NBS MONOGRAPH 35

National Bureau oX' olandards

library, K.W. Bldg

JUL 3 1962

Bibliography and Index on Vacuum and

Low Pressure Measurement

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with

these standards; the determination o,f physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods

and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and

the development of standard practices, codes and specifications. The worlc includes basic and applied research,

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scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

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Oflfice, Washington, D.C.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Bibliography and Index on Vacuum and

Low Pressure Measurement

W. G. Brombacher

National Bureau of Standards Monograph 35

Issued November 10, 1961

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 60 cents
National Bureau of Stand;

J UN 2 1955

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Cop ' 2-
Foreword

Preparation of this bibliography and index on vacuum and low

pressure was undertaken to fill the need of scientists, engineers, and

other users for sources of information. It was originally planned to

include a critical review of vacuum and low pressure measurement

with the bibliography. In order to avoid undue delay in the publication

of the bibliography it was found advisable to omit the review which,

however, will be prepared for separate publication.

This bibliography was prepared as part of the work on vacuum

standards which is now in progress in the Mechanics Division under

the supervision of D, P. Johnson, Chief of the Pressure and Vacuum

Section,

A. V. Astin, Director,

III
Contents

Page

Foreword--" . m

lo Introduction 1

2. Bibliography 2

3o Author Index- ^ . 51

4. Subject Index 64

IV
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX ON VACUUM AND LOW PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

W. G. Brombacher

The bibliography contains 1538 references, of which 52 are on books. About 550 of

the periodical references are specifically on pressure measurement including both

vacuum gages and micromanometers . The balance are on vacuum technology, including

adsorption, degassing, vacuum pumps, controlled gas leaks, valves, seals and vacuum

systems, all of which bear on the technique of vacuum measurement. The indices consist of an author index and an index of the subject matter of the listed references.

1. INTRODUCTION

Vacuum technology has been advancing at a rapidly accelerating rate during the past few years in response to the needs of science and industry. To meet the need for means of locating technical in- formation, abstracts of current literature on vac- uum technology are available in a number of the publications. Notable among those specifically on vacuum technology are: a) Vacuum (since 1951), The international journal and abstracting service for

vacuvim science and technology. Pergamon Press, London, b) Le Vide (since 1946), Societe Francaise

des Ingenieurs des Techniciens du Vide, Paris, France. Other abstract journals or publications

containing a significant number of abstracts on vac- uum measurement include c) Physical abstracts. Sec- tion A of Science abstracts. Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, d) Chemical abstracts,

American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio, e) Engineering index. Engineering Societies, New York.^^ f) Physikalische Berichte, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur technische Physik, Braunschweig.

Excellent surveys of vacuum measurement are given in Dushman's "Scientific foundations of vac- uum technique" (1949) and in Leek's "Pressure meas- urement in vacuum systems" (1957) but the references are incomplete and do not include the flood

of papers published since. The preparation of an up-to-date bibliography, undertaken here, appears

to fill a need for a source of readily available

information. This paper consists essentially of

a) a bibliography, b) an author index, and c) an index of the subject matter of the bibliography.

Wiile the primary objective is to focus on vacuum

measurement, it was believed essential to include

in the bibliography articles on vacuum technology

in some measure accessory or essential to vacuijm measurement. For maximum usefulness, an index of the subject matter of the references has been prepared. The abstract publications listed in the previous paragraph have been freely drawn upon in preparing the bibliography.

Neither surveys nor bibliographies appear to be available on micromanometers, covering absolute

pressure measurements just above the high vacuum

range or on sensitive, small differential pressure

measurement. This instrumentation is of interest

principally to workers in scientific and industrial

laboratories. References to micromanometers are listed in the bibliography and are indexed similarly as described in the preceding paragraph.

It was originally planned to include a critical

review of vacuum and low pressure instrumentation

with emphasis on possible standard instruments and

on calibration methods. Preparing and including

this review would delay publication unduly. Since

tne bibliography and indice's will adequately meet

the needs of many of those interested in the field,

it was decided to issue the bibliograpJiy as promptly as possible. The review will be prepared and

issued separately.

Standard vacuum terminology has been proposed

by the American Vacuum Society [58148] and the British Standards Institution [58104]. In the subject index the American proposed classification

of degrees of high vacuum has been adhered to. This is Condition Pressure range, Torr High vacuum 10 "3 to 10-6 Very high vacuum 10-6 to 10-^ Ultra-high vacuum 10"^ and below

The Torr equals 1/760 of an atmosphere of pressure

(1013.250 millibars) or at pressures in the vacuum

range, one millimeter of mercury for all practical

purposes.

The term micromanometers is rather generally

used to designate designs of liquid or mechanical

type pressure measuring instruments which are an order more sensitive than designs considered more

or less standard. More specifically, micromanometers may be defined as instruments of the liquid

or mechanical type used to measure absolute or differential pressure in the range from about 10"^

to 10 mm of mercury, with the ability to detect pressure changes of less than about 0.01 mm of mercury. It also includes vjater or oil manometers

used to measure differential pressure, with a pressure change of less than about 0.01 inch of water

detectable.

1
2. BIBLIOGRAPHY

The references are divided into a list of books

and a list of papers and reports, all listed chro- nologically, by years. Books are designated by

the letter "B" followed by two digits indicating

the year of publication and by a single digit identifying the order of listing. For example B592 indicates a book published in 1959, listed second

in the book list. Papers and reports are designated by four digits or five, where necessary, the first two indicating the year of publication or issue, and the last two or three the order of listing. Thus 58122 indicates 122d in the list for

1958.

The bibliography contains 1538 references, of which 52 are books. About 550 of the periodical

references are specifically on pressure measurement. The period covered is up to January 1, 1961.

A reasonable effort vfas made to list all significant references on vacuum and low pressure in- strumentation, particularly those published since

1949. Jbctensive, but not necessarily complete,

references to vacuum technology and phenomena were

included, since making valid vacuum measurements

involve the effect of such phenomena as adsorption,

degassing etc. References are therefore included

on adsorption, degassing, outgassing, surface reaction, mechanical and diffusion pumps, leak detection, controlled gas leaks, and on hardware such as seals, valves, gaskets and vacuum systems. References on methods of calibrating vacuum gages and on standards of measurement are also listed.

Papers on micromanometers , both liquid and me- chanical types, are listed. The criterion for inclusion of those measuring absolute or differential pressure is stated in the Introduction.

With minor exceptions neither catalogs, nor an- nouncements in trade journals of new instruments

without technical data, nor patents, are listed.

Papers covering applications of vacuum technology

are of necessity omitted, unless of some significance in vacuiun measurement.

BOOKS

B241 J. R. Panell, Fluid velocity and pressure. Edward Arnold & Co., London, 135 p. (1924).

B261 L. Dunoyer, Vacuum practice. Translation

by J. H. Smith, D. Van Nostrand Co., New

York, 228 p. (1926).

B321 J. W. McBain, The sorption of gases and va- pors by solids. E. Routledge & Sons, London, 577 p. (1932)

B341 S. J. Gregg, The absorption of gases by solids. Methuen's Monographs on Chemical

Subjects, Van Nostrand Co., New York, 120 p. (1934)

B381 E. H. Kennard, Kinetic theory of gases. Mc- Graw-Hill Book Co., New York, 483 p. (1938).

B382 J. Strong, Procedures in experimental physics. (Technique of high vacuiim, p. 93-

150) Prentice-Hall, 642 p. (1938).

B391 A. Farkas & H. ¥. Melville, Methods in gas reactions. Macmillan & Co., 384 p. (1939).

B431 S. Brunauer, The absorption of gases and vapors. VI, Physical absorption. Princeton

Univ. Press, 520 p. (1943),

B471 S. Jnanananda, High vacua. Van Nostrand, New York, 310 p. (1947).

B472 R. M. Barrer, Diffusion in and through

solids. Cambridge Univ. Press, London,

464 p. (1947).

B473 L. H. Martin & R. D. Hill, A manual of vac- uum practice. Melbourne Univ. Press, 120 p. (1947)

B491 S. Dushman, Scientific foundations of vac- uum technique. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 882 p. (1949)

B492 A. Guthrie & K. R. Wakerling, Vacuum equipment and techniques. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 264 p. (1949)

B493 M. Benedick & C. Williams, Engineering de- velopments in the gaseous diffusion process. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 129 p. (1949)

B494 R. S. Burden, Surface tension and the spreading of liquids. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2d ed., 92 p. (1949).

B495 A. R. Miller, Absorption of gases on solids.

Cambridge Univ. Press, 128 p. (1949).

B496 E. Ower, The Measurement of air flow. (Chapter on manometers). Chapman & Hall,

London, 293 p. (1949).

B501 M. Knudsen, Kinetic theory of gases: some modern aspects. John Wiley & Sons, New

York, 3d ed., 64 p. (1950).

2
B502 R. Jaeckel, Vacuum, its measurement and B542 production. In German. Springer -Verlag,

Berlin, 301 p. (1950).

B503 G. Moench, High vacuum techniques. In Ger- B543

man. R. A. Lang Verlag, Poessneck, 2d ed. of Vakuumteclmik im Laboratorium, 472 p. (1950) . B551

B504 E. L. Holland -Mer ten, Handbook of vacuum

technique. In German. W. Knapp, HalleSaale, 2d ed., 636 p. (1950). B561

B505 C. E. Normand et al. Vacuum problems and techniques. Tennessee Eastman Corp., 265 p. (1950). B571

B506 L. Dunoyer, Vacuum and its applications.

In French. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 112 p. (1950). B572

B511 L. Marton, Editor, Advances in Electronics, V 3, Chapter on field emission microscopy

by F. Ashworth, p. 1-42. Academic Press, New York 357 p. (1951). B581

B512 M. Leblanc, Vacuum techniques. In French.

Colin, Paris, 187 p. (1951).

B513 J. R. Davy, Industrial high vacuum. Pitt- B582

man, London, 243 p. (1951).

B514 S. H. Gregg, Surface chemistry of solids. B583 Reinhold Publ. Corp., 297 p. (1951).

B515 H. Ebert, Compression vacuum gages. In German. Vieweg & Sohn, Brunswick, 37 p. (1951) . B591

B521 A. L. Reimann, Vacuum technique. Chapman & Hall, London, 449 p. (1952). B592

B522 W. Jost, Diffusion in solids, liquids and

gases. Academic Press, New York, 558 p. (1952) .

B523 A. C. Graves & D. K. Frohman, Miscellaneous B593 physical and chemical techniques of the Los Alamos project. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New

York, 323 p. (1952).

B524 H. S. W. Massey & E. H. S. Burhop, Electron- B594

ic and ionic impact phenomena. Clarendon

Press, Oxford, 669 p. (1952).

B531 G. P. Barnard, Modern mass spectrometry. B601

400 references. The Institute of Physics,

London, 326 p. (1953)

B532 H. E. Newell, Jr., High altitude rocket B602

research. Academic Press, New York, 298 p. (1953) .

B533 J. Reilly & W. N. Rae, Physico-chemical B603

methods. Vol. 1, (Chapter on Pressure

measurement, p. 233-258) D. Van Nostrand,

5th ed., 760 p. (1953).

B541 T. E. Jordan, Vapor pressure of organic

compounds, Interscience, New York, 266 p. (1954) .

T. S. Gray, Applied electronics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2d ed., 881 p. (1954)

G. W. Morey, The properties of glass.

Reinhold Publ. Corp., 2d ed., 591 p. (1954) ,

J. Yarwood, High-vacuum technique. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 3d ed., 208 p. (1955) .

G. N. Patterson, Molecular flow of gases, John Wiley & Sons, 217 p. (1956),

J. H. Leek, Pressure measurement in vacuum

systems. 192 references. Institute of

Physics, London, 144 p. (1957).

M. Auwaerter, Editor, Vacuum techniques and the physics of evaporated films. In German. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft,

Stuttgart, 282 p. (1957).

K. Diels & R. Jaeckel, Vacuum handbook for laboratory and industry. In German. 52 pages of references. Springer -Verlag,

Berlin, 270 p. (1958).

H. E. Duckworth, Mass Spectroscopy.

Cambridge Univ. Press, 206 p. (1958).

D. H. Everett & F. S. Stone, Editors, The structure and properties of porous materials. Tenth Symposium, Colston Research Soc, Academic Press, 389 p. (1958).

M. Knoll, Materials and processes of elec- tron devices. 2300 references. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 484 p. (1959).

K. S. Lion, Instrumentation in scientific

research; electrical input transducers. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 324 p. (1959) .

W. Espe, Materials for high vacuum applications. Vol, 1, Metals and metallic con- ductors. In German, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. 916 p. (1959).

J. D. Waldron, Editor, Advances in mass spectrometry. 2000 references. Pergamon

Press, Oxford, 704 p. (1959).

A. B. Adamson, Physical chemistry of surfaces. Interscience Publishers, 629 p. (1960) .

S. Schwartz, Editor, Selected semiconductor

circuits handbook. John Wiley & Sons,

503 p. (1960).

N. R. Nilsson, Editor, Ionization phenomena

in gases. Fourth Intern, Conf. on Ionization Phenomena in gases, Upsala, 1959. North-Holland Publ. Co., 2 vol. 1210 p. (1960)

3
PAPERS

7401 H. McLeod, Apparatus for measurement of low pressures of a gas. Phil. Mag. 48, 110-112

(1874).

0501 K. Prytz, Sensitive detector of the position

of a reflecting surface. In German. Ann.

Phys. (4) 16, 735-745 (1905).

0601 M. Pirani, Continuously indicating vacuum

gage. In German. Deut. Phys. Ges. Verh. 8, 686-694 (1906).

0602 W. Voege, A new vacuum gage. In German.

Phys. Zt. 7, 498-500 (1906).

0901 F. M. G. Johnson & D. Mcintosh, Liquid chlorine. Am. Chem. Soc, 31, 1138-1144 (1909).

0902 K. Scheel & W. Heuse, On an apparatus for measuring very low pressures. In German.

Zt. Instrumentenk. 29, 14-20 (1909).

0903 K. Scheel & W. Heuse, Two mercury manometers

for measuring low pressure. In German. Zt

Instrumentenk. 29, 344-349 (1909).

1001 M. Knudsen, Thermal molecular pressure of

gases in tubes and porous bodies. In German.

Ann. Phys. 31, 633-640 (1910).

1002 M. Knudsen, An absolute manometer. In German. Ann. Phys. 32, 809-842 (1910).

1101 M. Knudsen, The molecular heat conductivity

of gases and the accommodation coefficient.

In German. Ann. Phys. 34, 593-656 (1911).

1102 M. Von Smoluchowski, On the theory of the heat conductivity of gases at low pressure

and the resulting pressure. In German. Ann.

Piiys. 35, 983-1004 (1911).

1103 C. F. Hale, On the measurement of very small

gas pressures. Trans. Am. Electro. Chem.

Soc. 20, 243-258 (1911)

1301 I. Langmuir, Chemical reactions at very low pressures. I. The clean up of oxygen in a tungsten lamp. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 35, 105-

127 (1913).

1302 I. Langmuir, Chemical reactions at very low pressures. II. Chemical clean up of nitrogen in a tungsten lamp. J. Am. Chem. Soc.

35, 931-945 (1913)

1303 E. Von Angerer, The pressure of cathode rays. In German. Ann. Phys. 41, 1-29 (1913).

1304 I. Langmuir, The effect of space charges and residual gases on thermionic currents in high vacuum. Phys. Rev. 2, 450-486 (1913).

1305 W. Gaede, External friction of gases. In German. Ann. Phys. 41, 289-336 (1913).

1306 C. F. Muendel, Measurement and theory of low pressures at low temperatures. In German.

Zt. phys. Chem., 85, 435-465 (1913).

1401 I. Langmuir & G. M. J. Mackay, The dissociation of hydrogen into atoms. I. Experimental. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 3o, 1708-1722 (1914).

1402 J. W. Woodrow, Experiments on the production

and measurement of high vacua. Phys. Rev. 4j 491-497 (1914).

1403 M. Knudsen, Determination of the molecular

weights of a small quantity of gas. In German. Ann. Phys. 44, 525-536 (1914).

1404 F. Haber & F. Kerschbaum, Measurement of low pressures with an vibrating quartz fiber. In German. Zt . Elektrochem. 20, 296-305 (1914).

1405 W. Rohn, A continuously indicating electric vacuum gage. In German. Zt. Elektrochem.

20, 539-542 (1914).

1406 J. B. Firth, The sorption of hydrogen by

charcoal at liquid air temperatures. In Ger- man. Zt. phys. Chem. 86, 294-308 (1914).

1501 I. Langmuir, The dissociation of hydrogen

into atoms. II. Calculation of the degree

of dissociation and heat of formation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 37, 417-458 (1915).

1502 I. Langmuir, Chemical reactions at low pressures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 37, 1139-1167

(1915)

1601 0. E. Buckley, An ionization manometer.

Proc. Nat. Accd. Sci. 2, 683-685 (1916).

1701 S. Weber, Experimental research on the heat conductivity of gases. In German. Ann.

Phys. 54, 325-356, 437-462 (1917).

1801 J. E. Shrader & R. G. Sherwood, Production

and measurement of high vacua, Phys. Rev.

12, 70-80 (1918),

1802 I, Langmuir, The absorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum,

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 40, 1341-1403 (1918).

1901 J. E. Shrader & H. M. Ryder, An optical

lever manometer. Phys. Rev. 13, 321-326

(1919)

1902 Masamichi So, On an ionization manometer.

Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. (Japan) 1, 76-87

(1919)

1903 G. D. West, On the forces acting on heated metal foil surfaces in rarified gases. Proc,

Phys. Soc, London, 32, 166-189, 222-231

(1919-20)

4
1904 L. F. Richardson, A form of Knudsen's vacuum

manometer. Proc. Phys. See, London, 31, 270-277 (1919).

1905 G. W. Todd, A simple theory of the Knudsen

vacuum gauge. Phil. Mag. 38, 381-382 (1919).

1906 J. E. Shrader, Residual gases and vapors in highly exhausted glass bulbs. Phys. Rev. 13, 434-437 (1919).

1907 I. Langmuir, Chemical reactions at low pressures. IV. The cleanup of nitrogen by a heated molybdenum filament, j. Am. Chem. Soc. 41, 167-194 (1919).

i 2101 S. Dushman & C. G. Found, Studies with the

I ionization gauge. I. Construction and method of calibration. Phys. Rev. 17, 7-19

I (1921).

! 2102 N. R. Campbell, A method for the micro -analysis of gases by the use of the Pirani pressure gauge. Proc. Phys. Soc, London, 33, 287-296 (1921).

1 2103 A. H. Pfund, An extension of the range of the McLeod gauge. Phys. Rev. 18, 78-82 (1921).

li 2301 E. K. Carver, An improved optical lever manoI meter. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45, 59-63 (1923).

i 2302 A. S. Coolidge, The upper range of the quart z-

' fiber manometer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 45, 1637-

1643 (1923).

I 2303 J. E. Harris & E. E. Schvunacher , Measurements

,1 on the gases evolved from glasses of known

I chemical composition. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 15,

|| 174-177 (1923).

I 2401 G. Hettner, On the theory of radiometers. In

German. Zt. Phys. 27, 12-22 (1924).

2402 C. G. Found & S. Dushman, Studies with ioni-

' zation gauge. Phys. Rev. 23, 734-743 (1924).

I 2403 H. Simon, Ionization gages. In German. Zt. tech. Phys. 5, 221-233 (1924).

12404 D. H. Bangham & F. P. Burt, The behavior of gases in contact with glass surfaces. Proc.

i Roy. Soc, London, A105, 481-488 (1924).

;2405 J. J. Manley, A preliminary measurement of a

I primary gas-grown skin. Proc Phys. Soc,

': London, 36, 288-290 (1924).

' 2406 N. R. Campbell & E. G. New, The disappearance

of gas in the electrical discharge. Phil.

(I Mag. 48, 553-580 (1924).

|2407 A. Einstein, On the theory of radiometic

,lj forces. In German. Zt. Phys. 27, 1-6 (1924).

2501 M. Abraham, Theory of ionization gages. In German. Zt . tech. Phys. 6, 437-438 (1925). 2502 K. T. Compton & C. C. Van Voorhis, Probability of ionization of gas molecules by electron impacts. Phys. Rev. 26, 436-453 (1925).

2503 M. L. Hamlin, A laboratory vacuum gage. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47, 709-712 (1925).

2504 E. B. King, Two new types of high vacuum

gauge. Proc. Phys. Soc, London 38, 80-84

(1925)

2505 W. A. Patrick & J. S. Long, The adsorption

of butane by silica gel. J. Phys. Chem. 29, 336-343 (1925).

2506 M. Volmer, Thermodynamic consequences from

the equation of state for adsorbed substances. In German. Zt. phys. Chem. 115, 253-260

(1925).

2507 V. A. Patrick, W. C. Preston & A. E. Owens, A study of adsorption phenomena in the vicinity of the critical temperature. J. Phys.

Chem. 29, 421-434 (1925).

2508 W. A. Patrick & L. H. Opdycke, The adsorption

of vapors by silica gel by a djniamic method.

J. Phys. Chem. 29, 601-609 (1925).

2601 J. J. Hopfield, Capillary valves for gases.

J. Opt. Soc. Am. 12, 391-392 (1926).

2602 K. T. Compton & C. C. Van Voorhis, Probability of ionization of gas molecules by elec- tron impacts. II. Critique. Phys. Rev. 27, 724-731 (1926).

2603 E, Brueche, On plate and fiber vacuum gages.

In German. Ann. Phys. 79, 695-733 (1926).

2604 C. G. Found & N. B. Reynolds, Direct reading

ionization gauge. J. Opt. Soc. Am. & Rev.Sci.

Inst. 13, 217-222 (1926).

2605 E. Rumpf, A thermoelectric vacuxim gage. In German. Zt. tech. Phys. 7, 224-226 (1926).

2606 H, Rowe, The adsorption of gases by activated

charcoal at very low pressures. I. At air

temperature. II. At -183°C. Phil. Mag. 1, 109-131, 1042-1054 (1926).

2701 J. J. Manley, On the construction and stand- ardization of an interferometer pressure

gauge. Proc. Phys. Soc, London, 40, 57-61

(1927-28)

2702 H. H. Lowry & P. S. Olmstead, The adsorption

of gases by solids with special reference to the adsorption of carbon dioxide by charcoal.

J. Phys. Chem. 31, 1601-1626 (1927).

2703 G. Glockler, W. P. Baxter & R. H. Dalton, The activation of molecular hydrogen by elec- tron impact. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 49_, 58-65

(1927)

5
2704 A. L. Hughes & A. M. Skellet, Dissociation of hydrogen by electrons. Phys. Rev. 30_, 11-25

(1927)

2801 R. J. Clark, A method of calibration of a McLeod gauge. J. Sci. Inst. 5, 126-130

(1928)

2802 I. Langmuir & H. A. Jones, Collisions between

electrons and gas molecules. Phys. Rev. 31, 357-404 (1928). ~~

2803 G. Mierdel, Electrodeless ring current. In

German. Ann, Phys. 85, 612-640 (1928).

2804 E. Brueche & W. Littwin, Experimental re-* search on radiometer problems. In German.

Zt. Phys. 52, 318-333 (1928).

2805 L. F. Stanley, The construction and calibration of a sensitive form of Pirani gauge for measurement of high vacua. Proc. Phys. Soc,

London, 41, 194-203 (1928-29).

2806 H. Zeise, Research on the monomolecular char- acter of the adsorption of gases on glass and

charcoal. In German. Zt. phys. Chem. A136, 385-418 (1928).

2901 M. C. Johnson & G. 0. Harrison, A pressure

gauge for continuous reading in moderate

vacua. J. Sci. Inst. 6, 305-308 (1929),

2902 A. R. Olsen & L. L. Hirst, A new differential

pressure gage, J, Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 2378-

2379 (1929)

2903 K. C. D. Hickman, On some vacuum gauges. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 18, 305-331 (1929).

2904 G. Kornfeld & E. Klingler, The kinetics of

the reaction 2NO+G2 " 2NO2 at low pressures.

In German. Zt. phys. Chem. B, 4, 37-66

(1929),

2905 A, Simon & F, Fehe'r, New method for the distant indication of small pressures. In German. Zt. Elektrochem. 35, 162-165 (1929).

2906 E. Mueller & K. Schwabe, The absorption of hydrogen by platinum metals. In German. Zt

Elektrochem. 35, 165-184 (1929).

2907 A. Magnus & H. Kratz, On the adsorption of carbon dioxide and ammonia by charcoal and graphite. In German. Zt. anorg. Chem. 184 , 241-271 (1929).

2908 A, Magnus, Theory of gas adsorption. In German. Zt. phys. Chem. A142, 401-430 (1929).

2909 C. R. Burch, Some experiments on vacuum distillation. Proc. Roy. Soc, London, Ser. A 123, 271-284 (1929).

2910 J, L. Hodgson, A sensitive micromanometer.

J. Sci, Inst. 6, 153-156 (1929).

3001 J, K. Roberts, The exchange of energy between

gas atoms and solid surfaces. Proc. Roy.

Soc. A129 , 146-161 (1930).

3002 M. Knudsen, Radiometric pressure and accom- modation coefficients. In German, Ann,

Phys. 6, 129-185 (1930). Translation into

English: K. Danske Vidensk Selsk. 11, No. 1 (1930-32).

3003 P. T. Smith, The ionization of helium, neon, and argon by electron impact. Phys. Rev. 36 , 1293-1302 (1930).

3004 W. Bleakney, The ionization of hydrogen by

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9
1

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13
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15
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16
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17
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21
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59146 H. G. Noeller, G. Reich & W. Baechler, Diffusion pump and baffle system of large suc- tion speeds for pressures lower than 10~8

Torr. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp, on Vacuum

Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 72-74. (Per- gamon Press, New York, 1960),

59147 N, A. Florescu, Nevr method for vacuum measurements in the molecular range of pressures.

Trans, 6th Natl. Symp, on Vacuum Tech,, Am, Vacuum Soc, (1959) 75-81, (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960)

59148 J. R. Roehrig & G. F. Vanderschmidt ,Advances

in the design of vacuum gauges using radioactive materials. Trans. 6th Natl, Symp, on Vacuum Tech,, Am. Vacuum Soc, (1959) 82-84,

(Pergamon Press, Nev: York, 1960).

59149 R, L. Ramey, The theory and design of sub- miniature ionization gauge tubes. Trans.

6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum

Soc. (1959) 85-88. (Pergamon Press, New

York, I960).

59156 H. R. Smith, Relationship of diffusion pump performance to the thermodynamics of the pumping fluid. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on

Vacuian Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 140-

145. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59157 M. K. Huber & E. A. Trendelenburg, Recent

developments of ultra-high vacuum systems

using oil diffusion pumps. Trans. 6th Natl.

Symp. on Vacuiim Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 146-149. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59158 W. G. Henderson, J. T. Mark & C. S. Geiger,

Evaluation of large diffusion pvimps and traps for the ultra-high vacuum system of the Model C-Stellarator . Trans, 6th Natl.

Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 170-175. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59159 G. E. Becker, Adsorption of gases on mercury

at 77°K, Trans, 6th Natl, Symp. on Vacuum

Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 197-203. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59160 T. Kraus, On the use of the pumping time

equation in the vacuum technique. Trans.

6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum

Soc. (1959) 204-205. (Pergamon Press, New

York, I960).

45
59161 S. R. Mielczarek, D. C. Schubert & L. Marton, Apparatus for electron optical study of low- density gas flow. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on

Vacuiun Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 206-

209. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59162 F. R. Gleason, J. H. Greiner & L. R. Yetter,

Gas absorption by vacuum evaporated magnetic

films. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum

Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 223-227. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59163 K. H. Behrndt, A demountable ultra-high vacuum glass system and its components. 28 references. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on Vac- uum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 255-260. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59164 H. Ehlers & J. Moll, Results with ultrahigh vacuum metal system including windows,

evaporators and lead-ins. Trans. 6th Natl,

Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959)

261-264, (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59165 T. H. Batzer, A large bakeable vacuum valve. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 265-267. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960)

59166 H. R. Smith & P. B. Kennedy, Ultra-low tem- perature mechanical refrigeration systems

for high-vacuum traps and baffles. Trans.

6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuiim Tech., Am. Vacuum

Soc. (1959) 271-277. (Pergamon Press, New

York, I960).

59167 J. A. Zollman, I. E. Martin & J. A. Powell,

Ceramic, sapphire and glass seals for the model C-stellarator . Trans. 6th Natl. Symp.

on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 278-

282. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59168 F. A. Loughridge & W. S. Wong, Improved re- liability of soft glass to metal vacuum

tight seals. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 283-

287. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59169 J. Morrison, The behavior of titanium in a high vacuum. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp, on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 291-

296. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960),

59170 A. Klopfer & ¥. Ermrich, Properties of a small titanium-ion pump. Trans. 6th Natl.

Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 297-301. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59171 ¥. M. Brubaker, A method for greatly en- hancing the pumping action of a Penning discharge. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum

Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc, (1959) 302-306,

(Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59172 R. Zaphiropoulos & W. A, Lloyd, Design con- siderations for high speed getter-ion pumps.

Trans. 6th Natl. Symp, on Vacuum Tech,, Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 307-310. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960)

59173 I. Ames & R, L. Christensen, Some studies

of getter-ion pumped vacuum systems. 19 references. Trans. 6th Natl. Symp. on Vac- uum Tech., Am. Vacuum Soc. (1959) 311-316. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1960).

