JPRS-TND-93-006

8 March 1993

FOREIGN

BROADCAST

INFORMATION

SERVICE

-PRS Report

Proliferation

Issues

i _ o••• ;•& / . x ••-, .................

REPRODUCED BY

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE

SPRINGFIELD, VA 22161
PROLIFERATION ISSUES

JPRS-TND-93-006 CONTENTS 5 March 1993

[This report contains foreign media information on issues related to worldwide proliferation and transfer activities in

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, including delivery systems and the transfer of weapons-relevant

technologies.]

CHINA

Journal Proposes Developing Nuclear Carrier, Lasers [Tokyo KYODO] ................................................... 1

EAST ASIA

INDONESIA

France Offers Satellite Launch Cooperation [Jakarta Radio] ........................................................... 2

NORTH KOREA

IAEA To Conduct Special Inspections of DPRK ................................................................................ 2

ROK Supports Decision [Seoul YONHAP] .............................................................................. 2

ROK Support Denounced [Pyongyang Radio] ......................................................................... 2

Pyongyang To Take Countermeasure [KCNA] ......................................................................... 3

Asked To Accept Inspections [Seoul YONHAP] ....................................................................... 4

Inspections Issue 'Test' of Power [Seoul THE KOREA WORLD 13 Feb] ............................. 4

Russian Lack of Support Noted [Seoul CHOSON ILBO 13 Feb] ............................................ 5

China Asked to Persuade Pyongyang [Seoul KYONGHYANG SINMUN 24 Feb] .................. 5

IAEA Reportedly Finds Unreported Plutonium [Seoul Radio] .............................................. 5

EAST EUROPE

POLAND

Border Radiation-Detection Equipment Discussed [ZYCIE GOSPODARCZE 24 Jan] .................. 7

NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA

INDIA

Former AEC Head Interviewed on Nuclear Policy [THE HINDU 30 Dec] .................................... 10

Papers Report Developm ent of Rocket Engines .................................................................................. 11

Liquid Engine Stages Complete [THE HINDU 30 Dec] .......................................................... 11

Details on Rocket Motor [THE HINDU 22 Dec] .................................................................. 12

M TCR 'Im position' Decried [Delhi Radio] .................................................................................... 12

Country Said Ready To Enter Space Market [THE TIMES OF INDIA 22 Dec] ........................... 13

!RAN

North Korean Scud-C Missiles Delivered [Jerusalem TV] .............................................................. 13

Iranian Diplomats on Nuclear Warhead Purchases [TelAviv YEDI'OTAHARONOT 15 Jan] ....... 14

CENTRAL EURASIA

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES

Six States Agree To Bar Weapons Technology Exports [ITAR-TASS] ........................................... 17

Investigation of Uranium Theft in Udmurtia [DELOVOYMIR 28 Jan] ....................................... 17
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 2

RUSSIA

Specialists Prevented From Leaving for DPRK [ITAR-TASS] ...................................................... 17

Smuggling of Restricted Materials Continues [IZVESTIYA 2 Feb] ................................................ 17

Supply of Cryogenic Technology to India Assured [Delhi Radio] .................................................. 19

Plans To Build Detoxification Terminal Announced [PRA VDA 5 Feb] ......................................... 19

Delegation Leaves for Arms Exhibition in U.A.E. [ITAR-TASS] .................................................. 20

Yegorov Denies Alleged Sales of 'Strategic Materials' [DELOVOY MIR 16 Feb] ........................ 20

Nuclear Expertise, Materials Export Feared [LITERA TURNAYA GAZETA No 3, 20 Jan] ............ 21

Statute on Dual-Use Nuclear Export Controls [KOMMERSANT No 5, 1-7 Feb] .......................... 25

New Rules on Foreign Travel, Emigration [KOMMERSANTNo 5, 1-7 Feb] ............................... 26

Illegal Export of Resources Erodes Security [SOVETSKAYA ROSSIYA 13 Feb] ........................... 27

BELARUS

Shushkevich Reinforces Nuclear Weapon Policy [INTERFAX] ..................................................... 30

UKRAINE

Reportage on Nuclear Arm s Control, Supervision .............................................................................. 30

Marshal Shaposhnikov on N-Arms [INTERFAX] .................................................................. 30

No Progress in Talks With Russia [ITAR-TASS] .................................................................. 30

Ratification of START I [INTERFAX] .................................................................................. 30

Missile Commander Denies Problems [Kiev Radio] ............................................................. 31
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CHINA 1

Journal Proposes Developing Nuclear Carrier, coastal defense force into an offshore fleet capable of

Lasers defending territorial interests," it said.

0W2402094593 Tokyo KYODO in English 0927 GMT And while admitting that China's current economic

24 Feb 93 strength is insufficient to allow for a "globe-trotting"

Navy in the near future, the article said it would be [Text] Beijing, Feb. 24 KYODO-China's crusade to possible to build a "blue sea fleet" by the beginning of

build the world's most powerful navy should include next century. plans to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, laser

weapons, and sea-launched neutron bombs, a leading "This fleet's main tasks will be to control nearby waters,

naval journal has said. notably by exercising air and sea control in the East

China and South China Seas to protect territorial waters

Such sophisticated weapons are needed to bridge the and to defend shipping lanes," it said.

technology gap between China and its two principal The two authors, whose job titles were not disclosed, said

naval competitors, the United States and the Common- financial constraints can be minimized if China sheds

wealth of Independent States, according to the February some of its 340,000 naval personnel, freeing more funds

edition of "MODERN SHIPS," a monthly magazine to develop advanced weapons systems. published by the China Naval Ships Research Academy.

In a four-page analysis, co-authors Tian Ping and Long "Is naval it really budget worth on spending manpower?," such a they large asked, proportion identifying of the

Jiu said Beijing's top military priority should be naval several key areas where quality should come before

expansion because "the biggest threat to national secu- quantity.

rity and development comes primarily from the ocean." quantity.

China should move quickly to build a nuclear-powered "Hence, the navy must be the focal point of China's bid aircraft carrier and establish a carrier fleet, the article

to build a modern military force," the article said. said. "Laser weapons systems must also be developed."

Despite being the world's third most powerful fleet, Research into neutron bombs and other specialized

China's Navy lacks key elements, including aircraft nuclear weapons is also needed both for offensive and

carriers, battle cruisers and a strong antisubmarine capa- defensive purposes, it said.

bility, it said. "China's past failing has been to acquire second-rate

The article's forthright tone contrasts sharply with recent weapons technology, therefore we must possess top- Foreign Ministry assertions that China has no intention notch technical experts and research methods," it said.

of expanding naval power in order to stamp its authority The article also said, "provided we concentrate our

on the region. strength and tackle key problems, it is entirely feasible

"In the short-term, the central strategic task of naval for China to catch up with advanced technological levels construction must be to transform the Navy from a by around the year 2000."
JPRS-TND-93-006

2 EAST ASIA 5 March 1993

INDONESIA The official strongly suggested the possibility of a special

board of governors session before the regular session,

France Offers Satellite Launch Cooperation slated for Feb. 22-26, saying a special session and special

BK1302134793 Jakarta Radio Republik Indonesia inspection "are well within the possible range of action

Network in Indonesian 0000 GMT 13 Feb 93 by the IAEA."

[Text] The minister of state for research and technology, The special session may be called since the regular board

B.J. Habibie, said Indonesia is unable to confirm meeting is restricted in time and has a set agenda to deal

whether or not it will use the service of European space with, the official explained.

agency Ariane Space to launch its Palapa B-2 satellite "The current problems are strictly between North Korea

into orbit. Responding to an offer from the French and the IAEA," the ministry official said. "But our

minister of research and technology to launch Indone- position is that Pyongyang is responsible for abiding

sia's Palapa B-2 via Ariane Space rocket in Jakarta fully by the safeguards accord."

yesterday, Minister Habibie said that the government will study the matter first, especially in connection with The meeting noted North Korea's non-compliance with

the preeminence of the offer which has been put forward, the IAEA and decided to actively support whatever

punctuality, costs, and level of risks to be encountered. action the IAEA decided to take, he said.

France has also suggested that Indonesia's Board of A sixth IAEA inspection team just concluded a two-week

Technical Research and Application cooperate with visit to the Yongbyon facilities in North Korea, but was

Ariane Space to launch free of charge a small rocket denied access to two highly suspicious sites believed to

produced by the National Aviation and Space Institute be storage installations for nuclear materials.

(LAPAN). An IAEA special inspection, which has never been

The French minister of research and technology is vis- conducted, requires approval of the involved party.

iting Indonesia to evaluate bilateral relations and coop- To demand a special inspection, the IAEA directoreration in general, and cooperation in modern maritime general asks the suspect party for an explanation. He

technology in particular. opens negotiations with the suspect party on details of a

France has also offered cooperation on safety and tech- special inspection if the explanation is not enough to

nological aspects of construction of Indonesia's nuclear allay doubts.

power plant. The offer was disclosed by the French The director-general can take the issue to the board of

minister to newsmen following his meeting with Min- governors to demand a special inspection if the suspect

ister Habibie in Jakarta. He said that France has many country refuse to cooperate.

nuclear stations and a lot of experience with environmental and safety aspects of nuclear energy. ROK Support Denounced

SK1202031493 Pyongyang Korean Central

NORTH KOREA Broadcasting Network in Korean 0025 GMT 12 Feb 93

IAEA To Conduct Special Inspections of DPRK [NODONG SINMUN 12 Feb commentary: "An InsidROK ious Attempt of the Treacherous Group"] Supports Decision

SK1002090293 Seoul YONHAP in English 0850 GMT [Text] According to a report, the South Korean author10 Jan 93 ities recently held a so-called working-level counterplanning meeting. They reached a decision to act in

[Text] Seoul, Feb. 10 (YONHAP)-South Korea con- concert [chokkuk hounghagiro] actively with the Intercluded on Wednesday that North Korea needs to allow national Atomic Energy Agency's plan for a special

the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to con- nuclear inspection [tukpyol sachal] of the North. Such a

duct a special inspection and decided to support the decision came after they kicked up anti-Republic smear

IAEA in getting the access it seeks. maneuvers in collusion with the United States, babbling

Officials from the Foreign, Defense, Unification, and about delays in mutual inspections, refusal to comply to

Science and Technology Ministries, the Agency for some nuclear inspections, concealment of nuclear facilNational Security Planning, and the presidential secre- ities and nuclear materials. Needless to say, this derives

tariat held a hastily-arranged morning meeting to discuss from an insidious aim.

imminent moves by the IAEA to call a special board of As for the nuclear inspection issue, it is, by nature, an

governors' meeting to deal specifically with North issue which should be solved between us and the InterKorea's nuclear problem. national Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA]. It is not an issue

"Problems have emerged in implementing North in which the South Korean authorities should meddle.

Korea's safeguards accord with the IAEA, and (IAEA) We treasure national dignity and sovereignty more than

Director-General Hans Blix is in negotiations with key life. Any unwarranted interference and pressure from

governor nations on the problem," a Foreign Ministry outside forces in our domestic affairs will not sway us. It

official said. is not just once or twice that we have declared that we
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 EAST ASIA 3

have no nuclear weapons and that we have neither the It is clear that by using the North's nonexistent suspicion

intention or capability to develop them. We received of nuclear development as a pretext, the South Korean

international inspections pursuant to the Nuclear Safe- authorities are trying to place the responsibility on us for

guard Agreement confidently [tangdanghage] because we the nuclear threat on the Korean peninsula; to isolate

have a peaceful and irreproachable [kyolbaek] nuclear and stifle us; to prevent the overall inspection [chonpolicy. myon sachal] of the U.S. nuclear weapons and bases in

South Korea; to leave them in place and maintain the Negotiations between us and the IAEA are being carried U.S. nuclear forward base; to accelerate the development

out in a normal manner [chongsangjokuro]. The IAEA of their own nuclear weapons; and to ignite the fuse of

has further verified through numerous irregular inspec- nuclear war on the Korean peninsula.

tions that we have utilized nuclear energy only for

peaceful purposes. The problem is that the South Korean However, this is a miscalculation. We will never [cholauthorities have hampered us from implementing the taero] tolerate any act that infringes upon our soverduties pursuant to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty eignty and safety. If the United States and the South

by resuming the Team Spirit nuclear war exercise against Korean authorities impose any improper measure on us

us in collusion with the United States under the pretext by using this issue that should be resolved between us

of our nonexistent nuclear development, and the IAEA for military and political purposes, we will take corresponding self-defensive measures.

In order for us to sincerely [songsilhage] receive the the Sou re an authorit e sul e t h

IAEA's inspection in the future, the circumstances and The South Korean authorities should completely with- conditions necessary for this should be provided. draw U.S. nuclear weapons from South Korea, not

constantly spread rumors to the world about the North's

We cannot receive nuclear inspection smoothly [sun- nuclear development. They should stop development of

joropke] under conditions in which the United States their own nuclear weapons and the process of nuclear

and the South Korean authorities frantically stage the armament they have begun. They should discontinue

fire game of nuclear war in South Korea where more [chungji] the Team Spirit nuclear test war.

than 1,000 nuclear weapons are deployed against the If they continue to kick up strategic nuclear commotions

North where no nuclear weapon exist, about us and continue the nuclear war gamble in spite of

South Korean rulers, talking of special inspections and our repeated warnings, they will be held entirely [chonthe like while staging a fire game of war harming fellow jokin] responsible for all consequences arising therecountrymen with nuclear weapons in collusion with from.

outside forces, are acting like those whose brains are

(?abnormal). Pyongyang To Take Countermeasure

SK1302051193 Pyongyang KCNA in English 0457

The United States and the South Korean authorities GMT 13 Feb 93

should be held responsible for having created obstacles

to an international inspection by staging the nuclear war ["Futile Fuss, Sinister Intention"-KCNA headline]

exercise against us. [Text] Pyongyang, February 13 (KCNA)-If the United

We have no nuclear facilities that we have not reported States and some reactionaries take an unreasonable

and have no hidden nuclear-related materials, measure for inspection of our military objects which

have nothing to do with the nuclear problem, we will The military facilities that have nothing to do with the take a proper countermeasure for self-defence, warns

nuclear issue cannot be the target of inspection required NODONG SINMUN today.

by the Nuclear Safeguards Accord.

Recalling that the United States and some other coun- It is the South Korean ruling quarters who have con- tries recently declared they would carry out "special

cealed nuclear facilities and weapons and have incited inspection", if the DPRK refused to accept inspection of

the fever of the nuclear development and nuclear war "suspicious facilities of nuclear materials," the paper

maneuvers. Fearing that the U.S. nuclear weapons are says: It is a new plot to impair the prestige of the DPRK

concealed in an underground depot and that their devel- and isolate it and an unpardonable provocation aimed at

opment of nuclear weapons will be brought to light, the infringing on and violating its sovereignty and dignity.

South Korean authorities persistently refused to accept

our claim about overall [chonmyon] nuclear inspection The news analyst says:

at the meetings of the North-South Joint Nuclear Con- The allegation that we have "suspicious facilities"

trol Committee. Therefore, it is unreasonable for the related to the nuclear problem is a sheer lie. We have no

South Korean authorities to talk about special inspection other nuclear facilities than those we have reported to

[tukpyol sachal] of our nuclear facilities based on infor- the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). mation and data provided by someone. The United States and some reactionaries, however, are

Getting the IAEA to open our military facilities and trying to force inspection on military objects which have

bases because of an impure strategic purpose to disarm nothing to do with the nuclear problem, distorting facts

us is a crime. as if the inspection by the IAEA had been suspended
JPRS-TND-93-006

4 EAST ASIA 5 March 1993

owing to our "refusal." This is an unpardonable provo- Inspections Issue 'Test' of Power

cation of which we cannot but take a serious view. SK1302053093 Seoul THE KOREA HERALD in

This is a sinister act to increase pressure on the DPRK English 13 Feb 93 p 2

and a brigandish demand for the opening of its military

objects to the public. In this, they aim at spying on our [By staff reporter Kim Hye-won]

military facilities legitimately and stifling our socialist

position. [Text] The North Korean nuclear issue has again been

The United States TheUnied tried tiedby by tats hook ookor or by y crook cookto to get et the Atomic brught Energy to international Agency (IAEA) attention formally as the demanded International that

military objects and bases of the DPRK opened to the North Koreac unprecedent sc ed i -

public by manipulating the South Korean authorities, tions."

but in vain. Now it is trying to attain its sinister purpose

through the IAEA. One South Korean official pointed out that the current

The objects alien to nuclear programmes are not liable to controversy over the North Korean nuclear program at

inspection by the IAEA. The IAEA has no right to use the IAEA indicates that the issue is no longer a bilateral

"information" offered by a "ithird tidcutyoannes country or anyone's one concern between among the only two a handful Koreas. of Nor Western is it countries an object of such

demand in "special inspection" infringing on the sovereignty and interests of a country. as the United States and Japan, noted the official.

