U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

JESSE H. JONES, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

LYMAN J. BRIGGS, Director

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION M168

PROTECTION OF DOCUMENTS WITH

CELLULOSE ACETATE SHEETING

By

B. W. SCRIBNER

H&sued December 20, 1S40

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1941

For sale by the Superinteodent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cent*

PROTECTION OF DOCUMENTS WITH CELLULOSE

ACETATE SHEETING

By B. W. Scribner

ABSTRACT

Relative to the lamination of documentary material with cellulose acetate

sheeting as a protective measure, a study was made of the quality of various

sheetings and of the suitability of the lamination processes used by seven different

organizations. Three of the operators used plain sheeting applied with heat and

pressure, one used sheeting containing an adhesive and applied the sheeting with

heat and pressure, and three used sheeting containing an adhesive and applied

the sheeting with pressure at ordinary temperature. The operators used identical

papers of four different types, and satisfactory lamination was obtained in all cases. The sheetings were tested for the physical and chemical properties considered of importance relative to laminating quality, resistance to wear, and

stability. They were all found to be satisfactory in these respects. Test values

for the stability of the papers, compared with values obtained for the papers

after they had been laminated, showed that the original stability of the papers

had not been impaired. The presence of the sheetings did not cause clouding

of photographs or distortion of signatures.

CONTENTS

Page

I. Introduction 1

II. Laminating processes 3

III. Tests of sheetings 3

IVY Tests of papers 6

V. Laminated papers 7

1. Chemical and physical properties 7

2. Condition of the laminated papers 9

3. Effect of high temperature 9

4. Effect of variation in moisture content 10

5. Distortion of signatures 11

VI. Conclusion 11

I. INTRODUCTION

The lamination of documents with sheetings for the purpose of

mending broken paper and increasing their resistance to wear has

been practiced for many years. The requirements of this preservative measure are that the protective sheeting be stable, that the process be simple and reasonably low in cost, and that the thickness and

weight of the treated paper not be increased too much.

The material used most extensively for this purpose is "crepeline"

which is a strong, coarsely woven silk fabric. Japanese tissue, a

thin, transparent, tough paper, and other similar papers are also

used to a large extent. These types of sheetings are applied to the

document in a similar manner with an adhesive which is usuallv starch

or dextrine or a mixture of the two. These materials have good

;:>: 271554—il * mW^^S^
2 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

stability and they increase considerably the resistance of papers to

damage from handling.

Several years ago the National Bureau of Standards, as a part of

its general study of problems relating to the preservation of records,

investigated the suitability of cellulose sheetings as protective coverings. : Trials were made of both the regenerated cellulose sheeting,

such as Cellophane, and the cellulose acetate sheeting. The latter

was found to be superior in that it was more stable than the Cellophane

and did not tend to wrinkle with aging as did the latter. Furthermore,

the acetate type offers a decided advantage in that, being thermoplastic, it may be applied with heat and pressure without the use of an

adhesive. The other type of cellulose sheeting in extensive use is

cellulose nitrate, of which Celluloid is an example. This or other

kinds of sheeting containing cellulose nitrate should not be in contact

with paper, because this compound deteriorates papers.

Protective treatments of papers performed by dipping them into, or

spraying upon them, solutions of cellulose derivatives and other

liquids have been tried at the Bureau but the results have not been

satisfactory.

Acetate sheeting presents a number of advantages over crepeline

or tissue paper. When heat and pressure are used, the sheeting is

forced into the pores of the paper and this, together with the thinness of

the sheeting, minimizes the increase in the thickness of the documents

A homogeneous unit is obtained, since it is not possible, if the operation

is performed correctly, to remove the sheeting without splitting the

paper. The starch adhesive used with the crepeline and tissue makes

documents to which they are attached more susceptible to attack by

insects and fungi, while the acetate sheeting is protective in these

respects. The acetate sheeting has the following further advantages:

(1) Because of its high transparency, it does not obscure the written

or printed record, in fact, it makes the record appear clearer; (2) it is

easily cleaned with water; (3) it is resistant to the passage of deteriorative gases; and (4) the laminating process is speedy, and therefore is

very advantageous in this respect in the mending of documents. Tests

have shown that this sheeting permits photographic reproduction of

records without loss of detail. Furthermore, the sheeting is transparent to ultraviolet and infrared light rays which are used to examine

faded or otherwise illegible documents, and to detect alterations in

records. Starch has an obscuring effect in these respects.

Because of the advantages cited, when The National Archives of

the United States was confronted with the necessity of laminating

vast amounts of documents transferred to it from Government organizations, the use of acetate sheeting, with heat and pressure, was chosen

as the best and the only feasible means of lamination. This was the

first application of the process in the documentary field and The

Archives has found it to be eminently satisfactory. The use of the

sheeting for this purpose has now become rather widespread and the

services of several commercial organizations are available to those who

wish to have documentary material protected in this manner.

While in its early work on lamination with the sheeting the Bureau

satisfied itself that the process was feasible, and that it fulfilled the

prime requirements of protective coatings, 1 in view of the recent comi Misc. Pub. NBS M146 (1934).
scribner] - Protection of Documents 3

mercial development of the process, it was decided to obtain more

complete information. This seemed particularly desirable as different

kinds of laminating processes and different types of sheetings were

being employed by different operators. Six commercial operators and

The National Archives cooperated in this further investigation by

furnishing, for test, samples of the sheetings which they were using

and samples of papers laminated by them. Sheetings of three different

manufactures made particularly for lamination, were represented.

The operators used indentical papers which were furnished by the

Bureau.

The research program comprised: (1) The testing of the acetate

sheetings for the physical and chemical properties that appeared to

be important with respect to their laminating quality, resistance to

wear, and stability; (2) the testing of the papers for desirable properties that might be affected by the laminating process or by the sheetings; and (3) the testing of the laminated papers for any impairment

of these properties.

II. LAMINATING PROCESSES

The cellulose acetate sheetings were applied to the papers in various ways by the cooperating organizations. Three used plain

sheeting applied with heat and pressure, one used sheeting bearing an

adhesive and applied the sheeting with heat and pressure, and three

used sheeting bearing an adhesive and applied the sheeting with

pressure at ordinary temperature. No information was received as

to the exact nature of the adhesive materials but it is known that synthetic resins and cellulose derivatives are used for the purpose. Both

flat-bed presses and rolls were used to affix the sheetings to the papers.

The temperature, pressure, and time required for lamination depend

on the kind of paper being covered, and on whether the sheeting

contains adhesive. For affixing sheeting without adhesive, the

temperature range is commonly 150° to 175° C, the pressure range

is from 300 to 2,000 pounds per square inch, and the time required

is from 3%, to 30 minutes.

In the usual laminating process, the sheeting and paper are pressed

between polished metal plates and in this way the original glossiness

and high transparency of the sheeting are retained. Sometimes a dull

finish is preferred to a glossy finish. Such an effect is secured by

pressing a rough surface against the sheeting, but this generally

lessens somewhat the transparency of the sheeting and it is not so

easily cleaned. Both kinds of finish were represented in the laminated

samples tested.

Details of the laminating practice at The National Archives of

the United States are described in an article by A. E. Kimberly.2

III. TESTS OF SHEETINGS

The physical tests of the sheetings comprised determination of

thickness, weight, folding endurance, tensile breaking strength,

expansivity with change in moisture content, blocking temperature,

and exudation of plasticizer. Expansivity was considered of possible

importance because sheeting having too great expansivity might cause

J Tech. Assn. Papers, Tech. Assn. of the Pulp and Paper Ind., series 22, No. 1, 337 (1939).
4 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau oj Standards

wrinkling of documents. All of the physical teste except folding

endurance, blocking temperature, and exudation of plasticizer were

made according to the standard paper testing methods of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.3 The following endurance test comprised bending a test strip back

and forth under controlled tension until the strip broke. A MIT

folding tester was used as it gave better results than the Schopper

paper folding tester because of the greater angle of fold in the former ; and the tests were made at a relative humidity of 50 percent, because

the test strips stretched too much at the standard relative humidity

of 65 percent. In the lower jaw of the tester the test strip was

clamped between two pieces of paper. Unless this is done, the tensile stress is nonuniform at the crease.

By the term "blocking" is meant the adherence of sheets to each

other. The blocking temperature is the temperature at which the

sheeting begins to soften and also is of importance relative to the

possible adherence of sheets to each other in storage or in transit.

The test was made as follows: Five strips of sheeting, 3 by 6 inches,

superimposed one upon another were placed between two galvanizediron plates, 0.027 inch thick, and a weight of 500 grams was placed

on the upper plate. The assembly was heated in an oven for 15

minutes at a constant temperature and the sheets were then examined.

If any two sheets adhered so that they could not be separated without

tearing, the test was considered positive. If the sheets were separable

the test was repeated at a temperature 5° C higher. The tests were

started at 120° C and discontinued at 185° C.

Various materials termed "plasticizers" are added to the sheeting

to enhance its flexibility. If the plasticizer should exude from the

sheeting into the paper during the laminating process the appearance of the document might be adversely affected and the flexibility

of the sheetings would be impaired. The sheetings were tested for

exudation of plasticizer by placing a sheet, 2 by 2 inches, between

smooth aluminum plates 0.062 inch thick, and subjecting the as- sembly to a pressure of 1,500 pounds per square inch at 150° C, for

15 minutes. The presence of an oily or w^axy film on the plates was

regarded as an indication of exuded plasticizer.

In a previous investigation of cellulose acetate sheetings used for

motion-picture films,4 it was found that the relative viscosity and

copper number of the films were of importance with respect to their

stability, and therefore these tests were applied to the sheetings.

The test for relative viscosity was made as follows: One gram of

the sheeting was dissolved in acetone in a flask, the flask was immersed in a bath maintained at 30° ±0.02° C until the temperature

equilibrium was reached, the solution diluted to 100 milliliters with

acetone, and 5 milliliters then transferred to an Ostwald pipette,

also immersed in the bath. The time of flow of the solution was

then measured and the viscosity calculated as a ratio of time of flow

of the solution to that of the solvent.

The amount of copper reduced from an alkaline solution of copper

sulfate by a cellulosic material is a measure of the amount of degraded

and, therefore, unstable cellulose present. The standard method for

E Copies may be secured from the association at 122 East 42d Street. New York, N. Y.

* Mi«c. Pub. NB8 M168 (1937).
Scrtimtr] Protection of Documents 5

paper was used 1 except that the sheeting was prepared for test in the

following manner. One gram of the sheeting was dissolved in 20

grams of acetone, and approximately 45 milliliters of the solution was

poured in a fine stream into a liter of water, heated to approximately

85° C, to precipitate the cellulose ester. The water was stirred

vigorously during the addition to precipitate the cellulose ester in a

convenient form. The precipitate was filtered, washed with ether,

and dried. The copper number is the weight in grams of metallic

copper in the cuprous oxide resulting from the reduction of copper

sulfate by 100 grams of the sample.

To determine the stability of the sheetings, they were heated in

dry air for 72 hours at 100° C. In its investigations of the stability

of papers, the Bureau has found that this treatment produces most

satisfactorily the chemical changes that may occur to cause weakening

of papers through deterioration of the fibers. 6 In testing motionpicture films, this method was likewise found to be superior to others

investigated.7 It was therefore used for the cellulose sheetings. As

in the testing of paper and motion-picture films, the cellulose acetate

sheetings were tested for decrease in folding endurance and for increase in copper number, as such changes are indicative of deterioration. In addition, tests were made for decrease in relative viscosity

and in weight, as these properties had been found to be significant

indications of the degree of deterioration of motion-picture films on

heating.

To test for the effect of light on the sheetings, they were exposed

to light from a glass-inclosed carbon arc for 48 hours, in an apparatus

in which the temperature and humidity are kept within a normal region. Such apparatus is commonly used for accelerating effects that

might be caused by sunlight.

As there has been some question as to whether sheetings of this

kind might cause fading of photographic images, the samples were

affixed to photographs and the whole was heated for 72 hours at

100° C.

The results of the tests of the sheetings are given in table 1

.

* Standard T423m, Tech. Assn. of the Pulp and Paper Ind.

«J. Research NB8 23. 405 (1939} RP 1241.

' Misc. Pub. NBS M162 (1939).
6 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Table h—Tests of cellulose acetate sheetings

3ample number

Original tests Tests after heating 72 hours at 100° C

Weight

Folding en- durance MIT

Tensile

breaking

strength

Expansion for change from 50- to 65-percent

relative humidity Copper numberBlocking

tempera- ture

Loss in weight

Retention of folding

endur- ance

(aver- age of both

direcUvula/

Change

in copper

number

Machine

direc- tion

Cross

direc- tion

Machine

direc- tion

Cross

direc- tion

Machine

direc- tion

Cross

direc- tion

Double Double kg/16 kg/16 Per- g/m* folds folds mm mm Percent Percent °C cent Percent

1555 29.5 4, 010 3,890 2.5 2.4 0.237 0.268 2.80 185 1.41 83 0.0

1556 29.8 1, 125 1,070 1.6 1.3 .103 .146 2.64 125 1.66 331 . +.26

1557 29.9 1, 050 1,655 1.7 1.4 .121 .168 2.65 130 2.30 313 +.07

1558 26.7 1,290 1,345 1.5 1.5 .153 .158 2.27 140 1.59 259 +. 57 1559 60.9 4.2 3.9 .143 .176 1. 97 185 0.48 +.09

1560 28.7 i*2io 1~480 1.7 1.4 .160 .120 3.70 130 0.54 "260 +.25

1561 30.3 2, 320 2,060 1.5 1.6 .142 .153 2. 53 125 1.43 169 +.16

1562 30.1 1,895 915 2.2 1.5 .104 .219 3.60 0. 97 208 .-".18

NOTES

Folding endurance tests made at 50-percent relative humidity and 70° F, and weight and tensile breaking

strength tests made at 65-percent relative humidity and 70° F. Could not obtain folding endurance of sample 1559 because it could not be removed satisfactorily for this test from glassine paper to which it was affixed. The blocking temperature is the temperature at which sheets adhere to each other. Sample 1562 did not adhere but turned brown at 185° C.

The sheetings were 1.0 mil thick except sample 1559, which was 2.0 mils.

Exudation of plasticizer occurred only in samples 1558 and 1559. The relative viscosity of the sheetings did not change significantly under the heat test. The values ranged

I rom 2.49 to 3.51 and averaged 2.92. No discoloration or other noticeable effect occurred on exposure to carbon-arc light.

When the sheetings were affixed to photographic images and the whole was heated for 72 hoars at 100° C, there was no fading of the photographic images.

These data show that the cellulose sheetings had satisfactory

strength and stability. The folding endurance, with one exception,

was increased very much by the heat treatment. The changes in

weight, copper number, and viscosity under the heat treatment were

inconsiderable. Exudation of plasticizer occurred in only two cases:

Light under the condition of the tests had no apparent deteriorative

effect; and the sheetings had no injurious effect on photographic

images.

The average weight of the sheetings 1 mil thick was 29.4 grams per

square meter. The japanese tissue paper used as a protective

covering is generally about 1.7 mils thick and weighs about 9.6 grams

per square meter, and the crepeline used for the purpose is generally

about 3.2 mils thick and weighs about 12.2 grams per square meter.

The cellulose acetate sheeting, therefore, would increase the weight

of a document much more than the other two materials but would

cause much less increase in thickness than the others.

IV. TESTS OF PAPERS

The papers distributed for lamination were representative of the

range of types, with respect to stability, hardness, surface finish, and

kind and degree of sizing that would most commonly be subjected to

lamination. The pertinent characteristics of the papers are as follows:

Book paper, 100-percent rag fiber from new rags, sized with rosin

and containing 14 percent of clay filler.
Scribner] Protection of Documents 7

Bond paper, 100 -percent rag fiber from new rags, sized with rosin

and glue.

Bond paper, 100-percent sulfite wood fiber, sized with rosin and

glue.

Book paper, 50-percent soda wood-fiber and 50-percent sulfite

wood-fiber, sized with rosin.

; .The bond papers had the hard, smooth surfaces, and the book papers

the much softer and comparatively rougher surfaces characteristic of

these types of papers.

The papers were tested for weight and thickness so that the increase

in the values caused by the applied sheetings could be calculated.

The papers were also tested for folding endurance, tearing resistance,

copper number, and acidity, and these tests were repeated after heating the papers for 72 hours at 100° C for comparison of the values

With those obtained after they had been laminated with the sheetings.

The tests were made according to the standard methods of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry 8 except that the

MIT folding endurance tester was used, using 1-kg tension. The

test values are contained in table 2.

Table 2.

Tests of papers 1

.Kind of paper

Original tests Tests after heating 72 hoars

at 100° C

Folding endurance MITTearing

resistance

ThickCopper AcidRetention of folding

endur- ance

(average

of both

directions)

Retention of tearing

resist- ance

(average

of both

direc- tions)

Change

in Machine

direc- tion

Machine

direc- tion

Cross

direc- tion

Cross

direc- tion

ness number

ity copper

number

Double Double

folds folds Orams Grams Mils

fi

Percent Percent Rag book 1393 472 96 90 3.4 0.56 76 89 +0.38

Rag bond 1612 980 121 127 4.1 1.09 4.7 61 90 +.62

Sulfite bond i; 627 428 48 49 3.5 3.36 5.2 27 82 +.29

W.ood>fiher book.. 521 196 49 54 3.8 3.34 5.9 80 85 + 58

1 All physical tests were made at 65-percent relative humidity and 70° F.

V, LAMINATED PAPERS

1, CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

The laminated papers were subjected to the same chemical and

physical testing procedures as the unlaminated papers. The results

are given in table 3.

The results of the accelerated aging show that the stability of the

papers was not adversely affected by the laminating process or by the

sheetings, since the acidity of the former did not change, and the

values for -the retention of folding endurance and tearing resistance,

and for increase in copper number, compare favorably with those of

the unlaminated papers.

The absolute values for the -folding endurance and tearing resistance

of the papers and the sheetings are not comparable with those for the

laminated papers, as laminated sheet materials such as these react

differently from unlaminated sheets under the applied stresses.

* Copies may be secured from the Association at 122 East 42d fitreet;*New York, N. Y.
8 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau oj Standards

Table 3.—Tests of papers laminated with cellulose acetate sheeting

Original tests

! Tests after heating 72 hours

at 100° C

...

Sam*

pie Kind of paper

i

j Folding en.

I durance MIT

i

Tearing re- sistance

Copper number

Retention of folding

endurance

(average

of both

direc- tions)

Retention of tearing

resist- ance

(average

of both

direc- tions)

number 1 1

S Ma«

j chine

i direc-

! tion

Cross

direc- tion

Machine

direc- tion

Cross

direc- tion

Thickness Change

in copper

number

SHEETING NUMBER 1655

Double Double

folds88folds Oramg Grams Mils Percent Percent

1666 Rag book.. 42 77 80 5,6 2. 10 89 120 +0.48

1667 Rag bond 88 44 84 80 5.6 2.23 60 77 +.47

1668 Sulfite bond 22 19 89 101 5.5 I. 21 1, 265 90 -.01

1569 Wood-fiber book 1,107 263 146 151 6.1 1.47 35 108 +.28

SHEETING NUMBER 1556

1570 Rag book... 118 61

| 63 66 6.6 3.09 50 68 +0.31

1571 Rag bond. 124 172 65 66 6.0 2. 21 40 65 +. 79

1572 Sulfite bond. 144 73 j 88 96 6.0 1. 21 99 88 +. 07

1573 Wood-fiber book 1,609 726 121 138 6.5 1.40 99 94 +. 13-

SHEETING NUMBER 1557

1574 Rag book

1575 Rag bond

1576 Sulfite bond

1577 Wood-fiber book

I

138 54 73 74 234 271 79 81

1,033 1, 474 110 113

1, 878 696 151 146

5.

4.7

4.9

5.2

2.30

2.28

i. 16

0. 98

89 81

48 83

31 65

67 105

SHEETING NUMBER 1558

1578 Rag book

1579 Rag bond

1580 Sulfite bond

1581 Wood-fiber book

186 81 79 I 213 134 85 1 237 111 103 1,260 511 161

j J

79 6.2 1.37 86 5.9 2.40

108 5.8 1.06

162 6.5 1. 31

45 87 +L07

26 80 +0. 42

530 103 + 17

19 108 +.lfr

SHEETING NUMBER 1559

1582

1583 1584

1585

Rag book

Rag bond

Sulfite bond

1, 563

718

1, 498

796

' 1,967

992

1, 988 982

96

83

105 170

10782

108

167

5.4 4.9

6.

1.92

1. 10 0.39 .82

2837

3945

86

86

106

124

+0.5O

+1.29

+0.12

Wood-fiber book 5.9 + 84

SHEETING DUMBER 1560

1586 Rag book 220 105 75 78 « 4.30 33 73 +0.81

1587 Rag bond.... 263 209 56 54 5.0 4. 05 10 57 +1. 15 1588 Sulfite bond. 142 96 80 1 80 5.1 2. 82 66 55 +0.81

1589 Wood-fiber book 1, 822 1, 232 117 139 5.8 2. 66 21 75 +.93

SHEETING -NUMBER 0661

90 56 81

|

1 90 j 4.6 j 1.01 131 93 +0.61

1, 420 435 111 118 1 5.0 ! 0.98 111 92 +.26

1,205 155 51 63 j 4.6 2.74 35 85 +.51

98 495 48 53 J 4. 8 ! 3. 19 103 85 +.43

1603 Rag book

1699 Rag bond..

1595 Sulfite bond

1591 Wood-fiber book.

SHEETING NUMBER 1562

1604 Rag book 80 185 87 95 4.5 1.63 123 88 +0.18

1600 Rag bond 2,025 965 109 117 j 6.0 1.33 30 84 +.26

1596 8ulfite bond 275 240 49 66 I 4.6 3.04 16 83 +.46

1692 Wood-fiber book 125 49 49 55

1 4.9 3. 52

.

451 86 +.66

All physical tests made at 65-percent relative humidit y and 70° F.

All samples were laminated on both sides, except Nos. 1582 to 1585, inclusive. The acidity of the laminated papers was practically the same as that of the unlaminated papers, and it remained unchanged on heating.

The average thickness of the laminated papers was 1.8 mils more than that of the unlaminated papers.
SarUmer] Protection oj Documents 9

2. CONDITION OF THE LAMINATED PAPERS

With respect to the condition of the laminated papers, examination

of the samples as received showed that the workmanship of the operators was very good. The sheetings and papers were unwrinkled

and separation of the sheeting from the paper could not be made

without splitting the paper. In a few instances, a slight yellowish

discoloration of the sheeting had occurred.

Samples 1556, 1557, 1561, and 1562 were plain sheetings applied

with heat and pressure. Sample 1560 contained adhesive and was

applied with heat and pressure. Samples 1555, 1558, and 1559 contained adhesive and were applied at ordinary temperature with

pressure.

Both glossy and dull finishes were represented. Sample 1556 was

applied with a dull finish, and samples 1557 and 1561 had both dull

and glossy finishes. The rest of the samples had glossy finishes.

3. EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE

The changes in the condition of the sheetings of the laminated

papers after they had been heated for 72 hours at 100°C are indicated

in table 4.

Table 4.

Changes in the condition of the sheetings of the laminated papers after

they had been heated for 72 hours at 100° C1

Sample number

Kind of paper

Sheeting

separable from

paper

Wrinkling

Yellowish

discolor- ation

8HEETING NO. 1555 Applied with adhesive, using pressure at room temperature

1566

1567 1568

Rag book

Rag bond . Sulfite bond . .

-f4-f- +

1569 Wood-fiber book -f

SHEETING NO. 1566 Applied with heat and pressure

1570

1571 1572

1573

Rag; book... _ Rag bond , Sulfite bond...

Woodtflh^r<book.

o.

SHEETING NO. 1557 Applied with heat and pressure

1574

1575 1576

1577

Rag book

Rag bond

Sulfite bond...

Wood-fiber book

-f- +

SHEETING NO. 1558 Applied with adhesive, using pressure at room temperature

1578

1578 1580

1581

Rag book

Rag bond..

Sulfite bond....

Wood-fiber book

+

! The plus sign indicates a positive reaction, and the minus sign a negative reaction.
10 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards , v Table 4.

Changes in the condition of the sheetings of the laminated papers after

they had been heated for 72 hours at 100° C.1—Continued

Sample number

Kind of paper

Sheeting

separable from

paper

Wrinkling

Yellowish

discolor- ation

SHEETING NO. 1559 Applied with adhesive, using pressure at room temperature

1582

1583 1584

1585

Rag book

Rag bond * Sulfite bond

Wood-fiber book...

+

+

+

+

SHEETING NO. 1560 Applied with adhesive, using heat and pressure

1586

1587

1.588 1589

Rag book

Rag bond..

Sulfite bond..-

Wood-fiber book

+ i +

+

SHEETING NO. 1561 Applied with heat and pressure

1603 1599 1595

1591

Rag book

Rag bond

Sulfite bond

Wood-fiber book .... +

SHEETING NO. 1562 Applied with heat and pressure

1604

1600

1596 1592

Rag book

Rag bond

Sulfite bond

Wood-fiber book

+

The plus sign indicates a positive reaction, and the minus sign a negative reaction.

This table shows that, as a group, the sheetings containing no adhesive were more resistant to the heat treatment than those having

adhesive. However, it must be recognized that the treatment imposed very severe conditions with respect to shrinkage and probable

chemical reactions.

4. EFFECT OF VARIATION IN MOISTURE CONTENT

To determine whether extreme changes in moisture content would

affect the bond between the sheetings and the papers or cause a

permanent increase in thickness, the laminated papers were subjected

to three cycles of alternate humidification, at room temperature, with

the moisture content in equilibrium with relative humidities of approximately 5 percent and 95 percent, respectively. Exposure to

these extreme humidity conditions did not alter the appearance of

the laminated papers, and the adhesion of the sheetings to the papers

was not impaired except in the case of samples 1575, 1577, and 1595.

There was no permanent increase in thickness.
Scribner] Protection of Documents 11

5. DISTORTION OF SIGNATURES

The question has been raised as to whether the laminating process

might distort signatures on documents and thereby cast doubt on

their genuineness. This possibility is important also with reference

to other kinds of documents such as maps and drawings. Test for

this effect was made in the photographic technology section of the

Bureau as follows:

Writings on 12 different kinds of paper were photographed at a

magnification of approximately 12 diameters on 8 by 10 glass plates.

The samples were then laminated with cellulose acetate sheeting by

The National Archives. After lamination, the same portions of the

writings were again photographed to obtain the same image size as

before, and contact prints were made from both sets of negatives.

The first set of negatives was printed on glass plates to obtain a

positive image, and this was registered in contact with the second

negative and studied for differences in the two images.

It was found that the characteristics of the writings had not been

significantly changed and it is therefore concluded that the lamination process had not produced any alteration or distortion that

could affect authentication of the writings.

VI. CONCLUSION

The tests of the cellulose acetate sheetings being used for the

lamination of documentary material reveal that both the plain

sheetings and those containing adhesive have a sufficiently high

degree of stability to be suitable for use with permanent records.

The former, on the whole, displayed superior stability. Very satisfactory laminations were secured by the operators employing both

types of sheetings, on papers of widely different physical characteristics. The sheetings had no adverse effect upon the stability of the

papers.

The author acknowledges the assistance of C. G. Weber, S. G.

Weissberg, and D. A. Jessup in this investigation.

Washington, September 11, 1940.

o

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

JESSE H. JONES, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

LYMAN J. BRIGGS. Director

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION M169

STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES

OF NATIONAL TECHNICAL AND

TRADE ORGANIZATIONS

by

ROBERT A. MARTINO

Issued November 28, 1941

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1941

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - Price 75 cents (Buckram)

PREFACE

This volume represents an effort to present an adequate picture of

the standardization and simplification movement being carried on by

national technical and trade organizations in the United States. It

contains outlines of the activities and accomplishments of 450

American societies and associations in which standardization is a

major or an important activity. Special attention has been given to

the cooperation of these organizations with the leading technical

bodies whose principal activities are in the field of standardization or

work directly related thereto.

It is believed that this volume will be helpful to officers and agencies

concerned with standardization. It will provide the answers to many

urgent inquiries now being received by the National Bureau of Standards from manufacturers, industrial experts, engineers, and purchasing

agents. It is hoped that the information contained will be helpful

also to agencies who are engaged in carrying forward the program for

national defense.

Lyman J. Beiggs, Director.

in
CONTENTS

Page

Preface m

I. Introduction 1

II. General standardizing agencies 3

American Standards Association 3

American Society for Testing Materials 5

Central Committee on Lumber Standards 11

National Aircraft Standards Committee 12

III. Standardization activities of technical societies and trade associations- _ 13

IV. Services of the National Bureau of Standards and the Procurement

Division 221

Appendix 1. National Bureau of Standards—functions and

activities 222

Appendix 2. Procurement Division, United States Treasury

Department—preparation of Federal andv Procurement Division

specifications 237

V. Bibliography on standardization 243

Index 267

IV
STANDARDIZATION ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL TECH

NICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS

by Robert A. Martino

I. INTRODUCTION

The past quarter century has seen among other things the significant rise of standardization and simplification as methods of human

progress. Out of these activities have come the framework and basis

for mass production of the things we need and use. Standardization

is the modern way of making permanent each advance that we make

in our civilization. ^

Standardization embraces many subjects. Its ramifications are

extended to include standardization of basic tools of thought and expression, that is, words or terms, abbreviations, symbols, definitions,

and the interpretations and conditions governing their use. It includes standardization or simplification of dimensions, size, form, and

the magnitude of pertinent characteristics. It includes also standardization of correlated dimensional interrelations such as preferred numbers, staple series of sizes or grades, allowances and tolerances, and

other factors which constitute standard practice or process.

The coordination of the machine process calls for standard size,

design, and material, and sets time, place, and quantities to be delivered. These insure the smooth functioning and economy of production

and distribution.

Modern standardization provides that after a standard has been

established it shall be revised to keep pace with progress in science and

industry, and in the user's ideals of satisfying service. Thus there is

minimized the lag in experimenting with new discoveries—a real problem of human progress.

Following the experiences of the last World War, the need for

simplification and standardization as means for avoiding waste in

production and distribution of commodities was clearly recognized.

In the early twenties, technical societies and trade associations representing various branches of industry made standardization one of the

important activities in their services to their members. This work has

been an essential factor in the development of mass production as now

employed in many of the principal industries in this country.

A publication * issued by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic

Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce, shows that there are

approximately 3,000 national and interstate organizations represent-

*Trade and Professional Associations of the United States (1941 edition) by C. J. Judkins, chief, Trade Association Section, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

1
2 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ing various industries in this country. Of these 450 national technical societies and trade associations carry on standardization and

simplification activities in one form or another.

The work of these organizations in the field of simplification and

standardization is usually performed by technical committees appointed for the purpose. A particular industry desirous of standardizing a product or a line of products refers the matter to its representative organization (if one is in existence) for consideration.

Assuming the project to be one which can easily lend itself to standardization or simplification and is productive of results beneficial to the

industry as a whole, a technical committee is appointed to study the

various phases of the problems involved. This committee proceeds

to formulate the standard or specification, either on its own responsibility, or in cooperation with similar committees of other organizations

which may have an interest in the proposed standard or specification.

The standard, when finally approved, becomes the official document

of the organization issuing it.

The principles of simplification and standardization are not limited

to industry only but extend to government as well. The Federal Government is interested in simplification and standardization in several

ways. Being perhaps the largest single purchaser of commodities m

this country, it is interested in developing a wide range of specifications for materials, equipment, and supplies. Through its great

service and research bureaus, whose functions are to serve industry and

commerce, it is also interested in many questions relating to simplification and standardization of manufactured products. It cooperates

with technical societies and trade organizations through representation

on their technical committees in furthering the movement in simplification and standardization, and at the same time utilizes for its own

purposes the benefits accruing from these activities.

From the knowledge and experience gained over a period of years

technical and trade organizations can serve a useful function during

the period of national emergency. By cooperative effort with national

defense agencies, these organizations can do much to aid in the work

of national defense, especially in matters relating to simplification,

standardization, and conservation of strategic, critical, and other

industrial materials necessary for defense purposes.
II. GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

Among the many technical societies and trade associations in the

United States which conduct standardization and simplification work

along with their other activities, there are four organizations which

make standardization or work closely related thereto, the major feature

of their activities, namely, the American Standards Association, the

American Society for Testing Materials, the Central Committee on

Lumber Standards, and the National Aircraft Standards Committee

(which deals with matters relating to airframes). These four

agencies are actively engaged in the formulation of standards, specifications, codes, and methods of test, and they cooperate with many

technical and trade organizations and governmental bodies.

Outlines of the standardization activities of these organizations are

given in the present section.

AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

The American Standards Association (ASA) is a federation of national organizations—trade associations, technical societies, and

branches of the Federal Government. Organized in 1918, as a result

of the country's experience during the World War with the need for

industrial standards and a uniform gaging practice, it has for the

past 20 years provided the machinery through which industrial, technical, consumer, and governmental groups work together to develop

mutually satisfactory national standards. It serves as the national

clearing house for standards. It also acts as the channel for international cooperation in standardization work.

More than 400 American standards developed and approved to date

in the building, mining, traffic, mechanical, electrical, and other fields

are widely used throughout industry and by municipal, State, and

Federal governments.

Through the cooperation of manufacturer and user groups American

standards have been developed for taps, milling cutters, forming tools,

and the machine tool elements most essential to production. Other

standards provide for interchangeability of supplies, or secure the

interworking of parts. They cover the purchase of materials—metals,

chemicals, cement, or designate tests for the finished product—insulated wire, fire hose, motors, switchgear. There are American standards for drawing and drafting room practice, for graphical symbols,

and for abbreviations. The work has recently been extended to the

field of specifications for consumer goods sold in retail trade.

Some 50 safety codes form the backbone of State and Federal

industrial regulations. Fully 90 percent of the gas appliances now

manufactured and sold meet American standards. Every piece of

safety glass in many of the new cars is etched to show compliance

with American standard specifications. These standards make pos3
4 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

sible uniform requirements in safety devices for machines and other

equipment in the fields of both public and industrial safety. They

are becoming increasingly important factors in such fields as industrial health, in building, and in traffic safety work.

More than 600 organizations are taking part in this work through

2,987 accredited representatives serving on technical committees.

Administration.—The administration of ASA affairs is vested in

a board of directors of nationally known industrial executives. The

final approval of standards rests with the Standards Council, which

is made up of representatives of all member bodies, all of which

are organizations or groups of organizations having an important

interest in standardization. The council, therefore, acts as a court

of review in which the work of technical committees is either ac- cepted or rejected with reasons. The approval of a standard by

the ASA means that everyone concerned has had an opportunity

to participate in the work, that the work has been carried out under

a procedure that has been regular, and that the standard represents

a real national agreement on what is best in American engineering

and industrial practice at the time of approval.

The association's offices are at 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. P. G. Agnew is the secretary, and a technical staff,

including engineers who have had practical experience, assists in

carrying on the work. The actual setting up of standards is done

by technical committees representing the producing, distributing,

and consuming groups concerned with the projects. It is a basic

requirement of ASA procedure that no standards shall be approved

unless all important interests have been represented in developing

them, thus avoiding the domination of any one interest except when

the consent of other groups has been granted.

Procedure.—A national standard implies a concensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An important

function of the American Standards Association is the judicial one

of determining whether a national consensus has been reached. To

provide flexibility in meeting the variety of conditions which obtain

in standardization work, several methods are provided. The basic

test to be applied in all cases is the fact of the assent, affirmatively

expressed, of the groups having substantial concern with the standard.

Standards and revision of standards may come before the American Standards Association for approval by any method that provides compliance with the requirements stated above. The following

methods are recognized : Sectional committee ; existing standards

general acceptance ; and proprietary.

The sectional committee method consists in the formation, at the

beginning of a project, of a committee to develop one or more standards under an assigned scope. The committee is composed of representatives accredited for the purpose by the various organized groups

concerned with the project, and in addition, specially qualified individuals as members-at-large when desirable. Membership in a

sectional committee may also be in the name of the organization as

such, no individual being designated as representative or alternate.

The special utility of the sectional committee method consists in the

provision, in advance, of such representation that a consensus will be

assured and self-evident when the members have approved their

completed assignment.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 5

The existing standards method provides that a standard of another

organization may be submitted for approval by any responsible body,

and may be approved by the ASA without having gone through any

of the other recognized channels for developing standards, provided

it is shown that the proposed standard is supported by the necessary

concensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and

provisions.

The general acceptance method is recognized as a suitable method

for producing national standards by the sole means of a conference

of those substantially concerned, supplemented by a sufficiently large

number of written acceptances of the conference recommendation from

those substantially concerned with the scope and provisions of the

recommendation. It is intended for simple projects and for cases

in which the organization of a sectional committee is judged by the

Association to be unnecessary.

After a standard has been approved by the American Standards

Association, any responsible body having a position of preeminent importance in the field of the standard may be designated for the development of revisions of the standard within its own organization, such

revisions to be submitted to the ASA for approval. This method of

operation is termed the proprietary method, and is applicable only for

the revision of standards. The body undertaking the responsibility

for such revisions is termed a proprietary sponsor.

International cooperation.—The American Standards Association is

a member of the International Standards Association at Basle, Switzerland, through which the national standardizing bodies of the world

carry on their general cooperative activities. Through these and other

means the ASA makes available to American industry direct and

authoritative contact with standardization developments in other lands.

Publications.—The association maintains an information service and

a reference library where an up-to-date file of foreign standards and

specifications is kept, as well as many pamphlets and books on standardization matters. The library's collection of material, both foreign

and domestic, is the only one of its kind in the United States, and consequently the association is able to provide certain types of technical

information not to be found elsewhere.

A complete list of American standards may be obtained free of

charge by writing to the office of the American Standards Association.

The association also publishes a Yearbook, Industrial Standardization and Commercial Standards Monthly (a monthly magazine), and

other material on standardization. The magazine carries information about standardization activities in this country and abroad and

the practical use of standards in industry. This magazine is published

primarly for members but may also be obtained on a subscription basis

by engineers without company affiliation.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

The American Society for Testing Materials, a national technical

society of over 4,400 members, was formally incorporated in 1902

for the purpose of "the promotion of knowledge of the materials of

engineering and the standardization of specifications and the methods

of testing." From 1898 there had been an American Section of the International Association for Testing Materials, but it was soon realized
g Miscellaneous Publication^ National Bureau of Standards

that an independent American organization was desirable, particularly

to effect needed standardization work.

The society's work, then, concerns specifically standardization and

research in materials. It is, and has been for 40 years, specifically

interested in the quality and tests of materials and only indirectly

does it become involved in design problems, dimensional standards,

and related matters.

As of January 1941, 952 standard specifications, methods of tests, and

definitions were in effect and more than 115 formal research projects

were under way involving the work of hundreds of the country's leading technical engineers and scientists. All of this work is of

tremendous import to American industry, municipal, State, and the

Federal governments, and other bodies and nations.

Membership.—Of the 4,420 regular members of the society, about

1,200 are corporate memberships and the balance are individual members or Federal, State, and municipal departments, universities and

technical schools, or technical societies and libraries. Not included

in this field are upward of 400 student members at leading technical

schools. Some 140 companies support the society through sustaining memberships by contributing dues which are higher than for

the regular type of company membership.

In addition to members of the society, there are 1,200 other individuals who are active in the society's committee work, representing

various companies which are members of the society. Thus, all told,

there are about 6,000 members, committee members and students.

The society's headquarters are at 260 South Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa. ; C. L. Warwick is secretary-treasurer.

Purpose and work.—In both phases of the work, standardization

and research, the ASTM standing technical committees occupy a

most important position. It has been rightly said that these committees are the heart of ASTM. An understanding of their organization and how they function in relation to the parent society is

essential.

At the outset it should be stated that the work is of a cooperative

nature, and all members of the committees serve voluntarily. The

committees function under definite regulations, governing the personnel and methods of procedure. Each committee is made up of

three main classes of membership—producers, consumers, and general interests. This latter class comprises independent authorities'

who have expert knowledge of the materials to be studied, but who

are not concerned directly with either their production or use. The

"producer" group may not predominate in any committee. It is

recognized that no specification covering the quality and methods

of testing a material or product will come into wide usage unless it

is satisfactory to both the consumer and producer. The ASTM set-up

is thus fundamental in its standardization procedure, whereby the

producers and consumers of material are brought together on an

equal footing.

Standardization procedure.—Proposed standards or revisions of

existing standards originate in the committee having jurisdiction in

that particular field. After detailed study and work involving methods of determining properties of materials, nomenclature, etc., a

proposed standard is evolved which is submitted at a meeting of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 7

the committee. Actions affecting the proposed standard are subject

to a two-thirds vote at the meeting which must be subsequently confirmed by a two-thirds letter ballot vote of the entire committee.

Most of the proposed standards are published in the committee re- ports which are presented at the next annual meeting of the society.

If accepted at this meeting, the specification or test method is published as tentative for a year or more to elicit criticism and comments of which due cognizance is taken before the committee recommends that the tentative document be adopted by the society as

standard. Each standard before adoption is submitted to letter

ballot vote of the entire society membership and a two-thirds favorable vote of those voting is necessary before adoption.

New tentative standards may also be submitted in the interval

between annual meetings. Tentative standards so submitted are

reviewed by a committee, E-10, on standards and if that committee

is satisfied that a consensus has been reached in the standing committee concerned in respect to the standard and that it has been developed according to the regulations governing the adoption of

standards, the tentative standard may be accepted for publication.

This committee can also accept revisions in tentative standards and

approve revisions of standards for publication as tentative.

Each standard is kept up to date by constant surveillance on the

part of the respective committees responsible.

Statistics on standards.—Some idea of the intensive growth in

ASTM standardization work is given below showing the number of

standards and tentative standards in effect for 5-year intervals

beginning in 1905

:

__ Number of

Year : standards

1905 18

1910 28

1915 110

1920 227

1925 449

1930 582

1935 794

1940 885

1941 952

The following is a classification by the general grouping of the

society's committees, showing, respectively, the number of standards

in these fields

:

Number of

standards

A. Ferrous Metals—Steel, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, Alloys, etc 177

B. Non-Ferrous Metals—Copper, Zinc, Lead, Aluminum, Alloys, etc 126

C. Cement, Lime, Gypsum, Concrete, and Clay Products 151

D. Paints, Petroleum Products, Paper, Textiles, Rubber, Soap, etc 466

E. Miscellaneous Subjects, Testing, etc 32

Total 952

Research, knowledge of materials.—Obviously, research and standardization go hand in hand. C. B. Dudley, the society's first president,

and a pioneer in the development of specifications, after enumerating

certain requirements of a workable specification for material, states

that "above all it should embody within itself the results of the latest

and best studies of the properties of the materials which it covers."
8 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Early recognition of this fact and its continued recognition through

the years undoubtedly has contributed more basically than any other

factor to the wide use and established authority of the society's standards.

Painstaking investigation and study of experience accumulated over

years of service are often required before an adequate specification can

be prepared. Agreement must be reached on the properties of materials to be specified and methods of testing them. Due cognizance of

manufacturing details, methods of inspection, and marking, should be

given.

The society sponsors research work in different ways but primarily

through the extensive activities of its many standing and research committees. These are correlated by a Committee on Research. This

group also has charge of the Research Fund from which contributions

are made as the need arises to further worthy research projects. At

the present time there are about 115 distinct projects under way, with

large numbers of engineers and organizations cooperating.

An important factor also is the opportunity afforded technical and

research investigators to give results of their work in papers at ASTM

meetings. Each year many such contributions containing important

data and information on the properties of materials and their testing

are published.

Cooperation with other groups and the Federal Government.—The

society recognizes the value and importance of cooperating with other

organizations both in standardization work and in research activities

wherever a common interest exists. Accordingly, the society has joined

with other national bodies in a great many investigative movements.

These frequently take the form of joint committees. A phase of co- operative work which the ASTM believes is most important in advancing the knowledge of engineering materials is the joint sponsorship with other groups of symposiums held on important engineering

topics. The society has cooperated with such bodies as the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Foundrymen's Association, branches of the American Welding Society, Society of Automotive Engineers, and others in this important work.

Among other societies and activities in which the society is officially

represented are the following: National Research Council (Division of

Engineering and Industrial Research) ; Alloys of Iron Research, Engineering Foundation; American Society of Civil Engineers; Structural Division, American Society for Metals; American Ceramic Society ; Inter-Society Color Council, and others.

The society, one of the five originators of the American Standards

Association, a clearing house for standardization activities, is the sole

or joint sponsor of many ASA projects and more than a third of the

standards approved by the ASA were developed and published by the

Society.

Numerous divisions of the Federal Government cooperate closely

with the society and its technical committees, and the assistance rendered by the Federal Government and by various branches of the

State governments, in particular, highway departments, is invaluable.

Particular mention should be made of the cooperation of the National

Bureau of Standards and its personnel. The latter is a relatively

large group of scientists and engineers of broad training and experi-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 9

ence concerned especially with developing factual information on

many problems related to materials, and as such bring to the large

number of ASTM technical committees on which they are active, an

invaluable background. The Bureau persomiel is the largest "general interest''' group in the society.

The Bureau has undertaken much important research work for

ASTM and the reports and technical papers from the Bureau, which

have been published by the society are no inconsiderable portion of

this great mass of technical data.

The Bureau of Mines, Public Roads Administration, Forest Products Laboratory, branches of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Reclamation, and other Federal departments have rendered

much service. All of these groups, of course, receive benefits from

this work—many ASTM standards are used by the Federal Government; the society by publishing various technical contributions from

the Federal Government helps disseminate knowledge.

Service branches of the Federal Government are active in ASTM

work, the Army, Navy, and others being represented on committees;

they help with various research projects and are vitally concerned

with the requirements in ASTM specifications and tests.

It is of interest to note that three of the ASTM past-presidents have

been associated with the Federal Government, a former director of the

National Bureau of Standards; the chief of the Technologic Branch,

U. S. Bureau of Mines ; and a brigadier-general, U. S. Army Engineers

Corps. The present president of the society is the chief of the

Chemistry Division, National Bureau of Standards.

Marking requirements in ASTM standards.—Many of the ASTM

specifications require that the products covered shall be marked or

identified as to name or brand of the manufacturer, kind of material

(in case of different grades or classes), certain testing information

(hydrostatic test pressure, in case of pipe), and the ASTM serial

designation identifying the specific standard.

Apparatus.—In a number of instances where committees of the

society have developed specifications for testing apparatus, requirements have been included that the apparatus be marked in a manner

identifying it with the society's standard. In such cases it is also

required that the name or trade-mark of the manufacturers of such

apparatus be marked thereon as a means of identifying the origin of

the apparatus and placing the name of the manufacturer back of the

statement implied by the appearance of the "ASTM" mark that the

apparatus conforms to the society's standards.

Means of encouraging and facilitating the use of standards.—Obviously, with all the work and time and money expended in developing

standards for materials, some thought has to be devoted to the application and use of the material. To an ever-increasing extent, particularly notable in the past decade, the ASTM specifications are applied

in industry. In the steel, cement, brick, petroleum and many other

fields, the quality of a high percentage of the products is covered by

the society's standards—usually incorporated in a purchase order

merely by the number of the serial designation, such as A7-39, which

covers structural steel for bridges and buildings, the standard having

been adopted in its latest form in 1939.
10 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

It should be kept in mind that the over 5,600 men who are affiliated

with the society as members or committee members form a great bloc

of influence in promoting the use of standards of quality. Also the

tremendously increased interest in the whole standards movement has

accelerated this use. Publications.—The methods of publishing standards and the very

widespread distribution of these publications aid greatly in facilitating their use. For ease of reference the standards are published

in collective form and each is also issued in separate pamphlet

form. Of predominant interest is the Book of 'Standards published

triennially with Supplements in the two intervening years. The 1939

Book of Standards and its 1940 Supplement (the 1941 Supplement will

be issued in November of this year) gives all of the society's specifications and tests, the book includes tentative standards as well as those

formally adopted. It is issued in three parts, as follows: Part I,

metals ; part II, nonmetallic materials—constructional ; and part III,

nonmetallic materials—general. Each part has a separate supplement; also each publication has a subject index with a list of the

specifications and tests in the order of their serial designations.

All told, 21,800 copies of the 1939 Book of Standards were printed,

as follows : Part I, 8,600 ; part II, 6,700 ; and part III, 6,500.

Special compilations of standards are also issued providing, re- spectively, all ASTM specifications and tests in the following fields:

Petroleum; textiles; coal and coke; electrical insulating materials;

cement; rubber products; paint, varnish, lacquer, and related materials ; refractories ; and chemical analysis of metals. Many thousands

of copies of these compilations are distributed and a great many industries look on them with favor because of their compactness in giving

in a somewhat more convenient form than the Book of Standards the

specifications and tests with which the industry is primarily

concerned.

The availability of each of the 952 ASTM standards in separate

pamphlet form provides a ready means of use and many thousands

of copies of these are distributed annually.

A yearly index to ASTM standards, including tentative standards,

is published and distributed without charge. This publication covering some 172 pages gives under appropriate key words the titles of

the standards together with the page and full reference to the ASTM

publications in which they appear. Sixteen thousand five hundred

copies of the index were published as of December 1940.

A great many of the society's standards are reprinted by industrial

companies and are used in text books and reference publications.

While formerly permission to reprint was very freely given, the so- ciety has recently, for various reasons, set up a scale of charges for

the right to reprint the standards when the published material is used

for commercial purposes.

Especially notable has been the widespread use of ASTM standards

in various building codes such as those recommeded by the U. S. Department of Commerce, National Board of Fire Underwriters, Pacific

Coast Building Officials Conference, the codes issued by New York

City, Chicago, Boston, and others. The Materials Section of the

Boiler Code Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers is based on ASTM specifications. There are numerous other

related ways in which ASTM specifications are used.
Standardization Activities of Organizations II

The society's bimonthly Bulletin is effective in promoting the

knowledge of the society's work and stimulating the use of its specifications and tests. Through numerous meetings, the annual and

spring meetings of the society and various local meetings, the importance of standardization work is stressed. Mention should be made of

the close cooperation of a great many technical and business journals

who with knowledge of the essential nature of the society's work include technical articles and news accounts of the progress in the field of

engineering materials where ASTM functions.

CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON LUMBER STANDARDS

The Central Committee on Lumber Standards consists of 12 representatives of groups of lumber manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers,

and consumers. The chairman is John Foley, forester, Pennsylvania

Railroad Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

These representatives of all elements of the softwood lumber industry have in charge the maintenance of Simplified Practice Recommendation R16, Lumber, and its revision when necessary. The

committee's suggestions and proposed amendments, following general

industry approval, appear in succeeding editions of these basic standards, as published by the National Bureau of Standards.

This Simplified Practice Recommendation sets forth the classifications, nomenclature, grading provisions, sizes, workings, description,

measurement, tally, shipping, grade marking, and inspection provisions adopted voluntarily by the softwood lumber industry as the

basis for individual grading rules covering the various species of softwood lumber as found in different areas of the United States.

The recommendation was published initially in the year 1924 as

a result of four general conferences of the industry, held in 1922, 1923,

and 1924. In 1925, 1926, and 1928, the simplification program was

revised, and amplified. In 1932 the shingles and mouldings sections,

only, were revised. This revision was published in 1933, as a separate

booklet, supplementing Simplified Practice Recommendation R16-29.

In 1939 a new edition of this recommendation was issued, with all

information appearing in a single illustrated publication containing

99 pages, and designated as "Simplified Practice Recommendation

R16-39, Lumber,—American Lumber Standards for Softwood

Lumber."

This latest edition shows that the basic provisions have been strengthened and clarified, generally. The provisions governing the selection

and inspection of softwood-lumber stress-grades are shown as having

been thoroughly revised, in accordance with up-to-date information

bearing on the effect of quality on the strength of lumber. The sections

on shingles and mouldings were added in their proper places, and a

brief history of the project included.

Future work includes the consideration of technical questions arising

in connection with the practical use of these standards, and, notably

important, the stimulation of all branches of the industry to put into

daily practice the principles set forth in the existing standards.

Actual steps in the direction of the latter objective are accomplished

facts. They include promulgation, publication and distribution of the

booklet itself; information concerning it disseminated through the

columns of trade papers, direct correspondence with producers, dis-
12 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

tributors, and users of softwood lumber; and through trade associations and organizations that represent the several branches of the

industry ; and by means of a cross-reference, in Federal Specification

MM-L-751b, Softwood Lumber and Timber.

NATIONAL AIRCRAFT STANDARDS COMMITTEE

The National Aircraft Standards Committee (NASC) , composed of

the standards engineers of the airplane manufacturers, is the body

officially delegated by those manufacturers to represent them on

matters of standardization. William M. Smith is the national chairman whose address is, in care of Bell Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo,

N. Y.

The subject matter of primary interest to this group includes

all parts manufactured in the airplane manufacturers' plants and

all design specifications directly affecting the airframe.

In addition to that part of the airplane manufactured by them,

the airplane manufacturers are also directly concerned with certain

phases of standardization of the accessories and equipment. Although

this work is carried on by the Accessory and Equipment Subdivision

of the Society of Automotive Engineers, very close coordination is

maintained with the airplane manufacturers through the NASC.

Several items in the accessories and equipment field such as electrical

systems, hydraulic systems, etc., have also been allocated to the

NASC for handling, while concurrent problems in the equipment

concerned are being handled by the Society of Automotive Engineers.

The subcommittees of the Society of Automotive Engineers are

composed in general of representatives of manufacturers and users of

the equipment concerned. In order to coordinate their work with

the needs of airplane manufacturers, the NASC supply a list of

technical specialists from which representatives are selected to serve

on the various technical committees. These representatives act as

full-voting members of the committee and are delegated to present

the viewpoint of the airplane manufacturers.

In cooperation with the airplane, engine, and accessory manufacturers and the Society of Automotive Engineers, the National Aircraft Standards Committee has organized a committee for the purpose of developing standards in connection with the project on

power plant installation.
III. STANDARDIZING ACTIVITIES OF TECHNICAL

SOCIETIES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

In this section there is presented a picture of the simplification and

standardization movement in various fields of industry conducted by

trade associations, scientific and technical agencies, and other organizations which make standardization one of the important features of

their services to their members.

In the following outlines relating to the simplification and

standardization activities of these organizations, special attention has

been paid to the current standardization programs, accomplishments

to date, methods of appointing standards or technical committees,

authority bestowed upon these committees, and their functions and

procedure.

A special effort has been made to include in the following sketches

the methods employed by various organizations for making their

standards and specifications effective throughout the industry and to

determine whether or not their requirements are being complied with.

Simplified Practice Recommendations and Commercial Standards

referred to in the text are those which have been established by the

interested industries under the auspices of the Divisions of Simplified

Practice and Trade Standards of the National Bureau of Standards.

Where the term "sectional committee" is employed, the reference is

to a regularly organized sectional committee functioning under the

rules of procedure of the American Standards Association, unless

otherwise indicated.

OUTLINES OF STANDARDIZING ACTIVITIES

Abrasive Grain Association, Harry B. Lindsay, secretary, 27 Elm

Street, Worcester, Mass. Standardization and simplification activities

of this association are carried on by a committee known as the Technical Committee. One phase of the committee's work has been crystallized in the Simplified Practice Recommendation R-118, Abrasive

Grain Sizes, which was developed under the auspices of and promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards. The Technical Committee

has developed a standard procedure for the measurement of capillarity

of electrically fused aluminum oxide abrasives for polishing use. Current activity of this committee is directed toward more uniform application of the Simplified Practice Recommendation throughout the

industry.

Abrasive Paper and Cloth Manufacturers' Association, 17 John

Street, New York, N. Y. Revised standard specifications for glue bond

abrasive-coated products were adopted by this organization in 1929.

The standardization committee for waterproof sandpaper has defined

fine flour grades through the adoption of what is known as the sedimentation method of analysis. This method has given a means of

201072°—41—2 13
14 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

checking fine sands (finer than screen grades) which previously were

not subject to accurate laboratory control. This association initiated

the movement which resulted in the establishment and acceptance

by the producing and consuming industry of standard sizes and grades

for the abrasive products enumerated above, as promulgated in a Simplified Practice Recommendation issued by the National Bureau of

Standards.

Acoustical Society of America, Wallace Waterfall, secretary, 919

North Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, 111. One of the important activities of this organization in standardization is the preparation of

standards of terminology, units, scales, and methods of measurement

in the field of acoustics. In carrying forward this work the society

cooperates with other technical bodies under the procedure of the

American Standards Association.

The society is sponsor for the ASA sectional committee on acoustical measurements and terminology under the auspices of which it

has already issued American standards covering noise measurement,

sound level meters for measurement of noise and other sounds, calibration of microphones, and acoustical terminology. This sectional

committee is also considering the development of specifications for

audiometers for general diagnostic purposes, and standards for

measuring sound transmission.

The society is also represented on three additional ASA sectional

committees dealing with standards for motion pictures, letter symbols

and abbreviations for science and engineering, and ventilation code.

Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America, Inc., Shoreham

Building, Washington, D. C. This organization has a committee

called the Engine Technical Committee. This group is composed of

the administrative heads of the engineering departments of all of

the aircraft engine manufacturers. The object in forming this committee is to have a technical group representing the engine manufacturers to study problems of the manufacturers not of a competitive

nature; to work toward the goal of obtaining a coordinated viewpoint of the manufacturers; and to prepare and submit to pertinent

governmental agencies suitable recommendations when deemed

advisable.

In 1938 and 1939 the rapid increase in production, the development

of higher powered aircraft and the use of lighter quality materials

made a reduction desirable in the variety of specifications for materials used by manufacturers and governmental air services. The Engine Technical Committee of the chamber appointed a Materials Committee to draft a series of specifications that would be used uniformly

by the aircraft industry and associated materials suppliers. The

committee later recommended that the project be centralized in a

recognized standardizing agency of the aircraft and associated

materials industries.

Accordingly, the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America

proposed that this work be undertaken by the Society of Automotive

Engineers, and in response the SAE Council established the Aircraft

Materials Division of the SAE Standards Committee in 1939, which

took over the specifications drafted by the ACCA committee up to

then, and has since prepared additional ones.

The Technical Department of the chamber also acts as National

Aircraft Standards Committee liaison with the Aeronautical Board,
Standardization Activities of Organizations 15

the Bureau of Aeronautics of the U. S. Navy Department, and the

Air Corps, as well as outside agencies and other standards organizations. Personnel of the Technical Department have assumed secretarial duties on the NASC Executive Board and on the NASC Power

Plant Installation Standards Committee.

Agricultural Insecticide & Fungicide Association, L. S. Hitchner,

executive secretary, 285 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation has developed, over a period of years, numerous standards for

insecticides and fungicides which have been incorporated in Federal

and State laws.

With reference to simplification, the association sponsored the movement for the adoption of a schedule of stock sizes for insecticides

and fungicides, which resulted in the establishment of Simplified

Practice Recommendation R^rl, promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards.

The association developed standards for the metallic copper content

of commercial Bordeaux mixture and for lime-sulfur solutions, which

have received general acceptance by industry.

Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Machinery Association, William B. Henderson, executive vice president, Southern Building, Washington, D. C. This association has formulated equipment standards

for enclosed ammonia compressors, vertical open shell and tube ammonia condensers, horizontal closed shell and tube ammonia condensers,

horizontal closed ammonia shell and tube brine coolers (flooded), submerged open ammonia brine coolers, ammonia liquid receivers, ammonia mains, steel and wrought-iron pipe, cold storage room insulation,

low pressure condensing units, Freon-12 condensers (terminal difference), and Freon-12 water coolers (mean temperature difference).

During the past year the association completed additional standards

covering self-contained summer air conditioning units, Freon-12 evaporative condenser units, Freon-12 condensers of the horizontal closed

shell-and-tube type; Freon-12 liquid receivers, and location and inspection of data plate on insulated vessels.

It has also formulated base specifications for self-contained ammonia

units, ammonia brine cooler ratings, Freon-12 mains, and standard

nomenclature for reciprocating compressors. This association has

also formulated a code of application engineering standards for air

conditioning for comfort. This code covers minimum standards and

is limited to standards and practices for determining the conditions

and loads in the design of air-conditioning systems for installation

within the United States. The association maintains representation

on six sectional committees functioning under the procedure of the

American Standards Association dealing with the following subjects: safety code for mechanical refrigeration; pipe flanges and fittings; code for pressure piping; standardization of dimensions and

materials of wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe and tubing; specifications for pressure and vacuum gages, and classification and

designation of surface qualities.

Aluminum Research Institute, R. D. T. Hollowell, secretary, 308

West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This organization's technical

work in matters relating to standardization is carried on by its Chemists' Committee, consisting of the chief chemists of the secondary

aluminum manufacturers that compose the institute's membership.
15 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

This committee's activities include cooperation with similar committees of technical bodies.

One of the projects developed by the committee which has been

adopted by the institute and is being widely used in the industry

concerns the standardization of methods of sampling and analyzing

aluminum and certain aluminum alloys.

Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, Daniel J. Ferris,

secretary, 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Among the several

objects of this organization are the establishment and maintenance

throughout the United States of a uniform test of amateur standing,

and uniform rules for the government of all athletic sports within its

jurisdiction; the institution, regulation, and awarding of the amateur

athletic championships of the United States ; and the institution of a

bureau of records covering all branches of amateur sport in the United

States.

