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'Panama (Canal

%@ffucizi @atdboio

Almon, 1911 daual gone
Digitized by flhe Internet Aichive

in 2011 with funding fr om

University ot Florida, George A- Smathers Libraries with support frovi LYRASIS and the Slo

http: /wvww.achive.org/ detailspizanmcanalofficisti
Contents.

Page.

Canal Appropriations and Expenditures_- 27

Canal, Breakwaters ------- -------- 22

Canal, Dimensions ------- --------------- 5-6

Canal Force, Quarters etc ---------------- 24

Canal, Profile ---------------------------- 3

Canal, Relief Map ------------------------ 2

Canal Statistics 4----------

Canal Zone ----------------------------- 26

Culebra Cut, Cross Sections-. . 17-19-21-23

Dam, Gatun 6

Dam, Gatun, Cross Section- 9

Dam, Gatun, Spillway and Locks 

Dams, on Pacific Side -- 10

Equipment ------------ -------------- 29-30

Excavation --------------------------- 16-18

Food, Clothing etc ------------------- 25

French Equipment etc., value of ---------- 26

Lake, Gatun, Water Supply ---------------- 8

Lake, Miraflores ------------- ---------- 10

Locks---------------------------- 10-12-14

Locks, Cross Section -------------------- 11

Locks, Model of ------- ------------------ 13

Locks, wall comparison ------ ------------ 15

Relocated Panama Railroad --------------- 28

Slides --------------------------------- 16

Steam Shovel and Train (1) Capacity --------- 20
A 

(AA

474 m

- -

00-

r 7 )c
Profile of Canal

~ ------ - 3L7 "%Ltt.

0S

< 

0

z to .* 0 eN

s ic d-l o occ - 0t -tnLn

- 0

I I

~~40h

xcavd-') a M &cav~fed Aroeric-Jrs 7

c

A~t s c D Sa T

M

4 C01071w 4p 44 -41-,55o

/~~5 '-''E"/Crtr) ____ rav$ Aof Lxivatr? 147eD

NEE7ral DivAlo r Cr e v io

0- OvS
4

Canal Statistics.

Length from deep water to deep water (miles) 5

Length from shore-line to shore-line (miles). 4

Bottom width of channel, maximum (feet) 

Bottom width of channel, minimum, 9 miles, Culebra Cut (feet) -- 3

Locks, in pairs. --------- ----------------------- 12

Locks, usable length (feet) ------------------------- 

Locks, usable width (feet)---- ----------------------- -

Gatun Lake, area (square miles) ------------------- 

Gatun Lake, channel depth (feet) 85 t

4

Culebra Cut, channel depth (feet).-- --------- ------ 4

Excavation, estimate(] total (cubic yards) ---------- 182,53

Excavation, amount accomplished May 1, 1911

(cubic yards). _----------------------------137,750,52

Excavation by the French (cubic yards)---- ------- 78,14

Excavation by French, useful to present Canal,

(cubic yards). -----------------------.-. _- 29,908,000

Excavation by French, estimated value to Canal, 825,38

Value of all French property --------------- 842,79

Concrete, total estimated for Canal (cubic yards) 5,00

Time of transit through completed Canal (hours) 10 t

Time of passage through locks (hours) 3

Relocated Panama Railroad, estimated cost -------- S,00

Relocated Panama Railroad. length (miles) 4

Canal Zone, area (square miles) 4

Canal and Panama Railroad force actually at work

(about) ----------------------------- -35

Canal and Panama Railroad force, Americans

(about) 5

Cost of Canal, estimated total 8375,00

Work Date of begun completion.-------------- by Americans . . Jan. 1. 1915May 4
The Panama Canal.

THE entire length of the Canal from deep wa

in the Atlantic to deep water in the Pacific is abo

50 miles. Its length from shore-line to shore-line 

about 40 miles. In passing through it from t

Atlantic to the Pacific, a vessel will enter the approa

channel in Limon Bay, which will have a botto

width of 500 feet and extend to Gatun, a distance 

about seven miles. At Gatun, it will enter a ser

of three locks in flight and be lifted 85 feet to the lev

of Gatun Lake. It may steam at full speed throu

this lake, in a channel varying from 1,000 to 500 feet 

width, for a distance of about 24 miles, to Bas Obisp

where it will enter the Culebra Cut. It will pa

through the Cut, a distance of about nine miles, in 

channel with a bottom width of 300 feet, to Ped

Miguel. There it will enter a lock and be lowered 3

feet to a small lake, at an elevation of 54' feet abo

sea level, and will pass through this for about 1 mi

to Miraflores. There it will enter two locks in ser

and be lowered to sea level, passing out into the P

cific through a channel about 81- miles in length, w

a bottom width of 500 feet. The depth of the a

proach channel on the Atlantic side, where the max

mum tidal oscillation is 212 feet, will be 41 feet at me

tide, and on the Pacific side, where the maximu

oscillation is 21 feet, the depth will be 45 feet at me

tide.