The U.S. demand for inspection of our military facilities He said the issue has become so important that it will

is an act infringing on our sovereignty and security, test the power of the IAEA. It will also measure the will

of the new U.S. administration over its commitment to

If we accepted inspection of "suspicious objects" as nuclear nonproliferation issues in the world.

demanded by the United States, it would be the begin- The debate over North Korea's nuclear ambition played ning of the exposure of all our military objects and bases out for the most part between the two Koreas last year

and would become a precedent of permission for the after the Communist country signed a nuclear safeguards

opening of military bases of all non-nuclear states. accord with the IAEA and accepted the agency's inspecOur people have not allowed and will never allow anyone tions.

to violate the dignitý of the nation and infringe on their South Korea, with the full support of the United States,

sovereignty. We mean what we say. We do not make insists that bilateral inspections are also necessary to

verify denuclearization on the Korean peninsula.

Asked To Accept Inspections But so far the inter-Korean negotiations on bilateral

SK1002001193 Seoul YONHAP in English 2349 GMT 9 nuclear inspections have produced no substantial outFeb 93 come hitting a deadlock last month.

"New" U.S. intelligence reports concerning North [Text] Tokyo, Feb. 10 (YONHAP)-The International Korea's plutonium extraction became available around

Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has decided to ask North that time.

Korea to accept a special inspection of nuclear processing and storage facilities in an area near Yongbyon, The IAEA's demand to see the two buildings near

North of Pyongyang, the ASAHI SHIMBUN reported Yongbyon was based on that intelligence report, which

Wednesday. states that nuclear wastes which could provide critical

evidence of plutonium manufacturing are stored in the In a dispatch from Vienna, the mass-circulation daily two buildings.

quoted an IAEA spokesman as saying that an IAEA team

asked North Korea for permission to inspect the area Suspicion mounted as North Korea refused to allow an

when it visited the country earlier but North Korea IAEA inspection team to visit the sites early this month,

rejected the request, claiming that they were military claiming that they have nothing to do with nuclear

facilities, activities.

As a result, the IAEA has decided to conduct a special Instead, it accused the United States, South Korea and

inspection. Under IAEA regulations, the United Nations the IAEA of trying to spy on military facilities.

specialized agency is empowered to carry out a special Observers in Seoul believe that the IAEA has another

inspection of unreported nuclear facilities only if the important reason to be resolute over the North Korean

host country agrees to it. case. Its reputation is at stake. If it fails to solve the

The IAEA has never conducted a special inspection North Korean question, the IAEA, whose credibility was

anywhere before. questioned following the Iraqi case, will not be able to

The newspaper said the United Nations Security Council effectively investigate other countries with suspicious

may be called upon to discuss the issue since the IAEA nuclear programs.

has no power to compel any nation to open its nuclear In this sense, the North Korean case is a litmus test of

facilities for a special inspection. IAEA powers.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 EAST ASIA 5

The agency plans to call an extraordinary meeting of its North Korea refused. As a result, Russia-North Korea

board of governors before its regular session Feb. 22-26 relations are likely to worsen, THE WALL STREET

if North Korea does not accommodate the request for a JOURNAL reports.

special inspection. Russia is asking North Korea to repay its $4 billion debt.

Under IAEA regulations, however, special inspections North Korea proposed that it repay the debt by reexare distinguished from ad-hoc or regular inspections only porting to Russia Japanese-made semiconductors

in that the inspection is implemented on facilities desig- imported through the General Association of Korean

nated by the agency. Residents in Japan.

The IAEA needs prior consultations with North Korea in The JOURNAL also reports that although conservative

order to implement a special inspection, and therefore, forces, including its parliament, oppose the Yeltsin govthere is no way to carry out inspections if North Korea ernment's policy on Iraqi or former Yugoslav areas,

refuses. almost no political force opposes the cooling-off of

Russia-North Korea relations. Since Russia demanded

All it can do is protest and halt the agency's financial and that North Korea pay for its imports in hard currency, other supports to the country. the import of crude oil has drastically decreased from

Agency officials were suggesting that they may bring the 800,000 tons, peak quantity during the previous years, to

issue to the U.N. Security Council [UNSC] for this 25,000 tons in 1992. The trade volume fell from $1.5

reason. But South Korean officials doubt whether the billion three years ago to $600 million in 1992, THE

council can decide on measures to pressure North Korea. WALL STREET JOURNAL reported.

First of all, they say, it is not likely that all UNSC China Asked to Persuade Pyongyang

members will act together, as they did in dealing with the SK2402095393 Seoul KYONGHYANG SINMUN in

Iraq case. Moreover, China is not expected to willingly Korean 24 Feb 93 p I

join the other powers in imposing any form of sactions

against North Korea. [Text] North Korea officially rejected a special inspection by the International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA]. Neither is the United States likely to take immediate Predicting that the IAEA will conduct a special inspec- actions on its own. tion of North Korea's nuclear facilities anyway, the ROK

Diplomatic observers in Seoul say such an action will be Government officially asked the PRC to use its influence

possible only after President Clinton completes appoint- with North Korea.

ment of new officials who will deal with East Asia policy. The government invited PRC Ambassador Zhang TinIn addition, Washington is facing more urgent foreign gyan to the Foreign Ministry on 23 February, asking that

policy issues such as Somalia, the conflicts in the former the PRC persuade North Korea to accept North-South

Yugoslavia and the Middle East peace talks, they say. mutual nuclear inspection.

The United States will, therefore, allow the IAEA to deal Chong Tae-ik, director-general of the Foreign Ministry's

with the problem for some time, providing indirect American Affairs Bureau, said in a meeting with Ambassupport only, the observers forecast. sador Zhang: "If North Korea continues to refuse a

special inspection by the IAEA, North Korea's nuclear

issue will surely be referred to the UN." Chong asked the

Russian Lack of Support Noted PRC to join in international pressure, also asking the

SK1302063993 Seoul CHOSON ILBO in Korean 13 PRC not to use its veto if North Korea's nuclear issue is

Feb 93 p 2 referred to the UN.

Following this request to the PRC, the government plans [Text] THE WALL STREET JOURNAL reported from to invite Russian Ambassador Panov to the Foreign

Moscow on 12 February that Valeriy Yermolov, director Ministry to ask for Russia's cooperation in influencing

of Korean affairs in the Russian Foreign Ministry, said: North Korea. The government also plans to ask some

"If North Korea refuses to compromise with the Inter- leading countries' ambassadors to ROK, including the

national Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA], the issue of United States and Japan, for similar cooperation.

nuclear inspection will be referred to the UN Security

Council. This will result in international sanctions IAEA Reportedly Finds Unreported Plutonium against North Korea." SK2402103793 Seoul KBS-I Radio Network in Korean

Director Yermolov's remarks appear to hint that if 1010 GMT 24 Feb 93

North Korea's nuclear issue is presented to the UN

Security Council, Russia has no intention of supporting [Text] In a report filed from Vienna, Japan's NIHON

North Korea. KEIZAI SHIMBUN quoted an International Atomic

Energy Agency [IAEA] official as saying that the IAEA

In the talks held in Pyongyang to revise the Russia-North found plutonium from North Korea's nuclear waste,

Korea military alliance treaty, Russia urged North Korea which is completely different from what North Korea

to accept IAEA inspection of disputed buildings, but had reported to the IAEA.
JPRS-TND-93-006

6 EAST ASIA 5 March 1993

The newspaper added that finding the new plutonium This official also said that satellite data shows that the

proves that, contrary to North Korea's report to the facilities North Korea insists are not necessary to

IAEA, North Korea had extracted plutonium many inspect, claiming that they are mere military facilities,

times and kept some of it in hiding or had already built are nuclear facilities, and it is indeed necessary to

secret nuclear waste processing facilities, inspect them.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 EAST EUROPE 7

POLAND cases. News agencies from Austria, Switzerland, Italy,

Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania have

Border Radiation-Detection Equipment Discussed reported arrests of smugglers of radioactive materials.

93WPOO83A Warsaw ZYCIE GOSPODARCZE Such statistics are certainly a result of the attention

(ENVIRONMENT AND LIFE supplement) in Polish focused on this particular issue, but it also says someNo 4, 24 Jan 93 pp 13, 15 thing about an increase of such crimes.

[Article by Krystyna Panek: "Radioactive Contraband"] Nuclear Mafia?

[Text] Major Robert Turp, a licensed British gun dealer, Asked whether we are dealing with a nuclear mafia, the

received an offer from Norman Derbyshire, another experts' answer is: not yet. These actions do not indicate

British man who lives permanently near the Dutch- uniform supervision and armed security guards.

German border, to transfer from Russia to Iraq 80 kg of Attempts to smuggle isotopes, which are not in demand,

plutonium. Both gentlemen had earlier sold guns to at the risk of lives are proof that it is not organized crime.

Biafra together and recently sold parts of Russian tanks. Smugglers believe that everything that makes the Geiger

This time, however, the transaction was illegal. counter jump must be in great demand. But only isoTurp, after contacting special services, involved journal- topes needed to produce a nuclear bomb are sought.

ists in the case. He wanted to not only destroy the plans Supply increases only when there is demand for a

of the suppliers, but also to use the case for propaganda product. Countries of the Middle East that do not have a

purposes. Barrie Penrose and Conagh Blackman learned chance to buy radioactive materials legally are interested

all of the details of the smuggling operation and revealed in those products. Officially, only the United States,

them in The Sunday Express. Great Britain, France, China, and states of the former

USSR own nuclear weapons. It is suspected that such

The most important part of the action took place in weapons are also possessed by India, Pakistan, Israel,

Varna, a Bulgarian spa that recently became a very and South Africa. Experts assume that countries like

convenient transfer port for radioactive contraband Germany, Switzerland, Japan and Taiwan, which posfrom Odessa to the Middle East. Derbyshire's agent, sess highly developed technologies, would be able to

Swedish businessman Gosta Hartman, was unable to be produce a nuclear bomb in a dozen or so months. Among

present at the arranged meeting because he had a car countries that would like to join the club of owners of

accident in Krakow and had to stay in the hospital for nuclear warheads are Iraq, Iran, Syria, Algeria, both

two days. He had two assistants, Edward R. and Marek Koreas, Argentina, and Brazil. At least it seems so

S., Poles who live permanently in Sweden. They had to because the UN has information that Saddam Husayn

deliver to the Iraqi Consulate in Varna not 80 kg, but, as has all of the data and components necessary to produce

it finally turned out, 200 kg of plutonium 239. The a nuclear bomb.

supply was to be transferred from a farm near Sofia.

Besides the Middle East countries, all sorts of terrorist

Bulgarians did not want to hand over the tainted product groups are potential buyers of radioactive materials. In

before getting paid. Negotiations were delayed. A sample their hands, isotopes can be used not necessarily to

delivered to the Sheraton Hotel was taken by the Bul- produce weapons but to force officials to make favorable

garian security agency. In a strange turn of events, the decisions by threatening direct radiation of people or the

main participants of the event were able to escape. After pollution of water or food supplies, for example.

his return to Stockholm, Hartman sent Turp a fax with a

proposal to meet in Geneva to close the contract and an Demand for illegal supplies of radioactive materials has

offer to deliver the goods as soon as the necessary cash is existed for a long time, but only with the collapse of the

collected. Soviet Union did the supply on the black market increas

The Western newspapers are full of reports of attempted alarmingly. A lack of control of radioisotopes can

smuggling of radioactive materials. Many of those mate- threaten world peace and security. It is not suprising, smuglig oradoaciveateial. Mny fthsemte- then, that the German minister of foreign affairs

rials are smuggled through Poland. In this procedure, our addressed a request to Eastern countries for tighter

countrymen are often active participants. Recently, 1.5 border rol. In P an Pi Mnister hann

kg of uranium was found in a plastic bag in the house of border control. In Poland, Prime Minister Hanna

Andrzej P. of Terespol. Five smugglers of cesium and Suchocka formed an interdepartmental team to investistrontium fell into a trap organized in Frankfurt; among gate the state of radiation security in our country.

them were two Poles. Two other Poles, who delivered According to Wojciech Swiatek, of the State Environearlier samples for analysis in Switzerland, were radiated mental Protection Inspectorate, it is very important to

to death. Among 12 persons recently arrested in control things where they start, which means that superUdmurtia (a republic in the European part of the Rus- vision over the distribution of radioactive substances is

sian Federation) while trying to smuggle 100 kg of necessary in order to eliminate the possibility of

uranium were three Poles, acquiring such materials illegally. The catastrophic economic situation of the countries formed on the ruins of

During the past few months, the German police have the Soviet Union means that those desperate people are

conducted about 100 investigations of cases of radioac- ready to trade everything. Corruption of officials and

tive contraband; in all of 1991, there were only 30 such Army officers is the reason this particular area is the
JPRS-TND-93-006

8 EAST EUROPE 5 March 1993

biggest supplier for the black market. Worse, companies measure the radiation of every passing vehicle and signal

that offer nuclear services entirely legally, like CZETEK every violation of the permitted level automatically. The

and MENEP, have emerged out of the wave of initiative problem is that such devices are very expensive and,

in the CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States] and according to the division of duties and responsibilities,

help in contacting Russian atomic experts. should be purchased from voivodeship funds.

What Is Hidden in the Barracks? I do not recall any cases where local officials have asked

for subsidies for this purpose from the foreign funds

Can Poland be a source of illegal export of isotopes? designated for assistance in construction of border

Despite calming statements from nuclear security ser- checkpoints and the modernization of custom procevices, I think yes. Until now, full information on the dures. They tried to convince me that radiometric gates

storage of nuclear weapons in former Russian bases has should be placed on the entrance side; in such a case, we

not been obtainable. But only two Russian Army bases could not count on any donation because the sponsor

have been investigated in order to check radiation levels, would not get any advantages from such control and,

Director Stanislaw Latek, of the National Atomic Energy worse, such a setup might even cause problems.

Agency, believes that a request for such measurements

must come from local officials, which have not shown A Dam for Nuclear Waste

much interest. The example of the two farmers who

bought two containers of cesium from Russian soldiers For us, the smuggle of radioactive materials is not only from the Soviet base at Borne-Sulinowo should force export to the West. An equally great threat is the import from the Sovieth bases and thosne- owho shouldpe ori e of raw materials and the illegal import of waste that

new users of the bases and those who supervise the contains radioactive elements. Appeals from the West to

departure of the Russian army to be on increased alert. stop the uranium contraband and increase border alert

The airport in Legnica, which the Russians use and over are not linked to better control of radioactive contraband

which our police have practically no control, is a poten- from West to East. After limiting the possibilities of

tial transfer place for any kind of contraband. storage of "glowing waste" in developing countries and

In our country, various isotopes are used for medical, in the former East Germany, we became the most

scientific, and industrial purposes. Our nuclear energy convenient, closest storage place.

control service believes that those sources of radiation It is true that our country has a law prohibiting the

are recorded and under strict supervision. It excludes the import of nuclear waste, but there is always the possipossibility that the disappearance of nuclear materials bility that some companies will import radioactive

could be concealed. But it does not eliminate the possi- waste, under cover of import of some raw materials. It is

bility of theft, of course. Such things do happen, and the worth it to pay the buyers in Poland generously because

stolen isotopes cannot always be recovered, the costs of utilization of nuclear waste are much higher

From a report on supervision and control in the area of in the exporters' homeland. The threat will probably

nuclear safety and radiation security, published in 1992, increase after the implementation of a liberalized bill on

we find out that, in 1991, 11 containers of isotope the import of wastes, which provides the opportunity for

preparations disappeared from a Polatom truck; a con- legal import of nuclear waste after obtaining the permistainer of cobalt 60 from the Nowiny Cement-Lime Plant sion of the general inspector for environment protection.

was stolen; and one of six neutralizers, containing plu- The only way to prevent the smuggle of radioactive

tonium 239, was lost during the liquidation of the materials across borders is the permanent automatic

Knitwear Industry Plant in Lodz. control of all transports.