This union recognizes all amateur sports and claims jurisdiction over

basket ball, boxing, gymnastics, handball ; running, including hurdle,

obstacle racing, and steeplechasing ; walking, jumping, pole vaulting;

putting shot and throwing hammer, weights, javelin, and discus;

swimming, tug-of-war, catch-as-catch-can wrestling, Greco-Roman

wrestling, weight lifting, volley ball, indoor baseball, squash ball,

code ball, field handball, bobsleighing and coasting, and ice hockey.

The union conducts the championships of the United States in all

these sports, and its 41 district associations covering the entire United

States, annually hold the district championships.

The establishment of standard definitions of rules for the government of athletic sports are formulated by the Board of Governors,

which is elected each year and is representative of the active and allied

member associations of the union. Besides the adoption of standard

contest rules for the various sports under its jurisdiction the union also

fixes standards on dimensions, weights, material, and shapes of the

various implements, balls, etc., entering into athletic contests.

American Association for the Advancement of Science, Otis W.

Caldwell, general secretary; F. R. Moulton, permanent secretary,

Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D. C. This association is cooperating with other organizations, under the procedure of

the American Standards Association, in the preparation of standard

definitions of electrical terms. It is also acting as joint sponsor under

the same procedure for the standardization of scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations. The latter activity has already re- sulted in the American standard symbols for photometry and illumination, mathematical symbols, and letter symbols for electrical

quantities, and in tentative American standards for symbols for*

hydraulics, heat, and thermodynamics, aeronautical symbols, and

graphical symbols for telephone and telegraph use, and navigational

and topographical symbols. It is also officially represented on the

ASA Sectional Committee on Electric and Magnetic Magnitudes and

Units.

American Association of Cereal Chemists, Claude F. Davis, president, % Michigan Bakeries, Inc., Grand Rapids, Mich. Among the

stated objects of this association are the encouragement and advancement of scientific and technical research in cereals and their products,

particularly in milling and baking; the study of analytical methods
Standardization Activities of Organizations 17

used in cereal chemistry; and the development and adoption of uniform or standard methods of examination and analysis. A number

of technical committees are appointed by the association to carry

on the collaborative studies and to organize work around definite

cereal problems of interest and usefulness. These committees are

engaged in subjects dealing with methods of analysis, standardization of laboratory baking, testing methods for cake flours, testing

self-rising and phosphated flours, testing biscuit and cracker flours,

definition of technical terms, and standardization of malt analysis.

In addition, the association maintains a Cooperative Research Committee, which is collaborating with a similar committee of the American Society of Bakery Engineers in the study of baking problems.

The association has issued a revised edition of its book, Cereal

Laboratory Methods, which is devoted to a description of methods

for the chemical analysis of wheat and flour, including chapters on

baking, shortening materials, leavening agents, and yeast foods.

American Association of Medical Milk Commissions (Inc.), S. W.

Shoemaker, assistant secretary, 1265 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

The association has adopted and promulgated a pamphlet, Methods

and Standards for the Production of Certified Milk, containing regulations on the organization of local medical milk commissions, dairy

buildings and equipment, herd management and stable practice, veterinary supervision, milking, handling and transportation of milk,

and hygiene of employees, as well as specifications for certified milk.

Any dairyman who agrees to undertake the production of milk meeting its standards is permitted by the association to use its seals,

bearing the term "certified milk" on milk bottles. Continued use

of these seals is based on weekly examination and inspection of sample

milk by local medical milk commissions.

American Association of Nurserymen, Richard P. White, executive secretary, 636 Southern Building, Washington, D. C. Through

its Standardization Committee, this association has adopted uniform

grading standards covering height measurements and tolerance of

deciduous trees and shrubs; standard types of vines; commercial

grades of evergreens; grades of various roses; grades of large and

small fruit trees ; designation of lining-out stock, and trees for forest

planting. It has also issued recommended specifications for balling and

burlapping, giving minimum sizes of balls, ball depths, and weight

equivalent to ball sizes.

American Association of Port Authorities, Tiley S. McChesney,

secretary, 2223 Short Street, New Orleans, La. One of the objects of

this association is the standardization and establishment of uniformity

in the operation, construction, and management of port facilities, and

to recommend to the various ports represented in the association the

adoption thereof.

The Committee on Standardization and Special Research deals with

all matters relating to the standardization of Federal and local port

statistics, the standardization of equipment common to operators in

different ports, as well as designs, common practice and terminology.

This committee has issued a dictionary of port terms.

The Committee on Fire Prevention cooperates with the National

Fire Protection Association, of which this association is a member, in

developing standard practices in fire resistance, safe operating prac-
18 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

tices, oil pollution, fireboats, standpipe systems, alarm and sign systems, and related subjects.

The association also cooperates with the United States Maritime

Commission and National Rivers and Harbors Association in standardization activities. This association is represented on sectional committees on specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel, and on work

in compressed air, functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association.

American Association of State Highway Officials, W. C. Markham,

secretary, National Press Building, Washington, D. C. Major activities in the field of standardization being caried on by this association

include the study of various materials, methods of construction and

maintenance of highways; and the development of technical administration and highway operation standards and policies.

The association's Committee on Standards, together with such subcommittees as may be necessary, is constantly engaged in the formulation of standards and specifications to include road and bridge construction, tests and investigation of materials, maintenance, and all

phases of highway research.

This association has prepared and published a book on "Specifications for Highway Bridges" of all kinds constructed by or under

the supervision of Federal and State highway departments. In it are

included specifications relating to design and construction, and materials used covering cement, aggregates, structural steels, wrought iron,

steel forgings and castings, gray-iron, and malleable castings, brick,

timber, bituminous materials, etc. It has also issued a publication on

"Standard Specifications for Highway Materials and Methods of

Sampling and Testing." This book serves as a standard and guide

for all those who furnish and use road building materials required

by Federal and State highway authorities. Many of the specifications

and methods of test are identical with those of the American Society

for Testing Materials which the association has adopted.

This association cooperates with other bodies, under the procedure

of the American Standards Association, on work which has resulted

in the development of American standard specifications for Portland

cement; specifications for drain tile; and methods of testing bituminous road and paving materials. In addition, it is represented on

ASA sectional committees dealing with standards for the inspection

of motor vehicles, and specifications for sieves for testing purposes.

It cooperates also, by official representation, with committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials on projects relating to steel,

and copper and copper alloys.

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Harold

C. Chapin, secretary, care of Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Mass.

This association was organized in 1921 for the purpose of promoting

the increase of knowledge of the application of dyes and chemicals in

the textile industry, and of encouraging in any practical way research

work on chemical processes and materials of importance to the textile

industry.

The membership of the association of approximately 2,700 includes

most of the leading textile chemists and colorists of the country as well

as members from Canada and 13 different foreign countries.

Since the inception of the association the work of the Research Committee has been one of its most important activities. This committee
Standardization Activities of Organizations 19

meets frequently and has been so organized as to include about 60 of

the more prominent textile chemists and colorists of the country.

Working under the general supervision of this Research Committee

are 30 subcommittees, each engaged in some specific phase of the work.

These subcommittees have been so organized as to represent as far as

possible not only the diversified interests of the textile and color application industries, but also distributing and consuming groups.

In the early years of the association the Research Committee concentrated its efforts upon the establishment of fastness standards for

dyed textile materials ; developing laboratory methods for classifying

degrees of fastness and then selecting certain dyes, which, when properly applied, would represent each class.

Standards and test methods were thus established for fastness of

dyed cotton, rayon, wool and silk to light, mill washing or laundering,

fulling, bleaching and stoving; also fastness to rubbing or crocking,

perspiration, acids, alkalies, carbonization and sea water. Standard

dyeings on cotton, wool, and silk have been prepared representing the

various degrees of fastness to light, to mill washing and laundering

and to rubbing or crocking.

During the period 1931-39, through grants from the Textile Foundation, the Chemical Foundation and corporate members, the association

was enabled to extend its activities into the field of fundamental textile chemical research, which was carried on at the National Bureau of

Standards, Brown University, Lowell Textile Institute, and the University of Chattanooga.

In 1939 the work supported by the Textile Foundation having

grown in scope beyond the original purposes of the association, was

centralized under the direct supervision of the foundation at the National Bureau of Standards. The association, however, is continuing

its applied research and work on standards.

The growing interest of consumers in merchandise quality has emphasized the importance of the work on standard test methods in which

the association has been engaged since its very beginning. Many of

the standard test methods worked out by this association are being

adopted by the Federal Government and such groups as the American

Society for Testing Materials, American Standards Association,

National Bureau of Standards, and manufacturers of dyestuffs.

Standard methods for determining the fastness of dyestuffs on the

fiber have been devised by the association through its Research Committee in order to make possible the specification of the fastness of

colored textiles or dyestuffs as they are used on textiles, to the various

color destroying agencies. These methods are classified into several

groups and include fastness tests, as follows : Group C, dyed or printed

rayons; group R, dyed or printed rayons; group S, dyed or printed

silks; and group W, dyed wool. In addition, the association has developed standard methods applicable to all fibers for fastness to perspiration, light, acids and alkalies, carbonizing, sea water, and rubbing

(crocking) ; identification of sizing and finishing in textiles; and determination of sizing and finishing, copper and iron, and manganese

in textiles; also determination of waterproofness. It has also developed standard methods applicable to specific fibers

for determination of shrinkage in washable woven cotton fabrics,

methods of fiber identification and quantitative separation, tests for
20 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

transference of color, method of testing for moth proofing, fastness

to atmospheric gases of dyes on cellulose acetate rayon, determination

of degree of mercerization of cotton, and determination of weighting

in silk.

The association is represented on the Advisory Committee on Ultimate Consumer Goods, functioning under the auspices of the American Standards Association, in work relating to standardization of

consumer goods. It is also represented on technical committees of

the American Society for Testing Materials dealing with the preparation of standards and test methods for soaps and other detergents

and for water for industrial uses. American Association of University Women, Esther Cole Franklin, associate in social studies, 1634 Eye Street NW., Washington,

D. C. This association was among the pioneering groups in preparing

study outlines for adult groups on testing, standardization, and informative labeling of foods, drugs, household equipment, and clothing.

Owing to its widespread interest, the association has since 1937 become nationally known as a consumer organization and has undertaken a number of national activities in the consumer interest.

Through its subcommittee on consumer interests of the National Committee on Social Studies, the association is represented on the Advisory

Committee on Ultimate Consumer Goods of the American Standards

Association, functioning under the value and use of adequate standards for consumer goods, and to promote the use of informative labeling of commodities. The association is affiliated also with the National

Consumer-Retailer Council and is active in the council's committees

on labeling and standards. Under the direction of the association's

representative on the council, the labeling committee has developed

model labels for a wide number of commodities.

In the interest of consumers generally, the association has adopted

recommended procedures for the development and use of standard

specifications for consumer goods. The association's legislation program includes an item on the development of standards of quality and

performance for consumer goods.

American Automobile Association, Russell E. Singer, general

manager, Pennsylvania Avenue at Seventeenth Street, Washington,

D. C. The association has developed by itself or in cooperation with

other organizations, numerous standards and models for motor vehicle legislation in the States and in cities, designed to promote the

safe and efficient movement of traffic. It developed a Model Safety

Responsibility Bill and cooperated actively in the development of

the Uniform Vehicle Code and the Model Traffic Ordinances.

It developed a guide as to standards for state legislation on roadside

development and control.

The association participated in the development of standards for

traffic signs, signals, markings, and islands set forth in a Manual

on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

Through a Committee on Parking and Terminal Facilities, the

association formulated plans and set up guiding principles and

standards for improving parking conditions in central business districts. Proposals relate to both on- and off-street parking.

The association has developed proposed standards of various types

relating to increasing the safety and convenience of pedestrians in

traffic.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 21

It has developed detailed methods and various proposed standards

for training new drivers. For several years it has been studying"

methods of examination of applicants for drivers' licenses with the

idea of improving standards therefor.

The association cooperates from time to time with the National Bureau of Standards, in connection with brake testing and headlight

testing, and has prepared charts for the standardization of testing

headlight adjustment without special machinery.

The AAA is represented with other organizations on sectional committees of the American Standards Association dealing with standards for proper maintenance of motor vehicles and specifications and

methods of test for safety glass. - The association has developed in cooperation with other organizations standards for the operation of school safety patrols.

It is cooperating with other organizations in the National Committee on Traffic Law Enforcement which is developing statements

of guiding principles, recommended techniques and standards for

improvement of traffic law enforcement.

The association is a member of the National Conference on Uniform

Traffic Accident Statistics, the object of which is to develop, improve,

and promote standard forms, definitions, and practices for the collection and summarization of traffic accident information and to promote increased use of such information.

The AAA Contest Board prepares detailed specifications and standards which must be met by automobiles competing in various races

conducted under its sanction and supervision. Out of the stress and

strain of these races have come many improvements and refinements

to the automobile, tires, and to other important equipment. Tests of

automotive and accessory products under accepted standard rules

have become one of the major functions of the AAA Contest Board

in offering a medium for the automotive industry to have its wares

certified to the car-owning public.

American Bakers Association, Tom Smith, secretary, 1135 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 111. Two committees of this association carry

on the standardization and simplification work required by the industry. The Committee on Public Affairs cooperates with the Food

Standards Committee of the Food and Drug Administration in the

development of standards of identity under the Federal Food, Drug

and Cosmetic Act.

This association's Committee on Pan Sizes sponsored the research

work at the American Institute of Baking for the purpose of gathering information and data on pan sizes. In this connection, the

board of governors of this association, with a desire to benefit the

consumer and the baking industry through further improved bread

quality, has adopted a resolution setting forth recommended standard

pan lengths for bread loaves weighing 12, 16, 20, and 24 ounces, baked.

American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association, Inc., Paul

W. Fisher, executive secretary, 70 Pine Street, New York, N. Y. In

cooperation with the United States Shellac Importers Association,

Inc., this association has issued a booklet covering official methods

of analysis, specifications, and general information on shellac and

bleached shellac, which has been approved and adopted by both organizations. This booklet contains detailed specifications relating to
22 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

properties and tests for orange shellac, seedlac, dry bleached shellac,

and shellac varnish. It includes also methods of sampling and testing

shellac and shellac varnish.

It has issued two publications entitled "How to Use Shellac for

Best Results" and "Standard Specifications for the Reference of Architects on the Use and Applications of Shellac." The latter publication contains specifications with respect to guarding against excessive

dampness, drying, thinning and mixing, specifications on floor finishing, and finishing of interior woodwork, and for primary (sizing)

walls.

American Boiler Manufacturers Association and Affiliated Industries, A. C. Baker, secretary, 264 Rockefeller Building, Cleveland,

Ohio ; ABMA Fair Practice Committee, H. E. Aldrich, manager, 15

Park Row, New York, N. Y. This association, established in 1888.

represents the boiler manufacturing industry engaged in the production of all types of steel steam boilers for stationary and marine use

(except steel heating boilers as defined in section IV of the ASME

Boiler Construction Code, Scotch-type boilers for stationary use, vertical fire-tube boilers, horizontal fire-box boilers, tubeless boilers, oil

country boilers, miniature boilers, and boilers for locomotives) ; mechanical stokers of 36 square feet of grate area and over; pulverized

fuel equipment ; superheaters ; air heaters and economizers.

Practically all standardization work of this association is carried on

by its Fair Practice Committee, which has functioning under its jurisdiction numerous technical committees, the titles of which are indicated

by the duties performed by them.

The Contract Forms Committee prepares contract forms which are

recommended to manufacturers and purchasers, and makes revisions or

additions to them as experience or changed conditions make it

desirable.

The Performance Forms Committee prepares standard performance forms which are recommended to manufacturers, engineers who

write specifications for the various products, and to purchasers. These

forms give the proper method of stating predicted or guaranteed performance and the conditions on which such performance should be

based. This committee also studies and reports on various technical

problems, definitions, engineering data, etc. The Stoker Technical

Committee has a similar purpose, but works specifically on technical

problems for stokers ; for example, definition of the term "continuous

rating," coal sizing for stokers, study of the problems resulting from

various city smoke ordinances, etc. This committee also developed

data giving engineers and purchasers information needed in specifications for stokers. It is planned that such information will be developed for other products.

The Pulverizer Test Code Committee developed a test code for

pulverizers which has been recommended to the Power Test Code

Committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for adoption as one of its standards.

The Feed Water Conditions Committee was authorized to employ a nationally known consultant on feed water problems, in cooperation

with whom standard water conditions were developed. Such standards
Standardization Activities of Organizations 23

are recommended for use in connection with guarantees of steam quality or purity.

The Mechanical Draft Fan Equipment Committee is cooperating

with a committee of the National Fan Manufacturers Association on

problems of distribution which are burdensome to both industries.

It is working on a form on which manufacturers can furnish needed

fan data to the fan companies, engineers, and purchasers. Simplification studies are also being made.

The Traffic Committee studies and reports proposed changes in

freight rates or classifications presenting data and views to the Official

Classification Committee of the railroads. A joint committee of boiler

manufacturers and tube manufacturers prepared standard tolerances

for tube bends based on commercial practice and to provide for proper

tube cleaning.

Several years ago this association prepared a manual covering

industry standards and engineering information. This manual contains standard contract and performance forms which are being used

by the industry, a statement relative to mechanical draft fan equipment, form outlining data required for fan selection, form outlining

data required in stoker specifications, standard tolerances on tube

bends, outline of method for determining required design pressure for

boilers in a specific installation, typical analyses of bituminous coals

in various districts, and grindability values for coals in various districts.

This association cooperates with the American Uniform Boiler

Law Society and the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Inspectors in connection with the promotion of uniform boiler laws

and regulations and the uniform enforcement thereof. It is officially

represented on sectional committees functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association dealing with the following

projects: standardization of bolts, nuts and rivet proportions; standardization of iron and steel pipe and tubing ; and standardization of

pipe flanges and fittings. This association is also represented on the

Joint Research Committee on Boiler Feed Water Studies under the

auspices of the American Society for Testing Materials.

American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, John J. Riley, secre- tary, 224 Southern Building, Washington, D. C. In order to eliminate

many of the difficulties arising in connection with the use of specialized

equipment, including pipe lines and threads, conveyor devices, bottles,

and bottle cases, the association has recognized certain standard types

and sizes in its publications. Definite material thicknesses are recognized for : the sides and partitions of wooden bottle cases, supply lines,

fittings and flow velocities for carbonated water equipment, straight

and taper pipe threads, conveyor chains, and crown finish for beverage

bottles. A standard is recommended concerning the composition of

solutions used for washing beverage bottles. Standard methods of

control covering sugar and carbon dioxide content of beverages are

suggested.

Basic beverage bottle dimensions have been prepared in cooperation

with the Division of Simplified Practice of the National Bureau of

Standards. Standard sugar tables and syrup-making computations

are published, calculated from the recognized basic tables of the National Bureau of Standards. Special service for checking these items
24 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

is given through the activities of the laboratory maintained by the

association at its headquarters.

American Brush Manufacturers Association, George A. Fernley,

secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Simplification and the

establishment of standard sizes of various types of brushes have been

carried on very actively by this association. Under the auspices of the

National Bureau of Standards, it initiated movements which resulted

in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations : R43-28

for paint and varnish brushes, R88-37 for sweeps, R121-31 for block

sizes for calcimine brushes, and R167-37 for counter, window, and

radiator brushes. These Recommendations have been promulgated

and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

American Bureau of Shipping, J. W. Cantillion, secretary, 47

Beaver Street, New York, N. Y. The principal work of this Bureau

may be briefly summarized as follows: (1) The publication in the

Record of the essential particulars of the hulls and machinery classed

with the bureau, the classification assigned to each particular vessel,

and the dates when the various surveys were made. Particulars of

Amercan vessels not classed with the bureau and also the larger

foreign vessels which regularly visit United States ports are also

given in the Record for the information of the subscribers; (2) the

issuance of certificates of character for merchant ships, their machinery and equipment, i. e., classification certificates, seaworthy certificates, etc., based on surveyors' reports; (3) the carrying out of load

line surveys in accordance with the Department of Commerce regulations, and the granting of load line certificates after the freeboard

markings on the vessel's sides have been duly verified and found to

be in accordance with the freeboard; (4) the preparation of rules

for the construction of hulls and machinery, including material specifications and detail regulations for periodic surveys, etc. These rules

are modified from time to time in order to keep pace with developments in shipbuilding and marine engineering ; they are the standards

by which the eligibility of vessels submitted for classification is

determined; (5) the carrying out, when specifically requested by

owners and builders, of such other work as relates to structural design, construction, and maintenance of merchant ships, and also such

important matters as relate to subdivision, etc.; and, (6) the investigation by the technical staff of details in connection with the preparation of new rules and the analysis of the Surveyors' reports of surveys

made on vessels in operation with a view to determining what amendments in the existing rules experience has shown to be desirable.

In accordance with the provisions of Appendix A of Regulations

of the National Fire Protection Association governing marine fire

hazards adopted in 1930, all chemists who test ships' compartments,

tanks, etc., as to gas content are required to be certified as to qualifications by the American Bureau of Shipping. In order to obtain such

certification each chemist must submit his qualifications as to education, experience and character through the American Bureau of

Shipping for approval by the technologist of the American Petroleum

Institute ; each such certification of the chemist is vali$ for a period

of five years. In conformity wth this procedure the American Bu-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 25

reau of Shipping has certified chemists in most of the maritime States

of the United States and in Canada and the West Indies, all of whom

are required to report regularly to the Bureau regarding all activities

related to gas-free certification carried out under their jurisdiction.

The Bureau cooperates to the fullest extent with other organizations associated with merchant marine activities. Members of its

staff are represented on committees dealing with a wide variety of

subjects, such as standing committees of the American Society for

Testing Materials. American Welding Society, American Standards

Association, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, National

Fire Protection, National Safety Council (Marine Section), and

technical committees of the American Merchant Marine Institute and

the National Council of American Shipbuilders. The technical staff

carried out considerable investigation work in preparation for the

International Conference for the Safety of Life at Sea held in 1929,

and for the International Load Line Convention held in London in

1930 : the Bureau was directly represented on the United States delegation attending these international conventions.

American Ceramic Society, Inc., Ross C. Purdy, general secretary,

2525 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio. This society carries on a

considerable amount of cooperative work in the development of standards and specifications, through representation on committees of the

American Standards Association and the American Society for Testing

Materials.

The society is officially represented on committees functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association dealing with

the following projects: minimum requirements for plumbing and

standardization of plumbing equipment ; building code requirements

and good practice recommendations for masonry ; insulators for electric power lines ; classification of coals : letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering ; specifications for sieves for testing

purposes; and specifications and methods of test for safety glass.

It maintains representation also on the following technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials : steel, refractories, glass and glass products, manufactured masonry units, gaseous

fuels, and electrical insulating materials. The society cooperated with

the American Foundrymen's Association under the auspices of the

National Bureau of Standards in the development of Simplified Practice Recommendation R154—38 covering sizes of cupola refractories,

tap-out, and slug-hole blocks.

American Chemical Society, Charles L. Parsons, secretary. Mills

Building, Washington, D. C. This society's work in developing standards and specifications is carried on by several committees handling

certain specific subjects. Through studies and tests made by its members, the committee on analyticalreagents has prepared more than 150

recommended specifications for analytical reagent chemicals which

have been adopted and published by the society. This committee has

cooperated during the past year with the subcommittee of the committee on revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia in the preparation of

specifications for reagents for the revision of the Pharmacopoeia.

The committee in charge of analysis of commercial fats and oils

has been engaged in developing standard methods relative to moisture,

unsaponifiable matter, quantitative and qualitative methods for pea-
26 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

nut oil, and detection of vegetable oils in animal fats. The committee

on soap and soap products has prepared a revision of the standard

methods for the sampling and analysis of commercial soaps and soap

products.

In cooperation with the Scientific Apparatus Makers of America,

the society's committee on standard apparatus has prepared and published a publication entitled, Standard Sizes and Shapes of Apparatus.

This publication gives recommendations for items of certain types of

apparatus to be kept in stock by dealers and in laboratory storerooms

for ordinary laboratory work.

Another committee of the society cooperates with committees of the

American Public Health Association and the American Water Works

Association in the revision of standard methods of examination of

water and sewage. Additional standardization work of the society

is carried on in cooperation with other technical bodies.

Through representation on a sectional committee the society assisted

in the preparation of the safety code for mechanical refrigeration

which was approved by the American Standards Association, and is

now officially represented on three committees of the latter association

dealing with classification of coals, specifications for sieves for testing

purposes, and letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering. It is also represented on the coordinating committee on corrosion functioning under the auspices of the American Society for

Testing Materials.

American College of Surgeons, 40 East Erie Street, Chicago, 111.

Irvin Abell, M. D., chairman, Board of Regents; Malcolm T. MacEachern, associate director and director of hospital activities; Bowman C. Crowell, associate director and director of clinical research.

The standardization of hospitals, hospital organization, management

and procedure, and clinical and physical standards, are important

features of the activities of this organization. The minimum standards for hospitals adopted by the college cover, in particular, the

organization and duties of the medical staff, the providing of accurate

and complete case records on all patients treated, and the furnishing

of adequate diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. Names of hospitals

of the United States and Canada conforming to the minimum standard of the college are published annually in a list of approved

hospitals.

This organization has issued a manual containing complete information regarding a standard classification and nomenclature for surgical dressings, and standard specifications for sponges, abdominal

packs, sterile gauze dressings, and pads. It prepared and adopted

a minimum standard for the organization of clinics for the diagnosis

and treatment of cancer ; also a minimum standard for industrial

medicine and traumatic surgery.

It initiated the program for the development of a standard for

steel bone-plates under the procedure of the National Bureau of

Standards, which resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS3T, covering the physical and metallurgical requirements, design, dimensions, and finish of steel bone-plates and screws available

for use in the reduction of bone fractures; also requirements as to

packaging, identification, and certification of quality to buyers.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 27

The college also cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards

in the preparation and revision of Simplified Practice Recommendation R133 for stock sizes of surgical dressings.

American Concrete Institute, Harvey Whipple, secretary, 7400

Second Boulevard, Detroit, Mich. Since its organization in 1905, this

institute has been devoted to the solution of technical problems arising from the use of cement in concrete and reinforced concrete, and

to the dissemination of information in this field of interest. This

work is summed up as an effort toward raising the standards of the

field which the institute represents.

The work of the institute is concerned primarily with the improvement of practice in design, construction and manufacture in relation

to concrete and reinforced concrete; and in the furtherance of this

work it cooperates with numerous organizations. The approach to

standardization is by stages found on increased knowledge of the

properties of Portland cement concrete and of allied and auxiliary

materials.

Many committees are assigned to special problems ; as a first stage

the correlation of existing knowledge for the purpose of application

to concrete design, construction, and manufacturing practice. A sec- ond stage of committee effort is in the outline and inauguration of

research to fill the gaps in knowledge ; then, successively, recorrelation

and the promulgation of "recommended practice."

In the stages of the work toward standardization an important

factor of institute accomplishment is in individual papers and committee reports recording field and laboratory experience.

Some of the older standards of the institute relate to Portland

cement stucco, mixing and placing concrete in buildings, fabricating

and setting reinforcing steel, concrete masonry units, cast stone, concrete staves, plain and reinforced concrete sewer pipe, drain tile, concrete pavement, concrete sidewalks, concrete floors, monolithic

concrete sewers and recommended rules for sewer design, concrete

work on ordinary buildings, Portland cement stucco finishes, supplying, fabricating, and setting reinforcing steel, and recommended practices in the use of cast stone.

Recent work of the institute includes the completion of new building regulations for reinforced concrete and preliminary drafts (for

periods of use and discussion) on recommended practice in measuring,

mixing and placing concrete ; A. C. I. Manual of Concrete Inspection

;

specifications for plain and reinforced concrete arches; reinforced

concrete design handbook; recommended practice for the design of

metal supports for reinforcement; and recommended practice for the

design of concrete mixes.

Work is in progress on new recommended practices for: Curing

concrete, the application of paint to concrete surfaces, manufacture of

concrete masonry units, construction of concrete silos, high pressure

steam curing, and a specification for cast stone.

Through representation on the Joint Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, consisting of affiliated committees of the American Institute of Architects, American

Railway Engineering Association, American Society of Civil Engi-
28 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

neers, American Society for Testing Materials, Portland Cement

Association, the institute cooperated in the preparation and publication of a report on Recommended Practice and Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete which was issued in 1940.

The institute, in collaboration with the Portland Cement Association and the Concrete Masonry Association,, initiated the movement

for the establishment of standard sizes for concrete building units

which are set forth in Simplified Practice Recommendaton R32-38,

promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

In its cooperative work with other organizations the institute is

officially represented on a number of sectional committees of the

American Standards Association in developing specifications for

Portland cement, fire tests of building construction and materials,

plastering, sieves for testing purposes, and building code requirements for excavations and foundations. It is also represented on

the joint research project on durability of concrete, cooperating with

the Highway Research Board of the National Research Council and

the American Society for Testing Materials ; and on a committee on

cement of the American Society for Testing Materials.

American Concrete Pipe Association, M. W. Loving, secretary, 33

West Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. All specifications for concrete pipe

adopted by this association are those which have been prepared by the

Committee on Concrete Pipe of the American Society for Testing

Materials and on which the association is officially represented. These

specifications include concrete sewer pipe, reinforced concrete sewer

pipe, reinforced concrete culvert pipe, and concrete irrigation pipe.

The association is also represented on the ASTM committee dealing

with the development of standard specifications for drain tile. This

association cooperated with the American Standards Association in

the development of specifications for drain tile which were approved

as American standard (A6-1925) by that organization.

It has cooperated and continues to collaborate with the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation of Federal

specifications covering pipe for sewers, drains, etc.

American Cranberry Exchange, Inc., C. M. Chaney, secretary, 90

West Broadway, New York, N. Y. This exchange has been in existence

since 1907. It is a nonprofit selling organization, owned and controlled

by cranberry growers. The primary function of the exchange is to

market cranberries grown and produced by its members, and to perform such other duties as are directly or indirectly connected therewith. In order to market cranberries properly, this organization has

developed standards for the various varieties and grades of cranberries

grown in the various parts of the country, and designates such grades

by brands.

American Dental Association, Harry B. Pinney, secretary, 212 East

Superior Street, Chicago, 111. The standardization work of this asso- ciation is conducted by research associates maintained at the National

Bureau of Standards, who carry on research on dental materials such

as cements, alloy and denture materials ; chemical analysis ; and testing

certified products. It has formulated standards for dental amalgam

alloys, inlay casting investment, inlay casting waxes, impression compounds, inlay casting golds, dental mercury, wrought gold alloys, zinc

phosphate and silicate cements, denture rubber, hydrocolloidal impres-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 29

sion materials, and acrylic denture resin used in prothesis and orthodontia.

Manufacturers of dental materials are advertising the fact that their

products comply with the requirements of the specification, and are

issuing certificates to the Research Commission of the association guaranteeing such compliance. In addition to the certificate, satisfactory

evidence of physical tests must be submitted by the manufacturer to

show that he has tested his material and that its properties meet the

specifications' requirements. A list of products so certified is published

from time to time in the ADA Journal.

The Bureau of Chemistry maintained by this association examines

new proprietary products (drugs and pharmaceuticals) with the view

to preparing chemical specifications. The Council on Dental Therapeutics of the association, operating in conjunction with this Bureau,

was organized as a permanently functioning body to advise the dental

profession and the public concerning dental proprietary and nonofficial

remedies and materials, with regard to their composition and therapeutic usefulness.

It lists materials as "accepted nonofficial dental remedies" when

the articles are found to comply with 10 published rules. In essence

these rules state that the composition of the article must be published

;

tests for determining its composition must be furnished ; it must not be

advertised to the public (except that disinfectants, dentifrices, and

medicinal foods may be advertised within certain limits) ; there must

be no false or misleading statements as to its origin, preparation, or

therapeutic value; its name must not be misleading; and it must be

useful. Articles acceptable to the council are eligible to bear the seal

of acceptance, and firms may make use of the seal of .acceptance in

general advertising within limits imposed by the council's rules governing the use of the seal.

American Dental Trade Association, George A. Lilly, managing

director, 1010 Vermont Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. One of the

outstanding standardization activities of this organization has been

the adoption of a uniform catalog for the use of the dental supply

dealer. Standardization and simplification have been carried out on

the subjects of finishes for equipment, lathe-shaft ends, crown and

bridge cement, baseplate wax, gold shell lengths, felt wheels and cones,

chamois wheels, mechanical saws, gold files, vulcanite files, and electrical receptacles. Similar work is going forward on numerous other

items used in the dental trade.

Under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards, this asso- ciation sponsored the projects for simplification of sizes and varieties

for dental hypodermic needles; dental brush wheels; packaging of

dental plaster, investment, and artificial stones; dental lathe grinding wheels ; dental cone-socket mirrors ; and dental rubber (base and

veneering) . These resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations for each item, which were promulgated and

published by the National Bureau of Standards.

American Drug Manufacturers Association, Carson P. Frailey,

executive vice president and secretary, 506 Albee Building, Washington, D. C. The work of standardizing drugs is carried on by this

association through the activities of several committees organized

for this purpose. Many members of these committees serve as asso- 201072°—41 3
30 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ciate members on various revision committees engaged in the revision

of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary.

One of the principal committees of this association is the Pharmaceutical Contact Committee, a joint committee composed of

representatives of the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers'

Association and this organization. This committee deals with problems regarding drug standardization and cooperates closely with

governmental and other standardizing agencies.

The Drugs Resources Committee was organized to cooperate with

the War and Navy Departments on standards and other problems

arising in connection with the national defense program.

The association's Committee on Chemical Tests and Standards was

engaged during the past year in investigating several problems concerned with physical constants purity tests, and assay procedures for

several USP chemicals. The Biological Section has organized two

committees, one to study standardization of bacterial vaccines, and

the other to investigate laboratory animals used in biological

standardization.

The Committee on Transportation of this association cooperated

with the Interstate Commerce Commission in revising the standard

rules and regulations for the transportation of hazardous articles by

rails and with the U. S. Maritime Commission in connection with proposed regulations regarding coastwise, intercoastal, and export shipments.

In addition, other committees of the association have been active

in the development of work on the following projects : Alkaloid and

drug standards; analytical assay methods; chemical tests and

standards; standardization of vaccines; and standardization of

bacterial suspensions by electrophotometric methods.

American Dry Milk Institute, Inc., Eoud McCann, director, 221

North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. All methods of analysis and

work relating to standards for the product of the dry milk industry

are carried on by the Standards Committee of this institute. This

committee also functions as the Packaging Committee, supervising

the general types of packages adaptable for use in packing the industry's products. It is also continuously engaged in matters pertaining

to the improvement in analysis, and the improvement and adaptation

of standard packages for use in the industry, together with other

matters affecting quality improvement and related standardization.

Some of the activities of the Standards Committee have resulted

in the development of standards which have been approved by the

institute. For example, the institute has adopted and published feed

grades for dry skim milk, which cover standards for choice, standard,

and sample feed grade. It also adopted a standard grade of dry milk

solids (not over iy2 percent of fat), including method of analysis.

The institute devotes considerable time and attention to projects

which are designed to improve standard methods of use among the

various industries which it serves, and the development of standard

qualities adaptable to the particular field in which sales are made.

American Electro-Platers' Society, W. J. R. Kennedy, executive

secretary, 93 Oak Grove Avenue; Springfield Mass. This society

cooperates with the American Society for Testing Materials and the

National Bureau of Standards in a study of the protective value of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 31

plated coating on steel. It maintains two research associates at the

National Bureau of Standards on research on effects of methods of

preparing metals upon protective value of coatings.

The society is represented on the Sectional Committee for

Specifications for Zinc Coating of Iron and Steel, functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association. The work of

this committee has already resulted in the development of American

standards for zinc-coated sheets; coatings on structural steel shapes,

plates, and bars ; zinc-coated iron or steel wire ; specifications for zinccoated iron or steel chain link fence fabric galvanized weaving ; zinccoated iron or steel wire (cable) ; zinc-coated wrought-iron sheets;

and zinc-coated welded and seamless steel pipe for ordinary purposes.

It is also represented on committee's for the American Society for

Testing Materials dealing with corrosion of iron and steel, and exposure tests of plating on the nonferrous metals.

American Feed Manufacturers' Association, Inc., Ralph M. Field,

president, 53 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. This association

cooperates very closely with the Association of American Feed Control Officials, both of which have been in existence for more than 30

years. The work of this organization has to do in bringing about

uniformity as far as possible in all State laws regulating the manufacture, distribution, and sale of commercial feeding stuff. Every

State in the Union except one has at the present time enacted legislation concerning regulations and specifications of commercial feeds

sold in the States.

This association cooperates also with the Food and Drug Administration, Federal Security Agency, in its enforcement of the Federal

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

American Foundrymen's Association (Inc.), R. E. Kennedy,

secretary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. Practically all

standardization work of this organization is carried on in cooperation

with the American Society for Testing Materials and the American

Standards Association, although through the appointment of several

committees, it has developed standards and codes which have been

approved and adopted by the association.

The board of directors of this association, realizing the need of having industry develop foundry process codes in order to have uniform

practical information available for the industry, authorized the formation of an Industrial Hygiene Codes Committee. The functions of

this committee are to assist in the standardization of dust-eliminating

equipment and improvement of shop operation conditions in the

foundry industry; and to promote standards therefor in cooperation

with manufacturers of such equipment. This committee has already

developed recommended good practice codes relating to fundamentals

of design, construction, operation, and maintenance of exhaust systems; metal cleaning sanitation; grinding, polishing, and buffing

equipment sanitation ; testing and measuring air flow in exhaust systems; and protection of workers in foundries. This association's

Committee on Foundry Sand Research prepared and issued a publication which contains standards and tentative standards covering

testing and grading foundry sands and clays.

Through the Joint Committee on Pattern Equipment Standardization, this association sponsored the project on standard pattern
32 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

colors, which resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard

CS19-32, promulgated and published by the National Bureau of

Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce. The association maintains representation on 15 technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials dealing with metallic and nonmetallic

materials. It is a cosponsor with the Plumbago Crucible Association for outside dimensions of plumbago crucibles for nontilting furnaces in nonferrous foundry practice (H13-1925), functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association.

In addition, it is represented on 11 ASA sectional committees on

specifications for cast-iron pipe and special castings ; manhole frames

and covers ; safety code for compressed air machinery and equipment

safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery; safety code for

cranes, derricks, and hoists ; safety code for the protection of heads,

eyes, and respiratory organs of industrial workers; safety code for

exhaust systems; specifications for sieves for testing purpose; standards for drawings and drafting room practice ; and classification and

designation of surface qualities.

American Gage Design Committee, H. W. Bearce, secretary, in

care of National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. This committee was formed in 1926 for

the purpose of consolidating for the benefit of industry at large

the independent efforts which were already in progress on the part of

a number of large industrial concerns, representatives of the United

States Government departments, and several of the leading gage

manufacturers to simplify gage construction through the adoption

of standard designs for gage blanks and component parts. The

designs developed by this committee are now available to everyone

and will minimize the necessity for the manufacture of special gages

of the simpler types.

The work of this committee has been given full support and

recognition by engineering societies, the American Standards Association, the National Bureau of Standards, the War and Navy

Departments, and the National Screw Thread Commission.

The activities of the committee in standardizing the design of

limit gages for plain plug and ring, and thread plug and ring gages

of all sizes above 0.059 to and including 4% inches in diameters were

adopted in 1929. These standards were published in 1930 as Miscellaneous Publication M100 of the National Bureau of Standards,

and subsequently promulgated by the United States Department of

Commerce as Commercial Standard CS8-30, Gage Blanks.

The widespread adoption of these standards by gage manufacturers and industry led to a demand that the work be extended to

include in the then present Commercial Standard gages of larger

sizes and of other types commonly in use. Upon completion of this

work the Commercial Standard was revised in 1933 and published

and promulgated as Commercial Standard CS8-33.

In 1940, on recommendation of the American Gage Design Committee and with the approval , of the Standing Committee of the

industry, the Commercial Standard was again revised and issued as

Commercial Standard CS8--41, Gage Blanks. As compared with the

1933 edition, it contains new standards for thread setting plug gages,

taper thread ring gages, dial indicators, and master disks.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 33

In promulgating these standards, the committee has not intended

to render obsolete existing stocks of gages in the hands of manufacturers and users; rather, it has been its intention to provide a

standard which could be gradual^ adopted through replacement of

existing stocks.

American Gas Association, Alexander Forward, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. ; R. M. Conner, director,

AGA Testing Laboratories, 1032 East Sixty-second Street, Cleveland,

Ohio. This organization conducts many research and standardization

activities relating to problems affecting the production, distribution,

sale, and utilization of gas.

Problems connected with the development of national standards for

gas appliances are entrusted to the association's Approval Requirements Committee. This committee has general supervision over the

preparation of all approval requirements for gas-burning appliances,

listing requirements for gas appliance accessories, and installation

requirements for house piping, appliances, and accessories. It is re- sponsible directly to the Executive Board of the American Gas Association. Being a sectional committee of the American Standards

Association it is also responsible to the Board of Directors and Standards Council of that association when requirements are submitted and

approved as American Standard or as American Recommended Practice. This group is a standing committee and has operating under it,

at the present time, some 33 requirements subcommittees. It makes

assignments to these subgroups, has general supervision of their work,

and passes on all requirements developed by them. It authorizes the

appointment of additional subcommittees from time to time for the

development of requirements for additional types of equipment or

for other purposes as the necessity arises. The chairman appoints

members of all standing and special subcommittees. New or revised

requirements which have been developed by a subcommittee, after

publication and distribution for criticism, are completed by this committee and submitted to the Executive Board and to the American

Standards Association for approval as American Standard.

The chairman, secretary, and others of this group are appointed by

the president of the American Gas Association. Manufacturer member appointments are made from nominations by the Association of

Gas Appliance and Equipment Manufacturers. Two of the gas company representatives on this committee must also be members of the

Laboratories Managing Committee. Members representing government bureaus and trade associations are selected by the organizations

they represent on request of the committee chairman. The director of

the laboratories is a member of this group and acts as its secretary.

Subcommittees of the ASA Sectional Committee, Project Z21, AGA.

Approval Requirements Committee receive assignments from and are

responsible to the Approval Requirements Committee. Each subcommittee is usually charged with the detailed development of requirements for one particular class of gas appliance, or gas appliance ac- cessory. When a subcommittee has completed a set of requirements

it is submitted to the Approval Requirements Committee for further

consideration. The subcommittee's work continues from year to year

in the revision of and addition to the requirements. These committees

also serve another purpose as they are often called upon by the Ameri-
34 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

can Gas Association testing laboratories to interpret certain requirements when a need for clarification arises.

There are four classifications of subcommittees, namely, those instructed to prepare requirements for (1) approval, (2) listing, (3)

installation, and (4) standardization.

Approval requirements are prepared for complete self-contained

gas-burning appliances or those which consist not only of equipment

for burning the gas but also for utilizing the heat or products of combustion therefrom, such as gas ranges or boilers. Listing requirements are drawn up for accessories, such as valves, thermostats and

others which are incorporated as a part of a gas appliance. Requirements for installation of gas appliances are prepared for the guidance

of the industry in making correct installations of gas equipment. The

function of the Standardization Subcommittee is to assist in standardization of form and phraseology of all requirements.

Approval, listing and installation requirements have been developed

by the American Gas Association and approved as American Standards by the American Standards Association covering practically all

types of domestic gas appliances, many commercial appliances, and gas

appliance accessories.

The approval requirements include domestic gas ranges; hotel and

restaurant deep fat fryers; portable gas baking and roasting ovens;

gas counter appliances; space heaters (including radiant heaters;

circulator heaters; wall heaters; gas steam, hot water and warm air

radiators; gas logs and imitation coal baskets) ; water heaters (including storage, circulating tank, instantaneous, etc.) ; central heating gas

appliances ( including steam and hot water boilers, basement furnaces,

and floor furnaces) ; gas unit heaters; hot plates and laundry stoves;

clothes dryers; incinerators; industrial gas boilers; private garage

heaters ; hotel and restaurant ranges ; gas heated ironers ; refrigerators

using gas fuel ; and gas hair dryers.

Listing requirements have been published for the following types of

accessories : Gas-burner valves ; gas conversion burners ; draft hoods

domestic gas appliance pressure regulators; relief and automatic

gas shut-off valves for use on water-heating systems (including pressure relief valves, temperature relief valves, vacuum relief valves,

and automatic gas shut-off valves) ; water heater, gas range, and space

heater thermostats; automatic devices designed to prevent escape of

unburned gas; automatic main gas-control valves (including electric

gas valves and diaphragm valves) ; semirigid gas appliance tubing

and fittings; attachable gas water heating units without watercarrying parts ; flexible gas tubing ; furnace temperature limiting controls and fan controls.

In addition to the above requirements which involve laboratory

testing, the committees have developed the following standards of

general interest to the industry which include: Installation of conversion burners in house heating and water-heating appliances; and

house piping and appliance installation.

The approval seals and listing symbol of the American Gas Association are copyrighted and may be used on appliances, accessories,

in advertising or otherwise, only with the consent of the association's

laboratories. The approval seal and listing symbol are intended to

indicate that the equipment to which they are attached has been
Standardization Activities of Organizations 35

tested and approved or listed by the American Gas Association testing

laboratories as complying in detail with all requirements in effect at

the time approval or listing was granted. When approval or listing

has been granted it is mandatory that the official insignia in exact

accordance with the association's requirements be prominently displayed on the appliance or accessory. The approval seals or listing

symbol may be shown on, or advertised in conjunction with, only

such appliances, appurtenances, or accessories currently approved or

listed at the time shown or advertised.

The laboratory seal of approval must be permanently attached to all

approved gas appliances. As this permanent seal is usually attached

to the manufacturer's name plate and located in a concealed position,

an auxiliary approval seal in the form of a gummed paper label or

cardboard tag of approved design should be affixed, in a conspicuous

position, to the front of every approved appliance. Name-plate manufacturers supply the permanent seals while the laboratories supply

the gummed labels or tags at cost.

After approval or listing has been granted on an appliance or

accessory, a record of same will be included in the Directory of

Approved Gas Appliances and Listed Accessories. This publication

is issued in complete form quarterly. Supplements are published as of the first of each intervening month including all devices approved

during that month. This is the official record of approved or listed

equipment and all appliances entitled to bear the approval seals or

listing symbol are included therein.

Approval of appliances and listing of accessories are granted for the

ensuing calendar year. Approval and listing may be renewed, however, from year to year for a period not to exceed a total of 5

years by means of an annual factory-inspection service. At the expiration of this period the appliance or accessory is required to be re- submitted to the laboratories and subjected to the requirements then

in effect, if further certification is desired. If there has been no

change in the requirements or the appliance since it was last tested,

no actual tests may be needed and extension may be granted by

inspection.

The association cooperates with the American Society for Testing

Materials by representation on the technical committee on water for

industrial uses, and on the Coordinating Committee on Corrosion.

American Gear Manufacturers Association, J. C. McQuiston, manager-secretary, 602 Shields Building, Wilkinsburg, Pa. This asso- ciation has in its membership representatives of practically all of the

gear manufacturers in the United States. Recognizing a great need

for the development of technical standards in the industry, it has for

more than 25 years carried on a continuing program for the development of technical standards dealing with all kinds of gearing, as

well as in the materials used in their manufacture. More than 25

fundamental technical standards have been formulated by this asso- ciation through the efforts and cooperation of its technical committees.

These standards have been adopted and are applied by the diversified

industries the world over.

In its handbook on practices there are included recommended practices for computing allowable tooth loads and stresses in spiral bevel

and straight bevel gears for industrial applications; data sheets on
36 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

comparative sizes of gear teeth; standards for electric railway gearing; recommended practice for gearing nomenclature, terms, and

definition ; rating of helical and herring-bone gear speed reducers used

for oil field pumping units ; holes in gears ; standards for nonmetallic

spur gear formulae covering the manufacture of phenolic laminated

and rawhide spur gears; gear materials and blanks; standards for

transmission roller chains, sprockets, and cutters ; recommended practice for computing the load carrying ability of metal spur gears;

standard for spur gear tooth forms; recommended practice for formulae and specifications for the design and rating of heavy duty worm

gear speed reducers. In addition, the association has also issued a

publication relating to a recommended practice for uniform cost

accounting.

In its work in standardization, the association cooperates actively

with the American Standards Association. It is joint sponsor for

ASA sectional committees on standardization of gears, and on transmission chains and sprockets. It is also officially represented on

sectional committees dealing with projects relating to standardization

of shafting ; classification and designation of surface qualities ; petroleum products and lubricants; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use in drawings.

The association is at the present time engaged in developing recommended practices for the following projects : Industrial gear lubrication, inspection tolerances for gears, rating of planetary type and spur

gear type speed reducers, concentric and parallel shaft gear motors,

gear geometry, standard keyways for holes in gears, and backlash

for general-purpose spur gears.

American Gem Society, Robert M. Shipley, executive director, 541

South Alexandria Avenue, Los Angeles, Calif. This society has among

its committees one known as Nomenclature Committee, the personnel

of which consists principally of retail jewelers throughout the United

States and Canada, and of advisory groups of diamond importers and

jewelry manufacturers. This committee considers recommendations

from its members in the various branches of the trade, and makes

recommendations regarding definitions, standards, and practices for

consideration and adoption by the entire membership of the society at

its annual meetings. In carrying forward its work, this committee cooperates with the Jewelers' Vigilance Committee, the National Association of Better Business Bureaus and its affiliated bodies, and the

Federal Trade Commission.

American Glassware Association, 19 West Forty-fourth Street,

New York, N. Y. This association has developed standards in regard

to illuminating glassware. These standards were later accepted by the

Illuminating Engineering Society for the piece of white glass which

is around the incandescent bulbs in IES lamps. This association has

developed a labeling plan whereby stamped glass reflectors are labeled

by means of identification indicating that the reflector is certified by

the Electrical Testing Laboratories. Each reflector so stamped carries

with it the name of the manufacturer.

American Gum Importers Association, Inc., George T. Hawxhurst,

secretary, 360 Furman Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Although this association has not issued standards or specifications for imported natural

resins, it does, however, issue a National Resins Handbook, which con-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 37

tains much data on the properties and application of natural resins.

Much of the data so compiled is the result of the research and development program being carried out by the association's laboratory.

American Home Economics Association, Edna M. Van Horn,

executive secretary, 620 Mills Building, Washington, D. C. In the

development of more enlightened purchasing practices on the part of

the household buyers, this association has been conducting an extensive educational program through its various affiliated associations and

through its publications, particularly the Journal of Home Economics

and the Consumer Education Service. The association considers that

it can serve in the standardization movement in two important ways

:

(1) to represent the consumer's point of view to those who are concerned with the production and distribution of consumer's goods ; and

(2) to disseminate information about the need for and progress in

standardization in the consumer-goods field.

The association is a member body of the American Standards Association and is represented on its Standards Council. It is also officially represented on sectional committees functioning under ASA

procedure in the development of standards for minimum requirements

for plumbing and standardization of plumbing equipment, standards

and specifications for refrigerators, ventilation code, approval and

installation requirements for gas-fourning appliances, and electrical

standards.

The association is also a member of the Advisory Committee on

Ultimate Consumer Goods and subcommittees thereof, functioning

under the auspices of the American Standards Association. As such,

the American Home Economics Association takes an active part in

developing consumer standards for bedding and upholstery, boys'

clothing, sheets, shoe shanks, hosiery, silver-plated tableware, household refrigerators, gas and electric appliances, waterproof materials,

definitions of terms used in retailing, and pattern sizes. It is also

serving as sponsor for the ASA sectional committee on standardization of sizes of children's garments. The committee has voted to

recommend the establishment of a standard system of children's

body measurements based upon the height and hip measure which

could be used as a basis for garment and pattern sizes. The committee's recommendations are based on the study of body measurements initiated by the Bureau of Home Economics, U. S. Department

of Agriculture.

The association has cooperated from time to time with units of

industry and with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of commerical standards for dress patterns, men's pajamas,

wallpaper, plate glass mirrors, colored sanitary ware, knit underwear, and other items of consumer use. Articles on standardization and its benefits to the consumer appear

in the association's Journal of Home Economics on such subjects as

textiles, tests, and specifications for the household, food products,

labeling of commodities, and purchasing problems of the household

buyer.

American Hospital Association, Bert W. Caldwell, M. D., executive secretary, 18 East Division Street, Chicago, 111. For more than

20 years this association has concerned itself with simplification and

standardization of hospital equipment and supplies. Through its
38 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Committee on Simplification and Standardization of Hospital Furnishings, Supplies and Equipment, there was prepared the Manual of

Specifications for the Purchase of Hospital Supplies and Equipment

which was published by the association during the past year. This

manual is largely a compilation of specifications for hospital equipment, materials, and supplies in use, having been developed by various Federal agencies, including the National Bureau of Standards,

Federal Specifications Executive Committee, War Department, Navy

Department, and Veterans' Administration. Pertinent standards and

specifications formulated by nongovernmental agencies are also

included.

In cooperation with the Rubber Manufacturers Association, this organization initiated the programs which resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standards CS38-32 for rubber sheeting ; CS40-32

for surgeons' rubber gloves ; and CS41-32 covering surgeons' latex

gloves. It also sponsored the movement for the establishment of Commercial Standards CS54—35 and CS55-35 covering mattresses for hospitals and institutions, respectively. All of the above-mentioned Commercial Standards were developed under the auspices of the National

Bureau of Standards and promulgated and published by that agency.

This association has also taken an active part in simplification work.

It cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in programs for

the elimination of unnecessary sizes and varieties, and the establishment of schedules of stock sizes for hospital beds, hospital chinaware,

hospital and institutional cotton textiles, and hospital plumbing fixtures, which are set forth in the various Simplified Practice Recommendations covering these items.

During the present year, in cooperation with the American Society

of Anesthetists and the National Bureau of Standards, this association

assisted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation

R176-41 relating to color marking for anesthetic-gas cylinders. This

association is officially represented on three sectional committees,

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association, on the following projects : minimum requirements for plumbing

and standardization of plumbing equipment; standards and specifications for refrigerators ; and ventilation code.

American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association, Inc., Stuart J. Swensson, secretary, 903 American Bank Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Matters

relating to standardization, simplification, technical research and development are some of the principal activities of this organization.

Practically all of this work is carried on through its Technical Advisory Committee, which is in charge of all such work, including

consultants on metal coatings whose services are retained by this or- ganization.

This association has prepared and issued tentative standard specifications for hot-dipped zinc-coated (galvanized) products; malleable

and cast iron castings and fittings ; bolts and nuts, lag screws, washers,

pole-line hardware; turnbuckles; range boilers and tanks; chain-link

fence, wire fabric, and wire products ; light steel boxes and containers,

and cans made out of light sheet iron; pipe; refrigerator coils and

refrigerator parts ; gratings, grills, and like articles ; hoops and bands

made of strip steel; chain; large smokestacks and like articles; very

small articles—rivets, nails and tacks ; wiped articles and awning iron
{Standardization Activities of Organizations 39

cans, metal ware, hollow ware and like articles; hot-dipped zinccoated (galvanized) steel window sash; hot-dip zinc-coated (galvanized) steel highway sign posts; and tentative method of test for

uniformity of coating by the copper sulfate dip test (Preece test)

on zinc-coated (hot-dip galvanized) steel castings and forgings, grayiron and malleable iron castings.

This association has adopted an official insignia in the form of tags

and stickers. The use of this insignia is controlled by the association, and its members are permitted to use it so long as they continue

to be members of the association and the quality of their products

conforms to the specifications adopted by the association.

American Hotel Association of the United States and Canada,

Thomas D. Green, executive director, 221 West Fifty-seventh Street,

New York, N. Y. Activities of this association in the field of

standardization are carried on in cooperation with other organizations.

In collaboration with the Vitrified China Manufacturers Association, this organization sponsored the movement which led to the

establishment of standard sizes of hotel chinaware as set forth in

Simplified Practice Recommendation R5, promulgated and published

by the National Bureau of Standards. It also cooperated in the

formulation of Simplified Practice Recommendation R113 relative to

standard sizes of restaurant guest checks. Under the procedure of

the American Standards Association, it cooperated through representation on sectional committees, in the development of American

standard safety code for elevators, dumbwaiters, and escalators; and

American recommended practice for the inspection of elevators. It

is also represented on ASA sectional committees on standards and

specifications for refrigerators; and on minimum requirements for

plumbing and standardization of plumbing equipment.

The association is cooperating with the Food Service Equipment

Industry in the establishment of simplified practice recommendations

for standardized sizes, dimensions, and details of construction of

numerous food service articles under the auspices of the National

Bureau of Standards. It is also cooperating with the American

Hospital Association in developing specifications for bedsheets

under the procedure of the American Standards Association.

American Institute of Architects, Department of Technical Services, Theodore Irving Coe, technical secretary, 1741 New York Avenue

NW., Washington, D. C.

Representatives of the institute not only reflect the opinion of the

profession but, by reason of their professional relationship to the

building public, represent the interests of the consumer on a considerable number of the committees dealing with the standardization and

simplification of building materials, appliances and construction

techniques.

The institute serves as cosponsor with several organizations, under

the procedure of the American Standards Association, in the development of American standards for the following: Specifications for

plastering ; safety code for walkway surfaces ; safety in the construe-
40 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

tion industry ; safety code for elevators, dumbwaiters, and escalators

and recommended practice of school lighting. It is also represented

on 17 additional ASA sectional committees on projects dealing with

building materials and construction and household appliances. The

institute is a member of the Building Code Correlating Committee

functioning also under the auspices of the American Standards

Association.

The institute takes an active part in the standardization activities

of the American Society for Testing Materials and participates in

committee activities of the society dealing with development of standards and test methods covering nonferrous metals and alloys, cement,

fire tests of building materials and construction, lime, gypsum, mortars for unit masonry, glass and glass products, manufactured masonry

units, natural building stone, and bituminous waterproofing and

roofing materials.

It was also officially represented on the Joint Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete.

In connection with the establishment of simplified practice recommendations and commercial standards for various items relating to

building materials, the institute cooperates with the National Bureau

of Standards and with industry in the development of these standards. Through its technical secretary, it is represented on standing

committees for 17 Simplified Practice Recommendations and 11 Commercial Standards.

The institute has issued several standard contract forms and has

been instrumental in the formulation of recommendations as to size

and character of advertising matter intended for architects, and the

development of a standard filing system for trade literature.

American Institute of Baking, Tom Smith, secretary, 1135 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 111. Conducted for scientific research and education, this institute operates laboratories for the analysis of ingredients, for teaching the value of laboratory control for bakery operation, and for standardizing raw materials. This institute sponsored

the gathering of data and information on pan sizes and research with

respect to standard pan sizes for white round-top, plain and twisted

bread. It cooperates with the United States Department of Agriculture in furnishing technical reports which are prepared by the research

department of the institute for use by that agency in the formulation

of official rules and regulations.

American Institute of Bolt, Nut, and Rivet Manufacturers, Herman H. Lind, president, 1550 Hanna Building, Cleveland, Ohio.

Through its Committee on Standards and Technical Practices and

subcommittees thereof, this institute carries on considerable work re- lating to standardization and simplification of bolts, nuts, and rivets.

In carrying forward this work, the institute cooperates with various

Departments of the Federal Government, including the War and Navy

Departments, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Government Interdepartmental Screw Thread Committee; also with the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for

Testing Materials, the American Standards Association, the Society

of Automotive Engineers, and the technical bodies associated with

other industries.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 41

Through its Committee on Standards and Technical Practices, the

institute has published the Standards Book, in which are assembled

the current adopted standard practices of the industry. The purpose

of this book is to provide a means whereby further unification might

be carried on progressively so that as far as practicable all commercial

practices of the industry may be eventually standardized.

The institute initiated the movements under the auspices of the

National Bureau of Standards for simplification of packaging of machine carriage and lag bolts; and stock production sizes of machine

carriage and lag bolts (steel). These activities have resulted in the

establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations B60^30 and

R169-37, respectively, both of which have been promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

The institute is officially represented on six sectional committees

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association on the following projects: building code requirements for iron

and steel ; standardization and unification of screw thread ; allowance

and tolerances for cylindrical parts and limit gages; bolt, nut, and

rivet proportions ; classification and designation of surface qualities

;

and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings. It

is also represented on committees of the American Society for Testing Materials engaged in standardization problems relating to

wrought iron and steel.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, S. L. Tyler, executive

secretary, Chemists Building, 50 East Forty-first Street, New York,

N. Y.

Through committee representation, this institute cooperates with

other organizations in standardization work carried on under the

auspices of the American Standards Association. The institute

maintained representation on the sectional committee for the safety

code for mechanical refrigeration, which was approved as American

standard B9-1933 by the American Standards Association. It is now

officially represented on four sectional committees functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association, dealing with

the following projects: Allowable concentrations of toxic dusts and

gases; letter symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings.

The Institute is represented on the coordinating committee on corrosion of the American Society for Testing Materials. It also co- operates with the Process Industries Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the preparation of test codes of

interest to the members of the institute.

