TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-13-00704-CV

Karen Kuester, Appellant

v.

Ivor Green, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 200TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-FM-12-006430, HONORABLE PAUL R. DAVIS, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

In two issues, Karen Kuester appealsfrom a summary judgment in favor ofIvor Green

in a suit for divorce involving an alleged common-law marriage. We will affirm.

BACKGROUND

Kuester and Green started dating in 2001. In 2002, Kuester ended the relationship

because Kuester wanted to get married and Green did not. Green later asked Kuester to get back

together, and in 2004, Kuester moved in with Green. Kuester and Green never participated in a

formal wedding ceremony, and no Texas marriage license was ever issued to them.

In May2010, Kuester andGreen ceased living together. Overtwo years later, Kuester

sued Green for divorce and for additional causes of action. Kuester asserted that she had been in a

common-law marriage with Green since 2004. Green denied that he had ever been married to Kuester.
Green filed a motion for summary judgment on the divorce claim, which the trial

court granted. The court then severed all of Kuester’s claims not governed by the Texas Family

Code into a separate cause of action. This appeal from the trial court’s summary judgment followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s grant ofsummary judgment de novo. Valence Operating Co.

v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). When, as here, a trial court grants summary judgment

but does not specify the grounds for granting the motion, we must uphold the judgment if any of the

grounds asserted in the motion and preserved for appellate review are meritorious. Provident Life

& Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003). In reviewing a trial court’s ruling

on summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge

every reasonable inference and resolve all doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Id. To prevail on a

traditional motion for summary judgment, the moving party must establish that there is no genuine

issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).1

Kuester responded to Green’s motion for summary judgment as though Green had asserted 1

only no-evidence grounds and raises only no-evidence grounds on appeal. See Tex. R. Civ.

P. 166a(i). Because he filed a motion for summary judgment on traditional grounds, Green claims

that Kuester has waived her right to complain on appeal that the trial court erred in granting this

motion. We will assume, without deciding, that Kuester has not waived her ability to respond to

Green’s traditional grounds, and we will consider whether Kuester has raised a genuine issue of

material fact on each element of her claim. To the extent Green’s motion also raised no-evidence

grounds, we need not consider them because the traditional grounds are dispositive. See Poag v.

Flories, 317 S.W.3d 820, 825 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. denied) (“Although when both

no-evidence and traditional summaryjudgment motions are filed we usuallyaddress the no-evidence

motion first, here we will review the propriety of granting the traditional summary judgment first

because it is dispositive.”) (citation omitted).

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A defendant who conclusively negates at least one of the essential elements of a cause of action is

entitled to summary judgment. See Nall v. Plunkett, 404 S.W.3d 552, 555 (Tex. 2013).

“An informal or common-law marriage exists in Texas if the parties (1) agreed to be

married, (2) lived together in Texas as husband and wife after the agreement, and (3) represented to

others that they were married.” Burden v. Burden, 420 S.W.3d 305, 308 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

2013, no pet.); see Tex. Fam. Code § 2.401(a)(2). “A common-law marriage does not exist until

the concurrence of all three elements.” Eris v. Phares, 39 S.W.3d 708, 713 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).

We also note that Kuester sued Green for divorce more than two years after their

separation. Therefore, there is a rebuttable presumption that they were never married. See Tex.

Fam. Code § 2.401(b) (providing that if a proceeding in which an informal marriage is to be proved

“is not commenced before the second anniversary of the date on which the parties separated and

ceased living together, it is rebuttably presumed that the parties did not enter into an agreement to

be married”). This presumption requires the trier-of-fact to conclude, in the absence of evidence,

that the parties never agreed to be married, and, at the summary-judgment phase, “the resisting

party must come forward with evidence sufficient to neutralize the effect of the presumption in

order to properly allow the case to proceed to trial.” Amaye v. Oravetz, 57 S.W.3d 581, 584 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).

DISCUSSION

Green produced the following summary-judgment evidence:

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• Green’s affidavit asserting that he never agreed to be married to Kuester,

never lived with Kuester as husband and wife, and never held himself out as

married to Kuester.

• A general warranty deed showing that in 2004, after moving in with Green,

Kuester sold her home and indicated that she was “an unmarried person.”

• A trust agreement Green executed in August 2004, after Kuester had moved

into his residence, which contained the following statement: “For purposes

of this Trust Agreement, [Green] and [Kuester] shall not be considered

married, formally or informally, unless they are formally married after the

issuance of a wedding license and pursuant to a formal wedding ceremony

conducted by an authorized person pursuant to the laws of any applicable

jurisdiction.” The trust agreement provided for Kuester in different ways

depending on whether Kuester and Green were married, living together, or

separated at the time of Green’s death.