Throughout the first 16 miles from Gatun, the wid

of the Lake channel will be 1,000 feet; then for 4 mi

it will be 800 feet, and for 4 miles more, to the northe

entrance water depthfeet. 300 of Three te fet. The levl 45 Canal. of hundred feet, depth Culebra in the and This will feet Cut the Cut width vary is will bottom at the Bas be from begins minimum that width Obispo, 85 about of to of the bottom 45 it thealf will feet Lake, channbe a wid

mT

5

t
The Panama Canal (Contintued.)

above Pedro Miguel locks and extends about 8 m

through Culebra Cut, with the exception that a

angles the channel is widened sufficiently to al

thousand-foot vessel to make the turn. The Cu

h

eight angles, or about one to every mile. The 3

foot widths are only on tangents between the tur

basins at the angles. The smallest of these ang

i

70 36', and the largest 300.

In the whole Canal there are 22 angles, the t

curvature being 600' 51'. Of this curvature, 281

are measured to the right, going south, and 319* 4t

the left. The sharpest curve occurs at Tabernilla

is 670 10'.

Gatun Dam.

The Gatun Dam. which will form Gatun Lak

b

impounding the waters of the Chagres and its t

tariEs, will be nearly l miles long, measured o

i

crest, nearly i mile wide at its base, about 400 f

wide at the water surface, about 100 feet wide at

top, and its crest, as planned, will be at an elevatio

115 feet above mean sea level, or 30 feet above the n

mal level of the Lake. Of the total length of the D

only 500 feet, or I, will be exposed to the maxi

water head of 85 feet. The interior of the Dam w

be formed of a natural mixture of sand and c

dredged by hydraulic process from pits above 

below the Dam, and placed between two large m

of rock and miscellaneous material obtained f

steam shovel excavation at various points along t

Canal. The top and upstream slope will be t

oughly riprapped. The entire Dam will co

aIbout 21 ,000,000 cubic yards of material.

The Spillway is a concrete lined opening, 

feet long and 300 feet wide, cut through a h

o

rock nearly in the center of the Dam. the botto

o

the opening being 10 feet above sea level. I

w

contain discharged flow dam, During has formed, the water advanced through fitted the the about level from with construction Spillway this sufficiently of the gates 225,000 the opening. Chagres Lake. will and cubic of to be machinery the and closed permit When Dam, yards its with theributaries for all construof Lake a regulthe concconwwtb
I aca

r-.~ u

~J~)

<V.

-~~~>s/

-~ -r
Water Supply of Gatun Lake.

Gatun Lake will impound the waters of a basin co

prising 1,320 square miles. When the surface of t

water is at 85 feet above sea level, the Lake will h

an area of about 164 square miles, and will cont

about 206 billion cubic feet of water. During ei

or nine months of the year, the lake will be kept c

stantly full by the prevailing rains, and consequen

a surplus will need to be stored for only three or f

months of the dry season. The smallest run-off o

water in the basin, during the past 21 years, as me

ured at Gatun, was about 146 billion cubic feet. I

1910 the run-off was 360 billion cubic feet, or a 

ficient quantity to fill the lake one and. a half tim

The water surface of the Lake will be maintained d

ing the rainy season at 87 feet above sea level, mak

the minimum channel depth in the Canal 47 feet. A

navigation can be carried on with about 41 feet o

water, there will be stored for dry season surplus o

five feet of water. Making due allowance for evapo

tion, seepage, leakage at the gates, and power c

sumption, this would be ample for 41 passages da

through the locks, using them at full length, or ab

58 lockages a day when partial length is used, as wo

be usually the case, and when cross filling from 

lock to the other through the central wall is employ

This would be a larger number of lockages than wo

be possible in a single day. The average number o

lockages through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal on t

American side was 37 per day in the season of na

gation of 1909, which was about eight months lo

The average number of ships passed was about 11- p

lockage. The freight carried was more than 30,000,0

tons. day, with The a Suez total Canal tonnage passed for the about year 12 of vessels 15,500,0

p
VPPCC6r bleyof rrn to b t-rtc k ted by lee t

thicknes.o ;a2olSovr Other >o d 1,k foil

t -w - - )1 --

Water Leve + AS:

.------- 

~-.$ -FInu ic 5 LL--** 

steMaterial -ft

ea --- v---- ---- - - ----

- - ----- 90.--------------- --- 

Cross Section Gatun Darn.
10

Dams on Pacific Side.