American Institute of Consulting Engineers, Philip W. Henry,

secretary, 75 West Street, New York, N. Y. This organization takes

an active interest in matters relating to standardization. It cooperates with other organizations under the procedure of the American

Standards Association on sectional committees in the following standardization projects: Building exits codes; rating of rivers; buildingcode requirements for excavations and foundations; code for pressure piping ; definitions of electrical terms ; rotating of electrical machinery; and standards for drawings and drafting room practice.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers, H. H. Henline, national secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. All

standardization work of the institute is carried on under the direction
42 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

of the standards committee the members of which are appointed by

the president. This committee is directly responsible to the institute's

board of directors. The committee consists of 12 appointed members,

the chairman of the AIEE delegations on other standardizing bodies,

the chairmen of working committees, and the president of the United

States National Committee of the International Electrotechnical

Commission.

The standards of the institute at the present time comprise about

50 sections on electrical machinery and apparatus. These standards

are chiefly devoted to defining terms, conditions, and limits which

characterize behavior, with special reference to accepted tests. Many

of them are recognized officially as American standards by the American Standards Association.

The institute is a member body of the American Standards Association and is represented on the latter's Electrical Standards Committee and its Standards Council. It is sponsor or joint sponsor for

the following sectional committees, functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association, on projects relating to : Code

for protection against lightning; hard drawn aluminum conductors;

industrial control apparatus; mercury arc rectifiers; railway motors

and other rotating electrical machinery on rail cars and locomotives

storage batteries; definitions of electrical terms; standards for electric railway control apparatus; standards for capacitors; standards

for lightning arresters; locomotives for coal mines; letter symbols

and abbreviations for science and engineering ; and graphical symbols

and abbreviations for use on drawings. It is also officially represented on many additional ASA sectional committees covering problems in the electrical field.

The institute cooperates with other leading technical bodies, notably

the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, the Edison Electric Institute, the American Society for Testing Materials, and the

National Bureau of Standards, in matters relating to electrical machinery, apparatus, and materials.

American Institute of Homeopathy, T. H. Carmichael, M. D., chairman, Pharmacopoeia Committee, in care of President's House, Tufts

College, Tufts College, Mass. The Pharmacopoeia Committee of

this institute prepared the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United

States, first issued in 1897. This publication lists, describes, and gives

standard strengths of tinctures, dilutions, medications, and triturations for all drugs which have a recognized use in the preparation of

homeopathic remedies. A revised edition of this publication was

issued in 1941.

American Institute of Laundering, George H. Johnson, general

manager, Joliet, 111. This institute has consolidated within its organization the Laundryowners National Association of the United States

and Canada.

The institute represents a service industry and as such does not

develop specifications for commodities. It does, however, maintain

research laboratories for the development of better laundering methods, for analysis of the cause of damage to damaged articles, and for

studying and testing qualities of textiles before they are placed on

the market.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 43

Through its Department of Research and Textiles, the institute

prepared and published the Manual of Standard Practice for the

Power Laundry Washroom and a Service Bulletin on Washing Formulas. This bulletin describes typical family and commercial flatwork

washing formulas, determination of the proper number of suds, and

the causes of linting and graying.

The institute was joint sponsor, with the International Association

of Government Labor Officials and the National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, in the development of the safety code for

laundry machinery and operations which was approved as an American standard by the American Standards Association.

American Institute of Mining & Metallurgical Engineers, A. B.

Parsons, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y.

Many of the standards, specifications, and codes that have engaged

the attention of this institute were developed in cooperation with

national technical bodies, principally the American Standards Association and the American Society for Testing Materials.

The institute served as sponsor for American recommended practice for methods for screen testing of ores (M5-1932) and American

recommended practice for rock dusting coal mines to prevent coal

dust explosions (M13-1925), both of which were approved by the

American Standards Association. It is also serving as sponsor under

the procedure of the American Standards Association for the project

on specifications for clean bituminous coal. In addition, the institute

is officially represented on several ASA sectional committees including those dealing with the following subjects: safety code for cranes,

derricks and hoists; code for pressure piping; electric and magnetic

magnitudes and units; specifications for zinc coating of iron and

steel ; classification of coals ; petroleum products and lubricants ; and

specifications for sieves for testing purposes; and graphical symbols

and abbreviations for use on drawings.

With reference to its cooperation with the American Society for

Testing Materials, this institute is represented on the Coordinating

Committee on Corrosion, Committee on Coal and Coke, and Committee on Metallography. The institute also took an active part in

the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R79-28

for malleable foundry practices, which was promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

American Institute of Refrigeration, J. F. Nickerson, general

•secretary, 433 North Waller Street, Chicago, 111. This organization, over a period of many years has taken an active part in co- operating with technical organizations in the development of

standards and codes of interest to the refrigeration industries. Under

the sponsorship of the National Bureau of Standards, this organization

cooperated in carrying out investigations leading to the establishment

of units and standards of refrigeration, and the determination of the

physical constants of materials used in refrigerating industries. This

investigation led to the formulation of the report by the Bureau on the

determination of latent heat of fusion of ice, which was presented to

the Third International Congress of Refrigeration. This resulted in

the establishment of an international agreement based on the findings

of the National Bureau of Standards,
44 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

In connection with the development of standards, the institute, in

cooperation with the National Association of Ice Industries and the

National Refrigerator Manufacturers Association, initiated the movements for the simplification of sizes of ice cakes and the refrigerator

ice compartments, which led to the formulation of Simplified Practice

Recommendations R96-28 and RlO^-29, respectively. These recommendations were promulgated and published by the National Bureau

of Standards.

Through its Committee on Standards, the institute maintains official

representation on sectional committees of the American Standards

Association dealing with the following subjects : pipe flanges and fittings; standardization of dimensions and materials of wrought iron

and wrought steel pipe and tubing; standards and specifications for

refrigerators; specifications for pressure and vacuum gages; and

letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering.

The institute collaborated in the development of the safety code

for mechanical refrigeration which was approved as American standard B9-1933 by the American Standards Association.

Recently the American Institute of Refrigeration sponsored

a movement to standardize the temperature and relative humidity

conditions of cold-storage vaults for the protection of furs and fabrics

during the summer season.

American Institute of Steel Construction, V. G. Iden, secretary,

101 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. This institute was founded in

1921 to further the interests of structural steel in its fabrication, erection and use, through a constructive cooperative program. Its membership is made up of manufacturers engaged in the fabrication and

erection of structural steel. Activities of the institute are indicated

in the names of its active committees, which include aesthetic design

of steel bridges, bonding legislation, code on standard practice, cost

accounting, elevated highways, specifications, statistics, and uniform

contracts. In addition, the institute carries on technical research programs in regard to the fabrication and erection of structural steel at

the National Bureau of Standards, Lehigh University, Columbia University, and New Yovk University.

This institute has prepared and issued tentative minimum requirements and tentative standard welded connections for tier buildings,

and also standard specification for fusion welding of building steel.

It also prepared and revised its Manual of Steel Construction in which

are included, among other things, the institute's specification for the

design, fabrication, and erection of structural steel for buildings, code

of standard practice, and specification for fire-proofing structural steel

buildings; also specifications of the American Society for Testing

Materials covering steel for bridges, steel for buildings, and structural

rivet steel; extracts from code for fusion welding and gas cutting in

building construction; and minimum live loads allowable for use in

the design of buildings, as recommended by the National Bureau of

Standards.

The institute takes an active part in the work of technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials, the American

Society of Civil Engineers, and the American Welding Society. It

participated in the development of the American standard specifications for fire tests of building construction and materials.
Standardization Activities of Organizatiom 45

This institute has recently joined the American Standards Association as a member-body. It is cosponsor with the American Society of

Civil Engineers for the project on building code requirements for iron

and steel, functioning under the American Standards Association procedure. It is officially represented on five additional ASA sectional

committees dealing with building code requirements for excavations

and foundations ; electric welding apparatus ; classification and designation of surface qualities; safety code for grandstands; and graphic

symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings.

American Iron and Steel Institute, Walter S. Tower, president,

350 Fifth Avenue, New York, %. Y. One of the major activities

of this institute is in connection with a project involving the selection and standardization of a group of steels to be known as standard steels. This work is being carried on under the auspices of the

institute by technical committees, the titles of which are indicated by

the following subjects with which they deal : Alloy steel, axles, carbon

steel bars, cold-rolled strip steel, hot-rolled strip steel, pig iron and

ferroalloys, plates, rails, semifinished steel, sheet steel, structural

shapes, tin plate, terneplate, and black plate, track accessories, tubular products, wire rods and wire, wrought-steel wheels, and specifications and publications.

Each of these individual technical committees is doing considerable work in classifying and defining the products, and in collecting

and compiling manufacturing tolerances, and methods relative to

standard methods of inspection for the respective products, and in

reviewing existing specifications with a view toward standardizing

those which are found to be most common. The work of the respective

committees is presented in a series of sections of a Steel Products

Manual. All these committees have and still do, from time to time,

cooperate with agencies of the Federal Government, including War,

Navy, and Commerce Departments, as well as with technical and

trade organizations, in matters relating to technical problems and

specifications.

This institute is officially represented on sectional committees on

mechanical standards and standardization of Methods of Recording

and Compiling Accident Statistics, and all standards and specifications

for petroleum products and lubricants, and fire tests of materials and

construction functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association.

American Leather Belting Association, E. R. Rath, executive

manager, 53 Park Row, New York, N. Y. All matters concerning

standardization and simplification of leather belting are handled by

the Engineering Committee of this association. Through the work

of this committee, the association has adopted horsepower rating

table for oak-tanned flat leather belting, has compiled engineering

data for a book entitled Short Center Pivoted Motor Leather Belt

Drives, and cooperated in the formulation of Federal specifications for

vegetable-tanned flat leather belting. It also assisted in the preparation of Federal specifications for flat leather belting and round leather

belting.

The Engineering Committee carries on work with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers in the issuance of a standard com201072°—41 1
46 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

bining the essential features of the Federal specification for vegetabletanned flat leather belting and this association's horsepower rating

table.

American Leather Chemists Association, B. M. Blair, executive

secretary, 143 West Twentieth Street, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation has recently organized a Technical-Industrial Coordinating

Committee for the purpose of establishing cooperation between the

Tanners' Council of America and this association, together with committees of governmental agencies on technical and standardization

problems which may confront the industry from time to time. Other

committees of this organization, in cooperation with the National

Bureau of Standards and other technical bodies, are carrying on work

on various problems relating to the leather industry, including the

development of physical tests of leather. Through the efforts of

these committees, the association has adopted the following provisional

methods: Measuring tearing strength of leather; measuring the sus- ceptibility of leather to cracking and piping; determining the pH

values of vegetable materials containing tannin; cloud and pour

points of oils; measuring leather; preparation of samples of leather

for analysis ; and measuring the bursting strength of leather.

The committees are continuing their studies in establishing methods

for conditioning leather for testing; sampling leather for physical

tests ; analysis of sulfated oils ; and method of pH value of vegetabletanned leather.

American Lighting Equipment Association, H. L. Dillingham,

secretary, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation was organized during the past year by a number of manufacturers of residence lighting fixtures. It is a trade organization

which has for its purpose the promotion of certified residential luminaires, the stimulation of national consumer acceptance of luminaires

generally, and to expand the present residential fixture market.

Through its Board of Design, the association plans to issue suggestions for the improvement and raising of design standards.

Upon certification of sample luminaires, tested by the Electrical

Testing Laboratories under the association's specifications incorporating Illuminating Engineering Society's recommended practice, tags

will be issued to create an Association promotional fund. On one

side of the tag will be the ETL certification of compliance with the

specifications, and on the reverse side the ALEA testimonial giving

assurance of good design.

American Match Manufacturers' Association, Emil Kekich, secre- tary, 60 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. Although this

association has no special committees dealing directly in standardization work, it does, through its members, take an active part in

this work by cooperating with agencies whose interests are allied

or related with those of the match industry. It cooperated with

the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the development

of the Federal Specification for Safety Matches and in the revision

thereof; and with the Interstate Commerce Commission in the re- vision of regulations relative to shipping containers for transportation by common carriers. This industry has established volume

standards for a number of sizes of woodstick match boxes, and the

method of packing and the form of wrapped packages of each box

have been quite generally standardized through practice.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 47

American Meat Institute, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111.

This institute maintains a Committee on Standardization for the

purpose of preparing and recommending to its members standards

for packages and supplies and for packs. It has developed standards

for packinghouse supplies, packs, and equipment covering lard cans

;

sausage, lard, and sliced bacon cartons ; cheesecloth and muslin ; paper

(including standard sizes for wrapping of smoked meats) ; general

specifications for nailed wooden boxes and crates; detailed specifications for boxes and crates ; woodenware and cooperage ; brushes ; and

ropes and twines ; and packs for lard, sausage, and sliced bacon ; and

equipment for hand trucks; and beef and pork trolleys.

The institute is represented on the sectional Committee on Safety

Code for American Refrigeration functioning under the procedure of

the American Standards Association.

American Medical Association, Chemical Laboratory, Albert E.

Sidwell, Jr., director, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The

activities of the Chemical Laboratory are largely concerned with the

examination of the constantly growing number of new products submitted to the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, with the establishment of standards for these products and with the reexamination

of previously accepted products. Much attention is now being devoted to the various derivatives of sulfanilamide, and standards for

a number have been established.

Other current investigations are concerned with vaso-constrictors,

mercury and bismuth preparations, parenteral solutions, vitamin

preparations, estrogenic substances, and other medicinal products.

The michrochemical and spectrographic divisions are constantly in

operation and have contributed greatly to the efficiency, accuracy, and

facilitation of the work of the laboratory.

American Medical Association, Council on Foods, F. C. Bing, sec- retary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This council was

created primarily for the purpose of preventing or discouraging unwarranted, incorrect, or false advertising claims in the promotion and

mechandising of food products. To this end the council considers

foods and food advertising in the light of established knowledge or

of the best authoritative opinion concerning food and nutritional

values; and according to rules adopted from time to time by the

council in the interest and for the protection of public health and

public welfare. Foods that appear to conform to the requirements

thus formulated are accepted by the council.

The council grants the privilege for display of its Seal of Acceptance on the packages of accepted foods and in related advertising,

or in accepted general educational advertising of trade associations or

members of the food trade for classes of foods but independent of

specific brands.

In general, foods merchandised under a label and their promotional

advertising, and general or so-called educational advertising for classes

or types of foods, come within the purview of the council.

The council does not attempt to consider individual food products

of all kinds. Some natural foods of well known nutritive value such

as milk, butter, eggs, fresh fruits, and vegetables are not examined,

although nutritional claims made in general or educational advertising are examined on request. Some processed foods, especially those
48 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

for which standards or definitions have been established likewise are

not considered for description in the book "Accepted Foods." With

the various processed foods, as with the natural foods which are not

examined, the council reviews nutritional claims made for the products

and reports on them when it is considered in the interests of the public

to do so. When new representations are made for the nutritional

value of foods, which go beyond those that are well recognized for

such products, the council considers the claims and reports on them

when such action is considered desirable.

Educational food advertising is a term often used to designate a

type of informative advertising which deals with foods as a class,

usually without reference to specific brands. Educational food advertising presenting reliable information on the nutritional or physiologic values of foods is examined by the council and, when such

material complies with the rules, it may be declared accepted.

The Seal of Acceptance may be used on the container label or in

connection with any form of advertising effort or display related

to the product, after official notification of acceptance by the secre- tary of the council. In all cases the seal shall appear only on label

or advertising pieces which prominently identify the accepted article

and the responsible manufacturer or distributor.

The seal displayed on a label or advertisement featuring in any

manner both accepted and unaccepted foods must be used or associated with the accepted products only in such manner that there

can be no implication that the seal applies to the unaccepted foods

also. Neither the seal nor any statement regarding acceptance may

be used if there is any possibility of confusion or incorrect inferences.

The seal shall appear without comment on its significance unless

such comment has been previously approved by the council. A statement proposed for such use follows : "The Seal of Acceptance denotes

that (product name) and nutritional claims made for it are acceptable

to the Council on Foods of the American Medical Association."

During the year the Council on Foods continued to give consideration to individual food products, but its attention is being directed

more and more to broad nutritional questions. The council attempts

to encourage the application of scientific knowledge in the manufacture

of food products and research in the field of nutrition while it tries

to discourage unwarranted claims for advertising and promotions of

manufactured foods.

The recently published book, Accepted Foods and Their Nutritional

Significance, which constitutes the official compendium of the work

of the Council on Foods, presents a summary of the decisions of the

council, the rules under which the council operates and the products

accepted by the council for inclusion in its official lists.

American Medical Association, Council on Industrial Health, Car]

M. Peterson, M. D., secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago,

111. Shortly after its establishment in 1937 the Council on Industrial Health developed a program of activities, mainly educational in

character. Specifically, this educational program has included an

Annual Congress on Industrial Health attended by physicians and

others, a publications program covering essential details of medical

organization in industry and occupational diseases, and the preparation of an outline or syllabus for industrial medical training useful
Standardization Activities of Organizations 49

in both undergraduate and graduate teaching. In a similar way, a

clearing house of information, mainly for the benefit of the practicing

medical profession, has been organized and maintained. The council

also intends regularly to provide information concerning the scope,

objectives, and methods involved in the industrial health movement,

to investigate activities in the field of industrial health engaged in by

lay and professional organizations, and to study medical nomenclature

and other problems relating to the classification, indexing, and recording of causes of lost-time disability in industry.

At the request of the council, constituent State medical associations

have organized committees on industrial health or have indicated existing agencies through which the council can act in efforts to elevate

medical standards in industry. In much the same way, cooperating

committees have been developed in the clinical specialty organizations,

especially dermatology, ophthalmology, neuropsychiatry, radiology

and pathology. Bulletins have been developed to facilitate interchange of information between the council and these committees.

The council has continued to investigate and has attempted to interpret for the general medical profession the activities and objectives

of industrial nurses, engineers, and others, and intends to be of as

much assistance as possible in improving the professional status of

these allied groups. Studies of terminology in industrial health are

being carried on with a view toward the preparation of a bibliography which, it is hoped, will aid in improving the standards of occupational diseases reporting by physicians. Subcommittees in the

council are also engaged in the investigation of medical problems

relating to standards of industrial medical practice, physical examinations, and workmen's compensation.

American Medical Association, Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, Theodore G. Klumpp, M. D., secretary, 535 North Dearborn

Street, Chicago, 111. The Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry was

created in 1905 for the purpose primarily of protecting the public

and the medical profession against fraud, undesirable secrecy and

objectionable advertising in connection with proprietary medicinal

articles. The council is composed of seventeen outstanding scientists,

and an Executive Secretary.

The council judges products—for which claims of therapeutic virtue are made—based upon the composition of the substance, the

pharmacologic, bacteriologic, or biologic data, and in the light of

available evidence presented under controlled clinical conditions. It

is the belief of the council that in conducting work of this type the

names of the members of the council and their professional connections should be known ; that the products considered should be judged

in accordance with certain rules that are published and may be

obtained on request from the council.

A three-fourths affirmative vote is required for the acceptance of a product for inclusion in the book entitled New and Nonofficial Remedies, which is revised and published annually.

If a product is accepted for inclusion in New and Nonofficial

Remedies, a statement of acceptance together with a complete description of the product is published in The Journal of the American

Medical Association in the column conducted by the council. If a

product is rejected, the council publishes a statement about the re-
50 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

jection and the reasons therefor. In some cases where a manufacturer or distributor decides not to promote the product actively

and wishes to obtain further data, the council will withhhold publication of the report during a limited period, provided such withholding will not suppress information of value to the public and

the medical profession. If the concern decides to discontinue the

product after council consideration, the council may decide that the

report will not be published but the report is always available to

those who inquire.

The work of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry is also

enhanced by the aid it receives from the AMA Chemical Laboratory,

which is equipped for a fine type of drug work. Besides the facilities for the regular type of investigative chemical work,, it has a

laboratory for microchemical analysis, and also a laboratory for

spectrographic and other physical chemical measurements.

In addition to issuing the foregoing reports, the council in its

endeavor to advance rational materia medica issues under its auspices

a book entitled Useful Drugs, edited every other year.

The Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry also issues the book,

The Epitome of the U. S. Pharmacopeia and National Formulary,

which is revised whenever the Revision Committee of The U. S.

Pharmacopeia issues new supplements. The aim of this book has

been to include a concise report on the material in the Pharmacopeia and National Formulary which is likely to be of interest to

physicians. This consists of the official titles and their abbreviations; synonyms; brief definitions; concise descriptions of the physical properties, when necessary; actions and uses, when necessary;

and dosage.

For articles which are accepted for inclusion in New and Nonofficial

Remedies or in the List of Articles and Brands Accepted by the

Council But Not Described in NNR the council permits the use of

its official seal of acceptance with the following stipulations: (1)

The seal may be used on the packages of an article and in the

advertising for it. (2) The seal, if used, must be the only seal of

such character to appear. No objection is made, however, to any

statement or device required or permitted by the government indicating compliance with regulations of a government bureau or

department. (3) If the seal is used in price lists and catalogs which

also feature unaccepted articles, it must be used for accepted articles

in such manner that there can be no implication that the seal applies

to the unaccepted articles. (4) The following statement in reference to the significance of the seal may be used in connection with

the seal : "The 'accepted' seal denotes that (name of article) has been

accepted for New and Nonofficial Remedies by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association." Further statements in regard to the seal must be submitted to and found

acceptable by the council before they may be used. (5) The size of

the seal on the package shall not be greater than one inch in height

or diameter, and in advertising it shall be in proportion to the dimensions of the advertisement so as to afford ready recognition; but

undue size, giving greater prominence to the seal than to other important features of the advertisement or detracting from the dignity

of the seal in the opinion of the council, will not be permitted. (6)
Standardization Activities of Organizations 51

When for any reason the acceptance of an article is rescinded, the

seal must not appear on new labels or in new advertising for such

article; and old labels and advertising which feature the seal must

not be in circulation, in evidence, or before the public longer than

six months subsequent to notification of the revocation.

Unless otherwise determined at the time of acceptance, articles admitted to New and Nonofficial Kemedies will be retained for a period

of three years, provided that during that period they comply with

the rules and regulations which were in force at the time of their

acceptance. New evidence indicating that the compliance with the

rules no longer exists, for instance, with regard to unwarranted therapeutic claims, will be considered the basis for reconsidering the

acceptance before the end of a period of three years. At the end of

this period, all articles will be carefully reexamined for compliance

with existing rules.

The council cooperates with the Food and Drug Administration

and with other agencies! of the Federal Government. Under certain

provisions of the new Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, therapeutic products sold for prescription purposes must bear on their

labels the statement, "To be used only by or on the prescription of"

a physician.

American Medical Association, Council on Physical Therapy,

Howard A. Carter, secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago,

111. The Council on Physical Therapy was created in 1925. Its

duty is to investigate and report on the merits of various nonmedicinal apparatus and devices offered for sale to physicians, hospitals,

and the public. The Council on Physical Therapy operates in general along the same lines as those described under the Council on

Pharmacy and Chemistry and its reports are published in The Journal of the American Medical Association under the column Council

on Physical Therapy.

The council gives consideration to apparatus and devices offered to

the profession for which diagnostic and therapeutic claims are made,

and also reports on physical methods for the treatment of disease.

Illustrative of the type of products1 on which this council gives consideration is the following classification: Air filters; audiometers;

atomizers and assorted sprayers; diathermy; fever therapy equipment; hearing aids; heat applicators; infra-red generators; inhalators and resuscitators ; metabolism testers ; oxygen therapy apparatus

(humidifiers, tents, regulators) ; passive vascular exercise machines

;

respirators ; radium and radon ; special supports, abdominal belts and

corsets; stethoscopes (electrical); and ultraviolet radiation equipment (sun lamps, therapeutic lamps, ultraviolet meters, ultraviolet

transmitting glass)

.

The Council on Physical Therapy has recently decided to consider

portable roentgen ray equipment and electrocardiographs. Products

which are found acceptable according to the rules of the council are

listed in a booklet entitled "Apparatus Accepted."

The Council on Physical Therapy continues to perform its function of investigating and issuing reports on physical therapy apparatus and methods, of recommending sound physical therapeutic

measures, and of encouraging research.
52 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Minimum requirements for acceptable audiometers have been published, and the council has considered several new vacuum tube

hearing aids.

The consideration of apparatus and the publication of reports

have been the major activities of the council.

The problem of securing the most desirable means for eliminating

radio interference caused by electromedical equipment has been one

of the major issues commanding the attention of the council. Two

methods, one the screening of the treatment room and the other the

reservation of a definite frequency band in the electromagnetic spectrum, have been suggested.

The minimum requirements for the acceptance of sun lamps have

been revised, adopted and published.

The council cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards in

the investigation of large installations of roentgen ray apparatus.

Two articles, one on the dangers of roentgen rays and another on

minimum standards for fluoroscopes, have been prepared.

American Mining Congress, Julian D. Conover, secretary, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. Standardization activities of this organization are carried on by its National Standardization Division,

composed of two branches, coal and metal, and consisting of coal producing companies and manufacturers of mining equipment and machinery. The congress, through its standardization division, has

developed and approved a number of standards under the procedure

of the American Standards Association with which it cooperates with

other technical bodies with reference to standardization matters re- lating directly or indirectly to the mining industry.

The congress served as sponsor for the development of the following standards which were approved by the American Standards Association as American standards : Safety rules for installing and using

electrical equipment in coal mines ; drainage of coal mines ; coal mine

tracks, signals, and switches; miscellaneous outside coal handling

equipment; wire rope for mines; construction and maintenance of

ladders and stairs for mines ; safety code for coal mine transportation

underground transportation in metal mines; mechanical loading underground in metal mines; specifications for coal mine cars; and

safety rules for installing and using electrical equipment in metal

mines. It served as joint sponsor with the National Fire Protection

Association in the establishment of the American recommended practice for fire fighting equipment in metal mines. It is joint sponsor

with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association in the development of specifications for trolley, storage battery, and combination type locomotives

for coal mines, and sponsor for the ASA sectional committee on

specifications for mine timbering. It is also officially represented on

the ASA sectional committee dealing with classification of coals.

American Oil Chemists' Society, J. C. P. Helm, secretary, 509

Poydras Street, New Orleans, La. This organization is strictly a scientific society devoted to developing methods of chemical analysis

of vegetables and animal oils, fats, waxes and soaps and their byproducts. In carrying forward this work, the society maintains 20

committees which are engaged in carrying on from time to time special

investigations on various subjects. It has prepared and published
Standardization Activities of Organizations 53

official and tentative methods of analysis with respect to the following

:

Cottonseed, soybeans, crude cottonseed oil refining—lye tables, refined

oils, fats and oils, soap and soap products, sulfonated oils, soap wrapper tests, crude glycerine, and olive oil.

The society is represented on the technical committee of the American Society for Testing Materials dealing with the development of

standard specifications and methods of test for soaps and other

detergents.

American Optometric Association, Inc., Edwin H. Silver, associate director, Farragut Medical Building, Seventeenth and Eye

Streets, NW., Washington, D. C. A National Advisory Commission

on Vision for Motor Drivers, appointed by this association at the

instance of the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety,

has prepared standards of visual acuity for motor-vehicle operators.

The motor Vision Commission of this association has prepared and

issued a report in the interest of standard State licensing requirements

for automobile drivers. In cooperation with the National Research

Council, this association is conducting research work on motor vision

and highway safety.

American Paper and Pulp Association, E. W. Tinker, executive

secretary, 122 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. Seventeen trade associations representing divisions of the paper industry

constitute the membership of this association.

Because of the numerous paper grades designed for many different uses, the problem of standardization in the paper industry is

very complex. However, over a period of years, physical standards,

as distinguished from quality standards, have been developed in the

case of many paper grades. Through representation on the standing committee for Simplified Practice Recommendation R22 on

paper, the association assisted in the revision of a standard schedule

of basic paper sheet sizes for bond and writing papers, ledgers, looseleaf ledgers, machine posting ledgers, book paper (coated and uncoated), index bristol, and cover paper. This activity is being

carried on under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards.

In cooperation with the Institute of Paper Chemistry, the asso- ciation has conducted a series of technical studies relative to the

evaluation of existing instruments and the development of new ones

for the measurement and testing of paper qualities. This instrumentation program constitutes the initial groundwork leading to the

grading or standardization of the products of the paper industry.

Although not directly related to standardization proper, the asso- ciation during the past year published the Dictionary of Paper which

contains more than 3,500 definitions of pulps, other raw materials,

papers, paperboards, paper properties, and papermaking terms.

The contents of this publication afford considerable guidance in the

consideration of problems of paper grades, specifications, or

standards.

American Petroleum Institute, R. P. Anderson, secretary, Division

of Refining, 50 West Fiftieth Street, New York, N. Y.; C. A. Young,

secretary, Division of Production, 1508 Gulf States Building, Dallas,

Texas. One of the principal activities of this organization, which

represents the petroleum industry, is its effort to simplify, standardize, and improve oil country drilling equipment and methods. The
54 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

fundamental purpose of this work is to bring about the adoption

of such specifications and methods as meet with the practically unanimous approval of the producers of crude oil and the manufacturers

of equipment.

In order to carry on its standardization work the institute adopted

a plan or organization in 1929 which divided the work into three

main divisions.

The Board of Directors is the governing body of the institute, and

as such has authority to direct the work, and to adopt, modify, or

reject proposed API specifications and standards. It acts on all

matters relating to the standardization of oil field equipment through

its Central Committee on Standardization of the Division of Production, and no specifications or standard are considered final except

when approved by the Central Committee.

Under the auspices of the Division of Production function various

committees on standardization of oil field equipment, development

of codes of recommended practice, and codes of measuring, sampling,

and testing crude oil and natural gas. These committees have prepared approximately 45 standards and codes covering subjects relating to belting, oil field boilers, cable drilling tools, standard rigs and

derricks, oil country tubular goods, rotary drilling equipment, wire

rope and manila cordage, pumping equipment and engines, and steel

tanks for oil storage, which have been adopted by the institute.

In the Division of Refining functions the Committee on Standardization of Refinery Equipment which has prepared valve specifications (flanged steel outside-screw-and-yoke wedge gate valves and

flanged steel plug valves).

In carrying forward its standardization work the institute cooperates with committees of certain national technical bodies on which

it maintains representation. It is officially represented on 13 sectional

committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association, on problems relating to standardization of pipe

threads, pipe flanges and fittings, and shafting, code for pressure

piping, wrought iron and wrought steel pipe and tubing, leather

belting, electric motor frame dimensions, zinc coatings of iron and

steel, wire rope for mines, transmission chains and sprockets, wire

and sheet metal gages, specifications for pressure and vacuum gages,

and petroleum products and lubricants. It also cooperates with the

American Society for Testing Materials sectional committees on water

for industrial uses and rubber belting.

In cooperation with a joint committee composed of representatives

of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the institute,

it developed a code for unfired pressure vessels for petroleum liquids

and gases.

In the field of methods of tests and specifications for petroleum

products, it cooperates actively with Committee D-2 on petroleum

products and lubricants of the American Society for Testing

Materials.

This institute, together with the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the Society of Automotive Engineers, maintains research

associates at the National Bureau of Standards carrying on cooperative fuel research, which includes motor fuel knock rating and fuel

requirements of cars ; and flow characteristics of aircraft fuel systems.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 55

In promoting the use of its standards and specifications throughout the industry, the institute grants to manufacturers the right to

place its official monogram on certain standardized equipment, certifying that the material so marked complied with all of the conditions

and standards contained in the official publications relating thereto.

The institute reserves the right to revoke the use of its monogram

for any reason satisfactory to the Board of Directors.

American Pharmaceutical Association, Justin L. Powers, chairman, National Formulary Committee, 2215 Constitution Avenue,

Washington, D. C. One of the primary functions of this association is the publication of the National Formulary, which includes

standards for widely used drugs and preparations of them. The

standards for drugs are established by a committee known as the

National Formulary Committee, which consists of a full-time chairman and 10 members. Each member of the committee serves as

chairman of a subcommittee consisting of four or five members in

addition to the chairman. These subcommittees are divided to consider the following subjects: Pharmacology, chemicals, solution

preparations, extractive preparations, solid preparations for internal

use, external preparations, bacteriological and biological preparations, miscellaneous preparations, pharmacology and posology, and

nomenclature.

The standards developed by this association are recognized as

official within the meaning of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic

Act.

Work of a chemical and pharmaceutical nature necessary in connection with establishing standards is carried out in the association's

laboratory, which is maintained for that purpose.

Its cooperative work with other organizations includes representation on the technical committee of the American Society for Testing

Materials relative to the preparation of standards and test methods

for glass and glass products. It participates in the activities of the

Inter- Society Color Council with respect to development of uniform

definitions and standards for colors.

The association maintains a research associate at the National

Bureau of Standards carrying on research relative to< the scientific

determination of the color names of drugs and chemicals.

American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association, Charles

Wesley Dunn, counsel, 608 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association is collaborating with the Federal Government through its appropriate committees on matters arising under the Federal Food,

Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and is also represented on the special DrugResources Committee, which was created for the purpose of cooperating with the Federal Government in the program for national

defense.

American Public Health Association, Reginald M. Atwater, M. D.,

Executive Secretary, 1790 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This association's work in the field of standardization is conducted under the auspices of the Committee on Research and Standards, which has been

appointed for that purpose. Under this main committee function a

number of subcommittees, the names of which indicate the activities

in which each is engaged, as follows : Standard methods for the examination of dishwashing devices, communicable disease control,
56 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

hygiene of housing, standard methods of diagnostic procedures and

reagents, standard methods on examination of water and sewage,

standard methods on examination of dairy products, standard methods on analyzing frozen desserts, standard methods for the examination of shellfish, standard methods on biological products, bathing

places, disinfection of dishes and utensils, plumbing, ventilation and

atmospheric pollution, standard methods for the examination of air,

lead poisoning, water pollution, sewage disposal, water supply, laboratory animals, industrial anthrax, volatile solvents, pneumoconiosis.

Projects which have been completed by these committees relating to

standards and published by the association include standard methods

for the examination of water and sewage, standard methods for the

examination of dairy products, report on the control of communicable diseases, essential features in the design of sanitary drinking fountains, report on bathing places and diagnostic procedures and reagents,

and standard methods for the examination of frozen desserts.

The association cooperates with the American Standards Association by representation on sectional committees on recommended practice of school lighting, building code requirements for light and ventilation, safety code for exhaust systems, letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering, allowable concentrations of dusts

and gases, sterilization of bedding and upholstery, safety code for industrial sanitation in manufacturing establishments, and ventilation

code.

American Public Works Association, Frank W. Herring, executive

director, 1313 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago, 111. In 1937, the American Society of Municipal Engineers and the International Association of Public Works Officials were merged to form this association.

Standardization and simplification activities of this organization are

carried on by various committees dealing with bituminous, brick, stone

block, and concrete pavements, sewers, sidewalks and curbs, and subgrades and foundations. These committees are responsible for the

preparation of standard specifications covering materials and construction methods which are adopted and published by the association. Committees of this association cooperate with similar committees of other technical organizations in the development of standards

and specifications.

This association maintains representation on sectional committees of

the American Standards Association on the following projects: building code requirements, signs and outdoor display structures, and good

practice recommendations for masonry; road materials; administrative requirements for building codes ; specifications for wood poles ; letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering, and safety

code for grandstands. It is also represented on committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials covering specifications for

portland cement, concrete pipe, concrete and concrete aggregates, drain

tile, manufactured masonry units, and road and paving materials. In

addition, it also cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards of

the United States Department of Commerce on simplification matters,

and with the Highway Research Board on highway construction.

American Railway Bridge and Building Association, F. O. Whiteman, secretary, 332 Dearborn Station, Chicago, 111. Although this

organization does not deal directly in standardization matters, its
Standardization Activities of Organizations 57

members are concerned with the execution of work covered by standard plans and specifications as a part of their duties as employees

of railways. As association members, they study and investigate

standard practices of other organizations, and endeavor to summarize the experience gained by others concerning the application of

theoretical matter to actual field problems.

American Railway Engineering Association, W. S. Lacher, secre- retary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. For administrative

reasons, this organization functions as the Construction and Maintenance Section of the Association of American Railroads. Through

its numerous committees, it maintains and keeps up to date the

Manual of Recommended Practices for Railway Engineering and

Maintenance of Way. These committees are constantly engaged in

developing standards, specifications, test methods and recommended

practices on the following main subjects which comprise the several

sections of the Manual: Definition of terms; roadway; ballast; ties;

rail ; track ; buildings ; wood bridges and trestles ; masonry ; highways

;

signals and interlocking; records and accounts; water service, fire

protection and sanitation; yards and terminals; iron and steel structures; economics of railway location; wood preservation; electricity;

uniform general contract forms; economics of railway operation;

shops and locomotive terminals; waterways and harbors; maintenance of way work equipment; clearances, and waterproofing of

railway structures. In addition, it has issued separate specifications for steel railway and movable railway bridges.

The association maintains also a Standardization Committee,

whose function it is to determine what recommended practices of the

association should be advocated for general use on railways, and

which ones should be sponsored as subjects for national standardization. This committee maintains contact with standardization

bodies and keeps the association informed on important matters

developed by such contact. This association maintains representation on section committees functioning under the procedure of the

American Standards Association dealing with the following projects

:

Specifications for portland cement; specifications for cast iron pipe

and special casting ; manhole frames and covers ; standardization and

unification of screw threads; pipe flanges and fittings; bolt, nut, and

rivet proportions; safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery; plain and lock washers; safety code for cranes, derricks, and

hoists; standardization of dimensions and materials of wrought

iron and wrought steel pipe and tubing; hard drawn aluminum

conductors; railway motors and other rotating electrical machinery

on rail cars and locomotives; specifications for zinc coating of iron

and steel; ventilation code; petroleum products and lubricants;

standards for drawings and drafting room practice; standards for

graphic presentation; specifications for sieves for testing purposes;

specifications and methods of test for safety glass; work in compressed air; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on

drawings.

It is also represented on technical committees of the American

Society for Testing Materials engaged in the development of standard specifications and methods of test covering the following subjects: Steel; corrosion of iron and steel; nonferrous metals and
58 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

alloys; copper and copper alloys, cast and wrought; cement; clay

pipe; concrete and concrete aggregates; mortars for unit masonry;

concrete pipe; timber; bituminous waterproofing and roofing materials; and water for industrial uses. It is also represented on the

ASTM Joint Kesearch Committee on Boiler Feed Water Studies,

and on the Joint Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete

and Reinforced Concrete.

American Refractories Institute, Martha Buerkle, secretary, Oliver

Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This institute is a national organization,

whose object is to promote the interests of manufacturers and carry

on research and tests on refractory materials. Its standardization

work is carried on by two committees, one dealing with classification

and the other with technical matters. Specifications for fireclay

brick for malleable furnaces with removable bungs and for annealingovens were formulated by this organization in 1926, and approved

by the joint committee of the American Foundrymen's Association

and the American Ceramic Society. These specifications were

adopted as standard by the American Society for Testing Materials.

Specifications for fireclay brick for stationary boiter service, fireclay

brick for marine boiler service, and fireclay brick for incinerators,

adopted by the ASTM, were also developed by the institute.

The organization cooperated with other units of industry in the

establishment and acceptance by industry of standard sizes and

varieties of malleable foundry refractories, and for cupola refractories which are set forth in Simplified Practice Recommendations

R79-28 and R154-38, promulgated by the National Bureau of

Standards. The institute has adopted and published a very complete list of standard sizes and shapes for fireclay refractories. The

institute is represented on the Sectional Committee on Specifications

for Sieves for Testing Purposes functioning under the procedure of

the American Standards Association and on the Technical Committee for Refractory Materials of the American Society for Testing

Materials.

American Road Builders' Association, Charles M. Upham, engineer-director, National Press Building, Washington, D. C. The

association functions as clearing house to acquire and disseminate

educational and scientific information concerning highway activity

in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central and South America,

and many European countries. Its membership includes Federal,

State, city, and county highway officials, honorary representatives of

foreign countries, highway contractors, highway transport operators,

producers of highway materials, and manufacturers of highway

equipment. Group and general committees study problems relating

to highway legislation, finance, design, construction, maintenance,

equipment, and operation. Their efforts are directed toward development of improved standards for the elimination of waste and in

bringing about economy in highway administration.

To avoid unnecessary duplication in its research activities, the

association cooperates through joint cooperating committees with

other organizations having in part similar aims. The results of investigations on the various technical and general problems are presented in report form and discussed at the annual conventions of the

association. The final reports are summarized for publication in the
Standardization Activities of Organizations 59

convention proceedings covering operation and maintenance of roadbuilding equipment, and the selection and utilization of road-building

materials.

This association cooperated with the American Association of

State Highway Officials on standardization of blades and truck

scrapers. It has published several bulletins dealing with standardization studies covering weighing devices for concrete aggregates,

steel side forms for concrete pavements, and methods for purchasing

equipment.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Raymond Olney,

secretary, St. Joseph, Mich. This society has adopted a tractor testing and rating code which has become the standard of the farmequipment industry. It also adopted standards for design, dimensions, speed, location, etc., of spline shafts and spline hubs for power

take-off for agricultural tractors and machines; standards for positions and endings of tractor drawbars ; and standard dimensions and

concavity for a limited number of standard sizes of disk blades for

disk plows, harrows, drills, listers, and cultivators. The society also

adopted recommended practice covering a method for determining

and expressing the modulus of fineness and uniformity index of

ground (livestock) feed.

It cooperated with other organizations, under the procedure of

the American Standards Association, in the formulation of the

American standard specifications for drain tile and standard specifications for dimensions of plow bolts. The society also maintains

representation on committees of the American Society for Testing

Materials in work on drain tile and corrosion of iron and steel.

American Society of Bakery Engineers, Victor E. Marx, secretary,

1541 Birchwood Avenue, Chicago, 111. Standards adopted by this so- ciety for bakery equipment are the result of the work of its Standardization Committee. The society has adopted standards for high-speed

dough mixers, flour handling units, sifters, bolting reels and flour

hoppers, which were approved by the Bakery Equipment Manufacturers Association. Its Standardization Committee made specific rec- ommendations on the standardizing of live or active belt capacities of

belt proofers for various loaf sizes which were concurred in by equipment manufacturers. It also made certain recommendations on heights

of cake depositor hoppers and the standard rating of cake mixers by

weight of dough, rather than by gallon capacity, which have been

approved by the equipment manufacturers.

The Standardization Committee, working in cooperation with manufacturers of air-conditioning equipment, formulated certain standards

relating to humidifier practice in baking plants. It also formulated

and adopted a standardization of sponge trough sizes which has been

accepted and adopted by manufacturers of dough troughs and the

society. A research committee of this society is cooperating with a

similar committee oi the American Association of Cereal Chemists in

the study of baking problems.

American Society of Civil Engineers, George T. Seabury, secretary,

33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization work

of the society is conducted through the appointment of committees to

deal with certain projects and through representation on committees

of other organizations.
60 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

The society is officially represented on 33 sectional committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association,

in matters relating to building and safety code requirements for various

projects; in the development of specifications for cast iron pipe and

fittings, cross and switch ties, drain tile, cement, and sieves for testing

purposes; in the standardization of graphical symbols and abbreviations, manhole frames and covers, methods of testing wood, and stock

sizes and shapes of iron and steel bars; and standards for safety in the

construction industry.

It cooperates with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards in

the establishment of American lumber standards for softwood lumber

and with the standing committee of the Simplified Practice Recommendation for sizes of paving brick, under the auspices of the National

Bureau of Standards. It also collaborates with the American Road

Builders' Association in developing standards relating to safe highways, and maintains representation on the Research Committee on

Yield Point of Structural Steel of the American Society for Testing

Materials.

Through representation on the Joint Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, consisting of affiliated

committees of the Arnerican Concrete Institute, American Institute of

Architects, American Railway Engineering Association, American

Society for Testing Materials, and Portland Cement Association, the

society cooperated in the preparation and publication of a report on

recommended practice and standard specifications for concrete and

reinforced concrete.

American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, A. V.

Hutchinson, secretary, 51 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. One of

the most important functions of this society for the past 20 years has

been the development of heating and ventilating codes and standards.

In this connection, it has adopted the following codes and standards

relating to the design, installation, testing, rating, and maintenance

of materials and equipment used for the heating, ventilation and air

conditioning of buildings: standard code for testing and rating aircleaning devices used in general ventilation work; code of minimum

requirements for comfort air-conditioning; standard and short form

heat balance codes for testing low-pressure steam-heating solid fuel

boilers; performance test code for steam-heating solid fuel boilers;

standard code for testing steam-heating boilers burning fuel oil;

standard code for testing stoker-fired steam-heating boilers ; standard

code for rating steam-heating solid fuel hand-fired boilers ; standard

code for testing and rating concealed gravity type radiation (hot

water section) ; standard code for testing and rating concealed gravity

type radiation (steam code) ; standard test code for centrifugal and

axial fans; code for heating and ventilating garages; standard test

code for heat transmission through walls ; code of minimum requirements for heating and ventilation of buildings ; code for testing radiators ; standard code for testing and rating steam unit heaters ; standard code for testing and rating steam unit ventilators ; standard code

for testing and rating return line low vacuum heating pumps, and

report of Committee on Ventilation Standards.

In addition to its own codes, the society has cooperated with other

organizations in the development of the following standards and
Standardization Activities of Organizations 61

codes which it has either endorsed or approved ; standard method of

rating and testing air conditioning equipment; standard ordinance

for chimney construction; standard method of rating and testing

mechanical condensing units; and identification of piping systems.

The society is represented on sectional committees functioning

under the procedure of the American Standards Association for the

following projects : building code requirements for light and ventilation; code for mechanical refrigeration; pipe flanges and fittings;

specifications for pressure and vacuum gages ; code for testing and

rating air cleaning devices used in general ventilation work; safety

code for exhaust systems ; letter symbols and abbreviations for science

and engineering ; standards for drawings and drafting room practice

;

acoustical measurements and terminology; work in compressed air,

and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use in drawings.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, C. E. Davies, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The ASME is

a professional society organized to promote the art and science of

mechanical engineering and the allied arts and sciences ; to encourage

original research; to foster engineering education; to advance the

standards of engineering; to promote the intercourse of engineers

among themselves and with allied technologists; and in cooperation

with other engineering and technical societies to broaden the usefulness of the engineering profession.

The society has 17 professional divisions the titles of which are

indicated by the following subjects covered by them: Aeronautic,

applied mechanics, fuels, graphic arts, heat transfer, hydraulic, iron

and steel, machine-shop practice, management, materials handling,

oil and gas power, petroleum, power, process industries, railroad,

textile, and wood industries. There is also a professional division

group on ammunition. The applied-mechanics division has a section

of the society's transactions, "The Journal of Applied Mechanics,"

in which are published quarterly for reference purposes worth-while

technical papers on this subject with discussions.

The technical committee activities of the society have grown very

rapidly during the past 20 years, until now about 2,100 engineers and

others are serving on more than 500 committees for which the society

is sponsor or joint sponsor. In this work approximately 250

organizations cooperate.

The dimensional standardization and safety activities of the society

are carried forward under the procedure of the American Standards

Association. The society is sponsor or joint sponsor for 31 sectional

committees on standards for screw threads and screw-thread gaging

;

ball bearings; machine tool elements; small tools; pipe and pipe

fittings; bolt, nut, and rivet proportions; and letter and graphical

symbols and charts. In addition, it is also serving as sponsor or

cosponsor for six sectional committees dealing with the establishment of safety codes for conveyors and conveying machinery ; cranes,

derricks, and hoists ; elevators, dumbwaiters, and escalators ; mechanical power transmission apparatus; compressed-air machinery; and

pressure piping. It also maintains representation on a number of

other sectional committees engaged in work on mechanical engineering and construction projects.

201072°—41 5
62 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

One of the society's most notable technical committee accomplishments is the development of the ASME Boiler Construction Code,

the last edition of which was issued in 1940. This code, which is

divided into eight sections, contains rules for the construction of

power boilers to be used in stationary service, boilers of locomotives,

miniature boilers, heating boilers, and unfired pressure vessels, as

well as the care of power boilers in service and rules for inspection.

One section contains the specifications for the materials to be used

in code constructions. The society also issues interpretations of these

rules.

The detailed specifications, formulas, tables of dimensions, diagrams and sketches in the code cover plates, tubes, piping, riveted

and welded joints, domes, dished and flat heads, braced and stayed

surfaces, stays, headers, access and nozzle openings, safety valves,

gages, fittings and appliances, welding, and welding qualification

procedure.

Other recommendations apply to efficiency of joints, method of

checking safety-valve capacity, fusible plugs, standard practice for

making hydrostatic tests on a boiler pressure part, rules for existing

installations, and for the approval of new materials under the code.

Sample manufacturers' data report forms, and tables of standard

dimensions are also included.

The society has also issued a code for unfired pressure vessels for

petroleum liquids and gases. This was prepared by a joint committee

composed of representatives of the American Petroleum Institute and

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. These rules cover

the design and construction of fusion-welded vessels, riveted vessels,

and integrally forged vessels, and their periodic inspection and repair.

The appendix contains suggestions regarding internal structures, corrosion allowances, and protective linings, as well as several examples of

computations.

There have also been prepared and issued by the society 19 power

test codes, 2 supplementary codes, and 30 auxiliary sections of information on instruments and apparatus. These codes give standard

directions for conducting acceptance tests, and for determining the

performance of power generating and using equipment.

The society publishes the Mechanical Engineering, a monthly publication, which features technical articles on current practice and

developments in the mechanical engineering field.

The ASME Transactions are issued also in monthly installments

and contain the many papers read at the national meetings of the

society.

American Society for Metals, W. H. Eisenman, secretary, 7301

Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. This society publishes the ASM

Metals Handbook, which contains over 300 articles or reports on the

application, manufacture, fabrication, treatment, and testing of

metals and alloys, both ferrous and nonferrous. These articles and

reports have been prepared by individual authors and technical committees. The society maintains representation on the Coordinating

Committee on Corrosion and on the Joint Committee on Definitions

of Heat-Treatment Terms, and also on the Cast-iron Committee of

the American Society for Testing Materials.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 63

American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, David L. Fiske,

secretary, 37 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization forms a major part of the work of this society. Through its

Standards Committee it has developed the following standards and

codes : test code for steam-driven ice-manufacturing plants ; standard

refrigeration ; specifications for synchronous motors for direct-connected ammonia compressors; specifications for pipe and pipe

threads; test code for refrigerating systems; corrosion in refrigerating plants; thermodynamic properties of dichlorodifluoromethane

(Freon-12) ; standard methods of rating and testing air-conditioning equipment, mechanical condensing units, self-contained air-conditioning units for comfort cooling, refrigerant expansion valves, and

self-contained mechanically refrigerated drinking water coolers; and

mechanical refrigeration safety code.

Through its industry committees the society is carrying forward

standardization projects dealing with drinking water coolers, unfired

refrigerant containing vessels, fruit and vegetable precooling, milk

coolers, moisture in refrigerating system parts, natural convection air

coolers, refrigerant expansion valves, and refrigerated locker plants.

The society is sponsor for the projects on standards and specifications for refrigerators and safety code for mechanical refrigeration,

both being conducted under the auspices of the American Standards

Association. In addition, it is officially represented on 11 ASA sec- tional committees on identification of piping systems, pipe threads,

pipe flanges and fittings, compressed air safety code, code for pressure

piping, pressure and vacuum gages, zinc coating of iron and steel,

ventilation code, symbols and abbreviations, drafting room practice,

and preferred numbers.

In cooperation with the National Association of Ice Industries and

the American Institute of Refrigeration, the society initiated the program for simplification of ice cake sizes which resulted in the formulation of Simplified Practice Recommendation R96-28, promulgated

and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

The society maintains joint committee representation with the

American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers on air conditioning standards, revision of psychrometric chart, and rating of

commercial refrigerating equipment; with the National Research

Council on industrial and engineering research; with the Society of

Automotive Engineers on refrigerated trucks and buses; with the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers on refrigeration plant test

code ; and with the American Society for Testing Materials on thermal

conductivity of all forms of insulation, and on corrosion.

At the present time this association is cooperating with the Air

Conditioning and Refrigeration Manufacturers' Association on additional standardization projects. Work is going forward in developing compressor tests, and the rating of shell and tube condensors.

American Society of Sanitary Engineering, James R. Walker, sec- retary, City Hall, Waterbury, Conn. Standardization is carried on

by this society mainly through cooperation with other bodies engaged in similar type of work. This organization, as early as 1906,

initiated the movement for development of a plumbing code which

was finally adopted under the auspices of the United States Depart-
54 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ment of Commerce. It carries on cooperative work with the National

Bureau of Standards in conducting tests of plumbing equipment for

use in high buildings.

The society cooperated with other organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards Association, in the establishment of

American standard for pipe threads. It is also officially represented

on sectional committees dealing with projects relating to the development of a ventilation code, safety code for mechanical refrigeration,

and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings.

American Society for Testing Materials. (See page 5.)

American Specification Institute, Gerald L. Palmer, executive

secretary, 134 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. The prime purpose of this organization, whose members comprise writers of engineering and architectural specifications, is the collection of specifications, information, and ideas from other organizations and sources;

the study, discussion, and arrangement of these in standard form;

and the distribution of these specifications and information to the

members in the form of bulletins and the institute's Specification

Record. This latter publication contains specifications, in full or in

outline form, from which the specification writer may construct a

specification for a particular structure or equipment. Some of the

more important subjects covered by these specifications include structural iron and steel, clay and clay products, masonry, electrical devices, heating systems, kitchen and bakery equipment, plumbing fixtures, and other items entering into building construction.

American Spice Trade Association, N. W. Ericson, secretary, 82

Wall Street, New York, N. Y. This association maintains a Standards Committee whose function is to adopt standards of qualities of

whole spices, seeds, and herbs imported at American ports of entry.

Through the Spice Grinders' Section, the association sponsored the

movement for a simplified schedule of stock sizes of tin and silver

spice containers which led to the establishment of the Simplified Practice Recommendation R170^38, promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards.

American Standards Association. (See page 3.)

American Sugar Cane League, Mercel J. Voorhies, general manager, 407 Carondelet Street, New Orleans, La. Several committees

of this organization carry on work leading to the development of

methods and standards for products coming within its jurisdiction.

The Molasses Committee undertakes to safeguard the standards of

molasses in the case of Federal Classification to avoid conflicts with

the industry. The Contact Committee cooperates with the United

States Department of Agriculture for the purpose of furthering

research and other scientific work, both in the field and factory spheres.

This work embraces the whole matter of plant disease control, development of standards for various cane varieties, and cultivation

methods.

American Transit Engineering Association, G. C. Hecker, general

secretary, 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standardization

work of this association is carried on by numerous technical committees whose function it is to collect, analyze, and disseminate information and data on engineering matters of general interest to the

transit industry; to prepare and revise specifications, designs, and

practices for adoption by the association ; and to cooperate with other
Standardization Activities of Organizations 65

national organizations in the joint consideration of technical and

semitechnical subjects. All assignments of subjects are made by the

association's Executive Committee to the Power, Rolling Stock, or

Way and Structures Divisions, which divisions comprise the principal

phases of the association's work.

The association publishes and keeps under constant revision the

Engineering Manual in which are included more than 160 standards

and recommendations which have been adopted by the association.

These standards and recommendations cover items and equipment

coming within the scope of activities of the several divisions.

In connection with its work in standardization the association co- operates, through representation, with committees of other organizations, including American Public Works Association, American Railway Engineering Association, American Road Builders Association,

Association of American Railroads, National Fire Protection Association, and the National Safety Council.

The association takes an active part in the work of the American

Standards Association. It is a member body of that organization and

is officially represented on 29 sectional committees engaged in the

development of standards for various projects and on the following

ASA Advisory Committees : Electrical Standards ; Mechanical Standards ; Highway Traffic Standards ; and Safety Code Correlating Committee. It is also represented on technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials dealing with subjects relating to

road and paving materials, corrosion of iron and steel, copper and

copper-alloy wires for electrical conductors, and steel.

In the field of simplification, the association initiated projects

under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards which re- sulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations

covering standard packaging of overhead electric railway material,

electric railway motor and controller parts, automatic engine parts,

and air brake (electric railway) parts.

American Trucking Associations, Inc., J. V. Lawrence, general

manager, 1424 Sixteenth Street, NW., Washington, D. C. The work

of this organization in the field of standardization is carried on actively

by the Operations Division and the Traffic Department. To these divisions are entrusted practically all phases of standards work which

affect the entire industry all over the United States.

The Operations Division is collaborating closely with the Bureau of

Motor Carriers, Interstate Commerce Commission, in the movement

to standardize and make uniform regulations throughout States, similar to regulations adopted by the Interstate Commerce Commission

for the safety of operation of motor carriers subject to their jurisdiction. It cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the

establishment of Commercial Standards for certain after-market accessories, including lights of various kinds and emergency flares and

electric lanterns. Under the associations' sponsorship, this division

has what is known as the Safety and Operations Section, the membership of which is composed of safety, personnel, maintenance, and similar executives of motor carrier operations throughout the country.

Included in this section are a number of research committees the activities of which will ultimately lead to the formulation of standard practices. The Operations Division is engaged at the present time in draft-
66 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ing a standard code for use in the trucking industry. It is also working

in developing standard forms for use by the members of the industry.

The associations, through this division, is sponsor for the Sectional

Committee on Standard Loading Platforms at Freight Terminals and

Warehouses, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association. This project when completed is expected to recommend standards for the height and other dimensions of loading platforms for both rail and truck use. It is also officially represented on

the ASA Sectional Committee on Standards for the Inspection of

Motor Vehicles.

The activities of the Traffic Department in standardization matters

are guided by policies established by a National Traffic Committee,

which is composed of 74 representatives of motor carriers from all

sections of the country. The Traffic Department published the National Motor Freight Classification. This publication contains type of

containers provided for in the classification and publishing in an

issue of national scope descriptions of the thousands of articles found

in transportation tends to establish standards of transportation of

various commodities. It also sets up, in general, standard classification rules and provision with respect to motor carrier transportation.

Standardization of practice throughout the trucking industry furthered through development of uniform motor carrier bills of lading

forms which are established and maintained in the national

classification.

The Motor Carriers Explosives and Dangerous Articles Tariff is

also published by this association through the Traffic Department

and under the guidance of the National Traffic Committee. This

publication contains the rules of the Interstate Commerce Commission with respect to the handling, labeling, billing, and transportation

of approximately 500 articles considered to be dangerous, explosive,

inflammable, corrosive, or poisonous. It gives also specifications to

be observed relative to packing and containers and restrictions as

to contents permitted to be transported with other merchandise.

Another activity of the Traffic Department relates to the associations'

freight claim section, the general aspects of which are being carried

on through a national committee for the purpose of establishing standards of practice among carriers with respect to procedure to be followed in the handling and settlement of freight claims. In this

connection, standard rules and forms have been adopted tending

toward uniformity of use by motor carriers throughout the country.

Further standardization fostered by the Traffic Department is

found in the standard docket proposal form which is used in presenting proposals for changes in motor carrier tariff ratings, rates, rules

and regulations.

American Veneer Package Association, Robert W. Davis, executive officer, 804 Seventeenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. This

association cooperates with transportation companies, shipping associations, and other interested parties in the formulation of standards

and strength requirements for shipping boxes and baskets made from

rotary cut veneer. It maintains committees for the study of

container problems.

The association cooperates also with all the various agencies of the

Federal Government, including the United States Department of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 67

Agriculture, Interstate Commerce Commission, Department of Commerce, and the Federal Trade Commission concerning matters relating

to standardization of containers.

American Veterinary Medical Association, J. G. Hardenbergh,

executive secretary, 600 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This

association maintains two committees whose work is devoted in the

interest of standardization. The Committee on Proprietary Pharmaceuticals is engaged in the standardization of veterinary medical remedies of the proprietary class. The Committee on Biological Products

cooperates very closely with the Bureau of Animal Industry, United

States Department of Agriculture, in the standardization of biological

products.

American Vitrified China Manufacturers Association, A. M.

Walker, president, care of Bailey-Walker China Co., Bedford, Ohio

;

James K. Love, secretary, care of Shenango Pottery Co., New Castle,

Pa. In cooperation with other units of industry, this association has

been active in the establishment of standard sizes and varieties of

hotel chinaware, cafeteria and restaurant chinaware, dining car chinaware, and hospital chinaware, which resulted in the publication and

promulgation of Simplified Practice Recommendations by the National

Bureau of Standards of the United States Department of Commerce.

This association also cooperates with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation and revision of Federal Specification M-C-301 for vitrified china.

American Walnut Manufacturers Association, Burdett Green,

secretary-manager, 616 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, 111. This

association sponsored the rules for grading American black-walnut

lumber, which were published by the National Hardwood Lumber

Association in its rules for the measurement and inspection of hardwood lumber, cypress, veneers, thin lumber, and plywood. These

grading rules are in general use, not only in the United States but

also in foreign countries. It has adopted rules for grading American

(black) walnut logs. It has also prepared minimum specifications

and grading rules for walnut stumps fresh cut from live timber.