It is also unknown where the transport to the Ostrowiec The first devices to measure radiation of vehicles were

steel mill, containing scrap contaminated with cesium, installed free by the producers-the French firm Narcame from. It could just as easily come from contraband deux and Polon-Zelmech from Zielona Gora in Poland.

as from a local source. The cesium did not get into the The border guards say with satisfaction that the Polish

melting stage because it evaporated at 400 degrees Cel- UK-1 device passed the test better in normal use condisius and got into the dust. It was discovered because tions. It turned out to be more sensitive and efficient. It

cesium blocked the isoptope dust transmitters. Today, it was able to control well even vehicles that moved at

is not causing problems, but the fact that such an higher speeds. It is also easier to conduct checkups and

accident took place at all is not a good example of our repairs.

nuclear security. Already, in the first few months of the use of radiometric

If the isotopes get into the wrong hands, the next place gates, several dozen radioactive transports were discovthat enables us to stop uncontrolled transit is the border. ered. They included ores, zirconium silicate, argilla,

Border guards are trained to take dosimetric measure- bricks, chamotte dust, sodium hydroxide, and sodium

ments, and the border points have special portable carbonate. The border guards also observed that some

devices. But controlling every car with this system is transport vehicles that had earlier crossed the border

impossible; it takes a long time and would completely regularly simply disapeared after installation of the

block the border roads. In practice, only suspicious gates. This was the case for technical plaster, for

transports are investigated. The only means of border example, offered to Polish buyers at the attractive price

control that works is the placement of special gates to of two German marks per ton. Maybe the exporter chose
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 EAST EUROPE 9

another, uncontrolled point to cross the border? Until Olszyna and Zgorzelec. Soon more gates will be working

similar gates are installed at all checkpoints, there is no in Gubin and Dorohusk and five other towns (see chart

way to improve the security of our borders. [not reproduced here]). Polon-Zamech can produce 50

We have 23 road checkpoints, 27 railroad checkpoints, such machines a year. The rate of installation depends on

four sea checkpoints, and five air checkpoints in our funds that the border voivodships will be able to assign

country. So far, besides the Swieck checkpoint, auto- for such investments. The price of one gate is approximatic radiation-detection devices have been installed in mately 200 million zlotys.
JPRS-TND-93-006

10 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 5 March 1993

INDIA safeguards in respect of its future nuclear power establishments. Do you have any intelligence on that?

Former AEC Head Interviewed on Nuclear Policy I see no reason why India should take this position. It's

93WP0077A Madras THE HINDU in English 30 Dec of course clear that our installations for producing power

92 p 8 are meant for civilian applications. But this cosmetic

[Article: "A Plea Against Signing NPT [Non- gesture of placing them under international safeguards is

Proliferation Treaty]"] really an unwarranted step.

[Text] India has adopted a distinctive, though somewhat I certainly do not think that there is any such serious

undefinable, political profile in the domain of policy move on the part of the (Indian) Government. I think

over the question of producing nuclear weapons as and these are inspired reports.

when necessary. The tricky diplomatic arena covers a

wide spectrum of issues ranging form the so-called Q: Why do you call it a cosmetic gesture?

nuclear option to the renewal of the nuclear Non- All the inspection activities of the IAEA (International

Proliferation Treaty [NPT] in 1995. Atomic Energy Agency) are... meant to ensure that

Dr. M. R. Srinivasan, a technocrat who served as peaceful installations are not diverted for non-peaceful

Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission during the purposes. (But) we know, as a matter of history of

period of Rajiv Gandhi's premiership, asserts, in an nuclear weapon development, that not a single nuclear

interview to P. S. Suryanarayana, that "India's security weapon has actually been made as a result of diversion.

cannot be achieved by giving up its nuclear weapon If you bar the early dual-purpose reactors... civilian

capability." Excerpts from the interview: power reactor installations, in fact, are not considered

the ideal ways of making nuclear weapons. In that sense, Question: India has come under international pressure to it is cosmetic.

sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Do you think

India has any real options at this stage? Q: If atomic power generation is not the indicated natural

Dr. M. R. Srinivasan: The reasons why we didn't sign the route U.S. and towards the others nuclear be weapons so keen production, that India must why sign should on the the

NPT earlier remain as valid as they were in the past. In

the last one year or so, the number of countries which dotted line in the NPT?

possess nuclear weapons has (also) increased. Nuclear I think these are just old habits. The Western powers

weapons are available not only with Russia but also with would certainly like to see a world where the potential

Ukraine, Belorussia and Kazakhstan. In addition, there power centres are as few as they can get away with. This

are high technology and sensitive facilities in some of the is one of those areas where their interests and our

other Central Asian States. interests do not coincide.

Now, these are all areas of considerable instability. We Q: Do we really have the capacity to make the quantum

can't be sure that even complete nuclear weapons or leap to the defence side of the nuclear question?

other crucial ingredients required for nuclear weapons

might not leak out of these States. So, it is clearly not at A certain media impression has been given, for example,

all opportune for India to consider signing the Non- equating the capability that India has with that of

Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan. There is no question that India's capability is

Of cours a has all along stood for nuclear non- substantially more than that of Pakistan. Both in quanpcourse, in. (Ha we knso for nucleat they titative and qualitative terms. I think we must maintain proliferation. (However) we know for a fact that they this technology lead.

(the U.S.) do not foresee a date when nuclear weapons

will be out of the picture altogether. So, in that scenario, Q: Moving over to the other concern which worries India,

it's clear that we have to maintain our nuclear capability, namely the Chinese nuclear arsenal, what could Delhi do

But it is not suggested that we need to increase nuclear to convince the West that India's apprehensions about

tension by any overt conversion of the capability to China must be given precedence over all other consideractual operationalised nuclear weaponry. ations?

Q: You seem to say that Delhi can only tell the Western Firstly, of course, one welcome development is that the

powers that India will maintain good behaviour by not tensions between India and China, on a State-to-State

producing the weapons, unless absolutely essential.., level, are coming down. But there is no predictability in

Yes, certainly. India's security cannot be achieved by some of these (international) situations.

giving up its nuclear weapon capability. It's clear that, (Moreover) in the past, the Chinese have worked closely

from 1974 onwards till now, we haven't actually done with Pakistan and, in the process, caused considerable

much to convert the capability to actual weaponry. But, problems for India. The reported sale of missiles from

at the same time, we know that Pakistan has got some China... the Chinese help to Pakistan in Pakistan's quest

nuclear weapons. for nuclear weapons. These are live issues. We have a

Q: In this context, there were reports, recently, to the legitimate concern in not continuing the asymmetry

effect that India might consider agreeing to fullscope beyond a certain tolerable level.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 11

Q: Do you think that China could give a credible guar- I see no reason why India cannot have a certain amount

antee that its nuclear weaponry is not directed against of plutonium. After all, India, also, has been a responIndia, as some U.S. officials seem to presume? sible country.

At the bottom line, there is really no such cast-iron

guarantee that anybody can accept. Papers Report Development of Rocket Engines

Q: Could you, then, think of any modified version of NPT Liquid Engine Stages Complete

which might be acceptable to India? In the context of the 93 WPOO74A Madras THE HINDU in English 30 Dec

NPT review conference due in 1995... 92 p 17

The review conference in 1995, really, has one objec- [Article by N. Gopal Raj in Thiruvananthapuram:

tive-to give NPT an extended lease of life. Unquestion- Aricle by Npopa Rajin r Trunthapuram:

ably, the treaty is discriminatory: The weapons-powers "Liquid Fuel PSLV [polar satellite launch vehichle]

are continuing to keep the weapons without any time- Engines Set for Launch"]

frame of eliminating them. The nuclear non- [Text] The Indian Space Research Organisation's [ISRO]

weapon-powers, also, are continuing to accept this state Liquid Propulsion System Centre has completed the two

of affairs. liquid engine stages needed for the polar satellite launch

vehicle (PSLV). This is seen as a vital step towards Clearly, India could accept a regime of eliminating all achieving indigenous capability of manufacturing liquid

nuclear weapons. As a realist (though), I don't see this engines.

happening. I really cannot see what kind of tinkering with the NPT is possible. Because, once we say that some India's previous two launch vehicles, the satellite launch

countries will keep some residual nuclear weaponry, till SLV-3 in the early Eighties and the augmented satellite

that time, I believe India also, will have to keep its launch vehicle (ASLV) launched in May this year, both

nuclear weapon-making capability, used only solid propellants. The PSLV is scheduled for

launch about mid-1993 and can put a one tonne class

Q: Overall, would you say that India should stand up to Indian remote sensing (IRS) satellite into a 900 km polar

international pressure and try to indigenise its own pro- orbit. It will be the first Indian launch vehicle which will

duction lines in the field of nuclear power and face any use liquid engines for the core stages. Liquid engines are

kind of external economic or other sanctions which might more efficient than solid motors, as they give greater

come in the way... thrust for the same weight of propellant consumed. But

Absolutely. There is no doubt whatsoever in my mind. they are also more complex.

The PSLV second stage is powered by the Vikas engine Q: As for a more specific question, regarding the Tarapur derived from the French Viking engine. ISRO acquired

nuclear power plant, what is your update on the report that the technology when its engineers worked with the

France is not inclined to extend the agreement to supply French on the Viking engine project in the midfuel beyond 1993? Seventies. The Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre

(LPSC) has transferred the technology for the manufac- It is a situation that has arisen as a result of France ture of Vikas to two private companies. One of them,

having signed the NPT. So far as India is concerned.., we Machine Tools and Reconditioners in Hyderabad, delivcan run Tarapur on the basis of fuel that is composed of ered the first engine to ISRO earlier this month. The

a mixture of plutonium oxide and natural uranium other company, Godrej and Boyce, is expected to deliver

oxide. There is capability for reprocessing spent fuel and soon.

extracting plutonium from it and making mixed oxide

fuel. The fourth stage, which was recently handed over by LPSC to the PSLV project team, has two indigenous

There is a lot of plutonium in the spent fuel from liquid engines, each producing about 750 kg of thrust.

Tarapur itself and also some amount of unburnt Since it is the terminal stage, the fourth stage has to

enriched uranium... Now, after 1993 when the coopera- follow the predetermined flight path accurately enough

tion agreement ends, we would be perfectly free to to place the IRS satellite into orbit with a variation of

reprocess the Tarapur spent fuel. It seems to me we have less than 15 km in altitude and 0.1 degree in orbital

a large amount of plutonium available from that source inclination.

which can be used in Tarapur as fuel. After the third stage burns out and separates, the fourth

Q: Won't the Western powers suspect that this large stage and its payload will coast along for about 273

amount of plutonium could be diverted? seconds when the fourth stage reaction control system will maintain orientation on all three axes. Then, the two

Well, such a suspicion can be there. But you have to look fourth stage engines will ignite at an altitude of 770 km.

at the situation in the context of (the) plutonium avail- The fourth stage will be shut off after it attains an

able with at least some of the more important countries, injection velocity of 7.4 km/second and is 908 km high.

If the world can accept that these countries can have The two engines can be swivelled in two planes to control

large amounts of plutonium... and the world is at peace, orientation along the three axes.
JPRS-TND-93-006

12 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 5 March 1993

The engines are regeneratively cooled: one of the propel- two metres diameter and made of polyaramid fibre

lants is passed through channels around the throat and embedded in epoxy resin. It uses 7.25 tonnes of solid

combustion chamber to cool. Regenerative cooling has propellant burning for 80 seconds and producing a

proved tricky. At one stage the LPSC tested a similar maximum thrust of 33 tonnes. It propels the PSLV upper

engine with an ablative lining in the combustion stage and the satellite from an altitude 230 km to about

chamber. The engines use a contour nozzle made of 410 km, imparting an additional velocity of 2.1 km per

columbium alloy and with a silicide coating for thermal second. It is one of the largest upper stage motors in the

protection. The engines can be stopped and restarted. world.

Two such engines are used for roll control of the first With these successful tests, all the propulsion stages of

stage. the PSLV are fully qualified. The preparation of various

The fourth stage engines use monomethyl hydrazine interstage sub-assemblies and avionic systems are in

(MMH) for fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) as progress at the VSSC. Work on the solid motors, namely,

oxidiser. Helium gas under high pressure drives the the first and the third stage of the PSLV has begun at

propellants into the combustion chamber with the Sriharikota.

required pressure. As the engines have to operate under

very low gravity, when the propellant can drift away MTCR 'Imposition' Decried

from the outlet, the tanks have special propellant acquisition devices. BKO902122793 Delhi All India Radio General Overseas

After the delivery of the fourth stage at the Mahendragiri Service in English 1010 GMT 9 Feb 93

liquid engine test facility in Tamil Nadu on December [Commentary by journalist Gian Singh]

2 1, the fourth stage was taken to Valiamala (near Thiruvananthapuram) where the PSLV project team is based. [Text] When Prithvi [Earth], India's own medium range

After the guidance and other avionics are fitted and surface-to-surface missile, was once again successfully

tested, the fourth stage will be transported to Sriharikota test fired on Sunday from the Chandipur on sea interim

where it will be integrated with the rest of the launch test range in Orissa, it is more than one step forward in

vehicle, the country's 8 billion-rupee integrated guided missile

development program. It is reaffirmation of India's All tests have been completed on the PSLV second stage resolve to achieve self-reliance in this crucial area in the

which houses the Vikas engine. The flight version is frontiers of sophisticated multidiscipline technology for,

expected to be ready by February when it will be taken it is a fact of life that imposition of the informal Missile

by road directly to Sriharikota. Technology Control Regime [MTCR] by the most

advanced countries has put clamps in the rapid growth

Details on Rocket Motor outside the leading space club members, especially on

93WPOO74B Madras THE HINDU in English 22 Dec the developing ones. An example is the difficulty that

92 p 4 India has been facing in procuring cryogenic engines from the Russian space agency, Glavkosmos, contracted

[Text] Bangalore, Dec. 21-The flight unit of the fourth in early 1991. The U.S. pressure is believed to be the

stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle [PLSV] has impediment which President Yeltsin had during his

been successfully tested by the Liquid Propulsion Sys- recent Indian visit promised once again to resist.

tems Centre at Mahendragiri. It has been delivered to the Prithvi, now under production at the public sector

project people for integration with the flight vehicle. Bharat Dynamics Limited, Hyderbad, is a modified

The high performance engine which uses two tonnes of version of the indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicleliquid propellants to develop a thrust of 700 kg is totally SLV-3. It is a liquid propellent based quick reaction

indigenous. It has gone through a cumulative firing of missile designed to deploy command structures as well as

more than 7,500 seconds on the ground and in a vacuum disorient formations of tanks in war. It has two versions.

for 425 seconds. One, SS-150 with a range between 40 and 150 km up to

The separation of the first and second stages of the PSLV 1,000 kgs. Two, SS-250 with a maximum range of 250

was tested successfully last week at the Vikram Sarabhai kms has a warhead up to 500 kgs. Developed by Defense

wase testred successfuly las kattheViram. Tharabhai Research and Development DepartmentSpace Centre [VSSC], Thiruvananthapuram. The sepa- DRDO-under the leadership of India's rocketry wizard

ration is achieved using flexible linear shaped charges by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Sunday was Prithvi's fourth test

pyro-circuits control and remote controlled safe/arm firing from the interim test range and 10th in the series.

units. This test is significant because the second stage The first test was conducted on 22 February 1988 from

nozzle has to get clear of the first stage without collision. the Rocket Launching Center at Sriharikotta in Andhra

This has been successfully demonstrated a number of Pradesh and the last launch was carried out on 29 August

times. last year from Chandipur on the sea. There will be more

The third stage of the PSLV motor was test-fired in the tests before the missile is cleared for operational deployflight configuration with flex nozzle control at Sri- ment. Prithvi is one of the five missiles under various

harikota on December 18. This test is the ninth and last stages of development and almost all its components

of the series of qualification tests. The rocket motor is having been made in the country.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 13

India's capability in the overall rocket technology enormous opportunities for Indian industries which

received a boost in the last decade after the first suc- have been working with the Indian Space Research

cessful launch of SLV-3 in 1981 with its range of 300 Organisation (ISRO).

kms and payload of 40 kgs. In spite of the lack of India has supplied some propellants, sensors, compointernational cooperation, India has already developed nents and satellite systems to countries such as Brazil

key elements in the technology. Included in the achieve- and Canada. Today India is in a position to produce just

ments is the indigenous development of space grade heat about everything needed for satellites: systems have been

shield material required to protect the rocket from high coutelytingeneeded tellitess is have be

temperatures. Solid boosters used for giving the rocket completely indigenised and the process is on in the case

initial thrust have also been made in the country. But, of components.

they are comparatively heavy. Liquid fuel thrusters burn He felt that India could enter world market for satellite

more efficiently and also enable manoeuvrability. These systems for areas like disaster warning and ocean remote

were initially (word indistinct) from the French, but sensing.

have also since been indigenized. Similarly, autopilot for Besides public sector undertakings like Mishra Dhatu

precision guidance has also been partially developed and Nigam (Midhani) which specialises in alloys, a number

so have the straps on systems which give greater thrust of private industries have been working with ISRO and

on the first stage. have been recipients of technology transfer from ISRO.

