, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h).

Family MELONGENIDAE 

Genus PUG1L1NA Schumacher

Sohumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations des vers testaces, p. 216.

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1848, Indicis generum malacozoorum primordia, v. 

2, p. 354). Murex mono Linnaeus. Holocene, 

Atlantic.

Subgenus MAYER1A Bellardi

Bellardi, 1872, I Molluschi dei terreni terziari del Piemonte e 

della Liguria, Torino, v. 1, p. 186.

Type (by monotypy). Pyrula acutissima Bellardi. Miocene, Switzerland.

Pugilina (Mayeria) swartzi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 17, figures 6-8

Small, pyriform, spire short; body whorl with a 

strong spiral keel above the midpoint and a less 

prominent keel a short distance below it; primary 

keel scalloped by broad axial depressions; entire surface of whorl covered by beaded tertiary spirals that 

are stronger below the secondary keel than elsewhere; columella smooth, anterior canal long, bordered by a deep umbilical chink.

Measurements of the holotype and only specimen, 

USNM 174979: length 4.1 mm, diameter 3.7 mm.

The single fossil, which may be immature, is more 

coarsely ribbed than P. acutissima, the type of the 

subgenus, and the primary keel of that species is not 

scalloped as in the Eniwetok fossil.

This species is named for the late Dr. Joel H. 

Swartz who made many geophysical measurements 

in the deep holes drilled on Eniwetok.

Occurrence. Drill hole, F-l, Eniwetok, at depth 

of 870-880 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /).

Family NASSAR11DAE 

Genus NASSARIUS Duineril

Dumeril, 1806, Zoologie analytique, p. 167 (genus without 

species).
52 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FEOM WESTEEN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Type (by monotypy) Froriep, 1806, C. Dumeril's 

analytique zoologie, p. 167; fide Iredale, 1916, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 12, p. 83). Buccinum 

arcularia Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific.

Submenus PHRONT1S H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, 

p. 117.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1901, 

Essais de Paleoconchologie comparee, v. 4, p. 207). 

Nassa tiarula (Kiener). Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Nassarius (Phrontis) tiarula (Kiener)

Plate 17, figure 9; plate 21, figure 9

Buccinum tiarula Kiener, 1841, Species general . . . coquilles

vivantes, Buccinum, p. Ill, pi. 30, fig. 4. 

Nassa tiarula (Kiener), Reeve, 1853, Conchologica Iconica, v.

8, Nassa, pi. 14, fig. 92. 

Nassa (Phrontis) tiarula (Kiener), Tryon, 1882, Manual

Conchology, v. 4, pi. 12, fig. 174.

This species, widespread today in the Indo-Pacific, 

is characterized particularly by strong axial ribs that 

are expanded, immediately below the suture, into 

prominent rounded nodes. A single specimen was recovered from a core in drill hole A-l on the island 

of Aranit, Eniwetok, at a depth of 168.2 to 175.3 ft; 

age, Holocene, The specimen, USNM 175055, measures : height 12.5 mm, diameter 7.0 mm.

Subgenus ARCULARIUS Link

Link, 1807, Beschreibung der Naturlien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock, p. 126.

Type (by subsequent designation, Morch 1863, 

Zool. Soc. London Proc. for 1962, p. 227). Arcularia coronata Link = Buccinum arcularia Linneaus. 

Holocene, western Pacific.

Nassarius (Arcularius) leptospira A. Adams

Plate 17, figure 11

Nassa leptospira A. Adams, 1851, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 103; Reeve, 1853, Conchologica Iconica v. 8, Nassa, 

pi. 13, fig. 84; Tryon, 1882, Manual Conchology, v. 4, 

p. 25, pi. 7, figs. 24-28.

Nassa gracilis Pease, 1867, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 3, p. 273, 

pi. 23a, fig. 4.

Characterized particularly by its entended callus, 

strong axial ribs, and its varix-thickened outer lip. 

The figured specimen, USNM 175037, measures: 

height 11.2 mm, diameter 7.2 mm.

Occurrence. A single specimen from USGS locality 24794 on Maewo, New Hebrides; age, Quaternary. The species lives today in the Philippines, 

New Caledonia, and parts of the Indian Ocean.

Nassarius (Arcularius) graniferus (Kiener) 

Plate 17, figures 12, 13

Buccinum graniferum Kiener, 1834, Species generale et

iconographie coquille-s vivantes, Paris, p. 100, pi. 27,

fig. 111. 

Nassa> granifera (Kiener), Reeve, 1853, Conchologica Iconica,

v. 8, Nassa, pi. 11, fig. 72. 

Nassa (Arcularia) granifera (Kiener), Tryon, 1882, Manual

Conchology, v. 4, p. 26, pi. 8, figs. 39-41. 

Arcularia (Plicarcularia) granulifera (Kiener), Habe, 1964,

v. 2 of Kira and Habe, Shells of the western Pacific in

color, p. 99, pi. 32, fig. 12.

Characterized by its large, regularly spaced tubercules, its heavy, widespread callus and thickened 

outer lip. Two Holocene-specimens were recovered 

from cores in drill hole 2A, Bikini Atoll. The figured 

specimen, an adult from a depth of 242.5-253 ft, 

USNM 175038, measures: height 13.8 mm, diameter 

9.1 mm. The second specimen is an immature shell 

from a depth of 200.5-211 ft. The species lives today in central Polynesia (common at Bikini) and 

in the western Pacific from the Philippines to the 

Ryukyu Islands. It is also known from the Indian 

Ocean Cocos Keeling Islands and Zanzibar.

Nassarius (Arcularius) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 17, figures 14, 15

Shell small, globular; protoconch of about two unmarked whorls, followed by about six rapidly expanding whorls bearing rounded oblique axial folds; 

folds low and widely spaced on the spire but sharper 

and more numerous on the greatly expanded body 

whorl; spiral ridges are developed between the folds 

on the body whorl, but they do not override the 

folds except for the prominent spiral next to the 

suture and the spiral immediately below it. Aperture 

lenticular, surrounded by a heavy pad of callus that 

extends well up on the spire and curves around to 

form a much thickened outer lip that is lirate within. Posterior canal distinct, anteror canal deep; 

inner lip and its heavy callus covered with irregular 

denticles.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175039; 

height 7.6 mm, diameter 6.2 mm.

N. eniwetokensis bears a general resemblance to 

N. leptospira, a Holocene Indo-Pacific species, but is 

proportionately much shorter and has a more highly 

decorated inner lip.

Occurrence. Two specimens from drill hole F-l 

on Eniwetok at a depth of 680-690 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g).
PALEONTOLOGY 53

Nassarius (Arcularius?) sp. 

Plate 17, figure 16

Incomplete molds of a medium-sized, stout, 

strongly-ribbed Nassarius were collected from the 

Pliocene and Pleistocene Mariana Limestone at five 

localities on Guam (USGS Iocs. 20586, 20653, 20676, 

20734, 20969). None of the 12 specimens shows the 

apertural features, and the subgeneric reference is 

uncertain. The species has about six whorls that are 

covered by strong, slightly oblique axial ribs. Spiral 

sculpture is limited to a single groove below the impressed suture and to a few grooves on the base. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175040 from USGS 20653, are: height 18.5 mm, 

diameter 12 mm. I have not been able to identify 

this species with any form now living on Guam.

Subgenus UZITA H. aud A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

120.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 

1901, Essais de paleoconchologie comparee, pt. 4, p. 

205). Buccinum migum Bruguiere. Holocene, West 

Africa.

Nassarius (Uzita) verbeeki (Martin)

Plate 17, figures 17, 18

Nassa (Hinia) verbeeki Martin, 1895, Die Fossilien von Java, 

Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., v. 1, no. 2-5, p. 110, 

pi. 17, figs. 247-255.

Medium in size, stout; protoconch consisting of 

about three smooth convex whorls, followed by six 

gently convex whorls that make a flatsided spire, 

suture moderately to deeply impressed; aperture 

ovate, inner lip heavily callused, irregularly covered 

by elongated pustules, lip detached above and below; outer lip thick, lirate within; sculpture consisting of a strongly beaded spiral rib immediately 

below the suture and flat, less conspicuous spirals 

below, separated by shallow grooves; spirals interrupted by regularly spaced, slightly curved, rounded 

axial ribs; anterior canal wide and deep; posterior 

canal narrow and shallow; axials strongly beaded 

on lower part of body whorl.

Measurements of figured specimen from Palau, 

USNM 175032; height 18.9 mm, diameter 10.0 mm. 

Figured specimen from Fiji, USNM 175033; height 

21.5 mm, diameter 13.2 mm.

Occurrence. Four specimens from USGS locality 

21301 and one from 21304 on Goikul Peninsula, 

Bamelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary #). Five 

specimens from station R50 ( = MR20) on Viti Levu, 

eight from station R53 ( = 817), two from K138, 

and one from K700 on Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Present in abundance in the 

Pleistocene marls of the Kere River, Santo, New 

Hebrides (USGS loc. 25715).

In Java, the species occurs in the upper Miocene 

and Pliocene. It has also been reported from the 

Quaternary beds of Celebes (Schepman, 1907, p. 

174).

Nassarius (Uzita) mangkalihatensis Beets

Plate 17, figure 19

Nassarius (Uzita) mangkalithatensis Beets, 1941, Nederland 

en Kolonien Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot Vehr., Geol. Ser., v. 

13, pt. 1, p. 101, pi. 9, figs. 357-359.

Shell very small, stout; protoconch of two smooth, 

convex whorls; spire flat-sided, made up of 4% 

whorls bearing strong axial ribs that are cancellated 

by spirals that override the axials and are beaded in 

the process; suture wide and deep; aperture lenticular, inner lip callused with a moderately strong 

parietal denticle and, anteriorly, several elongate 

denticles that appear to reflect the underlying 

spirals; outer lip thickened by a varixlike structure, 

lirate within; anterior canal short and deep, siphonal 

fasciole thick and faintly channeled, set off by a deep 

groove.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175057: height 5.3 mm, diameter 3.0 mm.

Occurrence. The figured specimen and two others 

from USGS locality 21301; three others from locality 31308 nearby on the Goikul Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau. All specimens from the marls at the 

base of the Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). Beets (1941) described the species from 

the upper Miocene of East Borneo.

Subgenus ZEUXIS H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853, Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 

119.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1901, 

Essais de paleoconchologie comparee, pt. 4, p. 

207). Buccinum taenia Gmelin. Holocene, In doPacific.

Nassarius (Zeuxis) concinnus (Powys) 

Plate 17, figure 20

Nassa concinnus Powys, 1835, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 95;

Tesch. 1915, Palaont. von Timor, p. 61, pi. 81, fig. 136. 

Nassa (Hima) concinna Powys, Tryon, 1882, Manual Conchology, v. 4, p. 48, pi. 15, fig. 256. 

Nassarius (Zeuxis) concinnus (Powys), Cernohorsky, 1972,

Indo-Pacific Nassariidae . . ., Auckland Inst. and Mus.

Rec. v. 9, p. 177, figs. 132, 133.

A small stout species with gently convex whorls 

that bear many axial ribs, fine spiral threads, and 

a groove immediately below the suture that sets off
54 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

a spiral row of beads. Represented in the fossil collections by a single incomplete shell, USNM 175059, 

from USGS locality 20687 on Guam. It measures: 

height 16.8 mm, diameter 8.7 mm. The fossil is from 

the Mariana Limestone (Agana Argillaceous Member) and is Pliocene or Pleistocene in age. Tesch reported it from the Pliocene of Timor. The species is 

widely distributed today in the Indo-Pacific region.

Nassarius (Zeuxis) planicostata (A. Adams)

Plate 17, figure 21; plate 18, figure 1, 2

Nassa planicostata A. Adams, 1851, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

p. 108; Reeve, 1853, Conchologica Iconica, v. 8, 

Nassa, pi. 12, no. 76; Tryon, 1882, Manual Conchology, 

v. 4, p. 34, pi. 10, fig. 112.

Small, 10-25 mm long, stout; protoconch of several convex whorls, followed by four to six sculptured whorls; whorls gently convex, suture distinct 

but not deeply impressed; aperture lenticular, slightly longer than spire; inner lip with a well-defined 

border that may be slightly thickened; on adult 

shells, the inner lip is strongly denticulate and, posteriorly, forms part of narrow canal; outer lip 

thickened and dentate within; anterior canal deep; 

sculpture consisting of many narrow slightly curved 

axial ribs and faint spiral lines; the axial ribs are 

less conspicuous on the body whorl near the outer 

lip than elsewhere; strong spiral grooves are developed near the base.

Measurements of the figured specimens: a typical 

small specimen, USNM 175065, height 10.1 mm, 

diameter 4.9 mm; an unusually large specimen, 

USNM 175066, length 23.8 mm, diameter 10.7 mm.

The spirals on the fossil shells are not sufficiently 

developed to give the lattice effect noted on Holocene 

examples.

Occurrence. Nine specimens from station 817 on 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). The 

species lives today at widely separated localities in 

the Indo-Pacific but has not been found living in 

Fiji.

Nassarius (Zeuxis) vitiensis (Hombron and Jaquinot)

Plate 17, figure 10

Nassa vitiensis Hombron and Jaquinot, 1853, Voyage au Pole 

Sud et dans 1'oceanie, sur les corvettes 1'Astrolabe et 

la Zelee, atlas, pi. 21, figs. 23-25; 1853, text, v. 5, p. 79.

Nassarius (Zeuxis) vitiensis (Hombron and Jaquinot), Cernohorsky, 1972, Auckland Inst. Mus. Rec., v. 9, p. 175, 

figs. 127-130, 144.

A heavy medium-sized shell characterized particularly by a thickly callused and toothed aperture 

and by strong axial ribs. On Holocene shells and 

most of the fossils, the axial ribs become obsolete 

in a small area on the back of the body whorl. The

figured specimen from Maewo, USNM 175034, measures : height 25.0 mm, diameter 12.6 mm.

Occurrence. Eleven specimens from post-Miocene beds on Maewo and Pentecost Islands; abundant in the Pleistocene marls on the Kere River 

(USGS loc. 25715), Santo, New Hebrides. The species lives in Fiji and islands to the west, including 

the New Hebrides.

Subgenus N10THA H. and A. Adams

Adams, H. and A., 1853"Genera of Recent Molusca, v. 1, p. 

117.

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1901, 

Essais de paleoconchologie comparee, pt. 4, p. 

203). Nassa cumingi Adams. Holocene, western 

Pacific.

Nassarius (Niotha) fijiensis Ladd, new name

Plate 18, figures 3, 4

Phos vitiensis Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, 

p. 226, pi. 40, fig. 6.

This species lacks the expanded inner lip of the 

type, N. cumingi, but in other respects, particularly 

in its striking cancellate sculpture, it seems best referred to Niotha. In general shape and most apertural 

features it resembles Nassarius (Niotha) caelatus 

(A. Adams), a Holocene species widespread in the 

western Pacific and also reported to occur in the 

Pliocene of Okinawa, Taiwan, and Japan and the 

Pleistocene of Japan (MacNeil, 1960, p. 79). The 

holotype of "Phos vitiensis", Bernice P. Bishop 

Museum Geology 1165, is here refigured along with 

a specimen from station C1142, Viti Levu, Fiji. The 

latter, USNM 175058, measures: height 16.0 mm, 

diameter 8.2 mm.

In addition to the type localities, stations 165 and 

304, single specimens have been collected on Viti 

Levu from stations MR69, C89, C1133, and C1142. 

On Vanua Levu, a dozen specimens have been collected from station 817. All the known occurrences 

appear to be Pliocene (Tertiary h) in age, except 

165 on Viti Levu which is late Miocene (Tertiary g).

It appears that the specific name vitiensis was applied to a species of Nassarius in 1854 (Nassa vitiensis, Hombroy and Jacquinot, already described). The 

species that I called Phos vitiensis is hereby changed 

to Nassarius fijiensis.

Nassarius (Niotha) ovus (Martin) 

Plate 18, figure 5

Nassa (Niotha) ovum Martin, 1891, Die Fossilien von Java, 

v. 1, Gastropoda, p. 108, pi. 17, figs. 242, 243.

Shell small, stout, inflated; protoconch of about 

two smooth whorls followed by five sculptured
PALEONTOLOGY 55

whorls; sculpture consisting of strong, slightly 

curved axial ribs that are overridden by weaker 

spirals; a groove immediately below the impressed 

suture sets off a row of beads. Aperture ovate, less 

than one-half the total length; inner lip covered by 

a crenulated callus that is slightly extended to an 

elevated margin; outer lip thickened and strongly 

crenulate within; anterior canal short and deep; 

siphonal fascicle broad. Measurements of the figured 

specimen from station C89, Viti Levu, Fiji, USNM 

175061: height 13.3 mm, diameter 7.4 mm.

The sculpture of the Fijian fossils clearly falls 

within the range of variation shown by many specimens from the Miocene of Java.

Occurrence. Two specimens from station C89 

and one from station C742, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) . Martin described the species from 

the Miocene of Java, and it has also been identified 

from the Pliocene of Timor (Tesch, 1915, p. 61, pi. 

81, fig. 135).

Nassarius (Niotha) marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 18, figure 6, 7

Shell small, biconic, flat-sided; protoconch consisting of three smooth slightly convex whorls, followed 

by four to six sculptured whorls. Suture lightly impressed; aperture lenticular; outer lip thickened, 

dentate within, the denticles near the middle larger 

than those of the extremities; inner lip heavily 

callused, dentate within, margin thickened; anterior 

canal narrowed above, wide and deep below; sculpture consisting of strong rounded, slightly curved 

axial ribs and fine, closely set spirals; on the lower 

half of the body whorl the spirals override the 

axials; axial ribs finer on body whorl near margin 

of outer lip; a prominent groove lies immediately below the suture. The number and strength of the axial 

ribs is a variable feature; the holotype (pi. 18, fig. 

6) is coarsely ribbed as are most specimens; a paratype (pi. 18, fig. 7) shows finer axial sculpture.

Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 

175063 from drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth of 870- 

880 ft: height 7.9 mm, diameter 4.2 mm; a paratype, 

USNM 175064, from F-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 

880-890 ft: height 5.3 mm, diameter 3.0 mm.

N. marshallensis appears to be closely related to 

N. fulleri MacNeil from the Pliocene of Okinawa 

(MacNeil, 1960, p. 80, pi. 13, figs. 27, 28) but is 

smaller, has a less prominent suture, and a smaller 

parietal callus.

Occurrence. Twenty-one specimens from three 

drill holes on Eniwetok at depths ranging from 663 

to 1,000 ft; age, Miocene (Tertiary / and g) ; two

specimens from two drill holes on Bikini at depths 

of 940-967 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g).

Family FASCIOLARIIDAE 

Genus LATIRUS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 2, p. 531.

Type (by original designation). Latirus aurantiacus Montfort (=Murex gibbulus Gmelin). Holocene, Australia.

Latirus sp.

Latirus sp. Ladd, 1970 U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 640-C, 

p. C7, pi. 5, fig. 1, Eua, Tonga. Late Eocene (Tertiary 

&).

Latirus craticulatus (Linnaeus) 

Plate 18, figure 8

Murex craticulatus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema Naturae, 10th 

ed., p. 755.

Latirus craticulatus (Linnaeus), Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 93, pi. 69, fig. 159; Cernohorsky, 1972, 

Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 156, pi. 46, fig. 5.

A single nearly complete shell of this widespread 

living Indo-Pacific species was collected from USGS 

locality 21028 on Santo in the New Hebrides. The 

specimen, USNM 175051, measures: height (incomplete anteriorly) 33.5 mm, diameter 14.5 mm. The 

shell shows all diagnostic features, including the 

scabrous suture, and it retains faint traces of alined 

but discontinuous orange axial bands. The New 

Hebrides fossil is probably Pleistocene in age. 

Schepman (1907, p. 171) reported it fossil in Celebes (Sula wesi), age, Holocene.

Latirus barclayi (Reeve)

Plate 18, figure 9

Turbinella barclayi Reeve, 1847, Conchologica Iconica, v. 4,

Turbonilla, pi. 4, no. 20. 

Latirus polygonus (Gmelin), barclayi (Reeve), Tryon, 1881,

Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 88, pi. 67, fig. 110; Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 154,

pi. 45, fig. 7a. 

Latirus barclayi (Reeve), Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11,

no. 3, p. 320, fig. 32.

A large fusiform species that bears a spiral row 

of rounded knobs that form a shoulder, above which 

the surface is concave; a spiral row of secondary 

knobs is visible on the body whorl; spiral cords and 

finer spiral threads are present over most of the 

shell surface.

The species is represented in the fossil collections 

by two specimens from Guam. Neither is complete, 

but both clearly represent L. barclayi. The figured 

specimen, USNM 175067, measures: height 43 mm, 

diameter 29 mm.

Occurrence. Figured specimen from USGS locality 20730 from the upper Tertiary Alifan Limestone;
56 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

an incomplete external mold from the Mariana Limestone at USGS locality 20508; age, Pliocene or 

Pleistocene. The species lives today from Mauritius 

in the Indian Ocean, eastward through the Philippines to the Marianas and the Marshalls, but has 

not been found in Hawaii.

Genus PERISTERNIA Morch

Morch, 1852, Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra et Galdea Comes de Yoldi, v. 1, 

Hafniae, p. 99.

Type (by subsequent designation, Melvill, 1891, 

Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc. Mem. and Proc., v. 

84, no. 5, p. 378). Turbinella nassatula Lamarck. 

Holocene, southwest Pacific.

Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck)

Plate 18, figure 10

Turbinella nassatula Lamarck, 1822, Animaux sans vertebres, 

v. 7, p. 110.

Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck), Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 80, pi. 64, figs. 44-47, 51, 52, 58; 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, p. 321; Cernohorsky, 

1972, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 158, pi. 47, 

fig. 3.

Small shells that probably represent this widespread living Indo-Pacific species were recovered 

from two drill holes on Eniwetok and one on Bikini 

in beds believed to be early Miocene (Tertiary /) in 

age. The figured specimen, USNM 175072 is unworn 

but immature; its measurements are: height 5.6 

mm, diameter 4.0 mm. It was recovered from drill 

hole E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 970-980 ft. Similar occurrences were in drill hole Kl-B, Eniwetok, 

at a depth of 915-926 ft and in drill hole 2B, Bikini, 

at a depth of 1,020-1,100 ft. Larger, strongly 

shouldered shells were collected from the Pleistocene 

marls on the Kere River (USGS loc. 25715) Santo, 

New Hebrides.

Peristernia incarnata (Kiener) 

Plate 18, figure 11

Turbinella incarnata Deshayes, Kiener, 1841, Species general

et Iconographie des coquilles vivanites .... p. 45, pi.

18, fig. 3; Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p.

81, pi. 65, figs. 63-66, 69-70. 

Peristernia incarnata (Kiener), Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 161, pi. 47, fig. 5.