The water level of Gatun Lake, extending thro

the Culebra Cut, will be maintained at the south e

by an earth dam connecting the locks at Pedro Mi

with the high ground to the westward, about 1

feet long, with its crest at an elevation of 105 feet ab

mean tide. A concrete core wall, containing a

700 cubic yards, will connect the locks with the h

to the eastward; this core wall will rest directly 

the rock surface and is designed to prevent pe

lation through the earth, the surface of which is ab

the Lake level.

A small lake between the locks at Pedro Miguel 

Miraflores will be formed by dams connecting the w

of Miraflores locks with the high ground on either 

The dam to the westward will be of earth, about 2

feet long, having its crest about 15 feet above the w

in Miraflores Lake. The east dam will be of conc

containing about 75,000 cubic yards; will be abou5

feet long, and will form a spillway for Miraflores L

with crest gates similar to those at the Spillway ot

Gatun Dam.

The Locks.

There will be 6 double locks in the Canal; t

pairs in flight at Gatun, with a combined lift of 85 f

one pair at Pedro Miguel, with a lift of 301 feet, 

two pairs at Miraflores, with a combined lift of 

feet at mean tide. The usable dimensions of al

the same-a length of 1,000 feet, and width of 110 f

Each lock will be a chamber, with walls and flo

o

concrete, and mitering gates at each end.

The side walls will be 45 to 50 feet wide at the 

face of the floor; will be perpendicular on the face

will narrow from a point 244 feet above the floor u

they are 8 feet wide at the top. The middle wal

w

be 60 feet wide, approximately 81 feet high, and e

face will be vertical. At a point 42- feet above t

surface middlleaving 44 a "IT," tunnel feet which wide of culvert, a divided space the will at foor, down the this be into top. and19 wall three the feet 15 will center In feet stories, wide thisivide above much center at or the into galleries. the like space bottom tw topthe woptlbT
A--

CN

k' #'' 5

~~ L~

F F F F F E F F,

Cross Section of Lock Chamber and Walls Qi Locks.

A-Passageway for operators. E-These culverts run under the lock floor

B-Gallery for electric wires. and alternate with those from sidewalls.

F-Wells opening from lateral culverts into

C-Drainage gallery. lock chamber.

D-Culvert in center wall. G--Culvert in sidewalls.

Hl--Lateral culverts.
The Locks (Contiuied.),

lowest gallery will be for drainage; the middle, for t

wires that will carry the electric current to operate t

gate and valve machinery installed in the center w

and the upper will be a passageway for the opera

The lock gates will be steel structures 7 feet th

65 feet long, and from 47 to 82 feet high. They w

weigh from 300 to 600 tons each. Ninety-two le

will be required for the entire Canal, the total weig

57,000 tons. Intermediate gates will be used in t

locks, in order to save water and time, if desired

i

locking small vessels through, the gates being so pl

as to divide the locks into chambers 600 and 400 f

long, respectively. Ninety-five per cent of the ve

navigating the high seas are less than 600 feet l

In the construction of the locks, it is estimated t

there will be used approximately 4,200,000 cubic y

of concrete, requiring about the saine number of b

rels of cement.

Electricity will be used to tow all vessels into 

through the locks. and to operate all gates and va

power being generated by water turbines from t

head created by Gatun Lake. Vessels will not be p

mitted to enter or pass through the locks under t

own power, but will be towed through by electric l

motives running on cog-rails laid on the tops of t

lock walls. There will be two towing tracks for e

flight of locks, one on the side and one on the m

wall. On each side wall there will be one r

track and on the middle wall a third common to b

of the twin locks. All tracks will run continuo

the entire length of the respective flights and wie

tend some distance on the guide approach walls at e

end. The number of locomotives used will vary w

the size of the vessel. The usual number required w

be t( in itwill andto keeping the four; rest be hawser vesel, equipped two when the ahead, which and vessel entirely two with one willin astern, withinon a a permit cent slip each ril the one drui, wall, the position lockn towing imparting each towing chamber. and wall, line winto mt bTtb
13

Model of Pedro Miguel Locks.

The lock on the right is nearly filled for an u

ward lockage. Four electric locomotives are show

securely holding a 10,000-ton ship, and ready to Lo

it out of the lock, so soon as the upper gates a

opened. In the foreground is shown a protectiv

chain; at the entrance to the lock on the left 

shown a caisson in position and acting as a barrie

between the high level above and the low lev

below the lock.