Initial launches of Prithvi were from a pad separated Machine Tool Aids and Reconditioning (MTAR), a unit

from the control center, but the last three firings, near Hyderabad, has graduated from supplying compoincluding Sunday's, were from a mobile launcher, nents to production of Vikas, the Indian version of the

improved version of a Belgian truck manufactured under Viking engine used in satellite launchers. MTAR and

license at Bharat Earth Movers, Bangalore. The onboard Viking ene sinesll auners MTr and comptersysemsof misil's pecalied evies ike Godrej were simultaneously assigned projects for pro- computer systems of a missile's specialized devices like ducing Vikas, India's largest liquid propellant engine accelerometers and gyroscope to keep it on course to the which has to use about a quarter tonne of liquid fuel for predetermined target have also been developed in India. about 150 seconds and have both produced engines

However, what Prithvi does not have at present is the which would compare with the best, notes Dr. Rao.

mechanism to guide it at the end of the journey and has Andhra Sugars is producing another type of liquid proa circular error probability of about 100 meters. When

produced for operational use, Prithvi will cost around 18 pellant for ISRO.

million rupees each which is profitable to the price of a The next significant stage would be India's entry to the

similar class missile available abroad. field of cryogenic engines which operate at very low

The Defense Ministry proposes to invest over 2 billion temperatures (below -200 degrees C) with liquid oxygen

and liquid hydrogen. Many metals would become brittle

rupees to set up large production facilities at the Hyder- at such temperatures. Russia is modifying an engine it abad factory. Simultaneous with Prithvi, the production had developed for India for use in GSLV launches

of another quick reaction surface-to-surface missile h eled fo In 199u.in 

Trishul [Trident] will also begin. While Prithvi is mainly scheduled to begin in 1995.

for deployment by the Army as a tactical and strategic The agreement with Russia is for transfer of technology

weapon, Trishul will be used by all the three wings of the and supply of hardware in two integrated stages with the

armed forces. After these missiles are integrated into the third stage to be produced in India with that technology.

defense setup, it is estimated that it will take less than The Vikas engine produced at Hyderabad costs about Rs

two minutes to fire one after another. 2.2 crores, with material costing about Rs 0.5 crores and

Launched in 1983, the integrated missile development machining accounting for Rs 1.7 crores. Such high

program involves 21 laboraties of DRDO, 10 universi- requirements of highly-skilled manpower give India a

ties, and Indian Institutes of Technology. The earnest- competitive advantage in international market. While

ness and dynamism with which this program is being India had paid $75 million for INSAT l-D, the cost of

conducted reflect India's determination to live up to its INSAT-2, a home product of ISRO, worked out to about

defense commitments-sanctions or no sanctions. China Rs 75 crores, according to Prof. Rao.

and Pakistan have already deployed missiles of this class. India is trying to join some international consortium for

Hence the critical importance of Prithvi. realising its market potential. Talks are on with some

organisations like MATRA.

Country Said Ready To Enter Space Market

93WPOO75A Bombay THE TIMES OF INDIA in IRAN

English 22 Dec 92 p 15

North Korean Scud-C Missiles Delivered [Text] The Times of India News Service, Hyderabad, TA0902184093 Jerusalem Israel Television Network in December 21-Imndia is all set to pick up a share of the Arabic 1730 GMT 9 Feb 93

international space market which is currently on a scale

of about $5 billion a year, according to Prof. U. R. Rao, [Text] Iran recently took delivery of some Scud-C surchairman of the Space Commission. This opens up face-to-surface missiles with a range of about 500 km, as
JPRS-TND-93-006

14 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 5 March 1993

well as a number of launching pads, in accordance with (and recorded...) by the hundreds every day. The overa deal signed by the Iranian authorities with North whelming majority of them do not contain any informaKorea. Citing a high-ranking military source, our mili- tion of interest, because the experienced speakers are

tary affairs correspondent Dani Levi adds that these careful not to expose information. But as any organizamissiles are in addition to about 250 Scud-B missiles tion dealing in field security knows, ultimately there is

supplied to Iran before the Gulf war. always a conversation that "slips"-and information is

revealed.

Iranian Diplomats on Nuclear Warhead Purchases One still recalls the telephone conversation between

93WPOO71A Tel Aviv YEDI'OTAHARONOT Yasir 'Arafat and his representative in Paris, Ibrahim

(Weekend Supplement) in Hebrew 15 Jan 93 pp 12-13 Sus, which received international publicity. Parts of it,

exposed by CNN, included sharp anti-Semitic expres-

[Article by Shlomo Papirblatt: "The Fellows Bought sions, thereby creating a furor.

Four Warheads"] The telephone conversation, published here for the first

time, took place at the beginning of last December. On

[Text] "So, are your pilots already training for the the Iranian side of the line, the speaker is 'Abdol Rahbombing of the nuclear center in Esfahan. I hope that mani, the person at the foreign ministry in charge of

when it happens, the reactions in the world will be less relations with the republics in Central Asia, formerly

severe than they were following the bombing of the Iraqi part of the Soviet Union. Tabataba'i Kia, number two in

reactor. The fact is that, ultimately, everyone will reach the Iranian delegation to the United Nations and interthe conclusion that you were right." national organizations in Geneva, sat in the office in

These words, from an experienced French commentator, Switzerland. His official title is deputy to Cyrus Nasri,

an expert on international military affairs, were spoken the head of the delegation.

to me this week during the course of a background The recording of the conversation, which YEDI'OT

conversation about Iran's efforts to attain military AHARONOT ossesses in its entiret is set forth here

nuclear capability. A short time prior to that, I had wh possessevin ich ay, isignifort in

placed on his desk, in an office overlooking the Rue de with slight abbreviations, which are insignificant in

Rivoli, not far from the Tuileries Gardens, an unusual terms of the main issue.

document that had reached YEDI'OT AHARONOT: [Kia] Hello, good morning.

proof that Tehran had, indeed, purchased nuclear warheads from one of the Islamic republics of the former ['Abdol Rahmani] Good morning.

Soviet Union, and conclusive confirmation of the var- [Tabataba'i Kia] How are you?

ious forms of conjecture and fear that had appeared in

the West. ['Abdol Rahmani] Okay, thanks.

Several months ago, the American columnists Evans and [Tabataba'i Kia] Mr. 'Abdul Rahamani?

Novak wrote that "there are signs" that Iran is currently

increasing its efforts to purchase nuclear weapons, and ['Abdol Rahmani] Yes.

that it had signed such a transaction with Kazakhstan. Tabataba'i Kia] How are you?

They noted that the source of this information was

Mohammad [?Muharsein], an exiled Iranian leader and ['Abdol Rahmani] With whom do I have the honor...?

sharp critic of the current regime.

[?Muharsein] also had information reporting that Iran

intends to install these warheads on Silkworm missiles in ['Abdol Rahmani] Ah! How are you? Excuse me for not

its possession. These missiles were previously purchased recognizing your voice...

from China, and are intended mainly for naval assaults, [Tabataba'i Kia] Listen, 'Abdol Rahmani, my dear, we

but they can be used against ground objectives as well. It received something here. A report about Nakhichevan

should be noted that at the same time, the Iranians are and the area, a topic that you are apparently very

working on the development and improved range of the familiar with.

other missiles in their possession, so that they can attain

a range endangering the State of Israel. ['Abdol Rahmani] Not really...

Tehran, of course, rejected this information. Its [Tabataba'i Kia] Yes, listen, we have done certain work

spokesmen claimed that, as usual, this alludes to propa- here regarding Kazakhstan. I worked on it and I had

ganda spread by its opponents in order to turn interna- several meetings here, the results of which I will send you

tional public opinion against it. by telex. I only ask of you that if you have an answer

Recently, however, we received a recording of a tele- about it, you transmit it to me as soon as possible.

phone conversation-the work of a European security ['Abdol Rahmani] When are you sending me the telex?

service-which took place between two Iranian diplomats, one stationed in Geneva and the other in the [Tabataba'i Kia] I will try to do it this afternoon, local

foreign ministry in Tehran. Such conversations are held time, so it will be on your desk tomorrow morning.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 15

['Abdol Rahmani] Okay. But may I ask you to send me ['Abdol Rahmani] Yes, one of them went to do it.

the material by fax? [Tabataba'i Kia] One of Torkan's [the Iranian minister

[Tabataba'i Kia] Why not? of defense] people?

['Abdol Rahmani] I will give you a number, are you ['Abdol Rahmani] Yes.

writing it down...? 59 43 75. [Tabataba'i Kia] Someone that I know?

[Tabataba'i Kia] Ahhh...Our communications department had that number, but it was always busy. Now I ['Abdol Rahmani] I do not think so... I do not know him

understand. at all.

['Abdol Rahmani] Okay, write this down, I will give you [Tabataba'i Kia] Ahhh. It is lucky that things turned out

a new number, which is always available for you.. .76 22 all right, anyway.

48. ['Abdol Rahmani] Yes, there have not been any prob-

[Tabataba'i Kia] You know, the issue created a big fuss lems up until now.

here (in the West). [Tabataba'i Kia] How do we solve the rest of it, what is

['Abdol Rahmani] What issue? my role in this?

[Tabataba'i Kia] You know, the guys who wanted to buy ['Abdol Rahmani] I do not know if it can be said on the

a few warheads. telephone.

['Abdol Rahmani] (Laughing loudly) Yes, yes, it created [Tabataba'i Kia] Use codes, I will understand.

a big fuss. ['Abdol Rahmani] I prefer that we speak on the other

[Tabataba'i Kia] Yes, it was on the front pages, but line.

things have calmed down now. I am very happy. From [Tabataba'i Kia] Okay. I will call you right away on 75.

what I understood then, the fellows completed their task

in the best manner possible. ['Abdol Rahmani] Be speaking to you...

['Abdol Rahmani] Yes, yes. That is the end of the conversation. Apparently there was

no wiretap on the other line...but the situation is clear. [Tabataba'i Kia] Exactly how many did they purchase, The transaction of the purchase of the nuclear warheads 'Abdul Rahamani, my dear? by Tehran is a fact. It further reinforces the assessments

['Abdol Rahmani] Four. of intelligence personnel in the West, whereby the Iranians rated the matter of development of a military [Tabataba'i Kia] Yes, that is what I was told. Have they nuclear program very high on the list of national prior- already arrived? ities. The amount of resources that the government of

['Abdol Rahmani] Not yet. Iran is pouring into this project is also indicative of this

conclusion. According to Western intelligence sources, [Tabataba'i Kia] Ahhh...so...why is that? this involves the sum of 800 million dollars per year for

['Abdol Rahmani] I do not know. It got stuck, research only, not including purchases.

[Tabataba'i Kia] What do you mean? It got stuck on the The infrastructure of Iranian nuclear research primarily

way out or upon arrival in Iran? Or are there other relies on an infrastructure of know-how and personnel,

problems? which had been established back during the rule of the

Shah, with U.S. assistance. Later on, good relations that

['Abdol Rahmani] Yes, it is about the transport. There is had been established with Chinese, North Korean, and

a technical problem. Indian scientists were taken advantage of. These govern-

[Tabataba'i Kia] But have we already paid everything? ments welcomed Iranian dollars in exchange for arms

transactions and the purchase of know-how. And last

['Abdol Rahmani] Yes. year, tempting contracts were also signed with a group of

[Tabataba'i Kia] How much did it cost us? 50 former Soviet nuclear scientists and more than 200

technicians.

['Abdol Rahmani] I do not know. Another one of the The two known centers of scientific development are

fellows arranged the matter of payment. located at Tehran University and at the nuclear center at

[Tabataba'i Kia] I wish to ask you something... Who was Esfahan. At the same time, it is increasingly becoming

the contact person for the purpose of this matter? Was it known among Western intelligence services that the

pne of our people, or someone...how should I put it...you place that must be watched, more than any other, is

know, the fellows who Haji Mohsen Rafiq [President Mo'allem Khani-ye, approximately 150 km north of

Rafsanjani's brother-in-law and among the leaders of the Tehran. This is a base-most of it underground-located

hawks in Iran, leader of the "desperate"-those within a settlement that appears to be civilian. Its

espousing an extremist and isolationist policy] used to residents are mostly members of the special units of the

work with. revolutionary forces, whose responsibility it is to guard
JPRS-TND-93-006

16 NEAR EAST/SOUTH ASIA 5 March 1993

the site. Last February, when a delegation of the Inter- which it will not be possible to treat them in the manner

national Atomic Energy Agency visited Iran, its mem- in which Saddam Husayn was defeated.

bers asked to visit the site at Mo'allem Khani-ye, as well.

The Iranians did not refuse. They took the delegation to And, of course, there is the ideological, theological,

an entirely different settlement, which they had given the political struggle against Zionism. The great dream of

same name for just that opportunity... Tehran is to arrive at the day in which it will be able to

grant the Arab world a nuclear umbrella against Israel.

Political observers note that since the end of the Gulf The most circumspect intelligence assessment in the

war, Iran's regional power has strengthened consider- West now says that the extensive deployment and the

ably. Its leaders seek to achieve primacy among the Gulf diversified efforts that the Iranians are investing in this

states in the oil-saturated region. Apart from conven- program of theirs are likely to bring about a situation in

tional weapons, which have been purchased in recent which they will be on the threshold of military nuclear

years for the fantastic sum of 25 billion dollars, the capability by the end of the decade.

leaders of the Islamic revolution are striving to achieve

military nuclear capability. This will create a situation in If they are not stopped.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 17

COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT which was committed is being checked out. The circumSTATES stances which made the crime possible are being investigated. Measures are being taken to find out other

Six States Agree To Bar Weapons Technology channels in Glazov for the theft and sale of radioactive

Exports material.

LD0902190593 Moscow ITAR-TASS in English 1814

GMT 9 Feb 93 RUSSIA

[Text] Moscow February 9 TASS-Six CIS states have Specialists Prevented From Leaving for DPRK

reached an agreement in Moscow on Tuesday to begin

cooperation in control over exports of raw materials, LD09 0 MT 9 Feb 93

equipment, technologies and services which could be Russian 1620 GMT 9 Feb 93

used for making weapons of mass destruction. [By ITAR-TASS correspondent Yevgeniy Tkachenko]

The agreement was reached at a meeting of the heads of [Text] Chelyabinsk, 9 February-A group of defense

the ministries of foreign economic relations of Armenia, workers from Miass who tried to go and work in North

Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Korea have returned to this Urals town, Valeriy TretyaThey agreed not to make unilateral decisions on joining kov, head of the Russian Ministry of Security's adminother multi-lateral export control unions without dis- istration for Chelyabinsk Oblast Valeriy Tretyakov

cussing it with other members of the agreement. reported today. The ITAR-TASS correspondent has also

The parties will set up a working group within a month to learned that most of the group comprised staff of the

coordinate export control activities. Machine-Building Design Bureau in Miass.