A stout shell characterized by deep rectangular 

pits formed between the spiral cords and the larger, 

slightly oblique axial ribs. A worn shell, referable 

to this species, was collected from the volcanic tuff 

that forms the little island of Matangi, east of 

Tavenui in Fiji; age, probably Holocene. The specimen, USNM 175046, measures: height 22.8 mm, 

diameter 9.7 mm.

As noted by Cernohorsky, the Turbinella incarnata of Kiener is not the T. incarnata Deshayes in 

Laborde and Deshayes (1830), and Kiener's shell 

may need a new name. The species lives today in 

many localities in the western Pacific and Indian 

ocean.

Peristernia chlorostoma (Sowerby) 

Plate 18, figure 12

Tiirbinella chlorostotna Sowerby, 1825, Catalogue shells in collection of ... Earl of Tankerville, app., p. xv, London.

Peristernia chlorostoma (Sowerby), Tryon, 1881, Manual 

Conchology, v. 3, p. 83, pi. 65, figs. 75-82, 84, 91; 

Cernohorsky, Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 160, 

pi. 47, fig. 11.

A small to medium-sized stout shell with strong 

axial ribs and two sets of spiral cords; aperture lenticular, outer lip lirate within; columella with three 

low plicae anteriorly. The single fossil is somewhat 

worn but retains traces of the original color pattern faint brown spots between axial ribs that 

form a central band on the body whorl, dark spots 

immediately above the suture, on the apex, and at 

the end of the anterior canal.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175047: height 8.9 mm, diameter 4.9 mm.

Occurrence. Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, at a 

depth of 31-31.5 ft; age, Holocene. The species lives 

today in Hawaii and in many of the islands of the 

western Pacific. It was found in abundance in a number of the Marshall Islands, including Eniwetok.

Peristernia waluensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 18, figure 13

Shell medium in size, slender, biconic; protoconch 

of about two smooth convex whorls followed by 7 

whorls bearing broad, rounded slightly oblique axial 

ribs, 11 on body whorl. Axials overridden by primary and secondary spirals; primary spirals beaded 

where they cross the axials; four or five threadlike 

secondary spirals lie between each two primaries; 

at the periphry of each whorl, a beaded primary 

spiral forms a distinct shoulder. Aperture ovate, extended anteriorly into a canal that is slightly reflected; outer lip thin, crenulated; inner lip callused 

with two indistinct plicae anteriorly.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175073: 

height 16.5 mm, diameter 7.7 mm.

P. waluensis resembles P. crosseanus (Souverbie), 

a Holocene species from New Caledonia, in general 

form and in the presence of multiple secondary 

spirals, but P. crosseanus lacks the noded shoulder 

shown on the Fijian shell and has a descending 

suture.
PALEONTOLOGY 57

Occurrence. A single specimen from station 160 

on Walu Bay, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary/).

Peristernia eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 18, figures 14, 15

Shell small, biconic; protoconch consisting of two 

smooth slightly convex whorls followed by four or 

five sculptured whorls. Each whorl of the spire with 

strong rounded axial folds, eight on body whorl 

where they are angled to form a prominent shoulder. 

Folds crossed by finely sculptured spiral cords and 

threads, two or three threads between each two 

cords. Aperture oval, extended anteriorly as a wide 

and deep canal bent slightly backward; outer lip 

strongly lirate within, columella with three or four 

oblique plicae; parietal wall with a rounded tooth.

Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 

175052, height 10.5 mm, diameter 5.1 mm; paratype, 

USNM 175053, height 9.0 mm, diameter 4.7 mm.

The Eniwetok shells, neither of which appears to 

be fully adult, resemble Lathyrus (Peristernia) beberianus Martin, described from the lower Miocene 

of Java (Martin, 1921, p. 456, pi. 19, figs. 31, 32) 

and East Borneo (Beets, 1941, p. 102, 190), but that 

larger species is not shouldered and appears to have 

more uniform spiral sculpture. Among living species, the Eniwetok fossils seem closest to the larger 

and more coarsely sculptured P. nassatula (Lamarck), but that species, like the Indonesian P. 

berberiana, is less strongly shouldered than the Eniwetok shells.

Occurrence. Holotype from drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 960-970 ft; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary /) ; paratype from drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 840-850 ft; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g).

Peristernia ustulata (Reeve)

Plate 18, figure 17

Turbinella ustulata Reeve, 1847, Conchologica Iconica, v. 4, 

Turbinella, pi. 12, fig. 62.

Peristernia ustulata, (Reeve), Tryon, 1881, Manual Conchology, v. 3, p. 84, pi. 39, fig. 170; Cernohorsky, 1972, 

Marine shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 160, pi. 47, fig. 7.

An incomplete recrystallized specimen from the 

Mariana Limestone of Guam at USGS locality 20537 

probably represents this species that lives today in 

many parts of the tropical Pacific. The fossil, USNM 

175042, measures: height 27.1 mm, diameter 13.2 

mm.; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene.

Peristernia ustulata goikulensis Ladd, n. subsp.

Plate 18, figure 16

Shell medium in size, stout; protoconch consisting of about two smooth gently convex whorls, followed by seven sculptured whorls. On the whorls 

of the spire, broad rounded axial folds, eight on body 

whorl, are crossed by closely set, alternating coarse 

and fine spiral threads; suture impressed, and immediately below it the spiral threads are beaded. 

Aperture lenticular, extended anteriorly as a wide 

and deep canal slightly reflected backward; outer lip 

lirate within; anterior half of columella bearing four 

oblique plicae.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 175045: 

height 28.1 mm, diameter 11.8 mm.

The Miocene subspecies here recognized differs 

from the Holocene shells in invariably having four, 

rather than a lesser number of, plicae on the columella. P. ustulata itself has two, more rarely three, 

plicae; the variety P. ustulata luchuana described by 

Pilsbry (1901, p. 197) has three plicae. The whorls 

of the spire of the new subspecies are less convex 

than on all Holocene shells, the spire being distinctly flattened.

Occurrence. In Palau, holotype and three other 

specimens from USGS locality 21304; four other 

specimens from locality 21301 nearby; Goikul peninsula, Babelthuap; from marls at the base of the 

Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

One specimen from drill hole El, Eniwetok, at a 

depth of 650-660 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g).

Genus FUSINUS Rafinesque

Refinesque, 1815, Analyse de la nature, un tableau de 1'univers 

et des corps organises, Palermo, p. 145 (emended name 

for Fusus Lamarck).

Type (monotype of Fusus Lamarck). Murex 

colus Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific.

Fusinus sp.

Plate 18, figure 18

The genus Fusinus is represented in the fossil collections by a single incomplete specimen, an internal 

mold on which are small areas of a cast of the shell 

that retain traces of the external sculpture. The spire 

is composed of strongly convex whorls. Sculpture 

consists of primary spiral cords, about a dozen on 

the penultimate whorl, with inconspicuous spiral 

threads between. Axial ribs apparently present at 

irregular intervals.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174989, height (incomplete) 65.5 mm., diameter 31.5 

mm.
58 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

The poorly preserved fossil bears a general resemblance to Fusinus cf. F. nodoplicatus (Bunker), 

described by MacNeil (1960, p. 84, pi. 14, fig. 2) 

from the Pliocene of Okinawa, but both are poorly 

preserved, and close comparison is not possible.

Occurrence. Station L493, Lakemba, Fiji. From 

the Futuna Limestone; age, early Miocene (Tertiary 

/).

Family OLIVIDAE 

Genus BELLOLIVA Peile

Peile, 1922, Malacolog. Soc. London Proc., v. 15, pt. 1, p. 18.

Type (by original designation). Olivella brazieri 

Angas. Holocene. Australia.

Subgenus OLIVELLOPSIS Thiele

Thiele, 1929, Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, 

v. 1, p. 333, fig. 334.

Type (by monotypy). Olivella simplex Pease. 

Holocene, Paumotu (Tuamotu) Islands.

Belloliva (Olivellopsis) simplex (Pease) 

Plate 18, figure 19

Olivella (Callianax) simplex Pease, 1867, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 3, p. 281, pi. 23a, fig. 24. 

Olivella simplex Pease, Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, v. 5,

p. 72, pi. 17, fig. 47. 

Belloliva (Olivellopsis) simplex (Pease), Thiele, 1929,

Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde, v. 1, p.

333, fig. 334.

Shell minute, fusiform but with a truncated base; 

composed of 3Vo smooth polished whorls; suture impressed ; aperture more than half the length of shell, 

expanded anteriorly; outer lip smooth within; columella concave, callused.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175074, Eniwetok, drill hole Kl-B, 736-748 ft: 

length 3.8 mm, diameter 1.8 mm.

Occurrence. More than 30 specimens from 7 drill 

holes on Eniwetok from close to the surface to 968 

ft; age, Holocene to early Miocene (Tertiary /). On 

Bikini, two specimens: one from drill hole 2A at a 

depth of 379-384 ft; age, probably Pliocene; one 

from drill hole 2B at a depth of 1,461-1,472 ft; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). The species lives today 

in the Marshall and Line Islands, Tuamotu Islands, 

and Tonga.

Genns OLIVA Bruguiere

Bruguiere, 1789, Ency. Methodique, Histoire Nat. des Vers, 

v. 1, p. xv (genus without species).

Type (by monotypy and tautonomy, Lamarck, 

1799, Soc. Histoire Nat. Paris, Mem., p. 70). 

Valuta oliva Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific.

Oliva carneola (Gmelin)

Plate 18, figure 20

Valuta carneolus Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 12th ed., p. 

p. 3443.

Oliva carneola Lamarck, Reeve, 1850, Conchologica, Iconica, v. 

6, Oliva, pi. 22, no. 60; Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 119, p. 229, pi. 40, fig. 10; Cernohorsky, 1967, 

Marine shells of the Pacific, p. 188, pi. 46, fig. 337; 

Burch and Burch, 1967, Pacific Sci. v. 21, no. 4, 517.

The figured specimen, USNM 650640, from station 

817, Vanua Levu, Fiji, measures: length 18.1 mm, 

diameter 8.8 mm. The fossils, on the average, are a 

little smaller and are more slender than Holocene 

shells, but there appear to be no essential differences.

Occurrence. A single specimen recovered from 

the Suva Formation at station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). One small specimen from station MR20, Viti Levu; age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). Present in great numbers at station 

817 on Vanua Levu and present at stations K63, 

K138, and K700 on the same island. Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary /i). The species has been reported 

from the Pliocene of Timor (Tesch, 1915, p. 41, pi. 

79, fig. 87) and lives today throughout the tropical 

Indo-Pacific.

Oliva annulata Gmelin

Plate 18, figures 21, 22

Oliva annulata Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 13th ed., p.

3441; Burch and Burch, 1967, Pacific Scd., v. 21, p. 516;

Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine shells of the Pacific, p. 187,

pi. 46, fig. 334. 

Oliva guttata Lamarck, 1811, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris Annales, v. 16, p. 313. 

Oliva cf. guttata Lamarck, Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop Mus.

Bull. 181, p. 368, pi. 53, fig. C.

This common and widespread Holocene IndoPacific species is represented by four specimens 

from the early Miocene (Tertiary /) of Viti Levu, 

station 160. One of these, USNM 650639, is figured; 

measurements: length 31.1 mm, diameter 13.1 mm. 

A single specimen was collected from the Pliocene 

(Tertiary h} of Vanua Mbalavu in eastern Fiji, station HOB. Three recrystallized shells were found on 

Guam, one from the upper Tertiary Alifan Limestone (USGS loc. 20730) and two from the Pliocene 

and Pleistocene Mariana Limestone (USGS Iocs. 

20626 and 20742). Two specimens from the elevated 

reef limestone on Santo in the New Hebrides 

(USGS Iocs. 21028 and 21029) are probably no older 

than Pleistocene.

Oliva woolnoughi Ladd

Oliva ivoolnoughi Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull

119, p. 229, pi. 41, fig. 1. 

Oliva makawana Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull 119,

p. 2SO, pi. 40, fig. 11.
PALEONTOLOGY 59

Characterized particularly by its rectangular outline, low spire, and thick sutural callus. The collection of additional shells from old and new localities 

on Viti Levu conveys a better idea of the variability 

shown by this species; the shells described as 0. 

makawana from the same general area are now interpreted as a variant of 0. ivoolnoughi.

Occurrence. Stations 59, 165, 303, and F238 in 

northern Viti Levu, Fiji; age, late Miocene (Tertiary 

g) ; stations 304 and C148 on Viti Levu are Pliocene 

(Tertiary h).A single specimen from Station 160 in 

southern Viti Levu may represent this species; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary /).

Oliva woolnoughi lauensis Ladd

Oliva woolnoughi lauensis Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 368, pi. 53, figs. A, B.

As noted in the above reference, this subspecies is 

much larger and has a less prominent sutural callus 

than 0. woolnoughi from the Suva Formation of 

Viti Levu. Three additional specimens of the Lau 

variety have now been identified from station L389 

on Lakemba, a locality about half a mile south of 

station L391 where the types were collected; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary/).

Oliva miniacea (Roding)

Plate 19, figure 1

Porphyria miniacea Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, p. 33, sp. 391.

Oliva miniacea (Roding), Kira, 1962, Shells of the western 

Pacific in color: Osaka, Japan, Hoikusha Pubs. Co., p. 

89, pi. 32, fig. 13; Burch and Burch 1967.. Pacific Sci. 

v. 21, no. 4, p. 506.

A single shell representing this widespread Holocene species was collected from post-Tertiary limestones at USGS locality 21028 on Santo, New Hebrides. The specimen, USNM 650641, measures: 

length 71.2 mm, diameter 32.6 mm. The shell retains slight traces of its original color pattern.

Holocene shells have been collected from many 

island groups in the western Pacific, from Indonesia 

to Japan and eastward to the Marshalls and Samoa.

Oliva mustelina Lamarck

Plate 19, figure 2

Oliva mustelina Lamarck, 1811, Mus. Histoire Nat., Paris 

Annales, v. 16, p. 316; Tryon, 1883, Manual Conchology, 

v. 5, p. 78, pi. 22, figs. 6-14; Cernohorsky, 1967, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 1, p. 190, pi. 48, fig. 343.

A single fossil from the Pliocene of Fiji at station 

RB44, Viti Levu, represents this somewhat variable 

Holocene species. It is characterized particularly by 

a long narrow aperture and a short sharply pointed 

spire. The fossil, British Museum GG13322, measures: length 31.1 mm, diameter 12.4 mm. The species also occurs in the elevated marls of Santo, New 

Hebrides (station SM242 and SM259) ; age, Pleistocene. It lives today in many parts of the tropical 

Pacific, including Fiji.

Family MITRIDAE

In 1968, Walter Cernohorsky, then engaged in a 

review of the world's Mitridae, examined and reclassified the extensive collection of Holocene mitrids 

in the U.S. National Museum. At that time he also 

examined my collections of fossil mitrids from the 

islands. Many of the fossils had not then been fully 

prepared, but he was able to suggest identifications 

for many of the forms, and most of these identifications have been confirmed. I am most grateful for 

Cernohorsky's assistance. Since his examination, additional mitrids have been collected, particularly in 

Fiji. In the fossil collections, the Mitridae are represented by 33 species, a total exceeding that of the 

next most abundantly represented family, the Cypraeidae, by five.

Genus MITRA Lamarck

Lamarck, 1798, Tableau encyclopedique et methodique, pi. 369.

Subgenus MITRA s. s.

Type (by tautonomy. Valuta mitra Linnaeus. 

Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding

Plate 19, figure 3

Mitra eremitarum Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum; Hamburg, Johan Christi, p. 136; Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, 

v. 8, no. 2, p. 87, pi. 13, fig. 3.

Mitra adjusta Lamarck, 1811, Mus. Histoire Nat., Paris, Annales, v. 17, p. 201. Represented by a single incomplete 

specimen (British Museum GG13321) that measures: 

height 35.9 mm, diameter 12.2 mm.

Occurrence. Marls at station RB44, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). The species lives in the tropical Pacific today, from Indonesia to Hawaii.

Mitra (Mitra) imperialis Roding

Plate 19, figure 4

Mitra imperialis Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, 

burg, Johan Christi, v. 2, p. 135; Cernohorsky 1965, 

Veliger, v. 8, no. 2, p. 90, pi. 14, fig. 11.

Mitra (Mitra) imperalis Roding, 'Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 7, p. 35.

A single example of this widespread Indo-Pacific 

species was collected from the Viwa Limestone at 

station C1640 on Nanuyanuya, an islet near Viwa, 

Fiji; age, Quaternary. The specimen, USNM 175043, 

measures: height 19.6 mm, diameter 7.5 mm.
60 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Though very small, the specimen has shallow spiral 

grooves with punctae that are crossed by shallow 

axial grooves, resulting in a faint cancellated appearance ; the raised areas between the axial grooves 

are accentuated at the suture to form rounded 

coronations; the columella bears five prominent 

oblique folds.

Mitra (Mitra) cf. M. puncticulata Lamarck 

Plate 19, figure 5

A single specimen from the early Miocene beds 

drilled under Bikini may be a juvenile example of 

M. puncticulata, a species that lives today from 

Africa eastward through the tropical Indo-Pacific 

to Fiji. The fossil has the shallow spiral grooves and 

the prominent shoulder nodes that characterize the 

Holocene shells, but on the fossil, the pits formed in 

the spiral grooves by the crossing of axial riblets 

do not form a sharply cancellate pattern as on most 

Holocene shells.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650663: height 7.7 mm, diameter 3.7 mm.

Occurrence. A single specimen from drill hole 

2A, Bikini, at a depth of 1,009-1,020 ft; age, early 

Miocene (Tertiary/).

Subgenus NEBULARIA Swainson

Swainson, 1940, Treatise on Malacology: London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 319.

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1847, Indicis Malacozoorum, v. 2, p. 110). Mitra 

contracta Swainson, Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Mitra (Nebularia) aurantia (Gmelin)

Plate 19, figure 6

Valuta aurantia Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 13th ed., p.

3454. 

Mitra aurantia (Gmelin), Tryon, 1882, Manual Conchology,

v. 4, p. 147, pi. 43, figs. 255, 256. 

Mitra (Nebularia) aurantia (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, 1970,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 36.

A single mold (USNM 174948) from the upper 

Tertiary Barrigada Limestone at USGS locality 

20488 on Guam appears to represent this widely distributed Indo-Pacific species. Figured latex cast 

measurements: height 20 mm, diameter 9 mm.

Mitra (Nebularia) coronata Lamarck

Plate 19, figure 7

Mitra coronata Lamarck, 1811, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris, Annales, v. 17, p. 214; Cernohorsky 1965, Veliger, v. 8, 

no. 2, p. 85, pi. 17, figs. 55, 55a-c (see for additional 

citations).

The single fossil shell retains the crown of lightcolored nodules at the suture that characterizes the 

species.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650642: height (incomplete) 22.2 mm, diameter 

10.1 mm.

Occurrence. Post-Tertiary limestone at USGS 

locality 21028, Santo, New Hebrides. The species 

lives throughout the Indo-Pacific region, from Africa 

to Hawaii.

Mitra (Nebularia) crassicostata Sowerby? 

Plate 19, figure 8

Mitra crassicostata Sowerby, 1874, Theasaurus Conchyliorum, 

Mitra, p. 21, no. 285, fig. 387.

This species, described 100 years ago for an unknown habitat, has, apparently, not been reported 

since. This single fossil from Guam that probably 

represents the species was collected from the 

Mariana Limestone (USGS loc. 20732) ; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene.

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 650645: 

height 22.0 mm, diameter 5.6 mm. The fossil bears 

strong rounded ribs separated by deeply pitted 

grooves and has the strongly crenulated outer lip 

that characterizes the Holocene shell. The body 

whorl of the fossil, however, is less strongly 

shouldered than the specimen figured by Sowerby.

Mitra (Nebularia) fraga Quoy and Gaimard

Plate 19, figure 9

Mitra fraga Quoy and Gaimard, 1833, Voyage 1'Astrolabe, v.

2, p. 660, pi. 45 (bis), figs. 28, 29; Cernohorsky, 19G5,

Veliger, v. 8, no. 2, p. 89, fig. 42. 

Mitra (Nebularia) fraga. Quoy and Gaimard, Cernohorsky,

1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 36.

A single juvenile shell appears to represent this 

widespread Indo-Pacific species. The figured specimen, USNM 174950, measures: height 4.6 mm, 

diameter 2.2 mm. It was recovered from drill hole 

F-l on Eniwetok at a depth of 60-70 ft; age, Holocene. The species lives today from Cocos-Keeling in 

the Indian Ocean to Hawaii in the Pacific. At Eniwetok, specimens have been collected from the reef 

and in the lagoon.

Mitra (Nebularia) turgida Reeve

Plate 19, figures 10, 11

Mitra turgida Reeve, 1845, Conchologica, Iconica, Mitra, pi. 33,

no. 273; Tryon, 1882, Manual Conchology v. 4, p. 42, pi.

42, fig. 234; Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland Inst. and

Mus. Bull. 8, p. 36.

Mitra ericca Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London, Proc., p. 146. 

Mitra indcntata Sowerby, 1874, Thesaurus Conchyliorum,

Mitra, no. 173, fig. 412.

This variable species is especially characterized 

by its thick midsection and its short flat-sided spire
PALEONTOLOGY 61

and tapered body whorl produces a biconic shape. 

The columella bears three to four strong plaits.

Measurements of the figured specimen from Palau, 

USNM 650647: height 15.3 mm, diameter 6.6 mm.; 

specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 650648: height 

14.4 mm, diameter 6.9 mm. On most of the fossils, 

the axial threads in the depressions between the 

spiral ribs are coarser than on most Holocene shells.

Occurrence. This species, not previously reported fossil, was collected from the marls at the 

base of the Palau Limestone in Palau (USGS Iocs. 

21301 and 21304, a total of seven specimens) and 

from two drill holes on Eniwetok (E-l, 620-630 ft; 

F-l, 660-730 ft, three specimens). All the fossils 

are late Miocene (Tertiary g) in age. The species is 

not known to be living in the Marshall Islands today, 

but it has been collected in many other island groups 

from Indonesia to Hawaii.

Subgenus STRIGATELLA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise -on malacology: London, Longman, 

Grave, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 130, 131, 319.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, 

Genera of Recent Mollusca, p. 141). Mitra zebra 

Lamarck ( = Voluta paupercula Linnaeus). Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium Reeve 

Plate 19, figure 12

Mitra fastigium Reeve, 1845, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi. 

28, fig. 221; Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland Inst. and 

Mus. Bull 8, p. 39.

Shell small, biconic, smooth, columella with four 

strong plaits.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650646: height (incomplete) 15.3 mm, diameter 6.6 

mm.

Occurrence. Five specimens from the Ndalithoni 

Limestone on Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji (station HOB) ; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) ; not previously reported 

fossil. The National Museum collections contain 

Holocene shells from a dozen Pacific island groups 

extending from Indonesia to Hawaii, but Fiji, where 

the fossils were collected, is not represented, nor did 

Cernohorsky (1965) report the species in his review 

of Fiji Mitridae.