59174 P. della Porta, Recent information on the getter ing of gases by barium films. Trans.

6th Natl. Symp. on Vacuum Tech., Am. Vacuum

Soc. (1959) 317-324. (Pergamon Press, New

York, 1960).

59175 S. P. Wolsky, Studies of semiconductor

materials using vacuum microbalance. Semiconductor Products 2, 36-41 (1959).

59176 G. Ehrlich, Molecular processes at the gassolid interface. 160 references. Proceedings, Int. Conf. on Structure and Properties of Thin Films, Bolton Landing, N. Y. (Sept. 1959) 423-475. (Wiley & Sons, 1959).

59177 G. Thuronyi, Selected annotated bibliography on propagation of acoustic and explosion waves in the atmosphere. 122 references. Meteorological Abstracts and Bibliography, Am. Meteoro. Soc. 10, 1072-1098

(1959).

59178 T. Punter, Methods of cleaning glass by

vapour degreasing and ultrasonically agitated solvents. Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 10, 332-336 (1959).

6001 C. Y. Bartholomew & A, R, LaPadula, Penetra- tion depth investigation of gas cleanup

with radioactive tracers. J. Appl. Phys.

31, 445 (1960).

6002 T. W. Hickmott, Interaction of atomic hydrogen with glass. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 128-136

(I960)

6003 C, C. Leiby, Jr. & C. L. Chen, Diffusion

coefficients, solubilities, and permeabilities for He, Ne, and N2 in vycor glass.

J. Appl. Phys. 31, 268-274 (1960).

6004 B. J. Todd, J. L. Lineweaver & J. T. Kerr,

Outgassing caused by electron bombardment

of glass. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 51-55 (1960).

6005 H. D. Hagstrum & C, D'Amico, Production and demonstration of atomically clean metal su3> faces. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 715-723 (1960).

6006 P. della Porta & F. Ricca, The gettering of carbon monoxide by barium films. 77 references. Le Vide 15, 3-27 (1960).

6007 M. Warnecke & P.' C. Moutou, On a miniature

titanium pump. Le Vide 15, 41-51 (1960).

6008 H. H. Reamer & B. H. Sage, High pressure

manometer. Rev. Sci, Inst. 31, 337-341

(1960).

46
6009 W. G. Brombacher , D. P. Johnson & J. L. Cross, Mercury barometers and manometers.

NBS Monograph No. 8, 59 p. (1960).

6010 J. M. Anderson, Thin vacuiim-tight mica window suitable for baking at 500° C. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 898-899 (1960).

6011 L. A. Harris, Trapping with alumina in vac- uum systems and its effect on cathode activity. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 903-904 (1960).

6012 G. Thomaes & R. Van Steenwinkel, Measurement

of small differences in the second virial

coefficient of gases below 0° C. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 825-827 (1960).

6013 N. A. Florescu, On the conductance of systems for molecular flow of gases. 12 references. Le Vide 15, 197-209 (1960).

6014 J. Herbert, New applications of glass in electronics. Le Vide 15, 268-285 (1960).

6015 ¥. Huber & E. A. Trendelenburg, Recent de- velopments of ultra-high vacuvun systems

using oil diffusion pumps. Le Vide 15, 132-

139 (1960).

6016 J. Pierre, Calibration systems in vacuum

technique. Le Vide 15, 210-219 (I960).

6017 R. Rocherolles, Pumping of tubes on a double pumping unit. Le Vide 15, 112-119 (1960).

6018 H. Dahlke & H. J. Schuetze, Residual gas pressure in electron tubes. Method of measurement. Vacuum 10, 3-4 (1960).

6019 H. J. Schuetze & H. W. Ehlbeck, Residual gas

in electron tubes. Experimental results. Vacuum 10, 5-6 (1960)

6020 A. Klopfer, S. Garbe & "W. Schmidt, Residual

gases in vacuiim systems. Vacuum 10, 7-12

(I960),

6021 S. P. ¥olsky & E. J. Zdanuk, The investigation of residual gases in vacuTM systems. Vacuum 10, 13-21 (I960).

6022 J. C. Franken & J, Van Der Waal, Residual

gases in picture tubes. Vacuum 10,22-26

(1960). ~

6023 R. H. Collins & J. C. Tiirnbull, Evolution

and absorption of gases in electron tubes. Vacuum 10, 27-30 (1960).

6024 W. Tretner, An electrostatic mass spectroscope. Vacuum 10, 31-34 (1960).

6025 G. Reich & F. Flecken, Analysis of partial

pressures by means of omegatron and farvitron. Comparative view of the ranges of application. Vacuum 10, 35-39 (1960).

6026 J. P. Freytag, Use of a test diode as a means of controlling the materials of con- struction of electronic tubes. In French.

25 references. Vacuum 10, 40-48 (1960).

6027 R. J, Warnecke, Jr., Application of mass

spectrometers in electron tube technology.

In French. Vacuum 10, 49-57 (1960).

6028 F. A. Baker & T. A. Giorgi, The applicability of the omegatron to continuous analysis

of residual gases. Vacuum 10, 58-63 (1960).

6029 G. Calvi, Double Pirani bridge leak detector. Vacuum 10, 64-67 (1960).

6030 A. Nasini, F. Ricca & G. Saini, Clean sur- faces and sorption of gases. 29 references. Vacuum 10, 68-74 (1960).

6031 N. W. Robinson, The action of molybdenum,

tungsten, tantalum and nickel on residual

gases in a vacuum system. Vacuum 10, 75-

80 (1960)

6032 S. Garbe, A. Klopfer & W. Schmidt, Some reactions of water in electron tubes. Vacuum

10, 81-85 (1960).

6033 S. H. Cross, System design and the choice

of materials for the Nimrod vacuum system. Vacuum 10, 86-91 (1960).

6034 K. Hashimoto, H. Iwayanagi & H. Fukushima, Measurement of gas evolution and absorption

from materials used in vacuum tubes. Vacuum

10, 92-99 (1960).

6035 R. W. Lawson, The influence of residual gas on the performance of the British Post Office submarine telephone repeater valve

type 6P12. Vacuum 10, 100-105 (1960).

6036 N. ¥. ¥. Smith, Noise reduction in microwave

tubes by getter-ion pumping. Vacuum 10, 106-109 (1960).

6037 T. H. Briggs & S. Nadeau, Effects of continuous gas clean-up upon cathode emission and cathode interface impedance. 10 references. Vacuum 10, 112-117 (1960).

6038 R. A. Haefer, On the use of metal -oil diffusion pumps when operating with discharge

tubes sensitive to hydrocarbons. 14 references. Vacuum 10, 118-120 (1960).

6039 L. Malter & H. Mandoli, Electron tube processing with getter-ion pumps. Vacuum 10, 121-127 (1960)

6040 A. Klopfer & W. Ermrich, Properties of a small titanivim-ion pump. Vacuum 10, 128-

132 (1960).

6041 L. Holland & A. Harte, The gas sorption

characteristics of Penning pumps and titanium films. Vacuum 10, 133-140 (1960).

6042 J. Bailleul-Langlais, Barium getters in electronic receiving tubes. In French. 48 references. Vacuum 10, 143-150 (1960).

6043 K. Hashimoto & K. Kitagawa, Some barium

getter problems on the vacuum tubes. Vacuum

10, 156-161 (1960).

47
6044 J. M. Sourdillon, Use of zirconium sintered

getters. In French. Vacuum 10, 162-165

(I960)

6045 J. H. N. van Vucht, The Ceto getter— its chemical structure and hydrogen gettering

properties. Vacuum 10, 170-177(1960).

6046 S. Fukagawa, Gettering activity of Zr, Ti

and Ba for oxygen gas under mercury vapour. Vacuum 10, 178-180 (1960).

6047 P. della Porta, Apparatus and techniques for measurement of the adsorption of gases by

evaporated getters, 14 references. Vacuum

10, 181-187 (1960).

6048 M. G. Charlton, D. Newson & P. J. Whitchurch, An automatic apparatus for the testing of getter adsorption. Vacuum 10, 189-193

(I960)

6049 P. della Porta, S. Origlio & E. Argano, The influence of ionizing currents and hot filaments on the gas adsorption by barium films.

13 references. Vacuum 10, 194-198 (1960).

6050 J. J. B. Fransen & H. J. R. Perdijk, The absorption of gases by barium getter films

applied as a tool. Vacuum 10, 199-203

(1960).

6051 H. J. R. Perdijk, Structure of barium getter

films. Vacuum 10, 204-209 (1960).

6052 K. M. Yazawa, Study of the surface structure

of barium getter deposited film by an elec- tron microscope. Vacuum 10, 210-211 (1960).

6053 M. G. Charlton & F. H. Southam, The adsorption of methane by barium films in the presence of a thermionic current. Vacutim 10, 212-214 (1960).

6054 F. Ricca & P. della Porta, Carbon monoxide

sorption by barium films. 26 references. Vacuum 10, 215-222 (1960).

6055 P. della Porta & E. Argano, Nitrogen sorption by barium films. Vacuum 10, 223-226

(1960).

6056 P. della Porta & S. Origlio, Hydrogen sorption by barium films. Vacuum 10, 227-230

(1960)

6057 J. Hejzlar & V. Horacek, Selective getters.

8 references. Vacuum 10, 231-233 (1960).

6058 S. Jeri? & E. Kansky, A method of measuring

of caesium vapour pressure in photoelectric

tubes. Vacuum 10, 234-239 (1960).

6059 E. Kanksky & S. JeriS, Some results of the measurement of caesium vapour pressure in photoelectric tubes during their manufacture

and life. Vacuum 10, 240-244 (1960).

6060 N. A. Florescu, The theoretical development

of the vapour vacuum pump. Vacuum 10, 250-

259 (1960).

6061 R. N. Bloomer, On the general principles of chemical and ionic pumping. 20 references. Vacuum 10, 260-262 (1960).

6062 H. Batey, Carbon contamination of glassware

used for vacuum purposes. Vacuum 10, 263-

265 (1960). ~

6063 L. Ellsworth, Calibration factors of ionization gauges for hydrocarbon gas mixtures. Vacuum 10, 266-267 (1960).

6064 G. Hinzpeter, A hot cathode ionization gage

for measuring pressures to 10-1 Torr. In

German. Experimentelle Tech. Phys. 8, 89-

95 (1960).

6065 R. Gilmont, Improved McLeod gage. Inst, and Control Systems 33, 1350-1351 (1960).

6066 H. L. Eschbach & R, Jaeckel, Enamelled walls

for ultra high vacuiim containers. In German.

Zt. Naturforsch. 15a, 268-269 (1960).

6067 T. & A. Roth, Nomographic design of vacuum

installations. Brit. Chem. Eng. 5, 392-

400 (1960).

6068 J. Siedlewski & K. Karpinski, Adsorption

methods of determining the surface area of adsorbents and catalysts. 45 references. Wiadomosci Chemi. 14, 279-294 (1960).

6069 L. A. Camby & C. J. Milner, Sensitivity of

the omegatron. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 776

(1960)

6070 G. Barnes, New type of cold cathode vacuum

gauge for the measurement of pressures below 10-3 mm Hg. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 608-

611 (1960).

6071 F. A. Baker, Nonproportionality in the Bayard-Alpert ionization gauge. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 911 (1960).

6072 N. A. Florescu, Design of glass oil-vapour vacuum pumps. Lab. Practice 9, 33-34 (1960).

6073 R. H. Goodall, Transparent electroconductive

coatings on lead glass. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 344-345 (1960)

6074 B. Gorowitz, K. Moses & P. Gloersen, Magnetically driven fast-acting valve for gas injection into high vacua. Rev. Sci. Inst.

31, 146-148 (1960).

6075 N. R. Daly, High sensitivity mass spectrometer leak detector. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 720-723 (1960).

6076 0. M. Katz & E. A. Gulbransen, Permeability

and diffusivity of hydrogen through a palladium tube. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31,615-617 (1960).

48
6077 Kestinghouse Mfg. Co., Measurement of ultralow pressures. Electronics 33^, 106 (Nov. 11, 1960)

6078 L. R. Linner, R. I. George & R. B. McQuistan,

Automatic vacuum control in the 760 to 1 x

10-8 Torr range. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 650-

652 (1960).

6079 P. A. Redhead, Modulated Bayard-Alpert gauge.

Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 343-344 (i960).

6080 D. E. Swets, Application of the RCA 1945

gauge to the analysis of hydrogen in metals.

Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 659 (1960).

6081 H. W. Drawin, The applicability of a capacity

micromanometer as a vacuum gage. In German.

Zt. Instrumentenk. 68, 1-8 (I960).

6082 D. D. Eley & P. R. Wilkinson, Adsorption and oxide formation on aluminum films. Proc.

Roy. Soc, London, A254, 327-342 (1960).

6083 T. W. Hickmott, Interaction of hydrogen with

tungsten. J. Chem. Phys. 32, 810-823 (1960).

6084 W. S. Kreisman, Methods of using a McLeod

gauge to measure higher pressures. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 782-784 (1960).

6085 L. A. Noble, W. H. Sain & R. K. Waits, Com- pact palladium diffusion leak for hydrogen.

Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 789-790 (1960).

6086 L. Paty, An experimental equipment for ob- taining very low pressures. In Czech. Slaboproudy Obzor 21, 106-109 (1960).

6087 H. Schwarz, Forced periodic changes of kinetic energy of gas molecules as a means of vacuum measurement. Rev. Sci. Inst. 31 , 433-439 (1960).

6088 P. Weulersse, M. Balkanski & P. Aigrain,

Study of chemisorption and photodesorption

on oxidized titanium. In French. Compte

Rend. Acad. Sci. 250 , 1246-1248 (1960).

6089 Y. I. Belyakov & N. I. lonov. Pulsed massspectrograph investigation of desorption of hydrogen and deuterium from palladivun. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 30, No. 2, 216-222 (1960). Translation, Soviet Physics, Technical Physics,

Am. Inst. Physics, 5 No. 2, 195-200 (I960).

6090 K. B. Blodgett & T. A. Vanderslice, Mechanism of inert gas cleanup in a gaseous discharge. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 1017-1023 (1960).

6091 R. K. Burshtein, L. A. Larin & G. F.Voronina,

Chemisorption of oxygen on germanium. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 130, No. 4, 801-803 (1960).

6092 K. W. T. Elliott, D. C. Wilson, F. C. P. Mason & P. H. Bigg, Primary standard barometer of range 0 to 1200 mb. J. Sci. Inst.

37, 162-166 (1960).

6093 M. Green & K. H. Maxvrell, The adsorption of oxygen on clean silicon surfaces. J. Phys.

Chem. Solids 13, 145-150 (1960).

6094 F. A. Lewis & W. H. Schurter, Absorption of hydrogen by palladium-silver alloys.

Naturwissenschaften 47, 177-178 (1960).

6095 W. McGowan & L. Kerwin, Some sensitivities

of ion gauges. Can. J. Phys. 38, 567-569

(1960)

6096 L. Paty, Pumping effect of a gas discharge

high-vacuum pump. Nature 185, 674-675(1960).

6097 J. F. Sayers, Epoxy-resin joints for sealedoff high vacuum tubes. J. Sci, Inst. 37 , 203-205 (1960).

6098 0. Sinanoglu & K. S. Pitzer, Interactions

between molecules adsorbed on a surface. J. Chem. Phys. 32, 1279-1288 (1960).

6099 F. G. Allen, T. M. Buck & J. T. Law, p Layers

on vacuum heated silicon. J. Appl. Phys.

31, 979-985 (1960).

60100 R. N. Bloomer & W. C. Brooks, Simple detector for small leaks using a thoriated tungsten emitter with oxygen as a probe gas. J. Sci. Inst. 37, 306-307 (1960).

60101 P. Bouyer, C. Cassignol & P. Lazeyras, An

all-metal leak valve. Le Vide 15, 297-300

(1960).

60102 W. E. Danforth & D. L. Goldwater, Density of

a thorium monolayer for maximum thermionic

emission. J. Appl, Physics 31, 1715-1717

(1960).

60103 M. Green & K. H. Maxwell, Cut-off for the vacuum manipulation of chlorine. J. Sci. Inst. 37, 303-304 (1960).

60104 A. E. D. Heylen, Bakeable bellows-type differential pressure manometer. J. Sci. Inst.

37, 251-252 (1960).

60105 D. Lichtman, Use of the omegatron in the determination of parameters affecting limiting pressures in vacuum devices. J. Appl.

Phys. 31, 1213-1221 (1960).

60106 G. Mesnard & R. llzan, Temperature variations

of oxide coated cathode produced by current

flow. Le Vide 15, 301-312 (1960).

60107 J. Pierre, Fluid traps in vacuum technique.

Le Vide 15, 313-323 (1960).

60108 P, Cannon, The submonolayer adsorption of argon and krypton on molybdenum disulphide;

phenomenological comparison with studies on graphite. J. Phys. Chem. 64, 858-861 (1960).

60109 B. H. Clampitt & D. E. German, Adsorption on porous solids. J. Phys. Chem. 64, 284-286

(1960)

49
60110 G. L. Gaines, Jr., & P. Cannon, On the energetics of physically adsorbed films,with

particular reference to the use of krypton

for surface area measurement. J. Phys. Chem.

64, 997-1000 (1960).

60111 D. T. Peterson & D. G. Westlake, Diffusion

of hydrogen in thorium. J. Phys. Chem. 64, 649-651 (1960).

60112 R. H. Mueller, Wide range electronic micromanometer useful in research laboratory.

Anal. Chem. 32, 10aA-106A (Nov. 1960).

60113 G. Barnes, Erroneous readings of large magnitude in a Bayard-Alpert ionization gauge and their probable cause, 36 references. Rev.

Sci, Inst. 31, 1121-1127 (1960).

60114 H. J. Brjcler, A. S. Michaels & R. B. Parker, Use of McLeod gauges at room temperature for gases with high critical temperature. Rev.

Sci. Inst. 31, 1155 (1960).

60115 A. 0. Nier, Small general purpose double focusing mass spectrometer. 27 references.

Rev. Sci. Inst. 31, 1127-1132 (1960).

60116 K. Hickman, Pump fluids for higher vacuums. Nature 187, 405-406 (1960).

60117 R. Schneiderreit, A vacuum gage for normal

pressure to high vacuum in one range with

continuous indication. In German. VakuumTech. 9, 128-130 (1960).

60118 A. P. Flanick & J. Ainsworth, A thermistor pressure gauge. Natl. Aero, Space Adm. Technical Note D-504, 13 p. (1960).

60119 W. G. Van Dorn, A low frequency microbarograph. J. Geophys. Res. 65, 3693-3698(1960).

60120 M. ¥. Roberts, High vacuum techniques. 44 references. J. Roy. Inst. Chem. 84, 275-

282 (1960).

60121 ¥. B. Nottingham & F. L. Torney, Jr., A

detailed examination of the principles of ion gauge calibration. MIT Research Lab. of Electronics Tech, Report 379, 10 p. (1960).

60122 L. H. Germer & C. D. Hartman, Oxygen on nickel. J. Appl. Phys. 31, 2085-2095 (1960).

60123 J. R. Friendly, Jr., Integration of current through getter-ion pumps. Rev. Sci. Inst.

31, 1350 (1960).

60124 S. Leefe & M. Liebson, Leveling system for liquid nitrogen. Rev, Sci. Inst. 31, 1353-

1354 (1960).

60125 C. F. Robinson, Mass spectrometry, p. 463-

544, in Physical methods in chemical analysis, edited by ¥. J. Berl, 2d rev. edition,

VI, Academic Press (1960).

60126 N. A. Florescu, Improvement in operation

with McLeod gauge. Vacuum 10, 329-330 (1960).

60127 K. G. Guenther, A partial pressure gauge working according to the principle of the electrical mass filter. Vacuum 10, 293-309

(1960). ~

60128 R. Hawley, VacuiAm as an insulator. 85 refer

ences. Vacuum 10, 310-318 (1960).

60129 G. Horikoshi & A. Miyahara, High speed ionization gauge. J, Vacuiim Soc,, Japan 3, 13-

18 (1960).

60130 R. 0. Jenkins & W. G. Trodden, Physical

processes in small titanium ion pumps. Vac- uum 10, 319-328 (1960),

60131 K, Kawasaki, T, Sugita, et al. An ultrahigh vacuum mass spectrometer. J. Vacuum Soc, Japan 3, 96-103 (1960).

60132 P. Schwerdtfeger, A tetrode ionization gauge Vacuum 10, 330-331 (1960).

60133 F. A. Baker & T. A. Giorgi, Sorption and desorption in a hot-cathode ionization gage. Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 11, 433-436 (1960).

60134 L. Holland & L. Laurenson, Pumping character

istics of a titanium droplet getter-ion pump

Brit. J. Appl. Phys. 11, 401-407 (1960).

60135 H, J. Bomelburg, Miniature hot wire pressure

gages for wind tunnel work. Ballistic Res. Labs., Aberdeen Proving Ground, BRL Report

No. 1095, 25 p. (1960)

60136 W. S. Kreisman, A high vacuum gauge calibration system. Geophysics Corp, of Am, Tech,

Report 60-2, 26 p, (1960), Natl, Aero. Space Adm, Contract NAS 5-270.

60137 H. R. Pas s, A semi-automatic McLeod gauge. Univ. So, Calif., Engineering Center, USCEC

Report No. 56-211, 36 p. (1960).

60138 L. H. Rovner, Ultra-high vacuum physics. Measurement of low pressures of oxygen. Cornell Univ., Dept. Engineering Phys. Xerox

Tech. Reprt No. 3, 34 p. (1960). Contract Nonr-401 (31).

60139 A. Klopfer & W. Schmidt, An omegatron mass

spectrometer and its characteristics. Vac- uum 10, 363-372 (1960).

60140 I. Morita, F. Kanematsu & S. Mito, Experiments on a simple getter-ion pump. J. Vac- uum Soc, Japan 3, 263-268 (1960).

60141 H. H. Podgurski & F. N. Davis, A precision

McLeod gage for volumetric gas measurement. Vacuum 10, 377-381 (1960).

60142 G. Schuchhardt, Ion movements in an omegatron. Vacuum 10, 373-376 (1960).

60143 E. J. Zdanuk, R. Bierig, L. G. Rubin & S. P. Wolsky, An omegatron spectrometer, its char- acteristics and application. Vacuum 10, 382-389 (1960),

50
AUTHOR INDEX

Ab 59129 Abraham B. M, 5840 Abraham M. 2501 Adam 5733 Adzumi 3716 Agisher 59130

Ahearti 59134 Ahn 5943 Aigraln 6088 Ainsworth 5623 60118 Aitken 5345 Akabjanoff 5263 Albrecht 5276 Alers 5329 Alexander 4621 4813 Alexoff 5542 Allen F. G. 5524 5556 5908 6099 Allen J. A. 5029 Allenden 58105 Allwood 4810

Alpert 5012 5051 5101 5120 5310 5330 5434 5448 5463 5533 5712 5874

5915 Alterthum 3615 Amarigllo 5808 Amdure 4401 Amer. Vacuum Soc. 58148 Ames 5836 59173 Amolgnan 5706 Amsel 5629 Anderson J. M. 6010 Anderson J, R. 5812 Andrews K. F, 4905 4913 4920 5653 Andrews M. R. 3208 Andrleux 5964 Anhorn 4615 Anonymous 4415 5214 Antal 5773 5782 Apelt 58100 Apker 4808 4811 Archer 3803 Argano 6049 6055 Arlzuml 5204 Armbruster 4205 4602 Armstrong 5839 Asao 5346 Ashworth B511 Asmussen 4827 Atanasoff 4902 Auwaerter B572 Axelbank 5006 Axelrod 59116 Ayer 5053

Babbitt 5164 Babelay 5324 Bachman 4910 5464 5475 5891 Baechler 5760 59146 Bailey 5847 Bailleul-Langlais 5961 6042 Baird 4019 Baker 6028 6071 60133 Balchin 5916 Baldock 5256 Balkanski 6088 Ballentlne 5523

Bandringa 5815 Bangham 2404 Banwell 4019 Barnard B531 Barnes 6070 60113 Baronetzky 58130

Barr^ 4615

Barre 5768 Barrer B472 3409 4412

4413 5146 5147 59126 Barrington 5734 Bartholomew 6001 Bartholomyczyk 4105 Batey 6062 Batzer 59165 Bauer 5265 Baxter I, G, 5301 5327 Baxter W, P. 2703 Bayard 5012 Beach 5260

Beams 5987 Beck 5209 Becker D. W, Becker E, W. Becker G. E, Becker J. A,

4902

5212 59159

, 4626 5161 5514 5554 5557 Becker W 5877 Beckwith 4507 Beckman 5710

Beebe 4507 Beecher 5848 5909 Behar 5479 Behrndt 59163

Bell 5630 Belyakov 59130 6089 Benarle 5808 Benedicks 4001 Benedict B493 Benichou 58108 Benioff 4111 Benjamin 4007 Bennett 5057 Benson 5646 Benton 5968 Bergmann 5264

Berl 5166 Bernhard 5683 5887 Berz 58138 5931 Betz 3111 Beynon 5239 5640 5886 Bhalla 5641 Bicknell 59152 Blerig 60143

Bigg 6092 Biguenet 5030 Billnsky 5118 Billet 5829 Bills 5524 5556 5885

5995 Biondi 5331 5906 Biram 5510 Birchenall 5532 Bishop 5829 58158 Bixler 60114

Black 5642

51
AUTHOR INDEX

Blaire 58108 Blanaru 5830 Blasco 5008 Blatchley 5647 Bleakney 3004 3005 Blears 4708 5112 5114 5127 58129 Bleecher 5207 Blewett 3907 Blodgett 6090 Blond 59108 Blonn 5849 Bloomer 5309 5634 5707 5708 5709 5735

5881 6061 60100

Blue 5789 Bobenrleth 4614 5347 Boehme 5465 Boer F, 5430

Boer H. J, 3604 3617 Boer J. H. 5675 Boettcher 5246 Bogardus 58144

Boggess 5911 5957 Bomelburg 60135 Bottomley 5745 5843 Boulassler 59100 Boulloud 5969 Bouwmeester 5208 5504 Bouyer 60101 Bowden 5132 Bowie 4003 4004

Boxer 5719 Boyd 5022 Bradley R. C, 5917 Bradley R, S. 5423 Brandes 5557 Brannen 5449 Branson 5376 Bricout 3006 Bridge 58160 Briegleb 4921 Briggs T. H. 6037 Briggs W. E, 5466 5850 Brinkman 4923 Brisbane 5209

Brit. Standards Instit. 58104 Brombacher 5303 5540 6009 Brooks 60100 Brow 4720 Brown C. 4308 4815 Brown E. 5506 Brown F. C. 5851 Brown J. 4902 Brown G. P. 4613 Brown S. C. 5211 Brubaker 59171 Brueche 2603 2804 Brunauer B431 3811 Brymmer 5962 Buch 5714 Buchmann-Olsen 4827 Buck 6099 Buckley 1601 Budde 58160 Bueltemann 5963 Buhl 5565

Bull 5414

Bunm 5887 Bunge 3211 Bunt 5247 Burch 2909 Burden B321 Burger A. 58160

Burger H. C. 4010 Burger R. M. 5880 Burhop B524 Buritz 5434 5448 Burmaster 5016 Burrow 5206 Burrows 4305 5213 5702 Burshtein 59101 6091 Burt 2404 Bush 5248 5249 Butler 5017

Cabrera 4610 4924

Calvi 6029 Camby 6069 Cameron 4802 5440 Campbell 2102 2406 Cannon 60108 60110 Carleton 5556 5885 Carlson -R. D. 5840 Carlson H. M. 4630 Carmichael 5517 5720 5767 5852 5853 5878 Carpenter 5017 Carter 58129 5918 5919 59102 Carver 2301 Cashman 3303 Cassignol 60101 Caswell 59117 59145 Champeix 5031 Charles 5984 59140 Charlton 6048 6053 Charpentier 5648 5761 Chen 6003 Cheng 4613 Cherry 4701 Childs B. G, 5559 Childs J. H. 5842 Chiles 5784 Chiozzotto 5133 Christensen 5836 59173 Chuan 5914 Chuikov 5914 Clampitt 60109 Clark J. W. 5018 Clark R. A. 5272 Clark R. E. D, 3509 Clark R, J. 2801 Clark W, J, 5019 Cloud 5032 5710 Clough 5886 Cochran 5824

Coe 5155 5420 5508 Coffin 5265 Collins 6023 Comolet 4922 Compton 2502 2602

Corns a 5746 Conn 5311 5409 5410 5412 5478 5705 5747

52
AUTHORS INDEX

Cook 5302 Cooke 5649 Coolidge 2302

Cope 5831 Copley 3501 Corcoran 5614 Cordero 5102 5771 Corrin 5453 Corrucclnl 5816 Cox 4902

Coyle 5049 5211 Craig 5160 Crary 5001 5490 Crawley 5433 Crocker 5913 Crompton 5722 Cross J. L. 6009

Cross S, H. 6033 Crowley 5490 Curnow 5748 Cyr 4901

Dacey 4627 Daglish 5311 5409 5410 5412 5478 5705 5747 Dahlke 6018 Dalton 2703 Daly 6075