The head of administration noted in an announcement

Investigation of Uranium Theft in Udmurtia for the press concerning this incident that last year a

93P50057A Moscow DELOVOY MIR in Russian 28 certain collective of technical and engineering workers

Jan 93 p 2 engaged in problems of strategic missile armaments got

together and were prepared to fly abroad. It is notable

[Report by journalist Viktor Yevseyev: "Criminal that last August about 10 of them, taking advantage of

Chronileport How juchaIst Uraiktor Sevs forinay] : the confusion then existing in the system for granting Chronicle: How Much Is Uranium Selling for Today?"] permission for foreign trips, went to the DPRK. Convinced of the seriousness of the intentions of the

[Text] More and more often there are sinister and, unfor- "client," they returned home and started preparing in

tunately, reliable tales of attempts to ship radioactive earnest for their departure abroad. They recruited addimaterials out of Russia. tional experts in a certain field connected with the

There is news from Udmurtia. The republic prosecutor's manufacture of strategic weapons.

office is excited by a criminal case about the fact of the Valeriy Tretyakov indicated that on the basis of the

theft, illegal storage and sale of uranium. The investi- existing documents regulating the procedure for depargating group has established that radioactive materials ture abroad of those with secret information, such a

were stolen from the Chepetsk Mechanical Factory in the departure would have been possible if the state had

city of Glazov. Among those arrested are factory allowed them to go. Russia, as we know, has signed the

employees, unemployed persons, an officer of a military treaty on non-proliferation of strategic weapons and thus

unit, and businessmen, among them foreign citizens. In taken upon itself quite definite commitments, however.

the period from May through October of last year they That is why, the head of the administration of the

stole 100 kilograms of uranium. Once they had estab- Ministry of Security said, the departure was prevented.

lished the necessary contacts, they began to sell the

strategic material abroad, both inside and outside the Smuggling of Restricted Materials Continues

CIS. Fortunately, not everything went smoothly for the

malefactors. One of them was arrested in Brest, although PM0302153593 Moscow IZVESTIYA in Russian 2 Feb

only after he had sold several kilograms of metal to a 93p 7

citizen of Poland. Another was collared at Belarus Station in Moscow, so that he did not carry through his [Article by Aleksey Tarasov: "Myths and Reality of planned deal with a citizen of Lithuania. Nuclear Contraband. Strategic Raw Materials Leak

From Siberia by Land and by Air, Wholesale and

Searches of the apartments of the arrested persons, as Retail"]

well of hidden locations they used, made it possible to [Text] The Radioactive "Phantom"

recover 60 kilograms of radioactive material. Thousands

of dollars and hundreds of thousands of rubles were also So-called "red mercury"-the riddlesome substance

seized. Now, in the course of the criminal prosecution, allegedly used in nuclear technologies-is extremely

the participation of responsible officials of the Chepetsk popular among businessmen trading in Krasnoyarsk

Mechanical Factory production association in the crime Kray.
JPRS-TND-93-006

18 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

Here is what A. Samkov, chief of the Russian Federation administration is concerned about a news story in the

Ministry of Security Krasnoyarsk Kray Administration press about preparations for the sale to China of the

says: "We have recorded numerous incidents, often latest standard fission plant equipment. "After all, it is

initiated abroad, of interest being shown in 'red mer- top secret," the administration chief laments. Incidencury.' Offers to buy this substance have been received in tally, in the electrochemical plant in Krasnoyarsk-45

the kray from Poland, Germany, Hungary, and some (which is involved in uranium enrichment), deals with

firms in the United States. The spread of prices being China are a routine affair: Equipment considered "scrap

offered is unbelievable: from 4,000 rubles [R] to $80,000 metal" in the plant was recently sold. But the Chinese

per kilogram." would like to acquire from Krasnoyarsk-45 not just

obsolete, but also the latest equipment, which is superior However, Krasnodar Kray state security officers have so to Western models.

far not found any real trace of "red mercury." And no

wonder: Journalists and special services have been cap- Peddlers Fight AIDS and Help the Pentagon

tivated by this secret, not only in Russia but in countries The interest of traders in precious and rare-earth metals

of the West. However, their search only confirms that the is high. The most popular is osmium. This is because one

version that most probably "red mercury" will never be kilogram of osmium- 187 isotope is valued at around $40

found, since, apparently, it does not exist either in million. This is the figure cited by Krasnoyarsk special

nature, or in the laboratory. So too Samkov told me services sources. The security services know almost as

about his consultations with scientists: It is a fiction, a much about the spheres of application of this metal as

myth, high-level specialists have unambiguously about the use of "red mercury." According to Samkov,

asserted. But after all, crazy money is being offered-for hypothetically, osmium is used in radar equipment,

what? The chief of the Krasnoyarsk state security organs electronic communications devices, medicine (and even,

possesses documents sent out by firms seeking the mys- they say, in the treatment of AIDS). Osmium is also

terious substance. These papers cite its chemical formula allegedly used in the production of the famous U.S.

and unique density-20 kg per cc-and indicate pack- stealth planes. aging requirements, and so forth. "Osmium caught our interest because very many littleIn short, the hunt for the radioactive "phantom" is being known firms are appearing, posing as consumers both of

conducted at a serious level. Why? Who needs this? 'red mercury' and of this metal; we observe a predilecSamkov inclines to two versions: "Foreign organizations tion for osmium in structures involved in smuggling

and special services need to initiate these searches in strategic raw materials," Samkov says. And here is a

order to expose channels of possible leaks of nuclear curiousity. Some relatively respectable people and orgamaterials. We also do not rule out that criminal groups nizations are also often interested in osmium, and refer

need the camouflage of an operation with this product to to high recommendations and to government functionexport abroad uranium or plutonium. Or, possibly, pre- aries. They call on a special line, they introduce themcious metals." selves, for example, as being from a cosmonauts' detachment .... It is all arranged highly respectably."

The behavior of entrepreneurs inspired by the prospect

of earning a tidy sum and contriving even to present a Aluminum Is Exchanged for Secondhand Rags

certificate for what they call "red mercury" is explicable; Sometimes you manage to learn of the contrivances of

also understandable is the special services' suspicion. Russian metals dealers only from foreign sources. The

But passions for "red mercury" are also intensifying the Norwegian press recently told of the activity of the

unscrupulousness of journalists. Here is just one Krasnoyarsk firm "Interprayz-Briz," of whose existence

example, the very latest. NEZAVISIMAYA GAZETA locals hitherto knew, and even suspected, nothing. Nevpublishes a piece on the feats of M. Mrnka, a Prague ertheless, the Norwegian journalists' research was connewspaper reporter who obtained a test tube containing firmed.

"red mercury" in Russia. I quote from NEZAVISIMAYA GAZETA: "According to Mrnka's evidence, the Businessmen from this firm delivered 1,000 tonnes of

mercury is produced in the famous Krasnoyarsk-25, aluminum for two Norwegian citizens-Reiulf Kraek

which produces classic nuclear bombs." No such city and Ole Kvando, representing the firm "Michel."

exists. Just as surely as the people of Krasnoyarsk do not According to other sources "Michael" (afterward it was

produce either classic or any other nuclear bombs; they discovered that back home Kraek and Kvando are being

only prepare the material for the innards of weapons. hunted by creditors). So, the load reached Norway via

Georgia (!) The aluminum was paid for in secondhand

It is not only radioactive "phantoms," however, that are clothes valued at a mere 1 million kroner.

being hunted. Special containers containing entirely tangible cesium are being stolen-not so long ago in search The dumping of Siberian metals on European markets is

of this lethal substance, stolen from a Krasnoyarsk a particular nuisance to major Western concerns. Much

storeroom, a helicopter hovered over the city for several is being said on this subject. For us, though, these

days, measuring the background radiation. "exports"-the impression arises-pass off without special consequences. The absence of legislation appropriate

In principle the uranium business is also possible in the to the contemporary situation in the foreign economic

Krasnoyarsk region. The Russian Security Ministry sphere suggests that such trade has hitherto not attracted
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 19

serious public censure. Meanwhile, if these 1,000 tonnes metals has streamed toward them via Belarus. Other

of aluminum handed over for the price of scrap metal characteristic features are the forgery of documents, the

had been sold at world prices, several apartment blocks practice of using figureheads and the credentials of a

could have been built on the proceeds to house the bona fide firm that has no idea that someone is acting in

inhabitants of the Korkino settlement, who are slowly its name, and references to top functionaries. Not

dying from the emissions of the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum always, of course, without foundation. In A. Samkov's

Plant. opinion, the scale of the underground trade in raw

materials, the incredibly disadvantageous conditions As is well known, operation "Trawl" is continuing is and haste with which such operations are carried out,

Russia. The leader of the working group carrying out this and the endowment of unknown firms with perquisites

operation, V. Krivenko, staffer of the Russian Ministry leads one reluctantly to suppose that it could not be done

of Security Administration for Krasnoyarsk Kray, spoke without suborning officials. And the Krasnoyarsk special

of some of the results of this "trawling." organs do possess operational statistics on corruption.

Two trucks loaded with nickel ingots were stopped in The illegal export abroad of restricted raw materials has

Smolensk Oblast. The vehicles were heading for Lithua- taken on mass proportions. It will become possible to

nia; there was no permit to export the raw material from effectively combat the peddlers who buy up Siberian

Russia or waybill. An investigation discovered that the metals wholesale and retail to sell them under the

nickel was acquired in Norilsk by the "Zhilbytremont" counter to the West only on condition that the relevant

production association, then sold in Moscow to the amendments are made to legislation. Listen to what

"Exspark" Aviation and Parachute Works Center, after Samkov has to say: "Right now we can institute proceedwhich the metal was acquired by the Lithuanian firm ings only against the 'small fry' who steal a few ingots. It

"Sia." Losses of R5.5 million were averted, is impossible to proceed against the big dealers, even if

The Riga limited liability company "Ankor" loaded an we find them."

11-76 airplane in Krasnoyarsk with 32.5 tonnes of

cathode nickel worth R7.6 million. It was assumed that a Supply of Cryogenic Technology to India Assured

course would be set for St. Petersburg. However, during BK1002072293 Delhi All India Radio Network in

the flight the liner asked permission to change course

and land in Riga. Being refused, it was forced to land in English 1530 GMT 9 Feb 93

Russia. An investigation discovered that "Ankor" had

been fulfilling the instructions of "RTS," a private [Text] Russia has reiterated its commitment to supply

enterprise from the Moscow area. the cryogenic rocket technology to India despite objections by the United States. The visiting Russian minister

Travelers from Kaunas-representatives of the for science and technology, Mr. (P.P. Shurin) [name as

"Litema" firm-bought 10 tonnes of cobalt from the heard] said that it is now for the technical experts of both

Norilsk mining and metallurgical combine. Having the countries to work out the modalities. The assurance

loaded the metal on board an 11-76, they tried to fly to was given during his discussions with his Indian counVilnius. Both the crew and the businessmen declared terpart, Mr. P.R. Kumaramangalam in New Delhi today.

wherever they landed that the plane was empty. The Both the ministers reviewed the Indo-Russian program

contrabandists were stopped in Petrozavodsk. The value of cooperation in science and technology. Mr. Kumaraof the losses averted comes to $12 million. mangalam urged Mr. (Shurin) to pursue flexible credit

Not only private firms, but also state enterprises engage terms for setting up two atomic power plants at

in underground trade. In Voronezh a vehicle loaded with Koodankulam in Tamil Nadu.

five tonnes of tin was detained. Without documents, it

was heading for Ukraine, for Kremenchug. It turned out Plans To Build Detoxification Terminal

that the load belonged to the Novoyeniseyskiy Sawing Announced

and Woodworking Combine. The enterprise was fined PM0802151793 Moscow PRA VDA in Russian 5 Feb 93

R48 million. p I

Particular Signs of the New Business [Report by Aleksey Vorotnikov under the rubric: "Short

Officials of the Security Ministry Krasnoyarsk Adminis- and to the Point": "Destroying Without Doing Great

tration have compiled a catalog of the dodges employed Harm"]

in the strategic raw materials "black market": splitting

up the load, frequently changing its destination, and [Text] The press has been informed of the existence of

phased exportation, for which military transport is not previously classified chemical weapons stockpiles in

infrequently hired-because it is less often checked. Saratov Oblast. Over 1,000 tonnes of lewisite, mustard

Many intermediate firms participate, and to find the gas, and their compounds are located near the settlement

buyers and sellers is extremely problematic. Contraband of Gornyy in Krasnopartizanskiy Rayon. In order to

freight flows mainly to Baltic shores. Less often to the destroy them without doing great harm to the environCaucasus. With the tightening up of customs controls on ment, it is planned to construct a terminal for the

the borders with the Baltic states the flow of nonferrous detoxification of the poisonous substances.
JPRS-TND-93-006

20 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

Delegation Leaves for Arms Exhibition in U.A.E. officially that not a single one of our fellow-countrymen

LD1302100293 Moscow ITAR-TASS World Service in has sold even 1 gram of weapons-grade uranium or

Russian 0800 GMT 13 Feb 93 plutonium. And he will not sell. This is virtually impossible.

[By ITAR-TASS correspondent Andrey Naryshkin] The uranium market, not to mention plutonium, is a

[Text] Moscow, 13 Feb-A Russian delegation led by very specific and sensitive thing.

Defense Minister Army General Pavel Grachev left for

Abu Dhabi by plane this morning. The fulfillment of many conditions is needed in order to

participate in it. Not a single firm will deal with you if

Russia is one of 27 states that received an official you do not offer them. Furthermore, on this market

invitation to take part in an arms exhibition which will many people know each other, as they say, by sight and

open in the capital of the United Arab Emirates on 14 any new figure immediately becomes the object of close

February. The delegation will demonstrate some 370 of attention. After all, strategic materials are involved.

the most up-to-date items of defense output now in

service in the Russian Army and Navy. Moreover, specialists also know this. In our country, as

all over the world, there is a system of monitoring of The ITAR-TASS correspondent was told on the eve of fissionable materials. This system is the secret of every

the delegation's departure by Viktor Glukhikh, chairman state. If you recall, secrecy has been on a high level in our

of the Committee for Defense Industries that Russia has country until recently. We believe that there are areas in

abandoned "The completely unproductive idea that only which it should be maintained and preserved.

weapons which are if not technically obsolete then at

least technologically superseded" should be sold. But, of course, not a single state in the world can protect

"Russia is prepared to sell goods which are capable of itself against human greed, vanity, stupidity, and,

successfully competing on all arms markets," he stressed. simply, carelessness. These vices are characteristic of all

He said that in the future Russia would like to obtain people, regardless of where they live-in Russia,

from arms sales just such revenue as does the United America, or China.

Statess. Viktor Glukhikh said that this will be difficult to [Mosin] However, in addition to plutonium and uraachieve, however: From 1990, volumes of deliveries of nium there are also other radioactive sources.

Russian arms abroad fell three to four fold, and the

vacuum created was quickly filled by American firms. [Yegorov] In our country radioactive materials, in particular cesium and strontium, are used as part of the At the "INDEKS-93" exhibition Russia intends for the sources of ionizing radiation for various purposes in

first time to offer its potential customers an expanded industry, construction, and medicine. The monitoring of

service of armaments systems, to meet all customers' them is quite strict. According to the rules, these materequirements, and to supply components and training rials are contained in a lead case. Many instances conpersonnel. nected with the theft of radioactive materials indicate

that not they are stolen, but the protective metal, which Yegorov Denies Alleged Sales of 'Strategic is in demand on the world market. Often people do not

Materials' even suspect what is inside. Yes, these thefts point to

93 WPOIO4A Moscow DELO VOY MIR in Russian 16 elementary carelessness in work with radioactive eleFeb 93 p 12 ments. Without any doubt, the strictest order must be

[Interview with Nikolay Yegorov, Russia's deputy mi- introduced here.

ister of Minatom, by Igor Mosin; place and date not With regard to the stealing of radioactive isotopes for the

given: "There Is More at Stake Than Nuclear Electric purpose of selling them abroad, any, even the least

Power Stations"] knowledgeable, person knows: the game is not worth the

candle. The foreign market is saturated with its own [Text] All of us are spectators at a thought-out and isotopes. They are also registered and controlled there.

well-planned show to discredit Russian nuclear scientists No serious firm-and in this area there are no diletin the eyes of the world. Nikolay Yegorov, Russia's deputy tantes-will have anything to do with shady dealers, or minister of Minatom [Ministry of Atomic Power and harm its own reputation. This makes no sense.