On the right is shown an emergency dam in i

normal position when not in use and on the left th

other dam is shown swung in position across th

lock with the wicket girder down in readiness 

support the wickets or gates which complete th

barrier.
14

The Locks (Continued.)

taken in or paid out without actual motion of the l

motive on the track.

The locks will be filled and emptied through a 

tem of culverts. One culvert 254 sq. ft. in area of c

section, about the area of the Hudson River tun

of the Pennsylvania Railroad, extends the entire le

of each of the middle and side walls and from ea

o

these large culverts there are several smaller culv

33 to 44 sq. ft. in area, which extend under the f

of the lock and communicate with the lock cha

through holes in the floor. The large culverts are c

trolled at points near the miter gates by large v

and each of the small culverts extending from the m

die wall culvert into the twin chambers is contr

by a cylindrical valve. The large culvert in the m

dle wall feeds in both directions through late

thus permitting the passage of water from one t

lock to another, effecting a saving of water. (See c

To fill a lock the valves at the upper end are op

and the lower valves closed. The water flows from t

upper pool through the large culverts into the s

lateral culverts and thence through the holes in t

floor into the lock chamber. To empty a lock t

valves at the upper end are closed and those a

lower end are opened and the water flows into t

lower lock or pool in a similar manner. This sy

distributes the water as evenly as possible over the

tire horizontal area of the lock and reduces the dis

ance in the chamber when it is being filled or emp

The depth of water over the miter sills of the l

will be 40 feet in salt water and 414 feet in fresh w

The average time of filling and emptying a lock w

be about fifteen minutes, without opening the va

so suddenly as to create disturbing currents in t

locks or approaches. The time required to pa

according at vessel hour the The Canal which same andtime through is it a estimated time to of half can the passage all travel. in in size the the as of locks three three of ranging the a is locks vessel ship, locks estimated from an11d at on through Gatun, the 10 the at to rate 3 Pacific hoursthe and 12 of hoenas

o
15

Side Wall of Locks Compared with Six-stor

Building.
1;

Slides.

There are in all twenty-one slides along the Cul

Cut. Twelve cover areas varying from one to f

seven acres, and nine cover areas of less than one a

each, making in all a total of one hundred and f

nine acres. The largest is the Cucaracha slide, on t

east side of the Canal, which covers an area of f

seven acres., and which has broken back 1,820 feet f

the center line of the Canal. This slide, accordin

t

French records, started as early as 1884, and has g

the Americans considerable trouble since they b

work. Over two million cubic yards have been r

imoved by the Americans, and the slide is still ac

The next largest slide is a combination of two slideo

the west side of the Cut at Culebra, just north of C

tractor's Hill, covering about twenty-eight a

Over two million cubic yards have been removed f

this slide, and it is estimated that one million c

yards are still in motion. On the east side of the 

north of Gold Hill, is another large slide coverin

area of about seventeen acres which has broken b

1,200 feet from the center line of the Canal. 

416,000 cubic yards have been taken out of this 

and about three-quarters of a million more are st

i

motion. The total distance across the Cut at t

point from back to back of slides is 1,950 feet. I

over nine million cubic vards have been taken 

since July, 1905, because of slides, and over t

million cubic vards are still in motion.

Excavation.

The total excavation, dry and wet, for the Cana

originally planned, was estimated at 103,795,000 c

yards, in addition to the excavation by the Fr

coimpanies. Changes in the plan of the Canal, m

subsequently by order of the President, increased t

amount to 174,666,594 cubic yards. Of this amo

89,794,493 cubic yards were to be taken from the 

40 was section, tral July, for toslides made, Division, 1910, 39 and feet in of a for further which Culebra above which lowering 7,330,525 sea increase includes Cut, the level for bottom cu of in the bic silting 7,871,172 the yards Culebra of Chagres in the were the cubic Canal Cut. Chasecto yaIf
H'pesf prje of eJxcbA a

CILEBMA CUT

Cross Section at Gold Hi17

Sedwa,'"L 75'

H7i'es pot of excavation, noA de. 534 feet above sea 4vei g - + 1

flIghes p~.t, joldt sd?, 410 1eot aboue jea level ir

hffSes po5 on center ikp, 312feet abovw sea I"___

C'po'edi tlSt-. All + 40
Is

Excavation (Contulued.)