Darnel 4203 D'Amlco 5736 6005 Danby 5302 Danforth 60102 Danilin 5787 Dartnell 5148 Dash 5163 Davies 5809

Davis F. N. 60141

Davis R, H. 5369 5451 5467 Davis W. T, 5846

Davy B513

Dawkins 5545 Dayton 4719 4816 4820 5166 5650 58155 59153 Decker 5446 DeGraaf 4201 Degras 5216 58109 5964 5970

Deitz 3611 5676 Delcher 5611 5706 Denniger 5731 Dennis 5123 5228 Dcryagin 4717 Destappes 5370 Deutsch 5020 DeVilliers 5818 DeVoe 3608 Dibeler 5102 Dichbum 4104

Dickey 4811 Dickins 3401 Dlels 5854 Dillon 5879 DiNardo 4613 Divatia 5369 5451 5467 Dmitriev 59118

Dobke 5378

Dock 3804 Doernenburg 58103

Dogi 58128 Doil'nitsyn 59109

Dong 5635 Donn 58161 Doughty 4620

Douglas 5441 Dow 5402 Downing 4608 Drawin 58106 58110 6081 Dressier 5772 Drowart 5701 Dryer 4715

DuBridge 3206 Duckworth 5021 Duesing 5348

Dumas 5505 DuMond 3504

Dunlap 3703 Dunoyer B261 B506 4903 5033 5937 Dupont 5370 Dushman B491 2101 2402 3109 4503

Dutt 59103 Dvorak 5128

East 4601 Eaton 5431 5543 Eberhardt 5126 Ebert B515 5134 58111 Eckenrode 5481 Eckertora 59127 Eckstein 5022 Eckstrom 5989 Economas 5349

Ede 4721 Eden 4721 Edwards A. G, 5511 5552 Edwards R. N, 5751 Edwards W, D. 5844

Eggers 4802 Eggleton 5203 Ehlbeck 6010 Ehlers 5825 59164 Ehrke 4002 Ehrlich 5670 5671 59176 Eichborn 4408 Eichhom 5810 Einstein 2407 Eisinger 5889 5908 5938 5939 Eley 6082 Elford 5722 Elkin 4604

Ellett 3101 3602 Elliott 6092 Ellsworth 6063 Elonka 5415 Embree 3701 Emmett 3811 4508 4916

Engel 5941 Erbe 5669 Ermrich 58126 59170 6040 Ernsberger 5518

53
AUTHOR INDEX

Errlngton 4112 Eschbach 58121 6066 Escher 5545 Espe B593 5010 5625 5631 5890 5940 Estermann 4622

Evans E. C, 5016 5972 Evans H. D. 5628 Everett B583 Eveson 5828 Evett 5995 Eyring 4014

Fagan 5176 Fairbanks 5148 Farkas B391 Farkass 59141 Farnsworth 5672 5879 5880 Farguharson 5774 Fast 3604 3616 Fedorova 5976 Fedosseenko 58162 Feher 2905 Fein 5027 Felheimer 5468 Ferguson 5449 Fllosofo 4711 5034 Firth 1406 Fish 59119 Fitzgerald 5022 Fitz Osborne 5350 Flanagan 4612 Flanick 60118 Flauraud 5490 Flecken 6025 Flood 4627 Florescu 5217 5250 5413 5765 5766 5819 58120 59147 6013 6060 6072 60126 Flosdorf 3802 4502 5480 Flotow 5840 Fogel 4616 Fondrk 5752 Foord 3405 Forman 5332 Foster A. G. 4509 Foster J. S. 5218 5219 5323 5333 Found 2101 2402 2604 Fowler 3508 3614 Fox 5452 Francis M. 3505 Francis E. W. R. 5881 Francais 5632 Frank 5822 5892 Franken 6022 Frankenberg 4410

Franks 5749 Fransen 6050 Franzen 5007 Fredlund 3204 3205 3710 3806 4005 Freytag 6026 Frledland 5573 Friendly 60123 Fritz 5220 Frohmann B523 Fryburg 4909 Frye 5469

Fuchs 5893 Fukagawa 6046 Fukushima 6034 Furry 4623 Fursov 59111 Furushima 5742 Furuya

Gaede 1305 3406 4723 Gaffee 5438 Gagos 4303 Gaines 60110

Gale 5651 Garbe 58122 59139 6022 6032 Garfunkel 5416 Garin 58132 Garrod 4809 5023 5049 5135 Gavrilyuk 59110 Gazith 5996 Geballe 5220 Geiger 5855 59158 Geller 5424 5439 5522 5611 5706 5768

5779 58152 George R, I, 6078 George T, H. 5880 Gepner 5775 German D. E. 60109 German 0. 5896 Germann 4303 Germer 60122 Gerow 5470 Gervais 5780 Giaimo 5525 Giauque 5220 Gibbons 5535 Gilmont 5136 5775 6065 Gilmour 4104

Gilroy 5272 Gimeniz 5111 Giorgi 6028 60133 Glaister 5606 Glasser 3501 Glasstone 4014

Gleason 59162 Glockler 2703 3209 5251 Gloersen 6074 Glueckauf 5832 Goalwin 5305 Goddard 5149 Goerke 4208 Goldanskii 4717 Goldfinger 5701 Goldschwartz 5137 Goldwater 60102 Gomer 5117 5259 5367 5553 5942 5988 Goodall 6073 Gordon 5833 Gorowitz 6074

Cote 58107 Gould C. L, 5920 Gould F, A. 5221 ' Graves B523 Gray J, 5444 Gray T. S, B542 Green C. B. 4626 Green L. A. 5905

54
AUTHOR INDEX

Green M. H. 59131 6093 60103 Greenblatt 5837 Greenough 5103 Greer 58159 Gregg B341 B514 Gregory 3804 Grelner 59162 Griessel 5652 Griffiths 58102 Grigor'ev 58113 59104 59108 Grigorovici 3904 Grishaev 59111 Gross K. A. 4809

Gross R. A. 5401 Groszkowski 4911 58114

Grove D. J. 5856 Grove D. M, 5146 5147 Gruber 5425 Guenther 59132 60127 Guggenheim 4822 Gulbransen 4206 4821 4905 4913 4920 5653

6076 Gruewitsch 5426 Gutenberg 4111 5150 Guthrie B492

Haaland 59120

Haas 5903 Haase G, 4306 4309 4915 4917 5035 5236 5898 Haase T. 3207 3612 3613 Haber 1404 Hablanian 5861 Hackerman 58150 Haedrich 3908 Haefer 5344 5485 5551 5667 5SI45 58157 6038 nagstrum 401b 3042 5314 5368 5673 5736 5908 6005 Haine 5309 5881 Hale 1103 Hall A, C. 58150

Hall L. D. 5723 5826 5857 5876 Halliday 4801 Halsey 5991 Halsted 5043 Hamacher 4617 Hamaker 4201 Hamilton 5711 5753 5858 Hannay 5489 Hamlin 2503 Hariharan 5641 Harries 5351 Harris B, L, 4916 5563 Harris D. J, 5612 Harris J, E. 2303 Harris L. A. 6011 Harrison E. R, 5352 5526 Harrison G. 0, 2901 Hart 4604

Harte 6041 Hartel 5374 Hartman 5047 5313 60122 Hashimoto 6034 Havens 5002 5201 Hawkins 5612 Hawley 60128

Hayakawa 59112 Hayashi 4907 5417 5754 58127 58128 Hayward 5222 5942 Hearst 5943 Heathcote 5737 Hecker 3701 Hees 5543 Heiligenbrunner 5377 Heinze 3603 Hejzlar 6057 Henderson 59158 Henry 5036 5609 58108 58112 5971 Herb 5369 5921 Herbert 6014 Herlet 5788 Herrmann 4906 Hertel 4013

Hess 5431 Hettner 2401 Heuse 0902 0903 Heylen 60104

Hibi 4912 Hiby 5482 Hickam 4914

Hickey 4814 Hickman 2903 3609 3610 3701 4414 5138 5223 5224

5225 5654 60116 Hickmott 6002 6083 Higatsberger 5669 Higginbotham 4102

Hill P, 5997 Hill R, D. B473 Hlndley 4702 Hintenberger 5119 58103 Hinzpeter 6064 Hippie 4618 5015 5121 Hirst 2902 Histake 5353 Hnilicka 5848 Hoag 3714 Hobbis 5526 Hobson 58134 58135 5944 Hockley 5414 Hodgins 4627 Hodgson 2910 Hoerbe 5527 Holden 5888 5965 Holland 5888 58153 5922 5965 5973 6041 60134 Holland-Merten B504 5354 Holmes 5356 5357 Honig J, M. 4507 Honig R. E, 4510 5044 59138 Hopfield 2601 5037 Hopke 5040 Horacek 6057 Horikoshi 60129 Horowitz 5769 5957 Horseling 5538 Horst 5251 Horton 5007 Houston 5674 Huber 58123 5974 59157 6015 Huebner 5487 Huggill 5226 Hughes 2704 3709 Hukagawa 4107

55
AUTHOR INDEX

Hulm 5259 5367 Hunsmann 3810 Huntoon 3502 Huntress 5755 Hurd 5453 Hurlbut 5954 Huschke 5859 Hutton 5910 Huxford 3303

Ibbitson 4412

Iberall 5051 Ikeda 58116 Ilfeld 5024

lonov 6089 Irvine 5810

Ishibe 58128

Ishii 5355 5724 5725 Isikawa 4912 Iwayanagl 6034

Jackson 5213 Jacobs J. A. 5329 Jacobs R. B, 4713 5139 Jaeckel B502 4207 5252 5427 5875 5923 6066 Jansen 5924 Jaycox 3105 Jech 5636 Jenkins R. 0. 4007 5811 60130 Jenkins W. A, 5129

Jenks 5045 Jennings 5679 Jensen H, G. 5227 Jensen N. 5666 Jepson 5975 Jeric 6058 6059 Jnanananda B471 Johannln-Gilles 5519 Johnson C. B„ 5145 Johnson C. T. 5784 Johnson D, P. 5771 6009 Johnson E, G. 5380 Johnson F, M. G, 0901 Johnson J. B, 5680 Johnson M. C„ 2901 Johnston A, R. 5454 Johnston J. E, 5003 Jolly 5028 Jones A. C. 5850 Jones F. L. 5316 Jones H. A. 2802 Jones R. C. 4623 Jones W, M. 5231 Jonker 4504 Jordan B541 Jossem 5234

Jost B522 Juenker 5532 Jura 5165

Kaechle 5303 5305 Kaljabina 58124 5925

Kaneko 5342 59112 Kanematsu 60140 Kanomata 59112 Kansky 6058 6059 Karaser 4717 Karplnski 6068 Katan 5122 Katayama 5342 Katwijk 58156 Katz 6076 Katzenstein 5573 Kaufman 5733 Kawasaki 60131 Keeson 4108 4109 4110

Keevil 4112 Kelly 5011 Kemball 4625 4628 4718 4822

Kemp 5945 5955 Kendall 5756 Kenna 5513 Kennard B381 Kennedy 5544 59166

Kent 5507 Kenty 4008 4705 5130 5140 Kermiele 5774 Kern H, 5126 Kern H, E, 5266 Kerr 6004 Kerschbaum 1404 Kersten 4825 4923 Kerwin 5046 6095 Knutsishvili 59129

Kidd 5337 Kiefer 5560 King A. H. 4607 King E, B, 2504 King G. 5411 Kington 5356 5357 Kinsella 5471 5654 Kirby 4301 Kirchner 5637 5966 Kirshner 5481 Kisliuck 5882 Kistemaker 5154 Kitagawa 6043 Kitt 5832 Klages 3612 Klein 5999 Klemperer 4402 Klingler 2904 Klopier 58125 58126 58130 58139 59170 6020

6032 6040 60139 Klumb 3207 3612 3613 4407 5126 5317 5318

5358 5377 5893 5946 Knacke 5527 Knapp 5528 Knechtli 5757 Knight 5838 Knoll J. S. 5852 Knoll M. B591 Knoll W. 5010 Knorr 59105 Knudsen A. W, 5626 Knudsen M. B501 1001 1002 1101 1403 3002 Kobayashi A. 5162 Kobayashi S, 5738 58115 Koehler 5148

56
AUTHOR INDEX

Koenig 5315 5773 5782 Kogan 59121

Roll 5002 5201 Kollmansperger 5318 Komiya 58116 Kondrashow 59101 Kornfeld 2904 Kotani 5204 Kramer 5841 Kratz 2907

Kraus 5860 5947 59160 Krelsman 6084 60136 Krieg 4906 Kucherov 59110 Kuhn 4601 Kumagai 5237 58127 58128

Kunzl 3506 Kuper 3407 3714 Kutscher 5427 Kutschke 5739

Labeyrie 5111 Lacher 3715 LaGow 5002 5201 5623 5769 5957 Laldler 4014 Lampson 3707 Landecker 5444 Lander 5013 5260 Landfors 5861 Landsberg 5545 Lane 4606 Lange 5712 5833 5904 Langmuir 1301 1302,1304 1401 1501 1502 1802 1907 2802 3307 4015 Langsdorf 5460 LaPadula 6001 Larin 6091 Lashof 5540 Latham 5123 5228 Laurenson 5888 5973 60134 Lavender 4805 Law 5632 5908 5948 6099 Lawrance 5472 Lawrence E. 0. 5219 5333 Lawrence J. B. 5229 Lawrenson 5965 Lawson 6035 Lawton 4009 Lawyer 5751 Lazarev 5976 Lazeyras 60101 LeBlanc J. A. 5655 LeBlanc M. B512 Lech 5431 5543 Leek B571 5114 5127 5202 5312 5403 5432 5506

5539 5601 5604 5713 5827 58129 59102 Lederer 370 8 Leduc 4908 Lee G. H. 5575 Lee R. W. 5822 Leefe 60124 Legallais 4701 Legault 4807

Leiby 6003 LeRiche 5868 59143 Levina 5536 Lew in 5862 Lewis 6094 Leyniers 5933 5986 Lichtman 60105 Llebson 60124 Lienard 5899 Liley 5733 Lilly 4701 Llnd 5359 Lineweaver 6004 Linner 6078 Lintz 5983 Lipson 5458 Litting 5210 Little 5128 Littwin 2804 Litwak 5468 Livingston 4411 Lloyd W. A. 59172 Lloyd E. C. 5772 Lloyd J. T. 5025 Lockenwitz 3807 Lofgren 5218 5219 5333 Lompe 3615 Loneragen 5807 Long J. S. 2505 Long R. A. K. 5304 Longim 5141 Lorenz 5863 5977 Lor tie 5520

Los 5104

Lott 5613 Loughridge 59168 Low 5926 Lowry H. H. 2702 Lowry R. A. 5529 Lueckert 5946 Lukirsky 3110 Lundberg 5443 Lynn 5614 Lyon D. N. 5220 Lyon K. S. B592 Lyubimov 5927

Mackay 1401 Madden 5151 Magnus 2907 2908 Mahoney 58144 Makinson 4826 Makower 4807 Mallard 5160 Malmberg 5329 Malter 6039 Mandoli 6039 Manley 2405 2701 Mann 3402 37 02 Manov 5895 Marchais 5984 Mark J. T. 59158 Mark R. 5862

57
AUTHOR INDEX

Markali 58131 Marker 5928 Marshall 3906 4416 Marth 5728 Martin A. J. 5442 Martin C. S. 5432 5601 5713 Martin I. E. 59167 Martin J. H. 4812 Martin L. H. B473 Martin S. T. 3909 Marton B511 59161 Maslach 5230 Mason 6092 Massey B524 Matheson 4803 5771 Matland 5051 5101 Matsuda 5353 Mazumder 5992 Maxwell 59131 6093 60103 McBain B321 McCouhrey 5051 5101 McCullock 5247 McDonald 5820 McFarland 5820 McGowan 6095 Mcllwraith 4709 Mcintosh 0901 McKee 5998 McLeod 7501 McMillan F. A. 5418 McMillan J. A. 5713 McNarry 5428 McQuistan 6078 Meakin 5152 Mears 5490 Meechan 5834 Meissner 5541 5656 Mellen 4608 4609 4828 Mellett 5726 Mellville B391 Melroy 5972 Melton 5777 Menshikov 5935 59106 Merlin 5034 Mesnard 60106 Met son 5054 5106 Meyer 3408 Michaels 60114 Michijima 5321 Mickelsen 5842 Mlelczarek 59161 Mielenz 5319 5486 Mierdel 2803 Mikhnevich 5786 5787 Milazzo 5643 5677 Miller A. R. B495 Miller G. H. 5334 5529 Miller L. D. 5929 Milleron 5758 5864 5865 Millican 5644 Milner 4918 5115 6069 Minchen 5568 Minter 5821 Miranda 5008 5231 Mitchell E. W. J. 5206

Mitchell J. W. 5029 Mitogoad

Miyahara 60129 Mizushima 59122 Moench

Moeneh B503 5232 Moesta 5639 5854 Moll J. 59164 Moll W. J. H. 4010 Moller 5662 5806 Molnar 5047 Mongodin 5611 5768 5781 5978 Monk 4824 Monroe 5438 Montgomery 3805 Moody 5657 Moore A. R. 5163 Moore G. E. 59137 Mordike 5916 Morey B543 Morgan 5615 Morgulis 3404 5555 5914 Merita 60140 Morrison 5104 5325 5335 5502 5759 59169 Morse 4003 Moser 3507 5776 Moses 6074

Mott 4722 Moutou 6007 Mueller C. 2906 Mueller E. W. 3605 3606 3711 3712 3809 5684 Mueller R. H. 60112 Muendel 1306 Mukherjee 59103 Muller 5979 Muntz 58101 Muramatsu 5346 Murata 5484 Murmann 3304 3305 Murphy 5534 Musa 5746 M'yakushko 59111

Nadeau 6037 Nagaeda 5052 Nagarjunan 5989 Nakayama 5724 5725 Nakhutin 59123 Nambo 4107 Nash 5026 Nasini 5951 6030 Naval Ord. Lab. 4703 Neher 5454 Nelson H. 4505 Nelson R. B. 4202 4506 Nerken 5658 Nester 5455 5607 5715 Neumann K. 3210 Neumann R. 4817 Neuzilora 58154 New 3406 Newberry 3201 Newell F. B. 58143

58
AUTHOR INDEX

Newell H. E. B532 Newell W. C, 3702 Newnam 4112

News on 6048 Newton 5633 Nicholson 5640 Nienhuis 4904

Nier 4011 5043 5361 5380 60115 Nightingale 58159 Niklas 5430 Nilsson B603 Nisbet 4919 Noble 6085 Noeller 5252 5427 5512 5567 5760 5762 5785 58137 58146 Norman 4818

Normand B505 5789 Norton 4416 5261 5362 5404 5473 5740 Nottingham 3717 5474 5678 60121

Oatley 5445 Ochert 5233 Oda 59122

Ogure 59112 Okamoto 5727 5732 5894 Olmer 4302

01ms tead 2702 Olsen 2902 Opdyeke 2508 Opstelten 5562 5615 58117 Origlio 6049 6056

Osher 5529 Overbeck 3408

Ownes 2507 Ower B496 Oyama 5038 5742

Pacey 5930

Pahl 5482 Palme 5253 Palmer 3509 Pannell B241 Pappenheimer 5456 Parker 60114

Parkins 4102 Parrott 5234

Pass 60137 Passechnik 58162 Patrick 2505 2507 2508 Patee 5457 Patterson D. 5569 Patterson G. N. B561 5960 Patterson J, L. 5271 Paty 5704 5717 58154 59113 6086 6096

Paul 58146 Pauling 4631 Pearson G, L. 4526 Pearson T. G, 3106

Peck 5167 Penfold 5509 Penning 3705 3706 4904

Penther 5716 Pequignot 5985 Perdijk 6050 6051

Perkins 5761 Perls 5305 Perron 5959 Peters 5546 5659 5912 59151 Peterson T, 6017 Peterson E. C. 5542 Peterson P. N. 5929 Petralia 5949 Petushinskii 5914

Pfund 2103 Phelps 5718 Phillips 5419 Philp 5032 Phipps 3501 Picard 4605

Pickels 3504 Pickering 5990 Pierotti 5991 Pierre 6016 60107 Pilny 5306 Pirani 0601 Piret 5151 Pitman 5518 Pitzer 6098 Platzman 5841 Plotnikov 59129 Podgurski 60141 Pollard 5336 59144

Poltz 5776

Popp 5865 Porta 5407 5408 5817 5866 59174 6006 6047

6049 6055 6056 Porter 3301 Posey 5952 Power 5123 5228 5433 5513 Powell 59167 Pressey 5307 Preston 2507 Prevot 5611 Pringle 5337 Prior 5845 Prugne 58132

Prytz 0501 Ptizyn 3110 Puddington 4829

Punter 59178

Pupp 5269 5270

Rabinovich

Rae B533 Raible 5020 5564 5569

Raines 3902 Ramaswamy 3312

Ramey 59149 Ransley 3607

Rao 4106

Rapp 5907 Ratchford 5027 Razouk 4823 Read 5737 Reamer 6008 Reddan 5153 Redhead 5254 5428 5867 58133 58134 58135 58136

59107 59136 6079 Reece 5750

59
AUTHOR INDEX

Rehkopf 5883 Reich 5760 5762 5785 5788 58137 59146 6025 Reichardt H, 3510 3511 Relchardt M, 5436 5515 Reilly E. G. 5338 Reilly J, B533 Relmann B521 3306 3403 Relnders 5154 Reinhard 58146 Repner 5787 Reuter 4705 Reuther 5354 Reynolds C, A. 5719 Reynolds F. H, 5373 Reynolds F, L, 5530 5547 Reynolds J. H. 5458 5668 Reynolds N. B. 2604 3102 Ricca 5866 6951 6006 6030 6054

Richards P. A, 5108 Richards R, J. 5459 Richardson A, C. 5905 Richardson L. F. 1904 Richeson 5607 Riddiford 5109 5116 5155 5235 5420 5508 Rlddoch 5604

Rideal 4628 4822 5570 Ridenour 3707 4103 Rittner 4603 Rivera 5868 59143 Robens 5358 Roberts J, A, 5660 5850 Roberts J, K, 3001 3202 3302 Roberts M. W. 60120

Roberts V, 5950 Robertson 5570 Robinson C„ F„ 60125 Robinson H, 4612 Robinson N. W, 5703 5741 58138 5931 59124 6031 Robson 5421 Rocherolles 6017 Roehr 3206 Roehrig 59148

Rogers 5434 Rohn 1405 Romand 5142 Romann 4804 Rosenberg A. J, 58149 Rosenberg P. 3801 3901 Rostagni 4304 4711 5034

Roth 6067 Rothsteln 5823 Rouse 5153 Rovner 60138

Kowe 2606 Rubin 60143 Rufer 5661 Rumpf 2605 Rusch 3211 Russell 5360 Ryder 1901

Saftic 5967 58119

Sage 5614 6008 Sain 6085

Saini 5951 6030 Sakisaka 5742 Sakovich 59108 Salem 4823 Sancier 5617 Sandler 5996 Santeler 5404 5548 5602 5662 5801 5802 5803 5804 5805 5806 5869 59154 Sarbey 3103 Sastri 5989 Savage 4815 Savinskil 5422 Sayers 6097 Saylor 5476 Saxer 4501 Saxson 5369 Scag 5624 Scheel 0902 0903 Scheibe 58147 Schlier 5672 5873 5880 Schlitt 5618 Schmidt E. 3601 Schmidt W. 59139 5020 5032 50139 Schneiderreit 50117 Schoenheit 5319 Scholz 5358 Schram 58139 Schriever 5339 Schroeder 5378 Schubert 59161 Schuchhardt 60142 Schuerer 59127 Schuetze H, J. 6018 6019 Schuetze W, 5683 Schulz 5718 5729 Schumacher 5743 Schurter 6094 Schutten 5154 5770 58140 Schwabe 2906 Schwartz C, M, 4805 Schwartz S, B602 Schwarz 4017 4405 4407 5105 5255 5340 5663 59144 6087 Schweers 4108 4109 4110

Schweitzer 5969 5980 Schwerdtfeger 60132 Schwertz 4720 Schwetzoff 5142 Scott 3905 Sears 5040 Sebestyen 5605 Seddig 4917 5236 Sederholm 4001 Seehof 5839 Selden 5730 Seifert 5565 Seliger 3615 Servrankx 5933 5986 Seymour 5569 Shakhov 5927 Shcherbakova 59l09 Shereshefsky 5992 Sherman 5328 Sherwood R. G, 1801 Sherwood T, K, 4613 Shrader 1801 1901 1906

60
AUTHOR INDEX

Shroff 5974 Shridkovskii 5787 Sibata 5237 58127 Sicinski 5402 Siedlewski 6068 Silberg 5464 5475 5891 Silsby 5956 Simmons 5488 Simon 2403 2905 Simons J. C, 58118 59142

Simons J. H. 4909 Simpson 4403 Sinanoglu 6098

Sites 5256 Sitney 5238 Skellet 2704 Slack 4002 Slavianskii 5257 Slavik 3506 Sliwinski 5354 Smith A. L. 5476 5755

Smith A- M. 0, 5534

Smith A, W, 5813 5902 Smith H. A. 5952 Smith H, R, 5544 5549 59156 59166 Smith L. A. 5324 Smith N, M. 3714 Smith N. W. W. 6036 Smith P, C, 4605

Smith P. T, 3003 3104 3203 Smithberg 5839 Smithells 3607 Smither 5608 Snavely 4902

So 1902 Sofer 5477 Sommer 5121 Sommermeyer 3107 Sosin 5834 Sourdillon 6044 Southram 6053 Spalding 5056 Spees 5719 Spencer 5402 5911 5957

Spiers 5028 Sproull 5163 Stanier 5239 Stanley 2805 Stanworth 5050 Stark D, S. 5932 Stark J. A. 5460 Steckelmacher 5014 5113 5125 5233 5962

Stehl 5212 Stein 5461 Steinhaus 5359 Stephens S. J, 5993 Stephens W. E. 5379 Stern 5131 Sterzer 5744

Stevens 5341 Stevenson 59155 Stewardson 3007 Stewart 5048 Stinnett 5326 Stivala 5731 Stone B583

Stout 5535 Stow 5994 Strad 5835 Strait 5943 Strong J. B382 Strong J. D. 5240 Strotzer 59125

Stuart 59126 Stull 4712 Sturdivant 4631 Sugita 60131 Sugiura 5375 5483 Sullivan H, M, 4819 Sutyagina 59123 Suzuki 5381 5958 Swaay 5532 Swartz 5550

Swets 6080

Taft 4811 Tajima 5342 Takamura 5437 Talburt 4807

Tarbes 4632

Tate 3203 4018 Taylor H. A. 5926 Taylor K. C, 5763 Taylor L. R, 5521 Taylor R. C. 4716

Teale 5836 Tellegen 4504

Teller 3811 Terekhov 59111 Terrien 4610 Testermann 5564 Thackara 5571 Thees 5509 5516 Theodorsen 3108 Thiele 59115 Thom 58100

Thomaes 6012 Thomas C. 0, 5952 Thomas E. 5363 5370 5531 5933 Thomas H, A. 4618 5121 Thomas L, B. 4302 Thuronyi 59177 Toby 5739

Todd B. J, 5503 5603 6004 Todd G, W. 1905 Tolstoi 5262 Tomkins 5203 Torney 5764 60121 Torpey 5343 Trabert 5870

Treacy 4826 Trendelenburg 5767 5878 5981 59157 6015 Tretner 6024 Treupel 5516 Trevoy 5224 5225 5343 Trillat 5780 Tritsmans 5681 Trodden 60130 Trubetskoi 59109 Trump 3703 5710 Trumpler 4624

61
AUTHOR INDEX

Tsukakoshi 5266 5372 Turnbull A. H. 5004 Turnbull J. C. 6023 Turner 5734 Tuthill 5108

Tuzi 5237 5732 5894

Tyler 5163

Umblia 5143 Urry 5638 Utterback 3201 Uyeda 5375 Uzan 60106

Vacca 5664 Valdre 5949 Valle 5267 Van Atta 5645 Van Der Meer 5014 Van der Pyl 5371 5575 Van der Scheer 5039 Vanderschmidt 58118 5901 59141 59148 Vanderslice 6090 Vanderveer 5258 Van der Waal 6022 Van Dorn 60119 Van Heerden 5537 Van Koppen 5364 Van Steenwinkel 5701 6012 Van Valkenburg 4619 Van Voorhls 2502 2602 Van Vucht 6045 Varadi 5450' 5605 Varicak 5561 5619 5627 5783 58119 5967

Variierin 5435 5517 5720

Veis 5934 Veith 4409 Vekshinsky 5935 Venema 5429 5815 58141 5924 5936 5982 Verhoek 3906 Verkamp 5620 Vermande 5242 Verna 5985 Vlckers 5221 Vlswanthan 5989 Vltkus 59150 Vodar 5142 Voege 0602 Voelker 3210 Vogel 5628 Volcker 5157 Volmer 2506 Von Angerer 3103 Von Dardel 5215 5365 Von Elchborn 4408 Von Engel 5124 5351 Von Frlesen 4016 Von Meyern 3308 3410 Von Smuluchowskl 1102 Von Ublsch 4704 4806 5156 5158 5215 5241 Von Weiss 5682 Von Zahn 58146 Voronlna 6091 Vosickl 5561

Vreeland 5959

Wade 5144 Wagener J. S, 5728 Wagener S. 5009 5107 5145 5205 5308 5366 5405 5406 Wagner 3603 Walts 6085 Wakefield 58163 Wakerling B492 Walden 3713 Waldron B594 Waldschmidt 5447 Wallace 5258 Walmsley 3708 Warmoltz 5159 5208 5504 5562 5616 58117 Warnecke M. 58123 5974 6007 Webber 4606 Weber 1701 3708 4406 4710

Weidemann 4101 Weinhart 3105 5042 Wetnreich 5110 5207 Werner 3910 Weise 4307 Weissmann 5317 5574 Weisz 4012 Wells 5777 5884 Wenk 5005 Werlein 5167 Werner 5055 Wessel 5322 West 1903 Westendorp 5426 Westinghouse Mfg. Co, 6077 Westlake 60111 Westmeyer 4t)12 Wetterer 3903 Weulersse 6088 Wexler 5416 Weyl 4714 Wheeldon 59133 Wheeler 5243 Whitechurch 6048 White D. 5435 White W. C, 4814 Wlchers 4204 Wieder 5813 Wiederhorn 5959 Wiedmann 4624 Wilder 5010 Wildhack 4208 5772 Wilkins 3812 3813 Wilkinson 6082 Williams C. B493 Williams J, L. 5828 Williams R. L, 5822 Williams S, E, 4611 Williams S. L. 5620 Williams T. W. 4618 Williams W. E. 5103 Willmarth 58151 Wilson D, C, 6092 Willson J, L. 3209 Wilson M. K, 5462 Wing 4202

62
Winkler 5667 Winogradoff 58142 Wintergerst 5983 Winzenberger 5871 Witman 5268 Witts 5018 Wittwer 5629 Witty 4511 5041 Wolff M. M. 5379 Wolff W. F. 5997 Wolsky 5778 59135 Wong 59158 Wood 4631 Woodrow 1402 Wooten 4308 Worcester 4620 Work L. T. 3958 Work R. H. 5872 Wouters 4404 Wright 5566 Wuest 5273 58147 Wyllie 5621 5622 Wysong 4821 Yada 5738 Yakhividin 58124

Yaitiamoto 5491

AUTHOR INDEX

Yarnold 4629 Yarwood B551 5320 5721 59128 Yazawa 6052 Yetter 59162 Yonts 5789 Young A. H. 4503 Young J. R. 5665 5814 5953 Yoimg J. E. 5132 Young W. S. 4716 Youngs 5160 59175 6021 60143 Yukhvidin 5925 5927

Zabel 3101 3309 Zaphiropoulos 59172 Zdanuk 59135 6021 60143 Zeise 2806 Zelst 5616 Zemany 5244 Zetterstrom 5502 Zincke 5897 Ziock 5245 5572 Zollers 4605 Zollman 59167

Zuhr 4713

63
4. SUBJECT INDEX

The subject index covers the material in the references as completely as possible, based mostly

on a perusal of the reference, in some cases on an abstract and rarely only on the title.