Industry], believes that penetration into the domestic

nuclear market is the main goal of this game. I want to draw your attention: any report on this topic

[Mosin] Nikolay Nikolayevich, hints and reports on suffers from incompleteness. Let us assume that

alleged sales of strategic materials-uranium and pluto- someone was caught somewhere and something was

nium-by unknown persons have appeared quite often found. One has only to dig and it turns out that everyin both ours and in foreign mass information media thing is not quite so. However, foreign mass information

recently. An impression is created that we are ready to media are not uncomfortable operating on the wave of

sell everything--including a nuclear bomb. rumors, semi-hints, and incomplete information. If this happened once or twice, this could be included in the

[Yegorov] Let us try to examine this. Two basic weap- category of chance occurrences. However, this is already

ons-grade components-uranium and plutonium-are a phenomenon, a tendency. Consequently, something is

needed for the development of nuclear weapons. I state behind this.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 21

[Mosin] What, in your opinion? considerable at that-in hard currency for the recovery

[Yegorov] The market of radioactive materials is satu- of this fuel. We also process the fuel of Russian AES's at

rated. There is a fierce competition on it. The situation the same enterprise.

with nuclear power engineering is similar. Nuclear power [Mosin] Nikolay Nikolayevich, it seems to me that, for

engineering is undergoing a deep crisis all over the world the most part, our society is extremely sensitive to such

now. After the energy slump in the 1970's the West information on radiation, waste, and the unreliability of

began to actively introduce energy-saving technologies. AES's not only because of Chernobyl. The general scienAt the same time, an upsurge in nuclear power engi- tific and technical standard, which also includes nuclear

neering began. Both programs worked. Nuclear capaci- problems, is low in our country. No one knows anything

ties were developed and, at the same time, energy about doses, radiation, its effect, and consequences.

consumption declined. What was to be done? After all, Hence the fear and readiness to believe the worst verscientists, engineers, and specialists somehow must be sions. Our newspaper has written more than once that a

kept fully occupied. country, which has nuclear power, must carry out eduJudging by everything, the way out is seen in penetrating cational work among its citizens.

the Russian nuclear market. It is not so simple to do this. [Yegorov] You are completely right. To be more specific,

No matter what they say there, in the military area, I believe that the lion's share of this work should lie on

space, and nuclear power engineering we were always on the shoulders of our ministry. We are expanding it, but,

a world level. Therefore, an active campaign to discredit perhaps, not everything turns out as one would wish.

Russian nuclear scientists is now going on. Everything Incidentally, the present radiophobic campaign also

that they make, allegedly, is hazardous, poorly stored,

unreliable, and so forth. The second background-we encourages more active steps in this direction.

are ready to assume the heavy burden of increasing the

safety of Russian AES's [nuclear electric power stations] Nuclear Expertise, Materials Export Feared

and of producing and processing fuel. 934KO164A Moscow LITERATURNAYA GAZETA in

I will answer: We ourselves can and will do this. In my Russian No 3, 20 Jan 93 p 13

opinion, to place such crucial facilities as AES's under

the control of other states is elementary insanity. A [Article by special correspondent Kirim Belyaninov

so-called modem-style Trojan horse, under the rubric "LITERATURNAYA GAZETA Inves-

[Mosin] Nevertheless, agreeing with you on the funda- tigation": "Escape"]

mental question, that is, that we should solve our prob- [Text] I have no desire to persuade anyone of anything. I

lems ourselves, I would like to note that the general simply report that in the past two months 100 kg of

political, economic, and social situation cannot fail to uranium have been stolen from an enterprise in the city of

also affect nuclear power engineering, waste processing, Glazov....

and isotope storage. "So, let's go," he said, stubbing out in the ashtray a

[Yegorov] Of course, it has an effect. And we exert every half-smoked Belomorina. "Let's go, if you are not afraid

effort to diminish this negative effect. A law on radioac- and you have the money. Only bear in mind that no one

tive waste is now being drafted. This will be one of the is about to specially watch out for you there...."

basic laws within the framework of nuclear law. It

affirms the division of functions of those who produce Sasha's profession is simplicity itself: he travels abroad.

radioactive substances and those who will bury them. Once every two months the "boss," whom, incidentally,

Plans are being made for the establishment of a state Sasha has never set eyes on, calls and, after chatting for

body, which will conduct a uniform policy on work with a couple of minutes about the weather, gives an address

radioactive waste, in Tashkent, at which the "merchandise" has to be

picked up. That, just about, is all. Sasha learns about the

The functions of bodies of power are being delimited ultimate point of delivery, the itinerary, and other insigmore clearly-who is responsible for what. A system of nificant trifles in Tashkent. He is told the name of the

issue of licenses-who can work with radioactive sub- country there also.

stances-is being introduced. Strictly speaking, Sasha is distinguished from the tens of

[Mosin] Please tell me: What about the fuss that is raised thousands of our compatriots grasping in organized

from time to time in connection with the fact that fashion the rudiments of the market economy at the

radioactive waste is imported into the country and that second-hand goods markets of Turkey, Poland, and

we are turning into a dangerous dump? China by just one thing: He travels abroad without

[Yegorov] Nor do these rumors have a basis. Russia did passport or visa. And his freight is little reminiscent of

not and does not import a single kg of foreign radioactive the bundle of teapots and electric coffee percolators: five

waste. We are importing spent fuel for processing from small-weighing about 50 kilos-knapsacks. One per

the countries where we have built AES's-Bulgaria, member of the group.

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Finland. However, this is "I almost never know what I will be carrying. On about

a generally accepted practice. We are paid money-and three occasions this whole time the knapsacks have split,
JPRS-TND-93-006

22 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

and they contained lead containers, a kilo each, if that. "All this smacks more of a provocation," Aleksandr

Uranium, maybe, some other filth, perhaps. This does Gurov, deputy chief of the Center for Public Relations,

not worry me, I am paid." declared at a news conference at the Ministry of Security.

Sasha goes most often to Afghanistan. A car takes his "Some people need to show that Russia is incapable of

group to the border, and from there, by foot, over the controlling its nuclear industry. And the second aspect is

mountains because crossing the border is easiest in the purely economic: Attempts are being made to squeeze us

Pamirs. Already waiting on the other side is the "cus- out of the world nuclear technology market."

tomer," who has taken up residence in a stagnant little Following so categorical a statement, the noise somehow

village 40 km from the border. Sasha brings back money. subsided of its own accord, but certain details became

"known. "Red mercury," for instance, is perfectly real

"I am the 'caravan-bashi,' the elder, and for this reason and on the list of Soviet military manufacturing is called

I would previously get $80'0 for the 'walk,' and the boys, "product 20-20." True, it will be used to develop fifth-

$600. Now they pay $1,000 .... generation nuclear weapons, virtually, and has no practical application as yet. But there is an even simpler 'The Peaceful Atom in Every Home!' explanation for the fact that no escapes from Russian

A year ago a small Norwegian firm received a strange fax nuclear facilities have yet been recorded: According to

from Volgograd. It did not give its name but a very an international agreement of the suppliers of nuclear

businesslike "small enterprise" was offering: 6-8 metric materials signed in 1977 in London, an escape of nuclear

tons of heavy water (at a price of $440 a kilo), 300 kg of components is considered the disappearance of quite a

red phosphorus ($2,0,00 a kilo), and 10 kg of "red significant quantity of the "product": no less than 25 kg

mercury" ($240,000 a kilo). The businessmen from of "weapons-grade" uranium-235, for example. Or no

Russia promised in the form of an adjunct free of charge less than 1 tonne of that same heavy water.

to provide at their expense official licenses for exporta- "And what would be the point of me lugging your

tion of the "merchandise" and transportation. It was uranium by the tonne?" the entrepreneur, whom I had

proposed bringing the heavy water straight from Mur- found on the recommendation of several Moscow raw

mansk, the phosphorus, by transit across Finland, and material exchange brokers, burst out laughing in reply to

the mercury, via Austria. my question. According to the references, it was he who

The Norwegian firm was somewhat surprised and imme- had carried out several successful operations involving

diately notified Interpol of the attempt to sell materials the exportation of Russian uranium abroad. "This is not

used exclusively in nuclear power engineering and nonferrous metal, so a kilo is perfectly sufficient for me.

weapons production. But having tried far and wide to You have to wait a long time, of course, as the 'merchanunearth the Volgograd "business association," Interpol dise' is removed a gram or two a day, but it is worth it.

officers found nothing. The small enterprise had simply A kilo of uranium-235 on the world market pulls in

vanished, almost a million dollars, and it costs me about 20,000.

Perhaps simply a crate of vodka. Plus, of course, ship- In the wake of this, reports of an escape of Soviet nuclear ping costs."

materials showered forth as if from a bucket. Three

Hungarians and an Austrian were arrested on 8 January The plan of the trade, as my new acquaintance main1992 in Milan. At the time of the arrest at the hotel two tained, is simplicity itself. The suppliers are the

glass vessels with inscriptions in Russian, and in them, 2 employees of secret enterprises who are thoroughly conkg of so-called "red mercury," were found. A month later versant with the methods of negotiating numerous and

an entrepreneur from Milan, a frequent visitor to our really very serious security systems. The risk, of course,

country, offered two Israelis a chance to purchase large is great, but....

consignments of uranium, plutonium, and deuterium of "See for yourself: A fellow has plowed away at his

Soviet origin. On 9 March the German police announced uranium-enrichment plant for 20 years and as a result he

that two former citizens of the USSR had been has a load of occupational illnesses, R10,000 a month,

attempting in Bavaria to sell 1.2 kg of "weapons-grade" and a hungry family. And here is a chance to earn 20,000

uranium for 1.9 million deutsche marks. The West not rubles but dollars. And this means that it will finally

German magazine DER SPIEGEL then reported that be possible to purchase an apartment for his daughter;

one Herr Schliemann from Hamburg had received an this is roughly what apartments in the central zone or the

offer from a Mr. Nikiforov from St. Petersburg for the Urals cost, fully furnished.

purchase of uranium, heavy water, and red phosphorus.... "Then everything is simple: the container with the

But to each protest of the Western press Russian officials uranium is packed into the trunk of a regular Zhiguli and

responded witth an emphatic "noster ressRuiang oainly t heads for Lithuania, if the destination is Germany, to responded with an emphatic "no," stressing mainly the Belarus, if the freight is going by transit across East fact that there is simply no such thing as the product Europe; or to Murmansk, if it is more advantageous to

going by the name of "red mercury" which figures in use Norway."

almost every report and that our nuclear facilities are so

securely guarded that it would be impossible to remove "An escape is possible in principle," Arkadiy Chuvin,

even a rusty screw from them. deputy general director of the Tekhsnabeksport Foreign
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 23

Trade Association, which officially exports nuclear North Korea in the manufacture of nuclear weapons goes

materials outside of the fatherland, indirectly confirmed. without saying. Not that much is needed for this, inci-

"Any chemical compound is declared on the customs dentally: The simplest device requires approximately 25

form, for example, and that same heavy water is kg of uranium enriched to 90 percent, although, if it is so

exported. Or uranium." desired, it is possible to manage with 40 kg of 80 percent enrichment. Uranium enriched to 80 percent was sup- Illegal exporters of components do not worry about this enriche rarch redto 80 perae, as supparticularly, incidentally. partculalyincientaly.plied Kra for the research reactors in Libya, Iraq, and North Korea.

"I have yet to see," one of them says, "a single customs

house in the former Union equipped with instruments We Do Not Need the Turkish Coastline

for measuring radioactive radiation levels. And to ensure

that the machine is not inspected at all it is sufficient to Any physicist will tell you this: The disintegration of the

hand over $20." Soviet Union with the subsequent collapse of the Army

is oddly reminiscent of a nuclear reaction with a pow- He has places to choose from. On the territory of the erful and uncontrolled explosion. And the debrisformer USSR there are 189 facilities connected with the nuclear weapons and specialists in their manufacture

extraction of nuclear raw material and its enrichment included-could simply fly off to neighboring countries.

and the production of weapons components and sys- Pentagon experts believe that it will very soon be necestems. And this means 189 potential sources of "extrac- sary to look for the tracks of the Soviet nuclear engineers

tion." Of these, 151 facilities are located on the territory in third world countries. Where there is a practically

of Russia. Despite the chronic shortage of sausage and total absence of international nuclear control.

freely convertible currency, the USSR never experienced

a shortage of one thing-nuclear raw material. Some True, all attempts to confirm this theory proved until

26,000 tonnes of uranium ore, given a maximum annual recently wholly unsuccessful. Only in the last year have

consumption of 8,800 tonnes, were extracted in the British and German newspapers mentioned the names of

Soviet Union in 1990. It is for this reason that the 23 former Soviet nuclear engineers who have illegally

production of weapons-grade uranium was halted in gone after earnings overseas. But however much I tried

1989 and that that of plutonium will be halted in 1995. to find these or similar names on lists of the Ministry of

According to the most cautious estimates, heavy water Atomic Energy Personnel Department, I drew a comreserves are sufficient for up to the year 2010. This entire plete blank.

"merchandise" lies in repositories and is awaiting its "Our specialists did, indeed, work at the nuclear research

customer. facilities in Iraq and in Libya and in North Korea, but,

Brothers in Arms first, they did so entirely officially, in accordance with

intergovernmental agreements, and, second, we have Although there is another way also. When the wave of already terminated all research there," Andrey Gagarin- "velvet" and not so velvet revolutions was rolling over skiy, deputy director of the Kurchatov Nuclear Energy

East Europe and when CEMA, the Warsaw Pact, and a Institute, says. "We will now work in Iran and China, but

further dozen joint organizations were falling apart, it this work has nothing to do with nuclear weapons: We

seemed that nothing other than a facile mutual hostility are building nuclear power stations."

linked us to our former socialist camp brothers. But, as it

turned out, there is still the International Nuclear Non- The Ministry of Security, in turn, maintains unequivoproliferation Treaty, according to which we are required cally that speaking of a "nuclear brain" drain is as yet

to supply nuclear fuel and components for all facilities unwarranted. Nonetheless, I would venture to argue: The

which we built in countries of the socialist camp. We "nuclear brain" drain began at least two years ago. In

built such nuclear stations in, for example, Bulgaria, 1986, following the signing of the Arms Reduction

Czecho-Slovakia, the GDR.... Treaty, Soviet nuclear centers sensed for the first time

the approach of perestroyka. For them this meant not

"We still supply fuel for the local nuclear electric power only the loss of their customary privileges, like 10 types

stations," Arkadiy Chuvin says, "but following the dis- of sausage in the stores, but also the appearance of the

integration of the socialist bloc, I cannot give any assur- first unemployed. Production was being wound down

ances that the uranium or plutonium which we supply to and whole laboratories and plants were being closed, and

Czecho-Slovakia will not be resold to a third party." the nuclear engineers-top-class specialists-were for

The majority of experts evaluating the incidents the first time proving unnecessary to that very country

involving the discovery of nuclear raw material in Ger- for whose sake they had voluntarily opted for a life

many, Austria, and Italy, incidentally, agree that it was behind the wire entanglements of the strictest secrecy.

obtained in just such a way. And two years ago the first individual offers of work

But the assistance rendered by the Soviet Union was by overseas appeared. Not all that profitable even but for a

no means confined to Europe. As of 1975 Soviet foreign doctor of sciences from our leading nuclear centerstrade organizations were supplying enriched uranium Arzamas-16 or Chelyabinsk-70-whose wage last spring

fuel for facilities in Libya, Iraq, Vietnam, India, Egypt, even constituted R1,500-a monthly $1,000 would

Argentina, and North Korea. The interest of Iraq or appear very attractive. Although there were among the
JPRS-TND-93-006

24 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

offers more lucrative ones also: The Islamic Jihad orga- the reliance on patriotism placed long ago by the leadernization sent Arzamas-16 a letter requesting that it be ship of the Ministry of Atomic Energy, which does not

sold one atomic bomb. Giving the parameters, the sum tire of declaring that a feeling of love for the motherland

of the transaction, and the mode of shipment. is the principal distinguishing feature of the former

Soviet "weapons engineers," will hardly be capable of

The scandal broke suddenly, as scandals do, come to containing the blows of inflation for long.

that. The rumors of the departure of "weapons engineers" to third world countries was confirmed by V. Transition to the Market Begins With a Crossing of the

Barannikov, minister of security of Russia himself. State Border

Speaking at the last Congress of People's Deputies of

Russia, he declared that employees of the former KGB About 10 years ago the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test

had prevented the departure "to a third world country" Range was preparing to carry out a test. The holes for the

of 64 specialists in the sphere of missile technology and two "items" had been prepared, the cables and sensors

nuclear weapons. It was ascertained after a while that had been laid, and the test areas had been made ready.

what was meant by a "third world country" was North But at the very last moment it was noticed that there was

Korea, and ministry employees corrected their minister only one "item." Almost two days were spent in negotislightly, reporting that it had been a question only of ations with the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of "rocket scientists." The Ministry of Atomic Energy, Medium Machine-Building, and a further dozen very

however, said altogether that this statement would serious organizations: Attempts were made to ascertain

remain on the conscience of the minister of security and at what stage it had been forgotten to ship this "item"

that no one from their ranks had "escaped" abroad. itself. Until an old shepherd showed up in the top-secret

capital of the test range, the city of Kurchatov-2 1. And "I am surprised merely by the fact that it was a question he reported that together with his flock of sheep he had

only of 64 specialists and, in addition, the fact that they come across a strange iron canister lying there in the

were unable to leave," Andrey Gagarinskiy maintains, steppe. Of some military purpose, by all accounts....