Genus PTERYGIA Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, p. 

51.

Type (by subsequent designation, Ball, 1915, U.S. 

Nat. Mus. Bull. 90, p. 52). Pterygia micella Roding ( = Valuta dactylus Linnaeus). Holocene, Indian 

Ocean.

Pterygia crenulata (Gmelin) 

Plate 19, figure 13

Voluta crenulata Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae, 13th ed., p.

3452. 

Mitra crenulata Lamarck, Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica,

v. 2, Mitra pi. 24, no. 190. 

Cylindromitra undulosa (Reeve), MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 95, pi. 17, fig. 19. 

Pterygia crenulata (Gmelin), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v.

8, no. 2, p. 151, pi. 23, fig. 132; 1970, Auckland Inst.

and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 41-42.

A single specimen (USNM 650638) of this widely distributed Indo-Pacific species was collected 

from the Pleistocene and Holocene Tanapag Limestone on Saipan (station 7897). It measures: height 

29.4 mm, diameter 13.7 mm. MacNeil reported on a 

single specimen from the Pliocene Naha Limestone 

of Okinawa. The species lives today throughout the 

Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea to Hawaii.

Pterygia fenestrata (Lamarck)

Plate 19, figure 14

Mitra fenestrata Lamarck, 1811, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris Annales, v. 17, p. 212. 

Pterygia fenestrata (Lamarck), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger,

v. 8, no. 2, p. 152, pi. 23, fig. 129.

A single worn specimen that appears to represent 

this widely distributed living Indo-Pacific species 

was collected from the Pliocene and Pleistocene 

Mariana Limestone on Guam (USGS loc. 20626). 

The specimen, USNM 175006, measures: height 23.1 

mm, diameter 13.3 mm. The National Museum collection of Holocene shells contains none from Guam 

or other islands in the Mariana Group, but the species probably lives there.

Genus SCABRICOLA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology: London, Longman, 

Orune, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 130, 319.

Subgenus SCABRICOLA s. s.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray 1847, 

Genera of Recent Mollusca, p. 141). Mitra serpentina Lamarck. Holocene, western Pacific.

Scabricola (Scabricola) desetangsii (Kiener) 

Plate 19, figure 15

Mitra desetangsii Kiener, 1838-39, Species general et iconographie des coquilles vivantes, Mitra, p. 98, pi. 29, fig. 

94; Lienard, 1869, Jour. Conchyliologie v. 17, p. 226- 

227; Tryon, 1882, Manual Conchology, v. 4, p. 117, pi. 

34, fig. 34.

Mitra variegata Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi. 

15, no. 111.

Scabricola (Scabricola) desetangsii (Kiener), Cernohorsky, 

1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 44.
62 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

A single fairly well preserved shell that probably 

represents this species was collected from the upper 

Tertiary (Tertiary g or h) Alifan Limestone at 

USGS locality 20726 on Guam. The specimen, USNM 

650649, measures: height 21.2 mm, diameter 10.6 

mm. S. desetangsii lives today in the western Pacific 

from Indonesia to Japan and at Mauritius in the Indian Ocean.

Genus SUBCANCILLA Olsson and Harbison

Olsson and Harbison, 1953, Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia Mon. 

8, p. 190.

Type (by original designation). Mitra sulcata 

Swainson. Holocene, coast of Ecuador.

Subcancilla abyssicola (Schepman)

Plate 19, figure 16

Mitra (Scabricula) abyssicola Schepman, 1911, Siboga-Exped. 

pt. 4, Rachiglossa, p. 26, pi. 19, fig. 1, Leiden.

Mitra (Scabricula) osapiensis Koperberg, 1931, Jungtertiare 

und Quartare Mollusken von Timor, Jaarb, Mijnwezen 

Ned.-Indie, p. 75, pi. 2, fig. 23.

Subcancilla abyssicola (Schepman), Cernohorsky, 1970. Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull 8, p. 46.

This elongate fusiform species is characterized 

particularly by its cancellate surface on which closely set axial ribs are crossed and beaded by stronger 

spirals; the resulting pits are subquadrate and deep; 

the columella bears four folds.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

174949; height (apex incomplete) 13.2 mm, diameter 5.3 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from station 817 on 

western Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary 

h). Holocene shells have been collected from the 

Philippines and Indonesia at depths of 300 to more 

than 4,000 ft. Miss Koperberg's Timor specimens 

were from the Pliocene.

Subcancilla interlirata (Reeve)

Plate 19, figure 17

Mitra interlirata Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi.

10, fig. 70.

Mitra pia Dohrn, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 28, p. 366. 

Mitra (Tiara) fijiensis Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus.

Bull. 119, p. 227, pi. 40, fig. 7. 

Mitra (Cancilla) interlirata Reeve, Cernohorsky, 1965,

Veliger, v. 8, no. 2, p. 106, pi. 16, figs. 36 36a. 

Mitra (Cancilla) pia Dohrn, Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v.

8, no. 2, p. 107, pi. 16, figs. 37 37a. 

Subcancilla interlirata (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland

Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 46.

A sharply ridged species characterized particularly by a low secondary ridge between the primary 

spirals. Described originally from the Philippines 

but known to range widely in the Indo-Pacific region 

from Mauritius and the Persion Gulf in the Indian

Ocean to Hawaii in the central Pacific. Living examples are moderately rare in Fiji but cannot be 

distinguished from late Tertiary examples from both 

Viti Levu (station 165) and Vanua Levu (station 

817). Figured specimen, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 

Geology No. 1214, measures: height 19.3 mm, 

diameter 6.4 mm.

Subcancilla malleti (Petit de la Saussaye)

Plate 19, figure 18

Mitra malleti Petit de la Saussaye, 1852, Jour. Conchyiologie 

v. 3, p. 58, pi. 2, fig. 1.

Subcancilla malleti (Petit de la Saussaye), Cernohorsky, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 46.

Incomplete external molds that probably represent 

this Holocene Indo-Pacific species were recovered 

from the Pliocene and Pleistocene Mariana Limestone at USGS locality 17446 on Guam; a single 

mold from the same formation at USGS locality 

20703 is also tentatively referred to S. malleti.

The small fusiform shells bear sharp close-set 

spiral ridges; between the ridges are many fine axial 

riblets. Diameter of the figured cast, from a limestone mold, USNM 174946, 4.7 mm. The species lives 

today on Mauritius in the Indian Ocean and in various parts of the southwestern Pacific as far norts as 

Fiji and Samoa. It has not previously been recorded 

as a fossil.

Subcancilla nasongoensis (Ladd)

Plate 20, figure 1

Mitra (Tiara) nasongoensis Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 119, p. 227, pi. 40, fig. 8.

Subcancilla nasongoensis (Ladd), Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 46.

No additional material collected. Known only from 

the holotype (Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Geol. No. 

1215) from station 165 on Viti Levu, Fiji; age, late 

Miocene (Tertiary g).

Measurements: height 18.4 mm, diameter 5.9 mm.

Genus CANCILLA Swainson)

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology; London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 130, 320.

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1846, Indicis generum malacozoorum primordia, v. 1, 

p. 168). Tiara Isabella Swainson, Holocene, IndoPacific.

Subgenus DOMIPORTA Cernohorsky

Cernohorsky, 1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 49.

Type (by original designation). Valuta filaris 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific.
PALEONTOLOGY 63

Cancila (Domiporta) carnicolor (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figures 2, 3

Mitra carnicolor Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2, Mitra, 

pi. 21, fig. 164.

A single incomplete shell from the Pliocene and 

Pleistocene Mariana Limestone on Guam (USGS locality 21378) probably represents this Holocene species. The spiral ribs of the fossil show less regular 

alternation in strength than do most Holocene shells, 

but this feature appears to be somewhat variable.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650643: height (incomplete) 22.2 mm, diameter 10.1 

mm. Living specimens have been collected from Tahiti and other Pacific Islands,

Genus VEXILLUM Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, 

pt. 2, p. 138.

Type (by subsequent designation, Woodring, 1928, 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 244). 

Vexillum plicatum Roding ( = Valuta plicaria Linnaeus). Holocene, Indo-Pacific.

Subgenus COSTELLARIA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology: London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 320.

Type (by monotypy). Mitra rigida Swainson 

(= Mitra semifusciata Lamarck). Holocene, IndoPacific.

Vexillum (Costellaria) amanda (Reeve)

Pilate 20, figures 4, 5

Mitra amanda Reeve, 1845, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi. 38,

no. 318. 

Uromitra fulleri MacNeil, 1960 (1961), U.S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 339, p. 91, pi. 8, fig. 29. 

Vexillum amanda (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 8,

no. 2, p. 116, pi. 18, fig. 73. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) amanda (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1970,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 54.

Shell medium to large, stout, turreted, with 

strong, gently curved axial ribs; spiral riblets between the axials produce a cancellated appearance; 

aperture shorter than spire.

Measurements of the figured specimens from 

Palau: USNM 174944, a large specimen (pi. 20, fig. 

4), height 18.9 mm, diameter 7.0 mm; USNM 

174945, average-sized specimen (pi. 20, fig. 5), 

height 9.2 mm, diameter 3.4 mm.

Occurrence. Abundant in the marls beneath the 

Palau Limestone at USGS localities 21301 and 21304 

north of Goikul and represented by three specimens 

from the same marls at locality 21308 east of Goikul, 

Babelthuap, Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) ; 

three specimens from station C89 on Viti Levu, Fiji;

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). One large shell (SM242- 

85A) from the Pleistocene marls on the Kere River, 

Santo, New Hebrides. The species described as 

Uromitra fulleri by MacNeil from the Shinzato Tuff 

on Okinawa (age, Miocene or Pliocene) seems to be 

this species. V. amanda was originally described 

from Holocene shells from the Philippines, where it 

has been widely collected. The U.S. National Museum 

collections also contain Holocene specimens from 

Indonesia, the China Sea, Fiji, and Samoa.

Vexillum (Costellaria) cernohorskyi Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 210, figures 6, 7

Small, slender, fusiform; protoconoch consisting 

of about two smooth, glassy whorls, followed by 

about seven sculptured whorls; early whorls of 

the spire nearly flat, later whorls slightly more convex; suture lightly impressed. Sculpture consisting 

of broad, rounded, slightly curved, axial ribs that 

are regularly spaced, 10 or 11 on body whorl; weak 

spiral striae are present in the depressions between 

axial ribs. Aperture, elongate, shorter than spire; 

columella with four inclined folds. Traces of four 

dark bands of color are discernible on the body 

whorl, the highest one thinner than the other three.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650662: 

height 8.2 mm, diameter 2.7 mm.

V. cernohorskyi is closely related to the living V. 

michaui (Crosse and Fischer) but is smaller and 

more slender; it has fewer whorls, and these are not 

angulated immediately below the suture as are those 

of the living species. V. michaui is widely distributed 

through the Indo-Pacific from Mauritius in the Indian Ocean to Japan and the Marianas in the northwest Pacific, thence southeast to Fiji and Tonga. It 

has not been recorded from the Marshall Islands.

This species is named for Walter 0. Cernohorsky, 

who has studied the Mitridae of the world.

Occurrence. Two specimens from K-1B, Eniwetok, at a depth of 747-758 ft; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g).

Vexillum (Costellaria) deshayesi (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 8

Mitra deshayesi Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi. 

22, no. 170.

Vexillum deshayesi (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 

8, no. 2, p. 123, pi. 22, figs. 114, 114a (see for additional citations).

Holocene shells of this variable species have been 

fully described by Cernohorsky. The fossils from 

Eniwetok have stronger axial sculpture and a less 

prominent siphonal fasciole than most of the many 

Holocene shells examined. The figured specimen,
64 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

USNM 650652, measures: height 15.1 mm, diameter 

5.3 mm.

Occurrence. Three specimens from drill hole F1, Eniwetok, at a depth of 850-860 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). The species lives today from 

Mauritius in the Indian Ocean through Indonesia to 

Tonga and Samoa in southern Polynesia. The Eniwetok shells are the first reported fossils. The species is not known to be living in the Marshall Islands 

today.

Vexillum (Costellaria) aff. V. discoloria (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 9

A single fossil from drill hole 2A, Bikini, at a 

depth of 1,056-1,063 ft (age, early Miocene, Tertiary /) is remarkably similar to Holocene shells 

from several island groups in the western Pacific. 

Though the fossil shows the overall tan color that 

characterized Miocene shells from the Marshall 

Island drill holes, it still retains traces of the dark 

bands found on all Holocene shells. The fossil is appreciably more slender than all the many Holocene 

shells examined, but the importance of this difference cannot be determined from a single specimen. 

The fossil, USNM 650657, measures: height 7.3 mm, 

diameter 2.6 mm. V. discoloria lives today from the 

Gulf of Oman through the tropical Pacific to Samoa 

(Cernohorsky, 1965, p. 122, as V. cruentatum 

(Gmelin)).

Vexillum (Costellaria) festum (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 10

Mitra festa Reeve, 1845, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi. 36,

fig. 303. 

Turricula bancalanensis Bartsch, 1918, Biol. Soc. Washington

Proc., v. 31, p. 186. 

Vexillum festum (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 8,

no. 2, p. 126, pi. 19, fig. 83; 1967, Marine shells of the

Pacific, p. 170, pi. 40, fig. 282. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) festum (Reeve) Cernohorsky, 1970,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 55.

A stout shell with strong axial ribs; interstices between ribs cancellated by spiral grooves; columella 

with four plaits. Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 174943 from drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, 

820-830 ft: height 8.5 mm, diameter 3.1 mm.

The Miocene fossils are smaller and more slender 

than many Holocene shells, but they are well within 

the limits of variation shown by today's shells.

Occurrence. Nine specimens from three deep 

holes on Eniwetok at depths of 663-978 ft; age, late 

Miocene (Tertiary g). Three specimens from drill 

hole 2A, Bikini, at depths of 925-1,078 ft; age, Miocene (Tertiary / and g). The species lives today from 

the Philippines to Fiji.

Vexillum (Costellaria) leucozonias Deshayes 

Plate 20, figure 11

Mitra leucozonias Deshayes, 1830, in Laborde and Deshayes, 

Voyage de L'Arabie Petree, p. 66; Cernohorsky, 1970, 

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 55.

Mitra cinceracea Reeve, 1845, Conchologica Iconica, Mitra, pi. 

38, no. 311.

Mitra judaeorum Dohrn, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

367.

Mitra moana Gate, 1963, Veliger, v. 6, no. 1, p. 28, pi. 5, 

figs. 6-10.

The above synonomy follows Cernohorsky and is 

supported by the USNM collections, which indicate 

that the species, though rare, lives today in localities scattered from the Red Sea to Hawaii. On Eniwetok, a single fossil was recovered from drill hole 

Mu-4 at a depth of 21.5 ft. It is Holocene in age 

and well preserved. The specimen, USNM 650651, 

measures: height 10.8 mm, diameter 4.1 mm. The 

Eniwetok fossil is the first reported occurrence from 

the Marshall Islands. The species lives today on Midway but was not recovered from drill holes into that 

atoll.

The fossil retains much of its original color. The 

colored areas are the "faded orange" recorded by 

Mrs. Gate.

Vexillum (Costellaria) obeliscus (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 12

Mitra obeliscus Reeve, 1844, Conchologica Iconica, v. 2, Mitra

pi. 15, fig. 107; Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 8, no.

2, p. 131, pi. 19, fig. 80; 1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus.

Bull. 8, p. 55. 

Turricula (Costellaria) obeliscus (Reeve), Tesch, 1915,

Palaont. von Timor, V. Lieferung, p. 49, pi. 80, fig. 106. 

Uromitra aff. U. obeliscus (Reeve), MacNeil, 1960, U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 339, pi. 14, fig. 5.

This is a slender species on which strong axial 

ribs are overridden by flattened spirals to produce a 

sharply cancellate appearance. Cernohorsky pointed 

out that today's shells are extremely variable in 

sculpture and other morphological features. The 

Fijian fossils cannot be distinguished from Holocene 

shells from Fiji and other Pacific islands or from at 

least one of the specimens from the Pliocene Chinen 

Sand of Okinawa cited by MacNeil as Uromitra aff. 

U. obeliscus. The figured Fijian fossil, USNM 

650636, measures: height (incomplete) 22.3 mm, diameter 8.0 mm.

Occurrence. Two specimens from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Known from the Pliocene of Timor. Holocene shells
PALEONTOLOGY 65

were described originally from the Philippine 

Islands and have since been reported from Mauritius 

through the tropical Indo-Pacific to Fiji where they 

have been found on the west and southern coasts of 

Viti Levu (Cernohorsky, 1965).

Vexillum (Costellaria) radius (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 13

Mitra radius Reeve, 1845, Conchologica Iconica, pi. 37, no.

309. 

Vexillum (Vexillum) gembacana (Martin), Ladd, 1934,

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 228, pi. 40, fig. 9. 

Vexillum radius (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 8,

no. 2, p. 133, pi. 18, fig. 68. 

Vexillum (Costellaria} radius (Reeve), Cernohorsky, 1970,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 55.

Walter Cernohorsky examined the Fijian fossils 

referred by me to V. gembacana (Martin) ; he found 

that they could not be distinguished from V. radius 

(Reeve), an uncommon Holocene species in Fiji, described originally from the Philippine Islands. Having now seen the Holocene shell from Fiji, I agree 

with Cernohorsky's conclusion. The figured specimen 

(Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. no. 1193) measures: 

height 14.6 mm, diameter 4.8 mm.

The late Miocene fossils from Viti Levu, Fiji 

(stations 59 and 165) that I referred to V. gembacana (Martin) are thus shifted to the Holocene 

species, V. radius; a specimen from the Pliocene beds 

at MR20 on Viti Levu is also placed there. A dozen 

related specimens recovered from 10 Miocene horizons in drill holes on Eniwetok and Bikini do not 

appear to be conspecific with V. radius. They resemble V. gembacana, though smaller than most Java 

fossils. They are grouped as being affiliated with V. 

gembacana.

Vexillum (Costellaria) aff. V. gembacana (Martin) 

Plate 20, figure 14

The Marshall Island Miocene fossils tentatively 

placed here are much smaller than most Java examples of V. gembacana, (Martin), but there seem to 

be no other important differences. The Marshall 

Island fossils are stouter and have fewer whorls than 

do the shells of V. radius cited above. The two species are, however, closely related. The exact relationship between the Marshall Island fossils and those of 

V. gembacana from Indonesia cannot be determined 

with certainty from available material.

Measurements of the figured specimen from drill 

hole F-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 830-840 ft, USNM 

175036: height 7.9 mm, diameter 3.0 mm.

Occurrence. Eniwetok drill holes E-l, F-l, and 

K-1B at depths 630-920 ft; age, Miocene (Tertiary /

and g} drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,671-1,682 ft; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e).

Vexillum (Costellaria) roseum (Broderip)

Plate 20, figure 15

Tiara rosea Broderip, 1836, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 195. 

Turricula (Costellaria} pharaonis A. Adams, 1872, Zool. Soc.

London Proc., p. 9, pi. 3, fig. 1. 

Turricula (Costellaria) appellii Jickeli, 1874, Deutsche

Malakozool. Gesell. Jahrb., p. 39. 

Mitra breviacaudata Sowerby, 1874, Thesourus Conchyliorum,

Mitra, no. 359, fig. 410. 

Vexillum (Costellaria} roseum (Broderip), Cernohorsky, 1970,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 55.

Medium in size, slender, fusiform, solid; whorls 

slightly turreted, suture impressed; aperture less 

than half the height of shell; columella with four 

plaits. Sculpture consisting of strong, regularly 

spaced axial folds, overridden by closely set, flattened spiral ribs.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650658: height 12.0 mm, diameter 4.6 mm.

The single Eniwetok fossil is less strongly shouldered than the examples figured by Adams and 

Sowerby.

Occurrence. Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth 

of 230-240 ft; age, probably Pleistocene. Holocene 

shells have been recorded from South Marutea 

(Lord Hood's Island), the Tuamotu Islands, Mauritius, and the Red Sea.

Vexillum (Costellaria) strasfogeli Ladd, n. sp.

Plate 20, figure 16

Small, stout; protoconch incomplete but apparently smooth, followed by about seven sculptured 

whorls that are nearly flat and slightly angulated at 

the sutures; aperture less than half the total length; 

columella with four strong folds. Sculpture consisting of strong, narrow, slightly curved axial ribs, 17- 

19 on the penultimate whorl, and closely set spiral 

ribs in the intervening areas, 10-11 on the penultimate whorl; spiral sculpture becomes dominant near 

the base, the spirals nodose.

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 174947: 

height 14.8 mm, diameter 5.7 mm.

V. strasfogeli appears to be closely related to the 

living V. radix (Sowerby) but is smaller, has sharper axials, and more numerous spiral ribs. The fossil 

form may be ancestral to V. radix, a species that 

lives in Fiji today.

This species is named for Andrew L. Strasfogel, 

Peace Corps Volunteer Geologist with the Fiji Geological Survey, who conducted a training course for
66 CENOZOIG FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

geological assistants, during which many fossils 

were collected.

Occurrence. Five specimens from station 817 in 

western Vanua Levu, Fiji; one questionable specimen from K138, a station about 3 miles to the east; 

age of all specimens, probably Pliocene (Tertiary 

h).

Vexillum (Costellaria) stainforthi (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 17

Mitra stainforthii Reeve, 1844, Conchlogica Iconica, v. 2,

Mitra, pi. 3, no. 13. 

Vexillum (Costellaria) stainforthii (Reeve), Cernohorsky,

1970, Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 55.

A large shell with strong axial ribs that are 

crossed by fine, closely set, spiral grooves.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

175054: height (incomplete) 32.5 mm, diameter 10.7 

mm.

Occurrence, Two specimens from USGS locality 

25257, west coast of Santo, New Hebrides; age, Quaternary. The species lives today in many parts of the 

western Pacific.

Vexillum (Costellaria) aff. V. zebuense (Reeve) 

Plate 20, figure 18

An incomplete mold (USNM 650653) of a medium-sized, fusiform mitrid shows sculptural features 

that suggest V. zebuense (Reeve). Strong axial ribs 

with narrow flattened crests are overridden and 

slightly notched by narrow spiral grooves that separate wide flattened areas. Measurements of the 

figured cast from USNM 650653: height (incomplete) 11 mm, diameter 7.5 mm.

Occurrence. A single specimen from the Pliocene 

and Pleistocene Mariana Limestone of Guam (USGS 

loc. 20674). The living V. zebuense is found in the 

western Pacific from the Philippines, through Fiji, 

to Polynesia. (Cernohorsky, 1965, p. 141).

Subgenus PUSIA Swainson

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on Malacology, p. 320.

Type (by monotypy). Pusia microzonis (Lamarck) (= Mitra microzonias Lamarck) Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific.

Vexillum (Pusia) approximatum (Pease)

Plate 20, figure 19

Turricula approximata Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc.,

p. 146. 

Mitra dimidiata Sowerby, 1870, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p.

259. 