• IRS income tax returns indicating that Kuester designated her filing status as

“Single” for the years 2004 and 2007–2010. Kuester also amended her 2009 2

tax return to claim a first time home buyer’s credit, and she indicated on the

form that she was single.

• An email from 2006 in which Kuester sought legal counsel to draft a

prenuptial agreement. Kuester wrote the following: “I’m looking forsomeone

to explain my rights as a ‘domestic partner’, write a prenup for me & Ivor

(whose attys will then go over), and a will for me.” In a later email, Kuester

wrote: “Do you want to do the prenup and I’ll still go with Sarah for the

domestic partnership rights? The reason I’m still pursuing that is because I

still want to know where I stand in case he gets cold feet. Again.”

• Kuester’s will, which was executed in 2007 and stated that she was “not

married.”

• A general warranty deed showing that in 2009 Kuester purchased a home in

her name alone.

• A police report showing that in 2010, when Kuester and Green separated, the

police were summoned after Kuester accidentally discharged a firearm.

 Kuester’s tax returns for other years do not appear in the record. 2

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Kuester told the police that “she and her ‘life partner’ were going thr[ough]

a sep[a]ration.”

• Kuester’s revised will, which was executed in July 2011 and stated that she

was “not married.” Kuester executed another revised will in October 2011

and again indicated that she was “not married.”

• A 2011 emailfrom Kuesterto Green, in which Kuestertold Green that she was

going to keep the “we are not going to get married” ring he had given her.

• Medical forms from 2012, in which Kuester indicated that she was single.

This evidence conclusively negates the first element of Kuester’s claim because it

establishes that Green and Kuester did not agree to be married. Kuester refers to herself as single

in a number of documents completed throughout the course of their relationship. More importantly,

these documents are accompanied by Green’s 2004 trust agreement, in which he explicitly stated

that he did not consider himself to be and should not be considered married to Kuester unless they

were formally married at a later date, and a 2006 email from Kuester, in which Kuester sought a

prenuptial agreement because she believed that Green may continue to have “cold feet” about getting

married. Kuester’s email implies that the couple was not presently married and expresses doubts

that they ever would be.

In response to Green’s motion, Kuester submitted the following evidence:3

• An affidavit in which Kuester asserted the following:

Green objected to certain evidence submitted by Kuester, and the trial court sustained 3

those objections. In her second issue on appeal, Kuester challenges the court’s evidentiary rulings.

However, we conclude that any error was harmless because it did not cause the rendition of an

improperjudgment. SeeTex.R.App. P. 44.1(a). We considerthe excluded evidence in our discussion

below to illustrate this point. We therefore overrule Kuester’s second issue.

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• When Kuester and Green began dating, Green was Kuester’s

supervisor.

• After dating Green for about one year, Kuester ended the relationship

because Green initially showed hesitation about marrying her.

• Green later initiated a conversation with Kuester in which he stated

that he wanted to get back together. Green made several promises,

including that they were to be married and that he would take care of

Kuester for the rest of her life. Green and Kuester agreed that they

would sell their individual houses and buy a new home together.

Kuester stated in her affidavit, “I left our meeting that day believing

that we had just agreed to and committed to spending the rest of our

lives together as husband and wife.”

• About a year later, Kuester moved into Green’s residence. She also

quit her job because Green wanted her “to fill the more traditional

role of being a domestic housewife.” Kuester was willing to leave

her job and benefits because Green had expressed that they would be

together forever and that he would take care of her even if they “got

sick.” Kuester stated, “I believed he was communicating to me that

we were informally married, and that we were, in fact, married.”

• Relying on Green’s assurances, Kuester sold her home in 2004. She

also disposed of many of her personal belongings.

• Kuester visited Green’s mother in her final days and, after her death,

comforted Green’s father.

• Kuester and Green were close with each other’s families. Green’s

father referred to Kuester as being “like a daughter,” and Kuester’s

niece referred to Green as “Uncle Ivor.” Green’s grandchild referred

to Kuester as “Grandma.”

• “There are also many instances where Ivor is referred to as my

husband, either by me or by a member of the community.”

• Green purchased an engagement ring and wedding ring for Kuester,

and Kuester wore them almost every day.

• Kuester took care of their home and was an authorized user on one of

Green’s accounts.

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• Kuester and Green “went everywhere together” and “did everything

together.” They spent holidays together, vacationed together, and

shopped together.

• At a social gathering, a family friend asked Green if she could put

Kuester’s “name in ink” in her address book, and Green said “yes.”

• Kuester oversaw an expensive remodel of their home.

• When Kuester began to suffer from physical and mental illness,

Green removed her possessions from the home. When Kuester

attempted to reenter the house, Green called the police and told them

that Kuester was not his wife.