Working in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards,

this association initiated the movement which led to the establishment of Commercial Standard CS64^37 for walnut veneers, and as- sisted in the preparation of a Commercial Standard for solid hardwood wall paneling which resulted in the formulation of Commercial

Standard CS74-39 providing two classes of wall paneling.

This association has adopted a certification mark "American walnut

certified veneers", and maintains an inspection service. It issues a

certificate of inspection on each shipment, which states that the walnut

veneers have been rigidly graded and inspected by an independent

inspector whose name appears on the certificate. It further states

that the veneers are certified to comply with the reauirements of Commercial Standard CS64^-37 for quality, workmanship, thickness, full

measurement, and the true representation of the flitch by the samples.

American Warehousemen's Association, Wilson V. Little, general

secretary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. This organization

sponsored the movement that resulted in the establishment by the

industry of standard warehouse forms promulgated in Simplified

Practice Recommendation R34, issued by the National Bureau of
58 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Standards. As a supplement to that project and with the cooperation of the Department of Commerce and other interested parties,

the association formulated the standard contract terms and conditions for general merchandise and refrigerated warehouses.

The Association of Refrigerated Warehouses Division of this

association cooperated with the American Standards Association in

the development of the standard safety code for mechanical refrigeration, which was approved as American standard B9-1933 by the

ASA. The association is participating in the ASA project for the

standardization of height of loading platforms.

The American Warehousemen's Association, Merchandise Division,

and the Association of Kefrigerated Warehouses—the two Divisions

constituting the Association—have evolved cost formulae and other

standard accounting practices relating to the branches of the warehousing business for which they respectively function.

American Washer and Ironer Manufacturers' Association, J. R.

Bohnen, executive secretary, 80 East Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111.

Although this organization has not as yet set up standards for

household washers and ironers, it does maintain a committee which

collaborates with the Underwriters' Laboratories in formulating

certain safety standards or specifications covering fire hazards.

American Water Works Association, Harry E. Jordan, secretary,

22 East Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. The Committee on Water

Works Practice is in responsible charge and control of all technical

activities of the association. This committee appoints such subcommittees as it may deem necessary to properly carry on its work,

including the development of standards and specifications. Fully

organized committees are at the present time engaged in projects

relating to development of standard specifications for the construction and testing of deep wells, as well as the purchase requirements

for, and method of, testing deep well pumps; methods of safe handling of chemicals used in water purification ; preparation of specifications for steel plate pipe and coatings; specifications for the laying

of cast-iron pipe; specifications for valves, sluice gates, and fire

hydrants ; and other miscellaneous items in the water works field.

Other committees in the Water Purification Division of the Association are actively engaged in the preparation of specifications and

tests for water purification chemicals; activated carbon research;

specifications for and methods of testing zeolites; methods of determining fluorides; methods of water treatment and laboratory control; standards for purification plant operation; and specifications

for filtering material.

Through its Committee on Water Works Practice, the association

has published the Water Works Practice Manual which contains,

among other things, standard methods for the mechanical analysis

of sand and gravel, standard specifications for cast-iron pipe and

special castings, hydrants and valves, and disc meters; also specifications for chemicals used in water purification, specifications for

pressure water filters, and standard agreement for engineering

construction.

In carrying forward its work in the field of simplification and

standardization, the association maintains representation on numerous committees of certain technical organizations. It is officially
Standardization Activities of Organizations 69

represented on sectional committees functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association in the development of standards for the following projects: Specifications for cast-iron pipe and

special castings, manhole frames and covers, standardization of

plumbing equipment, pipe threads, pipe flanges and fittings, code

for pressure piping, standardization of dimensions and materials of

wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe and tubing, national electrical

code, specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel, specifications for

sieves for testing purposes, and standardization of graphical symbols

for use on drawings.

It cooperates with committees of the National Fire Protection

Association on electrical code; hydrants, valves, and pipe fittings;

public water supplies for private fire protection, including the uniform marking of fire hydrants ; and on tanks.

The association maintains representation on the American Society

for Testing Materials' Joint Research Committee on Boiler Feedwater Studies, and on the Coordinating Committee on Corrosion. In

addition, it maintains a representative on the standing committee of

Simplified Practice Recommendation R57 covering standard sizes of

wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe, valves, and fittings, which was

promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards.

In cooperation with a committee of the American Public Health

Association, a committee of this association assists in the preparation and revision of the publication, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Sewage, which is now in its ninth edition.

The association has cooperated with the Municipal Finance Officers

Association in the production of a Manual of Water Works Accounting. A standing committee of the two associations is charged with

the duty of revising the text whenever changes in accounting practices

indicate the advisability.

The association also gives cooperation to the National Association

of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners. At the present time a

Committee on Survival and Retirement Experience with Water

Works Facilities is engaged in developing information concerning

the actual life history and retirement experience with certain basic

water supply capital units. This information is intended to clarify

the understanding of the probable useful life of such materials.

American Waxed Paper Association, George J. Lincoln, Jr., executive secretary, Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

Through the appointment of temporary committees to handle specific

questions as they arise from time to time, this association has done

much work in simplification and in formulating standards for the

industry.

It sponsored the movement which led to the establishment of a list

of simplified sizes for waxed tissue paper, which was promulgated

and published as Simplified Practice Recommendation R125-31 by

the National Bureau of Standards. The larger part of this industry's production is used for wrapping bread. The industry,

through the association, has adopted a 10-inch diameter roll with a

3-inch core as its standard. It has also adopted 23-pound waxed to

36-pound finished weight as its standard for opaque bread wrappers. It has standardized as much as is practical in the use of opaque

paper for bread wrappers, which is a full bleached sulfite stock
70 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

with a special treatment for opacity. When the baker wishes to give

additional protection to his product, full bleached sulfite is used for

an inner wrapping of bread.

In this connection, the association has developed standards on three

weights of inner wrap, namely : 15-pound waxed to 20 pounds ; 18-

pound waxed to 25 pounds ; and 20-pound waxed to 30 pounds.

In collaboration with biscuit and cracker manufacturers, this

association is endeavoring to establish proper standards for the best

wrapping of cartons.

American Welding Society, William Spraragen, technical secretary,

33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization

work arising within the welding industry is conducted through technical committees appointed by the society, which cooperate with

similar committees of other technical bodies.

For more than 10 years, the Committee on Building Codes has

been assisting municipal and State code committees and building departments in preparation of suitable regulatory specifications for

fusion welding in fabrication of structural steel, piping and tankage

in building construction. This committee prepared the code for

fusion welding and gas cutting in building construction, which was

revised on three separate occasions in order to keep it in harmony

with the advancement of the welding art. The provisions of the

building code have now been adopted by more than 200 municipalities, including the great metropolitan centers of New York, Chicago,

and Baltimore. The Building Code Committee cooperated with the

Board of Standards and Appeals of New York City in formulating

rules for fusion welding under the new city building code.

Upon completion of its work in the preparation of the specifications

for the design, construction, alteration, and repair of highway and

railway bridges by fusion welding, issued in 1936, the original committee on welding bridges was discharged. A new committee called

the Conference Committee on Welded Bridges was authorized by the

executive committee of the society. This committee is devoting its

activities to clarifying points in the specifications which may be questioned as a result of practical application, and securing the adoption

of the society's bridge specifications by professional bodies throughout

the country. The bridge specifications referred to above have been approved by the American Railway Engineering Association and also

by the American Association of State Highway Officials. During the

past two years the committee has been active in preparing revisions to

these specifications. The Filler Metal Specifications Committee developed specifications for iron and steel filler metal which has been

adopted and published jointly by the American Society for Testing

Materials and this society. One of the objectives of this committee is

to issue separate specifications for arc welding electrodes and gas welding rods. The first of these covering tentative specifications for iron

and steel arc welding was completed and approved by both societies.

A parallel specification for iron and steel gas welding rods is now in

the course of completion by a special committee appointed for the purpose. Subcommittees have been appointed during the past year to

prepare filler metal specifications for high alloy steels, nickel and

nickel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and copper and copper

alloys.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 71

Functioning under the auspices of the Committee on Welding in

Marine Construction are two subcommittees, one dealing with boilers

and the other on hulls, These and other subcommittees act as conference committees to the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection of the United States Department of Commerce in assisting that

body in preparing specifications for boilers, unfired pressure vessels,

piping, hull structures, and on other matters coming under the cognizance of the various subcommittees. Considerable progress has been

made in developing a code on welding in marine construction rules for

the fusion welding of drums and shells of marine boilers, and pressure

vessels have been completed and approved by the society. These rules

are based on rules prepared by the Boiler Code Committee of the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers in cooperation with this

society's Committee on Welded Pressure Vessels. The Boiler Subcommittee is undertaking the preparation of rules for the repair of marine

boilers and pressure vessels. In addition, this subcommittee has formulated tentative rules for fusion welding steam, oil, or air piping in

marine construction. These rules apply to piping for working pressures in excess of 100 pounds per square inch. Rules for the fusion

welding of hulls and hull parts have also been completed and published by the society. The new rules of the American Bureau of

Shipping relating to hull construction are based on these rules.

The Hull Subcommittee is at the present time engaged in revising

the rules for the fusion welding of hull and hull parts, and the preparation of rules for the repair of hulls by fusion welding.

The Committee on Symbols has prepared revised welding symbols

and instructions for their use which were approved by the society.

These symbols have been submitted to the American Standards Association for approval as an American standard.

The Committee on Large Welded Pipe for Hydraulic Purposes

has prepared a tentative code which comprises the general ground

covered by the existing codes for unfired pressure vessels with the

exception of rules for special fittings.

The Committee on Standard Qualification Procedure worked

toward the elimination of confusion by correlating varying qualification test requirements by merging them into one uniform code. The

purpose of these qualification tests is to adequately determine the

quality of a fusion welded joint by the specific process used, and to

test the ability of the welding operator to apply that process. This

work resulted in the establishment of rules giving them the title,

Standard Qualification Procedure, which was approved and published

by the society. The committee has recently completed its work on

a revised edition of the Standard Qualification Procedure. The principles of this new revision are now being incorporated in a number

of revised codes and specifications, including the ASME Boiler Code

and Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, the ASA Code for Pressure Piping,

the American Petroleum Institute's specifications on all-welded oil

storage tanks, and the society's specifications for welded highway and

railway bridges.

The proposed Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds

prepared by the Committee on Standard Tests for Welds have been

approved by the Executive Committee of the society as a tentative

standard.
72 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

The Committee on Pressure Piping prepared a code for all applications of pressure piping, including some hydraulic, gas, air, oil,

and refrigeration, which was approved by the society and by the

American Standards Association as an American standard.

Another committee of this society has prepared specifications covering the development of inspection method used in manufacturing

of U-69 and U-70 pressure vessels. The society maintains a conference committee which cooperates with the ASME boiler code committee dealing with questions involving the application of fusion

welding to boilers and pressure vessels.

The Machinery Code Committee was appointed two years ago for

the purpose of revising the tentative code for fusion welding and

flame cutting in machinery construction, and also in reviewing the

draft of the new tentative code for arc and gas welding and gas

cutting in machinery construction.

The Committee on Rules for Field Welding of Storage Tanks has

formulated a standard entitled "Tentative Rules for Field Welding

of Storage Tanks" which was approved by the society's Executive

Committee last year. These rules have been incorporated in the

tentative specifications for elevated steel water tanks, standpipes, and

reservoirs prepared by the American Water Works Association. By

a recent action of the Executive Committe, all of the society's other

committees dealing with storage tanks have been consolidated into

the one Committee on Rules for Field Welding of Storage Tanks.

This society maintains extensive representation in other technical

bodies in connection with matters of mutual interest. It is officially

represented on sectional committees of the American Standards

Association dealing with the following projects: Safety code for

construction work; building code requirements for iron and steel;

code for pressure piping; definitions of electrical terms; electric

welding apparatus; preferred voltages—100 volts and under; code

for the protection of heads, eyes, and respiratory organs of industrial

workers; ventilation code; drawings and drafting-room practice;

work in compressed air; and graphical symbols and abbreviations

for use on drawings. It is also represented on committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials engaged in the preparation

of specifications for joint filler metal; on iron-chromium, ironchromium-nickel and related alloys ; and on copper and copper alloys.

It also cooperates with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers on power supply for welding operations; with the National

Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors relative to questions

connected with boiler and pressure vessel legislation in the various

States; with the American Transit Association in the preparation

of filler metal specifications ; with the Association of American Railroads on specifications for fusion-welded tank-car tanks; and with

the American Petroleum Institute on revision of specifications for

pipe intended for welded casings.

American Wood-Preservers' Association, Horace L. Dawson, secretary, 1427 Eye Street NW., Washington, D. C. Among the objects

of this association are the standardization of specifications for wood

preservatives, for their introduction into the materials to be preserved, and for the improvement of materials and methods used in

construction with preserved wood.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 73

Among the numerous standing and special committees engaged in

various association activities, several deal directly in the development of standards and research, namely : Committees on Preservatives, and on Pressure Treatment of Oak Ties and Lumber; joint

Committee on Douglas Fir Pressure Treatment; Committees on

Southern Pine Ties, Piles, Posts, and Poles; and Special Committee

on Revision and Coordination of Treatment Standards.

The association publishes and issues the Manual of Recommended

Practice, in which are incorporated approximately 50 standards and

methods of recommended practice relating to preservative treatment

of wood which have been adopted by the association. It maintains

representation on the Sectional Committees on Specifications for

Wood Poles and on Cross-Ties and Switch-Ties, functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association. These committees have engaged in standardization which led to the approval of

several American standards for various kinds of poles and ties by the

American Standards Association.

American Zinc Institute, Ernest V. Gent, secretary, 60 East Fortysecond Street, New York, N. Y. The activities of this institute in

the field of standardization are confined to specifications and standards in connection with the finished products of the zinc industry. In

this respect, the institute is a member of the American Society for

Testing Materials, and cooperates with committees of the latter

organization dealing with corrosion of iron and steel, on specifications for nonferrous metals and alloys, and on corrosion of nonferrous

metals and alloys. It has cooperated in the preparation of ASTM

specifications covering slab zinc (spelter), rolled zinc, and zinc base

alloy die castings. In addition, it concerns itself in all ASTM specifications relating to zinc-coated steel and iron articles such as, for

example, fencing, wire, sheets, pipe, hardware, etc., as well as

methods of test in connection therewith.

The institute maintains representation on Sectional Committees on

Standardization of Wire and Sheet Metal Gauges, and Specifications

for Zinc Coating of Iron and Steel functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association. It cooperates also with the

Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the preparation and

revision of Federal specifications covering slab zinc (spelter) ; zinc

plates, sheets and strip* and zinc dust-zinc oxide primer paint (for

galvanized (zinc-coated) or zinc surfaces). In conjunction with the

promotion activities of the institute and its efforts to improve the

quality of zinc-coated (galvanized) roofing sheets, the institute

licenses steel manufacturers without charge to stamp the Zinc Institute's seal of quality mark on all galvanized sheets, which conform

to rigid specifications as to quality and which carry a full two-ounce

zinc coating.

Anthracite Industries, Inc., Allen J. Johnson, director of laboratory, Primos, Delaware County, Pa. Practically all of the standardization work of this organization in the fuel-burning equipment

field is carried on by its laboratory, which cooperates with organizations having similar or allied interests in this field. The laboratory initiated the project for domestic burners for Pennsylvania

anthracite (underfeed type) which resulted in the establishment of
74 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Commercial Standard CS48-34, promulgated by the National

Bureau of Standards.

In cooperation with the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufacturers, steps have been taken to prepare similar constructional

and functional codes covering practically all other types of fuelburning equipment. With reference to cook stoves^ the laboratory's

work has progressed to the point where a code has been ratified by

a special engineering committee appointed by the Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufacturers. This code is being submitted to the

American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers for adoption. In the boiler field, this laboratory is working closely with

the Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers on new boiler

radiator codes for domestic boilers. In this connection, the laboratory is recognized as being one of the official testing stations where a

considerable amount of work for boiler manufacturers is done.

The laboratory has developed its own testing codes covering sev- eral similar devices and including such items as thermostats, waterheating equipment, warm-air furnaces, magazine boilers, commercial

stokers, and space heaters. In addition to the above specific work

with equipment, the laboratory is conducting other work designed

to improve the utilization of solid fuel. As an example, it is making studies of drafts and draft regulation leading towards a development of a standard code of domestic chimney construction and

performance.

Anthracite Institute, Louis C. Maderia III, executive director,

offices at 19 Rector Street, New York, N. Y., and 225 South "Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The individual anthracite operating companies, comprising the membership of this organization,

have adopted a uniform classification of accounts and the standard

accounting forms. The institute has established standard anthracite

specifications comprising screen-grading limits for broken, egg, stove,

nut, pea, buck, rice, and barley sizes of anthracite coal, with permissible impurities in each grade. The industry conducts a laboratory for the approval of coal-using equipment, and issues a list

of approved devices, including domestic stokers, thermostatic equipment, vacuum furnace cleaners, service water heaters, and space

heaters. Other research activities are conducted by the industry.

The institute is represented on the Sectional Committee on Classification of Coals functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association.

Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc., H. O.

Smith, secretary-manager, 60 East Forty-second Street, New York,

N. Y. The primary object of this association is the establishment of

standards for ball and roller bearings of various types. Its work

in standardization is carried on by three engineering committees

which collaborate with similar committees of the Society of Automotive Engineers, the American Standards Association, International

Standards Association, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, the National Grease Manufacturers Association, and various

interested agencies of the Federal Government.

The Annular Bearing Engineers' Committee has not only developed standards for dimensions and tolerances of various types of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 75

ball bearings, but they have also established a framework of general

bearing boundary dimensions to allow ease of future standardization.

The committee has recently developed standards for new bearings

required by the aircraft industry, also annular ball bearings with

snap rings and a series of extra light bearings to meet modern spacesaving requirements. The dimensions of this latter series have been

accepted as an international standard. The committee has also set

up standards for mounting practice, including shaft and housing

dimensions and tolerances to permit correct applications of bearings, also standards for bearing lock nuts and lock washers. The

committee is preparing standardization of exterior dimensions for

seal bearings and is actively in contact with the Army, Navy, and

aircraft departments in the formulation of specifications, etc., to

facilitate procurement.

The Thrust Bearing Engineers' Committee has formulated standards which were approved by the association for metric thrust bearings, inch-type thrust bearings, and a standard definition for

parallelism and accompanying tolerances.

The Roller Bearing Engineers' Committee, recently organized, is

engaged in preliminary work looking toward standardization of

roller bearings. The methods employed by this association in the

field of standardization is for the Bearing Engineers' Committee to

set up tentative standards, which are submitted for final approval to

the management of the participating companies on these committees.

The standards, when approved, if they affect standards in existence

under the jurisdiction of the Society of Automotive Engineers, are

submitted to that agency for approval. They are in turn submitted

to the American Standards Association, which finally transmits them

to the International Standards Association, if the standardization in

question affects that body. The standards involving dimensional

data are published yearly in the SAE Handbook.

Appalachian Hardwood Manufacturers, Inc., H. E. Everley, manager, Trade Extension Department, 414 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. This organization has a Trade Extension Committee

which functions regularly in matters relating to standardization.

Under the supervision of this committee, there was designed and

placed on the market Appalachian standardized and packaged hardwood paneling, which is being manufactured in accordance with

Commercial Standard CS76-39, promulgated by the National

Bureal of Standards.

The committee cooperates with the National Hardwood Lumber

Association and the various regional hardwood associations in formulating and adopting the national standards covering the manufacture

of standardized and packaged hardwood paneling.

Apple Growers Association, J. E. Klahre, general manager, Hood

River, Oreg. This association handles fresh fruits, such as apples,

pears, cherries, and strawberries, the grades and standards of which

are fixed by the State and Federal Departments of Agriculture. It

also handles canned pears, apples, cherries, and strawberries, the

standards of which are fixed by the National Canners Association

and the Northwest Canners Association.

This association cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards

and the apple wraps industry in the development of a quality stand-
76 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ard for dry and oiled paper apple wraps. This resulted in the es- tablishment of Commercial Standard CS44-32, which was

promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau, B. E. Lowry, executive secretary,

Little Rock, Ark. This organization has prepared and issued grading rules for Arkansas soft pine lumber, which conform to American

lumber standards for yard and factory lumber. It has also issued

specifications covering dimensions and small timbers, utility timbers

and heavy joists, factory flooring, decking and heavy shiplap structural lumber. All bureau members are subscribers to the Southern

Pine Inspection Bureau, at New Orleans, La., which is the grading

and inspection authority for administration of the grading rules

published by the bureau.

Aromatic Red Cedar Closet Lining Association, A. L. Foster,

chairman, care of George C. Brown & Co., Greensboro, N. C. This

organization initiated the movement for the establishment of standard dimensions, quality, and red-heart content for aromatic redcedar closet lining set forth in the Commercial Standard CS26-30,

published by the National Bureau of Standards of the United States,

Department of Commerce. The association recommends to its members the use of a label guaranteeing that red-cedar closet lining

supplied by them conforms to the standard grading rules given in

the above-mentioned Commercial Standard.

Asphalt Institute, W. R. Macatee, managing director, 801 Second

Avenue, New York, N. Y. The institute has a Technical Committee

composed of technical representatives of each member company.

The members of the committee cooperate in researches having to do

with standardization of asphalt products and in which the institute's

own laboratory also participates. So far, the standardization activities of the committee have been devoted mainly to development of

specifications for liquid asphaltic road materials which have been

classified under four distinct types, namely: rapid-curing, mediumcuring, slow-curing, and emulsified asphalts.

During 1940 it prepared specifications for asphalt enamel protective coatings for steel water pipe. It has also developed and put

into effect uniform standards with respect to range of penetration of

the several classes of asphalt cement. As standardization is effected,

the committee recommends adoption by the institute's board of

directors. In preparing specifications, it cooperates with the Public

Roads Administration of the Federal Works Agency, through

which collaboration is also had with the various State highway

departments.

The technical department of the institute cooperates with other

technical organizations, notably the National Bureau of Standards

of the United States Department of Commerce and the American

Society for Testing Materials. It assisted in the establishment of

Simplified Practice Recommendation R4 covering asphalt grades;

also with ASTM committees dealing with road and paving materials,

and bituminous roofing and waterproofing materials. The technical

department is also represented on the Committee on Specifications

for Bituminous Pavements of the American Public Works

Association.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 77

Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau, J. S. Bryant, managing

director, 2 West Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. The Technical Committee of this bureau cooperates actively in the formulation, and improvement of standards and specifications covering

asphalt roofing products, which are formulated by the Federal Specifications Executive Committee, the American Society for Testing

Materials, and the Underwriters' Laboratories. Through its simplification committee, this bureau made studies and analyses designed

to show the multiplicity of items produced in the industry and their

relative importance from a sales volume standpoint. The purpose of

these studies was to enable manufacturers to intelligently accomplish such individual simplification and standardization of their own

lines as circumstances seemed to warrant. This organization maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards conducting research work on durability of asphalt roofing.

Associated Cooperage Industries of America, Inc., M. T. Rogers,

assistant secretary, 408 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. This organization carries on its standardization work through several

committees appointed especially for that purpose. The Committee

on Grade Rules and Specifications for Slack Cooperage Material

has developed standard specifications covering slack barrel staves,

coiled elm hoops and slack barrel heading.

The Committee on Grade Rules and Specifications for Tight

Cooperage Material formulates specifications for tight barrel staves;

tight barrel heading, circled and square; and beer staves and heading. These rules and specifications for cooperage material are used

throughout the United States as standard.

The Committee on ICC Specifications for Slack Barrels considers

and recommends specifications for slack barrels for the transportation of explosives and other dangerous commodities. In carrying

forward this work it cooperates with the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Bureau of Explosives of the Association of American

Railroads, the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, and other

interested bodies. This committee also cooperates with the Freight

Container Bureau of the Association of American Railroads in developing standards for slack barrels for fruits and vegetables.

The Committee on ICC Specifications for Tight Barrels cooperates with various organizations in developing proper standards and

specifications for tight barrels for the transportation of explosives

and other dangerous articles. The association assisted the Board of

Trade of the city of Chicago in the development of standard specifications for pork barrels, lard tierces, and tierces for pickled meats.

It also assisted in the promulgation of Congressional acts to fix

the standard barrel for fruits, vegetables, and other dry commodities,

and to standardize lime barrels; also in establishing rules and regulations promulgated under authority of the Federal Standard Barrel

Law, which are set forth in Circular C7l issued by the National

Bureau of Standards. The members of this association are constantly cooperating with container users in the development of

barrels suitable for their products. These barrels are all made from

material produced in accordance with the association's standard

grades and specifications.

201072°—41 %
78 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Inspection

Department, O. W. Stewart, manager, 184 High Street, Boston, Mass.

The Inspection Department of this association of 26 mutual fireinsurance companies serves large industrial plants in the United

States and Canada. It also maintains the Factory Mutual Laboratories for the testing and approval of fire protection devices and devices involving fire hazard. Approved appliances are listed in the

pamphlet "Approved Equipment." The manufacturers use the F. M.

symbol on devices which have received approval. The Inspection

Department formulates specifications for some of the appliances,

writes installation rules, and publishes loss prevention bulletins giving information on safeguards for special hazards and suggested

building construction features. This association is a member of

the fire-protection group of the American Standards Association and

is active in the affairs of the 15 sectional committees of that association dealing with safety codes and materials and equipment for fire

fighting. Through committee representation, the association also

cooperates in the standardization activities of the National Fire Protection Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

the American Society for Testing Materials, and other similar

organizations.

Associated General Contractors of America, Inc., Herbert F. Foreman, managing director, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C.

Standardization and simplification constitute important activities

in the conduct of affairs of this organization. The work is carried

on by various committees and the national staff which, either on their

own initiative or in cooperation with committees of other organizations, have developed standards and specifications approved by the

AGC for the guidance and use of the members of the industry.

Through its Accident Prevention Committee, the association has

published and kept under constant revision the Manual of Accident

Prevention in Construction.

The Joint Conference on Standard Construction Contracts, composed of representatives of the association and those of the principal

public and private associations and societies in the construction industry, formulated standard contract forms for building, engineering, and standard forms for the qualification of bidders on public

and private work, which have been adopted by the AGC.

Several special committees of the association have developed miscellaneous standard forms for construction, including pre-qualification

of bidders, cost of owning construction equipment, etc.

It is a member of the National Safety Council and is actively engaged in promoting interest in accident prevention in construction

as well as considering other matters relating to construction safety

under development by the National Safety Council.

The Mixer Manufacturers Bureau, composed of mixer and paver

manufacturers in the United States, affiliated with the Associated

General Contractors of America, has developed standard sizes and

capacities for concrete mixers and pavers. " Similarly, the Contractors

Pump Bureau, also affiliated with the AGC, has adopted standard

sizes and capacities for contractors' pumps. Both of these standards

are in full effect and the principal manufacturers representing the

great preponderance of production in the industry are guided by

them.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 79

The association cooperates also with the Central Committee on

Lumber Standards in the establishment of American lumber standards dealing with lumber sizes and use classifications of commercial

softwoods ; and with the National Bureau of Standards in the formulation of Simplified Practice Recommendations relating to construction materials and supplies.

The association maintains official representation on 13 sectional

committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association, in developing standards and safety codes covering

various projects in the construction and building industries. It is

also represented on technical committees of the American Society for

Testing Materials engaged in the preparation of standard specifications for cement and for road and paving materials.

Association of American Battery Manufacturers, V. L. Smithers,

commissioner, 2706 First-Central Tower, Akron, Ohio. This asso- ciation is a successor to the National Battery Manufacturers Association. Although it has not set up separate standards for specifications

in the field which it represents, this association maintains a technical

committee through which it coordinates the activities of the National

Bureau of Standards, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the

American Standards Association in all matters pertaining to standards and specifications of storage batteries. This association is represented on the Sectional Committee on Definitions of Electrical

Terms, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association.

Association of American Feed Control Officials (Inc.), Leslie E.

Bopst, secretary-treasurer, College Park, Md. The primary object

of this association is to promote uniformity in legislation, definitions, and rulings, and the enforcement of laws relating to the manufacture, sale, and distribution of feeding stuffs and livestock remedies

in the continent of North America.

The association has officially adopted definitions and standards of

feeding stuffs for the following products: Alfalfa, animal, barley;

brewers' and distillers'; corn, cottonseed, lespedeza, linseed and flax,

marine, milk, mineral, oat, peanut, rice, rye, screenings, soybean,

wheat, yeast, and miscellaneous. It has also given favorable consideration to tentative definitions covering vitamin A and D feeding

oil, dried sugar cane pith, feeding molasses (beet, cane, corn sugar),

sweet potato pulp, fortified cod liver oil, oat flour, and peanut oil

cake. In carrying forward its work the association has adopted

the methods of analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists of North America.

Committees of this association cooperate with committees of the

American Feed Manufacturers' Association and the National Cottonseed Products Association in attaining high standards of feed production and merchandising for the betterment and benefit of the

feed industry as a whole. The association also collaborates with

the United States Food and Drug Administration in the enforcement

of regulations under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

It has adopted uniform types of labels for all classes of feedsManufacturers or jobbers are required to place labels on all packages

of feeds, and the registration of brands and guaranties must be

filed with each State-control agency. A guaranty and label for a
§0 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

brand having been registered may not be subsequently so modified

as to permit the lowering of the quality of the feed, unless it can

be clearly shown that the modification sought to be made is consistent

with the interest of the feeder. The control organization may cancel

the registration of any feed when it has been found that the brand

name is misleading in any respect, or the feed contains an injurious

ingredient, or packages are incorrectly labeled with regard to ingredients, or there is evidence of misbranding or adulteration, or

when labels on packages contain any statement, design, or device

which tends to deceive the purchaser.

Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives, W. S.

Topping, chief inspector, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This

bureau which functions as an agency for cooperation between the

Association of American Railroads and the Interstate Commerce

Commission, maintains a chemical laboratory for the study of explosives and other dangerous articles and containers therefor, and a

force of traveling inspectors to insure compliance with the requirements of the regulations and specifications of the Interstate Commerce Commission dealing with the transportation of explosives

and other dangerous articles.

Association of American Railroads, Engineering Division, Electrical Section, W. S. Lacher, secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street,

Chicago, 111. This section issues a Manual of Recommended Practice

which at present includes specifications for trolley wire; friction

tape; rubber insulating tape; conduit and fittings; stud terminal

bonds; electric light, power supply and trolley lines crossing railways ; and the construction of overhead electric supply lines. It also

contains rules for the prevention of electric sparks that may cause

fire during the transfer of inflammable liquids, rules for flood lighting

and third rail clearance diagram. This section maintains representation on a number of sectional committees functioning under the

procedure of the American Standards Association in connection with

the following projects: rating of rivers; pipe flanges and fittings,

electric wiring and apparatus; insulated wires and cables; hard

drawn aluminum conductors; insulators for electric power lines;

mercury arc rectifiers; railway motors and other rotating electrical

machinery on rail cars and locomotives ; power switchgear ; electrical

measuring instruments; definitions of electrical terms; rotating electrical machinery ; electric welding apparatus ; transformers ; electrical

insulating materials; standardization of vacuum tubes for industrial

purposes, radio-electrical coordination; specifications for soft or annealed copper wire; and specifications for wood poles.

It is also represented on a technical committee of the American

Society for Testing Materials engaged in preparing standard specifications and methods of test for rubber products. It cooperates

with the Rural Electrification Administration in the development of

standard forms of agreement for wire line crossings over railway

tracks.

During the past year the section concentrated its attention on the

revision and abridging of its Manual on Recommended Practice.

Following are subjects on which work is in progress to this end:

participation, through representatives, in revision of National Electrical Safety Code, with particular reference to wire line crossings;
Standardization Activities of Organizations 81

overhead clearance lines for permanent way structures on electrified

lines; protection of tracks used in unloading and loading inflammable liquids from danger of fire caused by electric sparks; and

specifications for electric wire and cables and other electrical material. A special study is being made of national and other widely

used specifications for electrical materials and equipment, with a

view to replacement where possible, of material now in the Manual,

by title references to acceptance standards of other organizations.

Association of American Railroads, Engineering Division, Signal

Section, R. H. C. Balliet, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.

This section harmonizes and coordinates the principles and practices of American railroads, and revises and keeps up-to-date the

drawings and specifications contained in its Manual of Recommended Practice covering design, construction, maintenance, and

operation of railway signaling devices. It has also prepared a

number of educational chapters on American Railway Signaling

Principles and Practices covering subjects in connection with the

various types of signaling and block system devices.

During the past year, committees of this section investigated

the development of new devices, improvement of existing equipment,

and new methods of installation, maintenance, and operation pertinent to the art of signaling and the Manual of Recommended Practice

was brought up-to-date by the adoption and in some cases revision

of various drawings and the following specifications and recommended practice: Electropneumatic switch operating mechanism;

circuit controller for drawbridges; interlocking at drawbridges for

the protection of train movements; mechanically locking the levers

of interlocking machines ; electropneumatic interlocking ; car retarder

system; fence for the protection of traffic against slides and rock

falls; track welding or heat-treating in track circuit territory;

alternating-current and direct-current coded signal systems ; tantalum

rectifiers and valves; tractive armature direct current polarized

relay; track circuit rail bonding; channel pins; automatic block

signaling circuits; made ground for protection against abnormal

potentials; minimizing the effect of foreign current on direct current track circuits ; definitions for technical terms used in signaling

;

instructions; form of agreement for interlocking; joint signal facilities-construction cost detail; performance report-automatic highway

grade crossing protection; signal and interlocking units; signal

glasses; railroad highway grade crossing signs; reflector unit; air

depolarized carbon caustic soda primary cell; lubricating oil; metal

plating; compound for closing wire entrances and openings; sealing

compound for protecting wire entrances and openings; sealing compound for protecting wire entrances, outlets, sleeves, potheads, etc.,

against entrance of moisture ; various types of steel ; paint and painting; highway grade crossing signals; flashing light signal lamp

unit; wires and cables; interlocking; centralized traffic control, and

automatic block signaling systems.

This Section is represented on sectional committees functioning

under the procedure of the American Standards Association dealing

with the following subjects: Standardization and unification of

screw threads ; pipe flanges and fittings ; wire and sheet metal gages

;

National Electrical Safety Code; insulated wires and cables; dry
82 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

cells and batteries ; insulators for electric power lines ; rolled threads

for screw shells of electric sockets and lamp bases; electrical insulating materials; letter symbols and abbreviations for science and

engineering ; and preferred voltages—100 volts and under.

It is also represented on a technical committee of the American

Society for Testing Materials on the subject of insulating tapes.

Association of American Railroads, Freight Claim Division, Lewis

Pilcher, Secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. This

Division publishes a so-called Freight Claim Rule Book, or manual

of practices, in which are set forth (1) rules and standards prescribed for the investigation, adjustment, and interline apportionment of claims paid; (2) lists of freight claim and prevention

officers of carriers; (3) uniform blanks, (4) recommended practices

in loss and damage prevention work, and (5) other information for

use in the freight claim offices of carriers. There are also published

and distributed semiannually, in printed form, interpretations of

freight claim rules as handed down by the committees of the Division,

as result of arbitration procedure.

Association of American Railroads, Freight Container Bureau,

Edward Dahill, chief engineer, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.

In all of its work leading to the formation and adoption of recommended methods or practices for packing, boxing, and crating,

engineers of this bureau cooperated with the officials of the industrial organizations representing manufacturers of these commodities

to which attention is being given; and with the container and accessory manufacturers and their associations.

It is the practice of the bureau to submit all recommendations to

a special committee appointed by the industry to pass on the recommendations before they are approved for printing and distribution.

In several cases the bureau has carried on work leading to the preparation of recommended containers and packing methods at the direct

request of a trade association, which has approved and adopted the

recommendations as standard for its members. The bureau's engineers make shipping and laboratory tests and spend much time at the

shippers' plants, at freight stations, and in consignees' receiving

rooms, gathering information as to what are the causes for loss and

damage to assist in determining how these causes may be eliminated.

A considerable portion of the time of those engineers who are working on fresh fruits and vegetables is spent in the producing territories for the purpose of acquainting the shippers with the recommended containers and standard practices for loading and bracing.

The bureau cooperates very closely with national and local trade

and traffic associations and with various Federal and State agencies. Over 200 standards relating to various types of containers

for packing and shipping of various commodities have been formulated and covered by illustrated pamphlets which have had a wide

distribution. In addition, 561 container specifications and approximately 90 loading rules for fresh fruits and vegetables have been

developed and prepared by the bureau for tariffs effective throughout

the United States.

Association of American Railroads, Joint Committee on Grade

Crossing Protection, L. C. Heilman, secretary, Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. This committee cooperates with State
Standardization Activities of Organizations 83

regulatory bodies, through conferences with the National Association of Railroad and Utilities Commissioners, and particularly with

its committee directly interested in railroad-highway grade crossing

protection matters. During the past year specifications and requisites for automatic crossing gates to be used as an adjunct to the

crossing signal have been developed by the engineering committees

to whom the subject was referred, and these have been accepted by

the joint committee. A number of installations calling for this

additional protection have been made and others are in progress.

At the present time the joint committee has in preparation a

revision in its publication outlining the standards and practices for

railroad-highway grade crossing protection. Among other subjects

that are receiving consideration by the joint committee are the following: Practicable method to provide uniform operating time for

signals at all train speeds; and practicability of, and requisites for,

intermittent and continuous floodlighting for railroad-highway grade

crossings.

Association of American Railroads, Mechanical Division, V. R.

Hawthorne, executive vice chairman; A. C. Browning, secretary, 59

East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. Through the activities of

its different committees and the investigations and research carried

out under their direction, this division has adopted standards and

recommended practices covering materials for cars and locomotives

which are incorporated in a manual. This manual, which is revised

and supplemented annually, includes material specifications for steel

axles, wheels, forgings, tires, steel springs, boilers and fireboxes, iron

and steel castings, pipe and pipe fittings, bearings, rubber hose,

gaskets, and miscellaneous materials. In addition, it publishes a

supplement to the manual which contains drawings for cars and

trucks. The division also issues periodic revisions of manuals relating to wheels and axles, and locomotive tires.

The division through its Committee on Loading Rules publishes

mandatory rules covering standard methods to govern loading of

commodities on open top cars. These methods are formulated in

cooperation with the shippers of such commodities, and are carefully

tested before adoption. Thousands of test loads are annually followed through to destination. These rules are in the interest of

safety to employes, the general public, and lading and equipment.

The division is also represented on the Standards Council and

Mechanical Standards Committee of the American Standards

Association.

The various committees of the division are at present continuing

their investigations and research for the purpose of keeping the

standards and recommended practices revised and up-to-date, and

leading to the adoption of additional practices for the improvement

of railroad rolling stock and motive power.

The Committee on Brakes and Brake Equipment, in cooperation

ith the manufacturers of power brake equipment, is continuing its

research in connection with best means for controlling the speed

and stopping of trains. During the past year the committee in

cooperation with the manufacturers and the Bureau of Safety, Interstate Commerce Commission, completed an investigation of experimental AB freight brakes that had been in continuous service
84 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

for four years without having received any lubrication or other

maintenance work.

The Committee on Couplers and Draft Gears is continuing its

investigation of these devices in cooperation with the manufacturers.

The committee will continue additional check tests of approved draft

gears at the draft gear testing laboratory of the Association located

at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, to assure that draft gears,

as sold, conform to the gears upon which certificate of approval

was granted.

The Committee on Car Construction, in cooperation with the Design Committee of the American Railway Car Institute, continues

its work in connection with designs of standard cars. The committee is giving special attention to the matter of light-weight

designs of freight cars, including the matter of fusion-welded

construction.

The Committee on Specifications for Materials, in cooperation

with other committees of the division and manufacturers, is conducting studies and review of the material specifications of the

division to insure the specifications shall represent the best materials

obtainable. This committee is also cooperating with the Committee

on Car Construction in testing new designs of cast steel side frames

and bolsters and with the mechanical engineer in tests of axles.

The Committee on Wheels, in cooperation with the technical

committees representing the various types of wheels, is carrying on

investigation and research in connection with the specifications,

designs, and service of the various kinds of wheels.

The Committee on Tank Cars is cooperating with the builders,

owners, and users of tank cars in connection with designs and service

of tank cars and tank-car appliances and devices. The committee

keeps in close touch with the service rendered by the experimental

tank cars constructed under authority granted by the Interstate

Commerce Commission. Revised specifications of the ICC for tanks

to be mounted upon, or form part of a car, have been approved and

adopted, the committee has reviewed and revised AAR requirements

for tank cars to be consistent therewith. The revised specifications

are published by the division.

The Committee on Locomotive Construction, in cooperation with

a committee of engineers representing the locomotive builders, is

conducting an investigation and research for the purpose of improving the design and service of locomotives, and in increasing the

degree of standardization of fundamental parts of locomotive design.

The division maintains a laboratory at the plant of the Timken

Roller Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio, for fatigue testing of full size

car axles. Through research conducted at this laboratory the division has adopted new and improved design for passenger car axles.

Research is continuing to develop improved material specifications

for passenger car axles for heavy duty service.

Association of American Railroads, Electrical Section, Mechanical

Division, J. A. Andreucetti, secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street,

Chicago, 111. Through the activities of its various committees and

the investigation and research carried out under their direction, this

section has adopted standards and recommended practices in regard

to cars and locomotives which are incorporated in a manual. This
Standardization Activities of Organizations 85

manual, which is revised and supplemented annually, includes electrical equipment on railroad cars, namely, generators, storage batteries, air conditioning and heating auxiliaries, automatic air-brake

control, etc.; electrical equipment for diesel locomotives; turbo generators and auxiliaries for steam locomotives ; electric welding equip - ment; radios applied to railway cars; motors and control equipment

for shops and power plants. The various committees of the section

are at the present time continuing investigation and research in connection with the subjects above enumerated.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, G. C. Randall, Chairman, General Committee, L. R. Knott,

secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. Through the

activities of its different committees, this division deals with rules

and regulations governing car service, demurrage and storage, and

also with rules and rates governing payment by a railroad for use

and detention of cars not owned by that road. It assigns "reporting

marks" by which cars and other equipment used in interchange are

identified and recorded. The Official Railway Equipment Register,

issued quarterly, contains detailed information concerning the nearly

2,000,000 cars regularly used in interchange service. This division

publishes recommended methods, which are now prepared by the

Committee on Closed Car Loading Rules of the Freight Station Section, for loading commodities in closed cars. Pamphlets have been issued covering the loading of many items,

including automobiles, trailers, commodities in bags, barrels, drums,

kegs, storage batteries, brick and hollow building tile, hot top brick,

butter in tubs, cable and similar commodities on reels, car wheels,

empty cylinders, commodities in fibreboard containers, rules governing the loading, bracing and blocking of freight, bulk grain, grain

and grain products in fibreboard containers and sacks, ink and like

commodities, dressed lumber and millwork, livestock, machinery,

marble in slabs, newsprint, book and printing paper, paint, paper and

similar commodities on skids, plasterboard, wallboard and lath,

radiators, mechanical refrigerators, prepared roofing materials, soda

ash, steel products, pulp grinder stones, stoves and ranges and tin

plate on wooden skid platforms. It has also issued recommended

rules for the receipt, stowing, handling and delivery of less-thancarload freight. In addition, this division has prepared circulars on

rules governing the location of loading racks, unloading points and

storage facilities for any inflammable liquid with flash point below

30 degrees Fahrenheit; procedure to be followed in connection with

regulations regarding the unloading of tanks containing chlorine on

carrier tracks ; rules relating to the unloading of tank cars containing

liquefied petroleum gas (butane or propane) ; and recommended

practice for the prevention of electric sparks that may cause fire during the transfer of inflammable liquids to or from rail equipment.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, Fire Protection and Insurance Section, W. F. Steffens,

secretary, 230 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y.

This section, composed of representatives of member lines actively

employed in the work of fire protection and its allied subjects, including insurance, was formed in 1939. This group formerly functioned independently as the Railway Fire Protection Association.
86 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

This section has for its objectives the improvement of methods of fire

protection and prevention, the establishment of safeguards against

loss of property and life by fire, and the standardization of practices

through the interchange of ideas and experiences.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, Medical and Surgical Section, J. C. Caviston, secretary, 30

Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This section handles matters re- lating to the health of railroad employees and patrons. It cooperates

with State health bodies, and with the United States Department of

Public Health, insofar as sanitation and similar matters concern employees and passengers. It has adopted recommended physical standards for railroad employees, by classes, as well as standard forms

for conducting such physical examinations, making surgeon's report

of injuries, etc.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, Operating Section, J. C. Caviston, secretary, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. The functions of this Section have to do

with the development of rules and practices with respect to operating

phases of railroading. It publishes and keeps up-to-date by periodic

revisions (a) the Standard Code of Operating Rules, (b) the Standard Code of Block Signal Rules and Interlocking Rules, (c) and

the Standard Form for Detour Agreements. It also issues rules

and recommended practices for handling of interline baggage between carriers. The present wording of the Standard Codes was

adopted in November 1938.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, Protective Section, J. C. Caviston, secretary, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. The functions of this section relate to the

police protection of shipments and passengers, and particularly to

the prevention of thefts. The section is a clearing house for all

railroad police or special service departments throughout the United

States and Canada. It prepares and distributes monthly, statistics

regarding trespassers and also issues a monthly News Letter containing items of particular interest to railroad and other law enforcing officers. The section has been largely instrumental in effecting very close cooperation with other national law enforcing agencies,

as well as with municipal police authorities.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, Safety Section, J. C. Caviston, secretary, 30 Vesey Street,

New York, N. Y. The activities of this section are primarily devoted

to the prevention of accidents to employees and the public, through

educational channels. It prepares and issues monthly illustrated

circulars and posters relative to particular types of accidents. Some

of these publications are directed to the prevention of accidents at

railroad-highway grade crossings and to trespassers on railroad property, in which the public is more directly concerned. It also prepares

monthly statistical reports covering employee casualty ratios and

grade crossing accidents.

A code of safety rules covering the three major departments of the

railroads is now nearing completion and will be ready for distribution during the current year.

Association of American Railroads, Operating—Transportation

Division, Telegraph and Telephone Section, W. A. Fairbanks, secre-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 87

tary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. In its looseleaf manual

for use by engineering and field forces are included more than 350

recommended specifications and practices for the advancement of

efficiency of the telegraph and telephone departments of the railroad

service, and the standardization of plant, equipment, and practices.

The section maintains numerous standing committees which are

engaged in the completion and revision of rules, recommendations,

and specifications respecting the construction and maintenance of

the outside plant (including pole line and underground construction; joint and conflicting construction; preservative treatment;

terminal, aerial wire and cable construction; cable splicing; transpositions; maintenance; electrolysis, wire crossing; and material,

tools and equipment) ; construction and maintenance of the inside

plant (including apparatus, material, and tools; locations and layouts; telephone and miscellaneous equipment; telegraph equipment;

design of circuits; and printer telegraph apparatus) ; transmission;

research and development, protection, radio and wire carrier systems

;

communication plant operation and inductive interference.

The personnel of the committees include recognized authorities

on subjects assigned. Through this membership, recommendations

and specifications are developed which are truly representative and

which can be safely followed by the communication departments of

the member roads throughout the country, thus insuring a high

standard of efficiency.

This section maintains representation on sectional committees

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association dealing with the following subjects: Manhole frames and

covers, code for protection against lightning, radio, specifications for

dry cells and batteries, electrical insulating materials, radio-electrical

coordination, specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel, specifications for soft or annealed copper wire, specifications for wood

poles, standards for graphic presentation, miscellaneous pole line

material and unification of methods of designating wire and sheet

metal gages.

Association of American Railroads, Purchases and Stores Division, W. J. Farrell, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.

Committees of this division are actively engaged in preparing

standards, specifications, and recommended rules and practices, in

order to bring about the highest efficiency in economy in the purchasing, handling, and distribution of materials and supplies in the

railway industry. It has prepared a Purchasing and Stores Department Manual containing recommended rules and practices; a standard material classification; a standard scrap classification; specifications for tin and sheet metalware; simplified lists of sizes of various

items of materials.

During the past year committees of this division have carried on

work in connection with the standardization of quality and sizes of

paper; standard specifications for various items of stationery, such

as envelopes, car cards, shipping tags, baggage checks, etc.; also in

simplification and standardization of stores stock covering the following: Suggested unification of specifications for rivet steel and

rivets; simplification of electric lamps for signal purposes; simplification of sizes of rolled steel wheels for engine trucks ; recommenda-
88 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

tions in connection with standardization of electric hand lanterns for

trainmen; suggestions for standard specifications for paint, varnish,

and cleaning brushes; simplification of sizes of mechanical steel

tubing (revision) ; suggested unification of specifications for structural steel shapes, plates, and bars for locomotive and car use;

simplification of sizes for bridge reamers, standard length and short

body; and hand reamers.

The division is continuing its activities with the ultimate aim

of making further recommendations for efficient practices in the

purchasing, handling, storing, and distribution of materials and

supplies, through investigations, studies, and deliberations by its

regular subject committees. The division is represented on the

Standards Council of the American Standards Association.

Association of American Wood Pulp Importers, Johannes Westergaard, president, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association is officially represented, with the American Paper and Pulp

Association and the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper

Industry, on a joint committee to approve and govern the actions

of commercial chemists engaged in the testing of wood pulp for the

paper industry in the United States. Official rules relating to the

weighing, sampling, and testing of wood pulp for moisture have

been formally approved and adopted by this association. It maintains a Traffic Committee which cooperates with railroads, steamship companies, and storage warehouses in the establishment of a

standard set of storage and rail freight rates.

Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, Preston S. Millar,

secretary, East End Avenue at Seventy-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. Much of the work in standardization as relates to this association is carried on in cooperation with technical organizations,

notably, the American Standards Association. It served as joint

sponsor for two sectional committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association, as follows: Insulated

Wires and Cables for Other Than Telephone and Telegraph Use

(with nine other organizations) ; and in the development of the Code

of Electricity Meters (with the National Bureau of Standards and

the National Electric Light Association, now the Edison Electric

Institute). It also participated in the preparation of specifications

for dry cells and batteries and the National Electric Safety Code,

both of which were approved by the American Standards Association.

It is officially represented on 19 ASA sectional committees dealing

with the following projects: Code for pressure piping; code for

lighting factories, mills, and other work places; insulated wires and

cables; insulators for electric power lines; mercury arc rectifiers;

power switchgear ; radio, revision of National Electrical Safety Code

code for protection against lightning ; rolled threads for screw shells

of electric sockets and lamp bases; specifications for wood poles;

standards and specifications for domestic refrigerators; pipe flanges

and fittings ; definitions of electrical terms ; standardization of dimensions and materials of wrought iron and wrought steel pipe and

tubing; identification of piping systems; revision of code for electricity meters; dry cells and storage batteries; revision of American

standard for shaft couplings, integrally forged flanged type, for

hydro-electric units.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 89

In consultation with the Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association, the High Tension Cable Committee of this association prepared specifications for impregnated paper insulated, lead-covered

cable, solid and oil-field types, which were printed by the association. Through its Committee on Electric Switching and Switchgear,

there were prepared specifications for oil circuit breakers, which

were also printed by the association.

Association of Gas Appliance and Equipment Manufacturers,

C. W. Berghorn, managing director, 60 East Forty-second Street, New

York, N. Y. This organization represents manufacturers of gas

appliances and gas plant and distribution equipment.

The association works closely with the American Gas Association

and through representation on Sectional Committee on Approval and

Installation Requirements for Gas Burning Appliances, functioning

under the auspices of the American Standards Association, cooperates

with other organizations in the development of American standards

covering gas appliances and equipment.

Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, Brent Wiley,

managing director, Empire Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standards,

specifications, and codes formulated and adopted by this association

include electric overhead traveling cranes, heavy-duty steel mill service; guide forms, steel-mill auxiliary control, alternating-current

motors for main roll drives; commutating-pole mill-type motors:

engine stops; 40-inch blooming-mill drives; and rules for the safe

operation of traveling cranes.

The association has prepared reports covering standard practices

in connection with the type of lubrication and method of application

to all types of equipment and apparatus used in the iron and steel

industry; standardized operation and maintenance of electric overhead traveling cranes ; standardized method for the organization and

operation of engineering and maintenance departments; uniform

methods of measuring fuel efficiencies, both for heating furnaces

and boilers; a preliminary report on the standardization of control apparatus for open-hearth furnaces; and a report showing the

location, horsepower, and electrical characteristics of every motor 300-

horsepower and over installed on main-roll drives in the iron and

steel industry in the United States and Canada. It has also prepared

reports, charts, and data indicating the developments in the iron and

steel industry for 25 years.

The association has also prepared reports relating to the application of antifriction bearings, mill-type motors, cranes, and roll necks

;

standardized full magnetic direct -current controllers for use in steel

mills; safety regulations for the handling of fuels; safety regulations necessary when working on high-tension lines; and the life of

wire rope used on ladle cranes in the iron and steel industry.

Association of Lift Truck and Portable Elevator Manufacturers,

Howard R. Waterbury, executive secretary & treasurer, P. O. Box

295, Stamford, Conn. Established in 1920, this association has, as

one of its primary objects, the standardization of the products of the

industry which it represents. During the past year, this organization revised and brought up to date its specifications covering lift

trucks, skid platforms, portable elevators, and storage racks. These

standards are now in general use throughout the industry.
90 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Association of Manufacturers of Chilled Car Wheels, F. H. Hardin,

president, 445 North Sacramento Boulevard, Chicago, 111. ; 230 Park

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association, organized in 1908, includes in its membership every commercial manufacturer of chilled

car wheels in the United States and Canada.

The functions of this organization are divided into several primary

responsibilities, namely, research related to improvements in chemical, phyiscal, and metallurgical properties of material; inspection of

the manufactured product and the standardization of specifications

and inspection methods; and standardization of wheel design.

The association maintains several standing committees dealing

with metallurgical research projects, wheel design and specifications.

In carrying out its functions the association cooperates with technical committees of the Association of American Railroads and the

American Society for Testing Materials on standardization matters

relating to methods of testing, theory and practice of mounting railroad wheels on axles, and wheel design. It maintains also a wellequipped laboratory in Chicago for research purposes.

The association has issued a Manual of Inspection which includes a

code of practice covering specifications relative to pouring, annealing,

and testing ; recommended practices with respect to inspection for the

purpose of eliminating any product which has been found to be imperfect or undesirable; instructions covering association standard

forms; and specifications of the Association of American Railroads

for cast-iron wheels for locomotives, tenders, and cars. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (Inc.), W. W.

Skinner, secretary-treasurer, Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station,

Washington, D. C. The chief function of this association is the development of methods of chemical analysis for foods, drugs, agricultural products, and other related items, which results in the publication every 5 years of a book entitled Official and Tentative Methods

of Analysis. Incident to this work the association advises with other

organizations on questions on standardization of these types of

commodities.

A committee of this association cooperates with several committees

of other organizations on food definitions, and also with the Food

Standards Committee of the United States Food and Drug Administration. Other committees of this association carry on work that

deals with the quartz-plate standardization and normal weight, and

definitions of terms and interpretation of results on fertilizers and

liming materials.

The association cooperates with the American Public Health Association in the preparation of standard methods of milk, analysis,

and with the committee on revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia on methods of testing drugs and medicinal products.

Association of Official Seed Analysts, W. A. Davidson, secretarytreasurer, care of U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Research Center, Beltsville, Md. The activities of this association in

the field of standardization of methods of testing is carried on primarily by the association's Research Committee. This committee,

for a number of years, studied the methods by which the germination and purity of seeds are determined, and has endeavored to develop standard means of making such tests that would eliminate,
Standardization Activities of Organizations 91

insofar as is possible, the human element which tends toward lack

of uniformity in results. The committee, in addition to carrying

on research into methods of test, endeavors to foster greater uniformity in the results of the present methods used, by circulating

among the members of the association, as well as among commercial

seed analysts, samples which have been referred to as referee samples,

The results of the tests made by the various laboratories are tabulated,

so that each analyst may determine the extent to which his interpretation complied with those of other analysts.

At a recent meeting of the association, action was taken to further

coordinate these activities by appointing three members of its Research Committee to work with a representative of the seed laboratory in the United States Department of Agriculture, for the purpose

of developing more standardized methods in the testing of seed.

The committee consists of representatives from two States, the United

States Department of Agriculture, and the Canadian Department

of Agriculture. The association is a member of the International

Seed Testing Association, which consists of official laboratories primarily in European countries. The purpose of the International

Seed Testing Association is to develop uniform methods of such

testing for international trade in seeds.

Association of Refrigerated Warehouses. This organization is a

division of the American Warehousemen's Association. See outline

of latter association on page 67.

Association of Roller and Silent Chain Manufacturers, Guy A.

Wainwright, secretary, 402 Kentucky Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind.

This organization is interested in standardization of dimensions of

roller and silent chains and sprockets for the purpose of securing

interchangeability, and also in standard recommendations for power

capacity and speed of these chains. Subcommittees of engineers are

appointed from time to time to deal with specified subjects, and their

work is reviewed and approved by the entire association. The association, itself, does not publish standards, preferring to sponsor

standards for adoption through the procedure of the American

Standards Association. It cooperates with the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, American

Petroleum Institute, and the American Gear Manufacturers Association in standardization matters of mutual interest.

Automobile Manufacturers Association, William J. Cronin, secre- tary, Maufacturers Committee, New Center Building, Detroit, Mich.

Practically all standarization work arising in the industry represented by this organization is conducted through the Society of

Automotive Engineers financed in substantial part by grant from

the association. The association cooperated with the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety in the preparation and promulgation of State and city traffic ordinances.

With the American Petroleum Institute and the Society of Automotive Engineers, it maintains 13 research associates at the National

Bureau of Standards working on problems dealing with motor-fuel

knock rating and fuel requirements of cars, and flow characteristics

of aircraft fuel systems.

The association is officially represented on four sectional committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards
92 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Association, in connection with standards for the inspection of motor

vehicles, safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery, standards for graphic presentation, and petroleum products and lubricants.

Book Manufacturers' Institute, Inc., J. Raymond Tiffany, general

counsel, 25 West Forty-third Street, New York, N. Y. , The principal standardization activities of this institute have been in connection

with the development of commercial standards for various kinds of

materials used in book manufacture. In cooperation with the Employing Bookbinders of America, this organization initiated the

establishment of Commercial Standards CS49-34 covering chip board,

laminated chip board, and miscellaneous boards for bookbinding purposes; and CS57-40 for book cloths, buckrams, and impregnated

fabrics for bookbinding purposes, except library bindings. It also

cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS50-34 for binders board. All of

these standards which have been promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards have been adopted by the industry.

The institute has also collaborated with a committee of textbook

publishers and representatives of State departments of education

in formulating minimum standard specifications for school textbooks.

The States having adopted these minimum manufacturing standards

and specifications to date are : North and South Carolina, Florida,

Tennessee, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas.

Brake Lining Manufacturers' Association, Inc., C. A. Ekwall,

secretary, 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. The Technical

Committee of this association is responsible for the standardization

and simplification of the product of this industry. This committee

has cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the development of specifications for a brake-lining testing machine which

the Bureau has constructed for testing purposes. The committee also

collaborated with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in

the formulation and revision of Federal specification covering brake

lining.

Buff and Polishing Wheel Manufacturers Association, Inc., H. L.

Gaardsmoe, secretary, 110 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

The only program which this organization has developed along

standardization or simplification lines has been the development of

a standard stock schedule of sizes of buffing wheels. This resulted

in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation

R115-30, which was promulgated by the National Bureau of

Standards.

Building Officials' Conference of America, John W. Oehmann,

president, 1253 Lawrence Street NE., Washington, D. C. The

primary object of this organization is the discussion of principles

and practices underlying the laws and ordinances relating to buildings so far as concerns structural safety, fire hazard, and housing

conditions; the methods of administration of such laws and ordinances ; and the development and recommendation of regulations and

legislation.

It does not offer to set up any standards of materials or construction. Through official committee representation, this organization has cooperated with other bodies, under the procedure of the

American Standards Association, in the development of the build-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 93

ing exits code, specifications for fire tests of building construction

and material, and the manual of accident prevention in construction.

It is serving as joint sponsor with the American Municipal Association and the Pacific Coast Building Officials Conference for the

ASA Sectional Committee on Administrative Requirements for

Building Codes. The conference is represented on additional ASA

sectional committees dealing with building code requirements and

good practice recommendations for masonry, building code requirements for light and ventilation, building code requirements for

excavations and foundations, and building code requirements for iron

and steel.

Calcium Chloride Association, Ray A. Giddings, secretary, Penobscot Building, Detroit, Mich. The primary object of this association

is to conduct research, and to distribute information relative to the

uses of calcium chloride. Although it does not of itself prepare

standards, this association has adopted for the use of its members

the standard specifications for calcium of the American Society for

Testing Materials, and the specifications of the American Association

of State Highway Officials for the use of calcium chloride in stabilizing soil aggregate mixtures. The Technical Committee of this

association assists in the development, revision, and use of these

specifications.

The association maintains a research associate at the National

Bureau of Standards in connection with volume studies of concrete,

and through other current research fellowships at Michigan State

College, Purdue University, and West Virginia University School of

Mines, seeks to establish standards for recommendation of calcium

chloride use in concreting, consolidation of soil aggregate roads, treatment of soils to prevent frost heaving, and for dustproofing and

freezeproofing coal.