Vexillum xenum Pilsbry, 1920, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., p. 317, pi. 12, fig. 25. 

Vexillum (Pusia) approximatum (Pease), Cernohorsky, 1970,

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 56.

The Eniwetok fossil is smaller than Holocene 

shells from Hawaii, including a fossil from Midway, 

but is identical with them in all other respects.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650656: height (apex incomplete) 12.0 mm, diameter 5.5 mm.

Occurrence. A single fossil from drill hole Kl-B, 

Eniwetok, at a depth of 925-937 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). The species has been collected 

only in Hawaii but at several localities from the 

island of Hawaii on the southeast to Midway on the 

northwest. At Midway, it was also found in the 

Sand Island drill hole at a depth of about 147 ft; age, 

probably Holocene.

Vexillum (Pusia) exquisitum (Garrett) 

Plate 21, figure 1

Mitra exquisita Garrett, 1872, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p.

842. 

Mitra suavis Souverbie, 1875, Jour. Conchyliologie v. 23, p.

283, pi. 13, fig. 2. 

Vexillum equisitum (Garret), Gate, 1963, Veliger, v. 6, p.

33, pi. 6, fig. 23.

Shell small, stout, fusiform; whorls with prominent, rounded shoulders and a series of strong axial 

ribs; columella with four plaits. The shells of living 

examples have two dark-brown spiral lines on the 

body whorl that enclose a milk-white band. Traces 

of this color pattern are retained on the single fossil.

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650655 : height 5.5 mm, diameter 2.3 mm.

Occurrence. A single specimen from drill hole 

E-l, Eniwetok, at a depth of 100-110 ft; age, probably Holocene. The species lives today in several 

island groups from Japan through Fiji and the 

Tuamotus to Hawaii.

Vexillum (Pusia) microzonias (Lamarck) 

Plate 21, figure 2

Mitra microzonias Lamarck, 1811, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris 

Annales, 17, p. 218.

Vexillum (Vexillum,) vavakuana Ladd, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 367, pi. 52, fig. W.

Pusia microzonias (Lamarck), Cernohorsky, 1965, Veliger, v. 

8, no. 2, p. 148, pi. 21, figs. 110, HOa.

Vexillum (Pusia) microzonias (Lamarck), Cernohorsky, 1970, 

Auckland Inst. and Mus. Bull. 8, p. 56.

The only fossil occurrence is the small shell that I 

described in 1945 as Vexillum vavakuana. This specimen (Univ. Rochester Mus. Natl. History 13068) 

was collected from the Ndalithoni Limestone at startion HOB on Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). It measures: height 9.3 mm, diameter 

4.1 mm. V. microzonias lives today throughout Fiji
PALEONTOLOGY 67

and in many other parts of the western Pacific, from 

Indonesia to the Marshall Islands.

Family HARP1DAE

Fossil representatives of the Harpidae are not 

abundant in the island area. Only seven specimens 

have been found to date, and all of these are incomplete. Two are from the Miocene, one from Fiji, the 

other from Eniwetok; the third is a mold from the 

upper Tertiary of Guam, and the remaining four 

are from the Quaternary of the New Hebrides. Before attempting specific identifications, I learned of 

Harald Render's (1973) monographic study of the 

family in "Indo-Pacific Mollusca" (since published, 

Render, 1973). I turned the island fossils over to him, 

and he is largely responsible for the descriptions 

that follow.

Genus EOCITHARA P. Fischer

Fischer, P., 1883, Man. Conch, et de Paleont. Conchyliologique, 

Paris, p. 601.

Type (by monotypy). Harpa mutica Lamarck. 

Eocene, France.

Eocithara? sp. A 

Plate 21, figure 3

A single fossil, an incomplete shell from the lower 

Miocene (Tertiary /) of Lakemba (station L389) in 

Fiji, may represent this genus, but the definitive 

columellar area is not preserved. The upper ends of 

the axial ribs are not extended by callus as in Harpa 

amouretta Roding, the common living Indo-Pacific 

harp, but this difference may be largely due to poor 

preservation.

Measurements of the single fossil specimen, 

USNM 174977: length (incomplete) 30 mm, diameter 26 mm.

The Fijian shell bears a general resemblance to a 

smaller species described by Martin from the lower 

Miocene of Java as Harpa (Eocithara) muticaeformis (Martin, 1916, p. 231, pi. 1, fig. 15).

Eocithara? sp. B

Eocithara species Rehder, (1973), Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 

3, no. 16, p. 231.

A fragment of a second specimen that may represent the genus Eocithara was recovered from drill 

hole E-l, Eniwetok at a depth of 830-840 ft; age, 

late Miocene (Tertiary #). Harald Rehder, who examined the specimen, stated that the fragment, 15 

mm long, consisted of "only the anterior canal and 

sinus, the lower portion of the columellar lip, and a 

part of the body whorl comprising three complete 

ribs from their procurved end to the siphonal fascicle and anterior canal." His assignment to Eocithara 

was

based on the low, not broadly expanded, procurved end of the 

ribs and the nature of the siphonal fascicle that is strongly 

convex on the ventral surface and separated from the lower 

end of the columellar callus by a deep furrow which suggests 

a pseudoumbilical chink.

The fairly crowded ribs are low, somewhat flattened in 

their upper portion, with faint paired color lines visible under magnification. The interspaces show flattened spiral cords, 

crossed by irregular axial growth striae. The crowded microscopic axial striae present in Harpa major Roding are absent, 

and the aspect of the sculpture is generally distinct from that 

found in the Recent species of Harpa.

Rehder noted that if properly placed in Eocithara, 

the Eniwetok shell is the latest known occurrence of 

the genus.

Genus HARPA Roding

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, 

pt. 2, p. 149.

Type (by absolute tautonomy). Buccinum harpa 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Mauritius.

Harpa amouretta Roding

Plate 21, figure 4

Harpa amouretta Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, 

Johan Christi, pt. 2, p. 150; Kira, 1962, Shells of the 

western Pacific in color, v. 1, p. 90, pi. 32, fig. 16: 

Rehder, 1973, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 3, no. 16, p. 240, 

pis. 183, 189, figs. 6-11, pi. 211.

Harpa minor Lamarck, 1822, Animaux sans Vertebres v. 7, 

p. 257; Reeve, 1843, Conchologica Iconica, Harpa pi. 

3, fig. 6.

This widely distributed Indo-Pacific species is 

represented in the fossil collections by a single mold 

collected from the Talisay Member of the Alifan 

Limestone on Guam (USGS loc. 20640) ; age, Tertiary g and h. The incomplete mold, USNM 174978, 

measures 16 mm in diameter.

Harpa major Roding

Plate 21, figures 5, 6

Harpa major Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, 

Johan Christi, pt. 2, p. 149, Cernohorsky, 1972, Marine 

shells of the Pacific, v. 2, p. 168, pi. 1, fig. 8; pi. 50, 

fig. 1; Rehder, 1973, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 3, no. 

16, p. 245, pi. 183; pi. 188, figs. 8-11, pi. 214.

Represented in the collection by three specimens 

from station SM242 on Santo, New Hebrides. All 

three shells retain traces of original color. The most 

nearly complete shell, New Hebrides Geological Survey, station SM242, 55A, is figured. It measures: 

length 49.5 mm, diameter 32.7 mm. A single incomplete mold collected at USGS locality 21032 on Santo, 

probably represents the same species. H. major lives
68 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

today throughout the tropical Pacific. Cernohorsky's 

treatment includes a figure in color of a shell from 

the New Hebrides. Rehder's account includes colored 

views of shells and extended soft parts. All the New 

Hebrides fossils are Pleistocene.

LOCALITIES

Some of the fossils described in the present report 

were collected from localities not listed or shown on 

maps in the previous reports (Ladd 1966, 1972) and, 

in addition, from several small islands in Fiji (Matangi, Lauthala, Ngau, Viwa, Nanuyanuy) not previously reported upon. The locality data given below 

supplement those given previously by Ladd (1966, 

p. 81-89; 1972, p. 63-69).

Palau

Island

Auluptagel __.

U.S. Geological

Survey Cenozoic

locality

21290

Locality and Collector

Acropora zone at basa- of Palau 

Limestone, immediately above 

contact with underlying volcanic rock, northeast end of 

island, altitude 0-6 ft. H. S. 

Ladd, 1958.

Mariana Islands

[Guam localities shown in fig. 2; Saipan localities, in fig. 3] 

Island c"l.?"!T/?z/ Locality and collector '

U.S. Geological Survey 

Cenozoic 

locality

Guam ,__ 20488 ___ 1,900 yd north-northwest of

Barrigada Hill, waist of

island. 

Do ____ 20508 ___ 1,600 ft southeast of Sinajana,

waist of island. 

Do ____ 20512 ___ 3,500 ft north-northwest of Pago

Bay beach, waist of island. 

Do ____ 20541 ___ 4,800 ft southeast of Ordot,

waist of island. 

Do ____ 20562 ___ About 2% miles northwest of

Taogam Point, waist of island. 

Do ____ 20568 ___ 3,300 ft northeast of Sinajana,

waist of island. 

Do ____ 20580 ___ About 1.4 miles north of Taogam

Point, waist of island. 

Do ____ 20598 _____ About 1% miles north-northwest

of Taogam Point, waist of

island. 

Do _______ 20608 _____ About 2 miles north-northwest

of Fadian Point, waist of

island. 

Do ____ 20633 ___ About 1V2 miles southeast of

Sinajana, waist of island.

1 Collector is Pacific Islands Engineers, 1946-50, unless otherwise indicated.

Mariana Islands Continued

Island

U.S. Geological Survey 

Cenozoic 

locality

Do ____ 20640

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do

Do 

Do

Do 

Do 

Do

Do 

Do

20676 __.

20680 _.

20681 _. 

20703 _. 

20726 _.

20734 _. 

20742 _.

20745

20762

20989

21378

21381

Do ____ 21397

Do _-_

Saipan

Do _

21591

17675

17890

Locality and collector '

1,600 ft southeast of Mount

Almagosa, southern part of

island. 

About 5,000 ft southeast of Toto,

waist of island. 

Adelup Point, immediately west

of Agana, waist of island. 

Asan Point, northwest coast of

island. 

About 0.7 mile southeast of

Sinajana, waist of island. 

About 1,900 ft southeast of east

end of Drydock Causeway,

Apra Harbor area. 

4,000 ft south-southwest of

Ordot, waist of island. 

About 4,500 ft east-southeast of

Tantapalo Point, west coast

of island. 

1 % miles southeast of Tamuning, waist of island. 

About 6,000 ft east-northeast of

Ordot, waist of island. 

Cascajo pit about 2 miles east

of Mount Alifan on west bank

of Talisay River, altitude 350

ft. J. T. Alexander. 

About 1% miles southwest of

Pago Point, waist of island. 

Along road 1.2 miles southsoutheast of Agana, waist of

island, west coast. H. S. Ladd,

1958. 

About 1 mile north of head of

Ylig Bay, east coast of island.

H. S. Ladd, 1958. 

Cabras Island off west coast of

Guam, P. E. Cloud. 

About 2 % miles east of Muchot

Point, in center of island. R.

G. Schmidt and P. E. Cloud,

1948. 

About 2 Vz milesi north-northwest

of Naftan Point, south end of

island. P. E. Cloud, 1949.

Marshall Islands

Eniwetok Atoll __Aranti Island___Sample__Sl Near bottom 

of trench 

in northeast quarter of 

island 

about three 

ft above 

mean tide 

level. H. 

S. Ladd, 

1971.
LOCALITIES 69

Rltidian Point

Orote Point

Tantapalo Point

Facpi Point

Catalina Point

2345 MILES 

II I I

0 f 2 3 4 5 KILOMETRES

COCOS I

FIGURE 2. Sketch map of Guam, Mariana, Island, showing villages and physiographic features used in identifying

U.S. Geological Survey fossil localities.
70 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

Sabaneta Point .

17724V 18288 17895. rHasngot Beach

21408 17675

18366

 (18285 

17891\

'Naftan Point

FIGURE 3. Sketch map of Saipan, Mariana Islands.

New Hebrides 

[Fossil localities shown in fig. 4]

U.S.

Geological 

Island Survey 

Ccnozoic 

locality

Santo ___21032 .

Station

Do ____24918 SM43__

Do ____25257 SM60__

Do ____25258 SM236__

Do ____25259 SM239__

Do ____25379 SM242__

Locality and collector

Emerged reef north of 

Segund Channel at altitude of 125 ft. H. T. 

Stearns, 1943.

Navaka River section, 

long 166° 15.04' E.; lat 

15° 36.08' S.; altitude 

165 ft. D. I. J. Mallick.

West coast; from basal 

part of reefal limestone. 

D. I. J. Mallick.

Navaka River section; calcare>nite/calcilutite, below station SM43 in sequence. D. I. J. Mallick.

Navaka River section; 

marine band in mainly 

nonmarine sequence. D. 

I. J. Mallick.

Upper Kere River, lat 

15° 34' S; long 166° 

56.74' E.; altitude 

70m (230ft). D. I. 

J. Mallick.

Island

Do

U.S.

Geological 

Survey 

Cenozoic 

locality

.-25380

Station Locality and collector

Do 

Do .25385

SG80__ Sankata River, lat

15°26'30" S., long 

167°05'45" E; altitude 50 m (165ft) 

D. I. J. Mallick. 

. SG84__ River debris near station

SG80.

SM259__ Wambu River; lat 

15°28.48' S.; long 

166°58.20' E.; altitude 

260 m (850 ft) D. I. J. 

Mallick.

Do ____25715,25717,26718- Kere River about 4 miles

inland (same as USGS 

loc. 25379). T.R. 

Waller, J. Bolango, W. 

Blow.

Do ____25734, 25742 ____ Navaka River (same as

USGS loc. 24918). T. R. 

Waller, J. Bolango, W. 

Blow.

Station Island

Vitu Levu__ 303

Fiji

Figure 

showing 

locality

5__

Do _______ C142

Do

Do

C148

C497

5__

5__

Do C742

Do _______ C1133

Do _______ C1142

5__

5__

Locality and collector

About 6% miles out of 

Wairuarua en route to 

Numbumakita. H. S. 

Ladd, 1928.

Ndevondevondrandra 

Creek, near Rewasau. 

P. Rodda.

Waisere Creek, about 2Vz 

miles northwest of 

Rewasau. P. Rodda.

South-facing cut in marl 

immediately behind 

Carl ton Brewery on 

Queen's Road, west side 

of Walu Bay, Suva. P. 

Rodda, R. Band, W. 

Briggs, H. Ladd, and 

others (same as FB 

13 and USGS loc. 

25142).

Top of southern extremity 

of central plateau, 

Waisavu; lat 17°53.4' 

S., long 177°58.5' E. 

P. Rodda.

Near Lautoka; lat 17°39.5' 

S., long 177°26.8' E. P. 

Rodda.

Korotambua Creek, 100 to 

200 m downstream from 

bridge on the Marinitawa Rd., lat 17°36.3' S., 

long 177°40.9' E. P. 

Rodda.
LOCALITIES 71

167'

FIGURE 4. Sketch map showing fossil localities on Santo, New Hebrides.

Fiji Continued

Island £

Nanuyanuya _ C1640

Figure 

showing 

locality

Locality and collector

Vitu Levu __ FB13

Do _______ MR89

5__

Islet near Viwa, northwest 

of Viti Levu; lat 

17°09.2' S., long 

176°54.3' E. P. Rodda. 

(Islet not shown in fig. 

5.)

Same as C497 and U.S. 

Geological Survey locality 25142. W. M. 

Briggs, Jr.

Mbusa Creek, about 3 

miles southwest of 

Nanoko, Sheet 5 of Fiji 

Geol. Survey. M. J. 

Rickard.

Fiji Continued

Island

Do

Station

RB32

Figure 

showing 

locality

5__

Locality and collector

Do

Do

Approximately half a 

mile northwest of Pilia 

trigonometric station, 

which is 3% miles south 

of Lautoka. R, W. 

Bartholomew.

5____ Approximately 1 mile

northeast of Pilia trigonometric station, which 

is 3% miles south of 

Lautoka. R. W. Bartholomew.

25142 5__ Same as C497 and FB13.

RB44
72 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS

178° E

FIGURE 5. Fossil localities on Viti Levu, Fiji, and nearby 

islands. Localities shown here but not described in this report have been described by Ladd (1966, p. 86; 1972, p. 

66-67).

Vanua Levu__ 1136

Fiji Continued

Figure

shelving

local- Locality and collector

Do 

Do

B82 

K63

Do _______ K138

Do _.____ K700

Do ________ K714

6__ About one-fourth mile 

south of Nakambuta 

trigonometric station, 

Saivou, Mathuata. P. 

Ibbotson, 1965.

6___ 4% miles north of mouth 

of Wainunu River.

6__ About 2,000 ft west and 

600 ft north of station 

817. William H. Kindle.

6__ Nakakawandawa Creek, 

about 3 miles due east 

of station 817. William 

H. Kindle.

6__ Lower Navilevu River

about half a mile above 

junction with Wainanu 

River (lat 16°48.0' 

S, long 178°53.6' E). 

William H. Kindle.

6____ Ndavutu Creek, at crossing with main NanduaNdawara track, (lat 

16°48.8' S, long 

178°55.35' E). William 

H. Hindle.

179* 180°

16°30' 

17°

Undu Point

YANGGANGA

MATANGI

NGGAMEA

10 20 30 KILOMETRES

FIGURE 6. Fossil localities on Vanua Levu, Fiji, and nearby islands.
REFERENC ]S CITED 73

Fiji Continued

Island Station

Do ______ K755

Figure 

showing 

locality

6___

Locality and collector

Vanua Levu __ K806

Do VL1 

< = H3)

6____

6__

Matangi ___ KQ30 6__

Kilaka River, 200 yds below junction with 

Mbengga Creek (lat

16°48.8' S, long 

178°59.75' E). William 

H. Kindle.

Ndawandingo Creek, off 

Wainunu River (approx. lat 16°50.5' S., 

long 178°56.2' E), 

William H. Kindle.

Breast-cut on south coastal 

road north of Naweni, 

4 miles east of Salt 

Lake. R. W. Bartholomew 1957; William H. 

Hindle and others later.

Volcanic tuff on small 

island east of Tavenui. 

William H. Hindle.

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INDEX

[Italic 

Page

abyssicola, Mitra (Scabricula) ______ __ 62

Subcancilla ________ 6, 10, 13, 62; pi. 19 

Acanthocyathus ___ _ _____________ _ ___ 6

(Acanthocyathus) spinosa, Carylophyllia 6 

acutissima, Pugilina ________ _______ 51

Pyrula ___ _ _ _____ ____ _ 51

adamsiana, Pisulina __________ 8, 11, -4/ pi. 1

Additional species in families covered

in Ladd _________ __ _____ 14

adjusta, Mitra ____________ _ __ _ _ _ 59

Adusta _ ___ ___ __ __ __ ___ 25

adusta, Cyprae ---------_--------__.___ 25

(Adusta) kamai, Cypraea ____ 8, 11, 25; pi. 5

aequalis, Micrantholithus ______________ 5

agassizi, Cypraea ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ 21

Cypraea (Erosaria) __._-_-________ 21

alata, Purpura _--_._____ _ _ _ _ ____ _ 39

albumen, Polinices ____________________ 29

albus, Polinices _______________________ 28

Alipta _______________ _ ___________ _ 15

alucoides, Purpura ___________ _ _ _ 42

amanda, Mitra _____________________ _ 63

Vexillum _____________________ ____ 63

(Costellaria) ........ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

Amaura guppyi ... ___________________ 28

amouretta, Harpa __________ 10, 13, 67; pi. 21

Amphiperas beckeri ___________________ 25

rhodia _ __-----_-_-_______________ 26

(Amphiperatidae), Ovulidae ____ __ 8,25 

Ampullina _________ _ ____ __ ________ 27

(Ampullinopsis) berauensis _ 8, 11, 27; pi. 7

harrisi ________________________

Amputtinopsis ________ _ -.-__________

(Ampullinopsis) berauensis,

Ampullina ________ 8, 11, 27

(Ampullospira) harrisi, Ampullina ....

amygdala, Purpura -_-___--__--____-___

28

pi. 7 

28 

40 

46

46

47

47

46

rewaensis ____________________

smithi _____ _______________ __ __

virginea _ _ ____________ _____

winradi _________________ _ _ _ _ _

(Costoanachis) lauensis ... 9, 12, 47;-pl. 16 

rewaensis ____________ 9, 12, 46; pi. 16

winradi __________ ... 9, 12, 46; pi. 16

(Zafra) smithi .... ...... 9, 12, 47Vpl. 16

(Anachis) smithi, Columbella __________ 47

turrita, Columbella ________________ 46

anjrsanana, Tritonidea (Cantharus) ... 51 

annulata, Oliva . ... ________ 10, 13, 5S; pi. 10

annulus sosokoana, Cypraea (Monetaria) 23 

anomala, Argyrotheca ................ 5

antiguus, Magilus __________ 6, 9, 12, W; pi. 15

onus, Distorsio ....................... 35

Distorsio (Distorsio) .... 9, 12, 55; pi. 11

Mureaj ____________________________ 35

(Apollo) bitubercularis, Ranella ...... 33

Apollon (Biplex) perca _______________ 33

approximata, Turricula ............... 66

approximatum, Vexillum

(Pusia) ......... 10, 13, 66; pi. 20

aquatile, Cymatium __________________ 34

Cymatium (Lampusia) .-.9, 12, W; pi. 11

page numbers indicate major references and descriptions]

Page

aquatilis, Cymatium

Triton ... 

arabica, Cypraea .