"Almost 1,000 persons from the Kurchatov Institute,

who have concluded contracts with laboratories of the This episode of the lost bomb, about which I was told by

United States, Britain, and Germany, are working over- about 10 persons at the test range, is oddly reminiscent,

seas at this time. And there are simply no obstacles although smacking of an out-and-out tall story, of the

which could keep if only some nuclear engineers in the present situation in our nuclear complex. Having

country against their wishes." announced total disarmament, termination, and nondeOpen any newspaper and you will find a heap of notices ployment, we somehow forgot about the thousands of

of private offices offering to provide a passport for people living in the numbered cities. In the last two years

overseas travel and a visa to any country in record time, production in four of them has been halted completely,

as little as 24 hours. If there is the money. So it is and two nuclear test ranges have been closed. Nuclear

perfectly sufficient for a nuclear engineer from the prov- physicists are now developing new models of refrigerainces to take leave in that same Moscow, call the number tors and manufacturing "per conversion" children's

given by the notice, and obtain all the papers. And the strollers. But this will last for a year or two, no more.

reliability of the Russian system of control was graphically demonstrated by a Swedish journalist only a month Plans to create an "Arab" nuclear bomb have already

ago. Having paid $100, he obtained an absolutely official been announced in the Near East, and it is proposed

passport for overseas travel of a citizen of Russia. producing the weapons-grade plutonium at the nuclear

power station in Syria formerly built by Soviet special-

"An official secrets act, and details of the manufacture of ists. Few people know as yet about the possibilities of the

nuclear weapons, naturally, pertain here also, has yet to nuclear engineering of Iraq and North Korea created

be adopted, and we cannot even determine who the with the direct participation of the USSR. Both native

vectors of the former are," Aleksey Kondaurov, deputy uranium and plutonium and native specialists would, I

chief of the Center for Public Relations of the Ministry am sure, be very apropos there.

of Security of the Russian Federation, says. "Or, consequently, fully guarantee the fact that specialists in I have no desire to persuade anyone of anything and I am

nuclear arms cannot leave the country." not trying to prove anything. I simply report that two

months ago a consignment of uranium weighing "only"

I am not about to maintain that just one even of the 250 kg was impounded in Poland. And the tracks led to

10,000 scientists in the possession of "nuclear secrets" of the small Udmurt town of Glazov. Removing the strastate importance can leave the country unimpeded. tegic raw material, workers of the numbered enterprise

Ultimately there is a list of their names at any border stored it in the most unlikely places: in the bathrooms of

point of Russia. But there is in addition a border their own apartments, for example. Together with the

between Azerbaijan and Iran which is 100 percent trans- laundry soap and washing powder. And the prices at

parent, there are, finally, the Baltic border states, where which this uranium was sold differed quite considerably

Russian laws do not operate but to which a Russian from the world price, what is more: a couple of bottles of

citizen may travel without any particular problems. And vodka per kilo....
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 25

Statute on Dual-Use Nuclear Export Controls the goods (work or services) acquired shall not be re93WPOO98A Moscow KOMMERSANT in Russian No exported to third countries without the written permis5, 1-7 Feb 9 3 p 2 5 sion of the exporter to do this, and agreed on a mandatory basis with the Russian Federation Export Control

["Statute on Procedure for Exports From the Russian Commission of the Russian Federation government (the

Federation of Dual-Use Equipment and Materials and Russian Export Control). Permission to re-export may

Corresponding Technologies Used for Nuclear Purposes, be obtained if the conditions listed in this clause are met.

Confirmed by Decree of the Council of Ministers- Pledges with respect to guarantees should be specially

Government of the Russian Federation of 27 January formalized with the importer in the state organ of the

1993, No. 68," preceded by unattributed report: importer country that regulates foreign economic

"Exports of Dual-Use Materials"] activity, for each specific deal for delivery of each item

[Text] The Russian government has confirmed a statute included on the List that is exported.

on control procedure for exports of dual-use equipment 5. Licensing for the export (transfer, exchange) of goods and materials and corresponding technologies used for 5.Lenigfrtexpt(rasrxcne)ogod anuclerarlpurposes. nd cospodic tehenstates uaed foroi (work or services) included on the List shall be binding nuclear purposes. In particular the statute makes provi- for all subjects of economic activity on the territory of

sion for the preparation and issue of findings on the the Russian Federation regardless of form of ownership

possibility of exporting goods included in a list approved and shall be done for all kinds of foreign trade activity,

by the president of the Russian Federation, and also for including direct production and scientific and technical

licensing and declaration of exports. Export is done only links, maritime border and land border trade, and comunder Economic one-time Relations. licenses issued by the Ministry of Foreign lity modity m ange operans in bordade and this exchange operations in accordance with this

Statute.

Statute on Procedure for Exports From the Russian The export (transfer, exchange) of goods (work or serFederation of Dual-Use Equipment and Materials and vices) included on the List shall be done only under

Corresponding Technologies Used for Nuclear Purposes, one-time licenses issued by the Russian Federation MinConfirmed by Decree of the Council of MinistersGovernment of the Russian Federation of 27 January istry of Foreign Economic Relations.

1993, No. 68. Grounds for the issue of a license shall be the finding of

3. The procedure for control of exports of goods (work or the Russian Export Control with respect to the possiservices) from the Russian Federation provides for the bility of exporting (transferring, exchanging) goods

following: (work or services).

-preparation and issue of a finding on the possibility of To obtain a finding an application should be sent to the

exporting (transferring, exchanging) goods (work or Export Control Department of the Russian Federation

services) set forth in the list of dual-use equipment and Ministry of the Economy (103009, Moscow, Okhotnyy

materials and corresponding technologies used for Row, No. 1), which is the working organ of the Russian

nuclear purposes which are exported under license, as Export Control, formulated in accordance with the

confirmed by directive No. 82 7-rp of the president of requirements established by the Russian Federation

the Russian Federation dated 28 December 1992 Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations.

(referred to hereinafter as "the List"); Copies of the understanding (contract, agreement) and a

-licensing and declaration of exports (transfers, document providing for guarantees of the importer that

exchanges). the object exported will not be used for any activity

associated with the development of nuclear explosive 4. Subjects of economic activity on the territory of the devices or activity in the field of the nuclear fuel cycle

Russian Federation or in places (points) under the j uris- not under guarantees of the IAEA shall be attached to the

diction or control of the Russian Federation regardless of application.

form of ownership entering into understandings (contracts, agreements) to export (transfer, exchange) goods A decision on issuing a finding shall be made no later

(work or services) included on the List shall on a man- than 20 days after the documents listed have been

datory basis point out that these goods (work or services) received by the department indicated.

or any copies made of them shall not be used by the In the event that it is necessary to hold consultations

importer for any activity associated with the develop- with participating governments with respect to the deciment of nuclear explosive devices or activity in the field sion of the Russian Export Control, this period may be

of the nuclear fuel cycle that are not under guarantees of extended to up to three months.

the International Atomic Energy Agency [IAEA], and

also the end users and kinds and locations of the use shall The finding shall be sent by the export control departbe indicated. ment of the Russian Federation Ministry of the

In the event that understandings (contracts, agreements) Economy to the Russian Federation Ministry of Foreign

are reached with importers engaged in their activity in a Economic Relations with a copy to the applicant.

country that is not among participating governments, The Russian Federation Ministry of Foreign Economic

obligations should also be placed on the importer that Relations shall (in the form agreed) send to the Russian
JPRS-TND-93-006

26 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

Federation Ministry of the Economy information on 2. Activity in the field of the nuclear fuel cycle not under

licenses issued on the basis of the finding, guarantees includes scientific research, development, planning, production, creation, operation, or mainte6. Export (transfer, exchange) from the Russian Federa- nance of any reactor, critical installation, conversion tion of goods (work or services) included on the List, and installation, fabricating installation, processing installaalso their re-export, may not be done in the following tion, installations used to separate isotopes in initial or

cases: fissionable materials, or separate storage installation if

-when there are proven instances of sub rosa or illegal no pledge has been taken to adopt IAEA guarantee§ on

acquisition by the importer of goods (work or services) the corresponding installation or any existing or future

used for nuclear purposes; installation containing any source or special fissionable

material or any installation producing heavy water, if no

-when there are proven instances of use by an end user pledge has been taken to adopt IAEA guarantees for any

of materials, equipment, and technology acquired nuclear material produced or used in connection with

earlier for the purpose of developing nuclear explosive the production of heavy water in any such installation, or

devices or in activity in the field of the nuclear fuel if any such pledge is not being met.

cycle not under IAEA guarantees.

7. In a case of refusal to issue a positive finding on the New Rules on Foreign Travel, Emigration

possibility of exporting (transferring, exchanging) goods 93 WPOO98B Moscow KOMMERSANT in Russian No

(work or services) included on the List, on representation 5, 1- 7 Feb 93 p 25

from the Russian Export Control the government of the

Russian Federation shall inform participating govern- ["Decree of the Russian Federation Council of Minisments of this. ters-Government No. 73 of 28 January 1993, Moscow

The Russian Export Control may not issue a positive City, on Measures To Safeguard the Right of Citizens of

The Russian thepossibilityofexport in trnssu (tn ersite the Russian Federation to Free Exit From It and Unhin- finding on the possibility of exporting (transferring, dered Return, and Improvements in the Procedure for exchanging) goods (work or services) included on the Workers' Business Trips Abroad", preceded by unattribList if they are in the main identical to goods (work or uted report: "New Rules for Traveling Abroad"]

services) for export (transfer, exchange) for which permission has been refused by another participating gov- [Text] It is the opinion of experts that the decree contains

ernment, without consultation with that government. In [eti ft is t o he n e s the dere contain

a case when a positive finding and license are issued after nothing fundamentally new. The only thing that might be

holding consultations, upon representation from the considered new is that now a notation stating that a

Russian Export Control the government of the Russian passport for travel abroad has been issued will be made in

Federation shall inform the participating government of the document proving the identity of a citizen of the

this in accordance with established procedure. Russian Federation.

8. In the export of goods (work or services) included on In connection with the extension from I January 1993 of

the List outside the Russian Federation, the exporter the force of the law of the Russian Federation "On

shall submit to the organs of state customs control the Procedure for the Exit and Entry into and from the

one-time export license issued in accordance with estab- USSR of Citizens of the USSR" dated 20 May 1991 to

lished procedure by the Russian Federation Ministry of the territory of the Russian Federation, pending passage

Foreign Economic Relations. This license shall be the of a corresponding law of the Russian Federation and

basis for customs formalities, with a view to improving the procedure for sending workers on business trips abroad, the Council of MinisThe Russian Federation State Customs Committee shall ters-Government of the Russian Federation decrees as

(in the form agreed) submit to the export control depart- follows:

ment of the Russian Federation Ministry of the

Economy and the Russian Federation Ministry of the 1. With the agreement of the Russian Federation MinNuclear Power Industry information on export outside istry of Security and Russian Federation Ministry of

the Russian Federation of goods included on the List. Foreign Affairs, the Russian Federation Ministry of

Internal Affairs shall confirm and bring into force from

In the event of violation of the requirements set forth in 30 January 1993 interim rules for the issue and formalthis Statute the exporter shall be liable in accordance ization of passports for use abroad for citizens of the

with Russian Federation law. Russian Federation. These rules will be published.

Notes Procedure for the issue and formalization of diplomatic

and service passports and passports for seamen shall be 1. Activity associated with the development of nuclear regulated by other rules.

explosive devices includes scientific research and the

development, planning, production, creation, testing, or 2. In order to obtain passports for use abroad, organizamaintenance of any nuclear explosive device and of tions engaged in business trips shall make application to

subsystems for such a device or its components. the state organs empowered to issue such documents. In
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 27

order to clarify possible grounds for temporary restric- 8. The Russian Federation Ministry of Finance together

tions on the right to leave the Russian Federation these with the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs

organs will agree matters pertaining to exit abroad with and Russian Federation Ministry of Security shall review

the organs of state security, the question of increasing the staffs of corresponding

subdivisions of the Russian Federation Ministry of 3. The right to reach decisions on the exit on business Internal Affairs and Russian Federation Ministry of

trips abroad by workers who have knowledge of infor- Security and improving their material-technical equip- mation constituting a state secret shall be granted to the ment in connection with the increase in the volume of

following: work to service Russian citizens traveling abroad, and

a) the chiefs of central organs of the federal executive shall submit appropriate proposals to the government of

power in respect of workers in those organs, and also the Russian Federation.

their enterprises, institutions, and organizations; 9. The Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs,

Russian Federation Ministry of Security, and Russian b) the chiefs of administrations in krays, oblasts, and Federation Ministry of Foreign Affairs together with the

autonomous formations and the cities of Moscow and St. Russian Federation Ministry of Justice shall submit

Petersburg or commissions set up by them for these proposals on making changes to legislation in connection

purposes, in respect of workers at enterprises, institu- with the extension of the force of the Law of the USSR

tions, and organizations located on the corresponding "On Procedure for the Entry and Exit into and from the

"territories, except for workers referred to in subclause USSR of Citizens of the USSR" to the territory of the

"a" of this clause; Russian Federation, and with the adoption of this

c) the chiefs of corresponding administrations, in respect decree.

of workers in these executive organs. [Signed] V. Chernomyrdin, chairman of the Council of

Decisions in respect of workers at enterprises, institu- Ministers-Government of the Russian Federation

tions, and organizations located on the territories of the Illegal Export of Resources Erodes Security

republics making up the Russian Federation, except for

workers referred to in subclause "a" of this clause, who 934E0109A Moscow SOVETSKA YA ROSSIYA in

have knowledge of information constituting a state Russian 13 Feb 93 p 4

secret, shall be made in accordance with the procedure [Article by S. Aksenov, head of the Coordinating

established by the governments of those republics. Working Group Under the Government of the Russian

4. Ministries and departments and enterprises, institu- Federation: "Classified: The Critical Situation in the

tions, and organizations shall within a period of 10 days Sphere of Russia's Economic Security-Billions in Emisubmit to the appropriate organs of state security their gration"]

findings on actual knowledge of a state secret, with their [Text] We present to readers' attention clear evidence

opinion as to the possibility of exit abroad, and if there describing the channels and enormous scope of the

are grounds for temporary restrictions on the right to exit unprecedented plunder and pilfering of our common prop- abroad they shall indicate the period that the restrictions erty. Published in full are the report of the competent

shall be in force. commission (only coded references to particular materials

are excluded from it) and excerpts from articles printed in 5. To establish that a notation shall be made in the various foreign publications during the days of February.

document certifying that a passport for abroad has been Each of you is free to draw your own conclusions. We will

issued to the citizen certifying that the person is a citizen merely note that the document on the condition of Russia's

of the Russian Federation. economic security was laid on the president's table; it

6. Citizens and organizations of the Russian Federation seems, however, that no lessons are being drawn from it.

shall independently make applications to diplomatic So the comments of foreign journalists, which cannot be

missions and consular establishments of foreign states in read without shame and pain, once again emphasize the

the Russian Federation to obtain visas for passports for country's leaders' unwillingness and complete inability to

abroad, stop the unprecedented plunder.