These additions increased the estimated total e

vation to 182,53 7,766 cubic yards. Active excava

work on a large scale did not begin until 1907, w

15,765,290 cubic yards were removed. In 1908, 

37,000,000 cubic yards were removed, and in 

over 35,000,000, making a total for the two years of 

72,000,000 cubic yards, or a monthlv average for t

two years of 3,000,000 cubic yards. In 1910, 

31,000,000 cubic yards were removed, the mon

average exceeding 2,600,000 cubic yards. The t

for these three years was nearly three-fifths of t

entire excavation for the Canal. Records of all e

vation to May 1, 1Q11, are appended:

Bv French Companies ------------- ----------- 78,14

French excavation useful to present Canal- . 29,90

By AmericansDry excavation. . 84,112,947

-redges. 50,976,485

135,08

May 4 to December 31, 1904 243,472

January 1 to December 31, 1905------ 1,799,227

January i to December 31, 1906 ----- 4,948,497

January 1 to December 31, 1907----- 15,765,290

January 1 to December 31, 1908---- 37,116,735

January 1 to December 31 1909 ----- 35,096,166

January 1 to December 31, 1910 ----- 31,437,677

January 1 to May 1, 1911 -------- . 11343,456

EXCAVATION BY DIVISIONS.

May 4, 1904 to May 1, 1911.

Divisions. Amount excavated. Remaining to b

excavated.

AtlanticDry excavation 8,001,503 31,54S,718 271,551

Dredges_.-. 23,547,215 3 11,537,076 11,308

CentralCulebra Cut. 62,814,749 4 1,'71,975 2 All Pacifc- Drvredges. Grand other excavation totals points 28,302,852 11,761,299 3,322,902 ) 137:750,520 3)1,625,754 , 1, 3,057,240, 7,372,409 176,995 44,787

10,429
BAS OBISPO C

Cross Sectto

*Msn BID+50

og~~$o bwaS~

6

zoo

West B

skfl F# 0 to ro A0EA U

4 0

iQ9
90

Capacity of Steam Shovels and Dirt Tra

There are several classes of steam shovels en

in excavating work, equipped with dippers rang

i

capacity from 1 cubic yards to 5 cubic yards, 

trenching shovel, which has a dipper with a ca

of i of a cubic yard.

Each cubic yard, place measurement. of av

rock weighs about 3,900 pounds; of earth, about 3

pounds; of "the run of the cut," about 3,600 p

and is said to represent about a two-horse cart l

Consequently, a five cubic yard dipper, when f

carries 8.7 tons of rock, 6.7 tons of earth, and 8.0

t

of "the run of the cut."

Three classes of cars are used in hauling spo

cars with one high side, which are unloaded by p

operated by a cable upon a winding drum, an

t

kinds of dump cars, one large and one small. T

capacity of the flat cars is 19 cubic yards; that o

t

large dump cars, 17 cubic yards, and that of the 

dump cars, 10 cubic yards. The flat car train i

dinarily composed of 20 cars in hauling from th

c

at Pedro Miguel, and of 21 cars in hauling from t

c

at Matachin. The large dump train is compo

o

27 cars, and the small dump train of 35 cars.

The average load of a train of flat cars, in h

the mixed material known as "the run of the cu

i

610.7 tons (based on a 20-car train); of a train of l

dump cars, 737.68 tons, and of a train of small (l

562.5 tons.

The average time consumed iin unloading a tr

O

flat cars is from 7 to 15 minutes; in unloading a t

of large dump cars, 15 to 40 minutes; and in unlo

a train of small dump cars, 6 to 56 minutes. T

large dump cars are operated by compressed air p

furnished by the air pumIip of the locomotie, whi

I

small (lump cars are operated by hand.

The record day's work for one steam shove

w

that of March 22, 1910, 4,823 cubic yards of r

were of day,ily ped (place 11, 79,484 1911, with run333 record measurement), to orange when cubicloaded and in 51 yards, the from peel trains steam Central buckets the or or and shovels 127,742 dumping 8,395 Division as excavated tons. many and tons. grounds. 2 was cranes emptyan The Durinon aggrhMet
NORTH OF EMPIRE-CUNETTE A

Cross Section at warning Poz>

Orft" as

Arta 

tc66 

0x

AxVxe wPrenc

___ ___ Of _ Wa_ E 40 +_ 

-- o tho A
22

Breakwaters.