-_-_---._- 34

______ _ 34 

__________ 19

Cypraea (Mauritia) ...... 8, 11, 19; pi. 2

arata, Plioconacca .....______________ 30

Polinices (Pliconacca) .______ 29

Arcularia coronata .................... 52

(Plicarcularia) granulifera ........ 52

(Arcularia) granifera, Nassa .......... 52

arcularia, Buccinum ......______ 52

Arcularius ____________________________ 52

(Arcularius) eniwetokensis,

Nassarius ___._ 10, 13, 52; pi. 17 

graniferus, Nassarius _._ 10, 13, 52; pi. 17 

leptospirus, Nassarius _._ 10, 13, 52; pi. 17 

sp., Nassarius ---------- 10, 13, 53; pi. 17

areola, Phalium ______________________ 32

vavakuana, Phalium (Phalium) ___ 32 

(Argobuccinum) bitubercularis, Ranella 33 

argus, Cypraea _________________ 20

Cypraea (Lyncina) ------------ 8, 11, 20

Lyncina ______ __ - __ _ 20

Argyropeza ..................... ______ 15

divina ______________________ 15

melvilli ____---_.____-_-_--________ 15, 16

nevelli __________ _________ 16

schepmaniana ____________________ 15

suvaensis _________ _ 8, 11, 15; pis. 1, 21

(Argyropeza) premelvilli, Cerithippsis . 15 

Argyrotheca anomala ------------------ 5

Atlanta _.__-__-__-_ ____ 6, 26 

keraudrenii ....................... 26

peronii ___________________ 8, 11, 26; pi. 6

(Atlantidea) lissa _________________ 26

Atfantidae ________________ 8,11,26 

(Atlantidea) lissa, Atlanta ............ 26

aurantia, Mitra ....___________ 60

Mitra (Nebularia) ____ 10, 13, SO; pi. 19

Valuta ---.......

aurantiacus, Latirus

60

55

bancalanensis, Turricula -------------- 64

bandungensis, Columbella ________ __ 48

bantamensis, Murex ................... 38

coulsoni, Murex ..________ 38

Murex (Murex) .. 9, 12, 38; pis. 13, 14

oostinghi, Murex .................. 38

barclayi, Latirus ............ 10, 13, 55; pi. 18

Turbinella ........_________ 55

bartholomewi, Nawenia ... 9, 12, 51; pis. 17, 21 

(Basilitrona) Isabella lekalekana, Luria 18 

Bathygalea ------- 14,51

coronadoi ________________________ 14, 31

wyvillei __________________ 31

(Bathygalea) sp. A _ ___ 8, 12, SI; pi. 10 

(Bathygalea), Bathygalea

sp. A ________ 8, 12, SI; pi. 10 

bayeri, Coralliophila ____-_--_-____---_ 42

Coralliophila

(Pseudomurex) ... 9, 12, 42; pi. 15 

beberianus, Lathyrus (Peristernia) .... 57

beckeri, Amphiperas .................. 25

Belloliva ......_______ ________ 58

Page

(Olivellopsis) simplex __ 10, 13, 58; pi. 18 

berauensis, Ampullina

(Ampullinopsis) __ 8, 11, 27; pi. 7 

Globularia (Megatylotus) ____ _._ 27

berberiana, Peristernia _________ _ 57

bikiniensis, Zemitrella _______ 9, 12, 49; pi. 16

Biplex -- ------ . SS

perca _________ ____ 9, 12, Si1 ; pi. 11 

(Biplex) perca, Apollon ______________ 33

perca, Gyrineum ____ _ 33

bisectus, Dictyococcites ______ 6

bisulcata, Cassis __ _ __ -------- 32

bisulcatum, Phalium ________ _ 32

Phalium (Semicassis) __ 9, 12, 32; pi. 10 

bituberculare, Gyrineum

(Gyrineum) ____ 9. 12, SS; pi. 12 

bitubercularis, Ranella .-...._______ 33

Ranella (Apollo) .........

(Argobuccinum) .....

Thais (Stramonita) ......

borealit, Columbella turturina 

bracteata, Murex ___ ____ .

Bramletteius serraculoides __. 

brazieri, Olivella ______ .

__ 41

__ 44

__ 41

__ 5

.__ 58 

Buccinidae _________ __-- 9,12,49

Buccinum arcularia ________ 52

cassidariaeformis ------------------ 49

dirum _________ ------ 50

erinaceus ------------------------- 32

galea ____ _ - _________ 36

glaucum ........._ __ __-_---. 32

graniferum _____ _ _ 52

haemostoma ---------------------- 41

harpa ... _ ---- 67

hindsii __-_-.____________--___---_ 50

metula ...-_____- __________ 50

migum ___________________________ 53

pomum __________ __ ----- 36

punctatum ________________________ 47

sertum --------------------------- 40

sulcosum _ __ __ 36

taenia ____--________--_-_--------_ 53

tiarula ___________________________ 52

tranquebaricum ................... 51

undosum ...................... _ 51

vibex ............................. 32

bufonius, Murex .. ____________________ 35

Bulla ficus ........................... 37

Bursa _____ __ _________ 35

mammata ________________________ 35

nobilis . ______________________-___ 35

(Colubrellina) margaritula 9, 12, 36; pi. 12 

nobilis ............... 9, 12, SS; pi. 12

margaritula ---------------------- 35

Bursidae .............. ..___ 9, 12,35

caelatus, Nassarius (Niotha) .__ __ 54 

calculifera, Xenophora ------- 8, 11, IS; pi. 22

calculiferus, Phorus ------------------- 16

(Cattianax) simplex, Olivella __________ 58

cancellata, Metula -------------------- 50

Cancilla ------------------ ___________ 62

(Domiporta) carnicolor .. 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

77
78 INDEX

Page 

(Cancilla) interlirata, Mitra .......... 62

pia, Mitra -------_-_--.___________ 62

candisata, Ranella ________________ 35

canrena, Nerita, ______________________ 30

Cantharus .._____________ 51

globularis -_--_--_________________ 51

(Pallia) sp -.____________ 9,12,5_ 

(Cantharus) angsanana, Tritonidea .. 51 

caputserpentis, Cypraea ______________ 23

Cypraea (Erosaria) ...... 8, 11, 23; pi. 4

Erosaria (Erosaria) caputserpentis 23 

(Ravitrona) .................. 23

caputserpentis, Erosaria (Erosaria) 23 

carinifera, Purpura ........... _______ 41

Thais - -- __...- 41 

(Cymia) _____________ 9, 12, 4i; pi. 14

carneola, Cypraea ____________________ 20

Cypraea (Lyncina) _______ 8, 11, 20; pi. 2

lakemba, Cypraea (Lyncina) .... 20; pi. 2

Lyncina -------------------------- 20

OHi;a _____________ 10, 13, 58; pi. 18

carneolus, Valuta __________________ 58

carnicolor, Cancilla

(Domiporta) _ __ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20 

Mitra _____ _______ 63

Carylophyllia ......... ________________ 6

(Acanthocyathus) spinosa ________ 6

Casmaria ............................. 32

(Casmaria) erinaceus, Phalium _______ 33

sp., Phalium ____________ 9, 12, 32; pi. 11

Cassidae ______________ 8,12,31

cassidariaeformis, Buccinum _______ 49

Cassis . -... .............. 31

bisulcata ......................... 32

cornuta ...... ......... 8, 12, 32; pi. 11

coronadoi ........................ 31

japonica ..____________________ 32

pila _----_----_-__________________ 32

sp _____ 32

Cavolina _____________________________ 6

Ceratolithus .......................... 6

cerea, Xenophora .............______ 16

Cerithiidae _______________ 8,11,15

Cerithiopsis crenistria ................ 15

(Argyropeza) premelvilli ......... 15

Cerithium novaehollandiae .......... 8, 11,16

(Cerithium) novaehollandiae .... 16; pi. 1

(Cerithium) novaehollandiae,

Cerithium ______________ 16; pi. 1

Cernina _________________________ 27

(Cernina) fijiensis, Globularia 8, 11, 27; pis. 7, 8 

cernohorskyi, Vexillum _______________ 63

Vexillum (Costellaria) .. 10, 13, 63; pi. 20 

childreni, Cypraea ____________________ 22

Cypraea (Ipsa) ................... 22

(Pustularia) .......... 8, 11, 22; pi. 3

Pustularia (Ipsa) ................ 22

chinensis, Natica _____________________ 31

chlorostoma, Peristernia ___ 10, 13, 56; pi. 18 

Turbinella ________________________ 56

cicercula, Cypraea _-_------___________ 21

Cypraea (Pustularia) .... 8, 11, 21; pi. 3

Pustularia _____________________ 21

cinceracea, Mitra _____________________ 64

clathratum, Triton ................ .. 35

Coccolithus eopelagicus ________________ 5

pelagicus .___________________ 5

Cochlis onca ___-------_--__________-__ 31

Colubrellina ___________________ 35

(Colubrellina) margaritula,

Bursa ....... ____ 9, 12, 36; pi. 12

nobilis, Bursa ........... 9, 12, 35; pi. 12

Columbella ............................ 44

bandungensis ______________________ 48

cumingii _ .________________ 45

isomella ___--------------_____---. 45

lifuana . ______ .__. ____ _ 45

ligula ---__-----------_--_--_-_--_ 46

Page

Columbella Continued

obtusa ................... . ---- 47

pardalina ................ 9, 12, 44; pi. 15

sagitta -------...........-.-.---.. 47

scalarina ......................... 46

turturina ------------------------ 44

borealis ________ 44

varians __________________________ 45

(Anachis) smithi ____________ _ 47

turrita ______________________ 46

(Euplica) turturina .. _ 44 

(Seminetta) lentiginosa ------------ 47

Columbellidae _________ 9, 12, 44 

columnaris, Polinices ___-_-__---_-----_ 29

Polinices (Polinices) .....- 8, 11, 29; pi. 8

colus, Murex ..........__ ____ 57

Concholepas fimbriata ................ 43

concinna, Nassa (Hima) . ...--..... 53

concinnus, Nassa ---------------------- .53

Nassarius (Zeuxis) . 10, 13, 53; pi. 17 

conditus, Murex ________--__- ____ 35

constricta, Diplommatina ------------- 15

contracta, Mitra ........ ............ 60

Conus gloriamaris .................... 14

Coralliobia .........______________----- 43

(Quoyula) monodonta .... 9, 12, 43; pi. 15

Coralliophaga ..... .... .._ 6

Coralliophila -------------------------- 4-

bayeri ______________ ------- 42

inflata ............................ 43

jeffreysii ____________ .__ 43

macneili ___________________ _____ 42

(Coralliophila) sp _____ 9, 12, 4i; pi. 14 

(Fusomurex) shimajiriensis ....... 43

sp. A _________ 9, 12, 42, 43; pi. 15

sp. B ____ _ ____ 9, 12, 42; pi. 15

(Pseudomurex) bayeri .... 9, 12, 42; pi. 15

macneili ............. 9, 12, 41; pi. 14

(Coralliophila) sp.,

Coralliophila ____- 9, 12, 41; pi. 14

corneus, Murex ----------------------- 50

cornuta, Cassis __________ 8, 12, 32; pi. 11

coronadoi, Bathygalea ______ ___. 14, 31 

Cassis ----------.-..-...---------- 31

coronata, Arcularia _____- 52

Mitra _ ... ______________ 60

(Nebularia) .______ 10, 13, 60; pi. 19 

Coronula ..............____________ 14

Correlation and stratigraphy _________ 3

corrugata, Xenophora ........ 8,11, 16; pi. 21

corrugatus, Phorus ------------------- 16

Costellaria ................... ....... S3

(CosteUaria) obeliscus, Turricula ..... 64

pharaonis, Turricula -------------- 65

amanda, Vexillum ______ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

cernohorskyi, Vexillum .. 10, 13, S3; pi. 20 

deshayesi, Vexillum .... 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

discoloria, Vexillum .... 10, 13, 64; pi. 20

festum, Vexillum .... 10, 13, 64; pi. 20

gembacana, Vexillum .... 10, 13, 65; pi. 20

leucozonias, Vexillum ... 10, 13, 64; pi. 2*0 

obeliscus, VexiUum ___ 10, 13, 64; pi. 20 

radius, Vexillum _ __ __ 10, 13, 65; pi. 20 

roseum, Vexillum _______ 10, 13, 65; pi. 20

stainforthi, Vexillum . __ 10, 13, 66; pi. 20 

strasfogeli, Vexulum .... 10, 13, 65; pi. 20

zebuense, Vexillum ..... 10, 13, 66; pi. 20

costifer, Trophon _____________________ 49

Costoanachis ____________- - 46

(Costoanachis) lauensis, ,

Anachis ______ 9, 12, 47V pi. 16 

rewaensis, Anachis ______ 9, 12, 46; pi. 16

winradi, Anachis -------- 9, 12, 46; pi. 16

costularis, Latiaxis (Latimurex) __ 43 

coulsoni, Murex bantamensis ___------. 38

Murex (Murex)