• “Prior to Ivor throwing me out, I knew that Ivor had agreed to and

that we were living as husband and wife. But, I was concerned that

we had not been formally married, with a license. I was concerned at

times about the legal consequences and difficulties should Ivor

change his mind concerning our relationship. I approached Ivor

several times about formalizing our marriage. He always replied,

‘We don’t need a ceremony to show our love.’ He would also say,

‘Don’t worry, I am going to take care of you for the rest of your life’.”

• “I always felt that we were married. Ivor always confirmed that

belief.”

• “Ivor never once said he did not want to marry me. He never once

said that we were not married. He did say that I did not need to

worry, that we would always be together, and that he would always

love, care, and support me.”

• “I always knew we were married—that was our agreement and that

was how we lived our lives.”

• A series of emails between Kuester and a jeweler in which Kuester referred

to her “computer genius husband” and referred to Green’s relatives as her

“daughter-in-law and grandson,” and the jeweler referred to Green’s

grandchild as Kuester’s “grandson.”

• An email from Kuester to a Cathy Negrel in which Kuester refers to Green

as her husband.

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• An email from a Cindy Kunkel to Kuester in which Kunkel states, “I hope

you and your husband had a lovely weekend.”

• An email from Kuesterto a hotel in which Kuesterstates, “My husband loved

the bed so much he wants us to buy one just like it.”

• Architectural blueprints for the remodel of the home, which contain the label,

“Mr. Green & Mrs. Kuester.”

We conclude that Kuester has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact as

to whether she and Green agreed to be married. Kuester has not presented more than a scintilla

of evidence that she and Green “intended to have a present, immediate, and permanent marital

relationship and that they did in fact agree to be husband and wife.” See Eris, 39 S.W.3d at 714;

see also Burden, 420 S.W.3d at 308 (“To establish that the parties agreed to be husband and wife,

it must be shown that they intended to create an immediate and permanent marriage relationship,

not merely a temporary cohabitation that may be ended by either party.”). Instead, Kuester has

presented evidence only that she wished to marry Green, that Green promised her that they would

get married, and that Green assured Kuester that he would take care of her for the rest of her life.

Although an agreement to marry may be established by circumstantial evidence, see Russell v.

Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex. 1993), “an occasional uncontradicted reference to a cohabitant

as ‘my wife’ or ‘my husband’ or ‘mine’ will not prove a tacit agreement to be married without

corroboration.” Id. at 932 (quoting Joseph W. McKnight, Family Law: Husband and Wife, 44

Sw. L.J. 1, 3 (1990)). While Kuester may have subjectively believed that she was married to Green,

there is no evidence that Green believed they were married, and the summary-judgment record is

filled with conclusive proof that Kuester and Green never reached an accord in that regard. Kuester

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has failed to overcome the statutory presumption that they were never married, and the trial court

did not err in granting summary judgment to Green on this basis.

We also conclude that Kuester has failed to produce sufficient evidence to raise a fact

question as to whether she and Green held themselves out as married. “The element of holding out

requires more than occasional references to each other as ‘wife’ and ‘husband.’” Smith v. Deneve,

285 S.W.3d 904, 910 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). Kuester submitted evidence that Green

purchased rings for her and that Kuester wore the rings often. However, this evidence alone does

not raise a fact question. See id. (holding that “Smith did not adduce evidence of holding out

sufficient to raise a genuine fact issue” even though Smith testified that Deneve had accepted his ring

and they had been introduced by others as husband and wife). In addition, Kuester asserted in her

affidavit that she and Green were close to each other’s families, and she produced emails in which

Green is referred to as her husband. However, Kuester did not indicate the frequency of the

representations of Green as her husband. See Castillon v. Morgan, No. 05-13-00872-CV, 2015 WL

1650782, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 14, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“She testified that she and

Castillon ‘represented ourselves as married,’ but she presented no evidence of the frequency of this

representation.”). Nor did Kuester produce any evidence that Green himself ever referred to her

as his wife. See Lee v. Lee, 981 S.W.2d 903, 907 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, no pet.)

(noting that only one party held out as married); Winfield v. Renfro, 821 S.W.2d 640, 651 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied) (same). Nor did Kuester bring forward a single friend

or a member of either family to testify that she and Green held themselves out as married. See

Ex parte Threet, 333 S.W.2d 361, 364–65 (1960) (“Under the Texas decisions, there can be no secret

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common law marriage as such. The secrecy is inconsistent and irreconcilable with the requirement

of a public holding out that the couple are living together as husband and wife.”).

Kuester failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact concerning two of the required

elements of a common-law marriage. Indeed, both Green’s and Kuester’s evidence demonstrates

that,farfrom agreeing tomarryKuester, Green carefullystructured theirrelationship to avoidmarriage

or any unconditional commitment. Therefore, the trial court did not errin granting summary judgment

in Green’s favor. Accordingly, we overrule Kuester’s first issue on appeal.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment.

__________________________________________

Scott K. Field, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Field

Affirmed

Filed: August 20, 2015

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