Breakwaters are under construction at the Atl

and Pacific entrances of the Canal. That in L

Bay, or Colon harbor, extends into the bay from T

Point at an angle of 42 degrees and 53 min

northward from a base line drawn from Toro P

to Colon light, and will be 10,500 feet in lengt

11,700 feet, including the shore connection, w

width at the top of fifteen feet and a height above m

sea level of ten feet. The width at the bottom w

depend largely on the depth of water. It will co

approximately 2,840,000 cubic yards of rock, the c

being formed of rock quarried on the mainland n

Toro Point, armored with hard rock from Porto B

Work began on the breakwater in August, 1910

on May 1, 1911, the fill had been extended 4,214 f

The estimated cost is $5,500,000. A second b

water has been proposed for Limon Bay, but this p

of the project has not been formally acted upon. T

purpose of the breakwaters is to convert Limon B

into a safe anchorage, to protect shipping in the h

bor of Colon, and vessels making the north entr

to the Canal, from the violent northers that are l

to prevail from October to January, and to redu

t

a minimum the amount of silt that may be washed i

the dredged channel.

The breakwater at the Pacific entrance will ex

from Balboa to Naos Island, a distance of about 1

feet, or a little more than three miles. It will lie f

900 to 2,700 feet east of and for the greater p

o

the distance nearly parallel to the axis of the C

prism; will vary from 20 to 40 feet in height a

mean sea level, and will be from 50 to 3,000 f

wide at the top. It is estimated that it will co

about 18,000,000 cubic yards of earth and roc

of which will be brought from Culebra Cut. I

i

constructed cross shallow second, Work it had currents was been harbor to begun insure constructed for that of on two-fold a would it Panama i more May, for carry a quiet purpose; into distance 1908. soft the harbor material On of Canal first, 13,000 May at to from chaBa1, dft
SUSPENSION BRIDGE-EPIRE

Cross Secion

Starv" 1704

L i

Srcet waler E. + 85
2.1

Canal Force, Quarters and Supplies.

The Canal force is recruited and housed by t

Quartermaster's Department which has two ge

branches, labor and quarters, and material and 

plies. Through the labor and quarters branch t

have been brought to the Isthmus 43,432 labore

o

whom 11,797 came from Europe, 19,448 from B

bados, the balance from other islands in the W

Indies and from Colombia. No recruiting is req

at present, the supply of labor on the Isthmus b

ample.

On May 1, 1911, the total force of the Isth

Canal Commission and Panama Railroad Com

actually at work, was divided as follows:

Gold Silver T

Isthmian Canal Commission . 4,540 23,592 2

Panama Railroad Company (proper) 467 3,639 4

Panama Railroad Relocation.-. 121 2,201 2

Panama Railroad Commissary. 219 Soo 

Totals. . 5,347 30,232 3

The gold force is made up of the officials, cl

force, construction men, and skilled artisans ot

Isthmian Canal Commission and the Panama Rai

Company. Practically all of them are Ameri

The silver force represents the unskilled labore

o

the Commission and the Panama Railroad Com

Of these, about 4,500 are Europeans, mainly 

iards, with a few Italians and other races. T

remainder, about 25,000, are West Indians, 

3,700 of whom are employed as artisans receivin

20, and 25 cents, and a small number, 32 an4

cents, an hour. The standard rate of the West In

laborer is 10 cents an hour, but a few of these d

work of an exceptional character are paid 16 an

2

cents. The larger part of the Spaniards are pa

2

steamer cents geral mission atre The $4,500,000. purchased an material storehouses and each hour, Panama day. annually, and About and the a supply Railroad stock rest $12,000,000 requiring 16 of branch cents supplies valued th worth an carries discharge approximhour. for of the in supoeC
Food, Clothing and Other Necessaries.

The Canal and Panama Railroad forces are sup)IitLd

with food, clothing and other necessaries through the

Subsistence Department, which is divided into two

branches-Commissary and Hotel. It does a business

of about seven million five LIundred thousand dollars

per annum. The business done by the Commissary

Department amounts to about 86,000,000 per

annum, and that done by the hotel branch to about

$1,500,000 per annum.

The Commissary system consists of 22 general stores

in as many Canal Zone villages and camps along the

relocated line of the Panama Railroad. It is estimated

that with employes and their dependents, there are

about 65,000 people supplied daily with food, clothing, and other necessaries. In addition to the retail

stores, the following plants are operated at Cristobal

cold storage, ice making, bakery, coffee roasting, ice

cream, laundry and packing department.

A supply train of 21 cars leaves Cristobal every

morning at 4 a. m. It is composed of refrigerator

cars containing ice, meats and other perishable articles, and ten containing other supplies. These are

delivered at the stations along the line and distributed

to the houses of emlploves by the Quartermaster's

Department.