The headings require some discussion. Outgassing and degassing are indexed under "Degassing"

for convenience, since the phenomena are in many

cases too closely related to be easily separated.

For the same reason, papers on permeability and diffusion are indexed under "Diffusion of gases".

Gettering action has been covered under five

headings: "Getters," under which gettering materials are covered; "Ion pimps" and "Getter-ion pumps," under which specific designs are covered; "Gettering action, ionization gages," the importance of which seemed to warrant a separate heading; and

last, "Clean-up of gases, electrical," under which

gettering action not otherwise covered is indexed.

Micromanometers cover the class of low pressure

Adsorption, see Adsorption, Degassing, Diffusion of gases Rates of sorption and desorption, theory of Soluble gases in metals B472 B491 Accommodation coefficient

Accommodation, coefficient, condensation, see Condensation coefficient

Air 3401 Metal surfaces 4624 Ammonia 3401 Application

Pirani gages B571 1102 3002 3402 3702 Radiometer gages B501 B571 3205 4710 4711

Upper atmosphere pressure measurement 5787 Argon 3302 3401 Platinum 3402 3813 4302 4401 Temperature coefficient 3302 3813 Carbon dioxide 3401

Platinvun 4302

Carbon monoxide 3401 Platinum 4401 Deuterium 3803 Platinum 3702 4302 4401 Helium 3401 Nickel 3001 Temperature coefficient 3902 Platinum 4302 4401

Temperature coefficient 4302 Tungsten 3001 Temperature coefficient 3202 Hydrogen 1501 3401 3803 Platinum 3402 3702 4302 4401 Temperature coefficient 3804 4302 Krypton

Platinum 4401 Mercury

Platinum 3402 4302 Temperature coefficient 4302 Method of measurement 3401 Neon 3302 Iron 5203 Platinum 4302 4401 Temperature coefficient 3302

instrumentation which it is desired to discuss. Two headings are used, "Micromanometers, liquid

type" and "Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages." The latter heading is preferable to "Micromanometers" because many designs of mechanical micromanometers have possible application to the vacuum

range

Finally, a distinction has been made between

gaskets and seals. Mainly the design or physical

properties of the gaskets are covered under

"Gaskets," and the application and assemblies

under "Seals."

In using the index, note that under the heading

"Pressure measurement" all types of vacuum gages

and micromanometers are listed under the various

nomenclatures in use, with a reference to the heading under which it may be located in the index. The same has been done for pumps under the heading

"Pumps .

Accommodation coefficient (cont'd)

Nitrogen 1501 3401 Platinum 3813 4401 Temperature coefficient 3813 Nitrous oxide 3401 Organic compounds, low vapor pressure 3906 Oxygen 3401 Platinum 3402 3813 Temperature coefficient 3813 Review B571 1101 Significance in heat conduction 1101

Sulfur dioxide 3401 Temperature coefficient 3302 3804 3813 3902 4205

4302 Theory 3202 3302 3401 3813 Xenon

Platinum 4401 Acoustical vacuum gage 5663 5773 Adsorbing materials, characteristics of Barium, see Getters

Carbon, see Charcoal, see Crystals, porous B583 Energetics B583 Gases adsorbed, see Adsorption

Getters, see Palladium, see Hydrogen, Palladium

Pore structure B583 Silica gel, see Theory, see Adsorption

Titaniiim, see Getters, Getter-ion pumps

Zeolites, see Zirconium, see Adsorption, see also Getters, Adsorption, activated

Acetic acid

Glass 4717 Acetone

Silica 3509 Acetonitride

Silica 3509 Acetylene

Charcoal B491 Air

Mercury B321

64
SUBJECT

Adsorption (cont'd)

Alcohol vapor Germanium 5931 Silica gel 2508 Ammonia

Charcoal B491 2907

Glass powder B491 Graphite 2907 Argon

Carbon, modified active 5997 Charcoal B491

Glass B491 1802 58129 59133 Iron B491 Mica 1802 Molybdenum 5852 Molybdenum disulphide 60108 Nickel 5852 5878 58129 Platinum B491 3813 58129 Silicon 5632 Silver B491 4205 Tungsten 58129 5988 Zeolites 59126 Mechanism 59126 Benzene

Glass 4916 Mercury 4628 Silica 3509 Silica gel 2508 5998 Bibliography 5563 5675 5676 Butane

Oxide coated cathodes 4308 Silica gel 2505 Zeolites 4412 Cesium

Tungsten 5554 Carbon dioxide

Carbon dust 4815

Carbon filament 3307

Chabasite B491 Charcoal B491 2907

Glass 1802 1906 2404 5052 Powder B491 Pressure effect 2404 Graphite 2907

Dust B491 Mica 1802 Silica gel B491 2507 Silver 4205 Titanium 6034 Tungsten 5942 Zirconium, see Getters

Carbon disulphide

Glass 4916 Silver 4916 Carbon monoxide

Carbon dust 4815

Charcoal B491

Cobalt B491 5989 Glass B491 Graphite dust B491

Iron B491 Mica 1802 Nickel B491 5990 Palladium B491 Ruthenium 5926 Silicon 5632 Silver B491 4205 Titanium 6034 Tungsten 5873 5999 6030

INDEX (cont'd)

Adsorption (cont'd) Carbon monoxide (cont'd)

Zirconium, see Getters

Carbon tetrachloride vapor Silica gel 2508 4106 5998 Charcoal, see Chloroform

Silica 3509 Cross sectional area, adsorbed molecules,

Molecules

Ethane Analcite 4412

Cnabazite 4412

Copper thin films 5992 Nickel thin films 5992 Zeolites 4412 Ethyl acetate

Glass 4717

Ethyl alcohol

Glass 4717 Khylene

Charcoal B491 Oxide coated cathode 4308 Rhodium 5990

EtJiyl iodide Glass 4916 Experimental techniques B495

Forces holding adsorbed atoms B491

Heat of sorption B491 Helium

Glass 4109 58129 5944 Lucite 5220 Molybdenum 5720 5852 Nickel 5852 5878 58129 Platinum 58129 Plexiglass 5220 Solidified gases Hydrogen 4110 Neon 4110 Nitrogen 4110 Oxygen 4110 Tungsten 58129

Henry' s law B491 Hydrocarbon vapors Silica gel 5998 Hydrogen

Aliiminum 6082

Barium, see Getters

Carbon dust 4815

Chabasite B491

Charcoal B491 1406

Copper, see also Traps 5356 Glass 4108 4717

Graphite dust B491

Iron B491 Molybdenum 5865 Nickel B491

Copper .8% 5356 Palladium, see Palladium-silver alloys, see

Platiniim 2906 3402 Ruthenium 5926 Carbon dioxide preadsorbed 5926 Silicon 5632 5948 Silver 4205 Tantalum 3208 Thorium 5366 Titanium, see also Getters 59169 6034 Tungsten 3307 5914 6083

65
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Adsorption (cont'd)

Hydrogen (cont'd)

Tungsten (cont'd)

Crystal 5889 Powder B491 4410 Zirconium, see Getters Hydrogen sulphide

Charcoal B491 Glass 4916 Krypton

Charcoal B491

Copper 5356 5357 Thin films 5992 Germanium 58149 Glass 58129 Molybdenum 5852 Molybdenum disulphide 60108 Nickel 5852 5818 58129 Penetration depth 6001 Thin films 5992 Nickel oxide thin filjois 5992 Platinum 58129 Tungsten 58129 Mechanism B495 1502 5029 5675 6034 Carbon dioxide on tungsten 5942 Germanium 5672 Glass 58129 Hydrogen on tungsten 6083 Noble gases on metals 58129 Oxygen on tungsten 5939 Measurement, see Adsorption and degassing measurement Methane

Carbon dust 4815

Charcoal B491

Copper thin films 5992 Glass 3491 1802 2806 Graphite dust B491 Mica 1802 Nickel thin films 5992 Nickel oxide films 5992 Zeolites 4412 Methyl alcohol

Silica 3509 Methyl chloride

Charcoal B491 Monolayers of gases on solids Atoms B491 Molecules B491 Number of molecules, various gases B491 Theory B491 4822 Time to form 5314 Multimolecular layers of gases on solids

Glass 2405 Silica 3509 Neon

Charcoal B491

Glass 4109 58129 Iron 5203 Molybdenum 5852 Nickel 5852 5878 58129 Platinum 58129 Tungsten 58129 Nitrogen

Aliiminum 6082 Carbon dust 4815

Carbon, modified active 5997 Charcoal B491

Adsorption (cont'd)

Nitrogen (cont'd) Cobalt 5989 Glass B491 1802 2806 4916 Graphite dust B491 Iron B491 Layers absorbed, metals 5313 Mica B491 1802 Molybdenum 5882 Monolayer, time to form 5314 Platinum 3813 Silicon 5632 Silver B491 4205 4916 Tantalum 3208 Titanium 6034 Tungsten B491 5554 5671 5882 5914 5951 6030 Zeolites 59126 Zirconium, see Getters Nitrous oxide

Aluminum 6082 Glass 2404 Silica gel 2507 Oxygen

Aluminum 6082 Carbon dust 4815

Chabasite B491 Charcoal B491

Copper 5029 5357 Germanium 59135 6091 Glass B491 2806 3209 Graphite dust B491 Mica B491 Molybdenum 5882 Nickel 60122 Platinum 1802 3813 Silicon 5632 5879 5908 5938 6093 Silver 4205 Tantalum 3208 Titanium 6034 Tungsten 3307 5554 5557 5873 5882 5938 Zirconium, see Getters Pentane

Glass 4916 Silver 4916 Pressure effect B491 2402 Henry's law B491

Propane

Zeolites 4412

Rate B491

Reviews, see Books and surveys Silica gel, see Sulfur dioxide

Charcoal B491

Glass 2404 5052 Glass powder B491

Surface area of absorber, see Surface area of solids and gases Temperature effect 1802 Adhesive forces B491

Critical temperature of adhesion B491 Multimolecular layers B491 Sticking probability B491 Theory B491 2702 Theory

Bibliography 5676 Brunauer-Emmett -Teller B601 3811 4916 60109 Freundlich equation B431 B491 Harkins-Jurs B601 4916

66
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Adsorption (cont'd)

Theory (cont'd)

Hyperbolic isotherm B341 B491 2506 3508 3614 4041Combined vrith parabolic B491 2806 2906 Tungsten-hydrogen 4410 Interactions between molecules 6098 Langmuir (monomolecular layer) B601 1502

1802 3307 3508 4015 Monomolecular layer 2908 4822

Langmuir, see above Temperature effect 2908 Monomolecular layer on metals Atoms B491 Molecular B491 3307 Physical basis B491 1502 Temperature effect B491 Multimolecular layers B321 B431 B491 Brunauer-Emmett -Teller B431 B491 B601 3811 Condensible vapors 4509 Nitrogen on various materials, below

-183°C B491

Palmer, virteous silica B491

Patrick, silica gel B491 Polanyi B321 B431 B491 B601 2702 Organic vapors by silica 3509 Parabolic isotherm B431 B491

Persorption B491 Porous solids 60109 Potential, see Multimolecular layers above Review B491 B495 B601 Statistical basis B491 3812 4015 Temperature effects B491 Thermodynamic basis 3812 Toluene

Glass 4916 Water vapor, see also Chabasite B491

GlassExperimental data B491 1802 1906 4417

4916 5732 5894 Temperature effect 5732 Mechanism B491 5246 5894 Theory 5246 Quartz B491 58150 Silica gel B491 Hysteresis loop 4106 Steel 4602 Tantalum 3208 Zeolites B491 Xenon

Charcoal B491 Adsorption, activated or chemisorption, see also Gettering action, ionization gages Carbon dioxide

Produced on glass by activated oxygen 4018 Carbon monoxide

Aluminum 6082 Molybdenum 6031 Produced on glass by activated oxygen 4018 Tantalum 6031 Chlorine

Dissociation by tungsten cathode 1502 Ethylene

Aluminum 6082

Getters, see Hydrogen

Breakdovm to atomic

Electron bombardment 2703 2704

Adsorption, activated or chemisorption (cont'd)

Hydrogen (cont'd)

Breakdovm to atomic (cont'd)

Tungsten filament 1401 1502 Characteristics for classes of metals B472 B491 Tungsten filament 6083 Zirconium 4905 Mechanism 1301 58130 Metals 5670 Methane

Various cathodes 58130 Nitrogen B491 Magnesium 3110 Molybdenum filament 1907 Tantalum 3208 Tungsten filament 1302 1304 1401 Zirconium 4905 Nitrogen oxide

Aluminum 6082 Oxide films Formation and stability 4206 IronLocation by electron microscope 5653 Tungsten 4821 Oxygen

Activated by hot filament 4018

Barium, see also Getters 5204 Germanium 5996 6091 Iron 5653 Magnesium 3303 Tantalum 3208 Tungsten filaments B491 1301 1304 1502 Zirconium 4905 Review B472 Theory B601 1502 Sorption by metals B491 5670 Water vapor Barium 6032 Produced by activated oxygen on glass walls

4018 Tantalium 3208 Tungsten 1304 Adsorption and degassing measurement Accumulation method 6034 Applications

Adsorption 3712 5312 5430 5554 5778 5882 5914

5948 5951 5990 59135 59136 59175 6023 6030

60122 Electron tubes 6018 6020 6034 Glass 4714 Silicon 5632 Degassing 2302 4824 5312 5612 5759 5768 5778 5882 58121 58124 58159 5925 5971 59119 59136 59153 59157 6001 6023 6034 6080 60123 Diffusion 58121 Gettering 3209 5009 5162 5205 5430 59136

6046 6047 6048 6053 Compression of gas Capillary tube, in 5759 Conductivity of nickel oxide determines gettering of oxj-'gen 6046 Contact resistance, measures adsorption of gases on molybdenum and tungsten 5882 Diffraction, lovr energy electrons 60122 Electron tubes Ionization gage circuit measures residual

gas pressure 6018 Field emission microscope 3712 5554 5988

67
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Adsorption and degassing measurement (cont'd)

Flash filament techniques

Adsorption 5948 59136 Residual gases by tungsten 5914 59136 Number of gas layers absorbed 5313 Mass spectrometer plus pressure drop measures adsorption 5632 Flowmeter, microvane deflection 6034 Gas analysis, see Getter-ion pump, current integration 60123 Infrared spectrum of freshly formed metal films

in presence of gas 5990 Mass spectrometer, see Oatley method 5445 Omegatron, see Mass spectrometers

Polarized light

Multimolecular layers absorbed 4717

Pressure change vs time 2303 3209 5162 5883 Differential pressure, pvunp operating through

known conductance 5009 5162 5205 5768 58121

5951 59119 6030 6034 6053 Theory 5768 6034 Pressure change in system, pump operating

through orifice of known conductance 5445

5971Theory 5445 5971 Pressure drop in reservoir getter chamber pressure held constant 6047 6048 Pressure rise

In orifice of known conductance 58159 Ionization gage, palladium window admitting

hydrogen only 6080 Radioactive tracer 5430 Krypton 85, 5612 Penetration depth in nickel 6001 Surface area of solids, see Weighing

Electrically operated beam balance 4824 Microbalance 5778 59135 59175 6021 Zabel method 59153 Theory 59153 Alphatron, see Radioactive ionization gages Amplifiers, electronic

Electronic B542 Transistor B602 Analcite, see Zeolites

Anode materials

microwave tubes 6026 Anemometers, vacuum, see Flowmeters, vacuum Argon

Adsorption, see Degassing, see Diffusion, see Atmospheric pressure oscillations, measurement of, see Pressure measurement, Microbarographs

Bibliography

Acoustic and explosion waves 59177

Backstreaming, see Pumps, diffusion

Ballast gas, mechanical pumps, see Pumps, mechanical Barium

Contact potential, tungsten 3502

Getter, see Melting point curve 6050 Oxidation

Mechanism 5735 Theory 5708

Barium (cont'd) Photo absorption 5030 '\ Purity 6050 .j Structure, getter films 6051 6052 s Surface area, active 6050 6051 i Work function 3502 3808 Barometers, see also Manometers j Aneroid, null type 5490 Review 6009 \ Standard NPL 6092

' Vacuum valve 5455 60126 ; Barostat, see Pressure regulator i Batalum getter 3708 Bayard-Alpert gage, see Ionization gage, Bayard- j Alpert

j Bibliographies j Acoustic and explosion wave propagation in i atmosphere 59177

| Adsorption 5563 5676 ; Altimeters 5575 1 Aneroid barometers 5575 ! Bourdon tubes and gages 5371 | Diaphragms 5575 | Diaphragm pressure gages 5575 ; Electrical clean-up of gases by hot cathodes

5919 i Gas analysis 1949 5026 I Getters,

Barium for carbon monoxide 6006 ' Electron tubes 5010 Leak detection 5233 i Mass spectrometers B594 5015 (1949) \ Applications 58103 ] Materials

Electron devices B591 ; Mica 5940 ; Vacuum applications B593 . Molecular beams 4622 | Molecular processes, gas-solid interface 59176 -, Pirani gages 4704

' Pressure measurement, dynamic 5481 5540 Quartz 5890 { Radiometer gages 5125 i Surface area of solids 5165 ; Vacuum insulation, electrical 60128 Vacuum measurement B571 5105 5113 ; Ultra high 5874 : Vacuum pumps 4817 5848 J Vacuum techniques B591 5166 59114 ] High 60120

j Ultra-high 5874 i Valves 5320

j Vapor pressure 4712 ' Bimetal strip Pirani gage, see Expansion gages, thermal

Books and Surveys

Adsorption B321 B341 B431 B491 B495 B514 B521 i B581 B601 3307 5675 59176 i Chemisorption B601 5675 j Monolayers on solids 4015 '( Theories B431 B495 B601 4015 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 ! Cathodes, oxide coated 3907 I Conductance of tubes and orifices B491 B492 B501 ; B506 B512 B581

* Desorption (Degassing) B491 B581 B591 3109 Glass B543 Metals 5631

68
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Books and Surveys (cont'd)

Diffusion of gases, thermal 4623 Diffusion through solids B472 B522 B581 Electrical discharges in vacuum 5316 Electronic and ionic impact phenomena B524 Electronics, applied B542 Evaporation rates, metals B491

Field emission microscopy B511 5684 Fluid velocity and pressure B241

Gas analysis 1949, 5026 Gases, Kinetic theory B381 B471 B491 B501 B502

B506 B512 B581 Molecular flow B561 Getters B581 B591 4415 5010 Barium for carbon monoxide 6006

Glass, Properties of B543 Metallising 5143 Handbook, vacuum B504 Ionization gages 5105 5113 5144

Cold cathode 5311 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 Ionization phenomena B603

Leak detection B491 B492 B493 McLeod gage B491 B515 B571 4615 5105 5113 5166 Mass spectrometry B531 B582 B594 60125 Applications 58103 Materials, vacuum applications B593 Materials, vacuum tubes B591 Mercury barometers and manometers 6009 Mica 5940 Micromanometers B391 B496 B533 5105 Tilting B241 B496 Molecular beam techniques 4622 Outgassing, see Desorption

Pirani gages B491 B571 4704 4903 5105 5113 5144 Pressure gages, low B391 Pressure measurement, dynamic 5481 Pump oils 4414

Pumps, see Vacuum pumps below

Radiometer gages B491 B571 5105 5113 5125

Seals, glass' to metal 5348 Solubility of gases in solids B522 Sorption of gases and vapors, see Adsorption

above Surface area of absorbents 4508 Surface chemistry B514 B601

Surface physics 59176 Surface tension B494 Thermionic emission 5678 Transducers B592 Vacuum evaporation and metallurgy B513 B572 Vacuum distillation, pump oils 4414 Vacuum gages B382 B391 B491 B492 B506 B521 B551

B571 B581 4615 5105 5113 5144 5875 Calibration methods B491 B501 B502 B571 4615 Ionization gages, see above

McLeod, see above

Pirani, see above

Radiometer, see above Upper atmosphere pressure B532 Vacuum insulation, electrical 60128 Vacuum pumps B382 B491 B492 B502 B506 B512 B521

B551 B572 B581 3109 4817 5149 5848 5875 Pumping speed B506 B512 B551 Vacuum techniques B261 B382 B473 B491 B492 B502

B503 B504 B505 B521 B523 B551 B581 3109 5134

5166 59106 59114 59132 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 5915

Books and Surveys (cont'd) Valves 5320 Vapor pressure Inorganic compounds 4712 Organic compounds B541 4712 Pump oils B581

Solids B491 5527 Viscosity gages B491 5113 Bourdon tube gages Bibliography 5371 Glass B391 Collapsable 3405

Light beam B491 0901 Pointer B491 3405 Quartz B491

Light beam B491

Review, vacuum measurement 4615 Silica B391 Bourdon tubes Bibliography 5371 Theory 5272 5273 5679 Brazing techniques

Nickel 5258 Vacuum 5859 5887 Buna rubber, see Rubbers

Butyl rubber, see Rubbers

Calibration techniques, vacuum gages

Constant leak, orifice in two positions

Pumping speed known, pressure gage linear

59147 Expansion of gas method B391 B491 B501 B571 1403

3212 4909 5310 Florescu 59147 Flow-pressure drop method B491 B501 B571 2101

3709 5124 5874 59147 Across aperture in diaphragm 58155 Tneory 2101 Ionization gages Expansion of gas method 5310 Location in vacuum system 6016 Pumping speed and gas flow measured at gas exit 5609 Secondary standard 5725 58107 Magnetron

Using Bayard-Alpert gage 5944 McLeod gages 5474 As standard, see McLeod gages Expansion of gas method 3212 Review B491 B571 4615 Measured gas volume added to system 5242 Radiometers As standard, see Radiometer gages, applications

Review 6016 System

Comparison method, pressure rise technique

60136 Capillary depression, see Surface tension, mercury

Carbon Adsorbed layer in vacuiwi systems 5315 Carbon dioxide

Adsorption, see Degassing, see Getters, see Origin in vacuum systems 5308

69
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Carbon adsorber B583 Modified active

Argon 5997 Nitrogen 5997 Carbon monoxide

Adsorption, see Degassing, see Getters, see Origin in vacuum systems 5308 Cartesian diver, see Micromanometer , liquid type,

gasometers, Pressure controllers

Cast metals

Effect of adsorbed gases B491

Catalysis

Carbon and oxygen on tungsten 5554 Hydrogen and oxygen on tungsten 5554 Cathodes Iridium

Performance 5110 Oxide coated Degassing, using cold trap for CO2 5748 Electron emission, see Electron emission from

cathodes Properties 3907 Thoria covered iridium and rhodium

Performance 5110 Rhodium

Performance 5110 Cellulose, sorption and desorption B491

Cements, properties B551

Vapor pressure, see Centrifugal manometer, see Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages Ceramics, properties, see Materials

Chabasite absorber, see Zeolites

Charcoal absorber

Absorption of gases vs pressure and temperature

B491 Activation methods B491 Ammonia 2907 Carbon dioxide 2606 2907 Polanyi potential theory 2702 Carbon monoxide 2606 Liquid air temperatures 1801

Carbon monoxide 2606 Hydrogen 1406 2606 Nitrogen 2606 5976 Nitrogen 2606 5976

0:{ygen 2606 Physical characteristics B491 1406 Porosity, see Pump 6039 Liquid nitrogen temperature 5976 Review B321 B491

Surface area B491

Theory, absorption in vacuum systems B491 3811

Tir.ie lag B491 Chemisorption , see Adsorption, activated or chemisorption

Clean surfaces, see Surface reaction phenomena and techniques

Glass, see Nickel, see Silicon, see Titanium, see Tungsten, see Clean-up of gases, electrical, see also Degassing, Getters

Clean-up of gases, electrical (cont'd)

Carbon arc

Air, argon, hydrogen 5789 Electrical discharge, cold cathode Clean-up by cathode sputtering B491

Clean-up by positive ions entering cathode Helium 5153 Neon 3615

Rare gases B491 Review B491 Electrodless discharge

Air, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen clean-up

B491 2803 Argon 2803 Mechanism of clean-up B491

Hot cathode, see also Gettering action, ionization gages Air 3308 Bibliography 5919 Helium 3410 Hydrogen 3308 Magnetic field effect 3308 3410 Mechanism 5919 Nitrogen 3410 Review 5919 Sealed systems, data 5309 Theory 59125 Triode

Mechanism 2406 Ionization gages, see Gettering action, ionization gages

Cold traps, see Pumps, crygenic. Traps

Compression type vacuum gage, see also McLeod

gages Differential pressure measurement 5438 Condensation coefficient

Carbon dioxide B491

Carbon monoxide

Mercury 59159 Tungsten 6030 Hydrogen B491

Glass 2806 Mercury 59159 Silicon 5948 Tungsten 5206 5889 6083 Methane B491 Glass 2806 Nitrogen B491 Glass 2806 Mercury 59159 Metals 5313 Tungsten 5206 5951 6030 Oxygen B491

Copper 5206 Glass 2806 Mercury 59159 Silicon 5938 Tungsten 5206 5557 5938 Review 5915 Temperature effect B491 Theory B491 Conductance o± tubes' and orifices, see Flow of gase Controlled gas leaks, see Leaks, controlled gas Controller, liquid level, see Traps

Controller, pressure, see Pressure controllers Convection manometer Thermocouples measure temperature above and below heated strip 5680 59118 Cryogenic pumps, see Pumps, cryogenic

70
SUBJECT INDEX (con-t'd)

Degassing, see also Getters, Clean-up of gases, electrical, Residual gases Aluminum 58152 58159 59153 Composition of gases B491

Oxide film effect B491 Water vapor 5360 Anode materials, long periods of time 5883 Araldite 58152 58159 59100 Brass 5804 59153

Brazing, vacuum 5859 Buna rubber, see Rubbers

Cements 5321 Ceramics 5925 59153 Copper 5804 59153 Composition of gases B491 Embrittlement by sorbed gases B491

Enameled 59100 Copper-coated nickel iron alloy B491 Dural 59153 Elastomers 59153 Electron tubes, see Vacuum tubes, below

General considerations, room temperature 5779 Germanium 59135 By ion bombardment 5672 5880