This association promulgates standards for various uses of the

product, such as the properties of calcium chloride solutions for

refrigerating brine, freezeproofing water for fire barrels, poster paste,

tractor tire ballast, etc. Such standards, adopted by its committee

of technical representatives, serve to correlate the data of the member

producers.

California Fruit Exchange, F. W. Reed, assistant general manager,

P. O. Box 2038, Blue Anchor Building, Sacramento,, Calif. This

exchange is a growers cooperative marketing organization, which

markets the fruit of some 3,000 grower members, who are organized

into approximately 50 local associations and large contract shippers.

It has developed grade specifications for fruits and grapes, together

with approved and recommended methods of packing. Fruits which

meet the standard grades of the exchange are permitted to carry

the trade-mark label on each individual container.

For approximately 20 years this organization has maintained a

Committee on Standardization, which cooperates with the standardization department in the development of grades and standards for

marketing fresh deciduous-tree fruits and grapes.

California Olive Association, E. Hevel, assistant secretary, 216

Pine Street, San Francisco, Calif. This organization has developed

nine canned olive size grades under which canned ripe olives are

201072°—41 7
94 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

graded and sold. These grades are based on the California Ripe

Olive Standardization Act, revised to 1935, which provides certain

standards of quality, fill of container, and requirements for marking

of olives packed in tin or glass containers.

California Redwood Association, Kenneth Smith, president and

general manager, 405 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, Calif. An

important function of this association is the standardization of

grades, sizes, patterns, and grade marks for redwood lumber. This

work is carried on by the Grading Committee and the Pattern Book

Committee, which serve as advisory committees to the association.

This association has adopted standard specifications for grades of

California redwood lumber and standard patterns of worked redwood lumber. It has also adopted official grade marks which appear on lumber signifying that it has been graded in accordance

with the standard specifications of the association. These marks are

applied by graders of member companies or licensees whose grading

is supervised and approved by the Department of Inspection and

Grades of this association or by association inspectors.

The Grading Committee has worked with the Water Cooling

Tower Association toward the standardization of grades of redwood

cooling tower lumber.

This association cooperates with other lumber organizations and

with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards in keeping current the American Lumber Standards set forth in Simplified Practice

Recommendation R16, promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards. The association's grading rules for redwood

lumber are in accordance with these standards.

The association has also cooperated with regional associations

under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards in the development of Commercial Standards for shingles and for tank stock

lumber.

California Walnut Growers Association, A. W. Christie, field

manager, 1745 East Seventh Street, Los Angeles, Calif. Following

investigation and report by its Standardization Committee, this association, through its Board of Directors, adopted specifications covering all the different packs of walnuts sold both shelled and unshelled.

These specifications are closely similar to those established under the

Federal Walnut Marketing Agreement in effect under the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and are also similar to standards

for United States grades for both shelled and unshelled walnuts.

Canners League of California, Preston McKinney, vice president

and secretary, 64 Pine Street, San Francisco, Calif. The league,

a trade association of fruit and vegetable canners, was established in

1905.

It maintains a Standards Committee whose function it is to keep

the league's standards current and to cooperate in the formulation

and revision of specifications for canned fruits issued by various

agencies of the Federal Government.

The league has published the eighth edition of specifications for

the grades of California canned fruits which include apricots, cherries, figs, fruit cocktails, fruits for salad, grapes, peaches, pears,

plums, prunes, and spiced fruits.

Canning Machinery & Supplies Association, S. G. Gorsline, secre- tary, 827 Bedford Road, Battle Creek, Mich. The standardization
Standardization Activities of Organizations 95

activities of this organization are carried on in cooperation with

associations dealing with the establishment of standards for materials used in canning purposes. It has cooperated with the National Canners Association in the standardization of sizes of tin

cans and with the Glass 'Container Association of America in developing standard sizes of glass containers.

This association is represented on the sectional committees of the

American Standards Association dealing with the following projects:

Allowance and tolerances for cylindrical parts and limit gages;

safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery; specifications

for pressure and vacuum gages, and classification and designation

of surface qualities.

Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, Thomas F. Wolfe, research

engineer, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This organization is cooperating with sectional committees of the American

Standards Association in developing standard specifications for castiron pipe and fittings; preparation of a code for pressure piping;

and development of flange standards. It also cooperates with the

American Gas Association in formulating standards for mechanical

joints for gas pipe, and in the preparation of specifications for plain

end cast-iron pipe and fittings for use in gas distribution lines.

This association has adopted a symbol—a letter "Q" with a check

which is stenciled on each length of pipe produced by the members

of the association. Its purpose is to identify the pipe as cast iron

pipe. The association states that the reason for the adoption of the

symbol is the fact that it desires to advertise cast iron pipe to the

public, even though it is not purchased directly by it except through

taxes. It is felt that in the absence of an identification mark the

public would have no way of knowing whether the pipe being installed in their streets was cast-iron pipe or some other type of pipe.

Cast Iron Pressure Pipe Institute, J. R. Dangler, executive vice

chairman, 1006 Earle Building, Washington, D. C. This organization cooperates with technical committees of certain associations who

are engaged in standardizing the principal products of this industry.

The institute has adopted the following standards and specifications

which are being used by the member companies in the manufacture

of industry items : Federal specification for cast-iron water pipe

;

American standard specification for cast-iron pit cast pipe for water

or other liquids ; American standard specifications for cement mortar

lining for cast-iron pipe and fittings; American Water Works Association standard specifications for cast-iron water pipe and special

castings; American Gas Association standard specifications for castiron pipe and special castings, and manual for computation of

strength and thickness of cast-iron pipe, approved as American rec- ommended practice by the American Standards Association.

Cellulose Plastics Manufacturers' Association, John E. Walker,

secretary, 631 Tower Building, Washington, D. C. The Trade Customs Committee of this association has authority to consider all matters relating to standardization of products, codes of ethics, and other

trade practices. Standards for pyroxylin sheets, rods, and tubes

covering standard sizes, dimensions, and tolerances, prepared and

recommended by this committee, have been approved and adopted

by the association.
96 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Central Committee on Lumber Standards. (See page 11.)

Certified Milk Producers Association of America (Inc.), S. W.

Shoemaker, secretary, 1265 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Standardized methods for the production and distribution of "certified

milk," as formulated by the American Association of Medical Milk

Commissions, have been adopted by this organization.

Chain Institute, Inc., W. S. McCann, secretary, 208 South La Salle

Street, Chicago, 111. Simplification and standardization of chains

form a major part of the activities of this organization. The Committee on Simplified Specifications of this institute sponsored the

movement for the reduction in the number of sizes of chains appearing in the manufacturers' catalogs. This resulted in the formulation of Simplified Practice Recommendation R100, covering standard stock items of welded chains, promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards.

Through its Committee on Tire Chain Specifications, the institute

has prepared, and keeps constantly under revision, specifications for

several types of tire chains relative to material, physical dimensions,

tolerances, and other requirements for the various sizes and dimensions of pneumatic tires. The Institute's Committee on Welded

and Weldless Chain Specifications is at the present time cooperating

with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in revising the

Federal specification covering standard miscellaneous chains and

attachments.

Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, Washington, D. C. One of the main activities of this organization in the

field of standardization is the cooperative and educational service

it renders through its large membership and its numerous contacts

with business in encouraging the elimination of waste in industry.

The national chamber also acts as a means for bringing together various groups of industries in an attempt to solve their standardization

problems, either alone or through the procedure of the various sec- tions of the United States Department of Commerce created for the

specific purpose of aiding this type of work.

The Domestic Distribution Department has given consideration

to problems relating to the simplification and standardization of

consumer goods.

The Trade Association Department of the chamber has from time

to time made studies of trade promotional activities of associations

which included references to standards, inspection, certification, and

labeling of commodities.

Chlorine Institute, Inc., Robert T. Baldwin, secretary, 50 East

Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y. All standardization work of

this organization is carried on by its Committee on Container Specifications and Safety. The function of this committee is to develop

and to keep under constant revision specifications covering certain

items used in the chlorine industry.

The institute has adopted specifications for safety valves, dome

cover plate, dome cover lid stop, and standard angle valves for

chlorine tank cars. These are recommended standards and have

been approved by the Committee on Tank Cars of the Association of

American Railroads.
Standardisation Activities of Organizations 97

In addition, the institute has adopted a standard method for the

determination of hydrogen in loaded tank cars. At the present time the institute's Committee on Container Specifications and Safety is engaged in revising specifications for valves

and fusible plugs for cylinders and ton containers for liquid chlorine,

and in providing standard means of unloading chlorine tank cars. The institute cooperates actively with the Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Association in matters relating to general interest in the

safe transportation of compressed gases.

Clay Products Association, J. D. Cook, secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This association is a member of the

American Society for Testing Materials, through which it cooperates

with its committees dealing with drain tile, clay pipe, and manufactured masonry units. In this connection, it assisted the society

in the formulation of ASTM specifications for clay sewer pipe and

the methods to be used in testing. In addition, this association has

printed a pamphlet entitled, Tentative Standards for Vitrified Clay

Products, which is intended to be used as a guide to manufacturers.

These tentative standards cover vitrified salt-glazed clay sewer pipe

and fittings; fire-clay flue linings and fittings; flue or chimney pipe

and fittings; wall coping and fittings, and specifications for the laying of vitrified salt-glazed clay sewer pipe.

During the past 2 years, through the Armour Research Foundation, the institute has been carrying on a research in connection with

a jointing compound for vitrified clay sewer pipe. This research

has been completed, and the material known as clay pipe jointing

compound 111 is now ready for the market.

Clay Sewer Pipe Association, Inc., 947 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This association represents most of the manufacturers

of vitrified clay sewer pipe and allied products, whose plants are

located in the northeastern part of the United States including the

territory from Indiana to the Atlantic seaboard and from Virginia

to Canada. The association is engaged in the preparation and re- vision of standards of quality and dimensions of heavy clay products including single strength, double strength, and extra strength

sewer pipe and sewer pipe fittings; sewer liner plates; flue linings

and fittings; stove pipe and fittings; wall copings and fittings; and

traps and plumbing fittings.

The association is represented on the Technical Committee of the

American Society for Testing Materials in connection with the

standardization of specifications for clay sewer pipe. It is in active

cooperation with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee

in the consideration of Federal vitrified clay sewer pipe specifications; and with the highway departments of the States in its territory, and with municipal and industrial engineers on the same subject.

Collapsible Tube Manufacturers Association, Lester B. Piatt, sec- retary, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, K Y. Through

long time practice and experience in the trade, this industry, prior to

the formation of the present association, developed and adopted a standardization schedule of sizes and weights for tin, lead, and aluminum tubes. In addition, it has also standardized the thread dimensions used on the tube necks and caps to conform to the threads
98 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

employed by the manufacturers of molded bakelite caps which are

purchased from the plastic trade.

Commercial Refrigerator Manufacturers Association, Paul H.

Sullivan, executive secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago,

111. Neither this association, nor the industry which it represents, has

formulated or adopted any standards covering refrigerator equipment. It has, however, worked very closely with governmental

agencies over a period of years in developing approved specifications

covering the requirements of various departments of the Federal

Government in connection with refrigerators or coolers of all types

for the preservation or storage of perishables. These include meat

coolers, storage rooms, refrigerated containers for storage and/or

transportation of perishables, refrigerators for biological purposes,

hospital refrigerators, and mortuary refrigerators.

Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains, H. J. Conn,

chairman, Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. This

commission is essentially a coordinating committee, representing

several organizations, whose activities deal with the standardization

and simplification of biological stains. Much of the work of this

commission deals with standardization of the nomenclature, eliminations of brands, and formulation of specifications under the most

commonly used biological stains. Cooperation is in effect with the

American Pharmaceutical Association, as a result of which specifications of biological dyes have recently been published in the Bulletin

of the National Formulary Committee, which have the endorsement

of that committee and of the Commission on Standardization of

Biological Stains, as well.

Certification labels are issued by the commission to manufacturers

of biological stains, the certification label on any bottle of stain

meaning that a sample of the particular batch of stain from which

the contents of the bottle were taken has been submitted to the

commission for testing, and a portion is permanently on file in the

chairman's office; that the sample proves true to type as judged

by spectrophotometry tests; that its dye content is up to specification and is correctly indicated on the label; that it has been tested

by experts in the procedures named on the label and has been found

satisfactory; and that no other batch can be sold under the same

certification number except by such a breach of confidence on the

part of the manufacturer as to risk losing the good will of the

commission. Up to the present time 50 stains have been put on a

certification basis by the commission.

Compressed Air Institute, C. C. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West

Street, New York, N. Y. The membership of this organization

comprises the principal manufacturers of air and gas compressors,

pneumatic tools, and rock drills. Standardization work of this institute is carried on through its Technical Committee, to which all

projects are referred for final approval.

The institute has developed and prepared the fifth edition of Trade

Standards, which includes standards for rating, testing, installation,

and care for all types of displacement compressors, and apparatus

of various types of compressors operated by compressed air. The

standards include also a summary of nomenclature and terminology

relating to air compressors. The institute is represented on five
Standardization Activities of Organizations 99

sectional committees of the American Standards Association dealing

with the following subjects : safety code for compressed air machinery

and equipment; code for pressure piping; petroleum products and

lubricants; work in compressed air; and graphical symbols and

abbreviations for use on drawings.

Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Association, Inc., F. R. Fetherston, secretary, 11 West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This

association has developed a safety device schedule which represents

the minimum requirements recommended for safety devices for cylinders of a capacity not exceeding 1,000 pounds of water. These data

may be extended to cover safety devices for larger containers when

and if necessity arises.

Through its Sulphur Dioxide Committee, the association has approved a tentative standard method of analysis for refrigeration grade

liquid sulfur dioxide.

The Test and Specification Committee of this association takes an

active part in the revision of the Interstate Commerce Commission

regulations for the transportation of explosives and other dangerous

articles by freight and express, and in baggage service, including

specifications for shipping containers.

The association cooperates with the American Standards Association through representation on sectional committees dealing with the

development of specifications for pressure and vacuum gages, code for

pressure piping, safety code for mechanical refrigeration, and safety

code for compressed air machinery and equipment. It is also represented on the technical committee on gaseous fuels of the American

Society for Testing Materials.

Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, EL C. Delzell, executive

secretary, Builders Building, Chicago, 111. The primary objects of

this organization are to foster and increase the use of reinforced

concrete construction; to carry on research work, publish and disseminate information as to the safe and proper materials to be used

in reinforced concrete construction, and the proper methods of their

use; to aid and promote the standardization of materials and

nomenclature, the standardization of specifications and building

codes, and the standardization of engineering practice methods of

fabrication, forms of proposal, and contracts.

This institute maintains two committees which deal with work in

standardization and simplification, these being the Committee on

Engineering Practice, and the Committee on Standards Practice.

The former committee, through its Subcommittee on Research and

Tests, has conducted, and is still continuing to conduct, studies and

tests on steel used for concrete reinforcement. It completed behavior

studies of the various types of high-yield-point steels when used

as tension reinforcement in concrete beams; and also bond tests

using reinforcing bars with varying degrees of rust. These tests

were conducted by the Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University, under the direction of the institute.

A research program under way at the present time concerns comparative beam tests, to determine relative behavior of twin-twisted

and stretched bars, and of deformed bars having equal yield

strengths, when used as tension reinforcement in beams under flexure.

These tests are being carried on at Columbia University under
100 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

the direction of the institute and supervised by the Structural Engineers' Society of New York.

The Committee on Standards Practice completed a standardization of 11 sizes, weights, and areas for plain and deformed reinforcing bars, which were developed into Simplified Practice Recommendation R26, promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards,

and later adopted by the institute. This committee also formulated

a Manual of Standard Practice covering specifications for and the

use of reinforcing materials.

All specifications published in this manual are the current standards of the American Society for Testing Materials, the American

Concrete Institute, the Portland Cement Association, the Metal

Lath Manufacturers Association, and this institute.

Acting as joint sponsor with the National Bureau of Standards,

the institute was responsible for the establishment of American

Standard A38-1933 for steel reinforcing spirals, under procedure

of the American Standards Association. It initiated the movement

under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards which

resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R87 for forms for concrete joist construction floors.

The institute maintains membership and actively participates in

committee work of such national organizations as the American

Society for Testing Materials, American Concrete Institute, and

other technical bodies. It also cooperates with various agencies

of the Federal Government in connection with standardization work

affecting the reinforcing steel industry.

The institute has adopted a "Quality Mark" which enables the

specifier, or his representative in the field, to determine readily that

reinforcing bars bearing this mark are rolled from new billet-steel of

American manufacture, in compliance with the standard specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials for new billetsteel concrete reinforcement bars. The mill mark determines at a

glance the manufacturer of the bars bearing the mark. The appearance of the "Quality Mark" and mill mark on reinforcing bars

is assurance that the material is of the best commercial quality

obtainable.

Contracting Plasterers International Association, Edward McDonnell, secretary, 4755 Commonwealth Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

Standard specifications for lathing and plastering which may be

incorporated into architects' construction specifications, or serve as

a guide in writing lathing and plastering specifications, have been

formulated and adopted by this association. Included in the specifications are recommended practices for various types of lath, plastering, and stucco, with requirements for materials, or the citing of

standard specifications for materials.

Thtj association has also adopted fair-trade practice rules applicable to the construction industry.

It is officially represented on the Sectional Committee on Specifications for plastering, functioning under the procedure of the

American Standards Association.

Copper and Brass Research Association, T. E. Yeltfort, manager

420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standardization work of

this organization is carried on by its Committee on Standards, whose
Standardization Activities of Organizations 101

function it is to study all phases of standards in the industry and to

make whatever recommendation may be necessary.

Standards already developed by the committee and approved by

the association cover length and width tolerances for metal in sheets,

strips, and coils ; diameter tolerances of wire and rod ; and gauge or

wall thickness tolerances of round seamless tubes. The committee

is continuing its work in studying additional standards applicable

to this industry.

The association sponsored the movement which led to the establishment of simplified practice recommendation R150 for copper wire

nails, under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards.

The association is a member body of the American Standards

Association and has representation on the Standards Council of this

organization. It is also officially represented on ASA sectional committees engaged in the development of standards relating to minimum

requirements for plumbing and standardization of plumbing equipment, pipe threads, code for pressure piping, wire and sheet metal

gages, and classification and designation of surface qualities. It is

also represented on technical committees of the American Society

for Testing Materials on nonferrous metals and alloys, on corrosion

of nonferrous metals and alloys, and on cast and wrought copper and

copper alloys.

The association maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards investigating the strength of soldered joints for

household plumbing systems, and on a general investigation of copper

and sheet metal work.

Copper Wire Engineering Association, Stanton Hertz, executive

director, 815 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. This asso- ciation maintains an Overhead Construction Practices Committee,

which is an engineering advisory committee composed of five electrical engineers who are expert on the technical subject of overhead

power and distribution lines. This committee deals with technical

subjects and makes recommendations relative to improvements in

practices of the use of copper-type conductors on overhead conductor

lines. This committee, in cooperation with the management of the

association, promulgates and issues bulletins, conductor wire tables,

sag and tension charts for copper and copperweld-copper, and other

copper-type conductors for the use and guidance of consumers who

build overhead electric power lines.

Cordage Institute, J. S. McDaniel, secretary, 350 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. Several committees of this organization have

cooperated with similar committees of the American Petroleum

Institute in the preparation of standards for cordage used in oilwell production, and with the American Society for Testing Materials in the standardization of methods of tensile-strength testing

and nomenclature of all hard-fiber products.

This organization cooperated in the formulation and revision of

Simplified Practice Recommendation R92 relating to hard-fiber

twine and lath yarn (ply and yarn goods), which was established in

cooperation with the National Paper Trade Association under the

auspices of the National Bureau of Standards. It developed a

standard method of testing for hard-fiber wrapping twine, which

was approved and adopted during the past year.
102 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

This organization has also cooperated with the State of New York,

City of New York, and with numerous other quasi-public or private

corporations in the development of specifications for hard-fiber

cordage and twine.

Cork Institute of America, Arthur L. Faubel, secretary, 25 West

Forty-third Street, New York, N. Y. This institute is an affiliation

of the Cork Insulation Manufacturers Association, the Cork Stopper

Manufacturers Association, the Cork Composition Manufacturers

Association, the Cork Tile Manufacturers Association, and the Cork

Marine Goods Manufacturers Association.

Although the institute has done little work in connection with

the establishment of standards, it has cooperated with Federal Government agencies in the preparation of Federal specifications covering compressed cork; cork tile; cork composition, gasket, and sheet;

cork stoppers; molded cork pipe covering; insulating cork, granulated, and cork sheets for ring life buoys. In addition, it has collaborated with the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation of

the United States Department of Commerce in connection with

regulations for vital requirements concerning the manufacture of

cork life preservers and cork ring buoys.

Corset and Brassiere Association of America, Benn Lewis, sec- retary, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association has

recently embarked on a program of standardization of colors which

is being carried on by its Committee on Standardization. The functions of this committee are to consider the possibility of adoption of

standard shades of colors which are found to be most satisfactory

for use on foundation garments. As a result of its work the association has recently adopted a standard nude color in several fabrics.

The committee is now engaged in extending nude color standardization to other fabrics. In carrying forward this activity, the association is cooperating with the American Standards Association and

the National Bureau of Standards.

Cotton Duck Association, James Edw. Hooper, chairman, Specifications Committee, care of Wm. E. Hooper & Sons Co., Woodberry,

Baltimore, Md. This association has a Committee on Specifications

whose function it is to cooperate with the various Departments of

the Federal Government in the development of Federal and other

specifications covering cotton ducks and fabrics. The committee

also works with various State or private agencies along the same

lines.

Cotton-Textile Institute (Inc.), Paul B. Halstead, secretary, 320

Broadway, New York, N. Y. The work of the institute in simplification and standardization projects is carried on in cooperation with

large cloth and yarn consumer organizations, bureaus of the Federal

Government, and other bodies. In its work on specifications it cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards, trade organizations and

firms interested in cotton textiles.

This institute initiated the establishment of Commercial

Standard CS32-31 covering construction, quality, size, methods

of tests, and labeling of cotton cloth for rubber and pyroxylin coating, which was promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards. It also cooperated with the National

Bureau of Standards in the development of Simplified Practice
Standardization Activities of Organizations 103

Recommendation E119 relative to standard sizes of fast selvage terry

towels. The institute is also cooperating with the American Standards Association and various bureaus of the Federal Government in

setting up standards for bedsheets and pillowcases.

Cotton Thread Institute, Inc., David Snyder, executive director, 11

West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. All matters relating

to standardization and simplification are carried on by three committees appointed by the institute.

One committee, known as the Federal Thread Specifications Committee, has been cooperating for a number of years with the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee in the preparation and revision

of Federal Specification V-T-276 for cotton thread. The Standardization Committee is engaged in problems relative to a basis for standardization of thread qualities, sizes, and specifications. The third

committee, called the Simplification of Products Committee, has for

its purpose the study of problems of simplyfying the put-ups and

yardages of industry products, and of establishing the types of threads

which should be sold on a yardage basis and those which should be

sold on a weight basis. This committee has already made several

recommendations to the members of the institute with respect to

industrial threads and standardization of existing put-ups of twocord, three-cord and four-cord tubes, spools, and cones. The committee now has under consideration several recommendations covering

standard put-ups for mercerized threads.

Crayon, Water Color, and Craft Institute, John E. DeMeyer, president, 511 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. To assure the purchasing

public of materials of satisfactory quality, and to give the seller a

definite set of specifications upon which to base his quotation, the

institute has prepared and published a set of recommended minimum

quality standards. These standards should protect the public against

the purchase of materials of inferior quality. The institute has also

established a certified products label, the use of which is dependent

upon actual certification, after chemical test, of merchandise which

meets the minimum health standards set up by the institute. This

test particularly relates to the lead and arsenic content of crayons,

chalk, water colors, and tempera colors so as to insure that such

products are noninjurious to human health.

Crown Manufacturers Association of America, Louis B. Montfort,

executive secretary and general counsel, Munsey building, Washington, D. C. This association, composed of crown or bottle-cap manufacturers, has recommended certain standards for the wording and

type of label appearing on crowns or bottle caps for beverage bottles.

These standards are made to conform to the Federal and State labeling

laws on food products, and cover the size of type and specific information to be supplied on label, with one general type of labeling for

synthetic-flavored beverages, one type of labeling for pure-fruit-flavvored beverages, and one type for beverages flavored with the oils

of the fruits.

This association cooperated with the Glass Container Association

of America, the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, and

other units of the industry in the standardization of carbonated beverage bottles, as represented in the Simplified Practice Recommendation on this subject now being circulated for acceptance by industry.
104 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

One of the provisions of this Recommendation is that the contents'

clause of all beverage bottles be blown plainly and conspicuously in

the side of all bottles in the beverage field. By this provision the

contents' clause may be omitted from the cap and the same cap may

be used for various sizes of bottles.

Crucible Manufacturers' Association, C. C. Rohrbach, secretary,

90 West Street, New York, N. Y. This organization succeeded the

Plumbago Crucible Association in 1933. Its work in standardization is limited to one project, which is conducted under the auspices

of the American Standards Association. It is joint sponsor with the

American Foundrymen's Association in establishing standard outside

dimensions of plumbago crucibles for nontilting furnaces in nonferrous foundry practice.

Dairy Industries Supply Association, Eoberts Everett, 232 Madison

Avenue, New York, N. Y. The Technical Committee of this association is concerned with the standardization and simplification of

requirements and supplies and equipment used in the dairy industry.

The Technical Committee has developed sanitary fittings, including

gasket and bevel joints, reducers, and fittings for thermometers used

in connection with dairy equipment.

At the present time the committee is giving consideration to the

following projects presented to it by the Evaporated Milk Association of Chicago : the improvement of design and the standardization

of milk filters ; the standardization or definition of a sanitary agitator

in a tank, along with its location and the construction of the stuffing

box; and definite specifications as to bacterial content, moisture, and

temperature of the can with reference to the performance of can

washers.

Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association, Clifford C. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. This association

was instrumental in enlisting the services of the National Bureau

of Standards in the movement which led to the establishment of

Commercial Standard CS17-41 covering diamond core drill fittings.

The Technical Committee of this association is now actively engaged

in preparing a revised edition of this standard.

Diesel Engine Manufacturers' Association, Otis A. Sibley, secre- tary, 140 Cedar Street, New York, N. Y. This association has prepared and issued a book on standard practices dealing with stationary

installations, definitions, equipment, and performance of Diesel

engines. It has also issued another publication on marine Diesel

engine standards, which also covers definitions, equipment, installation, and performance. Both of these publications cover in detail

the application of Diesel engines, the kind of fuel oil to be used,

lubricating oil and cooling-water systems, and other items relating

to engine construction and performance.

This association cooperated with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association in standardizing electric generator sizes and

speeds. It is at the present time working with several organizations

in the development of standards for fuel and lubricating oils. It

is represented on the following Sectional Committees functioning

under the procedure of the American Standards Association : Specifications for Pressure and Vacuum Gages; Classification and Designation of Surface Qualities; Graphical Symbols and Abbreviations

for Use on Drawings ; and Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 105

Distilled Spirits Institute (Inc.), Howard T. Jones, secretary and

general counsel, 1132 National Press Building, Washington, D. C.

The development of standards of identity and quality constitutes an

important activity of this institute. Under the guidance of the

main technical committee which was created a little more than a

year ago, the institute has organized several committees which are

now actively engaged in developing standard qualities of corn, malt,

and rye to be used for distillery purposes. Another committee known

as the Committee on Analytical Methods is studying the problem

of developing a standard laboratory procedure for determining the

fermentable carbohydrates in grain and malt.

Among the problems being considered by the Spent Grains Committee, several lead directly towards standardization. Studies are

being made by this committee with reference to the determination

of the exact and complete composition of stillage resulting from

various types of mash, the determination of the vitamins content of

dried grains, and the standardization of analytical procedures; also

the establishment of methods and standards for grading of dried

grains based upon physical and chemical properties.

In the carrying out of its work in developing standards and analytical methods and tests, committees of the institute cooperate with committees of other organizations, notably the Malt Research Institute

and the American Chemical Society, and with various universities,

state agricultural experiment stations, and agencies of the Federal

Government.

Douglas Fir Plywood Association, W. E. Dilford, managing director, Tacoma Building, Tacoma, Wash. Members of this industry

requested the cooperation of the National Bureau of Standards to

consider the formulation of a standard covering grading rules for

Douglas fir plywood.

Following a general conference on this subject, there was established in 1933 Commercial Standard CS45, which set forth definitions

and standard sizes of good and sound panel faces, wallboard, concrete form panels, door panels, and export grades. This standard

was first revised in 1936 to include definitions of sheathing, automobile and industrial grades, and provided for the widening of concrete

form panels.

As a result of suggestions from the Federal Housing Administration, the Commercial Standard was revised a second time in 1938 to

provide for two classes of moisture resistance and changes in the

sheathing grade. A general demand for the various grades of Douglas fir plywood as manufactured for permanent exterior use led to

a third revision of the standard in 1940 to include detail requirements for seven distinct grades of the exterior type. This Commercial Standard, now in use by all Douglas fir plywood mills, including those which are members of the Douglas Fir Plywood Association

and those which are not, provides the consumer the assurance of

obtaining the exact grade or type of Douglas fir plywood needed

for widely varying uses. A corps of inspectors employed directly by the association constantly check manufacturing technique and the finished product,

to make certain they are up to the standard. Further checking takes

place in the Association laboratory where random plywood samples
106 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

are tested for conformance with the provisions of the Commercial

Standard.

Drop Forging Association, Kaymond M. Seabury, secretary-treasurer, 605 Hanna Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Although this association has been organized only recently, it has already developed

standard tolerances for forgings under 100 pounds each. These

tolerances are applicable to thickness, width, draft angle, quantity,

and fillets and corners. In addition, it has prepared a draft of a

proposed code of standards and practices for the industry.

Edison Electric Institute, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y.

This institute, successor to the former National Electric Light Association, has taken over all of the activities of the latter organization

in the field of standardization. At the present time the institute's

Transmission and Distribution Committee, through its subgroup on

Standards and Specifications, is revising various suggestions for

specifications issued by the National Electric Light Association.

These cover bolts and nuts, anchor rods, lag screws, eye bolts, steel

cross arm braces, rolled steel washers, insulator and pin threads

and gauges, and low and medium voltage pin-type insulators.

Through joint committee cooperation with the National Electrical

Manufacturers Association, this institute has prepared and published

reports on test specifications for household electric ranges, automatic

electric storage water heaters, and domestic flatirons; also methods

of measuring radio noise.

The institute served on the industry Committee on Interior Wiring

Design with several other organizations, in the publication of a

handbook of interior wiring design. This handbook surveys the

field of wiring adequacy for buildings. It treats of the electrical

needs of the residence, factory, office, or store, and it interprets

modern practice in installing wiring. The material presented in

this publication conforms with the requirements of the American

standard codes for fire prevention and personal safety.

As a member of the Electric Light and Power Group of the

American Standards Association, the institute takes an active part

in the standardization activities of that organization. It is officially

represented on sectional committees, functioning under ASA procedure, in connection with the following projects : rolled threads for

screw shells of electric sockets and lamp bases; national electrical

safety code; pipe flanges and fittings; manhole frames and covers;

standards for drawings and drafting-room practice; and code for

pressure piping.

The institute also cooperates actively with the American Society

for Testing Materials. It maintains representation on the Society's

technical committees dealing with electrical-heating, electrical-resistance, and electric-furnace alloys; boiler feedwater studies; water for

industrial uses; thermal insulating materials; and iron-chromium,

iron-chromium-nickel, and related alloys.

Electric Fuse Manufacturers Guild, G. P. Byrne, secretary, Dodge

Building, New York, N. Y. This organization has not had occasion

up to the present time to develop standards and specifications with

respect to electric fuses. It does, however, cooperate through its

Committee on Circuit Breaker Matters with the Underwriters'

Laboratories concerning labels for electric fuses and materials from
Standardization Activities of Organizations 107

which the cases of cartridge fuses are made. In addition, it co- operates with the National Bureau of Standards and with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the preparation and re- vision of Federal specifications covering standard sizes, materials,

and performance of different types of electric fuses.

Electric Hoist Manufacturers Association, E. Donald Tolles, secre- tary-counsel, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This association has

adopted standard specifications for wire rope electric hoists. It is

cooperating with the Navy Department in formulating specifications

for electric hoists for land and ship duty. This association is represented on the sectional committee of the American Standards Association dealing with the safety code for cranes, derricks, and hoists.

Electric Overhead Crane Institute, Thos. B. Jordan, executive

secretary, Trinity Court Building, 74 Trinity Place, New York,

N. Y. This organization cooperated with the Bureau of Yards and

Docks of the Navy Department in the development of standards in

connection with electric overhead cranes. The institute is represented

on the American Standards Association's sectional committee dealing with safety code for cranes, derricks, and hoists.

Electrochemical Society, Inc., Colin G. Fink, secretary, 3000 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The standardization work of this organization is carried on largely by committees appointed to deal with primary and secondary batteries, alkali and chlorine, corrosion, power,

electrochemistry of gases, and insulating materials.

Through its several committees, the society cooperates with the

National Electrical Manufacturers Association and the National Bureau of Standards in the formulation of standard tests for dry cells

used in radio receiving sets.

It also cooperated with the American Standards Association in

the formulation of American standard specifications for dry cells and

batteries, and on the following work which is still in progress: definitions of electrical terms; standard scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations ; and graphical symbols and abbreviations used

on drawings. The society's cooperative work is also being carried on

with the American Society for Testing Materials in determining the

resistances to corrosion of various metals and alloys.

Employing Bookbinders of America, A. G. Watson, executive

secretary, 28 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization, in cooperation with the Book Manufacturers' Institute,

initiated the establishment of Commercial Standard CS49-34 covering chip board, laminated chip board, and miscellaneous boards

for bookbinding purposes. Also, in cooperation with the Book Manufacturers' Institute and the Institute of Book Cloth and Impregnated Fabrics Manufacturers, it established Commercial Standard

CS57-40 for book cloths, buckrams, and impregnated fabrics for

bookbinding purposes. It also assisted in the formulation of Commercial Standard CS50-34 covering binders board for bookbinding

and other purposes. All of these standards were promulgated and

published under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards.

In collaboration with the Binders Board Manufacturers Association, this organization undertook a simplification of sizes of binders

board which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice

Recommendation R81-28, promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards.
108 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Engineering Foundation—Welding Research Committee, W.

Spraragen, executive secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. During 1935 the Welding Eesearch Committee was

organized by the Engineering Foundation and sponsored jointly by

the American Welding Society and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, for the purpose of assembling, digesting and publishing all available information regarding welding research, stimulating and conducting needed research in the welding field; and

correlating existing and future programs of welding research.

Its activities are divided into three parts : Literature, fundamental

research and industrial research. The purpose of the Literature Division is to make available in convenient condensed form the welding

knowledge contained in the literature. This division has already

published over 50 digests, some of which include fatigue strength

and corrosion of welded joints, bend tests and impact tests of welds,

shrinkage stresses due to welding, the heat effect in welding, welding

copper and its alloys, oxygen cutting, spot welding of aluminum, arc

and gas welding of aluminum, welding of magnesium, and aluminum

soldering.

The project in fundamental research is a carry-over from the

American Bureau of Welding. The work now comprises more than

40 active research projects in many universities throughout the country. In addition to the direct results of these investigations, they

serve as a means of educating professors and students, thus providing a supply of young engineers who are familiar with welding.

A considerable number of these researches have developed data,

methods of analysis, and information as to the nature of the phenomena involved, which constitute a major contribution to those industries concerned with welding. A total of 110 research reports

have already been issued.

The purpose of the Division of Industrial Research is to coordinate

industrial research without trespassing upon fields of a temporary

confidential nature. Its functions are carried out in three ways:

First, stimulation of research on selected phases of welding, and the

publication of the results in the form of papers and reports ; second,

arranging symposia on selected subjects as, for example, impact

tests, and weldability of steels; and, third, by conducting large re- search projects of broad general importance, notably fatigue research,

stresses in welds, weldability of steels, resistance welding, and structural steel. The work of this division is carried out through the organization of suitable committees. At the present time this division

has functioning under its auspices committees on carbon steel, lowalloy steels, high-alloy steels, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, nickel

alloys, methods of test, weld stresses, nondestructive tests, resistance

welding, fatigue testing (structural), and structural welding. As a

result of the activities of these committees, approximately 50 reports

have been prepared and published.

In carrying forward the work of the several divisions, the Welding

Research Committee has the full support of its sponsors and maintains close cooperation with the following national technical organizations: American Institute of Steel Construction, American Iron

and Steel Institute, American Petroleum Institute, American Society

of Mechanical Engineers-Boiler Code Committee, American Society
Standardization Activities of Organizations 109

for Testing Materials, American Transit Association, American

Bureau of Shipping, American Society of Civil Engineers, Resistance

Welder Manufacturers Association, War and Navy Departments, and

other agencies of the Federal Government interested in welding

problems.

Evaporated Milk Association, Frank E. Rice, executive secretary,

307 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. Organized for the purpose of conducting research, this association's activities include also

the development of standards in connection with the products of

the industry.

For many years the association has led the industry in adoption

and limitation of container sizes. For more than 25 years, there

have never been at one time more than two sizes of household

packages of evaporated milk. For 10 years, the two sizes have

been 14% ounces and 6 ounces (avoirdupois) net weight.

It cooperated with the United States Food and Drug Administration in the development of definitions and standards of identity

promulgated by the Administration under the Food, Drug, and

Cosmetic Act. The association also cooperated with the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation of the Federal specifications for evaporated milk which are used by Federal

agencies in the purchase of evaporated milk.

The association developed sanitary standards for the evaporated

milk industry which cover standards for plant and equipment, plant

operation and personnel, tests for quality to be applied at receiving

room, and standards relating to composition and physical character

of evaporated milk.

Farm Equipment Institute, Robert A. Jones, secretary, 608 South

Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Among the standardization activities

of this institute is the development, in cooperation with the National

Bureau of Standards, of Simplified Practice Recommendation R-23

for plow bolts. This institute maintains representation on the

standing committee on revision of this Simplified Practice

Recommendation.

Through its Committee on Farm Safety the institute has developed

standards for shields having uniform connecting points, so that

guards covering the power take-off of tractors may -be attached to

shields covering the power line of operated machines.

Farmers & Manufacturers Beet Sugar Association, Arthur A.

Schupp, executive secretary, Second National Bank Building, Saginaw, Mich. Although this association does not issue any standards

or specifications, it does attempt to improve the quality of sugars

which have been found to be below the average of those tested.

This association receives a sample of every strike of sugar made

by its members. These samples are inspected for grain size, color,

and bacteria content. Results are then reported back to the individual members for their determination as to the quality of the

sugar.

Fibre Box Association, Elmer J. Koch, executive secretary, 224

South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This association publishes a

Handbook of Useful Information which contains standard nomenclature, methods of construction, and illustrations of corrugated and

201072°—41——8
1 10 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

solid fibre containers and component parts, together with standard

specifications as established and published by the Consolidated

Freight Classification Committee for freight shipments; similar

specifications as published by the Kailway Express Agency for express shipments ; parcel-post regulations as published by the general

Post Office Department, together with other useful information re- lating to fibre shipping containers.

The association cooperated actively with the National Bureau of

Standards in the development of Simplified Practice Kecommendations relating to corrugated and solid fibre boxes for canned fruits

and vegetables, corrugated fibre boxes (used by department and

specialty stores), and single-faced corrugated-paper rolls. It also

cooperated with the Bureau of Explosives in the preparation of specifications and regulations for the shipping of explosives and other

dangerous articles by freight, express, and highway, recently published by that Bureau. The association is reprinting in pamphlet

form these specifications as they relate to the use of corrugated and

solid fibre boxes, to take the place of a previous pamphlet issued by

one of the earlier trade associations of this industry.

A special technical consultant, appointed by this association, is

conferring with and assisting in the preparation of suitable fibre

boxes for use of the Quartermaster Corps of the United States Army

for packing of subsistence, equipage and other supplies; with the

Ordnance Department, War Department, for the shipping of ordnance, and other supplies; and with the Navy, through the Bureau

of Supplies and Accounts, for the shipping of equipage, subsistence,

and other supplies. The purpose is to develop packing specifications,

which will make available to the several Government departments,

suitable corrugated and solid fibre boxes, such specifications to be

made part of the Federal specifications as used by those departments.

Fine Wire Manufacturers' Association, Ferry & Dawson, secretarytreasurer, 1427 Eye Street NW., Washington, D. C. This association is comparatively new, but it maintains a Standardization and

Simplification Committee, which devotes considerable time with reference to the establishment of standards that will properly identify

the products of the industry which the association represents. The

association, through its committee, is cooperating closely with similar

committees of the American Society for Testing Materials and the

American Iron and Steel Institute in connection with the development of standards for fine wire.

Fir Door Institute, W. E. Difford, managing director, Tacoma

Building, Tacoma, Wash. In order to establish a standard to form

a basis for a common understanding between manufacturers, distributors, and users of stock fir doors, members of this industry,

through its association, requested the cooperation of the National Bureau of Standards to consider the formulation of a standard. Following a general conference on this subject, there was established

in 1938 Commercial Standard CS73-38 for old growth Douglas fir

standard stock doors. For the purpose of preserving the high standards of quality, and to insure distributors and ultimate consumers

that they will receive the proper grade of fir door, this institute rec- ommends that fir doors conforming to the grading rules established
Standardization Activities of Organizations in

in Commercial Standard CS73-38 shall be marked or branded with

the letters "FDI" and the grade.

This institute also initiated the movement for the establishment

of a standard covering standard specifications for factory fitted

Douglas fir entrance doors. This resulted in the formulation of

Commercial Standard CS91-41, which was approved by the industry

and promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

Folding Paper Box Association of America, A. E. Murphy, 205

West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Simplification has been one of

the major activities of this association. In cooperation with the

National Bureau of Standards, it initiated the program for the

standardization of sizes and calipers for stock garment and millinery boxes, which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations R172-38 and R173-38, both of which were

promulgated and issued by the National Bureau of Standards. It

also cooperated through a joint committee composed of representatives of several associations in the formulation of Simplified Practice

Recommendation R44^-36 covering a standard schedule of box board

thicknesses.

The Stock Box Committee of this association is at the present

time working up suggestions for sizes and calipers on stock cake

boxes and stock laundry boxes. In this connection, it is cooperating

with the National Retail Dry Goods Association in an attempt to

have department stores and specialty stores accept the recommended

standards.

Formed Steel Tube Institute, N. Myles Brown, secretary, 1621

Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. This organization has functioning

under its auspices a Standardization and Simplification Committee,

whose work is that of developing standards covering welded steel

tubing. The efforts of this committee thus far have been directed

towards preparation of a handbook of welded steel tubing, which

sets forth the physical, chemical, and metallurgical properties of

welded steel tubing; also commercial tolerance limits, and extensive

engineering data. This handbook when completed will serve as a

guide and aid to both engineers and laymen.

This institute cooperates with the American Society for Testing

Materials, the American Petroleum Institute, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the development of standards for

electric welded steel tubing.

Glass Container Association of America, V. L. Hall, assistant

business manager, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y.

Five committees of this organization carry on work leading to

standardization and simplification. These committees, known as

Standardization Committee, Redesign and Specifications Committee,

Beer Bottle Committee, Milk Bottle Committee, and Standard Testing Procedure Committee, cooperate with similar committees of

other organizations and the Federal Government in matters relating

to standardization of glass containers.

The Standardization Committee has to do with the standard finishes for glass bottles, and the publication of blueprints to glass

container manufacturers. These blueprints are available to all manufacturers of glass containers, and of caps and closures in the

United States. These standards are in a constant state of revision
112 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

as to glass tolerances and improvement in production methods. The

prints, covering all glass finishes, represent some 15 years of effort.

Virtually all glass containers are sold on the basis of Glass Container Association specifications.

The Redesign and Specifications Committee deals with the redesign of standard glass containers, usually to secure lighter weights.

Private mold items, and items produced by only one or two companies, are not considered by this committee. The object is to

redesign standard containers so that all manufacturers maj^ follow

the same specifications, and consequently all of these standard containers can be used by packers without interference in their packaging equipment. These prints are available to all manufacturers

of glass containers for their voluntary acceptance.

The Beer Bottle Committee carries on work relating to the standardization of beer bottles. This is particularly important because

for the re-use feature of practically all of this class of bottle. This

committee is now working with two associations of the brewery

industry in an attempt to simplify and standardize beer bottles.

The work of this joint committee is available to all brewers and

glass container manufacturers.

The Milk Bottle Committee has to do with the standardization of

milk bottles. This committee also works with manufacturers of

milk-bottle equipment and with dairies, and information developed

is available to these industries. #

The Standard Testing Procedure Committee is engaged in developing a standard method for testing the strength of glass containers.

This procedure is not only designed to test the strength of glass

containers, but also to control factory operations. The work of

the committee is available to all glass container manufacturers. In

• carrying forward its simplification activities, this association, in

cooperation with the International Association of Milk Dealers

and the National Association of Milk Bottle Cap Manufacturers,

initiated the programs for the establishment of standard sizes of

milk and cream bottles and bottle caps, and glass containers for

cottage cheese and sour cream.

Under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards, these

have resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations RIO and R148-33, respectively. The association has also

cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the development of Simplified Practice Recommendation R123-30 for carbonated

beverage bottles, and in Simplified Practice Recommendation R156-41

covering containers for extracted honey (glass and tin).

Glass Cutter Manufacturers Association of America, R. C. Barrett, secretary, Bristol, Conn. This association, through the efforts

of its members, has effected dimensional standardization of all glass

cutter wheels used in the industry. It cooperated with the Navy

Department in devising work tests for glass cutters which now

serve as practical work test standards for all glass cutters. These

work tests standards formed the basis on which there was prepared

the Federal specification for glass cutters (wheel type).

Glazed Brick and Tile Institute, Harry C. Plummer, director of

engineering and research, 1756 K Street NW., Washington, D. C.

This organization is an affiliate of the Structural Clay Products
Standardization Activities of Organizations 113

Institute. Through its Standards and Specifications Committee,

the Glazed Brick and Tile Institute conducts work in the standardization of shapes and colors. Some of this committee's work has

already led to the development of standard specifications and grading rules for glazed brick and tile, which have been adopted and

published by the institute.

Representatives of this institute cooperate with technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials and the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee in formulating specifications for

glazed ware. In addition to the above, the institute is conducting

and sponsoring research at Ohio State University which, while not

directed primarily toward standardization, is providing data that

will be of material assistance both in the development of specifications and in the standardization of products.

Gray Iron Founders' Society, Inc., W. W. Rose, executive vice

president, 1010 Public Square Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The technical activities of this society are carried on largely in cooperation

with the American Society for Testing Materials, the American

Standards Association, the American Foundrymen's Association, and

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This organization

maintains official representation on two sectional committees of the

American Standards Association on projects relating to manhole

frames and covers, and classification and designation of surface

qualities. It is also represented on the ASTM committees dealing

with specifications for cast iron, and coal and coke.

Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association, Harry B. Lindsay,

secretary-treasurer, 27 Elm Street, Worcester, Mass. The standardization and simplification activities of this association are carried

on by two committees, namely, Standardization Committee and

Safety Committee. The work of the Standardization Committee

has been confined to simplification matters. It initiated the programs for simplification of sizes of grinding wheels and uniformity

of abrasive grain sizes, These resulted in the establishment of

Simplified Practice Recommendations R45-39 and R118-40, respectively, both of which were promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards.

This association was joint sponsor with the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions in the development of the safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive

wheels, which was approved as American standard B7-1935 by the

American Standards Association. It is also represented on three

ASA sectional committees on Safety Code for Exhaust Systems,

and on Classification and Designation of Surface Qualities, and,

Small Tools and Machine Tool Elements.

Gummed Industries Association, Philip O. Deitsch, managing

director, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization of No. 1 kraft sealing tape was initiated by this association

and led to the acceptance by industry of Simplified Practice Recommendation R114-30 covering standard weights, sizes, and strength

of sealing tape. This Standing Committee is at present cooperating

in a further study of the adhesive qualities of tape with a view

to establishing minimum standards. The association has made ar- rangements with a commercial testing laboratory whereby acceptors
1 14 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

of the Simplified Practice Recommendation may have available a

satisfactory means of testing the tape which they manufacture, distribute, or use. Samples are sent to the association, where they are

given identification numbers and sent to the laboratory for test,

the test results being reported to the secretary of the association.

Gypsum Association, Henry J. Schweim, general manager, 211 West

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Much of the standardization work

of this association is done in conjunction with the American Society

for Testing Materials and the American Standards Association.

Through representation on technical committees, it assisted in the

preparation of standard specifications for gypsum and gypsum

products which were adopted and published by the American Society

for Testing Materials.

The association cooperated in the work of the American Standards Association sectional committee in the development of specifications for gypsum plastering which was approved as American

Standard A42. 1-1938. It is also represented on the ASA sectional

committee which formulated the American standard fire tests of

building construction and materials.

In cooperation with the Building Officials Conference of America,

it sponsored the chapter on reinforced gypsum for inclusion in the

ASA recommended building code. The association is now cooperating with ASA sectional committees on Specifications for Sieves for

Testing Purposes, and on Building Code Requirements for WoodHack Saw Manufacturers Association of America, Inc., 1 Wall

Street, New York, N. Y. This association cooperated with the National

Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Simplified Practice

Recommendation R90-36 relating to standard sizes of tungsten blades

and high-speed blades. This association is at the present time accumulating data bearing upon the demand for various sizes by way of

testing the sufficiency of the blades set forth in the recommendation,

and also in obtaining data for further simplification of unnecessary

blades.

Hand Chain Hoist Institute (Inc.), W. S. McCann, secretary, 208

South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. The entire membership of this

institute cooperates actively with the United States Navy Department in the initiation and revision of the specifications covering chain

hoists, fixed and trolley, and trolleys, which are adopted by the Navy

Department and several other agencies of the Federal Government on

which to base contracts for purchase.

Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers Association, Inc., Louis J.

Bosse, managing director, Heyburn Building, Louisville, Ky. Committees of this association cooperate with all branches of the Federal

and State Governments, hardwood and wood trade associations, and

wood-using industries in bringing about standardization programs

on grading rules of hardwood dimension lumber. In this connection, the association requested the cooperation of the National

Bureau of Standards in initiating movements which resulted in the

establishment of four Commercial Standards covering several types

of products. As a result of this effort, the National Bureau of

Standards promulgated and published Commercial Standards

CS60-36 covering grading rules for hardwood dimension lumber;

CS76-39 which provides two classes of solid hardwood interior trim
Standardization Activities of Organizations 115

and molding; and SC89-40 relating to standard grades sizes, patterns, and species of hardwood stair treads and risers. In order to

assure purchasers that the various types of products covered by these

Commercial Standards are in accordance with the quality and grade

covered by the standards, the producers of this industry may either

individually, or in cooperation with the association, issue guarantee

certificates of classification for specific shipments, or grade and trademark, of each piece or bundle as conforming to the particular Commercial Standard.

Heat Exchange Institute, C. C. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street,

New York, N. Y. The work of this institute is carried on by technical committees which are continuously engaged in developing standards and keeping them up to date. Through the work of these

committees, the institute has prepared and issued the following:

Condenser section standards; steam jet ejector and vacuum-cooling

section standards; and deaerating and deaerator heater section

standards.

At the present time the Technical Committee for the Condenser

Section has under consideration a research project on heat transfer.

The Technical Committee for the Steam Jet Ejector and Vacuum

Cooling Section has under consideration the compilation of technical

information resulting from the test of a standard ejector.

Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Joseph C. Fitts, secretary, Suite 1401, Rockefeller Center,

1250 Sixth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Two committees of this as- sociation are actively engaged in carrying forward standardization

activities of this association. The Committee on Standards has for

its objectives the standardization of materials and design for installation of heating, piping, and air-conditioning work in this

industry; also the cooperation with other bodies interested in standardization and the representation of the industry on standardization

projects developed under the procedure of other organizations.

The Committee on Welding is engaged at the present time in the

standardization of welding procedures for pipe welding, both by

the electric arc and oxyacetylene welding.

Through its Committee on Standards, this association has developed standard rules for determining the amount of radiation re- quired to properly heat a given space, which are based on the heat

required to offset losses due to transfer of heat through walls, windows, floors, ceilings, and roofs; and the initial heat required to

bring the air that leaks into that space up to the required temperature. It has also compiled data with reference to the proper types

and sizes of boilers recommended for installation to bring about

the desired amount of heat.

In the book on engineering standards developed by the committee,

there are included rules for determining the amount of radiation

required to heat a given space properly ; the net square feet radiation

loads recommended for low-pressure heating boilers; pipe sizes for

steam heating and hot-water systems after being heated in boilers;

and dimensions of valves, fittings, and materials; and standards for

air conditioning installations.

The Committee on Welding has issued a Standard Manual on Pipe

Welding which gives information covering development and process
116 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

of oxyacetylene pipe welding; apparatus, equipment, materials, and

supplies; mechanics of welding and cutting; and material and data

on welding construction. It has also prepared specifications covering metallic arc welding of steel pipe, fittings, and flanges ; and specifications for metallic arc welding of carbon molybdenum pipe, fittings, and flanges; and metallic arc welding and specifications for

oxyacetylene welding of pipe, fittings, and flanges.

The association cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Commercial Standards CS5-40 for

genuine wrought-iron pipe nipples and CS7-29 for standard-weight

malleable iron or steel screwed unions; also in the development of

Simplified Practice Recommendation R90-36 relating to sizes of

hacksaw blades.

This association is joint sponsor with the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers and the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry for the Sectional Committee

on Pipe Flanges and Fittings functioning under the procedure of

the American Standards Association. It is also represented on five

additional ASA sectional committees which deal with the following

subjects: code for pipe threading; code for pressure piping; standardization of dimensions and materials of wrought iron and wrought

steel pipe and tubing; standards for drawings and drafting-room

practice; approval and installation requirements for gas-burning

appliances; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on

drawings.

In promoting its standardization work, the association has developed a national program for certified heating to replace the purely

local programs formerly in use. It has adopted a national insignia,

including a certified heating supplementary proposal, to be sent with

each bid, the plate to be attached to each boiler, and the certificate

to be issued on completion of the work to the house owner, certifying that the heating system was installed in accordance with the

certified heating standards adopted by the association.

Hickory Handle Association, Guy E. Basye, secretary, Hope,

Ark. This association cooperated with other representatives of the

industry in the formulation, revision, and acceptance by industry of

standard definitions for various quality grades of hickory handles

as promulgated in Simplified Practice Recommendation R7T-39, issued by the National Bureau of Standards. These standard grades

are the recognized standards of this association. This association

also cooperates with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee

in the revision of Federal specifications for hickory handles for long

and small tools.

Horological Institute of America, Ralph E. Gould, secretary, in care

of National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. This institute was organized in 1921 by the National Research Council as an

outgrowth of the scarcity of instrument repairmen of high quality

during the World War. It is an independent, self-governing, nongovernmental organization whose purposes are the scientific and educational advancement of the watchmaker.

The institute's activities are governed by an Advisory Council of

27, composed of representatives of the watchmakers, the horological

schools, the time-inspection services of the railroads, the American
Standardization Activities of Organizations 117

watch manufacturers, the National Research Council, and the Federal Government. It recommends standards of instruction for

horological schools and advises with officials in the establishment of

horological courses in schools and colleges, and grants certificates to

horological schools based upon their standards of instruction. It

gives examinations both in theory and practice to watch repairers and

grants certificates to those who pass the examinations. It prepares

and publishes material of educational value to watchmakers. It

grants honors for outstanding contributions to the science of

horology.

At present, the institute is cooperating with the National Roster of

Scientific and Specialized Personnel in the preparation and distribution of a questionnaire and technical check list for circulation to

watchmakers as part of the national defense program.

Hydraulic Institute, C. C. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street,

New York, N. Y. This organization is a trade institute comprising the principal manufacturers of displacement and centrifugal

pumps. Through its several technical committees, it has developed

standards covering centrifugal pumps, rotary pumps, reciprocating pumps, deep-well turbine pumps, and a test code for testing

centrifugal and rotary pumps for the purpose of determining whether

pumps keep the guarantees under which they are sold.

Through its Committee on Materials Specifications, it has prepared

specifications for gray-iron castings, nickel-base austenitic cast iron,

carbon and alloy steel castings, bronze castings, cast nickel copper

alloy (monel), and heavy duty bolting material and nuts. These

specifications cover cast materials which are representative of those

generally used in the manufacture of pumping equipment for the

petroleum industry.

The institute cooperates specifically with the United States Department of Commerce, the Chamber of Commerce of the United States

of America, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the

American Standards Association, the American Mining Congress,

and the National Fire Protection Association ; also with the technical

and trade organizations of other industries with which the pump

industry has problems in common.

The institute is represented on four sectional committees functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association

dealing with the following projects : pipe flanges and fittings ; code

for pressure piping ; petroleum products and lubricants ; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings.

Illuminating Engineering Society, Frank G. Horton, executive

secretary, 51 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standardization

work of this society is carried on by a number of technical committees appointed to handle various specific projects. Their titles which

are indicated by the subjects with which each one deals are, as

follows : Lighting practice, motor vehicle lighting, natural lighting,

aviation lighting, rural lighting, painting in relation to lighting, residence lighting, nomenclature and standards, light and safety, characteristics of illuminating materials, street and highway lighting,

and lighting service. Standards, specifications, and reports prepared

by the various committees are published by the society, some of

which relate to recommended practice of industrial lighting, testing
118 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

specifications for lighting equipment, nomenclature of illuminating

glasses, recommended practice of street lighting, code of highway

lighting, and American recommended practice of school lighting.

The society cooperates actively with committees of scientific and

technical bodies in matters relating to standards and recommended

practices. It maintains representation on the United States National

Committee of the International Commission on Illumination; on the

governing board of the American Association for the Advancement

of Science ; on a joint committee with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association on specifications for flood-lights ; on the Highway Research Board of the National Research Council; on the

Inter-Society Color Council; and on committees of the American

Society of Safety Engineers. It is officially represented on sectional

committees functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association in the development of the following projects : Motion

pictures; standards for graphical symbols and abbreviations for use

on drawings; rolled threads for screw shells of electric sockets and

lamp bases; industrial and school lighting practices; safety code

for the inspection of motor vehicles; letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering ; and on building code requirements

for light and ventilation.

The society has developed specifications for the purpose of providing certain requirements with respect to lamps that will satisfactorily

serve for individual desk work or reading, and which will endure

over a reasonable period of time with a minimum of casualty and

fire hazard. These lamps made by portable lamp manufacturers

in conformity with the society's specifications and after examination

and approval by the Electrical Testing Laboratories, may have

attached to them the IES tag of approval.

Illuminating Glassware Standards Institute, H. L. Dillingham,

secretary, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This

institute was organized during the past year and includes in its

membership manufacturers of illuminating glassware. Its purpose

is to suggest standards of design, to supervise tests, and to identify

all glassware manufactured by its members with an appropriate

insignia. The use of the insignia is to insure the buying public that

all illuminating glassware so labeled is of high quality.

Incandescent Lamp Manufacturers' Association, Louis Klein, sec- retary, 45 East Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization has appointed an Engineering Committee which functions under

the direction of the association's board of directors. This committee

was established for the purpose of setting minimum standards and re- quirements for materials, equipment, production, life and efficiency

used by its members. As a prime effort in this direction, the Engineering Committee is coordinating its activities with manufacturers so

as to bring about standardization of some of the items used in the

manufacture of electric incandescent lamps.

Indiana Limestone Institute, E. C. Walters, secretary Bedford,

Ind. This organization is composed of quarriers and fabricators

of Indiana limestone, and one of its primary objects is to establish

and maintain standards of varieties, .grades and finishes of limestone, and its fabrication. The institute conducts considerable re- search and tests on practically every phase of the production and
Standardization Activities of Organizations HQ

practical use of limestone. It has formulated and issued master

specifications for Indiana colitic limestone, covering grades and

finishes, shop drawings, fabrication, loading and shipment, parging,

laying, and cleaning.

Industrial Management Society, P. H. Weber, president, 421

Engineering Building, 205 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111.

Through the Occupational-Rating Research Group, this society developed an occupational-rating plan for hourly and salaried occupations, which is a standard devised by the society for standardizing

and evaluating occupations. This standard is being widely used at

the present time throughout the country. During the past year the

occupational-rating group made extensive use of this standard for

grading a variety of hourly rated occupations. The use and adoption

of the plan as set forth in this standard serve to establish more uniform classifications of grading occupations among various manufacturers concerned.

Industrial Safety Equipment Association, W. J. Parker, secretarytreasurer, 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Practically all

of the work of this association in the field of standardization is

carried on in cooperation with the American Standards Association.

It is officially represented on four ASA sectional committees on

safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels;

safety code for the protection of the head, eyes, and respiratory

organs of industrial workers; performance requirements for protective occupational footwear; and safety code for woodworking

machinery.