bantamensis .. 9, 12, 38; pis. 13, 14 

crassicostata, Mitra ______------_---_- 60

Mitra (Nebularia) ...... 10,13, 60; pi. 19

Page

craticulatus, Latirus ....... 10, 13, 55; pi. 18

Murex ______ - 55

crenistria, Cerithiopsis ... _________ 15

crenulata, Mitra _____________________ 61

Pterygia __ 10, 13, 61; pi. 19

Valuta .. . 61

Cribraria ................... ____ 25

cribraria ___ - _________ 25

cribraria, Cribraria ------------------ 25

Cypraea -..... .________________ 25

(Cribraria) 8, 11, 25; pi. 6

(Cribraria) cribraria, Cypraea . 8, 11, 25; pi. 6 

sp., Cypraea .... -------------- 8, 11, 25

Cronia ____ ______________ 40

fiscillum ........................ 40

(Cronia) fiscella, Drupa ..... 9, 12, 40; pi. 14

fiscetta, Morula ................... 40

crosseanum, Dolium __ 36

crosseanus, Peristernia ________________ 56

cruentatum, Vexillum ________________ 64

Cuma tectum ............. ......... 41

cumingi, Nassa . _________ _ 54

cumingianus, Natica __________________ 29

madioenensis, Polinices

(Polinices) ........ 8, 11, 28; pi. 8

cumingii, Columbella ------------------ 45

Latirus ----- - ----- 45

Lavesopus ---------- ______ ----- 45

Cyclicargolithus floridanus _____________ 5

Cyclococcolithina formosa ..____________ 5

Cyclophoridae -- --- 1, 8, 11, 15

cylindrica, Cypraea ....________----___ 24

Cyprea (Erronea) -------- 8, 11, 24; pi. 5

Cylindromitra undulosa ---. 61 

Cymatiidae _____-__ 9,12,33 

Cymatium .. ____ - --- S3

aquatHe __-_-_-----_--_----------- 34

aquatilis ____ ____ 34

nicobaricum ---------------------- 34

pileare __ ____ _ --- 34

rickardi __________________________ 34

rubecula __________________________ 34

(Cymatriton) rickardi ... 9, 12, 34; pi. 13 

(Lampusia) aquatile .... 9, 12, 34; pi. 11

(Septa) gemmatum ...... 9, 12, 34; pi. 11

rubecula ............. 9, 12, 34; pi. 11

Cymatriton --------------------------- Sit

(Cymatriton) rickardi,

Cymatium ... __ _ 9, 12, 34; pi. 13 

Cymia ,____- _ - - -- ____ 4J

(Cymia) carinifera, Thais .... 9, 12, 41; pi. 14

Cypraea __________ _____ 18, 19

adusta --------------------------- 25

agassizi ...- _ -___ 21 

arabica --------------------------- 19

argus ....-------- ..__ _______ 2'0

caputserpentis ____________________ 23

carneola ..... . ................ 20

childreni ------------------------- 22

cicercula - _______ ____ 21

cribraria ------------------------- 25

cylindrica ------... -.. 24

erosa .. ____-_-----------_----_---- 22

errones ____ -- 24

europaea ......................... 17

everwijni ......------------ _ 21, 22

flaveola labro-lineata ............. 23

globulus ..--. .... 21

guttata . _________-__ 14,24 

helvola .... 23,24

Isabella ___________________________ 18

lekalekana ____ __ 18

kamai _____-______----_-_-____---- 25

lekalekana ________________ 8

lurida ---------------------------- 18

lynx . - ---- ----------- 19

margarita ........................ 21

mauritiana ...... ... ______--- 19

miliaris ------------------------- 24
INDEX 79

Page 

Cypraea Continued

moneta ..________________ 22

nucleus ........................... 24

onyx ________. _ _______________ 25

oryza _____________________________ 17

porteri __________________________ 14

scabriuscula ______________________ 17

staphylaea _______________________ 24

talpa ____________________________ 19

tigris _____________________________ 19

(Adusta) kamai __________ 8, 11, 25; pi. 5

(Cribraria) cribraria _____ 8, 11, 25; pi. 6

sp ----._________________ 8,11,25

(Cypraea) tigris ... _____ 8, 11, 19; pi. 2 

(Erosaria) agassizi _______________ 21

caputserpentis ________ 8, 11, 23; pi. 4

eburnea _______________ 23

erosa _________________ 8, 11, 22; pi. 4

auttata ______________ 8, 11, 24; pi. 23

helvola ___________ 8, 11, 23; pi. 5

labrolineata ___________ 8, 11, 23; pi. 4

miliaris ....___---.__ 8, 11, 25; pi. 6

(Erronea) cylindrica _____ 8, 11, 24; pi. 5

errones _______________ 8, 11, 24; pi. 5

mbalavuensis ______________ 8, 11, 24

(Ipsa) childreni ____---_--________ 22

(Luria) isabetta . ________ 8, 11, i«; pi. 1

Isabella lekalekana __________ IS; pl. 1

(Lyncina) argus ---_-----_--____ 8,11,20

carneola ______________ 8, 11, 20; pi. 2

lakemba _______________ 20; pi. 2

lakemba ______________________ 8, 11

/2/nx _____________ 8, 11, 19; pj. 2

porteri ____________ 8, 11, 20; pi. 23

(Mauritia) arabica ________ 8, 11, 19; pi. 2

(Monetaria) annulus sosokoana .... 23

moneta _______________ 8, 11, 22; pi. 4

(Pustularia) childreni _____ 8, 11, 22; pi. 3

cicercitla _____________ 8, 11, 21; pl. 3

everwijni ______________ 8, 11, 21; pi. 3

globulus ___________ 8,11, 21; pi. 3

margarita ____________ 8, 11, 21; pi. 3

nucleus ______________________ 24

(Staphylaea) nucleus ___--_ 8, 11, 24; pi. 5 

(Talparia) isabetta lekalekana .... 18

tappet ______________ 8, 11, 19; pi. 2

(Cypraea) tigris, Cypraea _____ 8, 11, 19; pi. 2

Cypraeidae ._._______________ 8, 11, 18, 59

Cypraeinae ------______________ 18

cypraeola. Valuta _____________________ 17

D

dactylus, Valuta ______________________ 61

decipiens, Triton ___________________ 35

depressa, Natica ______________________ 27

desetangsii, Mitra _________________ 61

Scabricola __________________ 62

(Scabricola) ... ____ 10, 13, 61; pi. 19 

deshayesi, Mitra ___________________ 63

Vexillum ... __________________ 63

(Costellaria) _______ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

Diancta _____________________________ 6, 7, 15

macrostoma .___--------_ 8, 11, 15; pi. 22

Dictyococcites bisectus ...._________ 5

scrippsae _________________________ 5

dimidiata, Mitra ______________________ 66

Diplommatina constricta __________ 15

dira, Searlesia ________________________ 50

dirum, Buccinum _______________ 50

Discoaster ____________________________ 6

discoloria, Vexillum ___________________ 64

Vexillum (Costellaria) ... 10, 13, 64; pi. 20 

discors, Voluta _______________________ 47

distentus, Sphenolithus .... __ ___ 5

Distorsio ----_--_-_-------_---------._ 35

anus -- ....______ __ -__-. . 35

pusilla ------____-_---_---------.__ 35

Page

Distorsio Continued

reticulata ____________________ 35

(Distorsio) anus ....__ 9, 12, 35; pi. 11

(Rhysema) pusilla _______ 9, 12, 35; pi. 11

reticulata ________ 9, 12, 35; pi. 10 

(Distorsio) anus, Distorsio .... 9, 12, 35; pi. 11

divina, Argyropeza ____________________ 15

Dolium crosseanum __________________ 36

fasciatum ____________ ________ 36

Domiporta _______________________ 62

(Domiporta) carnicolor,

Cancilla ........ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

Drupa ------------_______________ 39

monilifera ________________________ 40

morum ..._________________ 39

ricina _____________________________ 39

(Cronia) fiscella ... _____ 9, 12, 40; pi. 14

(Drupa) ricinus ____-----_ 9, 12, 39; pi. 14

(Drupella) monilifera _________ 9,12,40

(Morula) granulata ------ 9, 12, 40; pi. 14

(Drupa) ricinus, Drupa ______ 9, 12, 39; pi. 14

Drupella ________________________ 40

(Drupella) monilifera, Drupa _______ 9, 12, 40

eburnea, Cypraea (Erosaria) __________ 23

edwardsi, Globularia ...__________ 27, 28

Globularia (Waluia) ___ 8, 11, 27; pis. 7-9 

Engina monilifera _______________ 40

eniwetokensis, Lavesopus _____ 9, 12, 45; pi. 16

Nassarius ________________________ 52

(Arcularius) ........ 10, 13, 52; pi. 17

Pcristernia ............ __ 10, 13,57; pi. 18

Eocithara _____________________________ 67

sp. A ___-----___.--- 10, 13, 67; pl. 21

sp. B -________________-- 10, 13, 67

sp . ---. -. -- --_-__ 67

(Eocithara) muticaeformis, Harpa _____ 67

eopelagicus, Coccolithus ............... 5

Erato ................................ 17

hindlei .................... 8, 11, 17; pi. 1

Eratoidae __________________ 1,8,11,17 

cremitarum, Mitra ____________________ 59

Mitra (Mitra) .......... 10, 13, 59; pi. 19

ericea, Mitra ....................____ 60

erinaceus, Buccinum .................. 32

Phalium (Casmaria) ......_____ 33

erosa, Cypraea ________________________ 22

Cypraea (Erosaria) ....... 8, 11, 22; pi. 4

Erosaria .............................. 22

helvola ........................... 23

labrolineata ...................... 23

(Erosaria) caputserpentis

caputserpentis ............ 23

helvola .......... .....____ 23

(Ravitrona) caputserpentis _______ 23

labrolineata labrolineata ______ 23

(Erosaria) agassizi, Cypraea .......... 21

caputserpentis, Cypraea ... 8, 11, 25; pi. 4 

eburnea, Cypraea _____ ________ 23

erosa, Cypraea ........... 8, 11, 22; pi. 4

guttata, Cypraea ________ 8, 11, 24; pi. 23

helvola, Cypraea .......... 8, 11, 23; pi. 5

labrolineata, Cypraea ____ 8, 11, 25; pi. 4

miliaris, Cypraea _________ 8, 11, 25; pi. 6

caputserpentis caputserpentis,

Erosaria .................. 23

helvola, Erosaria ..______________ 23

Erronea _______________ _ ______ 24

(Erronea) cylindrica, Cypraea . 8, 11, 24; pi. 5 

errones, Cypraea __________ 8, 11, 24; pi. 5

mbalavuensis, Cypraea __________ 8,11,24

errones, Cypraea ______________________ 24

Cypraea (Erronea) ....... 8, 11, 24; pi. 5

Eudolium _________________________ 36

sp ____ ___ ______ _ 9, 12, 36; pi. 12

Page

Euplica ... _______----_----------__--- 44

turturina ........._______ 9, 12, 44; pi. 15

varians .................. 9, 12, 45; pi. 15

turturina, Columbella ............. 44

europaea, Cypraea 17

Euthria ............................... SO

hoffmeisteri .............. 9, 12, 50; pi. 17

everwijni, Cypraea -------------------- 21, 22

Cypraea (Pustularia) ..... 8, 11, 21; pi. 3

exquisita, Mitra .......- ...... .. 66

exQuisitum, Vexillum ----------------- 66

Vexillum (Pusia) ....... 10, 13, 66; pi. 21

exutum, Tugurium ........ 8, 11, 16, 17; pi. 1

Families covered in the present paper _ 17 

fasciata, Mammttlata .................. 29

Tonna ............... -... ..... 36

fasciatum, Dolium .................... 36

Fasciolariidae ... ______ --_-___ 10, 13, 55

fastigium, Mitra ---------------------- 61

Mitra (Strigatella) ..... 10, 13, Si; pi. 19

Faunal relations _ 14 

fearnleyi, Latiaxis .................... 43

femorale, Murex __ __ .--. __ 33 

fenestrata, Mitra ...................... 61

Pterygia ................ 10, 13, 61; pi. 19

festa, Mitra -------------------------- 64

festum, Vexillum ____________ ------- 64

Vexillum (Costellaria) ... 10, 13, 64; pi. 20 

Ficidae -_____________ 6,9,12,37

Ficula laevigata ...................... 37

Ficus .......... -.................. 37

variegata ................ 9, 12, 57; pi. 13

variegatus --------------------- _ 37

ficus, Bulla - .. .... 37

Murex ---------------------------- 37

Pyrula ___________________- 37 

Fiji ______ _-_ 6 

fijiensis, Globularia ______ ____ __ 27

Globularia (Cernina) ... 8, 11, 27; pis. 7, 8 

Mitra (Tiara) .................... 62

Nassarius __________ ___ __ 54

(Niotha) ............... 10, 13, 54; pl. 18

filaris, Voluta ........................ 62

fimbriata, Concholepas ... ........... 43

fiscella, Drupa (Cronia) ...... 9, 12, 40; pl. 14

Morula _____________________ _ 40

Morula (Cronia) .................. 40

fiscellum, Murex .................... 40

fiscillum, Cronia ---------------------- 40

flamanea, Mitrella -------------------- 47

flaveola labro-lineata, Cypraea ________ 23

floridamis, Cyclicargolithus ----------- 5

fluctuosa, Globularia ----------------- 27

Natica ... __________ _____ 27 

jormosa, Cyclococcolithina ............ 5

fraga, Mitra ............_____________ 60

Mitra (Nebularia) ...... 10, 13, SO; pl. 19

fucus, Murex _____________ - __._ 41

futteri, Nassarius .. _ -_----_-----_ 55

Uromitra ......................... 63

Fusinus ....................-. --_.-_ 57

nodoplicatus ...................... 58

sp ________________ 10, 13, 57; pl. 18 

Fusomurex --------------------------- 4-

(Fusomurex) shimajiriensis,

Coralliophila __.-----_-_-__ 43

sp. B, Coralliophila ...... 9, 12, 42; pl. 15

sp., Coralliophila ...... 9, 12, 42. 43; pl. 15

Fusus incisus ......................... 50

inflatus ___________________________ 43

lignarius ... ............. ------ &0
80 INDEX

Page

galea, Buccinum ___________________ 36

gembacana, Vexillum _________________ 65

Vexillum (Costellaria) ___ 10, 13, 65; pi. 20 

(Vexillum) __ -_-_____-_______ 65

gemmatum, Cymatium (Septa) 9, 12, 34; pi. 11 

gemmatus Triton _____________________ 34

Geologic and geographic distribution of

species ___________________ 6

gibbulus, Murex ______________________ 55

glaucum, Buccinum ______________ 32

Globigerina ooze -___-_-----__-________ 4

Globularia ____________________________ 27

edwardsi ____..___---_______-______ 27, 28

fijiensis ______________________ 27

fluctuosa _______-_---___________ 27

nakamurai ________________________ 27

(Cernina) fijiensis ______ 8, 11, 27; pis. 7, 8

(Megatylotus) berauensis _________ 27

(Waluia) edwardsi ------ 8, 11, 27; pis. 7-9

globularis, Cantharus _-__----_-______ 51

globulus, Cypraea ____._---___ ________ 21

(Cypraea) Pustularia _____ 8, 11, 21; pi. 3

Pustularia _-----__----____________ 21

gloriamaris, Conus .................... 14

goikulensis, Peristernia

ustulata ........ 10, 13, 57; pl.18

gonzabuensis, Mitretta ________ 9, 12, 4S; pi. 16

gracilis, Nassa ........................ 52

granifera, Nassa ______________________ 52

Nassa (Arcularia) ________________ 52

graniferum, Buccinum _________________ 52

graniferus, Nassarius

(Arcularius) .... 10, 13, 52; pi. 17

granulata, Drupa (Morula) .. 9, 12, .40; pi. 14 

Morula ___________________________ 40

Purpura __________________________ 40

granulifera, Arcularia (Plicarcularia) __ 52 

Graphicomassa ________________________ 45

h'firjtZa ______________ 9, 12, .45; pl. 16

sp _ _______ _____ 9,12,46

Guam --_--_----_______--_____________ 14

guppyi, Amaura ______________________ 28

Murex ____________________________ 37

(Murex) _________ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13 

guttata, Cypraea ______________________ 14,24

Cypraea (Erosaria) _-_--_ 8,11, 24; pi. 23 

Oftva ____________________ 58

Gyrineum __------_____-______________ 33

(Biplex) perca ___________________ 33

(Gyrineum) bituberculare _ 9, 12, S3; pi. 12 

sp _ _____ __________ 33

(Gyrineum) bituberculare,

Gyrineum _______ 9, 12, 33; pi. 12

gyrinus, Murex ___----_--___--________ 33

H

haemostoma, Buccinum _______________ 41

haliotidea, Helix ____________________ 30

Harpa _______________________________ 67

amouretta ______________ 10, 13, 67; pi. 21

major __...__________ 10, 13, 67; pi. 21

minor _______________________.__ 67

mutica ________________________ 67

(Eocithara) muticaeformis _______ 67

harpa, Buccinum _____________________ 67

Harpidae _______________ 1, 10, 13, 67

harrisi, Ampullina (Ampullospira) ____ 28

Helix haliotidea ____---__-_--_-_______ 30

helvola, Cypraea ______________________ 23, 24

Cypraea (Erosaria) ______ 8, 11, 23; pi. 5

Erosaria ___________________ 23

(Erosaria) _______________ 23

(Hima) concinna, Nassa ______________ 53

hindlei, Erato ________________ 8, 11, 17; pi. 1

Searlesia ......______ 9, 12, 49; pi. 17

Page

hindsii, Buccinum ____ ____ ____ __ 50

(Hinia) verbeeki, Nassa _________ 53

hoffmeisteri, Euthria ...____ 9, 12, 50; pi. 17

ihbotsoni, Metula ______--_--_------___

Metula (Metula) ______ 9, 12, 50; 

imperialis, Mitra _____-------___-_----.

Mitra (Mitra) _______ 10, 13, 59; 

incarnata, Peristernia _______ 10, 13, 56;

Turbinella _______________-___

incisus, Fusus ________-__----__--_--__

indentata Mitra ______________________

inflata, Coralliophila __________________

Latiaxis (Latimurex) ___ 9, 12, 43; 

inflatus, Fusus ________________________

Oxygyrus ____________-___-_-----__

interlirata, Mitra _____________________

Mitra (Cancilla) __________________

Subcancilla __.______ 10,13,62; 

(Ipsa) childreni, Cypraea ____________

childreni, Pustularia __ _ ____ 

Isabella, Cypraea ______________________

Cypraea, (Luria) .____---- 8, 11, 18

lekalekana, Cypraea __-_-_-_--. 

Cypraea (Luria) __-_----__ 

Cypraea (Talparia) ......

Luria __________ ______

lekalekana, Luria .............

Luria (Basilitrona) ______.

Tiara .........................

isomella, Columbella ________-

Zafrona _______________.

Isopas sertum ____________________

japonica, Cassis .......

jeffreysii, Corallioph ila 

Jopas sertum ._____.

josephinia, Neverita _. 

judaeorum, Mitra .....

50

pi. 17 

59

pi. 19

pi. 18 

56 

50 

60 

43

pi. 15 

43 

26 

62 

62

pi. 19 

22 

22 

18

; pi. l 

18

; pi. i

18

19

18

18

62

45

45

40

32

43

40

30

64

K

kamai, Cypraea ......,.....-.--..-.... 25

Cypraea (Adusta) _______ 8, 11, 25; pi. 5

keraudrenii, Atlanta __________________ 26

Oxygyrus _________ 26

konai, Xenophora ............. 8, 11, 16; pi. 22

koroensis, Trivia ______-_-------------_ 17

Trivia (Trivia) ................... 17

labrolineata, Cypraea (Erosaria) 8, 11, 23; pi. 4 

Erosaria ...........-...-----.---.- 23

(Ravitrona) labrolineata __ 23 

Erosaria (Ravitrona) ______ 23

labro-lineata, Cypraea flaveola _________ 23

Lachesis sulcata ____ _ ___ 48

laevigata, Ficula ............-...---..- 37

Zemitrella ___-__-_-___-__ -- 49 

lakemba, Cypraea (Lyncina) .......... 8, 11

Cypraea (Lyncina) carneola .... 20; pi. 2

Lampusia __________ _ - _ 33

(Lampusia) aquatile, Cymatium 9, 12, 34; pi. 11 

Lathyrus (Peristernia) beberianus .... 57

Latiaxis ...............---....--.-.. 43

fearnleyi -------------------------- 43

(Latimurex) costularis ____________ 43

inflata ........____ 9, 12, 43; pi. 15

sp. A _________ 9, 12, 43; pi. 15 

Latimurex .... _______________________ 43

(Latimurex) inflata, Latiaxis _ 9, 12, 43; pi. 15 

costularis, Latiaxis _______________ 43

sp. A, Latiaxis ------.... 9, 12, 43; pi. 15

Page

Latirus _________- -_-.--__-_ 55

aurantiacus _______-----____------_ 55

barclayi .....__ 10, 13, 55; pi. 18

craticulatus ___ _____ 10, 13, 55; pi. 18 

cumingii __________-_-__-_-------__ 45

polygonus ___________--_--___--- 55

sp __________.________ 10,13,55 

lauensis, Anachis

(Costoanachis) __ 9, 12, 47; pi. 16 

Oliva, woolnoughi ______________ 10, 13, 59

Lavesopus ____________________________ 45

cumingii ______ ___-_---_--______ 45

eniwetokensis ____________ 9, 12, 45; pi. 16

lekalekana, Cypraea _ 8

Cypraea Isabella ------------------ 18

(Luria) Isabella ------------ 18; pi. 1

(Talparia) Isabella ____ _ 18

Luria isabella _ 18

(Basilitrona) isabella _________ 18

lena, Thais _____________________ 41

lentiginosa, Columbella (Seminella) ___ 47 

leptospira, Nassa ____ __ 52

Nassarius __________-___---___-__-_ 52

leptospirus, Nassarius

(Arcularius) .... 10, 13, 52; pi. 17

leucozonias. Mitra __- _ 64

Vexillum (Costellaria) __ 10, 13, 64; pi. 20

levu, Oxygyrus _.___._-_---_ 8, 11, 26; pi. 7

lifuna, Columbella ---------------- __ 45

Zafrona _____________ 9, 12, 45; pi. 16

Fusus ___________ __ -_____ 50

ligula, Columbella ____________________ 46

Graphicomassa ___-__----_ 9, 12, 46; pi. 16

lissa, Atlanta (Atlantidea) ____________ 26

Lithophaga _______ _------ 6

Locality of fossils __ 68 

luchuana, Peristernia ustulata ________ 57

Luria _______ _-_ ________ 18

isabella ________________.___---__-. 19

lekalekana _--_-----_----_---__ 18

(Basilitrona) isabella lekalekana __ 18 

(Luria) isabella, Cypraea ____ 8, 11, 18; pi. 1

isabella lekalekana, Cypraea ____ 18; pi. 1

lurida, Cypraea ---------- __ 18

Lyncina, ______________________________ 19

argus ______ _ ______________ 20

carneola ------__ 20

lynx .............................. 19

(Lyncina) argus, Cypraea ....--.... 8,11,20

carneola, Cypraea ________ 8, 11, 20; pi. 2

lakemba, Cypraea ---------------- 8, 11

carneola lakemba, Cypraea -____ 20; pi. 2

lynx, Cypraea . ________ 8, 11, 19; pi. 2 

porteri, Cypraea ......--- 8, 11, 20; pi. 23

lynx, Cypraea ________________________ 19

Cypraea (Lyncina) ....... 8, 11, 19; pi. 2

Lyncina ............------........ 19

M

macnetti, Coralliophila ................ 42

Coralliophila

(Pseudomurex) .. 9, 12, 41; pi. 14 

macrostoma, Diancta ........ 8, 11, 15; pi. 22

madioenensis, Polinices (Polinices)

cumingianus ...... 8, 11, 28; pi. 8

Magilidae ___________________ 9,12,41 

Magilus --.......----.----..----...... 44

antiquus _________ 6, 9, 12, 44; pi. 15 

major, Harpa .....__-- -- 10, 13, 67; pi. 21 

makawana, Oliva ____ _ _ _ 58 

Malea pomum ________________________ 36

(Quimalea) pomum _________ __ 36

malleti, Mitra ________________________ 62

Subcancilla ____________ __ 10, 13, 62; pi. 19

(Mamma) mamilla, Natica ____________ 28

mammata, Bursa ____ 35

Mammilla, ____-____-__--------------_- 29

melanostoma _______. 8, 11, 29; pi. 8
INDEX 81

Page 

(Mammilla) melanostoma, Natica _____ 29

mamilla, Natica (Mamma) __________ 28

Nerita _____________________ 28

Polinices (Polinices) ______ 8, 11, 28; pi. 8

Mammillata fasciata ___________________ 29

mangkalihatensis, Nossarius

(Uzita) ----- ____ 10, 13, 53; pi. 17

margarita, Cypraea ____________________ 21

Cypraea (Pustularia) _____ 8, 11, 21; pi. 3

Pustularia --____-_--________--____ 21

margaritula, Bursa _______________ 35

Bursa (Colubrellina) _____ 9, 12, 36; pi. 12

Ranella _____________________ 36

marochiensis, Natica __________________ 30

Natica (Natica) ____________ 30

Naticarius ________________ 8, 11, SO; pi. 9

(Naticarius) ____________ 30

Nerita ____________________________ 30

marshallensis, Nassarius ______________ 55

Nassarius (Niotha) _____ 10, 13, 55; pi. 18

martini, Plioconacca __________ 8, 11, 30; pi. 8

Mauritia __________________________ 19

(Mauritia) arabica, Cypraea .__ 8, 11, 19; pi. 2 

mauritiana, Cypraea __________________ 19

moMiae, Pyrula ____________________ 43

Mayeria ______________________________ 51

(Mayeria) swartzi, Pugilina __ 10,13, 51; pi. 17 

mbalavuensis, Cypraea (Erronca) ___ 8, 11, 21 

(Megatylotus) berauensis, Globularia __ 27 

melanostoma, Mammilla _______ 8, 11, 29; pi. 8

melanostoma, Natica (Mammilla) _____ 29

Nerita _________________________ 29

Melongenidae __________________ 6, 10, 13, 51

melvilli, Argyropeza __________________ 15, 16

mercatoria, Voluta ____________________ 44

Metula __________________________ 50

cancellata _________________________ 50

ibbotsoni ______________________ 50

(Metula) ibbotsoni ______ 9, 12, 50; pi. 17

(Metula) ibbotsoni, Metula ____ 9, 12, 50; pi. 17

metula, Buccinum _________________ 50

meyendoriffii, Murex __________________ 43

michaui, Vexilhim _____________________ 63

Micrantholithus aequalis __________ 5

microzonias, Mitra ____________________ 66

Pusia _______________________ 66

Vexillum _________________________ 66

(Pusia) -___________ 10, 13, 66; pi. 21

migum, Buccinum ____________________ 53

miliaris, Cypraea ______________________ 24

Cypraea (Erosaria) _______ 8, 11, 23; pi. 6

Murex ____-----_--_________-______ 39

(Vitularia) __ _________________ 39

Vitularia _________ 9, 12, 39; pi. 14

miniacea, Oliva _________ 10, 13, 59; pi. 19

Porphyria _________

minor, Harpa _______.

mississippiensis, Natica 

Mitra ___________

adjusta ____________

amanda ___________

aurantia ___________

carnicolor _______

cinceracea _________

contracta _______.

coronata ____---__.

crassicostata - ____.

crenulata _._____.

desetangsii _-_--___. 

deshayesi _ ___ -. 

dimidiata __________

eremitarum _____.

ericeo _____________

exquisita ________.

fastigium __________

fenestrata ______.

festa _____--______.

fraga __ .

59 

67 

27 

5i 

59 

63 

60

63

64

60

60

60

61

61

63

66

59

60

66

61

61

64

60

Page 

Mitra Continued

imperialis _________________________ 59

indentata ___________________ 60

interlirata ___-__-____-____------__ 62

judaeorum ___ _ ____ __ ___ 64

leucozonias _-__--__--_-_______-___ 64

malleti _______________________ 62

microzonias _______________________ 66

moana ___________________ ____ 64

obeliscus __________________________ 64

pia ____________ ____ ________ 62

puncticulata ______________________ |60

radius ___ _ ____ ____________ 65

rigida ____----__-________-_------- 63

semifusciata ______________ _ ._ 63

serpentina ________________________ 61

stainforthii _____________ ___ 66

suavis _____-__-_____________--_--- 6,6

sulcata ________________-----__ 62

turgida _______-____________------_ 60

variegata ______________ _____ 61

zebra _____________________________ 61

(Cancilla) interlirata ____________ 62

pia ___________________________ 62

(Mitra) eremitarum ___ 10, 13, 59; pi. 19 

imperialis ___________ 10, 13, 59; pi. 19

puncticulata _______ 10, 13, 60; pi. 19

(Nebularia) aurantia ___ 10, 13, SO; pi. 19 

coronata ____________10, 13, SO; pi. 19

crassicostata ________ 10, 13, SO; pi. 19

fraga ____________ 10, 13, 60; pi. 19

turgida _____________ 10, 13, SO; pi. 19

(Scabricula) abyssicola __________ 62

osapiensis ________________ 62

(Strigatella) fastigium __ 10, 13, Si; pi. 19 

(Tiara) fijiensis ___________.-_-_-_ 62

nasongoensis _________________ 62

(Mitra) eremitarum, Mitra __ 10, 13, 59; pi. 19 

imperialis, Mitra ________ 10, 13, 59; pi. 19

puncticulata, Mitra _____ 10, 13, GO; pi. 19

mitra, Voluta _________________________ 59

Mitrella ___________________________ 47

flamanea _________________________ 47

gonzabuensis _____________ 9, 12, 48; pi. 16

o?.ye.-u _________________ 9, 12, 48; pi. 16

sagitta _____________ 9, 12, 47; pi. 16 

yorkensis _________________________ 48

sp. A ______________ 9, 12, 48; pi. 16 

Milridae .-_.__--____--_-____--_. 10,13,59

mitriformis, Zafra ___________________ 47

moana, Mitra _____________________ 64

moneta, Cypraea _____________________ 22

Cypraea (Monetaria) _____ 8, 11, 22; pi. 4

(Monetaria) annulus sosokoana, Cypraea 23 

moneta, Cypraea __________ 8, 11, 22; pi. 4

monilifera, Drupa ____________________ 40

Drupa (Drupella) _____________ 9, 12, -40

Engina ___________________________ 40

monodonta, Coralliobia

(Quoyula) _____ 9, 12, ^3; pi. 15

Purpura __ ____ ____________ 43

Quoyula _,-________________--_._.-_. 43

morio, Murex __-_-_--_-___-____- __ 51

Morula ______________________.----_- 40

fiscella ____________ __ _________ 40

granulata ________________________ 40

(Crania) fiscella _______________ 40

(Morula) granulata, Drupa __ 9, 12, 40; pi. 14 

morum, Drupa ________________ 39

morus, Ricinula _______________________ 40

multispinosus, Murex _________ 9, 12, 38; pi. 13

Murex (Murex) __________-_._ 38; pi. 13

Murex _______

anus _______

bantamensis . 

coulsoni 

oostinghi 

bracteata ___.

37

35

38

38

38

41

Page

Murex Continued

bufonius __-------_-_-------------- 35

colus ________--_-----__---------_- 57

conditus ________ __ _____ 35

corneus __________________________ 50

craticulatus -- ____ _ _______ 55

femorale ___________________-----_- 33

ficus _____________---_---_--__ 37 

fiscettum __________--------_------- 40

fucus ___- -_---.- 41 

gibbulus ____ _ _ - ------- 55

guppyi -____-_-_--------_--------_ 37

gyrinus __________ -- --- -___ 33

meyendorffii _________-_-_-__-----_ 43

miliaris _____ _ _ __ _ ----- 39

morio ...___-__--___-_-____-_-_-__ 51

multispinosus __________ 9, 12, 38; pi. 13

myendorffii _____-_.-_-______-__--_ 43

neritoideus ______._-____-____-___-- 41

pecten _______-----------_-_------- 37

pileare ______ ____ ____ _ 34

pinnatus _____.____-_-__--_______-_ 39

purpura ______ ________ _____ 39

recurvirostris _____________________ 38

rubidus __________ _ __ 38

ricinus _______________-____---_--_ 39

rubecula ________ ________ ____ 34

saplisi ---------------------------- 38

scriptus _-_--_---_-------__------- 47

vcrbeeki ___________--___---- _ 37

vitulinus _______________ ______ 39

(Murex) bantamensis

coulsoni _____ 9, 12, 38; pis. 13, 14

guppyi __ __--_ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13 

multispinosus -------------- 38; pi. 13

nasongoensis __-_-_-_ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13 

recurvirostris ----------------- 37, 38

(Vitularia) miliaris --------------- 39

(Murex) bantamensis coulsoni,

Murex ____._ 9, 12, 38; pis. 13, 14 

guppyi, Murex ________ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13

multispinosus, Murex ______-__. 38; pi. 13

nasongoensis, Murex _____ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13

recurvirostris, Murex _______ _ 37, 38

Muricidae --__---_-----________ 9,12,37

mustelina, Oliva ____________ 10, 13, 59; pi. 19

mutica, Harpa ________--_-_--__------_ 67

muticaeformis, Harpa (Eocithara) ____ 67

myendorffii, Murex __-______.____----_- 43

N

nakamurai, Globularia ________________ 27

nasongoensis, Mitra (Tiara) __________ 62

Murex (Murex) _.__-__._ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13

Subcancilla _________ 10, 13, 62; pi. 20

Nassa _____________ ______--__-_ 40

concinnus ______.__________---_-_- 53

cumingi _____ __________ _ ___ 54

gracilis --------------------------- 52

granifera __________________ ___ 52

leptospira ------------------------ 52

picta ____________ ___ _______ 40

planicostata _______________________ 54

serta ______________ 9, 12, 40; pi. 17

tiarula ________________________ 52

vitiensis __________________________ 54

(Arcularia) granifera _____________ 52

(Hima) concinna _______________ 53

(Hinia) verbeeki __________________ 53

(Niotha) ovum ___________________ 54

(Phrontis) tiarula ____ __ _ 52

Nassariidae ..--__-----__---__- 10,13,51

Nassarius ------------ ________ _ SI

eniwetokensis _____________________ 52

fijiensis ___. _______ __ ________ 54

futteri ---------------------------- 55

leptospira ------------------------ 52
84 INDEX

Page

tiarula, Buccinum ...___________ 52

Nassa ____________________________ 52

(Phrontis) ____________________ 52

Nassarius (Phrontis) 10, 13, 52; pis. 17, 21 

tigris, Cypraea -____-______________-. 19

Cypraea (Cypraea) ____. 8, 11, 19; pi. 2

Tonna _..--.-.__________________. 36

fasciata _________--___.._______-_ 36

sulcosa _______._-.-____. 9, 12, 36; pi. 12

Tonnidae __________________ 9,12,36 

tranquebaricum, Buccinum ______-----_ 51

trisulcata, Natica ...____________ 29

Pliconacca ___..___._________._.___ 3'0

Triton aquatilis ________________ 34

clathratum ____________________._ 35

decipiens ______ _________ 35 

gemmatus .. ______--_-_--__-._.--_ 34

rubecula _________________ 34

Tritonidea, (Cantharus) angsanana .... 51

Trivia ________________...__________ 17

koroensis _________________ 17

oryza ____________ __ 17

scabriuscula ______--_--_______--_- 17

(Trivia) koroensis ___________ 17

(Trivirostra) oryza ___.-_ 8, 11, if; pi. 1 

scabriuscula .. _______________ 17

(Trivia) koroensis, Trivia ________.._ 17

Trivirostra ...__________________ 17

(Trivirostra) oryza, Trivia .... 8, 11, 17; pi. 1

scabriuscula, Trivia __________ 17

Trophon costifer _____________________ 49

tuberculata, Purpura ___________ 40

Vitularia -______-_-_-_--_______ 39

Tuguritim exutum .....___ 8, 11, 16, 17; pi. 1

Turbinella barclayi 

chlorostoma ... 

incarnata _____ 

nassatula ...__. 

ustulata ___-_.

turgida, Mitra ....