Glass, see also Acetylene 2404 Air

Dry B491 Woist B491 Argon 58129 Carbon dioxide 1906 2303 2404 Composition of absorbed gases B491 Composition of glass 2303 Sealing to metals 5528 Vacuum applications 5528 Degassing techniques B491 B591 2303 2405 Electron bombardment 6004 Infrared heat 5048 Helium 58121 58129 Hydrogen 58121 6032 Induced by electrical discharge B491 Krypton 58129 Neon 58129 Nitrous oxide 2404 Oxygen 6004 Preheat effect Review B382 B491 B543 5703 5897 Silicone 5804 Sorption, solution effects B491

Sputtered metal film reduces 5703 Sulfur dioxide 2404 Temperature effect 2303 58121 Water vapor B491 1906 2303 6032 Ion bombardment 5246 Mechanism 5503 Various glass compositions 5503 Glyptol 5869 Graphite

Composition of gases B491 4415 Techniques B491 4415

Volume, adsorbed gases 4415

Greases, vacuum, see Insulators 59100 Ionization gages 5350 5802 Bayard-Alpert 5310

Cold cathode 5312 5347 5506 Oil vapor causes abnormal 5727

Degassing (cont'd) Iron 6034 Composition of gases B491 4416 Nickel plated 6034 Oxygen content B491 Techniques B491 5203 Volume of adsorbed gases 4416

Lead gaskets 5032 Liquids

Refluxing through cold trap 5633 Measurement of gas evolved, see Adsorption and degassing measurement

Metals

Re-emission, noble gases, caused by ionic

impact 5767 Review 5631 Mica 5940 Molybdenum 59153 Composition, adsorbed gases B491 4415 Helium 5720 Mechanism 5720 Nitrogen 5882 Oxygen 5882 Techniques B491 3206 4415 5368 Volume, adsorbed gases 4415 Monel metal wires B491 Mylar 5804 5869 Neoprene, see Rubbers Nickel 58152 59153 6034 Argon 58129 By ion bombardment 5852 5878 5880 Carbon monoxide source of 3607 Composition of gases B491 4416 59130 Helium 58129 Krypton 58129 6001 Neon 58129 Oxygen 60122 Techniques B491 4416 58129 59130 6035 Volume of adsorbed gases 4416 Nylon 58159 Palladium

Deuterium 6089 Hydrogen 6089 Perbunan, see Rubber Plastics (46) 59153

Plat inum

Argon 58129 Helium 58129 Krypton 58129 Neon 58129 Plexiglas 5804 58152 Polyvinyl chloride 5804 5869 Porcelain, enameled 58152

Ptanp oils, see Resin

Bpoxy 5804 5869 6033 Review

Analysis 5805 Data B581 5804 Techniques B471 B491 B551 5805 Metals B591 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 Rubbers, see Silicon

By ion bombardment 5880 By heating under ultra-high vacuum 5908 Silver 58152 59153 Silver chloride 60103

71
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Degassing (cont'd)

Steel 59153 Chrome plated 59153 Composition of gases B491 Molten steel 5763 Nickel plated 58159 59153

0;<ygen content B491 Plated 5971 Rate at room temperature 5768 Rusty 58159 59153 Stainless 58159 5971 59153 Techniques B491 Varnished 58159 Tantalum 58152 59153 Embr ittlement by sorbed hydrogen B491 Techniques 3502 3717 5034 5805

By ion bombardment 5672 5880 Germaniim 59135 Mass spectrometer 60131 Metals 4416 Nickel 6035 Tungsten 5673 59136 Ultra-high vacuum 5867 5980 59136

Teflon, see Theory, rate 59153 Titanium 6034

By ion bombardment 5880 Titanium oxide

By ultraviolet light 6088 Tungsten 58152 59153 Argon 58129 Barium 5554 Carbon monoxide 5673 5999 Composition of gases B491 Helium 58129 Hydrogen 4015 5673 Krypton 58129 Neon 58129 Nitrogen 5672 Oxygen 4015 Techniques B491 4808 58129 Vacuum systems

Review 59153 Water vapor Methylchlorosilane Dri-film 5462 Vacuum tubes

Gas composition and volvime against time 5759 6035 Oxide coated cathodes, cold trap for CO2 5748 Travelling wave tube 5925 Vinyl acetate 5032 Zirconium 58152 59153 Density of rarefied gas Electron beam attenuation 5954 Desorption, see Degassing

Dewar flasks, see Traps

Diaphragm vacuum gages, see Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages Diaphragms

Corrugated

Design 4208 5772 5983 Handbook 58143 Performance 4208 5772 Review 5983 Theory 5772 Terminology 58143 FlatDesign 3108 5983

D iaphragms ( cont ' d) Flat (cont'd)

Performance 3108 Temperature effects 3108 Theory 3108 Differential multiple pumping 5757 Diffusion of electrons Window for 5839 Diffusion of gas mixtures

Isothermal

Coefficients, various gas mixtures B491 Measurement B491 Theory B381 B491

Rate, theory B491 Thermal

Data, various mixtures B491 Theory B491 4623 Diffusion of gases into or through solids

Aluminum

Hydrogen B551 59153 Bakelite 59153 Copper

Hydrogen B551 59153 Enamelled iron Helium, hydrogen 6066 Glass

Air 3409 Argon 3409 5473 Deuterium 5740 Helium B491 B581 3409 5261 5362 5434 5463

5473 5740 58121 59153 Hydrogen 3409 5261 5473 58121 Limiting molecular diameter of gas 5740 Mechanism 4714 Neon 5473 5740 Nitrogen 3409 5473 Oxygen 3409 5473 Review 5897 59153 Temperature effect 5740 58121 Water vapor 5603 59153 6032 Glass, pyrex Helium B491 B581 5261 5361

IronCarbon monoxide 59153 Helium 6066 Hydrogen B551 5261 5473 5892 59153 6066 Nitrogen 5261 5473 59153 Measurement, see also Adsorption and desorption measurement

Plastic tubing 5756 Pressure drop vs time 5756 Mechanism 3409 5473 Metals

Argon 6090 Carbon monoxide B491 Hydrogen B491 B522 B551 Oxygen B491 Theory B491 Molybdenum

Hydrogen 59153 Nitrogen 59153 Nickel

Carbon 3607 5260 6035

Carbon monoxide 59153 Carbon monoxide production mechanism 3607 Helium 5444 Hydrogen B551 5444 5526 59153 Oxygen 3607

72
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Diffusion of gases into or through solids (cont'd)

Palladium, see Plat inum

Hydrogen 59153 Polymers 5740 Air

Vinyl tubing 5756 Argon B522 Carbon monoxide B522 Carbon dioxide B522 Hydrogen B522 5261 Helium B522 Nitrogen B522 Water vapor B522 Porcelain 59153

Pyrex, see Glass, above

Quartz

Air 3409 Argon B472 B491 B581 3409 Deuterium B581 Helium B491 B581 3409 Hydrogen B472 B491 B581 3409 Mechanism B472 B491 Neon B472 B491 B581 Nitrogen B472 B491 B581 3409 Oxygen B491 B581 3409 Temperature effect B491 Review B472 B491 B522

Rubber, see ailicon dioxide (Silica)

Argon B581 Helium B581 5362 Hydrogen B581 Neon B581 Nitrogen B581 Silver

OiKygen B551

SteelDeuterium 5822 Hydrogen 5822 5892 Oxygen 59153 Temperature effect B551 B581 3409 Theory B472 B491 B522 5164 Vycor 6003

Thorivtm Hydrogen 60111 Vycor

Helium 5362 6003 Hydrogen B491 6003 Neon 6003 Nitrogen 6003 Oxygen B491 Zirconium

Hydrogen 5726 Diffusion pumps, see Pumps, diffusion

Displacement measurement, see Transducers

Draft gages, see Manometers, liquid type, Mechanical pressure, and vacuum gages Dubrovin manometer, see Micromanometers, liquid

type_

Dynamic pressure measurement Barium titanate crystals, see Piezoelectric

gages Bibliography 5540 Piezoelectric gages, see Review 5481 5540 Theory

Diaphragm plus pressure line 5487

Dynamic pressure measurement (cont'd)

Theory (cont'd) Earth satellite 5787 Rockets 5623 Time lag 5846

Ejector pumps, see Pumps ejector

Electrical analogue, vacuum systems 5345 Electrical discharge in gases Breakdown, coaxial cylinders, magnetic field

Data, various cases 5344 Theory 5344 Classes 5316 Clean-up, See Clean-up of gases, electrical

Glow discharge, magnetic field effect 5264 Ionization, see Magnetic field effect 5316 5551 Argon 5485 Theory 5485 Mechanism B491 Pressure indicated B491 B581 4305 5144 By color, particular gas 4305

By discharge current or voltage drop in magnetic field 5551 By magnetic field strength at which discharge

starts 5551 Glow geometry 5055 Review 5316 Electrical mass filter partial pressure gage, see Mass spectrometers

Electron emission from cathodes

Cold cathodes 5316

Coliimbium B491

Current to positive grid in electron tubes 4504 Theory 4504 Molybdenum B491

Effect of adsorbed gases 5368 Oxide coated cathode B491 3907 Barium-strontium carbonates coated nickel and platinum 5406 Effect of various gases 5406 Barium-strontium oxide coated nickel

Effect of various gases 4906 Emission improved by hydrogen 6057 Review 5678 Temperature variation by current flow 60106 Review B491 Space-charge B491 Tantalum B491 Theory B491 Discharge potential, magnetic field 5267 Review 5678 Thoriated tungsten B491 Tungsten B491 Effect of adsorbed gases 5673 Thorium coverage for maximum emission 60102 Electronic impact phenomena B524 Collision scattered electrons actuate photo

plate 59161 Electrolysis of glass 5941 Glass

Degassing 6004 Ionization of adsorbed gases 59137 Oxygen 3209 Pump oils Decomposition 5353 Secondary electrons Produced by electron impact on wall 5351

73
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Electronic impact phenomena (cont'd)

Sorption of gases, effect on 5405 Evaporation, liquids

Pump oils

Effect of surface impurities 5223 Maximum rate Octoil 5224 Octoil-s 5224 Method of measurement 5224 5343 60117 Theory 5225 Evaporation, metals Alloys

Inconel 5849 Multimet 5849 Stainless steel 5849 Cobalt 5849 Chromium 5849 Iron 5849 Molybdeniim 5849 Nickel 5849 Pressure effect B491

Review B491 Tantalum B491 5849 Temperature effect 5849 Titanium 5849 Theory B491 Tungsten B491 5849 Zirconium 5849 Evapor-ion pumps, see Getter -ion pumps Expansion gages, thermal

Bimetal

Design B491 Performance B491 Theory B491 Filament expansion B491

Farvitron, see Mass spectrometers

Fiber suspensions, see Instrument suspensions

Field emission microscopy

Applications 5553 5554 5684 Adsorption 5999 6038 Ultra high vacuum measurement 4203 5161 5637 Description B511 3605 3712 3809 5553 Emission pattern varies with pressure Thoriated timgsten 4203 Tungsten 4203 Phthalcyamine dye 5117 Field emission data Adsorbed gas effect 3605 Barium layer on tungsten 3809 5161

MolybdeniMi 4007 Nickel 4007 Nitrogen sticking probability 5313 Tantalum 5259 Tungsten 4007 4203 5161 Barium desorption 5554 Carbon monoxide, adsorption, diffusion,

desorption 5999 Oxygen 5557 Surface mobility of oxygen 5367 Thoriated 3711 4203 Vacuum measurement 5637 Ultra-high vacuum 5161 5637 Work function ion effect 3606 Review 5684 Techniques 5313 5553 5554 Theory 3605 5553 5684 Field ion microscopy

Review 5684

Flash filament techniques, see Surface reaction

phenomena

Flowmeters, vacu^jm 5417

Disk, suspended 5375 Deflection measured 6034 Force balanced by torsion fiber 5465 Impact forces 54183

Vane, a c generator Measures pressure, evaporating liquids 5343 60117 Flow of gases Force on disk

Investigation 5483 Free molecular, see Flow of gases, free molecular Intermediate flow, free-viscous

Capillary tubes Argon 5226 Carbon dioxide 5226 Ethylene 5226 Helium 5226 Hydrogen 5226 Nitrogen 5226 Nomographs 6067 Tubing

Conductance Data 4715 Theory 4715 5043 Ion flow

In mass spectrometer 4510 Measurement 5683 Leaks, controlled gas, see Porous medium, see Porosity

Review B491 B581 Theory B471 Applied to Mass spectrometer 4510 Knudsen B491 1305 Tubing

Conductance B491 Measured by pressure drop method 5445 Flow of gases, free molecular

Adsorption effects 5966 Theory 5966 Aperture, see Orifices, below

Capillary tubing

Flattened 5658 Theory 5658 Conductance, see also Tubing below

Graphical presentation 5404 5472 5548 Flow patterns

Ends of tubes 5650 Force on disk 5483 Isentropic flow B561

Leaks, controlled, see Leaks, controlled gas Liquid air trap

Conductance B491 Mechanics of rare gases B561 Non-isentropic flow B561 Nomographs 5404 5548 6067 Orifices

Pressure probes

Theory 5960 Theory B491 4818 5823 6013 Pressure limit, upper 1305 Review B491 B492 B561 B581 6013 Stopcocks

Conductance for various gases B491 Thermomolecular B491

74
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Flow of gases, free molecular (cont'd)

Tubing

Annular 5635 Conductance 4715 5635 Nomograms 5472 Various gases B491 5635

End correction B491 Long B491 B581 Mass spectrometer inlet 5244 Rate of exhaust B491 Rectangular 4818 5635 Short B491 B581 4818 Tapered B491 Theory B382 B491 B492 B506 B512 B581 4715

4815 5033 5244 5635 5823 5896 6013 Flow of gases, viscous

Annular, circular and rectangular channels Data various gases 5635 Theory 5635 Capillaries

Graphs for computing 5602 5662 Noncircular cross section 5464 Reynolds number B491 Theory B491 B581 3716 Turbulent flow B491 Earthenware plate, unglazed

Various gases 3716 Elbows 4613 Force on disk 5483 Nomographs 6067

Pipes, see Tubing below

Porous media, see Porosity

Review B491 B581 Static tube

Theory 58100 Tubing

Conductance Data 4613 4715

Theory 4715 5033 Poiseuilles modified 4613 Rate of exhaust B491 Force-pressure balances, see also Vapor pressure

measurement. Torque-pressure balances

Input pressure operates force balance, controls flapper valve Output pressure proportional to input 5214 Manometer, tilting, weights balance pressure

Float operated electromagnetic pickup, indicates null 5945 Force on disk, flowing gas 5483 Free molecular flow, see Flow of gases, free molecular

Friction of metals

Effect of adsorbed gases 5132

Gas analysis in vacuum systems, See also Adsorption

and degassing measurement. Leak detection, Mass

spectrometers

Chemical methods

Bibliography 5026 Review 1949, 5026 Dewpoint method 5166 Mass spectrometer, see Review 5166 Gas flow, see Flow of gases Gaskets, see also Seals Application

High temperature 5962 Liquid helium temperature 5719

Gaskets (cont'd)

Application (cont'd)

Liquid nitrogen temperature 5943 5962 Mass spectrometry 58158 Ultra high vacuvan 5979 Degassing properties

Buna rubber 5032 Lead 5032 Neoprene 5814 Rubber 5032 58108 Teflon 5032 5814 Vinal acetate 5032 Dumbell cross section, copper 5737 Metal

Aluminum, cupped 5979 Between stainless steel flanges 5962

0 -rings

Cleaning techniques

Neoprene 5953 Silicone rubber 5953 Copper 5163 5537

Double, space between evacuated 5339 Lead 5905 Review B492 B502 B551 B581 5415 Step -type, copper 5712 Teflon

Gasket, thin 5809 Low temperature operation 5943

Ring, spring held 5525 Wire gaskets

Aluminum 5719 5965 Gold 4914 5856 58158 Indium 5733 58158 Gasometer gage, see Mechanical pressure and vacuiun gages Germanium

Adsorption, see also Alcohols 59131 Gases not adsorbed 59131 Mechanism 59131 Oxygen 6091 Degassing, see Surface properties 5996 Gettering action, ionization gages, see also Cleanup of gases, electrical, Getters, Ion pumps Amoil-s B491 Bayard-Alpert gage 5533 5556 Argon

Two pumping speeds 5918 Helium 5556 Nitrogen 5556 5885 Oxygen 5885 Pumping speed, ultra-high vacuum 5310 5721 Theory 5885 59122 Butyl sebacate B491

Chemical reactions, see Adsorption, activated

Cold cathode gage Argon 60138 Mechanism 59171 Titanium film 6041 Nitrogen 60138 Oxygen 60138 Performance 5242 59171 Pumping speed, various gases 6041 60138 Three-electrode gage 59171

Hot cathode, see also Bayard-Alpert gage, above Air B491 5031 Argon B491 4405

Carbon dioxide B491 6049

75
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Getter ing action, ionization gages (cont'd) Hot cathode (cont'd) Carbon monoxide B491 6049 Glow phenomena B491 Helium B491 5556

Itydrogen B491 B571 1401 4405 Magnetic field effect B491 Mercury vapor releases hydrogen B491 Metal wall tube, no clean up B491 4017

Methane 6053 Nitrogen B491 1302 4405 6049 Oxygen B571 1301 4405 6049 60138 Theory 59125 Variation with pressure, voltage etc B491 Hydrocarbons B571 4708 Magnetron gage 58136 Helium 58135 Nitrogen 58135 Measurement techniques

Differential pressure measured 4708

Gas leak measured, pressure constant 5885 Pressure change measured 4405 Mechanism B491 B571 1502 4017 5031 5109 5665

5919 6049 60138 Helium 5517 Molybdenum cathode Hydrogen B491 1502 Nitrogen B491 1907 Napthalene B491

Octoil-s B491 Performance

Pumping and pressure recovery, initial 5813 5931Temperature effect, ambient 59138 5931 Ultra high vacuvun 5463 5555 Palladium cathode Hydrogen dissociation B491

Platinum cathode Hydrogen

Dissociation B491

Pump oil vapors B571 4708 Review B491 B571 5874 5919 Silicone oil B491 Tantalum cathode Hydrocarbons decomposed B491 Hydrogen B491

Oxygen B491 Water vapor Decomposed B491 Theory 5665 5703 58138 5931 Bayard -Alpert 5721 Tungsten cathode Argon 1502 Bromine 1502 Carbon dioxide 1502 Carbon monoxide B491 1502 Chlorine dissociation 1502 Dissociation B491 1502 Cynogen 1502

Itydrogen 1502 Dissociation B491 1502 Hydrocarbon decomposition B491

Iodine 1502 Mercury 1502 Methane 1502 Nitrogen B491 1502 Combines with tungsten vapor 1502

Gettering action, ionization gages (cont'd)

Tungsten cathode (cont'd)

Oxygen B491 1301 1502 5109 Dissociation B491 1502 Water vapor Dissociation B491 Getter-ion pumps, see also Ion pumps Application

Electron tubes 5974 6039 Electrostatic accelerator 5467 Microwave tubes 58123 6036 Particle accelerator 5920 Thin films by evaporation 58132 Very high vacuum 59145 Ultra-high vacuum 5867 5876 5915 6040 Design

Barium 5372 58127

Cold cathode type 5826 5922 60130

Cold cathode ionization gage, modified 5826

Cold trap used

Liquid helium 5970 59145 Liquid hydrogen 58132 Titanium 5451 5467 5542 5550 5826 5857 5888 58123 58126 58128 58131 58132 58137 58139 58142 5921 5970 5973 5974 5975 59108 59111 59127 59170 59172 59173 6007 6039 6040 60130 60134 Four electrodes used 59170 High pumping speed 58137 59172 Method of evaporating 58137 58142 5973 6040 Miniature 6007 6040 Water cooled walls 59111 Evapor-ion 5369 5451 5467 5542 5550 58131 58142

5920 5921 5970 6036 60130 Hall Vac-ion 5876

Herb, see Evapor-ion above Mechanism of operation 5876 58128 58131 5922 60130 Performance 5459 58123 5921 5922 5973 59170

6040 60130 60134

Cold trap used 58126 5970 59145 59173

Life of components 5550 5974 Poisoning by hydrocarbons 5973 60134 Pumping speed 5467 58126 58128 58132 58138 5921 5922 5970 5974 5975 59111 59172 6007

6039Air 5550 5867 58132 5921 5973 6039 60134 Ammonia 5921 Argon 5451 5542 5867 58128 59138 59108

6039 6040 Carbon dioxide 5550 58138 5921 Carbon monoxide 5550 Helium 5451 5867 59108 6039 6040 Hydrogen 5451 5550 5867 58128 58132 5921

5973 59108 60134 Methane 5550 6040 Neon 6040 Nitrogen 5451 5550 58128 58132 58138 5921

5973 6039 60134 Organic vapqrs 5467 Oxygen 5451 5550 58127 58128 58132 58138

5921 5973 6039 60134 Water vapor 5909 Review 5909 Temperature of gettering surface 5922 Vacuum limit, mm Hg

10-7, 5451 5462 58132 5970

5 X 10-8, 58138
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Getter-ion pumps, (cont'd)

Performance, (cont'd)

Vacuvun limit, mm Hg (cont'd)

10"^, 58123 58126 58127 5973 60134

5 X 10-9, 59145

10-9. 59Y4 59127 6036

lO-l*^, 5867 5975 59170 59173 6040 Vacuum limitations 59170 Review 5848 5857 5876 58131 5922 59114 Theory

Titanium pump 58139 6040 Tsukahoshi 5876 Vac ion 5876 5975 59145 59172 6039 Operating techniques

Ultimate vacuum 59173 Performance 6039 Getters, see also Gettering action, ionization

gages, Getter -ion pumps

Abrasion, of metals, continuous 5881 Aluminum

Carbon dioxide 4002 Hydrogen 4002 Nitrogen 4002 Oxygen 4002 Review B491 Aluminum-barium mix:ture 3717 Applications

Vacuum tubes 5817 X-ray tube, sealed in getter

Performance, various gases 6043 Barium

Acetylane 6042 Air 5407 5408 5710 5806 Area 6050 Argon 5710 Black and bright B491 3403 Carbon dioxide 4002 4201 5107 5407 5408 5710 5806 6042 6049 Carbon monoxide 4201 5107 5308 5407 5408

5502 5634 5709 5806 59174 6006 6042 6049

6054 Efficiency 5035 5994 Evaporated in argon atmosphere improves gettering B491 4201 Evaporated in mercury vapor atmosphere

destroys gettering 4002 Gettering capacity defined 5408 Helium 4201 Hydrogen 3403 4002 5107 5407 5408 5710 5806 59174 6042 6049 6056 Mechanism 5107 5866 59174 6042 6049 Methane 6042 6053 Nitrogen 3403 4002 4201 5107 5407 5408 5710

5806 5866 59174 6042 6049 6055 Oxygen 4002 5107 5162 5204 5308 5407 5634 5707 5710 5806 6042 6049 Mercury vapor present 6046 Review B491 5205 5308 5408 5817 6006 Structure, evaporated films 6051 6052 Techniques B491 5710 59174 6043 Liquid air trap 59174 Temperature effect Air 5407 Carbon dioxide 5407 Carbon monoxide 5407 5709 6054

Ifydrogen 5407 6056 Nitrogen 5407 5866 6055 Oxygen 5407 5708 Water vapor 5407

Getters, (cont'd)

Barium (cont'd)

Theory B491 5866 Oxidation 5708 Vacuum tubes

Life 6042 Water vapor 5107 5407 5408 5806 6032 6042

Bar ium-aluminum

Performance 6043 Mercury vapor effect 6043 Barium-strontium carbonate mixture (Batalum) 3708Carbon dioxide poisoning 5430 Radioactive tracer used 5430 Calcium

Hydrogen 3403 Nitrogen 3403 Review B491 Techniques B491 Carbon arc

Air, argon, hydrogen 5789

Ceto, see Thorium-aluminum below

Evapor-ion pump, see Getter -ion pumps Gettering capacity defined 5408 History 5817 Incandescent lamps

Various getters used B491 Ionization gage, see Gettering action, ionization gages Magnesium

Air 4002 Carbon dioxide 3403 4002

Carbon monoxide 3403 Hydrogen 3306 3403 4002 Mercury vapor effect 4002 Nitrogen 3110 3403 4002 Oxygen 3403 4002 Review B491 5205 Measurement, gettering, see Adsorption and degassing measurement

Mechanism, see also Barium, above Clean-up by sputtered metal 6090 Misch metal (rare earth alloy)

Carbon dioxide 4002 Hydrogen 4002 Mercury vapor effect 4002 Nitrogen 4002 Oxygen 4002 Review B491 Selective getter

Desorbs hydrogen slowly 6057

Molybdeniim

Hydrogen 5865 Phosphorous pentoxide

Hydrogen gettered by vapor B491 Review B471 B491 B581 B591 4415 5010 5848 Patents 4415 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 Sodium, during evaporation B491 Thorium

Carbon dioxide 4002 Hydrogen 4002 5366 Oxygen 4002 5366 Review B491 4002 5205

Tnor ium-aluminum (Ceto)

Performance, hydrogen 6045 Physical properties 6045

77
SUBJECT IN] Getters (cont'd)

Titanium

Air 5535 5826 6041 Argon 5826 Bibliography 4913 Carbon dioxide 4913 5535 6034 Carbon monoxide 4913 6034 Helium 5826

. Hydrogen 4913 5535 5826 59129 59136 6034 6041 Nitrogen 4913 5535 6034 6041 Oxygen 4913 5535 6034 6041 Mercury vapor present 6046 Performance Compared to barium 5994 Porosity 5994 Review B491 4913 Techniques 5762 5857 Vacuum attainable 5762 5994

Uraniiim Hydrogen 4002 Qjygen 4002 Review B491

Zirconium

Carbon dioxide 4002

Carbon monoxide 4107

Hydrogen 3616 4002 4107 4905 59129 Nitrogen 3604 4002 4107 4905 Oxygen 3604 4002 4107 4905 Mercury vapor present 6046 Rare gases 4107 Review B491 Sintered 6044 Techniques 4107

Vacuum tubes Life in 6044 Glass

Adherence to metals

Monel 5148 Nickel 5148 Steel 5148 Tungsten 5148 Adsorption of gases, see also Adsorption

Argon B491 58129 59133 Benzene 4916 Carbon dioxide B491 1906 2303 2404 5052 Moist 5052 Pressure effect 2404 Carbon disulphide 4916 Carbon monoxide B491 Composition of glass, effect of 2303 Ethyl alcohol 4717 Ethyl iodide 4916 Helium 58129 Low temperature 5944 Hydrogen 4717

Hydrogen sulphide 4916 Krypton 58129 Mechanism 2405 Methane B491 2806 Neon 58129 Nitrogen B491 2806 4916 Nitrous oxide 2404 Oxygen B491 2806 Pentane 4916 Sodium 59133 Sulfw dioxide B491 5052 Moist 5052 Surface area, effective

Fibers, powder, microspheres 4823 Cleaning method effect 4823

X (cont'd)

Glass (cont'd)

Adsorption of gases (cont'd)

Theory B491 2404 2806 4916 Toluene 4916 Vacuum tubes, in 5703 Water vapor B491 1906 2303 4409 4916 5894 Decreased by molybdenum film 6031 Mechanism 5246 5894 Equilibrium pressure, various temperatures 5603 Borosilicate

Decomposes under ion bombardment 5995 Source of boron on silicon 6099 Carbon contamination, source, removal 6062 Cleaning surface

By ion bombardment 58153 Defined by coefficient of friction 58153 Isopropyl alcohol 59178 Ultra sonic agitation 59178 Degassing, see Diffusion, see also Diffusion of gases through

solids

Sodium into glass 59133 Electroconductive coating, transparent, tin

salts 5073 Electrolysis in electron tubes 5941 5995 Electron bombardment outgases oxygen 6004 Hydrochloric acid evolved at high temperatures

B491 Hydrogen

Atomic, produced by hot filament, reacts with

glass 6002 Metallizing

Cathode sputtering 5143 Spraying 5143

Vacuiim evaporation 5143 Properties B543 B551 B581 B591

For electron tubes 5897 Mechanical 4714 New glass compositions 6014 Sintered glass plug

Gas flow 4627 Sorption

Review B321 Water vapor B491

Surface area, effect of chromic acid wash B491 Vycor

Diffusion of gases, see Solubility of gases, see Wettability by mercury

Caused by hydrofluoric acid wash 60141 Wettability by water

Cleanliness effect 5322 Composition of glass 5322 Glossary of terms, see Terminology

Glow discharge, see Electrical discharge in gases Gmelinite, see Zeolites

Graphite

Adsorption of gases B491 Ammonia 2937 Carbon dioxide 2907

Greases, vacuum Degassing 5804 5869 Molecular weight 5213 5788 Vapor pressure B581 5788

Handbook, vacuum B504 B581

78
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Heat conductivity gages, see Expansion gages, thermal, Pirani gages. Thermocouple gages Review, see Books and surveys

Heat conductivity of gases Accommodation coefficient, see Data 1101 1701 5215 Air 5167 Helium 5167 Hydrogen 3804 Hydrogen-deuterium mixtures 3803 Free molecule conductivity B491 5215 Temperature discontinuity B491 Theory 5816 Various gases B491 Theory B491

Between

Concentric cylinders 1101 1501 Parallel plates 1102 Rough surfaces 1101 Langmuir film B491

Heat conductivity from wires to gases

Data, 25 gases 5156 Effect, wire diameter 5151 Theory 5151 Binary gas mixtures 5156 Helium