The hotel branch maintains the Hotel Tivoli at

Ancon, and also 18 hotels along the line for white

gold employes at which meals are served for thirty

cents each. At these t8 hotels there are served

monthly about 200,000 meals. There are sixteen

messes for European laborers, who pay 40 cents per

ration of three meals. There are served at these

messes about 270,000 meals per month. There are

also operated for the West Indian laborers fourteen

kitchens, at which they are served a ration of three

meals The messes other exclusive amount 100,000 supplies expenses for and to meals of 27 kitchens about the for about cents servedevenue one $105,000. $17,500. per cost month monthly ration. about fromThe for $85,000; the at There monthly the these Hotel line are labor kitchensreceiptsTivolihotelsabouand
Value of the $40,000,000 French Purchas

A careful official estimate has been made by 

Canal Commission of the value to the Commis

at the present time of the franchises, equipm

material, work done, and property of various k

for which the United States paid the French C

Company $40,000,000. It places the total valu

$42,799,826, divided as follows:

Excavation, useful to the Canal, 29,708,000

cubic yards-.------------ - .-- . $25,389,24

Panama Railroad Stock . 9,644,32

Plant and material, used and , (d for scrap 2,112,06

Bulil ings, used------- ------- ----------------- 2,054,2

Surveys, plans, maps and record I .-- ------------- 2,000,0

Land ------ ------------------ . . . . 1,000,000.00

Clearing, rmads, etc. -------------- 100,00

Ship channel in Panama Bay, i; yea- r usv. 500,00

Total ----------- ----------------- S42,799.82

The Canal Zone.

The Canal Zone contains about 448 square m

It begins at a point three marine miles from mean 

water mark in each ocean, adi(1 extends for five m

on each side of the center line of the route of the Ca

It includes the group of islands in the Bay of Pan

named Perico, Naos, Culebra. and Flamenco. 

cities of Panama and Colon are excluded from 

Zone, but the United States has the right to enfo

-;anitary ordinances in those cities, and to main

public order in them in case the Republic of Pana

should not he able, in the jt(gent of the Uin

StIates, to do so.

Of the 448 square miles of Zone territory, the Un

States owns the larger portion, the exact amoun

which is being determined by stirvey. Under 

treaty with Panama. the Utnited States has the r

to acquire by purchase, or by the exercise of the r

constriction, of protection time which r emi other acqutire neilit are properties owned of domain, the 1naitnt the by Canal, lands enance, any necessa private lands, withiii and ry operation, persons. it and buildings, can,. theconvenient therefore, Zoin san water itation, boundafor at rig
Canal Appropriations and Expenditures.

APPROPRIATIONS

Payment to the New Panama Canal Company- $40,000,000

Payment to Republic of Panama 10,000,000

Appropriation, June 28, 1902. 10,000,000

Appropriation, December 21, 1905 11,000.000

Deficiency, February 27, 1906 - 5,990,786

Appropriation June 30, 1906 25,456415

Appropriation, March 4. 1907 -- 27,161 ,367

Deficiency, February 15, 1908 12,178,900

Appropriation, May 27, 1908 - 29,187,000

Deficiency, March 4, 1909 - 5,458,000

Appropriation, March 4, 1909 - 33,638,000

Deficiency, February 25, 1910 76,000

Appropriation, June 25, 1910 - 37,855,000

Private Act. Relief of Elizabeth G. Martin 1,200

Private Act. Relief of Marcellus Troxell 1,500

Private Act. Relief of W. L. Miles --------------- 1,704

Private Act. Relief of Chas. A. Caswell 1,056

Appropriation, March 4, 1911 - 45,500,000

Total .- --. .8293,566.,28.7

CLASSIFIED EXPENDITURES TO APRIL 1, 1911

Department of Construction and Engineering- 108,841,789

Department of Construction of Engin'ring-Plant 8,581,385

Department of Sanitation --------------------- 12,775,053

Department of Civil Administration . 4,714,030

Panama Railroad, Second Main Track ----------- 1,125,766

Panama Railroad, Relocated Line --------------- 6,331,631

Purchase and Repair of Steamers -- 2,657,384

Zone Water Vorks and Sewers -- 4,365,053

Zone Roadways ------------- ----------------- 1,512,869

Loans to Panama Railroad 3,247,332

Construction and Repair of Buildings,------------9949,267.23

Purchase from New Panama Canal Company 40,000,000

Payment to Republic of Panama --------------- 0,000,000

Miscellaneous. 4,127,106

Total-. 218,228,670

The balances carried in expenditure accounts, whi

are included in the last item above, for water work

sewers unexpended in penditures $334,965.56, quarter Colon theamounted cities and ended on pavements balancein of including water March Panama altogether works, 31. the transfer in and appropriation the sewers Colon, to cities of $2,146,695.52. and appropriations available of pave.ments for Panama sanitatio

for Tw

a

ef
2,S

Relocated Panama Railroad.