It is at the present time cooperating with the National Bureau

of Standards in the preparation of a Simplified Practice Recommendation on packaging of unit first-aid dressings and treatments,

and in the establishment of a Commercial Standard covering

materials for safety wearing apparel.

Industrial Truck Statistical Association, W. S. McCann, secretary,

208 South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. This association maintains

a Committee on Standardization, whose efforts are directed towards

the development of standardization and simplification of steering

and power controls for electric industrial trucks of various types,

as well as tractors. The committee is also working on a set of

specifications for various capacities of electric industrial trucks of

different types, and tractors designed especially for the convenience

of and for the use of governmental agencies. These specifications,

when formulated, will cover maximum and minimum ranges of

standard dimensions for each capacity and type of truck and tractor.

The association adopted revised standard specifications for automatic battery-charging motor-generators and panels.

Industrial Unit Heater Association, L. 0. Monroe, secretary, 5-208

General Motors Building, Detroit, Mich. Through its Engineering

Committee, this organization has developed standards for propeller

unit heaters and a standard code for testing and rating steam unit

heaters, this latter code being developed by a joint committee of

the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and this

association. In cooperation with the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, it is developing a standardization program

for motors in connection with the unit heater industry.
120 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Institute of American Poultry Industries, E. B. Heaton, managing

director, 110 North Franklin Street, Chicago, 111. Although this

institute has not issued standards and specifications, it does, through

its Shell Egg Committee; Frozen and Dried Egg Committee; and

Dressed Poultry Committee, cooperate with the United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration

(Federal Security Agency) in the development of standards and

grades for various poultry items.

Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, B. E. Ferry, general manager, 60 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. A

standard code, known as the I-B-K Testing and Bating Code

for Low Pressure Heating Boilers, hand-fired and automatically

fired, including solid fuel and oil, has been formulated by the institute. It has initiated a program for simplification of sizes of large

tube, cast iron radiators, which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Becommendation B174-^M3, promulgated by the

National Bureau of Standards.

The institute is represented on the American Standards Association sectional committee which formulated American standard for

pipe thread. It also maintains representation on the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Subcommittee on Heating Boilers,

which is in charge of the development and revision of the ASME

Boiler Code.

Institute of Book Cloth and Impregnated Fabrics Manufacturers,

C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y.

In cooperation with the Employing Bookbinders of America and

the Book Manufacturers' Institute, this organization initiated the

program which resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS5T-40 for book cloths, buckrams, and impregnated fabrics for

bookbinding purposes, except library bindings, which was promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. In connection with this standard, the manufacturers of starch-filled and impregnated bookbinding fabrics place on their fabrics a label to

indicate that the material is guaranteed to meet the requirements of

the Commercial Standard. The recommended wording of the label

is as follows : "These goods are manufactured to conform with Commercial Standard CS57-40 issued by the United States Department

of Commerce."

Institute of Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufacturers,

Samuel Dunckel, managing director, Shoreham Hotel, Washington,

D. C. The Technical Committee of the Oil Division of this institute

has developed tentative standards for flue-connected oil-burning space

heaters which cover the code for oil-heater rating tests, methods for

publication of oilheating ratings in manufacturers' and jobbers' catalogs, and method for selecting the proper size oil heater to heat a given space. It is at the present time working on a draft for standards for pot-type oil-burning appliances, which it proposes to submit

for approval as a Commercial Standard under the auspices of the

National Bureau of Standards.

The Solid Fuel Stove Division is carrying on research work with

the Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio, with reference

to coal stoves which will include the preparation of a standard rating code for stoves. Oil heaters produced by manufacturers are
Standardization Activities of Organizations 121

tested in their own laboratories, and the results of their findings are

submitted to the central laboratory of the institute for checking.

The institute permits manufacturers to use the rating seal on heaters which have been rated and tested in accordance with the institute's

standards. The wording of the label or seal is as follows: "The

Manufacturer certifies that catalogue ratings on this heater are in

accordance with the standards of the Institute of Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufacturers."

Institute of Leather Cloth and Lacquered Fabrics Manufacturers,

C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y.

This organization superseded the Association of Pyroxylin Coated

Fabric Manufacturers several years ago. This institute carries on

standardization work from time to time in connection with commodities over which it has jurisdiction. A committee of this organization is at the present time developing specifications for grey goods.

It assists the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the

revision of Federal specifications covering artificial leather (upholstery). Another phase of standardization accomplished by this institute has been the preparation of classification key numbers for use

in identifying comparable grades of pyroxylin coated fabrics (artificial leather). The institute has also cooperated with the Bureau

of Marine Inspection and Navigation in the preparation of standards

for cover material for buoyant cushions.

Institute of Makers of Explosives, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary,

103 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standardization and simplification activities of this institute are carried on by the Committee on

Standardization, the membership of which is composed of technical

representatives of the various member companies. This committee

has fostered the use of the American standard table of distances,

which represents the accepted practice by many States; also the

United States Army, Navy, and United States Coast Guard, and complied with by all explosives manufacturers, with respect to the distances between explosive plants, storage magazines for explosives,

and inhabited buildings, public railways and public hightways.

There has also been issued an additional table known as the intraplant table of distances. These two tables have been incorporated

in the institute's "Suggested State Law" and "Suggested City Ordinance," which law and ordinance have been put into effect by a number

of States and municipalities, as also the United States Army, Navy,

and Coast Guard, on all new construction. Through its efforts in

simplification, the institute has issued a pamphlet on standardization

of sizes of cartridges and strengths of high explosives, which represents a reduction in the number of strengths and sizes offered by

the explosive manufacturers over a period of years.

The Standardization Committee has cooperated with the Bureau

of Explosives, for the safe transportation of explosives and other

dangerous articles, in preparing rules governing conditions under

which explosives may be most safely transported by rail and water.

This is accomplished by continuous contact with that bureau.

Another phase of standardization by the institute is in its cooperation with the various regulatory bodies of the different States, in

the preparation of rules and regulations in connection with the safe

practices and approved types of explosives for underground blasting.
122 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Further standardization has resulted from the continuous cooperative

activities between the institute and the United States Bureau of

Mines, in the matter of preparing regulations for the safe and efficient

use and handling of explosives.

The fuse manufacturers, who are associate members of the institute,

undertook a program of simplification which resulted in reducing the

kinds and types of fuse, and the establishment of a simplified schedule

which satisfactorily and economically meets the demands of the trade.

The committee is at the present time making a study of standardization of blasting caps and electric blasting caps, in the hope of reducing the number and types of caps and thereby promoting safety

through such reduction. The Committee on Standardization has

from time to time been responsible for the preparation of rules in

connection with the general use and handling of explosives, which

has resulted in making the use of explosives safer to the user and

the public generally.

Institute of Radio Engineers, Inc., Harold P. Westman, secretary,

330 West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. The standardization activities of this institute are carried on by the following technical committees, the names of which are indicative of the fields

covered by them: Electroacoustics, electronics, facsimile, frequency

modulation, radio receivers, symbols, television, transmitters, and

antennas, and radio wave propagation. These committees, which are

composed of engineers active in the radio laboratories and manufacturing organizations in this country and, some, in Canada, meet from

time to time and prepare reports which deal with the following types

of material: definitions of terms, letter symbols, graphical symbols,

and methods of testing and rating equipment. Reports issued by

these committees are approved by the Standards Committee of the

institute, which has the responsibility for the initiation and guidance

of such activities. After approval by the board of directors, the

reports are published as documents of the institute.

As a result of the work of its technical committees, the institute has

issued standards on electroacoustics, electronics, radio receivers,

and transmitters and antennas.

The institute is sponsor for the Sectional Committee on Radio

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association, and is represented on 10 additional ASA sectional committees

dealing with the following subjects: specification for dry cells and

batteries; electrical measuring instruments; definitions of electrical

terms; standardization of vacuum tubes for industrial purposes;

electric and magnetic magnitudes and units; radio-electrical coordination ; letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering; standards for drawings and drafting room practice (exclusive

of architectural drawings) ; acoustical measurements and terminology; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings.

Institute of Shortening Manufacturers, Inc., Earl S. Haines, executive secretary, Norris Building, Atlanta, Ga. The principal standardization work carried on by this organization has been in

connection with a simplified practice program on packages. The entire industry generally follows the institute's package standards.

The standard packages developed and used through this program for

standard shortening are': 400-lb tierces, 110-lb drums, 60-lb tubs (Pa-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 123

cific Coast only), 50, 55-lb butter-tubs (North only),, 20-lb wooden

pails (New England and New York State only), 48-lb tin, 16-lb pails

(Southwest only), 8-lb pails, 4-lb pails, 8-lb cartons, 4-lb cartons, and

1-lb cartons. For hydrogenated shortening the packages are tierces,

100-lb or 110-lb drums, 45-lb cans, 50-lb cans, and 60-lb cans.

The institute has collaborated with the Army and Navy and with

the Food and Drug Administration on specifications and standards

for shortening and edible oils.

Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association, G. M. Haskell,

secretary, care of General Cable Corporation, 420 Lexington Avenue,

New York, N. Y. The membership of the association is composed

of engineers from the leading manufacturers of wire and cable for

electrical purposes in the United States. Many of its members are

also members of other technical associations, such as the American

Institute of Electrical Engineers, Association of American Kailroads,

American Standards Association, and the American Society for Testing Materials.

This association functions as a whole in the study, development,

and publication of standards for many of the products of the insulated wire industry. It cooperates with other organizations interested in standardization, such as the American Standards Association, the American Society for Testing Materials, with engineering

committees on their various activities and with many branches

and agencies of the Federal Government concerning their standards

for electric wires and cables.

This association has published the following specifications and

has others in the course of development: rubber insulated power

cables ; rubber insulated parkway cables ; varnished cambric insulated

cables; metallic coverings for insulated electric cables; and ozone

resistant type insulation for electric cables. It has for a number of

years cooperated with the High Tension Cable Committee of the

Association of Edison Illuminating Companies in the preparation

and revision of specifications for impregnated paper-insulated, leadcovered cable of tlie solid and oil-filled types.

Insulation Board Institute, B. J. Westover, manager, 111 West

Washington Street, Chicago, 111. A group of manufacturers of

structural insulating board initiated a program for the establishment

of Commercial Standard CS42-35 covering specifications for two

classes of insulating board designated as "insulating building board"

and "roof insulating board." This standard was promulgated by the

National Bureau of Standards and adopted by this institute. Several

committees of the institute are at the present time carrying on work

in the field of standardization. In this connection, standardization

committees are engaged in developing standard widths, lengths, and

thicknesses of structural insulating boards for recommendation to

the National Bureau of Standards of the United States Department of Commerce, and a technical committee is also working on

the standardization of the physical properties of structural insulating

boards.

The institute cooperates with the Federal Specifications Executive

Committee in the development and revision of Federal specifications

covering insulating fiber-board. It maintains a research associate

at the National Bureau of Standards conducting tests of dry wall
124 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

construction. The institute is officially represented on the Sectional

Committee on Specifications for Plastering, functioning under the

procedure of the American Standards Association.

Inter-Society Color Council, Deane B. Judd, chairman, in care of

National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. This council

grew out of a color conference sponsored by the Revision Committee of the United States Pharmacopoeia in 1930. Its membership consists of officially designated representatives of the several

national societies and associations interested in the description and

specification of color and of individuals interested in color. From

its inception, the work of the council in ^coordinating and giving

advice on problems submitted by its member bodies has been accomplished through committee work. The aims and purposes of the

council are to stimulate and coordinate the work being done by the

various societies and other organizations leading to the standardization, description, and specification of color, and to promote the

practical application of these results to the color problems arising

in science, art and industry.

The council has developed standard designations of color for the

description of drugs and chemicals. These designations are being

put into the latest revisions of the National Formulary and the

United States Pharmacopoeia, and are finding acceptance in many

diverse fields. It has also developed a method of designating

theatrical gelatines which is being extended to the designation of

dye solutions generally. A movement by the council for standard

terminology has resulted in the compilation of a comparative list

of 300 color terms. Development of a test for color aptitude is also

well under way. The preliminary form of test already developed

serves to detect the most common forms of color blindness.

Internal Combustion Engine Institute, E. F. Deacon, secretary,

408 Continental Building, Dallas, Tex. This organization is composed of manufacturers of internal combustion engines sold for

automotive, agricultural, industrial, and oil field applications.

Through its Sectional Committee it meets periodically to consider

the development of standards for the industry. The institute has

adopted standards covering testing and rating procedure ; warranties

and policies; and accessory equipment.

Through its sectional committee, the institute cooperates with

the American Petroleum Institute and the American Gas Association

in formulating standard formulae for the application of internal

combustion engines to oil-well pumping service and stationary power

involving the use of natural gas fuel.

International Acetylene Association, H. F. Eeinhard, secretary,

30 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This association has

developed and issued specifications for standard hose connections

for oxygen, acetylene, and similar fuel gases, which will assure interchangeability of parts made by various manufacturers. It cooperates with the Compressed Gas Manufacturers Association in drafting standards for threading of valves used in cylinders for storing

compressed gases. It is officially represented on five sectional committees of the American Standards Association dealing with the

following projects: safety in the construction industry; safety code

for mechanical refrigeration ; code for pressure piping ; specifications

for pressure and vacuum gages ; and ventilation code.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 125

International Apple Association, R. G. Phillips, secretary, 1108

Mercantile Building, Rochester, N. Y. This organization has taken

an active part in the promotion of legislation for the standardization of fruit and vegetable containers. These activities, cooperated

in by other allied trade bodies, resulted in the enactment by Congress

of the standard barrel law and the standard basket and hamper

acts.

The association was instrumental in obtaining the passage of the

Federal climax basket act, and also the original New York State

mandatory standard apple-grading law, which was used as a model

for the drafting of legislation by other States in the so-called barrel

territory.

It collaborated with other national fruit and vegetable trade

organizations, including the National League of Commission Merchants, Western Fruit Jobbers' Association, American Fruit and

Vegetable Shippers' Association, and the Fruit and Vegetable Brokers' Association, in drafting and setting up rules and definitions of

trade terms for the fruit and vegetable industry, which standards

were either approved or adopted by these organizations.

International Association of Electrotypers & Stereotypers, Inc.,

A. P. Schloegel, field secretary, 949 Leader Building, Cleveland,

Ohio. Through its Standardization Committee, this organization

has prepared standards for printing plates. These standards cover

thicknesses and tolerances for unmounted and curved electrotypes,

bevel of edges of patent base plates, thickness of shell, and standard

formula for electrotype backing metal. This association has also

prepared and issued two additional pamphlets, one covering standards for lockup, and the other relating to standards on engraving.

International Association of Garment Manufacturers, A. F. Allison, 260 West Broadway, New York, N. Y. This association cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment

of Commercial Standards relating to dress patterns; men's pajamas;

and boys' blouses, shirts, waists, and junior shirts. It has also

cooperated with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in

the preparation of Federal specifications relative to measurements

for dress and work shirts.

International Association of Government Labor Officials, Isador

Lubin, secretary, in care of Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States

Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. This organization, composed of labor officials both in the United States and Canada, does

not, of itself, develop standards in the fields represented by its members. Practically all of the standardization work coming within the

purview of this association is carried on in cooperation with the

American Standards Association.

It was joint sponsor with the American Institute of Laundering

and the National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies for the

safety code for laundry machinery and operations, which was approved as an American standard by the American Standards Association. This association also participated in the development of

American standard safety codes covering mechanical refrigeration,

safety in the construction industry, building exits, and the national

electrical safety code. It is officially represented on 24 additional

201072°—41 9
126 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ASA sectional committees dealing with the following projects : safety

code for elevators, dumbwaiters, and escalators; building code

requirements for light and ventilation; and administrative requirements for building codes ; also safety codes for compressed air machinery and equipment; conveyors and conveying machinery; cranes,

derricks, and hoists ; protection of heads, eyes, and respiratory organs

of industrial workers; exhaust systems; prevention of dust explosions; amusement parks; grandstands; ventilation code; and standardization of methods of recording and compiling accident statistics

allowable concentrations of toxic dusts and gases; safety code for

forging and hot metal stamping; safety code for industrial sanitation; code of lighting—factories, mills, and other work places; logging and sawmill safety code; protective occupational footwear;

quarry operations; safety code for rubber machinery; textile safety

code; safety code for walkway surfaces; and safety code for woodworking machinery. It is also represented on the ASA Safety Code

Correlating Committee and Building Code Correlating Committee.

The association maintains a Standing Committee whose duty it is

to report annually concerning the methods of preparing safety codes

in the various States of the Union and in the several provinces of

Canada.

International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, Robert C.

Hibben, executive secretary, Barr Building, Washington, D. C. The

Simplified Practice Committee of this association, either of its own

initiative or in cooperation with similar committees of other organizations, has carried on a simplification program which resulted in

the establishment of three Simplified Practice Recommendations

promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards. This association

initiated a project for a schedule of standard sizes for ice cream cups

and cup caps, as set forth in Simplified Practice Recommendation

R132-36.

In cooperation with the Dairy Industries Supply Association, it

established the Simplified Practice Recommendation for standard

sizes of brick molds and cartons. It also developed, in cooperation

with the Milk and Ice Cream Can Institute, a schedule of standard

sizes of tinned steel ice cream cans given in Simplified Practice

Recommendation R164-36.

This association maintains representation on the Standing Committee for the revision of Simplified Practice Recommendation

R175-40 for heavy-duty round-nesting paper containers for foods and

beverages. In addition, committees of this association collaborated

with the International Association of Milk Dealers in the formulation of standards of the latter association for sanitary pipe fittings.

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, V. A. Zimmer, secretary-treasurer, in care of United States

Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. This association, as its

name would indicate, is an organization consisting of various State,

Territorial, and Provincial agencies, which deals with industrial ac- cidents and workmen's compensation.

Practically all of the standardization work of this association is

conducted under the auspices of the American Standards Association.

It is sponsor for the project on the safety code for exhaust systems

and work in compressed air. It acted as joint sponsor with the
Standardization Activities of Organizations 127

Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association, resulting in the formulation of the American standard safety code for the use, care, and

protection of abrasive wheels; with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National Conservation Bureau in the

formulation of the American standard safety code for mechanical

power-transmission apparatus; with the National Safety Council in

developing a safety code for rubber machinery; with the National

Conservation Bureau in the formulation of the American standard

safety code for woodworking plants; and with the National Council

on Compensation Insurance and the National Safety Council on

standardization of methods of recording and compiling accident

statistics.

This association is also represented on 14 additional ASA sectional

committees dealing with the following projects: building exits code;

safety in the construction industry; safety code for elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators; safety code for mechanical refrigeration;

safety code for compressed air machinery and equipment; safety

code for conveyors and conveying machinery; safety code for cranes,

derricks, and hoists ; code for pressure piping ; regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters for electric wiring and apparatus

;

National Electrical Safety Code; safety code for the protection of

heads, eyes, and respiratory organs of industrial workers; ventilation

code; and safety code for the prevention of dust explosions.

International City Managers' Association, Clarence E. Ridley,

executive director, 1313 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago, 111. For

more than 10 years this association has been concerned with the es- tablishment of standards of administration for the various municipal

departments.

Beginning in 1930, the association's research staff, with the cooperation of other organizations, developed measurement units for cer- tain public works activities. This system, together with a budgetary

accounting system, was installed in a number of cities, and manuals

describing these installations were published and distributed to city

officials and other interested groups throughout the country. The

association also engaged in the development of a police record system

designed to aid in improving police administration and published a

manual.

In 1936 and 1937 the association, jointly with the University of

Chicago and the Committee on Public Administration of the Social

Science Research Council, made a study of measurement techniques

now being used in local governments, and pointed out the next steps

that might be taken in the measurement of municipal activities. Results of the study were published by the association in a report in

1938 entitled Measuring Municipal Activities.

Attention has been given in recent years to the development of

specifications for the content of annual municipal reports, resulting

in the publication in 1930 of a report entitled Specifications for the

Annual Municipal Report, and a supplementary report issued in 1940

entitled A Check List of Suggested Items for the Annual Municipal

Report. This association is officially represented on several sectional

committees of the American Standards Association.

International Municipal Signal Association, Inc., Irvin Shulsinger,

secretary, 8 East Forty-first Street, New York, N. Y. The develop-
128 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ment of standards and specifications by this association is carried on

by five committees, which deal with various phases of signal engineering. The Signal Systems Materials Committee considers standards for materials and equipment, and recommends same for

adoption under the proper procedure. The Signal Operating Methods Committee considers standards of signal operating methods and

recommends them for adoption. The Signal Committee's duties are

to make recommendations for signaling methods to be adopted by the

National Fire Protection Association for inclusion in their various

codes on municipal fire alarm systems and interior fire alarm systems. The Radio Communications Committee undertakes studies of

the art of radio communications in the municipal communication

field. The Traffic Control Devices Committee is engaged in making

improvements in the art of traffic control.

All of these committees maintain subcommittees which work and

advise committees of the International Fire Chiefs Association relative to studies dealing with signal engineering.

The Signal Systems Materials Committee is cooperating with

Governmental agencies working on programs on National defense,

and in coordinating the work of municipal fire departments and

communications systems.

This association has formulated and adopted 18 specifications

covering signal wires and cables, and materials used in connection

therewith. The association is officially represented on four sectional

committees functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association for the following projects: Regulations of the

National Board of Fire Underwriters for electric wiring and apparatus; National Electrical Safety Code; code for protection against

lightning; and insulated wires and cables.

Lead Industries Association, Felix Edgar Wormser, secretary, 420

Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization has adopted

standards for lead pipe and lead pipe sizes, lead fittings, and lead

for calking purposes. At the present time the association is engaged in simplifying lead fittings standards. In addition to its

own work on standardization and simplification, this organization

maintains representatives who serve on committees of the American

Standards Association and American Society for Testing Materials,

especially in connection with the standardization of plumbing goods.

It also cooperates with various agencies of the Federal Government

in the development of specifications covering lead products.

Lightning Rod Manufacturers Association of the United States of

America, S. I). Kretzer, in care of National Lightning Protection Co.,

Jefferson and Eugenia Streets, St. Louis, Mo. Standards of this

association are incorporated in the Code for Protection Against

Lightning published by the National Bureau of Standards. This

code was the result of the cooperative work of several organizations,

including the Lightning Rod Manufacturers Association, working

under the sponsorship of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the National Bureau of Standards, and carried out under

the procedure of the American Standards Association. The code

includes specifications for lightning rods and rules for their installation along with regulations for the protection of buildings, towers,

smoke stacks, etc., and for the protection of structures containing

inflammable and explosive dusts, liquids and gases.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 129

Other work of this association includes that done in cooperation

with the Farm Fire Protection Committee of the National Fire

Protection Association in an effort to keep the standards of the two

organizations in harmony.

Linoleum and Felt Base Manufacturers Association, Chester E.

Rahr, general manager and treasurer, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Two committees of this association carry on work in the field

of standardization. The Technical Committee cooperates with Federal, State, and municipal governments in establishing standards for

products of the industry. Specifically, it has assisted the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee in formulating and revising Federal specifications covering battleship linoleum and cork carpet, and

is now cooperating in the development of specifications covering

other types of linoleum. Its Simplification and Standardization

Committee functions as a coordinating unit in obtaining members'

views with respect to various gages of linoleum, sizes of rugs, quality, and grade.

Liquid Tight Paper Container Association, George J. Lincoln, Jr.,

secretary, 1532 Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia, Pa. For

the past 20 years standardization of paper containers has constituted

an important function of this association. Through its efforts in

this field this association has established standard measures, such

as half-pint, pint, quart, two-quart, and gallon capacities. It has

also accomplished a standard method of packing, such as 300 halfpint units to a shipping case, 200 pint, 100 quart, 50 half-gallon,

and 50 gallon.

The products of this industry, which are straight-sided paper

containers with slip cover lid, are recognized by all the States as

a measure, and not merely as a container.

Every manufacturer of this product must submit the containers

to the bureaus of weights and measures of the several States to see that the containers are of accurate capacity. If approved, a license

number is then granted. This license number must be printed or

stamped on each and every container that is manufactured. At the

present time a committee of this association is conducting a study

leading to standardization of certain industrial products, as well

as certain types of printing.

Machine Screw Nut Bureau, G. P. Byrne, managing director, 53

Park Place, New York, N. Y. Although this bureau does not publish standards or specifications of its own, its Committee on Standardization and Simplification considers dimensional standards of the

products of the industry relating to diameter, length, pitch of thread,

type of head, etc. The committee actually does not complete any

project; it merely develops standards which are satisfactory and

efficient both to consumers and manufacturers. These projects are

presented to the American Standards Association, who actually

complete and promulgate them in the form of recommended

American standards.

Mahogany Association, Inc., George N. Lamb, secretary, 75 East

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. This association is composed of American firms that import genuine mahogany logs into the United

States and manufacture them into lumber and veneer. It cooperates

with the National Hardwood Lumber Association in establishing
130 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

grading rules for hardwood lumber. The rules published by the

latter association also include rules covering the grading of

mahogany lumber.

This association took an active part with other lumber associations in the preparation of a standard for two classes of solid hardwood wall paneling, which resulted in the formulation and promulgation of Commercial Standard CS74r-39 by the National Bureau

of Standards.

This association has inaugurated a labeling program whereby it

licenses manufacturers to use labels issued by them and to affix said

labels to furniture made of genuine mahogany. Contracts, with the

association, signed by manufacturers, contain penalty clauses in the

form of liquidated damages for willful misuse of the labels. Labels

are issued in two colors. The red label so placed on a piece of furniture indicates that it is made of solid mahogany lumber, whereas

the blue label means that the furniture is made of solid mahogany

lumber for frame parts, and of mahogany plywood for larger

surfaces. The purpose of labels is to guarantee to the customer that

furniture so labeled is made of genuine mahogany, and not of

cheaper substitute woods stained to resemble mahogany, frequently

described as "combination mahogany" or "mahogany finish." It

is also a guaranty that furniture so labeled is not made of Phillippine hardwoods, or other tropical substitutes which are in no

way related to genuine mahogany but are sometimes sold as

"Philippine mahogany."

Malleable Chain Manufacturers' Institute, C. W. Spalding, chairman, 11 South La Salle Street,, Chicago, 111. A group of seven firms

comprises the membership of this organization which has been

developing standards for malleable chain and attachments since

1917, at the suggestion and recommendation of the War Industries

Board. All standardization and development work is done with

the participation of all of the institute's members rather than by

specific committees. The results of this work are published in the

catalogs of its members.

Malleable Founders' Society, Robert E. Belt, secretary, Union Commerce Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The work of this society deals

largely in technical research and advisory services, in assisting its

members to maintain standard grades of products, and in the development of new applications and uses for malleable castings. In carrying on this work, it has sponsored the adoption of the present standard specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials for

malleable castings, as well as those of other technical organizations

and of the Federal Specifications Executive Committee.

The society maintains official representation on a committee of

the American Standards Association dealing with the classification and designation of surface qualities, corrosion and other subjects, and is represented on the ASTM Committee on Malleable Iron

Castings. It cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards

in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R79

for malleable foundry refractories.

Manganese Track Society, R. E. Einstein, secretary, 301 South

Main Street, East St. Louis, 111. The Standardization Committee of

this organization meets at frequent intervals with the Track Com-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 131

mittee of the American Railway Engineering Association for the

purpose of discussing design, uses, and materials entering into the

construction of the product made by the members of the society.

This has resulted in the publication of a book of track-work plans

and specifications, which comprises drawings and other details

required in the construction of track structures now in use, and

practically considered as standards for the American railroads.

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings

Industry, John J. Harman, general secretary, 420 Lexington Avenue,

New York, N. Y. This society, with its predecessor, the Committee

of Manufacturers on Standardization of Pipe Fittings and Valves,

has been in continuous existence for the past 30 years.

The method of carrying on standardization work by the society

is by means of committees selected from the engineering departments

of representative manufacturers that are directly engaged in the

manufacture of the products in question.

At present the society has about 20 committees carrying on work

on subjects covering codes, screw and flange fittings (ferrous and

nonferrous), marine valves and fittings, marking and terminology,

materials, radiator valves, screw threads, cast- and malleable-iron

fittings, brass valves, unions and union fittings, water works, welding,

etc.

The society has now in force approximately 20 standard practices

which it has developed and adopted. These are for bronze flanges

and flanged fittings (150-, 250-, and 300-pound) ; roughing-in dimensions for light radiator valves, union elbows, and return-line vacuum

valves; by-pass size standard; finishes for contact faces of connecting-end flanges of ferrous valves and fittings; cast-iron screwed

drainage fittings; spot-facing standard; 125-pcund and 250-pound

SP bronze screw pipe fittings; pipe bushings; locknuts; steam

bronze castings for valves, flanges, and pipe fittings; gray-iron and

malleable-iron castings for flanges, pipe fittings, and valve parts;

standard marking system for valves, fittings, flanges, and unions;

drain tapping standard; screw threads for high pressure and temperature bolting; 300-pound malleable-iron screw fittings; ferrous

flanged valve center to face dimensions; and railing fittings.

In addition, the society serves as joint sponsor with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Heating, Piping and Air

Conditioning Contractors National Association for the Sectional

Committee on Pipe Flanges and Fittings, which resulted in the

approval of 11 standards by the American Standards Association.

It is also officially represented on 11 additional ASA sectional

committees working on the following projects : specifications for castiron pipe and special castings; minimum requirements for plumbing

and standardization of plumbing equipment; pipe threads; safety

code for mechanical refrigeration ; code for pressure piping ; standard

hose coupling screw threads; standardization of dimensions and

materials of wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe and tubing; classification and designation of surface qualities; specifications for zinc

coating of iron and steel ; standards for drawings and drafting room

practice; work in compressed air; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings. It is also represented on committees of the American Society for Testing Materials dealing with
132 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

development of specifications for cast-iron, steel, and copper and

copper alloys.

The society initiated the program for the elimination of unnecessary sizes of wrough:-iron and wrought-steel pipe, valves, and

fittings. This resulted in the establishment of standard stock sizes as set forth in Simplified Practice Recommendation R57-32, promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

Through its various committees the society cooperates also with

the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in formulating and

revising numerous Federal specifications on valves and fittings; and

also with the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation of the

United States Department of Commerce in connection with the development and revision of its general rules and regulations pertaining to the use of valves and fittings. It also cooperates with

other organizations on standardization projects coming within the

field represented by the society.

Manufacturing Chemists' Association of the United States, Warren N. Watson, secretary, 608 Woodward Building, Washington, D. C.

An important activity of this association is in the field of container

research and the safe packaging and transportation of explosives

and other dangerous articles. This work is handled by technical

committees, among which are the following: Tank Car Committee;

Carboy Committee, Steel Barrels and Drums Committee, Poisonous

Articles and Miscellaneous Packages Committee, and Traffic Committee. These committees work in cooperation with the Bureau of

Explosives, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Bureau

of Marine Inspection and Navigation, United States Department of

Commerce, in facilitating the authorization of new and improved

containers, and regulations designed to further safeguard and improve the transportation of hazardous commodities. This association

has issued a series of manuals in which are included all of the

standards and recommended practices formulated by the various

committees and adopted by the association.

The standards and recommended practices which now appear in

manual form cover carboys for shippers and consignees; glass can- boys, boxed; handling and storing and service requirements of steel

drums, including warning labels; handling of hydrofluoric acid

and nitrocellulose wet with alcohol or water; bulk shipments in box

cars of sodium bisulphate ; standard tables for aqua ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, and zinc chloride solution;

and unloading of steel tank cars when filled with various kinds of

corrosive liquids. This association cooperated with a sectional committee of the American Standards Association in the development of

the American standard safety code for mechanical refrigeration.

It is also represented on ASA Sectional Committees on the development of a ventilation code and safety code for exhaust systems.

Through the several technical committees, research work is sponsored in technical colleges and universities on projects relating to

the safe handling or transportation of chemicals and related products.

Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, E. C. Singler, secre- tary, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. One of the prime

objects of this association is to establish and enforce uniform grades

and standards of products; to constantly improve methods of manu-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 133

facture; and to make the association trade-mark a symbol of excellence in methods and materials. Through its Grades Committee, this

association has established grading rules for northern hard maple,

beech, and birch flooring. For the protection of the specifier and

consumer, the association requires its members and encourages other

hard-wood flooring manufacturers to properly and clearly grade

mark and species market their entire flooring product. The letters

MFMA on maple, beech, or birch flooring signify that the flooring

is standardized and guaranteed by the association to be in accordance with the current established grading rules.

This association has also adopted specifications for heavy duty

finishes and for gymnasium-type finishes for maple, beech, and birch

floors. A number of years ago it adopted a certification program

for approval of heavy duty finishes for such floors. In accordance

with this plan (revised 1939 to include gym-type finishes) products

meeting required tests are certified to the association on the basis

of laboratory examination according to the specifications. For this

purpose the association employes the services of a commercial testing

laboratory. Products, which have met these specifications and have

been so certified to the association, will receive its written approval.

Under the present plan, products meeting the laboratory test prior

to January 1, 1941, will be certified to the association and by the

association to members of the industry as of that date. MFMA

approval will be effective from date of certification to January 1,

1944, subject to the condition that prompt notification will be given

the association of any change in formula, and of withdrawal of

approval on substantial evidence of depreciating the quality of the

product.

Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, University of Pittsburgh,

E. R. Weidlin, director, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. The

functions of the institute are fourfold, namely, it is an industrial

experiment station, a training school for industrial scientists, a center

for investigation in pure as well as applied chemistry, and a clearing

house on specific scientific information for the public.

Various fellowships have been active in the field of standardization.

Much of this work has involved the development of analytical methods, physical testing procedures, and factual information for use

in the preparation of specifications.

The American Refractories Institute, a national organization comprised principally of manufacturers of refractory materials, maintains a multiple fellowship in Mellon Institute for the purpose of

conducting studies relating to the manufacture, use, and development

of this important commodity. The activities of the fellowship are

divided between evaluation studies and research work. Contributions

are made from time to time relating to the development of new test

methods and specifications, and study of the properties and behavior

of refractories in service.

Another phase of the technical work in the American Refractories

Institute is that of the Technical Advisory Committee. This group

is comprised of technical experts from the industry, and the purpose of the committee is to help direct the fellowship and to offer

technical assistance to other organizations, such as the American

Foundrymen's Association, the American Ceramic Society, and the
134 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

American Society for Testing Materials. From time to time, cooperation is extended to the National Bureau of Standards, the Naval

Boiler Testing Laboratory at Philadelphia, city and municipal organizations, as well as the large variety of industries which consume

refractory materials.

The Mellon Institute along with a number of other organizations

is supporting the work of the American Coordinating Committee on

Corrosion. This committee was organized in 1938 under the immediate sponsorship of the American Society for Testing Materials.

There have long existed in England and Holland and a number of

other foreign countries coordinating committees sponsored by the

counterparts of the National Bureau of Standards. Frequent re- quests for information on the status of corrosion investigations in

the United States had been received from these foreign committees,

and the desirability of having a similar organization in this country

became apparent some years ago. The committee as originally constituted consisted of official delegates from 16 national technical societies, from the National Bureau of Standards, from Battelle

Memorial Institute, and from Mellon Institute. Since that time a

number of additions have been made.

The committee is designed to coordinate research and developmental

activities in the entire field of corrosion in this country. It lists

in its confidential directory the names of some 275 individuals se- lected by the committee from a total of 500 or 600 persons who submitted data on their qualifications. The scope of activities covered

by these listed individuals varies from academic work on the theory

of corrosion to actual application of corrosion principles to the protection of process equipment, pipe lines, household utilities, etc.

The Coordinating Committee whose secretariat is at the Mellon

Institute, collaborates to the fullest extent with similar committees

and particularly with Federal agencies. The committee is already

cooperating with the War Department on a number of confidential

projects.

The institute maintains research for the Committee of Revision of

the Pharmacopoeia of the United States which is presently engaged

in the preparation of the twelfth revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the

United States. The committee operates through 15 subcoinmittees

including the one on organic chemicals.

This subcommittee is charged with preparation of standards for

organic chemicals, natural and synthetic, including alkaloids, fatty

oils, soaps, and purely synthetic chemicals. It is also engaged in

preparing standards for surgical dressings, in which it enjoys the

cooperation of the offices of the Surgeons General of the Army and

Navy and of the National Institute of Health. It also, in its

broader program, has the close cooperation of the Food and Drug

Administration.

A representative of the institute serves as chairman of the Committee on Laboratory. American Pharmaceutical Association. This

laboratory is engaged in the preparation and revision of standards

found in the National Formulary, a volume official under the Food.

Drug and Cosmetic Act, and devoted to medicinal preparations and

diagnostic reagents.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 135

The institute maintains representation on several committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials that are engaged in setting

up specifications for the determination of thermal and physical

properties of all types of insulating materials. Definite standards

have been laid down for compression strength, flexual strength, and

linear shrinkage. After specifications for various other physical

and thermal properties have been established, work will go forward

in establishing definite specifications for insulating materials to meet

certain conditions. Representation is also maintained on American

Society for Testing Materials' technical committees engaged in problems relating to water for industrial uses and the development of

standards and methods of test for glass.

The institute was represented also on a joint committee with representatives of the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the American

Society of Refrigerating Engineers, and the National Research Council in the development of a test code for the determination of thermal

conductivity of all types of insulating materials.

The institute, through its fellowships, cooperates with other organizations in the field of standards. Representation is maintained

on the Advisory Committee on Ultimate Consumer Goods, functioning

under the auspices of the American Standards Association, on problems relating to consumer standards; and on the Crankcase Oil

Stability Research Committee of the Society of Automotive

Engineers.

The Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, which has its

headquarters in the institution, operates collaboratively with various

national societies and governmental agencies through its medical and

preventive engineering committees composed of specialists. Investigations are also sustained at Harvard University and the University

of Pennsylvania.

Metal Cutting Tool Institute, Harry C. Hungerford, secretary, 410

Asylum Street, Hartford, Conn. One of the chief activities of this

institute is the standardization and simplification of all products

coming under its classification, which is metal cutting tools, including

taps and dies, milling cutters, drills, reamers, and miscellaneous cutting tools. The institute is divided into three major divisions,

namely: Taps and Dies, Milling Cutters, Drills and Reamers; and

each division is represented by separate committees on physical

standards and standardization and simplification of product. The

subjects which these committees consider and the projects completed

by "them cover the revision of physical dimensions of all tools coming under their classification, so as to keep the standards in line with

current manufacturing conditions and practices. This institute

cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards, and other Federal

agencies, as well as the American Standards Association, in standardization matters. The Tap and Die Division has issued a standard catalogue of sizes of taps and dies, and also a commercial

standard pamphlet covering standard dimensions of taps and dies

which has been adopted by tap and die manufacturers. These latter

standards coincide with the physical dimensions given in American

standard B5.4H939 covering cut and ground thread taps approved

by the American Standards Association.
136 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

The division maintains representation on Sectional Committees of

the American Standards Association on Standardization and Unification of Screw Threads, Pipe Threads, and Allowance and Tolerances

for Cylindrical Parts and Limit Gages.

The Milling Cutter Division prepared and issued a standard catalogue covering sizes and dimensions of milling cutters. The division is represented on the standing committee of Simplified Practice

Recommendation K36-34 for milling cutters which recently prepared a revision of the recommendation. It is also represented on

the ASA sectional committee which compiled and issued the American standard B5c-1930 covering standards for milling cutters.

The Drill and Keamer Division has likewise prepared and issued

a standard catalogue on sizes and dimensions of drills and reamers.

This division is officially represented on the Sectional Committee

on Standards for Small Tools and Machine Tool Elements functioning under the auspices of the American Standards Association which

has, among other things, completed a revised draft of twist drill

standards (ASA B5.12-1940) and a new American standard, B5.10-

1939 for reamers. It is also represented on two additional ASA sec- tional committees on allowance and tolerances for cylindrical parts

and limit gages, and on Classification and designation of surface

qualities.

The institute, through its divisions, cooperates very closely with

the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the development

and revision of Federal specifications for twist drills.

Metal Lath Manufacturers Association, Arthur Tuscany, commissioner, 208 South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Subjects of primary interest to this association include metal lath, plaster, and

stucco construction. This association was instrumental in bringing about a simplification of sizes and varieties of metal lath which

resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation

R3-39 promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. It cooperated with the Sectional Committee on Standard

Specification for Gypsum Plastering, which was approved as American standard A42.1-1938 by the American Standards Association.

In addition, it has prepared and issued standard metal lath specifications for better plastering and concrete stucco covering quality of

materials and methods of application of all types of metal lath expanded or fabricated from sheets, and primarily designed to be

used as a base for plastering.

This association also cooperates with the Federal Specifications

Executive Committee in the preparation of Federal specifications

for metal bases for plaster and stucco construction.

The Metal Lath Manufacturers Association has developed specifications and details for various types of ceiling and partition con-

, struction. This information has been published in the Partition

Handbook and in Metal Lath News. It has been done in an attempt

to standardize construction practice.

Metal Paper Fastener Institute, Thos. B. Jordan, executive secre- tary, Trinity Court Building, 74 Trinity Place, New York, N. Y.

This institute developed a standardization program which resulted in

the adoption of standards covering physical dimensions of brass and

steel washers of various sizes. It also formulated physical standards
Standardization Activities of Organizations 137

for brass and steel paper fasteners of the round and flat types and of

various styles of wire paper clips.

Metal Window Institute, Myron J. Jones, technical assistant, 1427

Eye Street NW., Washington, D. C. Three committees of this or- ganization are currently interested in activities relating to standardization and simplification. These committees, known as Executive,

Technical, and Coordination Committees, cooperate through the institute with various agencies of the Federal Government in the

preparation of specifications relative to metal windows.

Specifically, this institute collaborated with the National Bureau

of Standards relative to tests of air infiltration through windows;

with the American Iron and Steel Institute in the preparation of

the fire protective provisions of a model building code; and with a

State agency in the establishment of standards for light penetration

through windows and glass block. The institute has prepared and

is now revising its own standard covering specifications for public

work. It cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the

preparation of Simplified Practice Recommendation R72 relative to

standard stock sizes for solid section steel windows. It is represented on the sectional committee engaged in the development of

modular dimensions for building materials and equipment, functioning under the American Standards Association's procedure.

This organization instituted and completed a program of research

at the University of Michigan in connection with air-conditioning

requirements of glass.

Milk Cap Statistical Bureau, George J. Lincoln, Jr., executive

secretary, Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia, Pa. This organization, formerly known as the National Association of Bottle Cap

Manufacturers, carries on work in simplification and in development

of standards for the bottle cap industry, through committees which

are appointed from time to time. One of the principal features of

its program has been the development of a standard color chart of

16 colors for milk bottle caps. This standardization of colors assists

dairies, changing their sources of supply from one manufacturer to

another, in being able to continue on the same colors, where formerly

different manufacturers all had different shades of the some color.

This bureau has also established a standard with reference to milk

bottle caps which is 40-point thick, single white-lined board. It is

at the present time engaged in establishing a standard method for

closing in the ends of the tubes in which the caps are packed. The

object of this method is that the caps will be packed in more sanitary tubes, and customers will be able to obtain standard pack from

whatever source they may purchase.

This organization took an active part in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R148-33 covering standard sizes

and dimensions of glass containers for cottage cheese and sour cream,

which was promulgated and published by the National Bureau of

Standards.

Mine Inspectors' Institute of America, C. A. McDowell, secretary,

427 Park Street, California, Pa. The only standardization activity

conducted by this institute up to the present time has been in connection with the suitability of types of explosives for use in mines,

including standard methods of handling and transportation. It
138 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

served as sponsor for the recommended practice for the use of explosives in bituminous coal mines. This was approved as American

recommended practice M14r-1930 by the American Standards

Association.

Mirror Manufacturers Association, Ivan A. Bickelhaupt, secretary,

Shoreham Building, Washington, D. C. At the request of this association, a general conference of manufacturers, distributors, and users

was held in 1930 for the purpose of establishing standards of quality

for plate-glass mirrors. As a result of this conference, conducted at

the National Bureau of Standards, there was adopted a specification

covering five grades of plate-glass mirrors and promulgated as Commercial Standard CS27-30. At the suggestion of the association,

the Standing Committee for the industry recommended revision

of this standard to include "shock" or common window-glass mirrors, and to eliminate two grades. The revised standard was approved and a second edition was published as Commercial Standard

CS27-36.

For the guidance of the buying public and the protection of the

mirror manufacturer, the association recommended to mirror manufacturers that each commercial standard grade mirror may be labeled

in the color designated below, with the following statement for each

particular grade: red for "A" quality; blue for No. 1 quality; and

green for No. 2 quality—we guarantee this mirror to be manufactured of polished plate-glass and to be of quality as specified

in Commercial Standard CS27-36, issued by the National Bureau of

Standards, United States Department of Commerce.

Monorail Manufacturers Association, E. Donald Tolles, secretarytreasurer, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. All the standardization

activities carried on by this association to date have been the preparation and adoption of specifications for overhead track systems which

were approved in 1938. These specifications cover track, suspension

fittings, manually operated trolleys or carriers, switches, cranes and

transfer bridges, specifications for wire-rope electric hoists, electric

hoist and travel carriers, and wiring.

Motor Fire Apparatus Manufacturers' Association, Inc., W. J.

Parker, secretary-treasurer, 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Although this association has not developed specifications of its own

covering motor fire apparatus, it has, through its technical advisory

committee, cooperated with the National Board of Fire Underwriters

and the National Fire Protection Association in the development of

specifications for fire apparatus for both municipal and rural

communities.

Multiple V-Belt Drive Association, Philip W. Upp, executive secre- tary, 140 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The product of manufacturers in this association consists of drives for the mechanical

transmission of power, the drives comprising sheaves with multiple

grooves and V-belts operating in these grooves. The membership in

the association includes companies which manufacture sheaves, and

which sell complete drives and parts thereof.

The standardization and simplification work of this association is

carried on through its Engineering Committee, which has considered,

or is now conducting, work on the following subjects: number of

belt sizes to be recommended; sectional outline of belts, including
Standardization Activities of Organizations 139

dimensions and angles; determination of most useful lengths of

endless belts; groove dimensions in sheaves to cooperate with belt,

including careful studies and tests of most suitable angles of the

grooves, and allowable variations in those angles. The committee

has developed and adopted formula for horsepower ratings for belt

drives, and a method of determining the exact center distance in

use of endless belts, and a table of center factors for ratios 1:1 to

10 : 1. The Engineering Committee cooperates closely with the V-Belt

Technical Committee of the Rubber Manufacturers Association for

the purpose of improving its belting standards. It also cooperates

with a similar committee of the Power Transmission Association.

National Aircraft Standards Committee. (See page 12.)

National-American Wholesale Lumber Association, Sid L. Darling, secretary, 41 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. One

of the objects of this association is to aid and more efficiently distribute all lumber and forest products through standardization of

grades and sizes, and through the elimination of unfair practices

and trade abuses, in cooperation with proper governmental agencies

and officials. This association's activities in standardization are

carried on in cooperation with the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards, on which it maintains official representation in the development of American lumber standards. This organization maintains a Grade-Marking Committee made up of wholesalers familiar

with various species of lumber. This committee, which acts in an

advisory capacity, cooperates with similar grade-marking committees of lumber manufacturers' associations for the grade-marking

of lumber of various species.

National Association of Bedding Manufacturers, S. J. Mills, secre- tary, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. One of the main

activities of this organization is the promotion of State laws and

Federal rules and regulations relating to the production and sale

of sanitary and honestly labeled bedding materials, with compulsory

requirements for labeling mattresses and pillows in regard to kind

and prior usage of filling materials.

Through an Industrial Committee, this association has cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment

of Simplified Practice Recommendations R2—32 for bedsteads,

springs, and mattresses; and R24-37 for hospital beds; and in the

development of Commercial Standards CS54-35 for mattresses for

hospitals; and CS 55-35 for mattresses for institutions, all of which

have been promulgated and published by the National Bureau of

Standards. This committee is continuing its cooperation with the

National Bureau of Standards by maintaining representation on the

standing committees of above-mentioned Simplified Practice Recommendations and Commercial Standards for future revisions.

This association is also collaborating with the American Standards

Association with reference to certain standards relative to items or

commodities entering into the manufacture of mattresses.

National Association of Builders Exchanges, John B. Dickman, Jr.,

executive secretary, Bond Building, Washington, D. C. One of the

main objects of this association is the promotion of uniform building

laws throughout the country. It cooperated with the National

Bureau of Standards in the formulation of a uniform mechanics'
140 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

lien law. It has also approved the standard documents of the

American Institute of Architects covering the form of agreement and

general conditions of the contract, the bond of suretyship, the standard form of agreement between contractor and subcontractor, and

the letter of acceptance of subcontractors' proposal.

Among the association's activities in the commodity standardization field is the participation in the establishment and acceptance by

industry of various Simplified Practice Recommendations promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards, including partitions for

toilets and showers, steel lockers, paint and varnish brushes, forms

for concrete floor construction, wheelbarrows, etc. It is cooperating

with other organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards Association, in the formulation of a standard recommended

practice for brick masonry.

National Association of Building Owners and Managers, Robert

B. Beach, executive secretary, 134 South La Salle Street, Chicago,

111. This association is essentially a service industry, and its membership represents a substantial part of the larger commercial properties of the country. In connection with its other activities, this

organization devotes part of its time to matters relating to standardization. It has adopted a standard method of floor measurements,

and has developed standard methods of rating space. It has also

prepared standard practices in accounting and a uniform chart of

accounts for industrial use. The association makes studies of cost operations, rental conditions, lease percentage rates, and kindred matters for the purpose

of developing standard types of information for the guidance of

the industry.

It is represented on the Electrical Committee of the National Fire

Protection Association, which has taken an active part in developing

the National Electrical Code. It cooperated with sectional committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, in the development of standards for cast-iron soil pipe and

fittings, specifications for gypsum plastering, and code for pressure

piping. The association is also represented on the ASA Sectional

Committee on Specifications for Pressure and Vacuum Gages, and

on the Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters and Escalators.

National Association of Dyers and Cleaners of United States and

Canada, J. M. Matson, managing executive, Silver Spring, Md. This

association cooperated with other units of the industry in the establishment of quality standards for Stoddard solvent, promulgated and

published as Commercial Standard CS3-40 by the National Bureau

of Standards.

It is now making a study of the characteristics of dry-cleaning

solvents with a view to further standardization in the improvement

of materials and methods of testing.

The association maintains laboratories of its own, where research

work is carried on in the fundamental problems of the dyeing and

cleaning industry, and where instruction is given to members in the

standard practices developed at the laboratories. It issues technical

bulletins from time to time on standard methods and materials

developed or tested at its laboratories. Three textbooks on garment

cleaning have been published, which contain standard recommended
Standardization Activities of Organizations 141

practices in the cleaning of various materials; standard tests for

identifying fabrics; standard formulae for soaps and cleaning compounds; etc.

This association has recently completed a standardization of

processes to be used in servicing the equipment of the standing army

of the United States, particularly the wool uniforms and other

articles such as wool blankets.

It is officially represented on three committees of the American

Society for Testing Materials dealing with petroleum products and

lubricants, soaps and other detergents, and textile materials.

National Association of Fan Manufacturers, L. O. Monroe, secre- tary, 5-208 General Motors Building, Detroit, Mich. Three committees of this association, namely : Engineering, Standardization, and

Statistical, carry on the work relating to standards and specifications. Through the efforts of the Statistical Committee, this association has prepared comparison charts for planing mill exhausters

and cast-iron volume fans. The tabulations contained in these charts

represent a fair comparison of standard sizes of exhausters and volume fans taken from the published catalogs of member companies.

The Standardization Committee has formulated standards for

multiblade and nonoverloading fans which were approved by the

association.

Through the joint cooperation of the Engineering Committee of

this association and the Fan Test Code Committee of the American

Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, this association has

approved and published a standard test code for centrifugal and

axial fans.

Committees of this association are now working on subjects dealing with standard methods for centrifugal fans and blowers, and a

tentative code for sound rating of fans.

In furthering its work in standardization, the association is

officially represented on six sectional committees functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association dealing with

the following projects: allowance and tolerances for cylindrical parts

and limit gages ; safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery

;

ventilation code ; safety code for exhaust systems ; acoustical measurements and terminology; and work in compressed air. This association has adopted a labeling plan whereby member companies may

use the "NAFM" label on printed catalogs for identification to the

buying public of fans sold thereunder as having certified ratings

based on air deliveries, which are in accordance with the standard test

code for centrifugal and propeller fans.

National Association of Finishers of Textile Fabrics, Alice C.

Moore, secretary, 40 Worth Street, New York, N. Y. After this

association had approved color fastness specifications for dyed or

printed cotton or linen piece or woven materials, it made application

to the National Bureau of Standards, for a revision of Commercial

Standard CS59-39 to include color fastness tests based on the specifications approved by this Association. Commercial Standard CS59-

41, distributed by the National Bureau of Standards, contains revised

tests for color fastness of cotton and linen fabrics based on the specifications approved by this association,

201072°—41 io
142 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Preceding by many years the adoption of the color fastness standards referred to above, this association made arrangements with a

commercial testing laboratory to conduct tests to determine the degree

of fastness of fabric to light and washing. Licensed finishers whose

goods receive an "J." or "Z?" rating for fastness are granted the use

of the association's NAFAL label, showing that the particular dyeing

from which the sample was taken has passed the tests required for

the use of that label.

This association has approved a standard method of procedure by

finishers in the return of remnants to the converter.

National Association of Flat Rolled Steel Manufacturers, A. N.

Flora, president, 1845 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Much work

has been accomplished by this association in connection with the

development of standard specifications for flat rolled products. As

questions relating to standardization arise from time to time, this

association appoints committees best qualified in knowledge and

experience to work out solutions to the problems involved. Through

the work of such committees, this association has approved and

adopted standards for permissible variations for dimensions, "weights

and workmanship for sheets and strip steel, including standard classification of hot- and cold-rolled sheets and strip. It has also

adopted standards covering permissible variations from specified gauge weights and size for both coated and uncoated sheets,

and also stretcher-leveled and resquared sheets. These standards

and others covering practically all types of sheets and strip from the

standpoint of gauge thicknesses, widths, and weights, have been

developed with a view to standardizing and simplifying specifications as much as possible for both the manufacturer and the

consumer.

This association has assisted in formulating and revising building

codes in cooperation with technical organizations. It has cooperated with the Public Roads Administration and the American

Association of State Highway Officials in preparing specifications

covering corrugated galvanized culverts.

The association is at the present time engaged in developing specifications for galvanized roofing. It is also conducting studies in

connection with painted and galvanized roofings on matters of

weights per square and coating, and in the standardization of patterns. This association is officially represented on sectional committees, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, engaged in the development of standards and specifications for refrigerators, and specifications for zinc coating of iron

and steel.

National Association of Food Chains, John A. Logan, president,

726 Jackson Place, Washington, D. C. This association has a Labeling Committee which is giving consideration to the development of

quality labels for canned foods, based on specifications and standards

prepared and issued by the United States Department of

Agriculture.

This committee is working with a similar committee of the

National Consumer-Ketailer Council. The council is composed of

representatives of outstanding national consumer organizations and

national associations of various types of retailers. The food com-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 143

mittee of this council is made up of representatives from consumer

groups and chain food stores.

National Association of Hosiery Manufacturers, Earl Constantine,

president, 468 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. ; E. Max Schenke,

director of research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. The general purpose of this association is to encourage, promote, and protect the welfare and interests of the hosiery industry

of the United States.

Several of the principal activities of this association deal with matters relating to technical research and standardization, which include

the development of standards for hosiery and methods for testing

hosiery.

For 19 years, the association has maintained a research associateship at the National Bureau of Standards for the purpose of analyzing and studying the cause of defects in hosiery, and suggesting improvements in the methods of manufacture of hosiery. One of the

recent developments brought about by the research associates has

been the establishment of the methods of test used for the testing of

hosiery. These methods are described in Circular C422—Methods

of Testing Hosiery, published by the National Bureau of Standards.

The test methods given in the publication were selected in order to

eliminate unnecessary or undesirable variations in the general testing

procedure and to eliminate confusion resulting from a diversity of

methods.

The research associates have also prepared a paper on the strength

and elongation of silk yarns as affected by humidity, which has been

issued as National Bureau of Standards Research Paper RP1363.

In view of the greatly increasing demand for mechanical tests

designed to give an indication of the ability of various stockings to

withstand wear, it has been found desirable by manufacturers and

consumers of hosiery, and necessary for the stabilization of testing

laboratories, that standard methods of procedure in making such tests

be worked out. In this connection, a study is being made by the

research associates and the Association's Research Committee on the

machine and practical wear tests on women's silk full-fashioned hosiery, which will ultimately lead to the development of standard

methods for testing such hosiery. Work is now going forward in

developing a standard on the influence of various factors on the

snag resistance of women's -silk full-fashioned hosiery. Specially

constructed hosiery is being used in making this study.

The research associates of the NAHM serve as advisors for the

manufacturers of the hosiery industry and the United States Government on technical problems related to hosiery.

The Research Committee, formerly known as the Raw Silk Committee, is the most active standing committee of the association in

the testing of raw materials and technical matters pertaining to the

manufacture of hosiery.

This committee has carried on an extensive research program with

the cooperation of the Japanese Raw Silk Intelligence Bureau, dealing with methods of tests and the effect on various factors of evenness, cleanness, and neatness of the finished product. It also acts as

an advisory committee to the Research Department of the association

on all studies having to do with standardization. Its work in stand-
144 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ardization includes the development of "Hosiery Fabric Defect Standards," the "Raw Silk Color Standards," and the report on the causes

of "Two-tone in Hosiery."

This committee and other similar committees representing the Commodity Exchange, Inc., the National Federation of Textiles, Inc.,

and the Throwsters Research Institute, Inc., compose the Joint Committee on Raw Silk Classification which has done much work on the

methods of testing raw silk and which, early in 1938, issued its

Second Progress Report dealing with the methods of testing raw

silk and raw silk classifications.

Other standards which have been developed and adopted by the

association cover dimensions of hosiery boxes, oil content of rayon

yarn, and lubricant for knitting machines.

The association sponsored the movement which led to the establishment of Commerical Standard CS11-29 for regain of mercerized

cotton yarns, and Commerical Standard CS46-40 for hosiery lengths

and sizes. These standards were developed under the auspices of

the National Bureau of Standards and promulgated and published by

that agency.

National Association of Ice Industries, Mount Taylor, executive

secretary, 228 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Through its

regular staff, this association has cooperated with several technical

organizations in the development of standards covering subjects of

interest to the ice industry. It collaborated with the United States

Housing Authority in the development of standard specifications

for ice refrigerators for use on government projects. It initiated

the movement for the standardization of ice-cake sizes which resulted

in Simplified Practice Recommendation R96, and also cooperated in

the preparation of Simplified Practice Recommendation R109 for

ice-compartment sizes for domestic refrigerators. Both of these

recommendations have been promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards.

This organization was officially represented on the sectional committee which developed the safety code for mechanical refrigeration

approved and published as American standard B9-1933 by the

American Standards Association, and also on the ASA sectional

committee which developed several standards on pipe flanges and

fittings. It is now officially represented on the Sectional Committee

for Standards and Specifications for Refrigerators for the purpose

of developing grades or qualities of household, hospital, and hotel

types of refrigerators.

This association has adopted for the ice industry a seal of approval

which will identify ice refrigerators and other ice using appliances

that have been subjected to tests by the association, and which measure up to carefully determined standards of construction and performance. This seal on an ice refrigerator or ice chest is a guarantee that it has been carefully tested by the technical department of

the association and has been found to meet the rigid requirements,

both as to construction and performance, and has been unanimously

approved by both this association and the National Association of

Ice Refrigerator Manufacturers.

In order to carry on this testing work, the association built and

operates its own testing laboratory. Here, every size and model of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 145

refrigerator on which application is made to use the seal must be

subjected to rigid performance tests by the association engineers.

In addition to these performance tests, the structural specifications

of the refrigerator are studied, and checked against the minimum

structural specifications established as a requirement for using the

seal.

National Association of Ice Refrigerator Manufacturers, E. G.

Vail, secretary, 205 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. The Standardization Committee of this association is at the present time working with the Sectional Committee of the American Standards Association in developing standard grades or qualities for refrigerators

cooled with ice and for self-acting or mechanical refrigerators

employing a self-contained refrigerant.

This association has established minimum construction requirements for ice refrigerators for the purpose of securing satisfactory

and economical operation. These standards have been established

in order to protect the public to the extent of making ice a more

efficient, a perfect and economical medium for the preservation

of food and health through the use of appliances, the safe and

efficient performance and substantial and durable construction of

which are assured. Thus, members, whose ice refrigerators conform

to the minimum construction requirements established by the association, are permitted to carry the association's insignia which states

that the refrigerator is "manufactured by certified member according to specifications of the National Association of Ice Refrigerator

Manufacturers.

National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc., G. M. Baird, chairman, Specifications & Purchases Committee, Suite 1307, 110 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

This association cooperated actively with the National Bureau of

Standards in the establishment of Commercial Standards for liquid

hypochloride disinfectant, deodorant, and germicide; pine oil disinfectant; coal tar disinfectant (emulsifying type); cresylic disinfectants; and for househould insecticide (liquid spray type). These

standards have been promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards.