Adsorption on solids, see Adsorption

Degassing, see Diffusion, see Diffusion of gases

Heat conductivity, see Helium ions and molybdenum cathode 5368 Solubility

Glass 5434 Hydrogen

Accommodation coefficient, see Adsorption, see Degassing, see Diffusion through solids, see Diffusion of gases Palladium, see Dissociation

Electron bombardment 2703 2704 Hot tungsten cathode 1401 1501 Reacts with glass 6002 Getters, see Heat conductivity, see Origin in vacuiim systems 5308 Solubility

Elastomers B522 Metals B491 B522 Palladium B491 Theory 3715 Polymers B522 Theory B522

Vycor 6003

Zirconiiim 5726 Sticking probability, see Condensation coefficent Indium, see Gaskets, Seals Instrument suspensions

Metal wires 3713 5125

Q-aartz fibers 5126 Silica fibers 3713 5125 Insulation, vacuum, electrical

Review 60128 Insulation materials, thermal

Brelite (volcanic mineral) 5122 Magnesium carbonate 5122

Insulation materials, thermal (cont'd)

Silica aerogel 5122 Stag wool 5122

Ion current measurement, see also Ionization gages Accelerated to metal plate, secondary electrons

fall on ZnO scintillator

Scintillations detected by photo multiplier

5683 Ion impact phenomena

Ion emission

Platinum 5917 Ionization

Efficiency 3203 Electron bombardment

Acetylene 3203 Adsorbed gases 59137 Argon 3003 3005 Carbon monoxide 3203 Helium 3003 3005 Hydrogen 3004 3203 Mercury 3104 Neon 3003 3005 Nitric oxide 3203 Nitrogen 3203

O.xygen 3203 Probability B491 2502 2802 Argon 3005 Helium 3005 Hydrogen 3004 Mercury 3104 Neon 3005 Review B524 B603

Theory, see also Ionization gages, probability of ionization 2802 3404 Various gases 2802 Ionization gages Alphatron, see Radioactive ionization gages Bayard-Alpert, see Ionization gages, BayardAlpert

Calibration techniques, see Cold cathode, see Ionization gages, cold cathode

Hot cathode, see Ionization gages, hot cathode Magnetron, see Ionization gages. Magnetron

Penning, see Ionization gages, cold cathode

Philips, see Ionization gages, cold cathode Photomultiplier, see Ionization gages, photomultiplier

Radioactive ionization gages, see Reviews B471 B491 B571

Ultra-high vacuum 5874 Ionization gages, Bayard-Alpert

Adsorption, residual gases 60133 Application

Electron ejection 5314 Ultra-high vacuum 58140 5979 59104 59110 6079 Calibration

Linearity at ultra-high vacua, controlled

rate of change of pressure 5448 Degassing 5310 60133 Design 5012 5013 5106 5310 5428 5474 5478 5546

5674 5721 5815 58105 58140 5979 59104 59110

59149 6079 Collector area small 5012 5428 5815 Electrical charge on glass envelope prevented

59102 Electron current control 58105 Evacuated space aroiind instrument 5435

79
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Ionization gages, Bayard-Alpert (cont'd)

Design (cont'd)

Integrates output, measures ratio ion to electron current 58140 Modified to lower vacuum range 5474 5721

59110 Additional collector, two ion currents measured 6079 Long electron trajectories 5674 Power supply regulated 5546 Review B571 Subminiature 59149 Thoria coated iridium filament 5546 Gettering action, see Gettering action, ionization gages Performance 5012 5013 5106 5310 5815 59110 59122 6071 60121 Linearity 5729 Low pressure limit 5448 Limiting vacuum

Helium diffusion through glass 5435 Sensitivity, bistable

Caused by static electricity 59102 Sensitivity ratio, ion to electron current

5266 58140 Not constant 60121 Sensitivity, various gases 5729 Argon 5474 60121 Helium 60121 Neon 5474 Nitrogen 5314 5474 60121 Propane -butane (calor gas) 6063 Review 5310 Source of large errors Glass encased 60113 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

10-4, 5478 59110

10-1, 5729 J Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10"°, 5729

5 X 10-9, 5478

10-9. 5106

10-10, 5012 5013 5314 5428 58105 58140 59110

5 X 10-11, 5310

10-11, 5435 5533 5721 6079 10-12, 5674 5815

10-13, 5474

10 "14, 5428 Review

Ultra-high vacuum 5874 59113 Theory 5474 59149 60121 Additional ion collector 6079 Linearity limits 59122 6071 60121 Ionization gages, cold cathode Applications

Leak detection 5627 Ultra-high vacuum 59104 Upper atmosphere 5769 Degassing

Cathode material effect 5312 Mechanism 5506 Methods 5347 5506 Design 3705 3706 4403 4809 4904 4907 4908 5016

5124 5242 5311 5347 5409 5410 5412 5604 5627

5639 5705 5769 5782 58113 59104 6070 cathode materials 5311 5312 5604 Circuit Ballast resistance controls current 5410

Ionization gages, cold cathode (cont'd)

Design (cont'd)

Circuit (cont'd)

Control, voltage supply 5782 Electron current separated from ion current by phospher screen 6070 Safety against overpressure 4810 Combined with thermocouple gage B491 4809

5782 Electrode geometry 5412 Extend pressure range 58113 Third electrode added 5705

For easy degassing 5347 High sensitivity 5409 Indication method

Potentiometer, galvanometer 5627 Scintillation probe for phosphor screen

6070 Ionization methods 5311 Operates safety relay 4907 Penning B491 B571 3705 3706 4904 5242 Review B491 B571 Gettering action, see also Gettering action,

ionization gages Air B571 Review B571 Performance 3705 4404 5016 5242 5311 5409 5410

5412 5561 5639 6070 Discharge initiation, low pressures B571 Discontinuities in calibration curve B571 Electrode geometry effect 5412 Filament materials, effect of B571 4404 5604,

Magnetic field

Materials 5639 Strength effect 4908 5419 5561 Radiation detected from gage 5505 Sensitivity 5016 5409 5627 Air 5311 Helium 5311 Hydrogen 5311 Nitrogen 5311 Oxygen 5311 Propane-butane (calor gas) 6063 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

10-3, 5782

10-2, 5311 5561

10-1, 5016

1, 58113 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-5, 5782

2 X 10-6, with microammeter 5409 10-6, 4904

10""^, 5016 5311 5604

10-10, 6070 Review B491 B571 5311 5539 Starter of discharge 4709 4809 Theory 4809 58113 Ionization gage, hot cathode Applications

Industrial vacuums 5376 High pressure 5718 6064 Leak detection 60100 Pressure fluctuations 5378 Rockets 5957 5968 Secondary standard 58107

Bayard-Alpert, see Ionization gages, BayardAlpert

Calibration techniques, see

8D
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Ionization gages, hot cathode (cont'd)

Degassing, see Design 1601 1902 2101 2604 3102 3602 3707 3805

4003 4102 4103 4202 4607 4616 4617 4619 4826

5003 5011 5137 5206 5207 5208 5237 5254 5269 5365 5378 5471 5504 5558 5641 5718 5723 58115

6064 Anode

Platinum film on glass envelope 4002 Thorium film on glass envelope 3501 Audio frequency monitor 4617

Combined with Pirani gage 5365 Contamination indicator

Additional heated tungsten strip 5206 Demountable 5269 Diode 5137 Electrode geometry 58115 Short electron path 6064 Various 5471 Electron current control B491 B571 2604 4004

4506 4619 5014 5208 5237 5254 5350 5365

5376 5482 5504 5564 5750 5968 Cathode follower 5376 Double grid in ionization gage 3805 5003

5208 5504 Electronic feedback 3707 4103 4202 4607

5014 5504 5564 5641 5750 Transistor 5968 Gas tube voltage regulator, negative

feedback 4004

Grid current control, automatic 5458 Relay 3105 3407 5458 Saturable core transformer 3408 Thyratron 3704 5108 Wheatstone bridge circuit 5482 Electron tube itself 3103 Filament

Lanthanum boride -coated tantalum

Prevents dissociation of hydrogen 6002 Oxide coated 4616 Rhenium 5723 Thoria coated Iridium 5207

RJiodium 5207 Indication, mode of Amplifier used B571 2604 5208 5254 5641 Cathode ray oscillograph 5378 Galvanometer B571

Ion current measured 3102 3407 3408 3704 3707 3805 Magic eye 4102 4103

Ratio, ion to electron current 5237 5350 5770 Wheatstone bridge, unbalanced 5504 lova 5269 Magnetic field to lengthen electron trajectories 4826 Metal, all 5011 Palladium window to admit hydrogen probe gas 4505

Power supply stabilized 4619 5039 58112 Circuit theory 58112 Review B491 B571

Safety, see below

Small volume case 3501 Tetrode gage 5208 Extra grid stabilizes electron current

5003 60132

Ionization gages, hot cathode (cont'd)

Design (cont'd) Tube geometry

Barkhausen effect avoided 3105 Gettering action, see Gettering action, ionization gages Installation

Location 5206 60129 Magnetron, see Ionization gage, magnetron

Operating techniques B571 60129 Degassing 60132 Performance 1601 2101 5365 5378 5725 58115 6064 Calibration 1601 2101 4826

Cathode, see also Chemical reaction with gases B491 Decomposition of hydrocarbons 5333 Life 1501 5110 Review B571 Collector potential against output 4826 Control of electron current 3408 3707 4103

4202 4607 Electrode geometry effect 5471 6064 Experiments to verify theory 5484 Gettering, see Gettering action above Oscillating circuit, undesirable B491 Pressure fluctuations 5378 Ratio, positive ion to electron current, see Vacuum factor below

Review B491 B571 4614

Rlienium filament 5723 Sensitivity, general

Data, various designs B491 B571 6095 Proportional to electrons per molecule

B491 2402 Sensitivity ratio 2403 4503 6095 Fogel type gage 5266 Theory B491 B571 1902 Sensitivity, various gases 6095

Air, dry B571 5109 6064 Argon B471 B571 2403 3102 4503 5109 6064

Carbon dioxide B571 5145 Carbon monoxide B571 2402

Coal gas 6063 Helium B491 B571 2402 3102 4503 5109 Hydrogen B491 B571 2402 2403 4503 5109 5145 Krypton B491 B571 4503 Mercury B491 B571 3102 4503 Neon B491 B571 2402 4503 6064 Nitrogen B491 B571 2402 2403 4503 5109 5145 6064 Oxygen B571 5109 5145 60100 Propane -butane (calor gas) 6063 Water vapor B571 Xenon B491 B571 4503 Time lag Data 2101 Theory 2101 Vacuum factor (positive ion to electron current ratio) 5350 5770 Oxide coated filament 5054 Pressure range, high mm Hg

10-4, 4616 5109

10 , 1601 1902 4102 5641 5770

2 X 10-3, 4826

5 X 10-3, 5269

10-2, 5504

0. 1, 6064

1, 5718

81
SUBJECT INDEX (con-t'd)

Ionization gages, hot cathode tjrpe (cont'd) Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-4, 5718 10"^, 1902 4826 6064

4 X 10-6, 1601

10-6, 4003

10-7, 4102 5269 5641

10-8, 4616 5504

10-10, 5770 Review B491 B571

Probability of ionization of various gases B491

2502 2802 Dependence on electron energy 2602 3104 Dependence on anode voltage 4614 Reduction in sensitivity, causes of 4719 Review B471 B491 B571 5105 5113 5144 5539 Russian 5422 Safety

Control circuit prevents filament burnout

4619 4918 5039 5269 5458 58157 Thoria coated iridium or rhodium filament

prevents burnout 5207 Theory B491 2501 3102 5484 Discharge potential, magnetic field 5267

Heat conduction from hot filaments 1501 Probability of ionization 3404 Rocket use 5957 Sensitivity 3404 Ionization gages, magnetron

Application

Leak detection 5209 5411 Ultra-high vacuum 5867 58134 58136 59107 Calibration technique 5944 Design 5209 5867 58134 58136 59107 Inverted 58134 58136 Performance 5209 5411 5867 Linearity 58135 59107 Ultra-high vacuum 58134 58135 58136 59107 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

10"'*, 5209

10-3, 59107 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-8 5209 10-1^, 58134 58135 59107

10-13, 5867

10"^^, 58136 Theory

Inverted magnetron 58133 Ionization gages, photomultiplier

Ultraviolet light on metal supplies electrons

6077

Ultijaiate vacuum, 10-10 mm Hg 6077

Ion pumps, see also Getter ing action, ionization

gages, Getter-ion pumps Application

Ultra high vacua 5826 58120 Design 5255 5333 5340 5426 5746 5826 58120 58154 6096 60140 Cathode Carbon 5426 Cold 60140 Heated by radiation to secure long life

5249 Titanium 60140 Glass adsorbs ions 5746 Glass fibers increase surface 58120 High speed, high capacity 5219 5333 6096 Magnetic field, axial 58154 Miniature 60140

Ion pumps (cont'd)

Evapor-ion pum.p, see Getter-ion pump Mechanism of operation 5255 5333 5340 5450 6096 Performance 5255 5848 Carbon cathode type 5426 Compared to diffusion pump 5218 5235 High capacity 5219 5323 5333 Pumping speed 5323 5333 5848 60140

Effect, axial magnetic field 58154 Ionization gage Ambient temperature effect 59138 5931 Review 5848 6061 Theory 5255 5340 Vacuum, ultimate, mm Hg

10"°, 5323 5333 5340

10-9, 60140

5 X 10-12, 5463

Joints, see Gaskets, Seals

Kinetic theory of gases Experimental basis, 5933 Flow see Flow of gases Forces between molecules

Effects of 5702 Pressure of impacting gas B381 Pressure-temperature relation, impacting gas 1001

Reviews, see Books and surveys Knudsen effusion manometer, see Vapor pressure, methods of measurement Knudsen gage, see Radiometer gage Krypton

Adsorption, see Degassing, see Interaction with metal films

Theory 5991

Leak detection methods

Absorber, charcoal, isolates helium and neon, ionization gage detects 5832 Bibliography 5233 5874 Calibration

Helium leak detectors 5781 Definitions, performance 59114 Differential pressure

Condensable tracer gas, cold trap, two gages 5127 5443 Two Pirani gages across restriction 6029 Electrical discharge

Discharge tube B491 Emission analyzed by optical spectrometer

5742 Oscillator circuit, loud speaJter 5025 Tesla spark tube B491

Farvitron

Performance 6025 Florescence of probe materials under ultraviolet

light 5157 Joints

Ultra-high vacuum

Data 5969 Test method 5969 Mass spectrometer, see Tracer gas,below

Nuclear plants 5620 Omegatron

Performance 5630 5932 59140 6025 Pirani gage 5821 6029

82
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Leak detection methods (cont'd)

Positive ions for halogen compounds

Diode 5850 Platinum hot filament B491 4814

Probe gases, see Tracer gases, below

Review B491 B492 B551 4713 5536 5620 5801 5850 English 59114 Merits of various vacuum gages 3504 Russian 5422 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 Rise in pressure

Evacuated space external to sealed container

5743 Ionization gage 59124 Audio frequency change-ether probe gas 4617

Palladium barrier, hydrogen 4505 Magic eye ionization gage Halogens 4103 Oxygen 4103 Pirani-loud speaker 3714 Sensitivity of detection B491 4713 5114 Diode 5114 5764 Ionization gage 5114 Magnetron 5411 Mass spectrometer, see Omegatron 5630 Pirani 5114 Soluble dye 5620 Techniques 4713 5114 5801 5963 Ionization gage, cold trap 5832 Magnetron ion gage 5411 Mass spectrometer 4620 5154 5912 Omegatron 59140 Spectrometer 5742 Theory B492 5801 Tracer gases Air

Charcoal absorber leaves helium and neon. Ionization gage detector 5832 Argon

Mass spectrometer 5803 59140 Butane 5114 5127 Carbon dioxide 5002 Halogens

Ionization gage B491 Sensitive diode 5764 Helium

Electrodeless discharge analyzed by spec- trometer 5742 Ionization gage B491

Mass spectrometer, see also Aluminum foil trap, heavy ions 6075 Design 4618 5020 5648 5657 5659 5912 Nier 4620 5020 Review B491 B493 5424 5536 5620 5850 Techniques 5850 Hydrogen

Electrodeless discharge analyzed by spec- trometer 5742 Hydrogen-palladium method, survey 5233 Ionization gage B491 5536

Cold cathode 5627 With palladium window 4505

Pressure rise while pumping 5329 Mass spectrometer 5154 Pirani B491 5233 Charcoal trap absorbs other gases 5507 Palladium barrier 5233 59103

Leak detection methods (cont'd) Tracer gases (cont'd) Low mass numbers

Omegatron 5630 Organic vapors Ionization gage B491 Oxygen

Ionization gage B491 Thoriated tungsten filament 60100 Tungsten filament 4009 4506 Ultraviolet light absorption, photocell 5142

Leaks, controlled gas Application

Corrosive gases 5352 Mass spectrometer 5644 Leak detection standard 5872 Bubble counter, gas 5129 Calibration methods 5706 Capillary with mercury slug 5660 Capillary tube Flattened

Various gases 5658 Heated electrically 5608 Length adjustable

Needle 2601 Platinum wire, heated 4812 Method of measurement 5658 Multiple 5833 Restriction in 5660 Slug of mercury, position controlled by

piston 5825 Compression

Rubber disks with slot 5118 5706 Solder powder 5811 Differential expansion 5704 Glass tube, metal plug 5607

Two glass tubes control seal position 5352 Diffusion

Helium

Glass, see Diffusion, Helium

High silica 5872 Silica 5045 5872 59152 Calibration by mass spectrometer 59152 Hydrogen

Nickel 5444 Temperature controls leak 5734 Zirconium powder getters impurities

5734 Palladium, see Hydrogen, Palladium

Silicone rubber sheet 5738 Expansion, nickel cylinder, controls leak 5332 Graphs for computing flow 5602 Microdoser 5026 Misch metal

Desorbs hydrogen slowly 6057 Needle valve

Solenoid, controlled 5831 Spring controlled 5324 Vibrated, amplitude controls leak 5326 Porcelain, porous, mercury level control 5042

5047 5335 5736 Review B492 B551 B581 5704

Slide, glass, covers various holes 5325 Slit in glass tube Adjustable 2601 3506 5037 Mercury covered 5706 Trapped in capillary by mercury column 5622

83
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Leeiks, controlled gas (cont'd) ValveFlapper

Intermittent, rotary, with slots 4910 Liquid level control, see Traps Low temperature melting alloys

Physical properties 5758 Lucite, see Materials

Magnesium

Adsorption, activated, see Gettering action, see Getters Photoelectric sensitivity

Nitrogen present 3303 Oxygen present 3302 Magnetron ionization gages, see Ionization gages. Magnetron

Manometers, liquid type, see also Micromanometers,

liquid type

Compression of gas Differential pressure 5438

Plxinger forces gas into manometer tube 5715

Draft gage 4630 Inclined tube B496 Alcohol 5418 Butyl phthalate 5306 Range variable 4630

Time lag 5418 Xylene 4630 Meniscus height, detection of Capacity pickup, micrometer 58164 Electrical resistance across compressible

^ gas bubble 4922 Gamma rays through steel tube 5152 Optical reflection 6092 Photocell, precision screw, servo motor 5774 58147 Review 6009 Sharp edged disk, mercury 6012 Tungsten point indices 5843 Vacuum thermocouple-light-lens-slit system

4921

Wire index, micrometer controlled 5027 Movable cistern type B496 58164 Null type

Mercury, volume measured, added to cistern

holds diaphragm deflection constant 6008 Review, mercury 6009 Two-liquid type, see Micromanometers, liquid

type

U-tube,

Apiezon oil 4305 Compression type, low differential pressures

5438 Octoils

Degassing 5331 Design 5331 Photo cells 5529 Manometers, mechanical type, see Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages Manostat, see Pressure controllers Mass spectrometers, see also Gas analysis. Leak

detection

Application

Gas analysis 5112 5448 5511 5668 5681 5761

5874 58124 58144 58156 5925 59112 6015 6031

60131 Degassing B491 5759 58124 58129 5925

59162 6023

Mass spectrometers (cont'd)

Application (cont'd) Gas analysis (cont'd)

Farvitron, see below

High vacuum furnace 5545 Impurities on surfaces 59134 Omegatron, see below

Residual gases 59157 Upper atmosphere 60115 Vacuum tubes 6023 Degassed 5652 Ion beam characteristics 5314 5777

Leak detection 4618 5020 5115 5154 5159 5424

5439 5522 5536 5648 5659 5803 5912 59151

6075Omegatron, see below

Partial pressure measurement 60127 Helium in heat insulation space 5416 Mercury 59138 Upper atmosphere 60115 Pumping speed, Evapor-ion pumps 5550 Review 58193 Argon probe gas Performance 5803 59140 Automation for gas analysis 58156 Continuous recorder 58144 Bakeable 6015 Bibliography B531 5015

Cathode, hot, tungsten

Carbon monoxide produced from water vapor

and hydrocarbon 5333

Cold cathode ion source 5115 5154 5159 Deflection instruments B582 4011 4618 5046 5115 5361 5439 5489 5511 5545 5657 5668 5681 5886 58124 59158 5925 59112 All metal 58144 60131

Bakeable, small 59138 Double focussing 5021 5761 59134 60115

Theory 5380 Magnetic mass marker 5886 Two analyzers in scries 5912 59151 Dempster 5021 Electrical mass filter t5rpe Design, performance, theory 60127 Electric quadruple lens mass filter 58146 Electrostatic type, see Farvitron, below

Farvitron

Applications

Gas analysis 6025

Leak detection 6025 Design 6024 6025 Performance 6025

Gas flow problems 4510 6043 System design 4510 Helium tracer gas Design, special 4618 5648 5647 Portable 5020 Review B491 B492 Sensitivity 5522 5648 5657 Omegatron 5932 Hydrogen tracer ^as 5154 Magnetic field varied and measured 5886 Matauch 5489 59134 Metal construction 4914 Nier 4620 5020 Omegatron

Applications 5448 5620 5721 5760 Gas analysis 5721 5728 5785 5984 59135 - 59139 59140 6020 6021 6022 6024 6027

6028 60133 60139

84
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Mass spectrometers (cont'd)

Omegatron (cont'd)

Applications (cont'd) Gas stream monitor 60139 Leak detection 5630 5932 59140 6025 Partial pressure measurement 58125 6069 60125 60138 60143 Design 5448 5511 5728 5785 58125 60139 60143 French 5984 59140 Ion movements 60142 Performance 5448 5552 5728 5760 58122 58125

5932 5984 59140 6025 6027 60105 60138 60139

60143 Degassing characteristics 58122 Gettering oxygen 60138 Sensitivity 6069 Performance

Gas analysis 5112 5545 5668 5681 5760 59112 59134 60115 Leak detection 4618 5114 5154 5439 Radio frequency 5057 5511 5605 5854 59109 6027 Degassing measurement 6089 Performance 5854 59109 6027 Theory 6027 Recording 5024 5489 Review B531 B582 B594 5361 59114 60125 Applications 58103 For 1949, 5015 Techniques 58158 Time-of-flight type B572 5511 Application

Gas analysis 59130 Design 5573 Oscillograph indication 4802 5379 Theory 5573 59114 Vacuum lock 5341 Materials for vacuum applications

Adsorption of gases, see Adsorption

Anodes, microwave tubes 6026 Bibliography B591

Copper 5625 Degassing properties, see Degassing

Diffusion properties, see Diffusion

Enamelled iron 6066 Metals B593 5447 Mica

Review 5940 Nickel cathode Getter gas cleanup prolongs life 6037 Physical properties B551 B581 B591

Ceramics B551 B581 B591

Elastomers B581

Glass, see Lucite 5220 Kovar, magnetic 58163 Metals B581 B591 Mica B581

Organic materials B591

Plastics B581 Plexiglass 5220 Quartz 5890 Semiconductors

Surface properties 59175 McLeod gages Adsorption effects, see Performance, below

Applications

Calibration standard 5655 5724 5924 Ionization gages 4809 5109 58107 60136

McLeod gages (cont'd)

Applications (cont'd)

Differential pressure 5438 Higher pressure 6084 Hydrogen partial pressure 5824 Vapor pressure 5629 5643 Water 5374 Volume measurement 4112 Wind tunnel 60137

Calibration techniques, see also Boyles law assumption B261 Expansion of gas method B391 B491 3212 Review B491 B571 4615

Tv70 gages, capillary diameters different 5104 Volume measurements 4112 60141 Capillary B261 2801 Capillarity effects B491 B571 Depression measurement 4112 60141 Mercury vapor effect 4309 Reduction by roughing glass surface B491 B571

3801 3 901 4306 4402 60141 Reduction by using seasoned glass 4309 Degassing techniques B261 4306 Design 7401 2801 3901 5328 5621 5724 5807 5819 5824 5898 58102 58107 5924 59105 6065 60136 60137 60141 Capillary tube Flat closure 2801 Flat meniscus obtained 5776

Open,* for evacuating 6065 Plug seal 60141

Rough surface, see Capillarity effects, above Sharp edge closure (Moser) 5776 58111

Three used 5924 Compression ratio

Large 3901 5724 Multiple 4911 5621 5924 Electrical contact in capillary 5140 Evacuation of both legs simultaneously 60126

Gas and vapor measured

Cold trap used 4721 Hydrogen partial pressure measured 5824 Linear scale 5807 5898 MoLeod-Pirani B491 2103 5423 McLeod-U-tube (Vacustope) B391 3507 Multirange B261 B571 4632 4804 5250 5621 5807

5898 5924 59105 60136 Oil type 5819 Heater incorporated 5819 Inverted cup with capillary, movable into

reservoir 58102 Palladium tube above capillary to absorb hydrogen 5824 Piston type 4706 4707

Reviews B261 B471 B491 B515 B571 4615

Scale movable 4632 Semi-automatic 60137 Swivelling type B491 B571 4502 5480 Butyl sebacate filled 4301

Portable 3802 5006 Vacustat B391 3507 Thermistor in capillary pressure 5423 Volume cut-off 2801 Nomograph

For design 5613 For obtaining pressure 60121

85
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

McLeod gages (cont'd)

Performance B491 4615 60137 Accuracy 3901 4705 4804 5104 5328 5724 5776 5807 5924 60114 60141 Adsorption effects 60136 Ammonia B491 3505 Carbon dioxide B491 3505 Hydrocarbons B491 3505 Nitrogen 58107 Sulfur dioxide B491 3505 Boyles low departure 3505 5924 Capillary depression error 4112 5924 60141 Condensable gases B391 Correction method 58111 5963 Cyclopropane 60114 Propane 60114 Water vapor B491 4502 Effect avoided by heating gage 4602 Multiple compression ratios detects 5963 Effect of cold trap 3211 Helium diffusion effect 60141 Hysteresis 5140' Oil McLeod 5819 Oxidation of mercury B491 1305 Permanent gases B491 5924 Carbon dioxide 60114 Hydrogen 1305 Nitrogen 1305 60114

0;>5ygen 1305 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

10-2, 3901 5006 5724

10-1, Oil, 5819

1, 3507 5328 5423

3, 4721

3.5, 5924 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-3, 5328

10-4, 1305 3507

10-5, 3901 5724 5924

10-5, Oil 5819

2 X 10-6, 5006

3 X 10-'^, 4306

10-7, 5423

10-8, 5776 Review B491 B515 B571

Reviews, see also Books and surveys B261 B491

B515 B571 5105 5113 5166 5479 Techniques of operation 3901 4306 4309 60121 Measuring higher pressure 6084 Trapping condensable gases 5480 Theory B491 B515 B571 4615 4804 5924 Volume determination

Capillary tube B261 5124 60121

,Mean free path B381 B471 B491

Gases in oil vapors B491

.Mechanical refrigeration system

For cold traps 5544 Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages, see also Vapor pressure, methods of measurement Acoustical

Loud speaker, microphone measures received energy 5773 Oscillating diaphragm, ajnplitude varies with

vacutim 5663 Applications

Atmospheric pressure oscillations 4019 4111 4501 5490 Ultrasonic 4703 4902 5001 5784

Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages (cont'd)

Applications (cont'd)

Chemical reactions 5570 Affected by mercury 2904 Corrosive materials 5617 5840 Para and ortho hydrogen differential 5212 Physiology 4701 5307 5456 Blood pressure 5301 Standard 5401 5955 Vacuum 5102 5303 5562 5663 5773 58106 58110 58117 6081 Vapor pressure 3611 3701 3906 5629 5959 Wind tunnel 4801 4803 Bellows element Capacity pickup

Differential pressure 60104 Inductance pickup, bridge mechanically

balanced 4801 Optical lever (East & Kuhn) B571 4601 Performance 4601

Transformer, differential 5019 5617 5840 Two bellows, linear transformer

Differential pressure 5840 Vibrating disk, fix:ed, electrical capacity

changes 5828 Bourdon tube gages, see Centrifugal manometer Air 5401 5955 Deadweight disk valve

Force balanced electrically B491 3611 Force balanced by tilt B491 3701 3906 Diaphragm element, corrugated

Berylliiim copper 5337

Capsule, optical lever 5722 Copper 5302 Diaphragm capsule, nesting 4803 Diaphragm nesting 5303 5305 Null type

Secondary measure pressure restores zero deflection 5629 Precision screw measures restoring motion