The new, or relocated line of the Panama Railro

is 47.1 miles long, or slightly shorter than the old li

From Colon to Mindi, 4.17 miles, and from Corozal t

Panama, 2.83 miles, the old location is used, but the r

maining 4( miles are new road. From Mindi to Gat

the railroad runs, in general, parallel to the Canal, a

ascends front a few feet above tide water elevation t

nearly 95 feet above. At Gatun the road leaves t

vicinity of the Canal and runs eastalong the valley of t

Gatun River to a point about 4'- miles from the cen

line of the Canal, where it turns southward again a

skirts the east shore of Gatun Lake to the beginning 

Culebra Cut, at Bas Obispo. In this section there 

several large fills, occurring where the line crosses t

Gatun Valley and near the north end of Culebra C

where the line was located so as to furnish waste dum

for the dirt from the Canal. Originaliv it was i

tended to carry the railroad through Culebra Cut 

a 40-foot berm, 10 feet above the water level, but t

numerous slides have made this plan impracticab

and a line is now being constructed around the C

known locally as the (old Hill Line. Leaving t

berm of the Canal at Bas Obispo, the Gold Hill L

gradually works into the foot hills, reaching a distan

from the center line of the Canal of two miles oppos

Culebra; thence it runs down the Pedro Miguel V

lev to Paraiso, where it is only 800 feet from the cen

line of the Canal. This section of the line is loca

on maximum grade of 1.25 per cent. compensated, a

has a total length of 9' miles. The sharpest curve 

the whole line is 7'. From the south end of Culeb

Cut at Paraiso, the railroad runs practically para

with the Canal to Panama, with maximum grade 

0.45) per cent. Where the railroad crosses the Gat

River, a bascule steel bridge is to be erected. and 

steel girder bridge, i mile long, with 200-foot throu

truss at Gamboa. channel span, Small is in use across the Chagres Ri

new concrete feet longine is has culverts. estimated been built streams Near at through S9,000,000. Miraflores, are crossed a hill. a on Total tunnel reinforccst 7
Equipment.

CANAL SERVICES.

Steam shovels:

105-ton, 5 cubic yard zipperss 14

95-ton, 4 and 5 cubic yard zipperss --------------- 32

70-ton, 22 and 3 cubic yard -ippers ---------- 35

66-ton, 22 cubic yard dippers - ------------

45-ton, 13 cubic yard dippers -------------------- 10

26-ton ----------------------------------------

Trenching shovel, cubic yard dipper---------- 1

Total. 

Locomotives:

American:

106 tons 99

105 tons - 39

117 ton - 20

French:

20 tons 5

26 tons 46

27 tons 9

30 tons ----------------------------------- 42

Decauville 10

Narrow gag , American, 16 tons ------ ----------- 33

Electric--------------------- ---------------- 12 4

Total ------------------------------------------ 3

Drills:

Mechanical churn, or well --------------------- 265

Tripod-- - ----------- --------------- 295

Total ---------------------------------------- 

Cars:

Flat, used with unloading plows -------- -------- 1802

Steel dumps, !arge ----------------- ----------- 600

Steel dumps, small --------------------------- 1200

Ballast Wooden Steel Narrow Motor Pay Total Car flats dumps gage dumps ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------- 500 200251261 4,3
:30

Spreaders 

Track shifters 

Unloaders ---- ---------------------------------------- 

Pile drivers .-------------------------- ------------ 

Dredges:

French ladder ---------------------------------- 7

Dipper -------------------------------------- 3

Pipe-line ----- --------------------------------- 7

Sea going suction ------------------------------- 2

Clam shell ------------------------------------- 1

Total ---------------------------------------- ---

Cranes - ------------- ------------------ _ -------- 

Rock breaker ------------------------------- -------- 

Tugs ----------------- ------ -------------- 

Tow boat 

House boats 

Clapets 

Pile driver, floating -- - 

Crane boat 

Barges, lighters and scows 

Launches 

Cutters 

Drill boats 

PANAMA RAILROAD

Locomotives:

Road, (12 oil burners). .------------------- 36

Switch -------------------------------------- 34

Total ------------------------------ -

Cars:

Coaches ----------------------------------- 57

Freight. ------------------------------------ 1477

Total --------------------------------------- 1

Locomotive crane --- -------------------------------- 

Pile driver, track ---------------------------- 

Pile driver, floating _ ------------------- 

Tugs.--. ----------------------------------------------- 

Lighters:

Coal, all steel-.-. -------------------------------- 5

Cargo, Total---------------- steel and iron-------------------------- . --. 13 8
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