This association has instituted a labeling program whereby manufacturers are permitted to include on the labels attached to the products or invoices a statement that goods so labeled conform to all of

the requirements of the particular standard adopted by the association and recorded in the Commercial Standard issued by the National

Bureau of Standards.

National Association of Marble Dealers, R. H. Flint, president,

3208 Shields Avenue, Chicago, 111. A publication, entitled Standard

Specifications for Interior Marble Work, has been issued by the asso- ciation as a guide in preparing specifications for interior marble on

any particular job. These specifications contain information on

standard practice, a list and classification of the most commonly used

marbles, and 42 illustrative plates of standard construction methods

and details.

This association has also prepared and issued a specification covering standard marble and a standard classification of both imported

and domestic marbles.
146 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

National Association of Master Plumbers of the United States,

Jere L. Murphy, chairman, Standardization Committee, 340 East

Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. The Standardization Committee of this association effected a standardization of copper boilers,

connections, and outlets. It also prepared standards for connections

and dimensions of staple vitreous china plumbing fixtures and for allclay porcelain plumbing fixtures, cast-iron soil pipe and fittings, compression faucets, escutcheons, and connections to plumbing fixtures,

and enameled iron sanitary ware. The association cooperated with

the United States Department of Commerce in a report dealing with

recommended minimum requirements for plumbing.

It is officially represented on three sectional committees functioning

under the procedure of the American Standards Association on the

following projects: Pipe Thread; Standards for Drawings and

Drafting room Practice; and Graphical Symbols and Abbreviations

for Use on Drawings.

National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, J. M. Eaton,

secretary, 919 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. All

standardization work of this organization is carried on with the

American Standards Association of which it is a member body and

officially represented on the Board of Directors; Standards Council

and Safety Code Correlating Committee. It served as joint sponsor

for the safety code for laundry machinery and operation which was

approved as American standard by the American Standards Association.

This association is officially represented on ASA technical committees engaged in the development of the following safety codes:

Construction industry; building exits; elevators, dumbwaiters, and

escalators; use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels; compressed

air machinery and equipment; conveyors and conveying machinery;

cranes, derricks, and hoists ; protection of heads, eyes, and respiratory

organs of industrial workers ; exhaust systems ; grandstands ; methods

of test for safety glass; work in compressed air; protective occupational footwear, foxie dusts, and gases; accident prevention signs;

walkway surfaces; stevedoring; industrial sanitation; quarries;

and highway traffic standards.

National Association of Pipe Nipples Manufacturers, H. A. Long,

Jr., secretary, 501 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. In cooperation

with the National Bureau of Standards, this association initiated the

movement for the development of a commercial standard for pipe

nipples. This resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard

CS5-40 covering pipe nipples made of brass, copper, steel, and

wrought iron. This standard has been promulgated and published

by the National Bureau of Standards.

National Association Practical Refrigerating Engineers, Emerson Brandt, secretary, 228 North LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. Although this organization does not inaugurate standardization projects

in the refrigeration field, it cooperates in the standardizing activities

of other organizations, notably the American Standards Association.

By its representation on sectional committees, it cooperated in the

establishment of the American standard code for mechanical refrigeration, standard specifications for cast-iron flnaged ammonia fittings, and a standard code for pressure piping, both of which have
Standardization Activities of Organizations 147

been approved as American standards by the American Standards

Association.

National Association of Printers' Roller Manufacturers, H. H.

Colehower, Jr., secretary, in care of Godfrey Roller Co., Philadelphia, Pa. This is an association composed of 52 roller makers

throughout the United States and Canada, comprising approximately

90 percent of the roller makers in the United States. Two committees of this organization are engaged in standardization work.

The activity of one of the committees is in standardizing weights

on roller composition, while the work of the other committee is in

investigating and reporting new types of printing rollers, as a means

to measure their worth to the printing industry.

National Association of Purchasing Agents, George A. Renard,

executive secretary, 11 Park Place, New York, N. Y. This association, with which are affiliated more than 60 local purchasing

associations in this country, parts of Canada and Mexico, represents

approximately 6,000 purchasing officials, both public and private.

Representing as it does a body of corporate consumers, including

purchasing agents of industrial concerns, private and public utilities,

and governmental and institutional buyers, this association takes an

active part in standardization and simplification programs of value

to its members.

Although it does not develop projects within the association, it

maintains a definite policy of cooperation with all representative

organizations in the preparation of standards and specifications for

materials, equipment, and supplies in which the members are interested. This work is carried on through committees functioning with

similar committees of other organizations, and by direct representa^

tion on many committees of various national technical standardizing

bodies.

A few of the early efforts of this association in standardization

have been in connection with the preparation of the standard coal

contract form in cooperation with the National Coal Association:

and the formulation of standard forms of contract for erected and

nonerected conveyor equipment in collaboration with the Conveyor

Equipment Manufacturers Association.

The Iron and Steel Committee of this association developed a standard code for marking steel bars, which has been adopted by

both the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board and the Navy

Department. This committee also assisted in the development of a

standard sales agreement and trade customs for the gray-iron foundry

industry.

The Paper Shipping-Containers Buyers Group took an active

part in the formulation of specifications for solid fibre containers

and for corrugated containers, while the development of standard

listings of industrial cotton constructions was made by the Cotton

Fabrics Committee.

This association's Electrical Contract Committee cooperated with

several national electrical organizations in the proposed development

of standard electrical contract forms for the purchase of electrical

machinery.

This association participates in the activities of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards in the establishment of American
148 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

lumber standards grading rules for softwood lumber, and is

represented on the Planning Committee of the National Bureau

of Standards in the development of Simplified Practice Recommendations.

Through its own initiative, this Association undertook a simplification program for the reduction of catalogue sizes. This resulted

in the adoption of the national standard sizes for catalogues. The

Governmental Purchasers Group and the Institutional Buyers Group

actively participate in standardization and simplification programs,

either sponsored by or conducted under the auspices of technical

organizations or agencies of the Federal Government.

This association initiated simplification programs in cooperation

with the National Bureau of Standards which led to the formulation

of several Simplified Practice Kecommendations. Specifically, there

were established, promulgated, and published by the Bureau Simplified Practice Recommendation R37 covering standard sizes of commercial forms (invoice, purchase order, and inquiry) ; Recommendation R58 relating to classification of iron and steel scrap; and re- vision of Recommendation R166 with reference to color code for

marking steel bars.

The association is represented on sectional committees of the

American Standards Association participating in the development

of American standards for the following general projects, many of

which Jiave already been approved : standardization of gears ; specifications for pressure and vacuum gages, specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel; classification of coals; specifications for wood

poles; and petroleum products and lubricants. It is also officially

represented on the Advisory Committee on Ultimate Consumer Goods,

functioning under the auspices of the American Standards Association. The functions of this committee, which are advisory in scope,

are to see that the consumer and distributor points of view are adequately taken care of in all activities of the ASA. The association

also maintains representation on technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials engaged in the development of

specifications and test methods on subjects relating to coal and

coke, soaps and other detergents, and paper and paper products.

The National Education Committee of this association has sponsored an educational program which, although it does not come

strictly within the purview of standardization proper, does cover

subjects which are either directly or indirectly related to1 the broad

field of standardization and simplification. In an effort to advance

further sound principles of purchasing and to elevate the purchasing profession to a higher level, this committee's educational program includes, among other things, the publication of a series of

handbooks for the guidance and use of the entire membership of

the association. The work of this committee has thus far resulted

in the publication of handbooks entitled Commodity Data Sheets,

Purchasing Policies and Procedures, Industrial Purchasing—Principles and Practices, and Materials Handbook. Several additional

publications are in various stages of completion.

National Association of Real Estate Boards, Herbert U. Nelson,

executive vice president, 22 West Monroe Street, Chicago, 111.

Standard forms, such as appraisal work sheets for various types of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 149

property ; rental- and sales-agency contracts; closing sheet; application

for real-estate loan; extension of lease form; apartment, office, loft,

and store lease forms* and management agreement form have been

adopted by the association. It has also adopted a code of ethics

covering professional relations, relations to clients, customers, and the

public. The association also adopted standards of practice for

realtor appraisers and appraisal committees of member boards,

covering appraisal of properties exclusive of agricultural, industrial,

public utility, mineral, and forest properties.

The association is cooperating with other organizations under the

procedure of the American Standards Association by representation

on sectional committees engaged in the development of American

standards for the following projects: Building code requirements

and good practice recommendations for masonry; specifications for

plastering ; building code requirements for light and ventilation ; and

administrative requirements for building codes.

National Association of Sheet Metal Distributors, George A. Fernley, secretary-treasurer, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This

organization of wholesale distributors has cooperated with other units

of industry in the establishment of simplified practice recommendations covering standard sizes and varieties of sheet steel, terneplate,

and eaves trough and conductor pipe, which were promulgated and

published by the National Bureau of Standards. It initiated the

movements which resulted in the formulation of the Simplified Practice Recommendations for the last three of the projects enumerated

above.

National Association of Silo Manufacturers, Z. W. Craine, secre- tary, Box 30, Norwich, N. Y. Members of this association manufacture and build silos of many different structural materials such

as wood stave, triple-wall wood, tile block, tile stave, concrete stave,

and monolithic concrete.

In cooperation with various organizations, this association has

developed certain standards with respect to the products manufactured by this industry. Wood silo manufacturers and this association have adopted the silo stave-pattern standard grading and

dressing rules of the West Coast Lumbermen's Association.

In collaboration with the Portland Cement Association, this association is working on standards for cement-stave silo; and with the

Structural Clay Products Institute in the development of standards

for silo tile. It likewise cooperates with several technical associations representing steel manufacturers with reference to specifications

for steel used for silo production.

This association has established a Silo Foundation Fund with the

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station at Rutgers University

for the standardization of reinforcing requirements for cylindrical

silos of various sizes for all types of forage crops, particulary corn

and grasses or legumes. It has already completed some of the

problems involved in connection with this project.

In cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture,

it has obtained factual knowledge as to silage pressures and reinforcing requirements for such pressures, which led to the standardization

of reinforcing requirements for farm silos.

National Association of Waste Material Dealers, Inc., Chas. M.

Haskins, managing director, Times Building, New York, N. Y. One
150 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

of the primary functions of this association is the standardization of

commodities, the formulation of classifications of waste material,

and the establishment of trade customs.

The association has operating with its officers and the Executive

Committee the Secondary Metal Institute, Scrap Rubber Institute,

Associated Rag Industries, and the Waste Paper Institute. These

organizations are known as divisional associations of the National

Association of Waste Material Dealers.

In its Blue Book which is published every five years there are included all classifications having to do with waste materials, whether

adopted by the association

? itself, or originating with other organizations. Among those originating with the National Association of

Waste Material Dealers, Inc., is a complete classification covering

cotton rags, mixed twines, and bagging; a classification covering all

types of nonferrous metals, also, a classification on scrap rubber,

woolen rags, and waste paper.

The association's Blue Book carries Simplified Practice Recommendation R58-36 covering Iron and Steel Scraps as published by

the National Bureau of Standards and also carries the Scrap Iron

Classification of the Association of American Railroads.

National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Walter Humphreys,

secretary, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. Standard definitions

for clean wool, shrinkage, content, and condition of wool have been

adopted by this association.

In 1922 the association cooperated with the U. S. Department of

Agriculture in establishing standards for wool, which standards have

been the official government grades since that time.

In connection with the Department of Agriculture's establishment

of wool-top standards, the association, through its Wool Top Committee, supervised a project undertaken by the Textile Foundation

to settle the question of top standardization and to develop some basic

means of measuring fineness. As a result of this work the association presented to the industry a schedule of fineness measurements for

the qualities of 80s to 50s, inclusive, which were generally accepted by

the trade. These standards formed the basis for new wool-top standards which were promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture in

1939.

Through its Committee on Olive Oil Alternatives, the association

conducted research to determine a suitable lubricant as an alternative

for olive oil in processes of wool manufacture. This work led to the

formulation of specifications which were issued during the present

year.

The association cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards

in the establishment and revision of Simplified Practice Recommendation Rll-36 relating to bed blanket sizes; also in cooperation

with the Bureau initiated the movement which resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS65-38 for wool and part-wool

fabrics. It also took an active part in the preparation of Commercial

Standard CS39-3T for wool and part-wool blankets and subsequent

revisions thereof.

The association maintains representation on technical committee

D-13 of the American Society for Testing Materials, which is engaged in developing standards and methods of test for textile materials.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 151

National Automatic Sprinkler Association, Eussell Grinnell, president, 205 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. The primary

object of this association is the advancement of the art of automatic

control of fire as applies to the conservation of life and property.

This organization does not of itself formulate standards, but rather

cooperates with several national technical bodies in the preparation

of standards, codes, and regulations. It cooperates with committees

of the National Fire Protection Association in connection with the

design, installation, inspection, and maintenance of automatic and

open sprinkler systems; also in the selection, installation, maintenance, and use of fire extinguishers and other first aid fire extinguishing equipment. It also cooperates in the design, installation, and

maintenance of standpipe and hose systems and of private underground systems supplying water for fire extinguishment, including

the character and adequacy of water supplies and the selection, installation, and maintenance of valves, hydrants, monitor nozzels,

hose and accessory equipments; the supervision of valves controlling

water supplies for fire protection.

The association concerns itself with the design and construction

of hose houses, and fire department procedure in fighting fires in

buildings equipped with automatic sprinklers.

It cooperates also with committees of the National Board of Fire

Underwriters, the Underwriters' Laboratories, and the Associated

Factory Mutual Laboratories relative to the formulation of standards,

specifications, and regulations for fire apparatus and its use. The association is officially represented on sectional committees,

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association, engaged in the development and revision of the following projects : code for pressure piping, pipe threads, and pipe flanges and

fittings. It assisted in the development of the building exits code

which was approved as American Standard A9-1937 by the American Standards Association, and in the scheme for identification of

piping systems A13-1928, also approved by the ASA.

National Basketball Committee of the United States and Canada,

Oswald Tower, editor, Andover, Mass. In addition to developing

playing rules for the game of basketball, this Committee maintains

several subcommittees, one of which, the Research Committee, experiments with proposed changes in the rules and in standardizing

equipment. Standards have been established relative to dimensions

of playing courts for junior high, high school, and college age ; also

for backboards, baskets, and the ball. The committee is at the

present time developing recommended specifications for the lighting

of basketball courts.

National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, C. O.

Myers, secretary, Brunson Building, 145 North High Street,

Columbus, Ohio. The objects of this association are to promote

uniform boiler laws and rules throughout the jurisdiction of its

members; to secure uniform approval of specific designs of boilers

and other pressure vessels, as well as appurtenances and devices

used in connection with their safe operation; and to promote one

uniform code of rules, and one standard stamp to be placed upon

all boilers and pressure vessels constructed in accordance with the

requirements of that code, and one standard of qualifications ana

1
152 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

examinations for inspectors who are to enforce the requirements

of said code.

Whenever it is desired to have the approval of this board on a

specific design of a steam boiler, or other pressure vessel, or of

any appurtenance or device used in connection with their safe

operation, the applicant for such approval shall furnish the secretary

of the board six copies of blueprints, specifications, or other data.

The secretary shall then refer the matter to the standing committee

appointed for such purpose, for such action as may be deemed advisable. Upon a report of this committee, the applicant will furnish

the secretary such number of copies of blueprints, specifications, or

other data as may be necessary to supply each member of this board

with a copy.

The approval of such specific design, appurtenance, or device shall

require the 90 percent affirmative vote of the membership of this

board. The secretary shall keep a complete record, which shall

include reasons upon which any application was rejected. In the

event of the failure of the committee to report within a reasonable

time, the applicant may appeal directly to the board. Upon receipt

of approval by this board, the manufacturer of such specific design,

appurtenance, or device, shall distinctly stamp same with a fourleaf clover design bearing the initials NBBPVI. No steam boiler

or other pressure vessel shall be stamped as designated, unless

it conforms with the rules formulated by the Boiler Code Committee

of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and has been

inspected during construction and upon completion by an inspector

who has been qualified in accordance with the requirements of this

board's bylaws. The stamp to be used as indicative of construction

under the National Board requirements shall be a facsimile of stamping approved by this board. It shall be applied upon completion

of construction only to those boilers or other pressure vessels which

are distinctly stamped with the ASME symbol. Any steam boiler

or other pressure vessel built after July 1, 1921, and stamped ASME

and National Board, may be used within the jurisdiction of any

member of this board.

National Board of Fire Underwriters, W. E. Mallalieu, general

manager, 85 John Street, New York, N. Y. This organization with

a membership of 193 stock fire-insurance companies prepares and

issues reports, standards, good practice requirements, and suggested

codes and ordinances dealing with fire protection equipment and the

necessary safeguarding of hazards.

Standardization work or subjects related thereto of the board is

carried on under the direction and supervision of several committees,

chiefly the Committee on Construction of Buildings and the Committee on Fire Prevention of Engineering Standards. The first is the

clearing house for information on fire-resistive building construction

and similar technical subjects related to fire safety. It keeps in touch

with State and city commissions that are preparing, adopting or

revising building laws, and a large percentage of the proposed building codes throughout the United States are sent to it for criticism

and review on matters of fire prevention and protection. The committee in 1905 prepared a recommended building code to present the

best thought in connection with construction and the reduction of the
Standardization Activities of Organizations 153

fire hazard to life and property. This code has been thoroughly re- vised from time to time to keep abreast of modern methods and new

materials of construction. In 1931 the fifth edition was published

and a revised reprint was issued in 1934. Many municipalities have

adopted the provisions of the fifth edition code for local building

laws. The aim of the committee is to assist municipalities and towns

in the work of framing new building codes, and from the standpoint

of fire safety the committee is recognized as an important influence

in improving building construction in the United States. This committee cooperates with many organizations including the Building

Code Correlating Committee of the American Standards Association.

The Committee on Fire Prevention and Engineering Standards

has been continuously engaged since 1892, except for brief interruptions, in making fire surveys of American cities. This activity has

been at the foundation of a large part of the improvement within

recent years in American municipal conditions in the matter of fire

hazard and fire protection. This committee was instrumental in

bringing about the standardization of hydrant and hose couplings

throughout the country. This effort has resulted in the adoption by

more than 5,000 cities and towns of the same threaded hose and

hydrant couplings, thereby permitting outside aid to be given by one

city to another community in the event of serious fires or a sweeping

conflagration.

The National Board of Fire Underwriters in its work cooperates

with national technical bodies, Federal, State, and municipal governments and other trade associations through membership on existing committees and through contacts with these interests by its staff

of fire protection engineers.

Standards and recommended safeguards prepared and published

by the board cover a variety of subjects including fire extinguishing

appliances and auxiliaries, flammable liquids, combustible solids, hazardous gases, explosive dust, electrical equipment, and items relating

to construction. In addition, it has published standard ordinance for

chimney construction, suggested ordinance for fire prevention, fire

engine tests and fire stream tables, suggested specifications for municipal fire apparatus, and standard construction of school buildings.

The board is a member of the Fire Protection Group of the American Standards Association, and under the procedure of this asso- ciation is serving as sponsor or joint sponsor for the following projects: Fire hose coupling screw threads; building code requirements

for fire protection and fire resistance; and building code requirements for chimneys and heating appliances. It is officially represented on six ASA sectional committees engaged in the development

of standards and codes relating to fire protection.

National Canners Association, Carlos Campbell, director, Division of Statistics, 1739 H Street NW., Washington, D. C. This

organization maintains a Committee on Simplification of Containers

which has cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the

establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R149-33 for

sieve (screen) sizes of canned peas, and R155-40 covering names and

dimensions of cans for fruits and vegetables. For the purpose of

developing improvements in the metals, materials, and products used

in the canning industry, this association maintains research laboratories in San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D. C.
154 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

National Canvas Goods Manufacturers Association, James E. McGregor, executive secretary, 224 Endicott Building, St. Paul, Minn.

This organization was formerly known as the National Tent and

Awning Manufacturers Association.

In its work in the standardization field, this association developed

standard definitions of terms relating to cotton fabrics in the awning,

tent, and tarpaulin trade in cooperation with the Cotton Textile

Institute.

This association, under the auspices of the National Bureau of

Standards, initiated the movement which resulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS28 covering the basis and method

of marking cotton-fabric tents, tarpaulins, and covers, either waterproofed-treated or untreated. It recently undertook a revision of

this standard which has been published and promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards as commercial Standard CS28-41.

National Coal Association, J. D. Battle, executive secretary, Southern Building, Fifteenth and H Streets NW., Washington, D. C. All

of the standardization work of this association is carried on under

the auspices of the American Standards Association. Through its

cooperation on ASA sectional committees, this association has as- sisted in the development of a specification for classification of coals

by rank and by grade, which have been approved as American standard. It is also cooperating on ASA sectional committees on the

standardization of methods of recording and compiling accident

statistics, and on specifications for sieves for testing purposes.

National Concrete Burial Vault Association, H. A. Dahlquist,

chairman of Specifications Committee, in care of Sterling Concrete

Vault Co., 5400 Northwest Highway, Chicago, 111. Through its

specifications Committee, this association has prepared tentative

specifications for concrete burial vaults. These specifications cover

materials to be used, design, physical tests, method of sealing, and

inspection. With reference to these specifications, all vaults made

in accordance with this association's specifications shall be marked

with the name, or identifying mark of the manufacturer, and labeled

to show that they meet current American Concrete Institute

specifications.

National Concrete Masonry Association, E. W. Dienhart, asst.

secretary, 33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. The standards and

specifications covering the quality of concrete masonry units made

by members of this association are developed in cooperation with

several technical organizations, namely; Americal Society for Testing Materials, Federal Specifications Executive Committee, and the

Underwriters' Laboratories. This association is officially represented

on the Sectional Committee on Building Code Requirements and

Good Practice Recommendations for Masonry, functioning under the

procedure of the American Standards Association.

National Conference on Street and Highway Safety, A. W.

Koehler, secretary, in care of the National Association of Motor

Bus Operators, Tower Building, Washington, D. C. This conference was organized in 1924 to reduce the heavy toll of accidents in

the streets and highways throughout the country. Its work has

developed progressively through extended committee studies and

general conferences held in 1924, 1926, 1930, and 1934. In this work
Standardization Activities of Organizations 155

the conference and its committees have had the constant cooperation

of public officials, associations, and individuals from all parts of

the country concerned with problems of motor traffic.

The following associations have cooperated with the United

States Department of Commerce in organizing and financing the

Conference: American Automobile Association, American Transit

Association, American Mutual Alliance, Association of American

Kailroads, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Motor and

Equipment Association, National Association of Taxicab Owners,

Automobile Manufacturers Association, National Bureau of Casualty

and Surety Underwriters, National Safety Council, and Eubber

Manufacturers Association. In addition, contributions of work and

financial support to specific projects were made by the Automobile

Club of Southern California, the National Research Council, and

the American Engineering Council.

At the general session which was held in 1934, the conference

reviewed the uniform vehicle code and model traffic ordinances

previously prepared by the conference in collaboration with other

agencies, and approved the manual on uniform traffic control devices

prepared by a joint committee of the conference and the American

Association of State Highway Officials. The review of these codes

and ordinances was based on a report made by a special committee

appointed for the purpose. This committee made a further review

of these standards in 1939 and 1940, and developed a set of regulations for bicycles to supplement the model traffic ordinances, which

have been approved by the members of the conference.

National Conference on Weights and Measures, R. W. Smith, sec- retary, in care of National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. The conference, sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards, is composed primarily

of State, county, and city weights and measures officials. It includes

also as associate members representatives of manufacturers of commercial weighing and measuring devices, business, industry, railroad,

and industrial weighing and scale departments, and others interested

in the work of the conference.

The conference meets annually to consider various problems arising in connection with weights and measures administration ; to promote efficiency and uniformity in laws, rules, specifications, tolerances,

and methods of supervision and test; and to coordinate activities of

State and local weights and measures officials.

In the development of codes and specifications, tolerances, and

regulations for commercial weighing and measuring devices, the National Bureau of Standards cooperates closely with the conference

Committee on Specifications and Tolerances. Sixteen of the codes

mentioned have been adopted by the conference to date. As necessity

arises, these codes are modified, and new codes are formulated, thus

keeping the entire group in line with changing conditions of the trade

and with the developments of the equipment industry.

The conference codes are recommended by the National Bureau of

Standards for adoption by the States, and these, as well as the reports

of the proceedings of each annual meeting of the conference, are

published by the Bureau, the former in the handbook series and the

latter in the miscellaneous series.
156 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

The conference has adopted a model State law on weights and

measures, and from time to time, endorses standard methods of test

for commercial apparatus.

At its last annual meeting, the conference gave its final approval

to a proposed Federal bill for food package standardization which

had been developed by committees of the conference over the past

three years. This bill would make mandatory in retail sale the use

of packages conforming to certain prescribed units. It adopted

numerous changes in its recommended specifications and tolerances

for weighing and measuring devices and proposed regulations for the

sale of 16 classes of commodities.

The conference has been effective in bringing about a gratifying

degree of uniformity and mutual cooperation among the States

in the matter of weights and measures supervision.

National Conservation Bureau, Julien H. Harvey, managing director, 60 John Street, New York, N. Y. This bureau is a division

of the Association of Casualty and Surety Executives. Practically

all of its standardization work is carried on in cooperation with

committees of technical organizations and agencies of the Federal

Government, namely: The American Standards Association, Underwriters' Laboratories, National Safety Council, United States

Department of Labor, and the United States Department of Commerce.

The bureau is represented on 56 committees of the American

Standards Association, including representation on the Standards

Council and the Safety Code Correlating Committee. The bureau

is sponsor or cosponsor for the following projects being carried on

under the auspices of the American Standards Association: Safety

code for mechanical power transmission apparatus; safety code for

conveyors and conveying machinery; safety code for woodworking

plants ; specifications and methods of test for safety glass ; standards

for safety shoes, and inspection requirements for motor vehicles. In

addition, it maintains representation on ASA sectional committees

dealing with the following projects: building exits code; safety in

the construction industry; safety code for elevators, dumbwaiters

and escalators; American recommended practice for school lighting;

safety code for the use, care and protection of abrasive wheels ; safety

code for mechanical refrigeration; safety code for compressed-air

machinery and equipment ; safety code for cranes, derricks and hoists

code for pressure piping; National Electrical Safety Code; code for

protection against lightning ; safety code for the protection of heads,

eyes, and respiratory organs of industrial workers ; ventilation code

safety code for exhaust systems; safety code for the prevention of

dust explosions; standardization of methods of recording and compiling accident statistics ; safety code for grandstands ; work in compressed air; safety code for lighting factories, mills and other work

places ; safety code for floor and wall openings, railings and toeboards

safety code for the construction, care and use of ladders; safety

code for walkway surfaces; safety code for window cleaning; building code requirements for excavations and foundations ; safety code

for protection of industrial workers in foundries; safety code for

forging and hot metal stamping; safety code for rubber machinery;

furnace dimensioning rules; electrical installations on shipboard;
Standardization Activities of Organizations 157

safety code for identification of gas-mask cylinders; textile safety

code; rock dusting in coal mines to prevent coal-dust explosions;

safety code for electrical equipment in metal mines; safety code for

paper and pulp mills; safety code for industrial sanitation; safety

code for laundry machinery operation; specifications for accident

prevention signs; and allowable concentrations of toxic dusts and

gases.

National Consumer Retailer Council, Harold W. Brightman, chairman, 8 West Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. Recognizing an imperative need for a meeting place in which consumers and retailers

can consider and discuss problems of mutual interest, there was

organized in 1937 the above-named organization. Among the stated

objects of the council are the promotion of the use of informative

labeling and the promotion of the use of adequate standards.

Through its standards committee, the council carries on educational

work as to the value and use of existing and proposed standards

for consumer goods among consumers, distributors and manufacturers.

While the council does not of itself engage in standardization,

it does take an active interest in the work of the Advisory Committee

on Ultimate Consumer Goods, functioning under the procedure of

the American Standards Association. The labeling committee of the

council has issued a manual on informative labeling which summarizes the advantages of informative labeling and suggests certain

standard procedures for developing labeling programs.

The council is at present conducting an extensive project in the

informative and grade labeling of canned goods in which six large

distributors with stores in 39 States are cooperating. These distributors are using on certain of their canned goods labels which state

the grade of the product in accordance with standards promulgated

by the Agricultural Marketing Service of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture. This project has resulted in a much wider use of these

standards.

In addition to the Informative Labeling manual, the council has

published Informative Selling which presents a store-wide informative selling program for department and specialty stores. This book

suggests how retailers may make wider use of standards in both

the buying and selling of merchandise. The council has also published, in cooperation with the Bureau of Home Economics of the

U. S. Department of Agriculture, "Standard sizes for children's

clothes—a primer for the consumer and the trade." The primer

describes the benefits to the retailer and the consumer of the use of

standard sizes for children's garments.

National Cottonseed Products Association, Inc., S. M. Harmon,

secretary, Sterick Building, Memphis, Tenn. This association maintains trading rules for its members which provide standards of quality, weights and measures for all cottonseed products, as well as general terms covering contracts between buyers and sellers who are

members of the association. These rules, in addition to defining

grade and quality of products, provide for adjustments and permissible variations in grade and quality; standard packaging; terms

for performance of the contract; inspection service; and sampling

service. They also provide standard methods of chemical analysis

201072°—41 11
158 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

to arrive at the quality and grade of cottonseed products, with a final

provision for arbitration of differences between members.

The association maintains a chemists' committee, composed of leading oil chemists who recommend such changes in the methods of

chemical analysis as experience and research find necessary. It also

has a Committee on Seed Grading which works in conjunction with

the United States Department of Agriculture to provide scientific

methods of evaluating cottonseed by chemical analysis to determine

both quantitative and qualitative value of cottonseed; also a Technical Advisory Committee made up of a number of leading chemists

who cooperate with the Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering on all matters pertaining to cottonseed and cottonseed products; and a committee on Uniform Rules and Standards for Cottonseed Cake and Meal, which cooperates with the Association of American Feed Control Officials in standardizing definitions of grade and

quality of cottonseed cake and meal. In addition, the association

maintains a fellowship in the Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry

and Engineering.

The association also interests itself in better packaging of goods

and cooperates directly with feed control officials in the various

States, in efforts to see that the members ship cottonseed cake and

meal of contract quality and grade, and where this is not done to

assist the feed control officials in getting proper adjustments, where

possible.

National Council of American Shipbuilders, Clifford C. Knerr,

secretary, 21 West Street, New York, N. Y. One of the main functions of the activities of this council is to correlate and disseminate

information relative to developments in shipbuilding and shiprepairing and allied industries. Although this organizaton does not deal

directly in standardization problems, it has through its board of directors organized a technical committee whose purpose is to keep in

touch with technical developments in the shipbuilding and allied industries. It also maintains a Committee on Standard Contracts and

Forms to study contracts and forms of contracts for the purpose of

obtaining reasonable uniformity in both Government and private

contracts.

One of the accomplishments of the technical committee of this

council during the past year has been in connection with an analysis

made of the proposed ocean and coastwise general rules and regulations, as prepared by the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation, United States Department of Commerce. The recommendations of this committee were forwarded to that bureau for consideration and approval.

National Crepe Paper Association of America, George J. Lincoln,

Jr., secretary, Lincoln-Liberty Building, Philadelphia, Pa. This or- ganization did considerable work in the standardization and simplification of sizes and grades of crepe paper developed by the industry.

Over a period of years it has brought about a reduction in the number of colors of crepe paper to 50 which have been standardized. It

has also established standard sizes for the packing of crepe paper,

either by the fold or in jumbo rolls.

National Crushed Stone Association (Inc.), A. T. Goldbeck, engineering director, 1735 Fourteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 159

The only standardization activity developed within the association

itself has been a standard cost accounting system. This association

does cooperate with technical organizations in standardizing either

test methods or specifications governing crushed stone, or pertaining

to equipment used in its production.

Through a joint committee composed of representatives of the

National Sand and Gravel Association, the National Slag Association,

and this association, a simplification program was initiated under

the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards which resulted in

the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations R147-33

on wire diameters for mineral aggregate production screens, and

R163-39 on coarse aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, and slag).

The association is represented on technical committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials dealing with subjects on soils

for engineering purposes, specifications for concrete and concrete

products, and specifications for road and paving materials. It is

also officially represented on the Sectional Committees on Building

Code Requirements and Good Practice Recommendations for

Masonry, and on Specifications for Sieves for Testing Purposes.

In addition, it is represented on the Joint Technical Committee of

Mineral Aggregate Associations, which is made up of representatives

of the National Sand and Gravel Association, the National Slag

Association, and this organization. The purpose of this joint committee is to coordinate the technical intelligence of the three associations on problems of mutual interest to the mineral aggregates

industry as a whole.

National District Heating Association, John F. Collins, Jr., secre- tary-treasurer, 827 North Euclid Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. This asso- ciation is engaged in furnishing technical information to its members to improve the methods of generating, distributing, and utilization of steam in district heating. It has organized several committees dealing with steam station engineering, meters and accessories,

research, chemistry, and distribution. These committees cooperate

with similar committees of other organizations, notably the National

Association of Building Owners and Managers, the American Society

of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the American Standards Association.

Several years ago this association published a handbook which

provides an authoritative and complete manual of practice for the

use of those actively engaged in district heating work.

This association is officially represented on sectional committees

functioning under the procedure of the American standards Association for the following projects : code for pressure piping ; standardization of dimensions and materials of wrought iron and wrought

steel pipe and tubing ; and graphical symbols and abbreviations for

use on drawings. It is also represented on the Coordinating Committee on Corrosion of the American Society for Testing Materials.

National Door Manufacturers Association, Inc., S. O. Hall, secre- tary-manager, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. There is

functioning under the auspices of this association at the present time

a Preservative Standards Advisory Committee, which, as its name

indicates, deals with the subject of preservative minimum standards.

This committee is composed of representatives of noncommercial
160 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

laboratories engaged in research on wood preservation, chemical

manufacturers whose products are used in wood preservation, and

representatives of sash and door plants using wood preservatives.

The work completed by this committee which has been adopted by

the association includes minimum standards for toxic preservation

of millwork. Manufacturers adhering to these standards in the preservative treatment of their products are permitted to use the association seal of approval.

The association has also promulgated standard details for check

rail windows and for six-panel colonial doors. These standards are

published in A Manual of Standard Construction for Stock Sash,

Doors and Frames, which also contains recommended architectural

specifications and grading rules for pine sash, doors and frames.

The association is actively engaged in further standardization of the

subjects referred to above.

This organization maintains a branch office in Washington, D. C,

whose sole purpose is to cooperate with various agencies of the

Federal Government in developing practical details and specifications

for the products of this industry. Recent activities in connection

with these projects relate to the development of a simple standard

window frame for mobilization buildings, and standard details for

housing-type wood windows and frames.

National Electrical Contractors Association, Laurence W. Davis,

Secretary, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association,

organized in 1901 under its present name was called the Association

of Electragists, International, from 1921 to 1931. This organization

has taken an active leadership in developing standards for wiring

installations and engineering design of wiring adequacy. It has

cooperated with other organizations in the development of the National Electrical Code which was approved as an American Standard

Cl-1940, and the National Electrical Safety Code which has been

approved as American Standard C2.1 to 5-1939 to 1941, by the

American Standards Association.

This association, which was originally a joint sponsor of the ASA

standard symbols for electrical equipment of buildings, C10-1924, is

now represented on the ASA sectional committee on graphical symbols and abbreviations for use on drawings (Z10).

It has sponsored, through the National Bureau of Standards, a

schedule of standard sizes of copper conductors for building purposes,

which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R180-41, promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association, W. J. Donald,

managing director ; C. M. Cogan, manager, Engineering Department,

155 East Forty-forth Street, New York, N. Y. One of the oldest

and most important activities of this association is standardization.

It is carried out in carefully organized committees consisting of

members. Most proposals for standardization must be approved by

a 90 percent affirmative vote of the interested members before they

can be approved as standard. Each company has but one vote. The

committee concerned with standardization is the Codes and Standards Committee, which guides the work on standards and fire and
Standardization Activities of Organizations 161

safety codes, both within the association and in cooperation with

other organizations.

The association is sole sponsor for two standardization projects

under auspices of the American Standards Association, namely;

terminal markings for electrical apparatus; and carbon, graphite

and metal graphite brushes. It is cosponsor for the following ASA

projects: industrial control apparatus; and rolled threads for screw

shells of electric socket and lamp bases. The association is represented on the Electrical Standards Committee of the American

Standards Association, which is concerned with the development of

all ASA electrical projects, among which should be noted rotating

electrical machinery, transformers, switchgear, electrical measuring

instruments, wires and cables, insulators for electric power lines,

national electrical safety code and national electrical code.

The association by means of joint committees with the Edison

Electric Institute has published the first report on the standards for

distribution transformers and test specifications for automatic electric storage water heaters. Other joint committees with the Edison

Electric Institute are now handling preferred voltage ratings for a-c systems and equipment, preferred ratings for power circuit breakers,

standards for distribution cutouts and fuses, coordination of high

voltage insulation and coordination of radio reception.

The association, upon invitation, furnishes the Federal Specifications Executive Committee information and recommendations for

use in preparing initial drafts or revisions of Federal specifications

used for government purchases. The association has or is now

contributing in the preparation of some 25 Federal specifications

involving such subjects as fuses, panelboards, wire and cable, insulating materials and fans.

Other governmental bodies, on which the association furnishes

information and recommendations for use in the preparation of

specifications, are: Rural Electrification Administration, United

States Housing Authority, Home Owners' Loan Corporation, War

Department, Navy Department, and United States Department of

Commerce. In addition, the association frequently furnishes recommendations to various municipal bodies for use in the preparation

of specifications. Members of the association cooperate in an

advisory capacity with the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., in the

development of standards for fire and safety.

The association also reviews and makes recommendations on standards for wiring materials, wiring devices and utilization equipment

developed by the Canadian Engineering Standards Association.

It cooperates with the National Fire Protection Association,

National Safety Council, and other bodies in the development of

safety codes for the installation of electrical equipment. Other associations having joint product interest are contacted as occasion arises.

The necessary joint committees are set up or representation arranged,

all for the purpose of developing standards for products having a

joint interest. Such joint relations have been set up with Hydraulic

Institute, National Machine Tool Builders Association, American

Welding Society, International Association of Electrical Inspectors,

National Electrical Contractors Association, American Gear Manufacturers Association, Radio Manufacturers Association, International
162 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Electrotechnical Commission, International Municipal Signal Association, Engineering Foundation, Institute of Traffic Engineers,

National Association of Fan Manufacturers, and National ConsumerRetailer Council.

The association has issued during the past year some 37 standards,

which it keeps under constant revision, covering standards for the

manufacture, performance and test of electrical apparatus, devices

and supplies.

National Elevator Manufacturing Industry, Inc., John McArdle,

commissioner, 101 Park Avenue, New York,, N. Y. Two committees of this organization are concerned with the development of

standards and specifications. The Standards Committee has for

some time been developing initial engineering standards for the

industry. Its work thus far has resulted in the formulation of

standards covering car sizes and hatchway dimensions. This committee is now devoting its time in formulating basic engineering

specification outlines, some of which are in various stages of

completion.

The Central Code Committee of this organization is concerned

with the development, interpretation, revision, and adoption of all

safety codes for elevators, dumbwaiters and escalators. The committee, working through regional subcommittees throughout the

country, has taken an active part in securing the adoption of new

State and city elevator codes, and the revision of existing codes

conforming to the American standard safety code for elevators, and

in securing uniform interpretations of codes. This committee, working in conjunction with the sectional committee of the American

Standards Association, assisted in the development of the American

Standard Safety Code for Elevators which was approved as American standard A17.1-1937. The Central Code Committee is continuing its work in connection with changes and revision of this code,

National Feldspar Association, W. N. Guthrie, secretary, 19 West

Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with members of the industry and the National Bureau of Standards, this as- sociation initiated the movement which led to the establishment of

a Commercial Standard classification covering ground feldspar used

in the production of ceramic products, based on particle size and

chemical composition. This standard, which was accepted by the

industry, was promulgated and published by the National Bureau of

Standards as Commercial Standard CS23-30.

National Fertilizer Association, Inc., Charles J. Brand, executive

secretary, 616 Investment Building, Washington, D. C. This asso- ciation has attempted to bring about standardization along two principal lines, namely; simplification and uniformity in State fertilizer

control laws, and reduction in the number of grades of fertilizer

offered for sale. As a result of its efforts with the aid of State control officials, all 47 State laws (Nevada has no fertilizer law) now

require that plant food guaranties be made in terms of nitrogen,

available phosphoric acid, and potash, and in that order. Formerly,

some laws required guaranties in terms of ammonia instead of nitrogen, and required that phosphoric acid be stated first in the order

of guaranties. Most of the work on this problem was carried on by

members of the association staff with aid from members of the Chemical Control Committee of the association.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 163

This committee also collaborates with the Association of Official

Agricultural Chemists and the fertilizer division of the American

Chemical Society in the development of standard analytical methods

for the determination of the plant-food content of fertilizers. A sur- vey was made in 1939, in conjunction with the Division of Fertilizer

Investigations of the Bureau of Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering of the United States Department of Agriculture, to determine the grades of fertilizer sold in each State and the amount of

each. The results indicate approximately 1,000 different grades are

being sold in the entire United States; over 500 are being sold in

Florida alone.

For the past 15 years, the State chemist of Texas, the fertilizer

manufactures doing business in Texas, representatives of the State

Agricultural Experiment Station, and representatives of the National Fertilizer Association have held an annual conference to determine the grades of fertilizer to be sold the following year. Every

effort is made to keep the number at a minimum that will satisfy

the agronomic needs of the State. From 22 to 24 grades have been

selected on each of the last few years and no others are registered

or sold. This procedure has been gradually spreading to other

States, and representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma attend the same meeting as Texas and select a list of grades for

their States. Alabama and Mississippi hold conferences for the same

purpose in their respective States. In the Middle West a list of

recommended grades is selected as a result of similar conferences.

The manufacturers specially advertise and push these grades and the

State agronomists confine their recommendations to this list. Similar conferences have been held with the Middle Atlantic States and

lists of recommended grades for each State adopted.

Another type of standardization work carried on by this association was in connection with cost-accounting methods. The Cost-Accounting Committee of the association prepared and distributed

manuals setting forth basic principles of cost accounting in an endeavor to have all members of the industry keep accurate and complete cost records.

National Fire Protection Association, Percy Bugbee, general manager; Robert S. Moulton, technical secretary, 60 Batterymarch

Street, Boston, Mass. This association is the clearing house for all

that is authoritative on the subject of fire waste, fire protection and

fire prevention. Its present membership includes 135 national and

regional organizations, and more than 5,000 individuals, firms, and

corporations.

The two main functions of this association are to make standards

under the guidance of which the fire waste may be checked, and to

educate people in the observance of those standards and point out

the grievous economical penalties for ignoring them.

The character of the technical standards formulated or adopted

by the association relate to the installation, maintenance, and use

of equipment, and are drawn in the form of performance standards

rather than as specifications. They deal with the safeguarding of

equipment and processes that may cause fire, fire extinguishing

equipment and procedure, and measures for restricting the spread

of fire and minimizing damage.
164 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Standards are prepared by impartial committees made up of representatives of organization members of the association, United States

and Canadian governmental departments, and other cooperating

bodies. They represent reasonable safety without prohibitive expense or undue inconvenience. These standards are widely used as

the basis of State, provincial, and municipal legislation, insurance

requirements, and as a guide by the increasing number of property

owners who demand the maximum of fire safety irrespective of legal

or insurance requirements. Periodic revisions are made to keep

these standards in constant step with progress in science, invention,

and the industrial arts.

The association has adopted some 100 standards covering all phases

of fire protection, the safeguarding of hazards, and organization for

fire safety. Subjects covered include automatic sprinklers, open

sprinklers, acetylene equipment, air conditioning, warm-air heating,

air cooling and ventilating systems, anesthetic gases and oxygen,

automobile fire apparatus, fire and life safety in aviation, blower and

exhaust systems for dust, stock and vapor removal, building construction operations, carbon dioxide extinguishing systems, combustible fibres, dip tanks, dust explosions (12 separate codes), drycleaning and dry dyeing, exits (stairs, fire escapes, etc.), electric

cars and trolley busses, electric wiring and apparatus, fire-alarm

systems (public and private), fire pumps, fire brigades, fire extinguishers, fire hose, foam extinguisher systems, gas piping and valves,

garages, gasoline equipment of various types, hose, hose couplings

and hose houses, internal combustion engines, liquefied petroleum

gases, lightning protection, marine fire hazards, marine terminal

operation, motorboat protection, motion-picture film, oil-burning

equipment, ovens, outside protection and hydrants, paint spraying

and spray booths, photographic and X-ray film, piers and wharves,

protection of openings in walls and partitions, pyroxylin plastic,

record protection, rural fire protection, spark arresters, static electricity, standpipe and hose systems, tanks, water systems for fire

protection, and many others. About half of these standards have

been adopted and promulgated by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Others are published by the National Fire Protection

Association and various other organizations. The association publishes a Handbook of Fire Protection and various compilations of

standards in book form.

The association carries on considerable work under the auspices

of the American Standards Association. It is a member of the ASA

Fire Protection Group and served as sponsor or joint sponsor for

the following projects which were developed or are in various stages

of development under ASA procedure: Building exits code; building code requirements for fire protection and fire resistance; building code requirements for fire extinguishing equipment; National

Electrical Code ; fire fighting equipment in metal mines ; safety codes

for the prevention of dust explosions ; recommended practice for the

installation, maintenance and use of pipings and fittings for city gas;

and fire protection for blower and exhaust systems. It is officially

represented on 15 ASA sectional committees engaged in development

of standards related to fire protection and prevention.

National Founders Association, Jeffrey M. Taylor, secretary, 120

South La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. In its work in standardization
Standardization Activities of Organizations 165

this organization has issued a booklet entitled "Minimum Standards

of Foundry Apprenticeship" in which are set forth the requirements

for thorough apprenticeship training and the necessary steps to be

taken in developing a four-year foundry schedule.

It served as joint sponsor with the American Foundrymen's Association, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, in the establishment of the American standard safety

code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries. It is also

officially represented on four ASA sectional committees in the development of standards for the following projects : Manhole frames and

covers; safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive

wheels ; safety code for the protection of heads, eyes, and respiratory

organs of industrial workers ; and safety code for exhaust systems.

National Hardwood Lumber Association, John W. McClure, secre- tary-treasurer, Suite 2408, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111.

One of the principal functions of this organization for the past 40

years has been the maintenance of standards for the grading of hardwood lumber, and an inspection staff for the official application of

the standards.

This association issues annually a new edition of the rules for the

measurement and inspection of hardwood lumber, cypress, veneers,

and thin lumber. In addition, it has also issued standard specifications for structural stress grades of hardwoods and cypress for joist

and plank beams and stringers, posts, and timbers. The association

also prepared and published standard specifications for grades of

hardwoods and cypress lumber for freight cars and locomotives.

These specifications are in accordance with recommended practices

of the Mechanical Division of the Association of American Railroads

revised in 1933, and are also in conformity with the American lumber

standards.

The association maintains licensed and bonded inspectors in the

principal hardwood markets and producing districts of the United

States and Canada who are authorized to issue certificates of inspection on hardwood lumber and cypress, the correctness of the grades and

measurements shown on the certificate being guaranteed by the financial resources of the association. This official inspection service is

available to the members and nonmembers on government contracts,

including Federal, State, or local. Extensive use of this service is

also being made by the United States Navy Department, United

States War Department, and the United States Treasury Department.

In cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards, this association was instrumental in bringing about the establishment of a

commercial standard for solid hardwood wall paneling. This re- sulted in the formulation and promulgation by the United States

Department of Commerce of Commercial Standard CS74r-39 providing two classes of wall paneling.

National Hay Association, Inc., Fred K. Sale, secretary-treasurer,

600 Board of Trade Building, Indianapolis, Ind. In 1914 this association established standards for various grades of hay and straw

which have been kept under constant revision. These grades have

been adopted by exchanges in 28 markets located in various parts

of the country. Grades of hay and straw developed by this association have become the basis for the formulation of Federal Specifications on which government purchases are made.
166 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

This association will examine any inspector being employed by

an organization using the association rules, upon request by that

organization. If found qualified, the inspector is approved by the

association. One of the duties of the inspector is to attend the annual meeting of the association and to provide an exhibit of those

grades of hay generally handled at his market. The samples exhibited, together with those furnished by other inspectors, are used

for comparison of application and interpretation of the grade rules

by the different inspectors and members of the association.

National Industrial Sand Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive

secretary, and Stanton Walker, Consulting Engineer, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Two committees, one the Research Committee, which is considered the main committee, and the other a subsidiary committee, known as the Committee on Foundry Sands, carry

on the work of this association in the field of standardization.

This association does not issue standards or specifications, but it

does cooperate actively with committees of technical organizations,

notably the American Society for Testing Materials, Air Hygiene

Foundation of America, American Foundrymen's Association, and

other similar bodies, in the formulation of standards and specifications issued by these organizations. In this way, the work of this

association's technical committees in developing information is re- flected in the specifications issued by the standards-making bodies

with which they cooperate.

National League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Distributors, J. R. Van Arnum, transportation secretary, 512 F Street

NW., Washington, D. C. This organization cooperates with various shipping bodies relative to the development of specifications for

standard containers for the shipping of fresh fruit and vegetables.

The league has had under consideration for the past several years

the preparation of specifications for standard containers for fresh

fruits, vegetables, melons, and berries for shipment by railroad.

This work is being carried forward in cooperation with the Freight

Container Bureau of the Association of American Railroads and

the United States Department of Agriculture. The results of the

standard container activities are published in railroad tariffs known

as Freight Container Bureau Tariffs which are filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission.

National Lime Association, W. Vernon Brumbaugh, secretary, 927

Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D.C. In order to encourage a

public appreciation of the economic value of lime in all its uses,

this association has issued a series of brochures covering uses of lime

in various manufacturing processes, and has included in them the

recommended general requirements for lime entering into specific

processes. In addition, this association has prepared specifications

for lime plaster and lime stucco, suggested specifications for repair

of leaky masonry walls, and specifications for mortars for use in

unit masonry.

It is officially represented on sectional committees, functioning

under the procedure of the American Standards Association, concerned with development of the following projects: building code

requirements and good practice recommendations for masonry;

specifications for plastering; and specifications for sieves for testing
Standardization Activities of Organizations 167

purposes. It is also represented on technical committees of the American Society for Testing Materials engaged in the development of

standard specifications for lime and lime products, and mortars for

unit masonry.

National Lubricating Grease Institute, George W. Miller, executive secretary, 498 Winspear Avenue, Buffalo, N. Y. The Technical

Committee of this institute is charged with developing data pertinent to the manufacture, standardization, and application of the

products of the industry. This committee and individual members of

the institute cooperate with committees of technical organizations in

matters relating to standards and specifications.

The institute is officially represented on the Sectional Committee for

Petroleum Products of the American Society for Testing Materials

as sponsored by the American Standards Association; and Committee D-2 of the American Society for Testing Materials, the Society

of Automotive Engineers, and American Petroleum Institute dealing

also with petroleum and petroleum products.

National Lumber Manufacturers Association, Wilson Compton,

secretary and manager, 1337 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, E>. C.

The activities of this association are largely concerned with problems

which are national in scope, and in dealing with such problems it

represents in a national way its affiliated associations, which include

the American Walnut Manufacturers Association, Appalachian

Hardwood Manufacturers, Inc., Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, California Redwood Association, Hardwood Dimension

Manufacturers Association, Mahogany Association, Inc., Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Northern Hemlock and

Hardwood Manufacturers Association, Northern Pine Manufacturers

Association, Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association, Southern

Hardwood Producers, Inc., Southern Pine Association, Veneer Association, West Coast Lumbermen's Association, and Western Pine

Association.

This association took an active part in the formulation of American lumber standards which have been promulgated as Simplified

Practice Recommendation R16 by the National Bureau of Standards.

The various regional and species associations and other agencies prepare and publish grading rules adapted to their respective species

in accordance with these standards. The grading rules are then used

for the grading of American lumber.

National Machine Tool Builders' Association, Tell Berna, general

manager, 10525 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. All of the

standardization work in which this association is interested is carried

on through the American Standards Association in cooperation with

technical committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers. In connection with

these two organizations, this association is joint sponsor, under the

auspices of the American Standards Association, for all projects

covering standards for small tools and machine tool elements.

Standards already developed as American standards under the joint

sponsorship of these organizations include T-slots, their bolts, nuts,

tongues, and cutters; tool holder shanks and tool post openings;

nomenclature, diameters, and thicknesses of milling cutters; taps,

cut and ground threads ; rotating cylinders and adapters ; jig bushings

;
168 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

circular and dovetail forming tool blanks; chucks and chuck jaws

for turret lathes and automatic lathes; adjustable adapters for

multiple spindle drilling heads; twist drills, and straight shank;

terminology and definitions for single-point cutting tools; and side

bearing involute splines. It is also serving as joint sponsor with

the National Conservation Bureau in the development of a safety

code for machine tools covering operation of machine tools, including lathes, planers, drillers, shapers, slots, gear cutters, and milling

machines.

It cooperated with the ASA sectional committee in the development of the American standard safety code for the use, care, and

protection of abrasive wheels. This association is also officially

represented on the ASA sectional committees concerned with the

development of the following projects: standardization and unification of screw thread; ball and roller bearings; allowance and tolerances for cylindrical parts and limit gages; bolt, nut, and rivet

proportions; classification and designation of surface qualities; and

petroleum products and lubricants.

Through its Committee on Electrical Problems and with the co- operation of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, this

association is now engaged in drawing up a machine-tool electrical

specification that will outline in detail the methods to be used in

applying control and motors to machine tools. Its purpose is to

supplement the National Electrical Code, which is intended primarily

for the wiring of factories and residences, and will be submitted to

the American Standards Association for adoption as an American

standard.

National Municipal League, Howard P. Jones, secretary, 299

Broadway, New York, N. Y. Model laws are devised, published,

and distributed by this organization and are intended to serve as

standards and to stimulate uniformity in State, county, and city

legislation. They include a model bond law, budget law, city charter

(which provides the council-manager form of government), county

manager law, election administration system, liquor law, model real

property tax collection law, registration system, State civil service

law, and model State constitution.

The organization of two important joint committees was initiated

by this league. They are the National Committee on Municipal

Standards and the National Committee on Municipal Reporting,

and are made up of representatives of the National Municipal League,

the Government Research Association, and the International City

Managers' Association, the latter of the two committees having

representatives also of the American Municipal Association.

The National Committee on Municipal Standards acts as an

advisory body, the work being carried on by the International City

Mangers' Association, the latter of the two committees having

counting and reporting forms in various cities for measuring the

results of street sanitation.

The National Committee on Municipal Reporting issued a report

entitled Public Reporting, embodying specifications by which the

department head or chief executive in a city can prepare periodic

or annual reports.

National Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association, Inc., Ralph

E. Hill, secretary, 830 Derman Building, Memphis, Tenn, Stand-
Standardization Activities, of Organizations 169

ardization and simplification activities of this association are carried

on by its Grading, Milling and Inspection Committee, whch has been

functioning for more than 30 years.

This association has adopted official rules on oak, birch, beech, hard

maple, and pecan flooring, which cover in detail the grades and sizes

of quartered and plain sawn stock. It cooperated with the National

Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Commercial Standard

CS56-41 covering grading rules for white and red oak flooring, which

was promulgated and published by that Bureau; also with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation of the

Federal specification for hardwood flooring, which includes references

to the grading rules of this association for oak, birch, beech, and

hard maple flooring.

This association maintains a rigid supervision of species, manufacture, kiln drying, bundling, and all other features pertaining to

oak, birch, beech, and hard maple so that the integrity of its sizes

and grades will be maintained. The use of the association's registered trade name "NOFMA" has been granted to all of its members

whose stock of oak flooring has been found to comply with the association's official grading rules. It also maintains a reinspection

service available for the retail dealers who purchase products of member companies, so that, in the event there is doubt concerning the

quality of stock bought, a reinspection may be had and the matter

settled immediately. The label which is applied to bundles of oak

flooring carries with it the following wording : "This oak flooring is

guaranteed and marked for grade by the manufacturer, is inspected

and certified by the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association to meet all requirements of Commercial Standard CS56-41 as issued by the National Bureau of Standards of the United States

Department of Commerce."

National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Inc., Henry A.

Gardner, director, Scientific Section (also director, Institute of Paint

and Varnish Research), 1500 Rhode Island Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. This association cooperates with the National Bureau

of Standards on research problems, and with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in preparing specifications for paints and

varnish.

During the past 30 years the association has issued over 700

publications relating to its researches, including several volumes. It

has also issued a textbook of methods for the physical and chemical

examination of paint products. The methods given in this book have

become more or less standard in the industry.

The association is represented on the American Society for Testing Materials' committee dealing with the development of specifications for paint, varnish, lacquer, and related products; and on the

Sectional Committee on Specifications for Sieves for Testing Purposes, functioning under the procedure of the Americand Standards

Association.

National Paperboard Association, H. S. Adler, secretary, 80 East

Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, 111. The only standardization activity

conducted by this association up to the present time has been in

connection with the development of standard gage lists for box

board and container boards, together with rules and regulations
170 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

governing them. The standard gage lists, Nos. 1 to 8, for box

board are identical with Simplified Practice Recommendation R44-36

covering box board thicknesses, promulgated by the National Bureau

of Standards.

National Paving Brick Association, W. H. Cullimore, engineersecretary, National Press Building, Washington, D. C. This asso- ciaton initiated the movement which resulted in the development of

Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 1 for paving brick, which

was promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. It has for the past 20 years made a regular annual survey of

the paving brick industry, with a view to further simplification of

varieties and sizes of paving brick.

The association is represented on the Committee on Manufactured

Masonry of the American Society for Testing Materials, and in this

connection assisted in drafting specifications for paving brick which

were issued by that society. It is also represented on the ASTM

Committee on Road and Paving Materials.

In order to assist municipal engineers in the proper utilization

of vitrified paving brick as a paving material, this association

adopted the specifications of the American Public Works Association

for vitrified brick paving, and the specifications of the American

Association of State Highway Officials for bituminous filled brick

pavements. Members of this association cooperated with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation and

revision of Federal specifications covering paving brick. The association cooperates also with the Highway Research Board of the

National Research Council in connection with projects relating to

design, road types, and fillers for brick and block paving.

National Petroleum Association, Fayette B. Dow, general counsel,

Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. This association has a Department of Standards and Tests, which has organized groups in

all of the refining centers in which the members are located. Its

purpose is to call attention to the lack of uniform results in testing

and to bring about greater uniformity by the distribution of samples

of the same oils to the member laboratories. These samples are

tested and the results forwarded to the association's headquarters,

where they are tabulated, identified by a number, and sent out as

a bulletin to the members. Each member is informed as to the test

of its laboratory and is therefore in a position to compare the results.

This association in its early history undertook and promulgated

certain specifications in cooperation with the American Society for

Testing Materials, the American Standards Association, the Society

of Automotive Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Petroleum Institute, and other similar organizations. This association established color standards. Through its

members, it is represented on the Technical Committee and Subcommittees on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, functioning under

the auspices of the American Society for Testing Materials and on

similar committees under the procedure of the American Standards

Association.

National Photographic Dealers Association (Inc.), H. O. Bodine,

executive secretary, Time-Life Building, Radio City, 9 Rockefeller

Plaza, New York, N. Y. The only work in standardization which
Standardization Activities of Organizations 171

this association is carrying on at the present time is in connection

with the development of specifications for photographic apparatus

and materials. In this connection, it is cooperating with four subcommittees of the American Standards Association's Sectional Committee on Photography, Z38, dealing with exposing equipment,

processing equipment, printing and projection equipments arid

processing.

National Preservers Association, Inc., W. Lowe Walde, managing

director, 839 Seventeenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. Definitions and standards for fruits preserves, jams, jellies, and fruit butters were officially published by the Food and Drug Administration

to be effective December 5, 1940. These standards are in principle

identical with Federal Specifications for the above mentioned products. The preserve manufacturing industry operates under Rules

of Fair Trade Practice issued by the Federal Trade Commission.

These rules also incorporate the essential features of the Food and

Drug standards for products of this industry. This association

cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R91 for standard sizes

of glass containers.

National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive secretary, and Stanton Walker, director of engineering, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. Much of the standardization work of

this association is carried on in cooperation with committees of

technical organizations.

At the present time the association maintains a Technical Problems

Committee, a subsidiary committee known as the Standards Committee, and a committee subordinate to the latter on truck mixers and

agitators. This latter committee has established tentative standards

for operation of truck mixers and agitators, and is now engaged in

developing testing procedure for measuring the mixing efficiency of

concrete truck mixers, procedure for sampling concrete from a truck

mixer or an agitator, and development of certain minimum standards applicable to the manufacturer of the equipment.

The association is represented on technical committees of the

American Society for Testing Materials dealing with subjects relating to concrete and concrete aggregates, lime and lime products ; and

mortars for unit masonry. It also cooperates with the American

Concrete Institute, American Public Works Association, and other

bodies on problems relating to ready-mixed concrete.