.__________ 55

.__________ 56

.__________ 56

-_________ 56

.__________ 57

.__________ 60

Mitra (Nebularia) . ... __ 10, 13, SO; pi. 19

Turricula approximata ______________ 66

bancalanensis ,_______--__-_______- 64

(Costellaria) obeliseus ____.-.-____ 64

pharaonis ____---------____-___ 65

turrita, Columbella (Anachis) ...____ 46

Turritella ...........____________ 4

turturina, Columbella _____ _____ 44

Columbella (Euplica) _____________ 44

borealis, Columbella __________ 44

Euplica ___-______-_.-._-_ 9, 12, 44; pi. 15

U

undosum, Buccinum, ... 

undulosa, Cylindromitra 

Uromitra fulleri .......

obeliseus

.......... 51

._______ 61

-----__. 63 

_______ 64

ustulata, Peristernia ________ 10, 13, 57; pi. 18

goikulensis, Peristernia __ 10, 13, 57; pi. 18 

luchuana, Peristernia ...._____ 57

Turbinella . ____..___________ 57

Page

uva, Ricinula ________________________ 40

Uzita __________________-------____. 53

(Uzita) mangkalihatensis,

Nassarius ____ 10, 13, 53; pi. 17 

verbeeki, Nassarius ..... 10, 13, 53; pi. 17

varians, Columbella __ 45 

Euplica ... ___________ 9, 12, 45; pi. 15

variegata, Ficus ......_____ 9, 12, 37; pi. 13

Mitra ________________________ 61

variegatus, Ficus ______________________ 37

vavakuana, Phalium (Phalium) areola . 32 

Phalium (Semicassis) .... 9, 12, 32; pi. 10

Semicassis (Semicassis) ______ 32

Vexillum _________-__-_--__-_--_-- 66

(Vexillum) _____ 66

verbeeki, Murex _______________________ 37

Nassa (Hinia) ___ _ 53

Nassarius (Uzita) ____ 10, 13, 53; pi. 17 

\exillum ...________ _________ __ 63

amanda _________________________ 63

ccrnohorskyi ____ __ _- 63

crucntatum _______________________ 64

deshayvsi ...___ ____ 63

discoloria, _________________________ 64

equisitum ..._____________________ 66

festum _____________-__--__---__- 64

gembacana ___ _ - - _ ____ 65

michaui _________________________ 63

microzonias . ____- -- -- 66

plicatum __________________________ 63

radius _________ _ - ------ 65

radix ....________-_--------_----- 65

strasfogeli ______-_- __ _ ____ 65

vavakuana ________________________ 66

xenum _______ ____.-- 66

zebuense ________________________- 66

(Costellaria) amanda .... 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

cernohorskyi ________ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20

deshayesi ..._____ 10, 13, 63; pi. 20 

discoloria ......... __ 10, 13, 64; pi. 20

festum ......--..... 10, 13, 64; pi. 20

gembacana _______ 10, 13, 65; pi. 20 

leucozonias ___ -- __ 10, 13, 64; pi. 20 

obeliseus ............ 10, 13, Git; pi. 20

radius .............. 10, 13, 65; pi. 20

roseum _________ 10, 13, 65; pi. 20 

stainforthi .......... 10, 13, 66; pi. 20

strasfogeli ____ 10, 13, 65; pi. 20

zebuense ......------ 10, 13, 66; pi. 20

(Pusia) approximatum .. 10, 13, 66; pi. 20 

exquisitum ........._ 10, 13, 66; pi. 21

microzonias ...-...-. 10, 13, 66; pi. 21 

(Vexillum) gembacana ............ 65

vavakuana __ 66

(Vexillum) gembacana, Vexillum ...... 65

vavakuana, Vexillum, _ __ 66

vibex, Buccinum _____________________ 32

violacea, Purpura .......-----------.-- 41

virginea, Anachis ........ __ - _ 47

Page 

vitiensis, Nassa ...................... 54

Nassarius (Zeuxis) ..... 10, 13, 54; pi. 17

Phos ___ 54

Vitularia ..............--..----....... 39

miliaris ............-----. 9, 12, 39; pi. 14

tuberculata ............

(Vitularia) miliaris, Murex 

vitulinus, Murex ____ .

Voluta aurantia ___________

carneolus ..............

crenulata .......... _ .

cypraeola _---_---____-.

dactylus .-.............

discors ________________

filaris ....--------- -

mercatoria ... _____----.

mitra _________ _.

oliva __----_----_-----

paupercula ._____ -

plicaria, _________------

39

39

39

60

58

61

17

61

47

62

44

59

58

61

63

W

waluensis, Peristernia ------- 10, 13, 56; pi. 18

Waluia _ __- ---_-- - - -_- 27

(Waluia) edwardsi, Globularia 8, 11, 27; pis. 7-9 

winradi, Anachis ________________ ___ 46

Anachis (Costoanachis) ., 9, 12, 46; pi. 18 

woolnoughi, Oliva .................. 10, 13, 58

lauensis, Oliva ________-_-__--- 10, 13, 59

wyvillei, Bathygalea ...-...........---- 31

Xenophora calculifera 8, 11, 16; pi. 22 

cerea ....------. _________ 16

corrugata ................ 8, 11, 16; pi. 21

konai .......... - . - 8, 11, 16; pi. 22

Xenophoridae _ ___ - -- 8, 11, 16 

xenum, Vexillum, -.______.-_---------- 66

yorkensis, Mitrella

Zafra __________ _ 

mitriformis _______________________

(Zafra) smithi, Anachis _ ... . 9, 12, 47;

Zafrona .............-------.---------

isomella __________----_------------

lifuana ___________ _ _ 9, 12, 45;

zebra, Mitra ______________ __.-___-__

zebuense, Vexillum __ -

Vexillum (Costellaria) .. 10, 13, 66; 

Zemitrella _ __ - - - - 

bikiniensis --------------- 9, 12, 49;

laevigata __________-______--_--_-_

Zeuxis .. ____ _ __ - ------- - 

(Zeuxis) concinnus, Nassarius 10, 13, 53;

planicostata,

Nassarius .-- 10, 13, 54; pis.

vitiensis, Nassarius _____ 10, 13, 54;

48

47 

47

pi. 16 

45 

45

pi. 16 

61 

66

pi. 20

48 

pi. 16

49

53

pi. 17

17, 18 

pi. 17

-& U.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19770^240-966/54
PLATES 1-23

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, 

from U.S. Geological Survey Library, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225
PLATE 1

FIGURES 1, 2. Pisulina adamsiana G. and H. Nevill (p. 14).

Diameter 6.0 mm (X 6). Drill Hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 30-40 

ft; Holocene. USNM 174942.

3. Argyropezat suvaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 15).

Height 10.6 mm (X 6). Station C497, Suva, Fiji; early Miocene 

(Tertiary/). USNM 174966.

4. Cerithium (Cerithium) aff. C. novaehollandiae A. Adams (p. 16).

Height 18.7 mm (X 3). Station 44 of R. W. Bartholomew, Viti Levu, 

Fiji, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). British Mus. No. GG13317.

5. Tugurium aff. T. exutum (Reeve) (p. 17).

Height 14 mm (X 1). Station 44 of R. W. Bartholomew, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; probably Pliocene (Tertiary h) . British Mus. No. GG13318. 

6-9. Erato hitvdlei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 17).

6,7. Holotype, length 8.6 mm (X 5). Station K138, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650625. 

8,9. Paratype, length 6.9 mm (X 5). Station 817, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650626. 

10-12. Trivia (Trivirostra) oryza (Lamarck) (p. 17).

Length 4.6 mm (X 10). Drill hole 2A, Bikini, Marshall Islands,

depth 841-847 ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 174983. 

13. Cypraea (Luria) Isabella Linnaeus (p. 18).

Length 16.7 mm (X 3). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 60-70 ft;

Holocene. USNM 174960. 

14-19. Cypraea (Luria) isabella lekalekana Ladd (p. 18).

14-16. Holotype, length 37.0 mm (X 2). Station 160, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; early Miocene (Tertiary/). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 

Geol. No. 1148.

17-19. Eastern Fiji specimen, length 20.7 mm (X 3). Station HOB, 

Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). Univ. 

Rochester, Mus. Nat. History No. 13061.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 1

NERITIDAE, CERITHIIDAE, XENOPHORIDAE, ERATOIDAE, AND CYPRAEIDAE
PLATE 2

FIGURES 1,2. Cypraea (Mauritia) arabica Linnaeus (p. 19).

Length 51.7 mm (XI). USGS loc. 21028, New Hebrides; probably

Pleistocene. USNM 174958. 

3,4. Cypraea (Talparia) talpa Linnaeus (p. 19).

Length 52.3 mm (XI). USGS loc. 20531, Guam; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 174975. 

5. Cypraea (Cypraea) cf. C. tigris Linnaeus (p. 19).

Length 75.0 mm (X 1). USGS loc. 20730, Guam; late Miocene

(Tertiary g) or Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650420. 

6,7'. Cypraea (Lyncina) lynx Linnaeus (p. 19).

Length 46.6 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 20534, Guam; Pliocene (Tertiary h) or Pleistocene. USNM 174961. 

8,9. Cypraea (Lyncina) cameola Linnaeus (p. 20).

Length 27.5 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 21028, New Hebrides; probably Pleistocene. USNM 174962. 

10,11. Cypraea (Lyncina) carneola lakemba Ladd (p. 20).

Holotype, length 42.3 mm (X 2). Station L493 Lakemba, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary /). Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History 

No. 13060.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 2

CYPRAEIDAE
PLATE 3

FIGURES 1,2. Cypraea (Pustularia) cicercula Linnaeus (p. 21).

Length 20.3 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 21028, New Hebrides, probably

Pleistocene. USNM 174956. 

3-5. Cypraea (Pustularia) margarita Dillwyn (p. 21).

Length 10.9 mm (X 5). Station HOC, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History No. 13065. 

6,7. Cypraea (Pustularia) globulus Linnaeus (p. 21).

Length 17.0 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 20730, Guam; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 174663. 

8-10. Cypraea (Pustularia) everwijni Martin (p. 21).

Length 13.9 mm (X 5). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene

(Tertiary /). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1152. 

11-13. Cypraea (Pustularia) childreni Gray (p. 22).

Length 22.4 mm (X 3). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene 

(Tertiary /). USNM 650637.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

; X . -,

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 3

X

12 

CYPRAEIDAE
PLATE 4

FIGURES 1-5. Cypraea (Monetaria) moneta Linnaeus (p. 22).

1,2. Length 23.1 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 17893, Saipan; probably

Pleistocene. USNM 648287. 

3-5. Length 14.0 mm (X 3). Drill hole K-l, Eniwetok, 33-44 ft;

Holocene. USNM 648288. 

6,7. Cypraea (Erosaria) erosa Linnaeus (p. 22).

Length 35.5 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 20732; Pliocene or Pleistocene.

USNM 174964. 

8-10. Cypraea (Erosaria) caputserpentis Linnaeus (p. 23).

Length 38.5 mm (X 1.5). USGS loc. 21028, New Hebrides, probably Pleistocene. USNM 650563. 

11-13. Cypraea (Erosaria) labrolineata (Gaskoin) (p. 23).

Length 19.4 mm (X 3). Station 44, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). British Mus. No. GG13319.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 4

12 

CYPRAEIDAE
PLATE 5

FIGURES 1-3. Cypraea (Erosaria) helvola Linnaeus (p. 23).

Length 21.6 mm (X 3). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 830-840

ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648289. 

4-6. Cypraea (Staphylaea) nucleus Linnaeus (p. 24).

Length 16.3 mm (X 2.5). Station HOC, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History No. 13066. 

7-9. Cypraea (Erronea) cylindrica Born (p. 24).

Length 31.4 mm (X 2). Station 44, Viti Levu, Fiji; probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). British Mus. No. GG1320. 

10-12. Cypraea (Erronea) errones Linnaeus (p. 24).

Length 18.1 mm (X 3). Station RB32, Viti Levu, Fiji; probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Geol. No. 31514. 

13-15. Cypraea (Adusta) aff. C. kamai (Beets) (p. 25).

Length 15.3 mm (X 4). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 2,720-2,730 

ft; early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 174971.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 5

13 

CYPRAEIDAE

15
PLATE 6

FIGURE 1. Cypraea (Erosaria) cf. C. miliaris Gmelin (p. 23).

Length 27.8 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 24793, Pentecost, New Hebrides;

probably Pleistocene. USNM 174995. 

2-4. Cypraea (Cribraria) cribraria Linnaeus (p. 25).

Length 17.0 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene

(Tertiary h). USNM 174957. 

5-7. Pedicularia (Pediculariona) pacifica Pease (p. 25).

Length 3.0 mm (X 15). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, 40-45 ft; Holocene. USNM 648479. 

8-10. Primovula rhodia (A. Adams) (p. 26).

Height 11.7 mm (X 5). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene

(Tertiary h). USNM 650631. 

11-13. Phenacovolva nectarea Iredale (p. 26).

Height 18.4 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene

(Tertiary h). USNM 650633. 

14 20. Atlanta peronii Lesueur (p. 26).

14,15. Diameter 2.2 mm (X 20). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, 35-40

ft; Holocene. USNM 174959. 

16,17. Diameter 2.3 mm (X 20). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji;

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650661.

18-20. Diameter 3.4 mm (X 20). Station SM43, Santo, New 

Hebrides; Pleistocene. USNM 650654.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 6

15

CYPRAEIDAE, OVULIDAE, AND ATLANTIDAE
PLATE 7

FIGURES 1-4. Oxygyrus levu Ladd, n. sp. (p. 26).

1,2. Holotype, diameter 11.0 mm (X 5). Station 817, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650659. 

3,4. Paratype, diameter 9.0 mm (X 5). Station 136, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650660. 

5-7. Ampullina (Ampullinopsis) berauensis (Beets) (p. 27).

Height 9.6 mm (X 4). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 2,710-2,780

ft; early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650621. 

8,9. Globularia (Cemina) fijiensis Ladd (p. 27).

Holotype, height 53.9 mm (XI). Station L389, Lakemba, Fiji; Futuna Limestone, early Miocene (Tertiary /). Univ. Rochester, Mus. 

Nat. History No, 13052. 

10. Globularia (Waluia) edwardsi Ladd (p. 27).

Holotype, height 127 mm (X 1). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary /). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 

1231. 

11,12. Pachycrommium stockwelli Ladd (p. 28).

11. Holotype, height 15.0 mm (X 3). Station HOC, Vanua Mbalavu, 

Fiji; Ndalithoni Limestone, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Univ. 

Rochester, Mus. Nat. History No. 13053.

12. Paratype, height 10.9 mm (X 3). Station HOC, Vanua Mbalavu, 

Fiji; Ndalithoni Limestone, Pliocene (Tertiary h). Univ. 

Rochester, Mus. Nat. History No. 13054.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 7

ATLANTIDAE AND NATICIDAE
PLATE 8

FIGURES 1,2. Globularia (Cernina) fijiensis Ladd (p. 27).

Height 53.8 mm (X 1). Station 295, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 650623.

3. Polinices (Polinices) mammilla (Linnaeus) (p. 28).

Height 18.6 mm (X 3. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, core 13-A, depth 200- 

211 ft; Holocene. USNM 650624.

4. Polinices (Polinices) cumingianus madioensis Altena (p. 28).

Height 20.5 mm (X 3). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene 

(Tertiary /). USNM 174969.

5. Polinices (Polinices) of P. columnaris (Recluz) (p. 29).

Height 10.0 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene

(Tertiary h). USNM 174968. 

6,7. Mammilla melanostoma (Gmelin) (p. 29).

6. Height 15.5 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 174940.

7. Height 39.1 mm (X 1). USGS loc. 17891, Saipan; Tanapag

Limestone; Holocene. USNM 650623. 

8, 9. Pliconacca martini Ladd, n sp. (p. 30).

Holotype, height 12.8 mm (X 4). Station FB-13; early Miocene

(Tertiary/). USNM 174967. 

10. Globularia (Waluia) edwardsi Ladd (p. 27).

Holotype, height 127 mm (XI). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early 

Miocene (Tertiary /). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1231.
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 8

NATICIDAE
PLATE 9

FIGURES 1,2. Sinum sp. A (p. 30).

Diameter 3.2 mm (X 10). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 55-60

ft; Holocene. USNM 174941. 

3 lOx Naticarius marochiensis (Gmelin) (p. 30).

3,4. Height 10.9 mm (X 5). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174951.

5,6. Height 5.6 mm (X 8). USGS loc. 21301; Goikul Peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; marl at base of Palau Limestone; late 

Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 174953. 

7,8. Operculum belonging to shell shown fig. 5, 6. Measurements

3.7 X 2.2mm (X 8).

9,10. Height 8.8 mm (X 6). USGS loc. 20535, Guam; Talisay Member of Alifan Formation; late Tertiary (Tertiary g or h). 

USNM 174955. 

11. Naticarius onca (Roding) (p. 31).

Height 12.2 mm (X 5). USGS loc. 21377, Guam; Mariana Limestone, Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 174965. 

12,13. Globularia (Wahiia) edwardsi Ladd (p. 27).

12. Specimen no. 2, height 218 mm (X %). Station 295, Viti 

Levu, Fiji; early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 174970.

13. Paratype B. height 170 mm (X %). Station 158, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; early Miocene (Tertiary /). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 

Geol. No. 1223.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 9

NATICIDAE
PLATE 10

FIGURES 1,2. Bathygalea (Bathygalea) sp. A (p. 31).

Length 115 mm (X 1). USGS loc. 20598, Guam; Mariana Limestone, Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 174982. 

3-6. Phalium (Semicassis) bisidcatum (Schubert and Wagner) (p. 32).

3,4. Length 51.3 mm (XI). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174972. 

5, 6. Length 19.9 mm (X 2) with last. USNM 174973. 

Phalium (Semicasis) vavakuana Ladd (p. 32).

Holotype, length 35.0 mm (X 2'). Station 59, Viti Levu, Fiji; Miocene. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1206.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 10

CASSIDAE
PLATE 11

FIGURE 1. Cassis cf. C. cornuta Linnaeus (p. 32).

Height 145 mm (X %). Limestone at head Walu Bay (near station 295), Viti Levu, Fiji; Miocene. 

2. Phalium (Casmarial) sp. (p. 32).

Length 60 mm (XI). USGS loc. 20989, Guam; Talisay Member of 

Alifan Limestone, late Tertiary (Tertiary g or h). USNM 174974. 

3,4. Biplex perca Perry (p. 33).

Height 14.9 mm (X 4). Station VL1, Vanua Levu, Fiji; probably

Pliocene. British Mus. No. GG1840. 

5-7. Cymatium (Lampusia) aquatile (Reeve) (p. 34).

5,6. Length 18.4 mm (X 3). Station 817 Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174996. 

7. Same; enlargement of aperture (X 4). 

8. Cymatium (Septa) rubecula (Linnaeus) (p. 34).

Diameter 21.6 mm (X 2). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene (Tertiary /). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1210. 

9,10. Cymatium (Septa) gemmatum (Reeve) (p. 34).

Length 19.2 mm (X 2). Drill hole 2, Bikini, in core at 180 ft; age,

Quaternary. USNM 650471. 

11. Distorsio (Distorsio) anus (Linnaeus) (p. 35).

Length 38.5 mm (XI). Station 44, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). British Mus. No. GG19757. 

12,13. Distorsio (Rhysema) pusilla Pease (p. 35).

Length 10.6 mm (X 5). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 30-40 ft;

Holocene. USNM 650634. 

14. Distorio (Rhysema) reticulata Roding (p. 35).

Length (incomplete) 19 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650635.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

^, T/P.^s

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 11

9 10 V 11 

CASSIDAE AND CYMATIIDAE

14
PLATE 12

FIGURES 1-3. Bursa (Colubrellina) nobilis (Reeve) (p. 35).

1. Length 62.0 mm (XI).

2,3. Length 45.5 mm (X 1.5). Both specimens station 817, Vanua 

Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174980 and 

174981, respectively. 

4-6. Bursa (Colubrellina) margaritula (Deshayes) (p. 36).

Length 28.7 mm (X 2). Station F238, Viti Levu, Fiji; late Miocene (Tertiary #). USNM 175075. 

7-9. Gyrineum (Gyrineiim) bituberculare (Lamarck) (p. 33).

Length 17.5 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 174976.

10. Eudolium sp. (p. 36).

Length 23.9 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 25142, Viti Levu, Fiji; early 

Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 174986.

11. Quimalea pomum (Linnaeus) (p. 36).

Diameter 45.5 mm (XI). USGS loc. 21028, Espiritu santo, New

Hebrides; probably Pleistocene. USNM 174984. 

12,13. Tonna sulcosa (Born) (p. 36).

Length 35.5 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 174985.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 12

10

13

CYMATIIDAE, BURSIDAE, AND TONNIDAE
PLATE 13

FIGURES 1-3. Ficus variegata Roding (p. 37).