5490 Silver 5302 Transducer

Electrical capacity B571 Capacitance bridge 5101 Frequency measured 5302 5337 Resonant bridge carrier system 5305 Inductance 5103 Mutual 5102 5303 Strain gage, unbonded 4803 Diaphragm element, flat Electrostatic force restores to zero 5562

5616 58106 58110 Material

Aluminum 5212 5784

Copper B491 0902 Dural 4019 Glass B491 2902 3007 3904 Mica 3007 Platinum-iridium 2904 Quartz 4008 ' Stainless steel 5570 58117 60112 Performance 3904 4008 4701 5005 5212 5327

5562 5616 5784 58106 58110 6081 60112 Dynamic 5005 5271 5570 5784 60112 Error due to adsorbed dipole gases in electrical capacity type 5677 Theory 5677

86
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages (cont'd)

Diaphragm element, flat (cont'd)

Theory

Electrical capacity gage 4701 5307 Transducer

Electrical capacity B491 B571 2902 3107

4019 4501 4701 4703 4902 5001 5212 5301

5305 5307 5327 5562 5570 5616 5784 58106

58110 58117 5959 6081 60112 Frequency change measured 5959 60112 Oscilloscope indicator 5570 Theory B571

Ixiductance 5271 Mutual B571

Light beam B491 3007 3904 4008

Nevrton's rings B491 0902 4008 Optical lever 2904 Permanent magnet, moving conductor, loud

speaker

Electrical recorder 4111 Strain gage 5005 Differential pressure 5840 60104 Electrical conductance

Differential in liquid as diaphragm deflects

5456 Microbarographs, see Microwave

Cavity resonance frequency measured 5841 Multirange 60112 Pendulum type, see Deadvreight disc valve, above Piston gages, see Pressure range, high, mm Hg

10-2, 5305

5 X 10-2, 5303

0,15, 4803

0.2, 58106 58110 5959

0.4, 2904

0. 6, 5019 5616

1, 3611 5562 5570 6081

2, 3107 4801

5, 3904

10, 3007 58117

20, 5302 5722

60, 5840 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

6, 5840

0.1, 3007 5302 5722

5 X 10-2,5773 5102

3 X 10-2, 3611 3701 5490

5 X 10-3, 5617 4803 5959

10-4, 5570 5663 58106 5303 7 X 10"^, 5305

10"^, 5401 5562 58117 6081 Review B491 B571 5113 5539 Sensitivity, mm Hg

0.1, 4008 5841

10-2, 5019 5101

2 X 10-3, 3904

3 X 10-4, 2902 5629

5 X 10-4, 3007 4601 5102 60104

2 X 10-6, 5212 Theory

Diaphragms and pressure line 5487

J'licro pressure gage 5958 Meniscus position in manometer, determination, of

see Manometers

Mercury

Adsorption

Acetone 4718 Air B321 Alcohols 4718 Benzene 4628

Carbon monoxide 59159 Glass 4915 Heptane 4628 Hydrogen B321 59159 Nitrogen 59159 Oxygen 59159 Toluene 4628

fiater vapor 4718 Amalgams, vapor pressure of 59138 Capillarity

Angle of contact h^-^steresis, steel-air- mercury 4629 5566

Capillarj' depression in glass tubes 5221 Reduction in capillary tubing by roughing

surfaces 3801 Condensation of vapor

Chemically clean glass 4917

Baked glass 4917 Density 6009 Distillation apparatus 5243 Flow velocity in capillary tubes 5262 Handling safely 5510 Properties

Chemical 5229

P'nysical 6009 Pure 4204 5229 Surface tension B494 Vapor detector 5510 Vapor pressure 3210 5518 Water drops, evaporated from mercury surface Adhesion and hysteresis 4408 Wetting of glass Caused by adsorbed mercury film 4915 Mercury vapor pump, see Piunps, diffusion

Mica,

Adsorption of gases, see Adsorption

Degassing, see Physical properties, see Materials

Seals 5940 Microbalances, see Adsorption and degassing measurement Microbarographs

Atmospheric pressure oscillations 4019 4111 4501

4703 4902 5001 5150 5490 5491 5784 58161 58162 60119 Micromanometer , air column

Two air colvunns, temperature different 5488 Micromanometers , liquid type, see also Manometers

Butyl phthalate 5230

Carver B391 2301 Sensitivity 2301 Vibration absorbing mount 2301

Chattuck gage B241 Design elements Electrical capacity Detects change in mercury level 5104 58164 Tin foil around tube 2905 Electrical resistance B491 Tungsten wire in mercury in tube 3207 Float position

Eccentrically pivotted, tilting mirror,

oil 5810

87
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Micromanometers, liquid type (cont'd)

Design elements (cont'd) Float position (cont'd)

Microscope 3111 Mirror 3201 Optical lever B391 B491 1901 2301 2901

5056 Two U-tubes, two floats, tilting mirror

5056 Gas bubble, horizontal, separates two liquid

columns 5614 Gasometer (inverted bell)

Double bell

Ascot-Casella 5305 Torsion, suspending strip, measured

4702 Dubrovin 4303 4807 5479 Mellville B391 B533 Theory 4303 Hook gage B496 Interferometer (Michaelson) 2701 Fixed indices used 5263 Vibration effect makes impractical 2701 Linear magnification of column height Area ratio 3106 4829 Movement of gas bubble in capillary

(Roberts) B531 Two U-tubes, auxilliary liquid 4716 Pearson B391 3106 Puddington 4829 Micrometer measure changes in mercury level

0903 Microscope on lead screw counter 5230 Movable cistern, fixed liquid level in tube

B496Capacity pickup, micrometer measures motion 58164 Flexible tube error 5834 Microscope sighting, teiqierature controlled 5534 Mulder draft gage 5568 Newton's rings indicate change in liquid level 0501 Plunger in cistern brings liquid to index

on tube 2910 Temperature control 5257 Tilting t5rpe, see below

Vibration isolated 5257 Differential pressure of two gas columns

Two columns of methyl alcohol, gas bubble

in a horizontal section 5614 Dubrovin 4303 4807 5479 Liquids, physical properties 5534 Wetting agent for mercury 2903 Mellville B391 B533 Movable cistern type B496 Pendulum vapor pressure gage, see Vapor pressure measurement

Pearson B391 3106 5257 Rayleigh type B391 B491 B533 0501 0903 Review B391 B471 B491 B496 5105 Ring manometer, see Tilting type, below

Roberts B531 Shrader -Ryder B391 B533 1901 Tilting type B491 B496 Compression by tilt, angle measured 2503 Chattuck B241 B496 Micrometer measures tilt to maintain cistern

zero reading 5521

Micromanometers, liquid type (cont'd)

Tilting type (cont'd)

Ring gage, tilts as mercury flows, records

tilt on drum

Performance 2903 Spring restrained, deflection measured

2903 Unbalanced by pressure

Tilt recorded 2903 Weights restore to zero, indicates pressure 2903 U-tube

Amyl phthalate 4414 Mercury, sharp edged disk holds meniscus

flat 6012 Micrometer indicates change in mercury

level 1306 Two indices, optical lever indicates tilt angle (Rayleigh) B391 B491 B533 0903 Weights tilt manometer, indicate pressure

5945

Two -liquid 4001 Alcohol -Kerosine 4720 59121 Capacity pickup, operates lead screw, auto- matic 5304 Theory B496 4720 59121 Micromanometers, mechanical, see Mechanical pressure and vacuvim gages Microphones

Pressure fluctuations measured

Aeronautical research 5899 Piezoelectric crystal unit 5265 Misch metal

Gettering action, see Getters Molecular beam techniques B491 4622 Bibliography 4622 Molecular drag pumps, see Pumps, mechanical

Molecules Area of adsorbed gas molecules

Determiaation of 4411 Heptane 4411 Nitrogen 4411 Propyl alcohol 4411 Review B491

Water vapor 4411 Diameter

Determination of B491

Gases B491

Effects of attractive force 5702 Number per gram, 11 gases B491

Packing factor theory B491 4411 Velocities B491

Molvakumeter (Combined viscosity gage and radiometer)

Design B491 3406 Theory 3406 Molybdenum

Adsorption, see Trapping and re-emission noble gases 5852 Degassing, see Helium cleanup

Mechanism 5720 High temperature reactions in vacuum

Acids 5253 Air 5253 Alkalis 5253 Carbon 5253 Nitrogen 5253

88
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Molybdenum (cont'd)

Surface cleaning techniques 3206 4007 Work function 3206 Mordenite, see Zeolites

Motor, for vacuum use 5017

Neon

Adsorption, see Degassing, see Neoprene, see Rubbers

Nickel

Adsorption of gases, see Cathode life prolonged by getter gas clean-up

6037

Degassing, see Diffusion of carbon 5260 Diffusion of gases, see Single crystal

Cleaning surface techniques 4007 5880 Solubility of Carbon 5260 Trapping and re-emission, noble gases 5852 5875 Nitrogen

Adsorption, see Area, adsorbed molecules 4411

Degassing, see Diffusion, see Gettered, see Gettering action, ionization

gages, Getters Origin in vacuum systems 5308 Solubility, see Solubility of gases Sticking probability, see also Metals 5313

Omegatron, see Mass spectrometer

Orifices

Conductance, see Flow of gases Outgassing, see Degassing

Oven, infrared 5780 Oxide films, formation and stability, see also Adsorption, activated 4206

Iron, chrome iron 4206 Mechanism 4722 Radiation effect Aluminum 4924 Stainless steel 4206 Theory 4722 4924 Tungsten 4821

Oxides, refractory, reaction with metals at high

temperature 5349

Ortygen Activated by hot filament 4018 60138 Adsorption, see Adsorption, activated, see Degassing, see Dissociation, electron impact 3209 Gettered by, see Gettering action, ionization

gages. Getters Origin in vacuum systems 5308 Sticking probability, see Oxygen partial pressure gage Magnetic susceptability of oxygen (Pauling)

Design 4631 Performance 4631 Temperature effect 4631 Pressure range 4631

Palladium, see Hydrogen also Deuterium adsorption 3715

Palladium (cont'd)

Hydrogen adsorption 59123 Hydrogen diffusion

Applications 5532 Data 5363 5475 5532 5891 6076 6089 Controlled leaK 6085 Temperature effect 5475 5891 6076 Theory 5363 5891 6076 Surface reactions, various gages 5993 Palladium-silver alloys

Adsorption of hydrogen 6094 Pauling gage, see Oxygen partial pressure gage Penning gage, see Ionization gage, cold cathode

Perbunan, see Rubbers

Permeability of gases into solids, see Diffusion

of gases through solids, Porosity

Permeation, see also Diffusion

Definition, difference from diffusion 5473 Review 5473 Persorption in zeolites B491

Philips vacuum gage, see Ionization gage, cold cathode Photomultiplier ionization gage, see Ionization

gages, photomultiplier

Piezoelectric gages Barium titanate

Aerodynamic use, sensitivity 12 dynes/ cm^ 5851 For weak shock waves 5838 Quartz

Damping of oscillation indicates pressure

Range, 0.1-760 mm Hg 5930 Pirani gages Advantages and disadvantages B491 5251 Applications

Chemical 5241 Corrosive gases 59101 Leak detection 5004 59103 6029 Van der Graff accelerator 6029 Wind timnel 5615 60135 Supersonic 4901 Bimetal gages, see Expansion gages, thermal

Calibration techniques, see Combined Pirani-thermocouple gage 4605

Combined Pirani-ionization gage 5365 Design 4828 4903 5158 5251 5306 5365 5373 5437

5486 5501 5601 5711 5713 5753 5807 5827 59101

59103 60135 Control circuits B571 Feedback to hold filament temperature

constant 5241 5501 5711 5713 Magnetic amplifier 5753 Power supply 4805 4806 5008 Safety from high pressure damage 4605 4805 Thyratrons-relay 5007

Cyclic volume changes 5002 5201 Convection a maximum 5714 Differential, two gages, same Wheatstone

bridge 5004 Electronic amplification

Controls linearity of output 5437 Filament or sensitive element 4704 Bimetal strip 3613 Glass covered 5008 59101 Helical 4704 5373 Liquid in glass tube 2504 Long wire to increase range 5601 Molybdenum B571

Nickel B491 3101

89
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Pirani gages (cont'd)

Design (cont'd)

Filament or sensitive element (cont'd)

Platiniuti B571 0601 1103 5202 5251 5902 Quartz coated 5403 Review B491 B571

Spring tension supported 3810 Thermistor, see below

Tungsten B491 B571 4603 5202 5251 Indication, mode of Bimetal strip deflection 3613 Electrical output for control purposes

4605

Galvanometer, output first amplified 3905 Linear expansion of filament measured

3305

Loud speaker 3714 Oscilloscope 5619 Thermocouple measures filament temperature 0602 3612 3703 Wheatstone bridge, see below

Linearity achieved by electrical compensation 5373 Miniature 60135 Palladium barrier 59103 Pirani effect, thermionic tube Emission current held constant 5028 Pressure range High pressure 5241 Multiple 5807 Various 5202 Recorder

Multipoint (16) potentiometer 4901

Records Wheatstone bridge current 5713 Sensitivity, maximum B491 B571 3101 Small size 5615

Two grain-of-wheat lamps 5306 Temperature compensation B491 B571 60135 Duplicate Pirani 1103 2805 3613 3810 4923

5306 5425 5501 5615 Thermistor type, see below

Vacuum range extended by gas compression

58114 Voltage compensation B571 Kail temperature control B491 2805 3306 3612 3613 5373 Wheatstone bridge

Balanced 1103 3810 4806 5486 5615 5827 Automatic 5501 5713 Constant filament current 0601 2805 Constant filament temperature B571 0601

2102 5827

Constant voltage B571 0601 Review B491 B571 Unbalanced 0601 3101 3306 4704 4805 4923

5306 5711 5934

Zero shift indicator 4923 Expansion gages, thermal, see Gettering

Oj:ygen by barium 5162 Performance 2805 4903 5215 5365 5403 5486 5601

5753Accommodation coefficient, see Filament

Ageing B571

Constant current vs constant temperature

4825

End losses B571

Pirani gages (cont'd)

Performance (cont'd)

Filament (cont'd)

Diameter B491 B571 3304 5151 Length B491 B571 4903 Temperature B491 B571 3101 3304 5202 Wall distance 4825 Linearity 5373 5437 5501 Pressure range Distance, filament to wall effect 4603 4704 Sensitivity, various gases B491 B571 5156 Air 4307 4806 4903 4923 Argon 4806 5251 5373 5934 Carbon dioxide 4806 4903 Helium 4903 5251 5934 Hydrogen 4307 4806 4903 4923 5251 Krypton 5251 5934 Mercury 4923 Neon 5251 5373 5934 Nitrogen 5251 Review B491 B571 4704 Xenon 5251 5934 Stability

Corrosive gages 59101 Thermistor gage, see below

Wall temperature

Controlled 3101 3612 Effect 2805 3304 5202 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

6 x 10-3, 1103

10-3, 2805 3905

0.15, 2102

0.10, 3703 4805 4923

5, 5202 5403

10, 4806 5306 5365 5601 5615

50, 5711

160, 4603

760, 5714

1000, 3612 5753 Review B471 B491 B571

Thermistor type, see Thermistor, below

Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-1, 5306 5615

2 X 10-2, 4603

10-3, 2102 3305 3612 5365 5403 5711

10-4, 3703

10"^, 1103 3905 4923 5002 5496 5902

4 X 10-6, 2805

10"°, 3306

10-8, 3101 Review B471 B491 B571 4704 4903 5113 5144 5539 Theory B391 B491 B571 2102 4903 5156 5934 Ambient temperature effect B571 Bimetal strip type 3613 Filament

Length and diameter 3101 3304 Temperature 3202 3304

Heat conduction along filament B571 1701 3202 4704 Radiation losses 3202 4704 Sensitivity 4903 5156 5486 Thermistor gage, see below

Thermistor type

Design B491 4307 4626 5425 5520 5619 58119

5902 5964 5967 60118 Recorder

Voltage balance 5902

90
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Pirani gages (cont'd)

Thermistor type (cont'd)

Design (cont'd)

Recorder (cont'd)

/ Voltage unbalanced 60119 Temperature compensated 5967 Ventilated above 10 mm Hg 5730 Wieatstone bridge 5425 Balanced 5520 Unbalanced 60118 Performance 4307 5520 5619 5730 58119 5964 5967 60118 Duplicate element for temperature compensation 58119 Time lag 5783 60118 Wall temperature effect 5783 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

1, 58119 5967

10, 5425 5730 60118

20, 5964

760, 4307 5902 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-2, 5964 60118

5 X 10-3, 5520

10-3, 5425

10-6, 4307 5619 58119 5967 Theory 58119 5964 Wall temperature effect 5783 Thermocouple vacuum gage, see Upper air application 5002 Piston gage, micropressures

Air lubricated

Tilting 5910 Compression of gas 4706 4707

Mica, quartz helical spring 5518 Torsion balance 3510 3511 Sensitivity, 10"4 mm Hg

Pitot tube

Calibration, free molecular flow

Rotating arm 58100 Plastics, see Materials

Plexiglass, see Materials

Platinum

Adsorption, see also Hydrogen 2906 3402 Oxygen 1802 Degassing, see Ion emission, bombarded with inert ions 5917 Surface contamination, hot filament 3402 Porosity, see also Leaks, controlled gas Analcite crystal

Ten gases 5146 5147 Theory 5146 5147 Charcoal Argon B583 Helium B583 Methane B583 Neon B583 Earthenware plate, unglazed 3716 Evaporated films, see Thin films

Glass beads & fibers 4013 Glass wool

Theory 5051 Mechanism B583

Porous diaphragms

Conductance data B491 3716 Theory, flow rate B491 Silica gels, see

Porosity (cont'd)

Sintered glass

Theory 4627

Various gases 4627

Symposium B583 Pressure controllers

Barostat

Barometer, electrical contact, relay, solenoid 5027

Bellows, evacuated, weights 6009 Control circuit, magnetic amplifier, vacuiim gage 5858 Gasometer (bell), balanced beam, controls air

supply to gas flame Photocell, feedback to air valve 4919 Gasometer (Cartesian diver) Bell position controls light beam into photocell 5160 Bell position controls valve 5136 5775 5972 Ionization gage Electronic circuit controls safety valve

58157 Gage bucks set voltage, differential caused

to operate valve 6078 Manometer

U-tube, photocells, controls leak Octoil-s 5529 Silicone 703, 5808 Pirani gage

Output, through solenoid, controls gas leak

5716 Output controls valves and pump operation

5133 Review 5571 Thermocouple gage-electronic circuit controls safety valve 58157 Vacuum pump operation

Electrical circuit, thermocouple gage 5559 Pneumatic controller, alphatron gage, control- led leak 5855 Semi-automatic 5916 Pressure measurement Acoustical vacuum gage, see Mechanical pressure

and vacuum gages Air coliimn manometer, see Micromanometers, air column Alphatron gage, see Radioactive ionization

gages Atmospheric pressure oscillations 4019 4111 4501

4703 4902 5150 5490 5491 5789 Barometers, see Bibliographies, see Bimetal gages, see Expansion gages, thermal

Bourdon gages, see Bourdon tubes, see Centrifugal manometers, see Mechanical pressure

and vacuum gages Convection manometer, see Deadweight disc valve, see Mechanical pressure

and vacuum gages Diaphragm gages, see Mechanical pressure and

vacuvim gages Diaphragms, see Differential electrical conductance manometer

5456 Differential pressures at high absolute pressure

3601 6008 Dynamic, see Dynamic pressure measurement

91
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Pressure measurement (cont'd)

Effusion method, vapor pressure, see Vapor

pressure, methods of measurement Electrical discharge in gases varies with pressure, see Electrical discharge in gases Electrical mass filter gage, see Mass spec- trometers Evaporation gage 5105 Expansion gages, thermal, see Field emission phenomena, see Field emission

microscope. Surface reaction phenomena

Flowmeter, vapor pressure, see Flowmeters

Force-pressure balances, see Gasometer, see Micromanometers , liquid type

Gravity disc valve, vapor pressure, see Vapor

pressure, methods of measurement

Ionization gages, see Bayard -Alpert

Cold cathode

Hot cathode Magnetron

Photomultiplier

Knudsen gages, see Radiometer gages McLeod gages, see Manometers, see Magnetic susceptibility of oxygen, see Oxygen

partial pressure gage Mass spectrometers, see Mechanical pressure and vacuum gages, see Microbarographs, see Micromanometers, see Microphones, see Microwave 5841 Piezoelectric gages, see Pirani gages, see Piston gages, see Pressure balance, automatic, constant volume

system 5569 Radiometer gages, see Radioactive ionization gages, see Rate of change, see Rate of change of pressure

measurement

Reviews, vacuiMi and pressure measurement, see Books and surveys Ring manometers, see

Siirface reaction techniques, see Thermistor gages, see Pirani gages Thermocouple gages, see Torque -pressure balances, see Upper atmosphere B532 5201 5402 5769 5786 5787 Ionization gage 5769 Response time in rockets 5623 Theory, rockets 5769 Vacuum measurement, general, see Vapor pressure measurement, vacuum range, see Viscosity gages, see Work fimction of tungsten, see Tungsten

Zirconium reactivity, high vacuiun Gain in weight indicates furnace pressure

4920 Pressure range of vacuum gages, see also various

gage headings

Chart B491 B581 Pressure regulators, see Pressure controllers Pressure simulation, outer space 59154 Design 59142

Pumping speed, see also Getter -ion pumps, Pumps,

diffusion

Back diffusion or streaming, see Diffusion pumps- Data on pumps B581 5848 Diffusion pumps Mercury 4820 5936 Large 5359 Oil 4820 5228 59156 Dependence on heat input 5949 Evapor-ion pump 5451 5550 Rotary pimps 5036 Cenco 5661 Fluctuations, cause of Oil vapor pump 5432 Measurement B491 B506 B512 B551 5036 5949 5975

5982 59147 Circulatory method B491 4816 Constant leak, position of orifice varied

Pressure measured at two orifice positions

59147

Constant pressure method B491 B551 5661 Constant volume method B491 B551 5661 Dayton's techniques 4816 58109 58116 Mass spectrometer used 5550 Metered multiple leak method 5765 Oatley method 5445 5609 58109 Pressure drop across conductance 5429 5445

5609 5861 58128 Review B491 58109 5982 Sources of error 4816 Test dome size effect 58116 5982 Test gas selection 4816 Theory B382 B491 58116 58120 6060 Ultra high vacuum 5463 58120 Pumping down time 5404 Theory 5860 59160 Rate of exhaust, free molecular flow

Orifices

Theory B491 5823 TubesTheory B491 5823 Review

Methods of measurement 58109 Standard method 58155 Theory 58109 58116 58120 6002 Adsorption effect 5947 59153 Gas velocities in pump jets 5895 Pressure-time 5860 5947 59153 59160 Pump oils Additives to prevent decomposition 5414 Adsorbed on glass and metal B491

Apiezon A

Molecular weight 5213 Vapor pressure B491 B581 Apiezon B Molecular weight 5213 Vapor pressure B491 B581 5228 5508 Apiezon C Molecular weight 5213 5788 Vapor pressure B581 5228 5788 Apiezon E Molecular wej.ght 5788 Vapor pressure 5788 Apiezon G Vapor pressure 5228 Arochlors

Vapor pressure B491 B581

92
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Pump oils (cont'd)

Breakdown, electron impact, see Electronic im- pact phenomena

Degassing data B5S1

i-Diamyl phthalate (Amoil)

Physical properties B491

Vapor pressure B491 B581

i-Diamyl sebacate (Amoil-s)

Physical properties B491

Vapor pressure B491 B581 n-Dibutyl sebacate Physical properties B491

Vapor pressure B491 n-Dioctyl hexa hydro phthalate

Decomposition rate 5417 Di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (Octoil)

Molecular weight 5213 5788 Physical properties B491

Vapor pressure B491 B581 3609 5788 Di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate (Octoil-s)

Mol'-'^ular weight 5213 5788 Physical properties B491 Vapor pressure B491 B581 5508 5788 Diffeln

Vapor pressure B581

Di-n-nonj'l phthalate

Vapor pressure B581 3609 Di-n-octyl phthalate

Molecular Vfeight 5788 Vapor pressure B581 3609 5788 Di-3-5-5-tri methyl hexyl phthalate (Narcoil)

Molecular weight 5788 Vapor pressure B581 5228 5788 Evaporation, see Litton oil

Vapor pressure B491 B581 Mean free path of gases in oil vapors B491 M-phenoxy phenoxy (m-bio-benzene)

Ultimate vacuum 60116 Vapor pressure 60116 Kiysical properties 4819 Purity

n-dibutyl phthalate 3610 Review B491 B581 4414 4819 5228 Silicones

Decomposition rate DC703, 5417 5508 Molecular weight DC702, 5213; DC703, 5788

Pliysical properties B491 5354 5476 Vapor pressure DC703, 5508 5788 Vapor pressure B491 B581 5228 Stability on heating B491

Test methods 3610 Ultimate vacuum

Various oils B491 4819 5228 Vacuum distillation 4414 5223 5224 5225 Vapor pressure B491 B581 3609 5508

Pumps

Ballast, gas, see Pumps, mechanical

Cryogenic, see Pumps, cryogenic

Diffusion, see Pumps, diffusion

Ejector, see Pumps, ejector

Evapor-ion, see Getter -ion pumps

Getter -ion pumps, see Getters, see Ion pump, see Mechanical, see Pumps, mechanical

Mercury vapor, see Pumps, diffusion

Molecular drag, see Pumps, mechanical

Piston, see Pumps, mechanical

Pumps (cont'd)

Pumping speed, see Reviews, see Books and surveys, Pumps, diffusion

Roots type, see Pumps, mechanical

Rotary, vane type, see Pumps, mechanical

Traps, see Venturi, see Pumps, ejector

Pumps, cryogenic, see also Traps

Application

Vacuum vfind tunnel 5847

Helium, liquid 5367 5553 5836 5867 59117 Ultimate vacuum, 10-9 mm Hg 59117

Hydrogen, liquid

Continuously produced 5847 Nitrogen, liquid 5867

Pumps, diffusion

Application

Accelerators 5935 Coating conductors and dielectrics 5656 Differential multiple pumping 5757 Ultra high vacuum 5864 58141 5981 59146 60116 Backstreaming 4820 5228 5234 5413 5812 5935 Causes 5433 Control 5433 Detection B572 Measurement methods 5433 Prevented by baffles 5141 60107 Reduction by pump design 5234 5935 Theory 5038 Vacuum limitation 5980 Baffles, refrigerated 58159 59146 Freon vapor, cold cycle Closed and open circuit 5611 Performance 5611 GaedeDesign B491 Performance B491 Theory B491 Glycerol vapor Performance 4813 Langmuir condensation pumps Designs B491 Performance B491 Mechanism of operation 5427 5512 Mercury, vapor Design

Chemical absorber B491

Factors to obtain maximum pumping speed

5436 5515 High speed 4621 5359 5549 Mercury trap B491 Refrigerating means B491

Gaede B491

Glass 5515 Langmuir B491 Mechanism of operation B491 4621 5567 Multistage B491 Nozzle design B491 Performance 4621 4816 4820 5359 5515 High speed 5549 Ultimate vacuum 58141 5936 Ultra-high vacuum 58141 5936

Theory, see below

Oil vapor B382 B491 2909 5354 Design B491 5420 5654 58145 5935 59144 6072 60116

Jet and baffle B491

Baffles 60107 Baffles refrigerated 59146

93
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Pumps, diffusion (cont'd)

Oil vapor (cont'd)

Design (cont'd) Jet and baffle (cont'd)

Hot, for decomposing oil 59146 Multistage B491 5138 5981 6072

Cold trap needed 5138 5981 Non fractionating B491 2909 5766 Oil vapor heated 59155 59156 Quick start and shut off 5654 Water cooled Baffles 6038 Diffusor 5654 Flow pattern 5923 Limitations 3610 Metal 4207

Cleans oil by distillation 4207

Limiting vacuum 5667 Performance B491 2909 4816 4820 5420 5654 5667 5760 5766 58145 59146 59155 Backstreaming 5234 5413 59158 Cooling temperature effect 5355 Optimum operating conditions 4912 5667 Pump fluids require purifying 5138 Silicone oil 5354

DC704, 5755 Ultimate vacuum 5512 5760 59146 59155

59156 59158 Decomposition effect 5508 5667

Gas analysis, residual 5785 Limiting factors 5413 5667 Various oils 4708 5116 5123 5355 5476

5508 Theory, see below

Performance, general

Backing pressure 5041 Tolerance 5477

Choke -up time 5477 Efficiency 5041 Heat input 5041

Jet and slot design 5041 Pumping speed 5477 Review 5909 Vapor speed supersonic 5038 5358 5567 Pumping speed, see Reviews B491 B492 B502 B506 B512 B521 B551 B581

4817 4819 5149 5512 5848 5875 5909 5923 59114 Dutch designs 4817

English designs 4511 4817 59114 German 5923 Russian 5422 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 Safety circuit against overpressure 4810 Theory

Baffles 60107

Gaede B491

Jet velocities 5895 Mercury vapor 4621 5567 59122 Oil vapor 5420 5567 59122

Gas removed by collisions 6060 Thermodynamics, pump fluid 59156 Vapor speed, supersonic 5567 Backstreaming effect 5038 Demonstrated 5358 Welded, all-metal