7. The Russian Federation Ministry of Foreign Affairs As a supporting element of society, economic security

and Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs shall requires the existence of a comprehensive mechanism of

hold talks with the participation of interested ministries economic, political, and law enforcement measures

and departments and with wth epatmens cmpeent competent organs rgas ofComon- of Common- which interests. are called upon to support the state's national

wealth of Independent States member states on procedure for issuing passports for abroad to citizens of the The situation which has taken shape in Russia in this

Russian Federation residing on the territory of other CIS sphere is becoming irreversible. The lack of a uniform

states, and also passports for travel abroad by citizens of concept of economic policy means that a mechanism of

those states residing on the territory of the Russian interdepartmental reconciliation to regulate all foreign Federation. The appropriate proposals shall be sub- policy actions on a scale of economic coordinates, which

mitted in accordance with established procedure. exists in all civilized countries, has not yet been launched
JPRS-TND-93-006

28 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

in our country. An axis of disagreement has appeared opens up a broad range for intrigue. One case of selling

between sectorial and political ministries because of cobalt (traced in the documents) alone clearly shows

their leaders' different understandings of the meaning of direct losses of 8 million dollars. Disgraceful things are

Russia's national interests. Foreign policy actions are in going on at enterprises and installations subordinate to

reality not at all coordinated with the interests of the the State Reserve. The preservation of strategic and

Russian economy. mobilization resources is not being properly ensured.

The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations is unable to The theft of strategic raw materials from State Reserve

offer a comprehensive foreign economic policy. The warehouses has become a regular event. It is typical that

elimination of the monopoly on foreign trade resulted in the theft of 57 tonnes of cobalt worth 342 million rubles

the breakdown of the old mechanisms for shaping a [R] was not reported to the internal affairs organs until a

uniform strategy in conditions where there are not even query on it from the Coordinating Working Group

any outlines for creating new control mechanisms. As a Under the Government was received.

result we are sustaining enormous losses both from the

fundamental lack of coordination of the activities of the Minister Anisimov, taking advantage of his official posiRussian organizations in foreign markets and from the tion, is openly lobbying the commercial structure for the

illegal actions of various persons who use this situation Soveke joint venture, which was created with the particfor personal enrichment, ipation of Finnish citizen B. Ekengren, who is mixed up

in the illegal activity of the former associates of LenfinOne gets the impression that this chaotic situation is torg and smuggling. Anisimov managed to transfer 100

being artificially supported on a fairly high state level, million U.S. dollars worth of strategic metals to the

since certain persons who are using their state posts to Soveke joint venture under economic conditions which

realize the stage of initial accumulation of capital have were very unfavorable to Russia. Licenses to export

an interest in it. The situation has become so obvious strategic metals, especially sponge titanium, were

that even in the West the question is being asked: "Why obtained at reduced prices (2,80.0 dollars per tonne

isn't the Russian leadership taking effective steps to stop instead of 4,100 dollars). On 10 April of this year Soveke

the plunder of Russia's national wealth?" Among other was issued a license to export 500 tonnes of cobalt with

things, the calculations cited by West German experts the obligation to sell at 40,00.0 dollars per tonne, while

show that this year alone Russia has sustained losses of the free market price at this time was 50,0,00 dollars per

from 10 to 15 billion dollars from the illegal outflow of tonne.

hard currency abroad. The chosen buyer of the cobalt was a small, nonspecialOur departments confirm this analysis too. The Russian ized company, TPTs, which did not offer the Russian

Federation Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions in its side any guarantees of payment for our strategic raw

report that the illegal export of raw materials, energy materials. As a result, since May of this year cobalt has

media, and especially nonferrous metals from Russia to been at the disposal of the TPTs company but has not

the Baltic and Southeast Asian regions, where a kind of been sold; so favorable conditions have been created for "nonferrous fever" has developed, has become wide- this firm to receive interest-free loans for commercial

spread. Given such a situation we cannot count on major activity at the Russian Federation's expense (using this

investments in Russia's economy. cobalt bank credits worth at least 15 million dollars can

be gotten, while simply placing the capital obtained in a On the practical level the lack of a uniform trade policy Western commercial bank yields about 500,000 U.S.

has resulted in a situation where we, after plunging the dollars).

world market in raw material goods (that is, the basic list

of our exports) to the very bottom, are in fact selling off Official appeals to Ye. Gaydar have not brought results.

our strategic resources under extremely unfavorable The leaders of the MBES [Ministry of Foreign Economic

commercial conditions. By publicly announcing forth- Relations] (Aven and Shibayev) are in fact conniving

coming purchases of foodstuffs and indicating the list, with the associations under them in plundering Russia.

we buy them at the highest prices. Moreover, the gov- Among other things Raznoimport is selling strategic

ernment's directives on sales, including of rare earth metals and causing Russia serious losses. Through

elements from the State Reserve (which are now being Raznoimport associates (especially Svanidze) who are at

actively sold), are in fact a blow to all industry, the same time members of the boards of directors of

foreign companies our competitors are obtaining in The point is that we are selling strategic reserves of advance all the commercial information on sales in

metals, many of which were produced in the republics of preparation.

the former USSR and are absent in Russia. As a result we

will be forced to buy these metals not only abroad but at Thus, for example, using its ties in the MBES leadership,

a price which will be dictated to us. Having obtained the the American firm Interlink obtains strategic metals

right of foreign economic activity in accordance with the which it resells, often on the very same day, at higher

decree of the Russian Federation government of 12 prices. These transactions are carried out shamelessly

January 1992, the Russian Federation State Reserve is in and in fact openly. The president of Interlink, I. Rakelfact plundering the state's national wealth. The executive son, after looking over documents presented to him

power's complete lack of control over this organization concerning just one cobalt deal, acknowledged the fact
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 29

that 210,000 dollars was owed to us and submitted a An objective economic evaluation of the situation

payment document whereby he committed himself to described above allows us to draw the conclusion that

compensate for the losses by transferring the money to the estimate of Russia's economic losses made by West

the Russian government's account. But when Rakelson German experts and cited above is at the very least

appealed to Minister Aven, he blocked the transfer of the correct or even too low.

money to Russia. In these conditions it is obvious that the national

A serious situation has developed with credits for the economy is on the verge of catastrophe. The squandering

sale of foodstuffs. A member of the European Commu- of the national wealth which has been undisguised since

nity Commission, P. Schmidguber, appealed to the Rus- the late 1980s has brought us to the edge. The steady

sian representatives on the matter of EEC [European decline in the resource base of industry is already having

Economic Community] credit guarantees for 500 million the opposite result-a sharp drop in the overall producecus for contracts for the purchase of meat. It shows that tion of strategic raw materials.

the prices which Prodintorg agreed upon with the suppliers were too high and not in Russia's interests. Taking into account the crisis condition of industry

Schmidguber explained to Shibayev that these contracts today, the raw material complex is a crucial source of

were improper. survival for Russia. Given the state of affairs which has

taken shape, paralysis of production in the extracting The present practice of issuing licenses for strategic raw complexes will inevitably occur, and consequently this

materials is harming Russia. They are issued at reduced source of existence of our state will be eliminated. We

prices and often there are so many intermediaries that will find ourselves in a vicious circle: the sale of raw

not only economic losses for Russia but even the "laun- materials will be needed to revive industry, and we will

dering" of money by mafia organizations cannot be ruled be unable to produce them because of the absence of the

out. necessary resource base.

There is broad opportunity for intrigue during the export In connection with the critical situation which has taken

of petroleum and petroleum products. This is the shape concerning the Russian Federation's economic

clearest example: since 2 December 1991 the Russian security, we have repeatedly appealed to G. E. Burbulis

Petroleum Company, a joint stock company with 100- and Ye. T. Gaydar.

percent foreign capital, has been conducting operations

with Russian petroleum despite the fact that under our The Coordinating Working Group Under the Governlaws the company is not really registered. As an analysis ment of the Russian Federation was created on 23 July of

of a number of contracts for the sale of petroleum and this year to prevent illegal transactions involving Ruspetroleum products shows, the capital obtained from sian strategic raw materials and to provide compensatheir sale is being used to buy consumer products, tion for losses incurred by Russia. During this period the

alcohol, chocolate, and such. group of Russian and foreign companies guilty of

inflicting losses on the Russian Federation was identi- The real scope of the Russian Federation's economic fled; the sale of unprofitable contracts for cobalt was

losses can be illustrated by the following figures: stopped; and the registration of companies which have

according to Russian Federation Ministry of Internal operated in ways detrimental to Russia's interests was

Affairs data, more than 600 tonnes of nonferrous and blocked. Moreover, a practical mechanism of cooperarare earth metals have been stolen from various enter- tion with foreign countries to prevent illegal transactions

prises and installations of the metal-producing industry; involving Russian strategic raw materials began to take

those metals include, among other things, 86 tonnes of shape.

titanium, 6.2 of molydenite, 4 tonnes of tungsten, and

3.3 tonnes of mercury. According to SVR [Foreign All this activity was cut off in connection with the

Intelligence Service] data, because of the steady influx of instruction from Ye. Gaydar who on the basis of a joint

strategic raw materials illegally exported from the Rus- complaint from Minister Anisimov and the general

sian Federation to the Western countries' markets, a director of the Soveke joint venture (whose contracts

black market in nonferrous and rare earth metals has were under expert examination by the Coordinating

formed there. Working Group) completely blocked the group's work.

According to SVR data, 2 kilograms of Os- 187 (the real An analysis of the results of the group's activity shows

price for the isotope is from 140,000 to 180,000 dollars that while structural deformations in the economy have

per gram) were imported to Finland just in September of not become irreversible, the foundation of Russia's existthis year . According to data from Swedish customs, ence must be rescued immediately.

45,000 tonnes of nonferrous metals were illegally

exported from Russia to Scandinavia in the period from It seems wise to do the following as primary "fire safety

May through September of this year through Estonia measures": put all sales of strategic raw materials under

alone. According to the estimates of the Swedish customs strict state control; bring functionaries who are making

service, Russia's losses in the form of unreceived cus- personal fortunes by robbing Russia to accountability;

toms charges alone amounted to a sum on the order of 9 stop the purchase of consumer goods and luxury items

million U.S. dollars. using strategic raw materials; and use the revenue from
JPRS-TND-93-006

30 CENTRAL EURASIA 5 March 1993

raw materials sold both to purchase food and to obtain developmental supervision over nuclear establishments.

equipment for the extracting sectors. According to an agreement signed by Russian President

In order to realize these measures, a fully-empowered Boris Yeltsin and Ukrainian President Leonid Kravcontrol mechanism which has the "right of last signa- chuk, it should have been prepared by mid-February.

ture" on all export and import transactions with strategic The marshall thinks there are forces in Ukraine,

goods must be immediately created. including in the parliament, who "out of ignorance or

ambition want to change the republic's nuclear status."

BELARUS They say that without missiles Ukraine will become "an

outsider state." The Ukrainian president, prime minShushkevich Reinforces Nuclear Weapon Policy ister, and defense minister say they will ratify START-I

0W2402164093 Moscow INTERFAX in English 1555 and the Lisbon Treaty, said Shaposhnikov.

GMT 24 Feb 93 Kiev has officially announced that it will strive toward

nuclear-free status, but it did not say what status it

[Report prepared by Andrey Pershin, Andrey Petro- maintains today. Shaposhnikov believes that stance was

vskiy, and Vladimir Shishlin; edited by Boris Grish- caused by the Ukrainian leadership's desire "to look

chenko; from the "Presidential Bulletin" feature- good before the world community and in front of their

following item transmitted via KYODO] opponents in parliament."

[Excerpt] Leader of the Belarusian Parliament Stanislav No Progress in Talks With Russia

Shushkevich has rejected offers for the sale of nuclear

and conventional weapons via broker - countries, LD2402203693 Moscow ITAR-TASS in English 2030

chairman of the parliamentary commission for national GMT 24 Feb 93

policy and CIS affairs Mikhail Slemnev said speaking in [Text] Moscow February 24 TASS-A joint Russianan exclusive interview with Interfax. Ukrainian working group set up to oversee the eliminaHe also spoke of a string of proposals by leading deputies tion of nuclear warheads held a session in Moscow on

and separate factions to declare ownership of the nuclear Wednesday to discuss the removal, transportation and

weapons deployed in the country to make the interna- elimination of nuclear warheads stationed in Ukraine,

tional community reckon Belarus as a large nuclear the press service of the Russian Foreign Ministry said.

power. The parliamentary official said that there was no At the first round of talks held in Kiev between January

change in Shushkevich's tough policy of no gambling 26-27, 1993, the Ukrainian side pledged to announce its

with nuclear weapons. position on the scale and terms of elimination of straOn the possibility of the country's joining the CIS tegic offensive weapons temporarily deployed in

collective security agreement as an associated member, Ukraine. However it failed to do so on Wednesday.

Slemnev said the issue would probably come under Moreover, it turned [out] to be unprepared to discuss

discussion at the next session of the Belarusian Parlia- this issue which is directly connected with its obligations

ment. [passage omitted] under the Lisbon Protocol obliging it to guarantee the

elimination of all nuclear weapons stationed on its

territory, including strategic offensive weapons within

UKRAINE seven years as envisaged by the START Treaty.

Reportage on Nuclear Arms Control, Supervision Such position of the Ukrainian side obstructs further

progress in the talks, the press service said.

Marshal Shaposhnikov on N-Arms

0W424021 73093 Moscow INTERFAX in English 1656RaictonfST TI GMT 24 Feb 93 0W2402165793 Moscow INTERFAX in English 1558 GMT 24 Feb 93

[Interview with Marshall Yevgeniy Shaposhnikov by [Report prepared by Andrey Pershin, Andrey PetroMarina Chernukha; place and date not given-following vskiy, and Vladimir Shishlin; edited by Boris Grishitem transmitted via KYODO] chenko; from the "Presidential Bulletin" feature-

[Text] Chief Commander of the Association of CIS following item transmitted via KYODO]

Armed Forces Marshall Yevgeniy Shaposhnikov [Text] A leading member of the parliamentary commisbelieves that if the problem of nuclear arms supervision sion on foreign affairs, Bogdan Goryn, believes that the

in Ukraine is not resolved within six months, the repub- Ukrainian president's statement as to the speedy ratifilic's nuclear establishments "will represent a threat to Uainn presie state as t peedy rTi- the health of military personnel." The radiation levels cation of the START-I treaty was "premature". "The

around nuclear wof arheasites are already much higher president said so, because his station prompts this," the than normal, he said in an interview with Interfax parliamentarian told the local press. According to him, correspondent Marina Chernukha. parliamentary debates on the politico-legal, economic and military aspects of the treaty will take a long time.

Shaposhnikov said that Russia cannot delay the devel- Goryn could not indicate even tentatively when the

opment and signing of an agreement on technical and possible ratification of START-1 might take place.
JPRS-TND-93-006

5 March 1993 CENTRAL EURASIA 31

IF [INTERFAX] Note: At one of his recent meetings Missile Commander Denies Problems

with journalists Leonid Kravchuk said: "Western con- LD2402143793 Kiev Radio Ukraine World Service

cern in connection with the process of this treaty's in Ukrainian 1300 GMT 24 Feb 93

ratification is understandable, since the emergence of

several nuclear states in the former USSR might upset [Text] A dual task-to support the high combat readithe balance of forces and call in question the agreements ness of the missile system and to guarantee the full

reached in the area of disarmament and nuclear arms nuclear safety of personnel and the local population-is

non-proliferation." "I cannot allow Ukraine to take such being resolved normally on the whole, Major General

an irresponsible step, as refusal to ratify START- 1," the Mykola Filatov, commander of the force to which strapresident said in mid February upon his return to Kiev tegic nuclear missiles are attached, and which is located

from London. Nevertheless Kravchuk dismisses the alle- in a district of the town of Pervomaysk, stated to a

gations that the West, particularly Britain and the Euro- correspondent from the Nikolayev newspaper YUZHpean Bank for Reconstruction and Development, link NAYA PRAVDA.

the issue of aid to Ukraine to the ratification of START1 by the Ukrainian parliament. The local newspaper conducted this interview with him after

In the agenda of the parliamentary session that began on an article entitled "A second Chernobyl is brewing in the

February 16 the following issues were given top priority: missile silos of Ukraine" was published in the Moscow

elections to the Constitutional Court; draft bill on the newspaper IZVESTIYA on 16 February. The situation is not

cabinet of ministers; amendments and addenda to the at all as dramatic as portrayed in the newspaper, although we

bills on the privatization of housing and on military do have our problems, Mykola Filatov continued. However,

service; amendments and addenda to the Civil and this does not at all mean, he says, that these launchers pose a

Criminal Codes. danger to the population.
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