1. Adult shell, height 89 mm (XI).

2,3. Juvenile shell, height 22.4 mm (X 3). Both specimens from 

station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

650628 and 650629 respectively. 

4,5. Murex cf. M. multispinosus G. B. Sowerby (p. 38).

Length 54.1 mm (X 1). Station C89, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene

(Tertiary h). USNM 175002. 

6,7. Murex (Murex) guppyi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 37).

Holotype, length 62.8 mm (X 1). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji;

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175003. 

8,9. Murex (Murex) nasongoensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 37).

Holotype, length 39.1 mm (X l 1/^). Station 59, Viti Levu, Fiji; probably Miocene. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1208. 

10,11. Cymatium (Cymatriton) rickardi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 34).

Holotype, length 27.0 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji;

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175030. 

12-15. Murex (Murex) bantamensis coulsoni Ladd, n. subsp. (p. 38).

12,13. Paratype D, height 16.3 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175001.

14,15. Holotype, length 24.3 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, 

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174997.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER

15

FICIDAE, MURICIDAE, AND CYMATIIDAE
PLATE 14

FIGURES 1,2. Murex (Murex) bantamensis coulsoni Ladd, n. subsp. (p. 38).

1. Paratype C, length 30.1 mm (X 2.5). Station 165, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, possibly Miocene. Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 

1209.

2. Paratype B, length 19.0 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174999. 

3. Pterynotus sp. (p. 39).

Length 6.1 mm (X 8). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 80-90 ft;

age, Holocene. USNM 17500. 

4,5. Vitularia miliaris (Gmelin) (p. 39).

Length 20.6 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Plicene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 175011.

6. Drupa (Drupa) ricinus (Linneaus) (p. 39).

Height 16.0 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 21591, Cabras Island off Guam. 

Mariana Limestone; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 175005.

7. Drupa (Manila) granulata (Duclos) (p. 40).

Height 7.3 mm (X 6). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 60-70 ft;

Holocene. USNM 174987. 

8,9. Drupa (Cronia) fiscella (Gmelin) (p. 40).

8. Length 18.9 mm (X 3). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 690- 

700 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 174988.

9. Length 24.4 mm (X 2). Maewo, New Hebrides; age, Pliocene 

or Pleistocene. USNM 175050.

10. Thais (Cymia) aff. T. carinifcra (Lamarck) (p. 41).

Cast from incomplete mold, height 32 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 17904; 

Tagpochau Limestone, Saipan; age, Miocene. USNM 175004.

11. Coralliophila (Coralliophila) sp. (p. 41).

Height 6.7 mm (X 8). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 40-45 ft;

Holocene. USNM 175014. 

12,13. Coralliophila (Pseudomnrex) macneili Ladd, n. sp. (p. 41).

Holotype, height 15.9 mm (X 4). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 

700-710 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 175035.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 14

10 11 VW 12 

MURICIDAE, THAIDIDAE, AND MAGILIDAE
PLATE 15

FIGURES 1,2. Coralliophila (Pseudomurex) bayeri Ladd, n. sp. (p. 42).

Holotype, height 11.9 mm (X 5). USGS loc. 21301, Babelthuap, 

Palau; marls at base of Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene, 

(Tertiary 0). USNM 175068.

3. Coralliophila (Fusomurex) sp. A (p. 42).

Height 12.3 mm (X 5). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 850-860 

ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 174993.

4. Coralliophila (Fusomurex) sp. B (p. 42).

Height 10.2 mm (X 5). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depht 880-890 

ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 175069.

5. Latiaxis (Latimurex) inflata (Dunker) (p. 43).

Height 18.8 mm (X 3). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 690-700 

ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 174992.

6. Latiaxis (Latimurex) sp. A. (p. 43).

Height 30.0 mm (X 3. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, depth 935.5 ft; age, 

Miocene (Tertiary fir). USNM 174991.

7. Coralliobia (Quoyula) monodonta (Blainville) (p. 43).

Height 7.3 mm (X 8). Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, depth 35.5-36

ft; age, Holocene. USNM 174990. 

8-10. Magilus antiquus Montfort (p. 44).

Height 17.7 mm (X 3). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early

Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 650627. 

11. Columbella pardalina Lamarck (p. 44).

Height 11.8 mm (X 5). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 740-750

ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary fir). USNM 175012. 

12,13. Euplica turturina (Lamarck) (p. 44).

12. Height 10.3 mm (X 5). Drill hole 2A, Bikini, depth 242-253 

ft; age, Quaternary. USNM 175007.

13. Height 8.2 mm (X 5). Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, depth 21.5- 

22 ft; age, Holocene. USNM 175009.

14. Euplica varians (Sowerby) (p. 45).

Height 6.6 mm (X 8). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 30-40 ft; 

age, Holocene, USNM 175019.

15. Euplica aff. E. varians (Sowerby) (p. 45).

Height 10.1 mm (X 6). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 730-740 ft; 

age, late Miocene (Tertiary fir). USNM 175060.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 15

MAGILIDAE AND COLUMBELLIDAE
PLATE 16

FIGURE 1. Lavesopus eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 45).

Holotype, height 9.1 mm (X 6). Drill hole F-15-C, Eniwetok, 

depth 39-42 ft; age, Holocene. USNM 175013.

2. Zafrona lifuana (Hervier) (p. 45).

Height 9.5 mm (X 6). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 30-40 ft; 

age, Holocene. USNM 175010.

3. Graphicomassa ligula (Duclos) (p. 46).

Height 17.6 mm (X 3). Station RB 32, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Geol. No. 

No. 31515. 

4,5. Anachis (Costoanachis) ivinradi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 46).

Holotype, height 3.5 mm (X 15). USGS loc. 21304, Babelthuap, 

Palau; marls at base of Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene 

Tertiary #). USNM 17023. 

6,7. Anachis (Costoanachis) reivacnsis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 46).

Holotype, height 4.7 mm (X 12). Station C831, Viti Levu, Zyi; 

Waindina Sandstone of Suva Group; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175022.

8. Anachis (Costoanachis) lauensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 47).

Holotype height 7.2 mm (X 8). Station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, 

Fiji, Ndalithoni Limestone; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

175021.

9. Anachis (Zafra) smithi (Angas) (p. 47).

Height 3.8 mm (X 15). Drill hole A-l, Eniwetok, depth 136.5-138 

ft; age, Holocene. USNM 175016.

10. Pyrenc obtusa (Sowerby) (p. 47).

Height 12.7 mm (X 4). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 60-70 ft; 

age, Holocene. USNM 175008.

11. MitreUa sagitta (Gaskoin) (p. 47).

Height 8.0 mm (X 8). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 830-840 ft; 

age, late Miocene (Tertiary g}. USNM 175017.

12. MitreUa gonzabiiensis MacNeil (p. 48).

Height 7.3 mm (X 8). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175026.

13. MitreUa oweni Ladd, n. sp. (p. 48).

Holotype, height 17.3 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 21301, Babelthuap, 

Palu; marls at the base of the Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). USNM 175048.

14. MitreUa sp. A (p. 48).

Height 15.0 mm (X 4). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175020.

15. Zemitrella bikiniensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 49).

Holotype, height 3.7 mm (X 15). Drill hole 2A. Bikini, depth 852- 

857 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 175025.

16. Siphonalia subspadicea MacNeal (p. 49).

Height 19.3 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650630.

17. Siphonalia aff. S. stearnsii Pilsbry (p. 49).

Height 33.6 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650631.
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 16

COLUMBELLIDAE AND BUCCINIDAE
PLATE 17

FIGURE 1. Searlesia hindlei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 49).

Holotype, height 42.4 mm (XI). Station VLI, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175028.

2. Nassa serta (Bruguiere) (p. 40).

Height 55 mm (XI). Haloipepe quarry, Tongatopu, Tonga. (Bernice 

P. Bishop Mus. Gat. No. 202956) ; are probably Pleistocene.

3. Euthria hoffmeisteri Ladd, n. sp. (p. 50).

Holotype, height 20.8 mm (X 3). Station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, 

Fiji, Ndalithoni Limestone; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 

175027.

4. Metula (Metula) ibbotsoni Ladd, n. sp. (p. 50).

Holotype, height 18.3 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650650.

5. Nawenia bartholomewi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 51).

Holotype, height 34.5 mm (X 3). Near station VLI, Vanua Levu,

Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). British Mus. No. GG1842. 

6-8. Pugilina (Mayeria) swartzi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 51).

Holotype, height 4.1 mm (X 10). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth

870-880 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 174979. 

9. Nassarius (Phrontis) tiarula (Kiener) (p. 52).

Height 12.5 mm (X 4). Drill hole A-l, Eniwetok, depth. 168.2- 

175.3 ft; age, Holocene. USNM 175055.

10. Nassarius (Zeuxis) vitiensis (Hombron and Jaquinot) (p. 54).

Height 25.0 mm (X 2). Maewo, New Hebrides; age, post-Miocene. 

USNM 175034.

11. Nassarius (Arcularius) leptospirus A. Adams (p. 52).

Length 11.2 mm (X 4). USGS loc. 24794 Maewo, New Hebrides; 

age, Quaternary. USNM 175037. 

12,13. Nassarius (Arcularius) graniferus (Kiener) (p. 52).

Length 13.8 mm (X 4). Drill hole 2A, Bikini, depth 242.5-253 ft;

age, Holocene, USNM 175038. 

14,15. Nassarius (Arcularius) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 52).

Holotype, length 7.6 mm (X 6). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth

680-690 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary #). USNM 175039. 

16. Nassarius (Arcularius'!) sp. (p. 53).

Length 18.5 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 20653. Guam; Mariana Limestone; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 175040. 

17,18. Nassarius (Uzita) verbeeki (Martin) (p. 53).

17. Height, 18.9 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 21301, Babelthuap, Palau; 

marls at base of Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene (Tertiary 

g). USNM 175032.

18. Height, 21.5 mm (X 2) station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175033.

19. Nassarius (Uzita) mangkalihatensis Beets (p. 53).

Length, 5.3 mm (X 8). USGS loc. 21301, Babelthuap, Palau; age, 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 175057.

20. Nassarius (Zeuxis) concinnus (Powys) (p. 53).

Length 16.8 mm (X 8). USGS loc. 20687, Guam; Mariana Limestone; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 175059.

21. Nassarius (Zeuxis) planicostata (A. Adams) (p. 54).

Length, 23.8 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175066.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 17

BUCCINIDAE, MELONGENIDAE, NASSARIIDAE, AND THAIDIDAE
PLATE 18

FIGURES 1,2. Nassarius (Zeuxis) planicostata (A. Adams) (p. 54).

Length 10.1 mm (X 5). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175065. 

3,4. Nassarius (Niotha) fijiensis Ladd, new name (p. 54).

3. Length 18.0 mm (X 2). Station 165, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Geol. No. 

1165.

4. Length 16.0 mm (X 3). Station C1142, Viti Levu, Fiji; age,

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175058. 

5. Nassarius (Niotha) ovus (Martin) (p. 54).

Length 13.3 mm (X 3). Station C89, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene

(Tertiary h). USNM 175061. 

6,7. Nassarius (Niotha) marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 55).

6. Holotype, height 7.9 mm (X 6). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 

870-880 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 175063.

7. Paratype, height 5.3 mm (X 8). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 

880-890 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 175064.

8. Latirus craticulatus (Linnaeus) (p. 55).

Height 33.5 mm (XI). USGS loc. 21028, Santo, New Hebrides; 

age, probably Pleistocene. USNM 175051.

9. Latirus barclayi (Reeve) (p. 55).

Height 43 mm (XI). USGS loc. 20730, Guam; Alifan Limestone of 

late Tertiary age. USNM 175067.

10. Peristernia nassatula (Lamarck) (p. 56).

Height 5.6 mm (X 10). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 970-980 

ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 175072.

11. Peristernia incarnata (Kiener) (p. 56).

Height 22.8 mm (X 2). Island of Matangi, Fiji; age, probably Holocene. USNM 175046.

12. Peristernia chlorostoma (Sowerby) (p. 56).

Height 8.9 mm (X 6). Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, depth 31-31.5 ft; 

age, Holocene. USNM 175047.

13. Peristernia waluensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 56).

Holotype, height 16.5 mm (X 3). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; age,

early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 175073. 

14,15. Peristernia eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 57).

14. Holotype, height 10.5 mm (X 5). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, 

depth 960-970 ft; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM

175052.

15. Paratype, height 9.0 mm (X 5). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, 

depth 840-850 ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM

175053.

16. Peristernia ustulata goikulensis Ladd, n. subsp. (p. 57).

Holotype, height 28.1 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 21304, Babelthuap, 

Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 175045.

17. Peristernia ustulata (Reeve) (p. 57).

Height 27.1 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 20537, Guam; Mariana Limestone; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 175042.

18. Fusinus sp. (p. 57).

Height 65.5 mm (X 1). Station L493, Lakemba, Fiji; Futuna Limestone; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). USNM 174989.

19. Belloliva (Olivellopsis) simplex (Pease) (p. 58).

Length 3.8 mm (X 12). Drill hole Kl-B, Eniwetok, depth 736-748 

ft; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 175074.

20. Oliva cameola (Gmelin) (p. 58).

Length 18.1 mm (X 2). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650640. 

21,22. Oliva annulata Gmelin (p. 58).

Length 31.1 mm (X 2). Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early 

Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 650639.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 18

22

NASSARIIDAE, FASCIOLARIIDAE, AND OLIVIDAE
PLATE 19

FIGURE 1. Oliva miniacea (Roding) (p. 59).

Length 71.2 mm (XI). USGS loc. 21028, Santo, New Hebrides;

post-Tertiary. USNM 650641. 

21. Oliva mustelina Lamarck (p. 59).

Length 31.1 mm (X 2). Station RB44, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene. 

British Mus. No. GG13322.

3. Mitra (Mitra) eremitarum Roding (p. 59).

Height 35.9 mm (X 1.5). Station RB44, Viti Levu, Fiji; probably 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). British Mus. No, GG13321.

4. Mitra (Mitra) imperialis Roding (p. 59).

Height 19.6 mm (X 3). Station C1640, Nanuyanuya, near Viwa, 

Fiji; Quaternary. USNM 175043.

5. Mitra (Mitra) cf. M. puncticulata Lamarck (p. 60).

Height 7.7 mm (X 6). Drill hole 2A, Bikini, depth 1,009-1,020 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 650663.

6. Mitra (Nebularia) aurantia (Gmelin) (p. 60).

Height of latex cast 20 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 20488, Guam, Barrigada Limestone, late Tertiary age. USNM 174948.

7. Mitra (Nebularia) coronata Lamarck (p. 60).

Height 22.2 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 21028. Santo, New Hebrides; 

post-Tertiary. USNM 650642.

8. Mitra (Nebularia) crassicostata Sowerby? (p. 60).

Height 22.0 mm ( X 3). USGS loc. 20732, Guam; Mariana Limestone; 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 650645.

9. Mitra (Nebularia) fraga Quoy and Gaimard (p. 60).

Height 4.6 mm (X 10). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 60-70 ft;

Holocene. USNM 174950. 

10,11. Mitra (Nebularia) turgida Reeve (p. 60).

10. Palau specimen, height 15.3 mm (X 4). USGS loc. 21304; Goikul 

Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau; marl at base of Palau Limestone; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650647.

11. Eniwetok specimen, height 14.4 mm (X 4). Drill hole F-l, 

Eniwetok, depth 660-670 ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

USNM 650648.

12. Mitra (Strigatella) fastigium Reeve (p. 61).

Height 15.3 mm (X 4). Station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650646.

13. Pterygia crenulata (Gmelin) (p. 61).

Height 29.4 mm (X 2). Station 7897, Saipan; Tanapag Limestone; 

Pleistocene or Holocene. USNM 650638.

14. Pterygia fenestrata (Lamarck) (p. 61).

Height 23.1 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 20626, Guam; Mariana Limestone; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 175006.

15. Scabricola (Scabricola) desetangsii (Kiener) (p. 61).

Height 21.2 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 20726, Guam; Alifan Limestone; 

age, late Tertiary (Tertiary g or h). USNM 650649.

16. Subcancilla, abyssicola (Schepman) (p. 62).

Height 13.2 mm (X 4). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 174949.

17. Subcancilla interlirata (Reeve) (p. 62).

Height 19.3 mm (X 3). Station 165, Viti Levu, Fiji; late Tertiary. 

Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1214.

18. Subcancilla malleti (Petit de la Saussaye) (p. 62).

Diameter of cast 4.7 mm (X 6). USGS loc. 17446, Guam; Mariana 

Limestone; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 174946.
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 19

15 ^ 16 

OLIVIDAE AND MITRIDAE

18
PLATE 20

FIGURE 1. Subcancilla nasongoensis (Ladd) (p. 62).

Holotype, height 18.4 mm (X 3). Station 165, Viti Levu, Fiji; late 

Miocene (Tertiary g). Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Geol. No. 1215. 

2,3. Concilia (Demiporta) carnicolor (Reeve) (p. 63).

Height (incomplete) 22.2 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 21378, Guam;

Mariana Limestone; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 650643. 

4,5. Vexillum (Costellaria) amanda (Reeve) (p. 63).

4. Large specimen, height 18.9 mm ( X 3).

5. Average specimen, height 9.2 mm (X 6). Both specimens from 

marls at base of Palau Limestone (USGS loc. 21301), Goikul 

Peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

USNM 174944 and 174945. 

6,7. Vexillum (Costellaria) cernohorskyi Ladd (p. 63).

Holotype, height 8.2 mm (X 6). Drill hole K-1B, Enhvetok, 747? 

758 ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650662.

8. Vexillum (Costellaria) deshayes (Reeve) (p. 63).

Height 15.1 mm (X 4). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 850-860 

ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650652.

9. Vexillum (Costellaria) aff. V. discoloria (Reeve) (p. 64).

Height 7.3 mm (X 6). Drill hole 2A, Bikini, depth 1,056-1,063 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 650657.

10. Vexillum (Costellaria) festum (Reeve) (p. 64).

Height 8.5 mm (X 6). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 820-830 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 174943.

11. Vexillum (Costellaria) Icucozonias Deshayes (p. 64).

Height 10.8 mm (X 5). Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, depth 21.5 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650651.

12. Vexillum (Costellaria) obeliscus (Reeve) (p. 64).

Height 22.3 mm (X 3). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 650636.

13. Vexillum (Costellaria) radius (Reeve) (p. 65).

Height 14.6 mm (X 4). Station 59, Viti Levu, Fiji; late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). Bernice P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1193.

14. Vexillnm (Costellaria) aff. V. gembacana (Martin) (p. 65).

Height 7.9 mm (X 8). Drill hole F-l, Eniwetok, depth 830-840 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary fir). USNM 175036.

15. Vexillum (Costellaria) roseum (Broderip) (p. 65).

Height 12.0 mm (X 5). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 230-240 

ft; probably Pleistocene. USNM 650658.

16. Vexillum (Costellaria) strasfogeli Ladd, n. sp. (p. 65).

Holotype, height 14.8 mm (X 4). Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 174947.

17. Vexillum (Costellaria) stainforthi (Reeve) (p. 66).

Height (incomplete) 32.5 mm (X 2). USGS loc. 25257, Santo, New 

Hebrides; Quaternary. USNM 175054.

18. Vexillum (Costellaria) aff. V. zebuense (Reeve) (p. 66).

Height of incomplete cast 11 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 20674; Guam; 

Mariana Limestone, Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 650653.

19. Vexillum (Pusia) approximation (Pease) (p. 66).

Height 12.0 mm (X 5). Drill hole Kl-B, Eniwetok, depth 925-937 

ft; early Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 650656.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 20

.,-i

19

MITRIDAE
PLATE 21

FIGURE 1. Vexillum (Pusia) exquisitum (Garrett) (p. 66).

Height 5.5 mm (X 10). Drill hole E-l, Eniwetok, depth 100-110 

ft; probably Holocene. USNM 650655.

2. Vexillum (Pusia) microzonias (Lamarck) (p. 66).

Height 9.3 mm (X 6). Station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary /i). Univ. Rochester Mus. Nat. History No. 13068.

3. Eocithara! sp. A (p. 67).

Length (incomplete) 30 mm (X 2). Station L389, Lakemba, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 174977.

4. Harpa amouretta Roding (p. 67).

Diameter of cast (incomplete) 16 mm (X 3). USGS loc. 20640, 

Guam; Talisay Member of Alifan Limestone (Tertiary g-h). 

USNM 174978. 

5,6. Harpa major Roding (p. 67).

Height 49.5 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides; 

Pleistocene. Collection of D. I. J. Mallick.

7. Naivenia bartholomewi Ladd, n. gen. and n. sp. (p. 51).

Apical view (X 6). Near station Vll, Vanua Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). British Mus. No. GG1842.

8. Argyropezal suvaensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 15).

Paratype (incomplete) height 10.1 mm (X 6). Station FB-13, Suva, 

Fiji; early Miocene (Tertiary/). USNM 175062.

9. Nassarius (Phrontis) tiarula (Kiener) (p. 52).

Height 12.5 mm (X 6). Drill hole A-l, Eniwetok, depth 168.2-

175.3 ft; Holocene. USNM 175055. 

10-12. Xenophora corrugata (Reeve) (p. 16).

10,11. Height 35 mm (X 1). Station C1264, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 175049.

12. Height 35 mm (X 1). Station C1264, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary /i). USNM 175076.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 21

8

9 ~~ 12 

MITRIDAE, HARPIDAE, BUCCINIDAE, CERITHIIDAE, NASSARIIDAE, AND XENOPHORIDAE
PLATE 22

FIGURES 1-3. Xenophora konai Habe (p. 16).

Height 15.7 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo, New Hebrides;

Pleistocene. USNM 175090. 

4 6. Xenophora calculifera (Reeve) (p. 16).

Height (incomplete) about 45 mm (X 1). Station SM242, Santo,

New Hebrides; Pleistocene. Collection of D. I. J. Mallick. 

7,8. Diancta aff. D. macrostoma Mollendorff (p. 15).

Height 2.8 mm (X 20). Station C1142, Viti Levu, Fiji; Pliocene 

(Tertiary h). USNM 175056.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 22

XENOPHORIDAE AND CYCLOPHORIDAE
PLATE 23

FIGURES 1-3. Cypraea (Erosaria) guttata Gmelin (p. 24).

Length 53.7 mm (X 1). USGS loc. 25718, Santo, New Hebrides;

Pleistocene. USNM 214283. 

4-9. Cypraea (Lyncina) porteri Gate (p. 20).

4-6. Length 43.8 mm (X 1V2 ). Station SM242, Santo, New

Hebrides; Pleistocene. Collection of D. I. J. Mallick. 

7-9. Length 44.0 mm (X 1%). USGS loc. 25715, Santo, New Hebrides; Pleistocene. USNM 175077. (Figures not coated.)
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 533 PLATE 23

CYPRAEIDAE