Stainless steel 5978

Piimps, ejector

Mechanism of operation 5427

Pumps, ejector (cont'd)

Mercury

Performance

Cooling diffuser walls 5870 Oil vapor 5252 5470 Performance 5342 Performance

Function of molecular weight of vapors 3908 Steam

Design B491 5752 59114 Controls 4819 Performance B491 5647 5752 Vacuum limit, 10 "2 mm Hg 5752

Pumps, ion, see Ion pumps

Pumps, mechanical

Ballast, gas B581 5469 59114 Design 4723 5469 Performance 5252 5513 Theory 5513 Diaphragm pump Design 59144 Theory 59144

Gaede rotary pump Mercury B491 B551

Oil B491 Molecular drag

BeamsDesign 5987 Ultimate vacuum 5987 Becker 5877 GaedeDesign B491 Performance B491 5139 Theory B491 5139 Holweck B551 Siegbahn

Design B491 4016 Large capacity 4016 Performance B491 4016 Piston

Design 5516 Double piston, balanced 5863 5977 Performance 5516 5863 5977 Reviews B491 B492 B502 B506 B512 B521 B551 B581

5848 5875 Russian 5422 Roots type

Design 5509 59114 Performance 5509 5645 5854 5871 Theory 5645 Rotary vane type CencoDesign B491 4819 Performance B491 4819 Review B491 5516 Stokes

Design B491 Performance B491 Ultimate vacuum 5414 Welch

Design B491 Performance B491 Toepler B491 Automatic 5638

Quartz see also Silica

Adsorption, see also Fine structure 5565 Surface area 5565

94
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Quartz (cont'd)

Properties

Review B581 B591 Vacuum applications 5890

Radioactive ionization gages Alphatron 4608 4609 4828 5402 5664 58118 Applications

Rockets 5911 Upper air 5901 59148 Vapor pressure 56,40 Wind tunnel 59150 Design B491 B571 4608 4609 4828 5111 5402 5640 5911 59150 Improved Alphatron 5664 Multipoint measurement system 59150 Permits heating 5640 Radioactive material

Polonium 5111 Radium 226, 59150 Tritium 5818 5901 59148 Performance B491 4608 4609 5664 58118 5901

59148 59150

SensitivityAir 4608 Argon 4608

Carbon dioxide 4608 Helium 4608 Hydrogen 4608 Neon 4608 Time response 5664 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

0.75, 5911

7.5, 5402

10, 4608

30, 59150

100, 5111

200, 59148 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-1, 5111 59150

4 X 10-2, 5402 5901

10"^, 4608 5911

10"^, 59148 Review B491 5113 Theory 5664 Radiometer gages Accommodation coefficient, see Applications

Calibration standard Ionization gages 5145

Gas kinetic cross section 5574 Molecular weight determined 5560 Vapor pressure measurement 5946 Bibliography 5125 Calibration, see also Calibration methods

Capillary leak method 3709 Expansion of gas method 1403 4909 Design 5034 5125 5317 5946 Damping of vanes Electromagnetic 1402 3504 5961 Magnetic 5227

Du Mond-Pickels 3504 4611

Fiber suspensions 3713 5125 5126 Force balanced by gravity

Vane, suspended Instrument rotated to vane zero 4304 Lamp and scale 5227 Microscope 3709 3807 3910 4907

Radiometer gages (cont'd)

Design (cont'd) Heats gas periodically, strike vane in resonance Measures amplitude of vane vibration 6087

Static charges

Glass envelope coated with silver 3910

Vane grounded 4909 5560 Temperature control Electrical 4909 Water bath 3910 4827 Temperature of heated strip by measuring

resistance 1402 Torque balanced

Beam balance 4824 Electromagnetic B391 B491 1904 3204 3205

3710 4407 Electrostatic 3006 Automatic, photocell feedback 5210 Torque measured

Torsion wire 5321 Microscope 5961 Mirror and scale 1002 1303 1402 1801

3504 4407 4611 5946 Vanes around a cylinder 4407 Viscosity-radiometer gages combined Vane in resonant vibration, amplitude

measured 5560 Performance 3709 3910 4827 5210 5317 5961 Adsorption effects 4711

Envelope diameter effect 3910 Radiometric force

Effect, design and size of elements 2804

3503

Gas composition effect, see Sensitivity,

below

High pressure B571 Pressure at maximum, various gases B571

2804 Pressure relation 4407 5893 Review B491 B571

Sensitivity, various gases B571 2804 3204

3910Air 4304 Argon 3710 Butane 4909 Deuterium 3710 Helium 3710 3806 4005 4303 Hydrogen 3710 3806 4005 4304 4909 Methane 4909 Nitrogen 3710 3806 4005 4909 Oxygen 3710 4909 Temperature difference effect 3910 Time constant B571 Du Mond-Pickels gage 4610 Pressure-force data 3002 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

10"*, 3504 3709

5 X 10-4, 5951

10-3, 3204 3807 4909 5227 5946

10-2, 5034 5125 5317

0. 15, 5321

1, 4304

10, 5210 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-5, 4909 5227

10"^, 3504 3709 3807 5034 5317 5946

8 X 10"'^, 1801

95
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Radiometer gages (cont'd) Pressure range, low, mm Hg (cont'd)

10-'^, 4304 5317 5961

10-8, 4407 5125 5210 Review B471 B491 B571 Review B261 B471 B491 B571 5105 5113 5125 Theory B261 B491 B571 5125 Knudsen

Departures from 3710 Pressure -force relation 1903 2401 2407 3204 3807 4406 4710 Pressure-temperature relation 1001 1002 1905

3205 Time lag 4610

Radon, clean-up 5636 Rate of change of pressure measurement

Capillary tube restriction

Barograph 5381 U-tube manometer, float, recorder 58161 Microbarographs , see Rayleigh gage, see Micromanometers, liquid type

Rectifiers, semiconductor B542 Refractory oxides, reaction with metals at high

temperature 5349 Residual gases, see also Adsorption and degassing measurement Amalgamated metals 59138 Electron tubes 59139 6019 6020 60105 Pressure-measuring method 6018 Glass-metal system 59139 Investigation, vacuum systems 6021 Picture tubes 6022 6023 Ionization gage 6028 60133 Mass spectrometer 60133 Metal filaments, interaction with 6031 Ultra-high vacuum system 59157 6015 Resonance manometer 5560 Ring manometer Differential pressures at high absolute pressures 3601 Micromanometer 2903 Theory 4101 Rubbers

Cleaning techniques

Neophrene 5953 Degassing

Buna 5032 Butyl 59100

Crepe 59100 Joints 58108

0 -rings 5032 Neoprene 5804 5814 Perbxman 59100 Rate 5768 Red vacuum tubing 5804 5869 Review 59153 Silicone 5256 5804 5869 Techniques 5953 Vulcanized 59100 Diffusion through

Neoprene

Hydrogen 59153 Nitrogen 59153

O.xygen 59153 Perbunan

Helium 59153 Hydrogen 59153 Nitrogen 59153

Rubbers (cont'd)

Diffusion through (cont'd) Rubber

Carbon dioxide 59153 Helium 5261 59153 Hydrogen 5261 59153 Nitrogen 5261 59153 Oxygen 59153 Vapor pressure 5666

Safety against overpressure, see Diffusion pumps, Ionization gages, hot cathode. Pressure controllers

Seals, vacuum, see also Gaskets

Brazing high nickel alloys 5258 Electrical leads

Cement insulation 5231 Glass to metal, demountable 5128 Kovar-glass-kovar-aluminiim gasket 5818 Multiple, molybdenum strips between two silica tubes 5985 Neoprene gasket 5845

O-ring, demountable 5844 Sapphire rod to copper, low temperature 5834 Techniques 5454 Tungsten wire through glass 5813 Epoxy resin

Degassing, see, under Resin

Low temperature operation 5943 Performance 5731 Techniques 6097

Gaskets, see Glass to glass

Lubricated, grovind joint, refrigerated 5907

Glass to metal, permanent

Coatings to increase electrical conductivity

5348 Design 5669 5862 Low temperature 5903 Dumet to glass in vacuum tubes 59168

Kovar, magnetic properties 58163 Nickel-chromium-iron alloy 5050 Review B521 5348 5897 Silver paint 5022 Techniques 5348 Theory 5862 Knife edge type 5543 59163 Applications 5543 Ultra-high v&cuum 5457 59163 Gaskets Aluminum 5119 5431 5442 Copper 5431 5457 5537 5741 60105 Nickel 5431 Knife

Ceramics 5431 Glass 5431 Metals 5431 Quartz 5431 Sapphire 5431 Steel ring, double knife 5741 Tube wall into saw tooth on base 5701

Two tubes 5457 Leakage rate 5537 Low melting point solids

Gallium, indium and tin alloy

Seal by surface tension of liquid 5758 59163

96
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Seals (cont'd) Low melting point solids (cont'd)

Indium 5442 5530 58158 Kire gasket 5733 Mercury 5442 Low temperature use 58160 Metal to metal 5669 Oil seal 4305 Performance

Ultra high vacuum 5969 Rectilinear motion in vacuum system

Bellows seal 5531 Requirements 5543 Review B581 5533 Russian 5422 5927 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 5915 Retatable continuously 5222 Ball and socket 59164 Steel washers, compressed 5829 Two seals, vacuum between 5238 Sliding

Pipe flanges, 0-rings 5135 ¥indows

Calcium fluoride

Glass 5837 Electron permeable

Nickel screen, Bentonite clay filler 5839 Mica 5744 Differential expansion, high temperature

use 5835 Solder-glass seals to titanium

Bakeable, ultra vacuum 6010 Polyethelene gasket

For liquid helium tenqserature 5950 Radial compression seal, glass, ceramic,

sapphire windows 59167 Sapphire 59164

Silica, see also Quartz

Adsorption of gases, see Adsorption

Organic vapors 3509 Fibers 3713 Coated 3713 Silica gel absorber

Alcohol vapor 2508 Benzene vapor 2508 Butane 2505 Theory 2505 Carbon dioxide 2507

Carbon tetrachloride 2508 Hysteresis loop 4106 Hydrocarbon vapors (15) 5998 Hysteresis B491 Nitrous oxide 2507 Review B491 Structure B583 Theory 2507 2508 3811 5998 ¥ater vapor 2508 Hysteresis loop 4106 Silicon

Adsorption, see Borosilicate glass causes boron deposit 6099 Cleanliness of crystal surface 5880 5908 Degassing, see

ffork function, crystals 5879 Silicone rubber, see Rubbers

Solubility of gases in solids

Elastomers

Argon B522

Solubility of gases in solids (cont'd)

Elastomers (cont'd)

Hydrogen B522 Theory B522 Nitrogen B522 Glass

Helium 5434 Metals

Carbon monoxide B491 Hydrogen B491 B522 Nitrogen B491 Oxygen B491 Palladium

Hydrogen B491 3715 Polymers B522 Review B491 59153 Vycor

Helium 6003 Hydrogen 6003 Neon 6003 Nitrogen 6003 Zirconium

Hydrogen 5726 Sorption, see Adsorption, Degassing

Cellulose B491

Space simulator, see Pressure simulator, outer

space Static tube External interference effects, supersonic speed

5956 Theory, low Reynolds Nos. 58100 Steel

Degassing, see Diffusion, see Sticking probability, see Condensation coefficient

Surface area of solids and gases Barium getter 6050 6051 Bibliography 5165 6068 Glass 4823 Measurement 6050 6051 6068 6082 Low temperature adsorption of a gas (BrunauerEmmett) 4411 4508 6093 Adsorption of Krypton used 4507 60110 Oxide-coated cathodes 4308 Review B491 B514 B601 4508 5165 Small areas B491 4507

Molecular areas, see Molecules

Ratio true to apparent B491 Review B491 B514 B601 5165 6068 Silicon 6093 Theory 5165 Surface chemistry of solids B514 B601

Surface reaction phenomena and techniques

Electron emission, strong electric fields, see Field emission Microscope

Field emission microscope, see Flash filament techniques

Adsorption measured

Hydrogen and nitrogen on tungsten 5914 Residual gases on metal filaments 6031 Flash filament techniques, ionization gage Adsorbed nitrogen on tungsten measured 5671 Detecting contaminating gases 5873 Indicator of ultra high vacuum 4007, 4808 5314 5474 5874 Work function of tungsten strip observed

by photocell 5236

97
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Surface reaction phenomena and techniques (cont'd)

Oxide cathodes Thoriated -tungsten filament

Argon, hydrogen and nitrogen ion impact

removes thorium 3711

O.Kygen inactivities 3711 Variations in emitting area 3603 Palladium evaporated films

Various gases 5993 Review B511 B571 59176 Surface cleanliness

Crystals, determined by electron diffraction

5880 Field emission microscope detects oil molecules 6038 Tungsten, determined by change in emission

after flashing 6005

S^xrface tension Low temperature melting alloys 5758 Mercury B494 Organic vapors in contact 3301 Review B494 Water

Saturated with organic compounds 3301

Tantalum

Adsorption, see Degassing, see Field emission

Oxygen mobility 5259 Filament, hot, adsorbing action

Hydrogen 3208 Nitrogen 3208 Oxygen 3208 Water vapor 3208 Teflon

Degassing data B581 5032 5256 5804 5869 0-rings 5814 Gaskets, see

Pliysical properties B581

Vapor pressure 5666 Terminology

American Vacuum Soc. 58148 British 58104 German B581

Symbols, German B581

Vacutim grades 58148 58155 Thermal conductivity, see Heat conductivity of

gases Thermal conductivity gages Bimetal gages, see Pirani gages Expansion gages, see Pirani, see Pirani gages

Reviews, see Books and surveys Thermister, see Pirani gages Thermocouple, see Thermocouple vacuum gages Thermionic emission, see Electron emission from

cathodes Thermistors

Physical properties 4626 Pirani gage, see Stability 5610 Thermocouples

Welding techniques 4604 Thermocouple vacuum gages Design 5618 5782 5868 All metal 4612 Combined with ionization gage 4809

Thermocouple vacuum gages (cont'd)

Design (cont'd)

Maximum sensitivity 5216 5217 Resistor in parallel with filament 5217 Multiple pressure ranges 5245 5646 Theva 5270 Mode of heating couple

Electrical 4010 4012 4105 4606 5572 Automatic control 5868 Radiation

Electric light 1405 Wire spiral 2605 Mode of indication

Galvanometer 4012 4605 Milliameter 4606 Millivoltmeter 4010 4105 Output operates controller 4605 Performance 4809 5245 5572 5618 5646 5868 Calibration not linear 4606 Heating current effect B491 Radiation effects 2605 Review B491 B571

Sensitivity, various gases Argon 4705 5216 Carbon dioxide 4705

Carbon monoxide 4705

Ethane 4704 Hydrogen 4704 5216 Methane 4704 Nitrogen 4704 Oxygen 4704 Water vapor 4704 5216 5270 Xenon 4704 5216 Temperature, ambient, effect of 5270 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

.1, 4809

.2, 4612

1, 4605 4606 5782

3, 5618

5, 5868

10, 4010 4105 5646 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-1, 4105

5 X 10-2, 5618

10-2, 5868

5 X 10-3, 4605

10-3, 4606 4612 4809 5646 5782

3 X 10-4, 2605

10-4, 4010

10-5, 4012 5216 Review B391 B491 B571 3109 5144 Theory 4809 5216 5217 Thermocouple materials

Chromel-alumel B491 Constantan-manganin 4010 Copper-constantan B491 2605 Wall temperature control B491 Thermomolecular flow theory B491

Thin films, evaporated

Adsorption, see Degassing of melted metal B572

Gas content 59162- Interaction with krypton

Theory 5991 Palladium

Surface reaction, various gases 5993 Porosity B583

98
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Thin films, evaporated (cont'd)

Production B513 59162 Review B572 Vacuum effects B572

Thorium, see Adsorption, Diffusion, Getters

Titanium

Cleanliness of crystal surface 5880 Gettering action, see Getters Hydrogen adsorption 59169 Vapor pressure 59169 Titanium oxide Photo desorption 6088 Torque-pressure balances, see also Flowmeters,

V^apor pressure measurement

Pressure measured by reaction of flowing gas 3210 Radiometer application, see Radiometers

Transducers, see also Piezoelectric gages Inductance 5103 Review B592 Transistors B542 Circuits B602

Traps, see also Pumps, cryogenic

Alumina pellets

Absorbs oil vapor products 6011 - Carbon 58159

Cold

Coil, liquid nitrogen 5541 Conduction type

Copper rod in liquid 5336 5747 Dewar flasks Design improvements 5232 Performance 5232

Theory, gaseous heat conductivity 5816 Effect on pressure indicated by McLeod gage 3211 Insulation materials, see Leaks in stainless steel 5155 Light beam passes through 5334 Liquid air 1402 Liquid nitrogen 5864 5935 5936 5981 59141

59158 Level controller 5884 5929 60124 Stainless steel corrugated sheet in liquid

5370 Copper foil Cooled by liquid nitrogen 59143 Design 5853 Performance 5330 5463 5853 Mercury 5820 Ultra-high vacuum 5853 5864 5981 59143 Mechanical refrigeration system 5544 Ultra-low temperature 59166 Review

English 59114 Russian 5927 Ultra-high vacuum 5874

Zeolite, artificial

Design

Ultra high vacuum 5906 Performance 5906 Tubing

Conductance of, see Flow of gases Coupling for 5457

Tungsten, see also Gettering action, ionization

gages Adsorption of gases, see Caesium film 3307 5554

Tungsten (contTd)

Cleanliness of surface Determined by emission change after flashi

6005 Condensation coefficient, see Sticking coeffi

cient Contact potential, barium 3502 Degassing, see Filaments

Produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide 59136 High temperature reactions in vacuum, see als Adsorption, activated. Electron emission

Air 5253 Acids 5253 Alkalis 5253 Carbon 5253 Nitrogen 5253 Oxide

Formation 4821 5253 Reduction 4821 Photoelectric emission 4808 4811

Rate of evaporation B491 Single crystal

Adsorption

Barium 3909 5161 Caesium 3809 Hydrogen 5889 Tungsten 5161 Cleaning svtrface techniques 4007 5161 Thorium film 3307

Vapor pressure, see Work function 1304 3502 3808 Indicates pressure 3808 4006 4811

Units, pressure

Conversion table B581 6009 Gaede (micro Newtons /m2) 5933 Pascal (Newton/m2 = 10 dynes/ cm2) 5933 Review B491

Units, flow

Clusec 5933 Lusec 5933 Review B491 Universal vacuum joint

For rotating apparatus 5449 Upper atmosphere

Pressure measurement, see

Vacuscope (Swivelling McLeod gage), see McLeod

gages Vacuum controllers, see Pressure controllers Vacuum distillation 4414 5223 5224 5225 Evaporator 5780 Review B581

Vacuum engineering

Design data, graphical 5404 5548 6067 Vacuum gages, see Pressure measurement

Calibration, see Calibration methods

Reviews, see Books and surveys Vacuum lock

Mass spectrometer, solid samples 5341 Vacuum measurement, see Pressure measurement

Vacuum measurement, general

Merits of various type gages B491

Pressure range of various gages, see Review 5875 Ultra-high 5874 59113 59114

99
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Vacuum measurement, general (cont'd)

Theory

Time lag 5846 Thermomolecular flow, effect B491 Vacuum metallurgy B513 B572 Vacuum production, high

Adsorption effects 5754 Charcoal traps B491

Clean-up methods B491 3808

Cold traps B491 Getter -ion pumps 5920 Symposium siiimnary 59128 Theory

Leaks 5754 Techniques B491 B502 B503 B504 B505 Vacuum production, very high 3717 Booster oil diffusion pump used 59157 Lubricated joint frozen, high temperature

furnace 5907 Vacuum production, ultra-high

Electron tubes 6017 Large volume systems 5864 59141 59158 Limiting factors 5448 5533 5514 58141 Mercury vapor pump used, no getter 5815 5936 Review 5874 5915 Techniques 4007 5161 5463 5514 5533 5555 5815 5867 58120 59114 59157 59158 59163 6015 6017

6038 6086 Mercury diffusion pump 58144 Titanium getter 6086 Theory 58141 59143 Vacuum system within another 5533 59143 Vacuum standards Calibration of gages 58155 Pumping speed 58155 Terminology, see Vacuum systems

All metal

Techniques to reduce wall impurities 5624 Aluminm, welded and brazed 5360 Causes of failure 5248 Coating dielectrics and conductors 5656 Conductance problems, see also Flow of gases Nomographs 5404 5548 6067 Theory 4818 5247

Control, vacuum, see also Pressure controllers

Alphatron gage, pneixmatic controls 5855 Ionization gage, circuit 5018 58157 Thermocouple gage, circuit 58157 Degassing, see Design 59105 59163 Accelerator system 5751 5928 Valves 5928 Evaporation apparatus, bakeable, all metal

5240 Large volume 59141 Metal chamber 5851 Proton-synchrotron 6033 Pumping systems

Ultra-high vacuum 5864 59141 Very high vacuum 5928 Review B382 B491 B581 5247 5248 Vacuum system within another 5533 59143 59164 Differential multiple pumping 5757 Electrical analogue 5345 Leak detection, see Materials, see Mercury vapor suppression 5053 Motor for 5017

Vacuum systems (cont'd)

Particle accelerator

Getter-ion pumps used 5920 Pressure simulation, outer space 59142 59154 Protective devices 5247 Circuits 4810 4918 5039 58157

Seals, see Space simulation, see Pressure simulation, above Transfer of motion into, see Seals

Traps, see Ultimate vacuum techniques, large volumes 58159 Ultra-high vacuum 5533 5624 5867 5874 59143 59157 59158 59163 59164 6015 6086 Residual gases, see Valves, see Vacuum techniques

Bibliography B581 5166 59106 Clean surfaces 5314 Degassing, see Differential vacuum maintained 5777 High vacuum 60120 Leak detection, see Low temperature 58160 Mass spectrometry, see Pumping, see Getter-ion pumps, Pumps diffusion

Reviews, see Books and surveys

Seals, see Surface phenomena 4808 5314 Ultra-high vacuum 5161 5463 5514 5874 5915 5936

5979 5980 5949 59164 6038 Valves, see also Seals, Leaks, controlled gas Applications

Accelerator system 5928 Barometer tube 5455 Diffusion pump line 5440 Flow control 5607 60101 Chlorine 60103

Gas injection 6074 Low temperature 58160 Mercury manipulation 5745 Safety, see below

Stellerators 5856 Ultra-high vacuum 5446 5524 5628 5717 5979 59116 59120 Automatic, pressure controlled 5468 Ball check valves, control mercijry flow 5745 Bibliography 5320 Indium seal Float controls level 5717 59116 Mechanical

All metal 5533 5927 60101 Aluminum seal, valve stem compresses 5979 Bakeable 5310 5856 59124 Ball and socket, solenoid operated 5628 59115 Bellows seal Mechanically operated

All metal 5913 Ultra-high vacuum 5904 Operated by air pressure

Seats metal disk on 0-ring 5440

Cone seal 5927 Copper seat Kovar cone 5120 Metal cone 59124 Monel metal nose 5346 Differential expansion, glass and metal plug

5607

100
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Valves (cont'd)

Mechanical (cont'd)

Disk, material

Brass, magnetically seated, fast-acting

6074

Copper, large, sealed by high fluid pressure 59165 Indium seal 5547 Neoprene seal 5459 Gate valve, large 5346 Electrically triggered 5626 Glass seat, teflon cone 5455 Indium gasket 5530 5547 High gas conductance 5023 Multiple 5049 Disk, rotating, metal 5364 Piston, position controlled 5461 Needle valve Diaphragm deflection control 60101 Solenoid controlled 5831 Spring controlled 5324 Vibrated, amplitude controls leak 5326 Piston position controlled

Glass, magnetic force 5446 Large diameter, multiple 5452 0-ring seal 5131 5461 Pressure controlled 5749 Plug valve 5460 Silver ring, monel nose 5524 Spring closure, solenoid opens 5040 Stopcock

Glass, end cover seal 5538 Mercury sealed 5239 Metal, 0-ring seal 5460 Teflon disk, bellows controlled 5338 Teflon seat 6074 Mercury level, control Magnetically operated float 5130 5606 Pressure controlled Sintered disk mercury seal 5044 5606 5642 Performance

Leakage 5524 59124 Magnetically operated disk valve 6074 Review B492 B551 B581 5320 Ultra-high vacuum 5874 58120 Safety against sudden pressure changes

Gate type, electrically triggered 5626 Piston, closed by atmospheric pressure 5986 Silver chloride in capillary 60103

Theory, fast-acting magnetic valve 6074 Tin seal Melted by hf current 5830 Molten, cup lowered into tin for seal 59120 Wood's metal seal 5739 Vapor condensation

Cold surface, ultra-high vacuum Theory 5842 Vapor pressure

Alcohols, low temperature 5946 Alloys B491 Low temperature melting 5758 Amalgams 59138 Bibliography 4712 Caesium 6058 Calcium 5441

Cements, vacmm. 3309 Chlorides 5527 Greases B491

Vapor pressure (cont'd)

Inorganic compounds B491 4712

Low temperature data B491 Mercury 3210 Amalgams 59138 Metals B491 B551 B581 5447 5527 Monotomic vapors 4104 Organic substances B541 B581 4712 Butyl phthalate 3906 Tri cresyl phosphates 3906 Oxides B491 5527 Plastics 5666 Pump oils, see Review B491 Silicone 5354 Review B491 5527 Sulphides 5527 Theory B491 Titanium 59169 Tungsten 1302 5448 Waxes B491 Vapor pressure measurement, vacuum range

Caesium, collected on tungsten, measured by flash technique 6058 6059 Dead weight disc valve, see Mechanical pressure

and vacuum gages Effusion, two reservoirs connected by tube of known conductance 5268 5441 5523 5649 Error, usually neglected 5649 Gasometer, Dubrovin 4807 Microbalance, impact on 5788 McLeod gage Measures pressure restoring diaphragm to null

position 5629 Technique for condensible vapors 5643 Molecular beam impact

Streaming vapor twists vane and torsion wire

5946 Pendulum gage, see Gravity disc valve, above

Piston, mica, quartz spring 5518 Pumping against restriction until pressure

constant 3309 Radioactive ionization gage 5640 Radiometer gage 5034 Combined with viscosity gage 5560 Review 5643 Vibration-free mountings for instruments 5682 Viscosity

Dependence on mean free path and molecular

diameter B491 Low pressures B491

Gases B491 Temperature effect B491 Exponential equations B491 Sutherland's equation B491 Viscosity vacuum gage Decrement type

Disc, angular oscillations B491

Fiber, oscillating B491

Bifilar 5318 5819 Design B391 B491 1404 2504 3903 5319 5453 Performance B491 5319 Molecular weight effect 5318 Recorder

Capacitance pickup, decay of frequency

5453 Theory 1404 5318 5319

101
SUBJECT INDEX (cont'd)

Viscosity vacuum gage (cont'd) Decrement type (cont'd)

Membrane, oscillating

Bifilar suspension

Design B491 2302 2603 5560 Photocell pickup 5812 Performance B491 2302 2603 5812 Theory B491 2302 2603 Galvanometer suspension

Design 3503 5377 Theory B491 2302 Pressure range, high, mm Hg

2 X 10-4, 5377

2 X 10-2, 2603

10"2, 5812

20, 5466 Pressure range, low, mm Hg

10-3, 5466

5 X 10-4, 2603

10-5, 5812

2 X 10-6, 2504

10-"^, 3903 5318 5377 Radiometer gage, combined with 5560 Review B261 B471 B491 5113 5479 Resonance manometer, torsional oscillations

Amplitude proportional to pressure and molecular weight 5377 Rotating disk or cylinder (viscous drag)

Design B491 5466 Performance B491 5466 Calibration, various gases 5466 Theory B491 5466 Theory B261 B491 Langmuir B391

Vycor, see Glass

Water vapor Adsorption on solids, see Adsorption

Area, adsorbed molecules 4411

Degassing, see Diffusion, see Diffusion of gases Equilibrium pressure on glass surface 5603 Gettered by, see Getters Methyl chlorosilane (Dri-film) 5462

Water vapor (cont'd)

Origin in vacuum systems 5308 Measurement in vacuum apparatus 5374 Biological materials 5421 Reactions in electron tubes 6032 Thickness of film on glass 4409 Weighing under vacuum 4824 Welding

Stainless steel joints 5978 Thermocouple welding techniques 4604 Windows

For electrons 5839 For microwaves 5856 Sealing techniques, see Seals

Zeolites

Adsorption

Characteristics B491 Mechanism 59126 Chabasite and analcite

Data, absorption vs size of molecule B491

4412 Persorption B491 4412 Physical characteristics B491 4412 Sorption of gases B491 Hydrocarbons 4412 Gmelinite and Mordenite, adsorption

Hydrocarbons 4413 Nitrogen 4413 Oxygen 4413

Zinc

Photoelectric properties 3608 Work function 3608 Zirconium

Adsorption of gases Carbon monoxide 4107

Hydrogen 3616 4107 4905 59128 Nitrogen 3604 4107 4905 Oxygen 3604 4107 4905 Pressure effect 4905 Review B491

Techniques 4107 4905 Temperature effect 4905 Diffusion of gases, see Solubility of gases, see

102

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1961 O —613308
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