Although not directly related to the subject of standardization,

this association has issued publications which are important from

the point of view of mixing concrete as, for example, estimating

quantities for concrete, and the proportioning of concrete for

strength, durability, and impermeability.

National Research Council, Ross G. Harrison, chairman, 2101 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D. C. The council is a cooperative

organization of the scientific men of America. Its members include,

however, not only scientific and technical men and engineers, but

also businessmen interested in the utilization of science in industry.

The council was established in 1916 by the National Academy of

Sciences, and is supported by the cooperation of the major scientific

and technical societies of the country. The membership of the coun-
172 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

cil is composed largely of appointed representatives of some 88 of

these societies, and includes representatives also of certain other re- search organizations, representatives of government scientific bureaus,

and a limited number of members at large, numbering about 240

in all. These members receive their appointments from the president

of the National Academy of Sciences.

Under its present organization, the work of administration of the

council is carried on by a small group of officers and an Executive

Board, with an Administrative Committee which acts for the Board

between its annual meetings. The council itself is composed of nine

major divisions arranged in two groups. One group comprises seven

divisions of science and technology representing, respectively, physics,

mathematics, and astronomy; engineering and industrial research;

chemistry and chemical technology; geology and geography; the

medical sciences ; biology and agriculture ; and anthropology and psychology. The other group comprises two divisions of general relations, representing foreign relations and educational relations. With

these divisions are associated various technical committees, appointed

to take charge of projects undertaken by the council. There are cer- tain other committees, administrative and technical, which affiliate

directly with the Executive Board of the council. The library of

the council, a limited collection of directories and source books in

science, is available for reference services insofar as its facilities

extend.

The council has issued numerous publications both in its own

series of Bulletins (105) and Reprints and Circulars (109), and

also commercially. Among these are the "International Critical

Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry, and Technology"

(7 volumes and index) ; a treatise on the "Physics of the Earth" (8

volumes and one in preparation) ; a series of monographs on current problems in the physical sciences, a "Glossary of Physical

Terms," and several bibliographies.

The council is the cooperating agency in the United States for the

editing of the "Annual Tables of Constants and Numerical Data

of Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and Technology." At intervals during the past twenty years the council has issued a directory of "Industrial Research Laboratories of the United States," of which the

seventh edition (NRC Bulletin 104, 1940) lists 2,264 such institutions; also a "Handbook of Scientific Societies of the United States

and Canada" (third edition, NRC Bulletin 101, 1937 ; fourth edition

in preparation). Other publications prepared by committees of the

council include : "Ring Index : a List of Ring Systems Used in Orf

anic Chemistry" (1940), prepared in cooperation with the American

3h.em.ical Society; and a treatise on "Measurement of Radiant Energy" (1937). In 1941 the council completed a survey of the development of scientific research in American industry, undertaken at

the request of the National Resources Committee (National Resources

Planning Board), which has been published by the Government

Printing Office, "Research—A National Resource: 2. Industrial

Research" (1940).

Work of the several divisions of the council depends upon the

determination of scientific standards and has contributed also to

the establishment of these standards, directly and through the sup-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 173

port of fundamental researches in the basic sciences. These investigational programs have included among other topics: hydrodynamics, optical properties of plastics, "fatigue" in metals, electrical

insulation, heat transmission, test codes for thermal insulation at

different ranges, welding research, highway planning, construction

and management, traffic signs, safety codes for brakes and brake

testing, ceramics, catalysis," photochemistry, low temperature scales,

eutectic diagrams of ammonium salts, thermodynamic data for chemical industries, terminology of inorganic, organic, and biological

chemistry, scientific results of drilling, gravity measurements, field

data of earthquakes, meteorological observations and records of precipitation, sea-level determinations, geological color charts, density

currents, measurement of geologic time, sedimentation, stratigraphy,

the chemistry and physiology of narcotic drugs, blood grouping and

agglutination tests, medico-legal problems, case registries of pathology, military medicine, biological stains, nutrition of animals and

of man, biological nomenclature, genetics, intelligence tests, classification and vocational tests, tests for selection and training of aircraft

pilots, food habits, racial characters, etc.

The Division of Engineering and Industrial Research is organized

particularly to coordinate research interests of the engineering professions through representation of a number of engineering societies.

Through contacts with international scientific organizations, including membership in the international Unions affiliated with the International Council of Scientific Unions, the National Research Council

is in touch with various movements for the coordination of scientific

work.

The council cooperates with the American Standards Association,

and with other American organizations in the definition of electrical

terms and electrical and magnetic units, the testing and classification

of coal and coke, the standardization of library work and documentation, and the coordination of investigations on corrosion, and with

the Advisory Council of the Board of Surveys and Maps of the

Federal Government.

National Restaurant Association, F. J. Wiffler, secretary, 666

Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. A standard system for record keeping for restaurants has been approved by this association, including

standard accounts. It has also formulated a model law, and has

sponsored its adoption by States and cities, covering the regulation

of sanitary conditions in restaurants and other public eating places.

This association took an active part in establishing standard sizes of

cafeteria and restaurant chinaware under the auspices of the National

Bureau of Standards. These sizes are set forth in Simplified Practice Recommendation R33 promulgated by the United States Department of Commerce. It also cooperated in the formulation of a

Simplified Practice Recommendation relative to standard sizes of

restaurant guest checks.

National Retail Dry Goods Association, Lew Halm, general manager, 101 West Thirty-first Street, New York, N. Y. This association, through its Committee on Standards, takes an active part in

the formulation of standards and specifications relative to retail

201072°—41 12
j/74 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

store organization, retail systems, retail trade terminology, business

practices, and specifications for commodities used in the trade.

In carrying forward this work, the association cooperates actively

with the National Bureau of Standards and the American Standards

Association and other technical and trade organizations. This asso- ciation initiated programs for the establishment of Simplified Practice Kecommendations covering set-up for paper boxes, folding^paper

boxes, corrugated-fiber boxes, and notion and millinery paper bags,

under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards. During

the past year it cooperated with the Bureau in the revision of these

Kecommendations which are designated as R126, R127, R128, and

R129. It also cooperated in the development of Simplified Practice

Eecommendation R177 relating to single-phase corrugated

board-rolls.

In collaboration also with the National Bureau of Standards, it

assisted in the development of Commercial Standards CS62-38 for

colors for kitchen accessories, and CS63-38 for colors for bathroom

accessories; also in the establishment of Commercial Standards

CS59-41 for woven dress fabrics (testing and reporting) , and CS39-

37 for wool and part-wool blankets. This latter Standard defines

the terms used to describe the fiber content of blankets, if represented

in any way to be made wholly or in part of wool ; regulates the sizes

of type to be used in describing the fiber content of part-wool

blankets; provides methods of test for determining the percentage

by weight of the total fiber content represented by wool fibers therein

in cases where the buyer and seller do not agree on method; and

illustrates the manner by which manufacturers and distributors may

guarantee compliance with the Commercial Standard.

This organization is a member body of the American Standards

Association, and participates actively in the work of several of the

committees functioning under its procedure. It is officially represented on the Sectional Committee on Standards and Specifications

for Refrigerators. It is also represented on the ASA Advisory Committee on Ultimate Consumer Goods and its various subcommittees

in connection with standardization problems relating to consumer

goods.

National Retail Hardware Association, Rivers Peterson, managing

director, 333 North Pennsylvania Street, Indianapolis, Ind. For a

number of years this association has cooperated with other organizations under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards in

establishing lists of standard stock sizes and varieties of hardware

items. These activities have resulted in the adoption by industry

of Simplified Practice Recommendations covering files, rasps, paint

and varnish brushes, cut tacks and small cut nails, loaded paper shot

shells, builders' hardware, woven-wire fence, shovels, garden hose,

and forged tools, all of which have been promulgated and published

by the National Bureau of Standards. Within its own particular

field it has done much in the simplifying of retail hardware accounting practices, budget operation, control of stocks, improvement of

store equipment, and the reduction of duplications and other forms

of waste elimination.

The association is officially represented on the Sectional Committee on Standards and Specifications for Refrigerators, function^
Standardization Activities of Organizations 175

ing under the procedure of the American Standards Association.

National Safety Council, W. H. Cameron, managing director, 20

North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois. The purpose of this or- ganization is the conservation of human life through a continuous

campaign of accident prevention and the promotion of industrial

health. It promotes industrial, public, and home safety chiefly

through the gathering and distribution of information about the

causes of accidents and methods for their prevention. The council

investigates and compares methods of making mechanical equipment safer and of protecting those who use it; precautions in using

hazardous devices, materials and processes; and develops programs

for stimulating interest in safety.

In cooperation with other organizations the council takes part in

the standardization work of the American Standards Association.

It is sponsor or joint sponsor for the following projects which have

been or are being developed under ASA procedure : Standardization

of methods of recording and compiling accident statistics; safety

code for paper and pulp mills; textile safety code; code for identification of gas mask canisters; safety code for window cleaning;

scheme for the identification of piping systems ; safety code for floor

and wall openings, railings and toe boards ; safety in the construction

industry; safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses;

safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping; safety code for rubber mill machinery; safety code for construction, care and use of

ladders; safety code for compressed air machinery and equipment;

performance requirements for protecting occupational footwear;

safety code for walking surfaces; and specifications for accident

prevention signs. In addition, it is officially represented on approximately 50 ASA sectional committees in preparing standards on various subjects in connection with safety of individuals or the use of

equipment and devices.

The council has prepared and issued 150 safe and health practices

pamphlets which provide safety engineering and industrial health

reference material.

A number of important pieces of scientific research have been

completed by the council within the past few years. These include

such subjects as the hazards of benzol, spray coating, the effects of

annealing chains, and others.

National Sand and Gravel Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive

secretary, and Stanton Walker, director of engineering, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. This association has a number of

technical committees carrying on work in simplification and standardization, among which the following may be named : The Kesearch

Committee, Standards Committee, and the Committee on Gravel

Ballast.

In general, this association does not prepare and issue standards,

but it does cooperate actively with committees of national organizations in developing standards and specifications issued by these

bodies. In this connection, the association is represented on technical

committees of the American Society for Testing Materials dealing

with development of specifications for concrete and concrete aggregates, and for road and paving materials. It is also officially

represented on the Sectional Committees on specifications for Plaster-
176 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ing, Buildings Code Requirements and Good Practice Recommendations for Masonry, and Specifications for Sieves for Testing

Purposes, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association. In addition, the association is represented on the

Joint Technical Committee of Mineral Aggregate Associations,

which is made up of representatives of the National Crushed Stone

Association, the National Slag Association, and the National Sand

and Gravel Association. The purpose of this committee is to coordinate the technical intelligence of the three associations on problems

of mutual interest to the mineral aggregates industry.

The association has prepared and issued loose-leaf data sheets

covering summaries of State highway specifications for sand and

gravel for concrete pavement construction; physical requirements

for sieves for testing purposes; tables of quantities of materials for

concrete; specifications for fine and coarse aggregate for concrete;

determination of clay and silt in sand; and requirements for filter

sand, sand for sheet asphalt, filter gravel, and glass sand.

Through a joint committee composed of representatives of the

National Slag Association, the National Crushed Stone Association,

and this Association, a simplification program was initiated under

the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards which resulted in

the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations R14-7-33

on wire diameters for mineral aggregate production screens and

Rl63-39 on coarse aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, and slag).

National Scale Men's Association, Harry Mayer, president, in care

of Chicago and Northwestern Railway, Chicago, 111. This organization is composed of approximately 400 technical men engaged in

the design, production, installation, maintenance, testing, and operation of weighing machines.

It has organized fourteen committees which are assigned to study

and to develop certain phases of the scale industry, including the

development of standards and specifications covering railway and

industrial track scales; highway vehicle scales; built-in, self-contained, and portable scales; counter scales; grain scales, automatic

and hand-operated scales; automatic indicating and recording railway and industrial scales, automatic indicating and recording scales,

other than large-capacity ; pits and foundations ; weighing practices,

scales used for transportation and labor charges; weighing practices, scales used for purposes of barter; corrosion prevention;

construction materials; and welding and heat treatment.

This association has adopted specifications for overhauling and

repair of heavy capacity scales; light industrial service track scales;

railway track-scale test weight cars; standard code of rules relating

to maintenance and transportation of track scale test weight cars;

and a definition of a standard test of a railway track scale.

The standards and codes which have been adopted by the association have received the indorsement of the National Conference on

Weights and Measures and the American Railway Engineering

Association.

National School Supplies and Equipment Association, L. E.

Parmenter, executive secretary, Palmer House, Chicago, 111. The

simplification of school supplies constitutes an important function

of this association. It initiated programs for the simplification of
Standardization Activities of Organizations YI7

sizes of composition blackboard, and folding and portable wooden

chairs, which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice

Recommendations R75 and R80, respectively, which were promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. It also

initiated, under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards,

the program for a simplified list of standard colors for school furniture which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice

Recommendation Rill.

This association has inaugurated a certification and labeling program whereby all janitor supplies used in schools will be properly

labeled as conforming to certain standards promulgated and adopted

by the association. The manufacturers or distributors of janitor

supplies may submit samples of their regular janitor supply products

to the association for certification purposes. These samples are tested

in the laboratory of the association. When the samples tested conform to the different standards established, quality labels are issued

and the companies are privileged to use the certification seals. The

association also makes use of labels to identify school furniture complying in color with the Simplified Practice Recommendation referred

to above.

National Sign Association (Inc.), Orville J. Grisier, secretary, 729

Broadway, Denver, Colo. The Standardization Committee of this

association has devoted its efforts through the past year to building

up a standardization of paint colors, to be approved by the association which will serve as a useful purpose to firms who furnish paint

for the use of sign companies.

The Legal and Ordinance Committee of this organization is endeavoring to formulate a model recommended ordinance for cities

for the purpose of bringing about standardization in sign advertising. In carrying forward this work, the association is cooperating

with the Outdoor Advertising Association, the National Electric

Manufacturers Association, and the American Standards Association. Plans are also under way in the development of a method of

standardization of colors used in fluorescent tubing.

National Slag Association, H. J. Love, managing director, Earle

Building, Washington, D. C. This association has one technical

committee which is known as the Problems Committee, consisting of

12 technical men of the mineral aggregates industry. The duties of

this committee are to keep informed as to technical and other developments affecting the use of slag, and knowledge concerning its

qualities and adaptability to useful purposes. It also determines

in what particulars and directions the knowledge and proof of the

character and qualities of slag for use in various types of construction is lacking, and from this outlines programs of investigation

and test.

In connection with its research activities, this association maintains a laboratory at Bessemer, Pa., where research investigations developed and approved by the Problems Committee may be executed

under the supervision of the association's director of research. Investigations completed or in progress include studies of bituminous

mixtures incorporating various types of aggregates, concrete and

concrete aggregates, and durability studies as measured by artificial

and natural freezing and thawing methods. Through its laboratory,
178 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

the association has in the past cooperated, and continues its collaboration, with other laboratories in cooperative research programs and

interpretation of resulting data, to the end that aggregate materials

and products incorporating them may be improved, standardized,

and satisfactory specifications governing their use established.

Members of the Problems Committee maintain representation on

technical committees of various national organizations, such as the

American Society for Testing Materials, American Concrete Institute, Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, American

Standards Association, and others. In addition, the association has

two members representing it, together with the National Crushed

Stone Association and the National Sand and Gravel Association, on

the Joint Technical Committee of Mineral Aggregates Associations.

The purpose of this committee is to coordinate the technical intelligence of the three associations on problems of mutual interest to

the mineral aggregates industry as a whole.

The association is also officially represented on the Sectional Committees on Specifications for Sieves for Testing Purposes, and on

Building Code Requirements and Good Practice Recommendations

for Masonry, functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association.

Through a joint committee composed of representatives of the

National Crushed Stone Association, the National Sand and Gravel

Association, and this Association, simplification programs were initiated under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards, which

resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendations R147-33 on wire diameters for mineral aggregate production

screens, and R163-39 on coarse aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, and

slag):

This association cooperates actively with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation and revision of Federal

specifications covering aggregate specifications for Portland cement

concrete, bituminous concrete and macadam, railway ballast, sewage

trickle filter media, and for other types of construction required by

the Federal Government.

National Slate Association, W. S. Hays, secretary, 325 East Fiftyseventh Street, New York, N. Y. Standard specifications have been

formulated and adopted by this association covering the use of slate

for floors, terraces, walks, and roofs. These specifications are in the

form in which they may be incorporated into architects' specifications

or made the subject of construction contracts, and include requirements on metal work, weight, and laying of felt, laying of slate, etc.

This association cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards

in simplification activities which resulted in the establishment of

standard sizes of structural slate for plumbing and sanitary purposes, roofing slate, and blackboard slate, promulgated and published

as Simplified Practice Recommendations by the National Bureau of

Standards.

The association is represented on the Sectional Committees on

Safety Code for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists ; and on Minimum Requirements for Plumbing and Standardization of Plumbing Equipment, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 179

National Soybean Processors Association, Edward J. Dies, presiident, 3818 Board of Trade Building, Chicago, 111. Standardization

of quantity and grades of soybean oil and development of standard

grading rules constitute important activities of this association.

Upon recommendation of its Finished Materials Standards Committee

this association adopted standard specifications for crude domestic

soybean oil covering quality, grade, and methods of analysis. These

specifications are made a part of the trading rules of this association

relative to the purchase and sale of soybean oil. In addition to the

trading rules already referred to, the Trading Eules Committee also

developed rules to govern the purchase and sale of soybean oil meal.

The association's Soybean Grades and Contracts Committee is

currently cooperating with the Agricultural Marketing Service,

United States Department of Agriculture, in seeing that fair and just

grades for soybeans are established by the United States Department

of Agriculture and other bodies, so that equal protection is afforded

to buyer and seller.

National Supply and Machinery Distributors Association, Henry

R. Rinehart, secretary-treasurer; George A. Fernley, secretary, 505

Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. One of the important functions of

this association in the field of simplification has been its cooperation

with other organizations and members of industry in establishing

simplified lists of standard sizes and varieties of hardware items and

machinery supplies which are set forth in several Simplified Practice

Recommendations promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards.

National Terra Cotta Society, J. J. Carney, secretary, 2 West

Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization cooperated

with the American Institute of Architects in formulating standard

specifications for the manufacture, furnishing, and setting of terra

cotta. In its volume entitled Terra Cotta—Standard Construction,

the society has included, among other things, 67 large-scale plates

relating to typical architectural details for the purpose of assisting

architects and engineers in drawing up specifications concerning

the proper use of terra cotta. The society has also prepared technical

standards relating to strength and absorption of architectural terra

cotta.

National Terrazzo and Mosaic Association (Inc.), Theodore L.

Meclford, executive secretary, 1420 New York Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. This organization's work in the field of standardization has led to the development of terrazzo construction standards

covering floors, bases and shower stalls, stair construction, door trim

and window stool, wainscots and partitions. This association has

also prepared and published specifications for terrazzo work and for

mosaics. At the present time, it is engaged in making a study of

the qualities and characteristics of the aggregates used in the industry, with the aim of establishing a standard set of tests and

requirements for the producers and marketers of this material.

National Tuberculosis Association, H. E. Kleinschmidt, director,

Health Education, 1790 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The Committee on Diagnostic Standards, the personnel of which is made up

of members of the American Trudeau Society and this association,

has revised and issued the 1940 edition of Diagnostic Standards
180 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

and Classification of Tuberculosis. These standards are generally

used as a guide throughout the country by tuberculosis sanatoria,

tuberculosis specialists, and medical schools. Another committee of

this association, in cooperation with a similar committee of the

American Sanitarium Association (now American Trudeau Society)

has adopted basic standards in connection with equipment, staff

personnel, and administration of the tuberculosis sanatoria and

hospitals throughout the United States.

National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association,

George Boeddener, managing director, 145 Public Square, Cleveland,

Ohio. Through several research and technical committees, this

association devotes much of its time in the development of codes

relating to heating and air conditioning. For the past 20 years

the Research and Advisory Committee of this association has carried

on research and engineering work on a cooperative basis with the

Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. The

information which has been developed has brought about a greater

efficiency in the standards of installation, design, and construction

of both gravity and forced warm air heating, with the result that

the public is now enjoying greater comfort, convenience, and

economy.

The Installation Codes Committee has correlated the information

developed through research and engineering and has prepared and

published standard codes in the name of the association covering

gravity heating and practical and technical codes relative to forced

warm air heating.

A new booklet entitled Yardstick for Evaluation of a Forced

Warm Air Heating System is now available, which covers standards

of installation of forced warm air heating systems as well as setting

up minimum standards covering quality of equipment to be used.

The association has recently organized a Committee on Elimination of Waste for the purpose of eliminating unnecessary sizes of

registers, furnace pipe and fittings, and furnaces, and in the establishment of standard stock sizes. The association is officially represented on the sectional committee dealing with the development of

a ventilation code, functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association.

National Wholesale Hardware Association of the United States,

George A. Fernley, secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

This organization of wholesale distributors has cooperated with

other units of industry in the establishment of Simplified Practice

Recommendations covering standard sizes and varieties of sheet steel,

flashlight cases, insectide and fungicide packages, hacksaw blades,

shovels, spades, scoops, loaded paper shot shells, terneplate, and

eaves trough and conductor pipe, which were promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. It initiated the movements which resulted in the formulation of the Simplified Practice

Recommendations for the last three projects enumerated above.

National Wooden Box Association, C. D. Hudson, manager, 308

Barr Building, Washington, D. C. The activities of this organization in the field of simplification deal with the fabrication of wooden

cases used for packing canned foods and vegetables.

This association cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards

in establishing a simplified list of stock sizes of wooden boxes for
Standardization Activities of Organizations 181

canned fruit and vegetables, which resulted in the formulation of

simplified practice recommendation R171-38. It also cooperates with

the Freight Container Bureau of the Association of American Railroads in the formulation of specifications for fruit and vegetable

containers.

The Specification Division of this association is currently engaged

in developing specifications covering boxes and crates used for the

shipments of fruits and vegetables from West Coast origins.

Natural Gasoline Association of America, William F. Lowe, secre- tary, 923 Kennedy Building, Tulsa, Okla. This association is an

organization composed of natural gasoline manufacturers and affiliated interests. Its chief aim is to protect and advance the interests

of the industry which it represents. In carrying forward its work

in the field of standardization, it cooperates closely with the American

Society for Testing Materials, American Gas Association, Bureau

of Explosives, Society of Automotive Engineers, National Bureau of

Standards, and other technical bodies.

This association has developed specifications and testing methods

for commercial propane and butane which cover composition in

terms of vapor pressure and end point, total sulfur and moisture

in case of propane. With reference to butane, the specifications

cover vapor pressure, end point, total sulfur content and entrained

water. It has also developed and adopted official specifications and

methods of sampling and testing for natural gasoline covering six

grades.

New England Council, Dudley Harmon, executive vice-president,

Statler Building, Boston, Mass. Since 1926, the council has carried

forward a farm marketing program to encourage producers to grade

and pack their products according to official State standards, and to

identify them by means of quality labels placed on the containers in

which the goods are packed. In making this program effective, the

commissioner of agriculture in each of the six States has been

granted legislative authority to establish and promulgate voluntary

grades and standards for farm products. Several such grades are

now in use in each State. The commissioner of agriculture has also

been given the authority to adopt a suitable label for identifying

such products graded and packed according to established standards.

The New England quality label has been adopted by each of the six

States.

In establishing official grades and standards for farm products,

conferences are held by the commissioner of agriculture with groups

of producers who are especially interested in the products for which

grades and standards are to be adopted. At these conferences tentative standards and descriptive terms are freely discussed before final

adoption. An attempt is made to keep the grade names, requirements, and descriptive terms as uniform as possible in all New England States, and in harmony with the recommendations of the Federal Government. Before the adopted grades and standards can

become effective, they must be advertised in the press according to

the law requirements of the States. Permission to use the New

England quality label must be obtained from the Commissioner of

Agriculture, and it may only be used on goods packed in accordance

with official State grades. To protect the reputation of the quality
182 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

label, each State department of agriculture maintains an inspection service with trained field men whose duties are to examine

graded and labeled products to determine whether or not they

comply with the necessary requirements.

New York Produce Exchange, Lloyd V. Juan, secretary, 2 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This exchange has, throughout its existence

of many years, adopted and maintained standards of quality of

various commodities dealt in by its members and the rules governing their transactions. These include vegetable oils, waxes and fats,

prime crude soybean oil, black pepper, animal oils and fats, tallow,

cottonseed products, flour, grains, etc. The official methods adopted

by the American Oil Chemists Society are employed in grading, analyzing, testing for color and cold test in cottonseed oils and in

testing animal and vegetable oils; and in the absence of prescribed

or adequate methods, those of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists constitute the official procedure. The methods of

the American Association of Cereal Chemists are official for flour.

The United States Department of Agriculture standards and methods

are used in grain grading and testing.

For many years the New York Produce Exchange Grain Inspection

Department certificates have been recognized throughout the markets of the world, particularly in the United Kingdom and Continental terminal points, and, as such, have been a guarantee to

foreign buyers as to the quality of the grain as exported from

North America.

While the exchange is not a future market for grain such as wheat,

rye, oats, etc., it is the center of export activity from North America

and well above 90 percent of all such grain exported from either

the United States or Canada reaches in some way the members of

this exchange for the making of contracts, the booking of cargo

space, and .the arranging for credits and transfer of documents.

Non-Ferrous Hot Water Tank Manufacturers Association, Inc.,

F. Richmond Fletcher, 75 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. As a result

of laboratory studies conducted by this association, and upon observations of field performance of hot-water tanks in service over

a long period of years under different conditions of installation and

operation, it adopted specifications for nonferrous range boilers and

hot-water tanks used for storing water under street pressure.

Members of this association are at the present time engaged in a

simplification program in an effort to reduce the number of sizes of

boilers regularly carried in stock. This project when completed

will be submitted to the National Bureau of Standards for development into a Simplified Practice Recommendation.

Non-Ferrous Ingot Metal Institute, R. D. T. Hollowell, secretary,

308 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This institute's technical

program relative to the development of standards and specifications

covering ingot brass and bronze is directed by its Metallurgists' Advisory Committee, which is composed of the chief metallurgists of

all member companies. In carrying forward this work, the institute

cooperates with the American Society for Testing Materials through

representation on the latter's technical committee dealing with the

development of specifications for copper base alloys in ingot form.

In order to assist those interested in nonferrous foundry alloys to

Utilize quality copper base alloys in ingot form with maximum econ-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 183

omy and efficiency, this institute has prepared and published a manual entitled Ingot Brass and Bronze. This manual contains specifications issued by the institute and those which have been approved

and adopted by various organized technical societies and governmental

agencies.

For the past 10 years, the institute has maintained a research as- sociate at the National Bureau of Standards for the purpose of checking the factors of impurities on alloys.

Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, Inc., R. E.

Broderick, secretary, 271 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. The

lumber industry represented by this association is confined for the

most part to the northeastern section of the United States. Through

its Standardization and Inspection Committee, this association has

adopted standard grading rules for northern white pine, Norway

pine, eastern spruce, and balsam fir. These species of lumber are

manufactured and graded in conformity with American lumber

standards which are set forth in the current edition of Simplified

Practice Recommendation R16, promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards, except as trade demands require

otherwise or as may be stipulated between buyer and seller. In all

cases, grade definitions and sizes that do not conform to American

lumber standards are plainly marked as follows, thus (*).

It cooperated with other lumber organizations under the auspices

of the National Bureau of Standards, in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS74—39 providing for two classes of solid

hardwood wall paneling.

This association sponsored the grade-marking of northeastern softwood lumber and set up the necessary machinery whereby lumber

graded in accordance with the rules of this association may be grade

marked. In carrying forward this program, a standard license agreement is entered into between certified member mills and the association. Mill numbers are assigned by the association to each member

which appear with the mark. The identity of each mill is known

only to, and kept confidential by, the association.

Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers Association,

O. T. Swan, secretary, Oshkosh, Wis. This association has a committee designated as the Bureau of Grades which deals with standards in lumber grading rules, standard sizes, association inspection

and claim work. Through the work of this committee, the .association has adopted standard grading rules and sizes for northern hemlock and tamarack, and also rules for the grading of northern white

cedar shingles. In 1941 this association adopted and published grading rules to cover northern white pine, Norway pine, and northern

spruce. It has also adopted the hardwood grading rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association to cover its production in northern hardwoods, including hard and soft maple, birch, baswood, hard

and soft elm, oak, beech, and minor hardwoods. This association's softwood rules comply with American lumber standards which were developed in cooperation with the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards, and set forth in the current edition of Simplified Practice

Recommendation R16, promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards.

This association has adopted and published in its 1941 issue of its

grading rules a set of stress grades for softwoods, as suggested by
184 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

the Federal Housing Administration and the United States Forest

Products Laboratory, under descriptions such that a strength rating

can be given to each grade.

It has cooperated with the Federal Housing Administration in various proposals made with respect to grades and inspection.

The committee is considering various problems connected with

association branding and grade-marking of standard lumber which

has long been a feature of its association's standardization activities.

A complete set of marks has been adopted and are now being used

by the association for the purpose of identifying the grades of

northern hemlock and northern white pine manufactured hi the

Lake States. These marks identify lumber graded under the Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers Association supervision,

and in accordance with its published official grading rules and other

rules for the grading of northern lumber adopted and used by the

association. These marks are copyrighted trade-marks and can be

placed on lumber only by an association inspector, or by an operator

who has executed the specific licensing agreement and whose grading

practices are under regular periodic inspection by the association's

Bureau of Grades. These marks show specie identification, the

grade of the lumber to which the mark has been applied, and an

identification by means of the license number of the mill that manufactured and graded the lumber. Further, the association has

adopted a system of certificates whereby the manufacturer, by the

use of "manufacturers certificates," endeavors to further protect

purchasers and consumers against deception by showing on the

certificate the detail of the inspection report covering the contents

of the car. These certificates are enclosed in an official association

envelope, designed for use with such certificates, and are placed

in the car containing the shipment when the tallying and loading

have been completed. These certificates are used for hemlock, hardwood, and pine lumber shipments, and are registered as to serial

numbers in the association office so that a shipper of any particular

consignment can be readily identified. The privilege of using this

association car-card shipment plan likewise is provided for by a

licensing agreement, and mills executing the association licensing

agreement, and whose inspection has been approved by the association's Bureau of Grades, may grade-mark and issue shipper's certificates. The association inspectors will make original inspections and

issue a certificate or place the association brand and mark on lumber

for either members or nonmembers, and will make reinspections of

lumber for either members or nonmembers in order to adjust misunderstandings or claims. The association license covering these

activities by a manufacturer (who may have the periodical association

lumber inspection check-up, and who is found competent in manufacture and grading) is available to any lumber manufacturer or

concentrating yard in Wisconsin, Michigan, or Minnesota. The

license is revocable after a hearing whenever the association finds

that the licensee is not maintaining the standards.

Northern Pine Manufacturers' Association, W. A. Ellinger, secre- tary, 4438 Wentworth Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn. Simplification

and standardization activities of this association are carried on by

a committee known as the Bureau of Grades, which is charged with
Standardization Activities of Organizations 185

the duty of establishing standard grades for the products of its

members. This association has adopted standard grading rules for

northern white pine, Norway pine, jack pine, eastern spruce, western

white spruce, balsam, tamarack, and aspen lumber. These grading

rules are in harmony with American lumber standards, in the formulation of which this association took an active part in cooperation

with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards.

Oil Burner Institute (Inc.), C. F. Curtin, secretary, 30 Rockefeller

Plaza, New York, N. Y. This institute was formed to foster the

interests of the oil burner industry. Recognizing the need for

standards for the guidance of manufacturers, distributors, installing

contractors, and users, the industry authorized the formation of a

Standards Committee to consider the subject.

Following a series of industry-wide meetings for the development

of standards for mechanical draft oil burners, the industry's Standards Committee and the institute requested the cooperation of the

National Bureau of Standards in formulating a standard which re- sulted in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS75-39 for

automatic mechanical draft oil burners designed for domestic installations. This standard sets forth minimum standard specifications and methods of test for automatic mechanical draft oil burners.

It includes also requirements for the issuance of a certificate by

the installer which is posted after installation. This certificate is

the guarantee or affidavit to the ultimate consumer that the installation

complies with the minimum standards given in the Commercial

Standard.

In order that purchasers of oil burners may become familiar with

the significance of minimum standard requirements and tests, as a

basis for fair competition and improved confidence in oil burner performance, the Commercial Standard recommends the use of a statement by manufacturers to be included in warranties, labels, invoices,

contracts, and sales literature to the effect that the manufacturer

certifies the oil burner to be in accordance with Commercial Standard CS75-39. The statement bears the seal of the official inspection

agency of the oil burner industry evidencing compliance therewith.

This institute also cooperates with the American Standards Association on several projects. It is officially represented on ASA sec- tional committees dealing with allowance and tolerances for cylindrical parts and limit gages, specifications for pressure and vacuum

gages, ventilation code, and petroleum products and lubricants.

Open Steel Flooring Institute, Inc., Stuart J. Swensson, secretarytreasurer, 903 American Bank Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. All matters pertaining to standardization of products of the industry are

handled by the institute's Standardization Committee. This institute

has approved and adopted the committee's specifications for steel

grating. It has also adopted the safe load and deflection table for

grating, which is set forth in Federal Specification RR-Gr-661a covering steel floor gratings.

Optical Society of America, K. S. Gibson, president, National

Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. The standardization and

specification work of this society is handled entirely by technical

committees which have already published reports in the society's

journal on visual sensitometry ; colorimetry; photometry; standard
186 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

wavelengths; nomenclature and standards; photographic standards

of intensity; geometrical, physiological, and physical optics; photochemistry and photography ; radiometry ; and spectrophotometry.

The society is sponsor for the Sectional Committee on Photography functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association; and is also represented on ASA sectional committees

dealing with standards for motion pictures, and specifications and

methods of test for safety glass. In addition, it maintains representation on committees or boards of the American Institute of

Physics, National Research Council, American Association for the

Advancement of Science, United States National Committee of the

International Commission on Illumination, American National Committee on International Congresses on Photography, and InterSociety Color Council.

Packaging Machinery Manufacturers Institute, Inc., H. L. Stratton, secretary, 342 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This institute

is concerned primarily with technical phases of packaging by automatic equipment, through the exchange of interindustry information.

The institute does not issue standards but does through several committees engage in work leading to simplification and standardization.

It maintains the Committee on Standards which is part of a joint

committee of divisions of the Packaging Institute. The function of

this committee is to consider matters of packaging technique and

packaging problems.

Through its Committee on Glass Packaging Problems, the institute is cooperating with several organizations on ways to improve

glass packaging by the elimination of certain difficulties in handling

glass without detriment to the consumer.

This institute was represented on a committee of the Packaging

Institute which cooperated with the Federal Government in the

formulation of a standard plan for cartoning collapsible tubes under

the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Painting and Decorating Contractors of America, G. S. Stuart,

secretary, Brown Building, Philadelphia, Pa. One of the stated

objects of this organization is its effort to protect members and the

general public by endeavoring to maintain a high standard of workmanship in the application of painting and decorating service.

This association maintains a Specifications Committee whose purpose is to make studies in connection with the development of standards and specifications relative to painting and decorating. This

committee has prepared standard painting specifications as a basis

for the proper use and application of material used in the painting

industry. These specifications cover methods and quality of materials to be used in connection with exterior and interior painting as

apply to concrete, brick, stucco, stone, shingle roofs and sidings,

wood floors, plaster walls, and wood trim.

Paper Bag Manufacturers Institute, J. A. C. Kavanagh, secretary,

369 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization took an

active part, through members of the industry which it represents, in

the establishment of standards for capacity of self-opening grocers'

bags, square grocers' bags, and flat grocers' bags. These minimum

cubic capacities were established under the auspices of the National

Bureau of Standards and are set forth in Simplified Practice Kecommendation R42, promulgated and published by the Bureau.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 187

This industry, because of economic changes and greater competition, has realized the need for a broader base of product standardization. In this connection, the institute has undertaken a survey

of grocers' bags standards. In an effort to indicate the extent to

which the industry's product varies, the institute has compiled and

analyzed some 3.000 bags from 33 different markets. This information is being submitted to the National Bureau of Standards for

use in revising the Simplified Practice Recommendation referred to

above.

Paper Stationery and Tablet Manufacturers Association, Inc.,

Edgar P. Eaton, executive secretary, 527 Fifth Avenue, New York,

N, Y. Through its Committee on Standardization and Simplification

of Products, this association has adopted recommended standards

for tablets, loose-leaf notebook fillers, composition and memorandum

books, and similar items. These standards cover recommended sizes

of goods, both wire-bound and not wire-bound. The committee is

at the present time conducting further investigation to determine

whether or not recommended sizes thus far established can be further

simplified and standardized.

Pipe Fabrication Institute, R> Kennedy Hanson, president-commissioner, 1108 Clark Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. The activities of

this institute in the field of standardization are carried on in co- operation with the American Standards Association, the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for Testing

Materials, and other technical engineering bodies. Through its

members, this institute is officially represented on technical committees of the organizations mentioned above. The institute has

adopted standard specifications for power piping recommended as

minimum requirements for a safe, economical, and commercial installation. These specifications have been prepared as a guide for framing

actual specifications for an installation job, and cover the conditions

ordinarily encountered in power-plant piping.

Plain Washer Manufacturers' Association, Eugene Caldwell,

secretary, 2100 South Bay Street, Milwaukee, Wis. Although this

association maintains no standing committee on standardization,

much of the work in this field is done at regular association meetings,

at which the entire membership is present.

This association has developed standard lists of stock items covering washer sizes and tolerances. These refer to sizes and diameters

for plain washers, light steel washers, plain timber-construction

washers, riveting washers, regular plain washers, round flat washers

(steel, brass, and iron), formed washers (countersunk type), hardened spring tension washers, lock washers (spring, shake-proof,

external, and internal types) , and steel expansion plugs.

It cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation for the Packaging

of Carriage, Machine, and Lag Bolts. It is officially represented on

the Sectional Committee on the Standardization of Plain and Lock

Washers, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association.

Porcelain Enamel Institute, Inc., Charles S. Pearce, managing

director, 612 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This institute represents the porcelain enameling industry, and numbers in its member-
188 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ship those plants engaged in contract or job enameling; manufacturers of table tops and breakfast sets, signs, architectural panels,

reflectors; suppliers of enameling iron and steel sheets, chemicals,

oxides, plant equipment, and porcelain enamel frits. Its purpose is

to promote porcelain enamel as a finish for metal products in both

old and new fields. To this end, it maintains a technical division

devoted to research on all phases of manufacture and performance of

the material. The entire technical division of the institute is known

as the Product Standards Section. Under this main section is the

Committee on Standardization of Tests for Products. Special subcommittees are appointed to work on various test projects, results

of which are printed in pamphlet form as standards or tentative

standards for the industry.

The institute maintains a research associate at the National Bureau of Standards and a technical director at the Ohio State University on research and studies of porcelain enamel. Subjects which

have been studied, or are being studied at the present time, include

acid resistance, abrasion resistance, opacity, ball mill practice, screen

testing, sag resistance of metals, chipping resistance, weathering,

color matching, proper design of metal parts, cast iron enameling,

caulking compounds, and patching materials.

A special Architectural Committee has been established in the interest of furthering the industry's market for architectural parts. It

has recently developed a standard contract for the purchase of porcelain enameled parts for building purposes, and a standard specification covering such parts. It has been of service to the engineers of

the various government projects in specifying and recommending

proper porcelain enamel standards and installation methods covering signs, reflectors, and building interiors and exteriors. Work carried on at the National Bureau of Standards on weathering, color

matching, and caulking compounds is closely related to the work of

this committee.

The Table-Top Division of this institute has prepared and issued

specifications for first quality tops for breakfast sets, dinette sets,

kitchen tables, and kitchen cabinets.

A special program of standardization has recently been organized

by the institute's members in the frit division to promulgate a standard, together with an identifying label or seal of approval, for the

porcelain enamel finish on the exterior and interior of refrigerator

cabinets. This group has worked very closely with the National

Bureau of Standards in drafting a proposed Commercial Standard.

Portland Cement Association, 33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago,

111. Standardization work of this association is carried on mainly in

cooperation with certain technical organizations through representation on their committees.

The association does not of itself develop standards or specifications,

but it does issue recommended or suggested specifications on what

it believes to be good practice. These include proposed recommended

practice for the manufacture of concrete building block and tile;

specification for cement-bound macadam pavement; construction of

concrete sidewalks ; concrete shore protection ; specification and special

provisions for soil-cement and concrete for airport, road, and street

pavement; concrete structures for flood control (soil and water con-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 189

servation) ; concrete floor finishes; and concrete for industrial buildings and garages.

It has prepared and issued suggested specifications for concrete

walks, architectural concrete, driveways, aprons, terraces, porch

floors, and retaining and garden walls; cast-in-place concrete basement walls, floors and footings ; concrete footings and reinforced concrete masonry walls ; concrete masonry chimneys and fireplaces ; concrete stairs and steps; concrete flat roof construction and applying

firesafe coverings on pitched roofs; applying finishes and coverings

on concrete residence floors ; interior wall and ceiling finishes ; application of portland cement paint on exposed concrete masonry walls;

concrete footings and concrete masonry walls ; portland cement stucco

on concrete masonry walls; and precast joist concrete floors with

cast-in-place concrete slab.

In addition, the association has also issued a plasterers' manual ; and

publications dealing with concrete for industrial buildings and garages ; design, manufacture, and driving of concrete piles ; and design

and control of concrete mixtures.

In its standardization work with other technical bodies, the asso- ciation cooperates with committees of the American Concrete Institute on research and other phases covering the various uses of concrete ; with the American Public Works Association on specifications

for cement concrete pavements; with the American Railway Engineering Association on roadway, ballast, and masonry ; with the American Road Builders' Association on roadway surfaces, pavement joists,

and motor-vehicle transportation ; with the American Society of Agricultural Engineers on specifications for building materials and

structures; with the American Transit Engineering Association on

ways and structures; and with the American Water Works Association on the joint administration and collection of water and sewer

accounts.

The association also cooperates actively with the American Society

for Testing Materials on projects dealing with the development of

standard specifications and methods of test for cement, drain tile,

concrete and concrete aggregates, mortars for unit masonry, concrete

pipe, manufactured masonry units, road and paving materials, and

fire tests of materials and construction.

Its cooperative efforts with other organizations, through representation on sectional committees, functioning under the procedure of

the American Standards Association, cover projects for the establishment of American standards relating to building code requirements and

good practice recommendations for masonry, plastering, building-code

requirements for excavations and foundations, safety code for grandstands, sieves for testing purposes, and coordination of dimensions

of building materials and equipment.

Its activities with the Highway Research Board of the National

Research Council include the development of projects on methods of

handling and placing concrete in highway construction, warping of

concrete pavements, crack filling and sealing of expansion joints in

concrete pavements, and maintenance equipment.

By means of representation on the Joint Committee on Standard

Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, consisting of

201072°—41 13
190 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of /Standards

affiliated committees of several organizations, the Portland Cement

Association cooperated in the preparation and publication of a re- port on Recommended Practice and Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete.

Poultry Equipment Association, H. L. Ashworth, executive secre- tary, 125 East Wells Street, Milwaukee, Wis. This association has

developed a uniform schedule of capacity ratings for poultry equipment which was adopted by the members of this association during

the past year. These ratings include standard capacity of electric

brooders, capacities of coal, oil, or gas brooders, and fountains of the

vacuum and float types.

Radio Manufacturers Association, Bond Geddes, general manager,

1317 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. Work in connection with

the development of standards in the radio field is carried on by

the Engineering Department of this association. Under the jurisdiction of this department function a number of sections and their

committees dealing with various engineering subjects in the radio

field. These committees initiate and conduct the technical and

standardization work of the association.

Material for standardization may be proposed by any of the committees after which the proposed material is circulated to the association membership as a "standards proposal" to secure comment and

criticism. Such comments and criticisms are collected and submitted

to the General Standards Committee in meeting with the original

proposal. The General Standards Committee acting as a judicial body

determines, from examination of the comments, if the item is suitable

for standardization. If so it becomes an RMA standard or an

RMA recommended practice and is published in the RMA Handbook of Standards and Engineering Information.

Standards or recommended practices which have been developed

by the engineering committees and adopted by the association cover

general subjects such as terms, nomenclature, and definitions; tests

and test methods ; general standards and definitions for radio receivers

component parts; acoustical devices; phonograph amplifiers; automotive radio equipment ; vacuum tubes ; and facsimile televison.

The Data Bureau of the RMA Engineering Department serves

as a clearing house for receiving tube standardization and assignment of type numbers as well as the coordination of other matters.

The National Television System Committee, now incorporated within

the structure of the RMA Engineering Department, conducts studies

on the system aspect of television and is expected to make recommendations or improvements and developments from time to time.

Committees of this association cooperate, as the occasion arises,

with similar committees of the Institute of Radio Engineers, on cer- tain joint committees with the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association and the Edison Electric Institute, and with the Underwriters' Laboratories in the formulation of standards for power

operated radio receiving appliances. Liaisons are maintained with

the National Association of Broadcasters and the Society of Automotive Engineers.

The association is officially represented on sectional committees

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association in connection with the development of American standards
Standardization Activities of Organizations 191

covering the following projects: Classification and designation of

surface qualities, radio, electrical measuring instruments, standardization of vacuum tubes for industrial purposes, radio-electrical

coordination, and acoustical measurements and terminology. It is

also represented on technical committees of the American Society

for Testing Materials dealing with plastics and electrical insulating

materials.

Rail Steel Bar Association, H. P. Bigler, director, 228 North La

Salle Street, Chicago, 111. For approximately two years the member

mills of this association have followed a certification plan by which

deformed rail steel reinforcing bars are marked with a permanently

rolled symbol. This symbol is evidence of manufacture by a member

of the association and designates the material as rail steel rolled in

accordance with the general standards of the industry and meeting the

requirements of the association for quality. The symbol further indicates a willingness to certify to this quality. As now operating,

certification is made on a basis of the requirements of any one of

the following standards, all of which are in substantial agreement:

American Society for Testing Materials specification A16-35 for

rail-steel concrete reinforcement bars; Federal Specification QQ-BTla and specification G31-1938 of the Canadian Engineering Standards Association on the same subject. Policing of quality is performed by general tests by the association's committee on metallurgy

and by routine tests by the individual mill's inspection departments,

as well as by routine inspection customarily required by the consumer.

The association has engaged in or has been sponsor for several cooperative research projects with other technical groups. These include studies at University of Delaware, Iowa State College, and an

extensive study of the use of rail steel for highway construction by

the National Research Council.

The association cooperates by official representation with the technical committee on steel of the American Society for Testing Materials

in the development and standard specifications covering steel and

steel products. It has also been represented on the several building

code committees of the American Concrete Institute, on the Joint

Committee on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, and similar

organizations.

Railway and Industrial Spring Association, C. R. Ould, secretary,

Room 1401, 30 Church Street, New York, N. Y. The members of

this association comprise manufacturers of springs of all descriptions for use on both steam and electric railways in the United

States. This association maintains a Technical Committee whose

duty is to give consideration to standardization of springs for railway

equipment ; to investigate all the merits of alloy and special steel

to determine their value in the manufacture of springs; and to the

testing of various new coatings applied to springs for the purpose

of resisting corrosion. This committee does not issue publications

on the results obtained from their investigations, but it does cooperate

with technical committees of the Association of American Railroads

and the American Society for Testing Materials. The standards and

specifications developed by these agencies relating to springs and

spring material become the adopted standards of this association

for use by its members in the manufacture of springs.
192 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Railway Tie Association, Roy M. Edmonds, secretary, 903 Syndicate Trust Building, St. Louis, Mo. Several of the main objects of

this association are with reference to standardization of cross ties,

collection and dissemination of statistics concerning cross ties, proper

methods and practices in preventing forest fires, and preservation

and conservation of forests and forest products in the several States

of the Union.

Through work of its Committee on Specifications and Inspection,

this association at its last annual meeting adopted specifications for

cross and switch ties, and specifications for narrow-gage cross ties

and switch ties. This association is continuing its efforts in developing additional standards for the products of the industry which

it represents.

Red Cedar Shingle Bureau, W. W. Woodbridge, Secretary Manager, G. A. Brewer, assistant manager, White Building, Seattle,

Wash. At the request of this bureau, a general conference of representative manufacturers, distributors, and users of red cedar shingles

was called in 1931 under the auspices of the National Bureau of

Standards, following which there was adopted a Commercial Standard for this commodity. At the request of the groups at interest,

the standard was later revised to include California redwood and

tidewater red cypress shingles, and issued as Commercial Standard

for wood shingles CS31-33. It was revised in 1938 and accepted

and approved for promulgation by the National Bureau of Standards. This standard covers No. 1 grade shingles.

In order that interest may be increased in the manufacture, sale

and use of high-grade shingles, and consumers may be protected on

the basis of quality, the Bed Cedar Shingle Bureau inaugurated a

certification program. In accordance with this program, the bureau

has developed a quality label which manufacturers place on bundles

of No. 1 grade of red-cedar shingles with a statement of guarantee

that the shingles meet all the quality requirements of the commercial

standard. In addition, the bureau maintains a corps of trained inspectors who visit the plants at irregular intervals to check on the

quality of shingles. Failure on the part of producers to comply

with the requirements of the Commercial Standard will mean the

loss of the right to use the labels until satisfactory adjustment has

been made. Labels are also issued and placed on bundles of shingles

for No. 2 and No. 3 grades which are indicated in plain figures on the

labels, and carry statements that the shingles are guaranteed to

meet all quality requirements of the respective grades, as shown in

current grading and packing rules of the Red Cedar Shingle Bureau.

Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association, George A. Fernley,

secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The development of

standards and specifications of this association is carried on by subcommittees which are appointed from time to time. This association has developed standard specifications for spot, butt, flash, seam,

and press welders. It has also developed and adopted standard

specifications for replaceable resistance welding tips, Morse No. 1

and No. 2. These cover pointed, dome, flat, and offset tips.

Through the work of subcommittees standards have also been prepared for seam welding electrodes and standard specifications covering transformers for resistance welding. A table covering the class-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 193

ification of comparative alloys and their minimum requirements, together with a memorandum covering their recommended uses, has

also been prepared.

A committee of this association is at the present time working on

a table covering recommended electrode materials for spot welding

similar and dissimilar metals. Another committee is cooperating

with the American Welding Society in the development of standard

nomenclature on welding.

Rice Millers' Association, W. M. Reid, executive vice president,

P. O. Box 1289, New Orleans, La. This association has promulgated

rules governing transactions in rice that include uniform specifications regarding weights, terms of payment, rates of brokerage,

methods and manner of arbitration, packaging requirements, etc.

It has prescribed forms of sales contracts for use in the rice trade in

the United States, in Cuba, and Puerto Rico. The association

adopted and uses standards for milled rice promulgated by the

United States Department of Agriculture. The standards are the

basis for the inspection service in issuance of certificates as to grades

which are carried on by this association.

Rolled Gold Platers' Association, W. A. Cunningham, secretary, in

care of Horton Angell Company, Attleboro, Mass. This association,

in cooperation with the New England Manufacturing Jewelers' and

Silversmiths' Association, initiated the development of a commercial

standard for marking gold filled and rolled gold plate articles other

than watchcases. This resulted in the establishment of Commercial

Standard CS47-34 which was promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

In order that consumers may become familiar with the significance

of quality marks, all gold covered articles conforming to Commercial

Standard CS47-34 may be accompanied by a certificate, tag, card, or

other label stating that the article so marked for quality is guaranteed

to be in strict accordance with the provisions of the Commercial

Standard.

Rubber Manufacturers Association (Inc.), R. H. Goebel, secretary,

144 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. For a number of years this

association has devoted considerable time in cooperative work with

organizations in developing specifications covering a large variety

of rubber products. It maintains technical committees whose duty

it is to prepare customers specifications for tires, rubber and canvas

footwear, mechanical rubber goods, rubberized materials, and a number of other products.

The Tire Manufacturers Division of this association cooperates

with the Tire and Rim Association in the development of standard

combination of tire tube sizes.

The Mechanical Rubber Goods Specification Committee has prepared and adopted standard specifications for wrapped and braided

water hose, and transmission belts.

Through several of its other committees, this association cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment

of Commercial Standards for cotton cloth for rubber and pyroxylin

coating, rubber sheeting, and surgeons' rubber and latex gloves.

In addition, technical committees of this association participate

in the formulation and revision of many Federal specifications covering mechanical rubber goods and rubber products.
194 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

The Simplification Committee, organized by members of the Tire

Division of the association and several manufacturers of truck tires,

who represent a considerable proportion of total industry output, have

eliminated wrapping of all truck tires as part of industry's simplification and conservation program in the interest of national defense.

This committee has also eliminated approximately 40 percent of the

individual items in all lines of passenger tires below the "100" level,

and has effected a consolidation of truck solid and cushion tire lines,

the reduction of unnecessary passenger mud and snow tire lines, the

combination of high pressure and balloon truck and bus tubes, and

many other "cut-the-waste" programs. At present, the Simplification Committee is cooperating with the Agricultural Tire Simplification Committee, composed of representatives of the leading farm

equipment manufacturers and agricultural tire suppliers, in reducing

the number of unnecessary sizes and types of tires. Other active

programs relating to the reduction of unpopular sizes being carried on by the association involve studies of all existing truck tire

sizes, industrial tires, and airplane tires.

This association cooperated with the American Standards Association in the development of American standards specifications for

cotton rubber-lined fire hose, for public and private fire department

use. It is officially represented on the ASA sectional committee dealing with development of standards for the inspection of motor

vehicles.

Safe Manufacturers National Association, A. O. Boniface, executive secretary, 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association has formulated and adopted specifications for fire-insulated

safes, fire-insulated cabinets, fire-insulated filing devices, fire-insulated vault doors, file-storage-room doors, burglary-resistive chests,

and robbery-resistive containers. The test requirements for fireinsulated safes are essentially similar to those which have been

established by the National Bureau of Standards and Underwriters'

Laboratories.

To safeguard the public against unwarranted claims as to the fire

resistance and/or burglary resistance of products of the fire-resistive

safe industry, members of the association use labels on their products.

The label on a fire-insulated product is a certification by the manufacturer that that design has been shown by test to comply with the

specification and rating indicated on the label, and that the product

has been shown by the manufacturer's inspection-in-course-of-manufacture to warrant the label attached thereto. Fire-resistance ratings

are stated as the number of hours that the product was subjected to

American standard time-temperature curve conditions, in a furnace,

without failure. The label on a burglary or robbery-resistive product indicates compliance with the SMNA construction specification

for the type (group) indicated on the label.

Safety Equipment Manufacturers Association, Inc., R. S. Armstrong, manager, 350 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This as- sociation in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards,

initiated the development of commercial standards for automotive

lighting and signaling equipment. This has resulted, to date, in the

establishment of the following commercial standards, which were

promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards:
Standardization Activities of Organizations 195

CS80-41 electric direction signal systems other than semaphore type

for commercial and other vehicles subject to special motor vehicle

laws (after market) ; CS81-41 adverse-weather lamps for vehicles

(after market) ; CS82-41 inner-controlled spotlamps for vehicles

(after market) ; CS83-41 clearance, marker and identification lamps

for vehicles (after market) ; CS84^£1 electric tail lamps for vehicles

(after market) ; CS85-41 electric license-plate lamps for vehicles

(after market) ; CS86-41 electric stop lamps for vehicles (after market) ; CS87-41 red electric warning lanterns; and CS88-41 liquidburning flares. Additional commercial standards for items of equipment not as yet covered are now pending or in the process of

development.

In order to provide the purchaser with a ready means of distinguishing between lamps and signal equipment which meet the

requirements of the commercial standards and those which do not,

the association has adopted the following for labels or statements

on cartons: "This (name of item) marked sema approved is certified

by the Safety Equipment Manufacturers Association and by the

manufacturer as conforming to Commercial Standard (number of

CS)."

Salt Producers Association, W. G. Wilcox, chairman. Standardization Committee, 154 Bagley Avenue, Detroit, Mich. This association's

activities in the field of standardization are carried on by its

Standardization Committee, which has been functioning for approximately 15 years. This committee has conducted surveys from time

to time for the purpose of standardizing and simplifying the packages and packs used by the salt producers. Considerable work has

been done in eliminating packs or packages which had become

obsolete in the industry. A committee has also made a study of

textiles used by the salt industry in its shipments, and has also

made studies of the possibilities of using multiwall moisture-proof

paper bags. Through extensive research work, a committee has also

investigated the matter of standard package fill, using the most

modern type of equipment therefor.

In cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards, this association initiated the movement for the elimination of unnecessary

varieties and sizes of salt- packages. This led to the establishment

of a simplified schedule of sizes of packs originally set forth in

Simplified Practice Recommendation R70, promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. This Recommendation

has recently been revised in order to bring it in conformity with

current practices in the industry.

Sanitary Brass Institute, A. G. Zibell, chairman, Commercial

Standards Committee, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. This organization,

together with the Sanitary Cast Iron Enameled Ware Association

and the Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures Association, is cooperating

with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee and the National

Bureau of Standards in developing standards and specifications

covering the products of this industry.

This institute has appointed a Commercial Standards Committee

for the purpose of preparing standards covering sanitary cast brass

items to be submitted under the auspices of the National Bureau

of Standards for development into a Commercial Standard.
196 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Sanitary Cast Iron Enameled Ware Association, R. Kennedy Hanson, secretary, 1108 Clark Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Two committees of this association, the Federal Specifications Committee and

the Commercial Standards Committee, carry on work in the development of standards and specifications covering this industry's

products. Through the Commercial Standards Committee, this

association initiated the movement which led to the establishment

of Commercial Standard CS77-40, providing minimum requirements

for sanitary cast iron enamelware, including bath tubs, lavatories,

kitchen sinks, laundry trays, drinking fountains, and similar fixtures.

This standard was promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards.

The Federal Specifications Committee is cooperating with the

Federal Specifications Executive Committee of the United States

Government in the formulation of Federal specifications for cast

iron enamelware purchased by various departments and establishments of the Federal Government.

Sanitary Institute of America, E. D. Szold, secretary, 105 West

Monroe Street, Chicago, 111. This organization has adopted specifications for the sale of wiping cloths which cover process of sterilization and grading. In addition, it also has adopted an official label,

the presence of which on a bale of industrial wipers represents a guarantee that the contents of the bale conform to the specifications.

The wording of the label reads as follows: "The wiping cloths contained in this bale or package have been produced and packed according to specification of the Sanitary Institute of America." Each

member of the institute issues an affidavit certifying that he, as a

manufacturer of the particular bale or package of wiping cloths, has

complied with all rules and regulations of the State and city health

departments along with the regulations of the board of underwriters

and the city sealer. The manufacturer also certifies that the wipers

contained in a given shipment are correct in weight, and that he has

complied with all of the recommendations set down by the Sanitary

Institute of America.

Concerning enforcement of specifications, label, and affidavit, the

institute relies chiefly upon the integrity of its members, each of

whom pledges himself to the institute s specifications upon becoming

a member of the institute. A Complaints Committee investigates

any alleged failure to conform. Violation of the pledge is punishable by expulsion from the institute, with attendant loss of the

privilege of using the institute label. During the past year several

committees of the institute have cooperated with technical committees

of the Navy Department in preparation of specifications for purchase

of wiping cloths for the United States Navy.

Scientific Apparatus Makers of America, John M. Roberts, president, Room 3014, 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. This or- ganization has been one of the pioneer groups engaged in standardization, especially in the elimination of obsolete designs and useless sizes and shapes of apparatus. In carrying out its work, it cooperates with the American Chemical Society, the American Physical

Society, the American Society for Testing Materials, and the National

Bureau of Standards.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 197

The results of this organization's work in the field of standardization are published, not by itself, but by the organizations with which

it cooperates. This organization is officially represented on the Sectional Committees on Electrical Measuring Instruments and on Specifications for Pressure and Vacuum Gages, functioning under the

procedure of the American Standards Association.

Seamless Steel Tube Institute, C. G. Macdonald, secretary, Gulf

Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This organization does not formulate

standards or specifications, but it does maintain a Committee on Standardization and Simplification, whose function it is to keep the members of the institute informed as to changes in specifications for seamless tubular products (alloy and carbon steel) established by the

American Society for Testing Materials, the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, the Association of American Railroads, and

other technical bodies. These changes, as they affect the production

or the physical standards or chemical analyses of products in which

the members of this institute are concerned, are brought to their attention through publication of a book of specifications compiled by the

institute, in which the specifications are kept up to date for the benefit

of their own mills as well as for the benefit of their customers.

Shoe Lace Institute, L. K. Loomis, executive secretary, Box 45,

East Side Station, Providence, R. I. This institute initiated the

program for a simplification of lengths of braided shoe laces which

was conducted under the auspices of the National Bureau of Standards. This resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice

Recommendation R168, in which are set forth a list of stock sizes of

laces approved by the industry and promulgated and published by

the National Bureau of Standards.

Society of Automotive Engineers (Inc.), John A. C. Warner, secre- tary and general manager, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. Standardization has been a fundamental branch of the society's activities since the earliest days of its history.

The comprehensive structure of practical SAE standardization

activity is the logical result of a sound growth begun in 1902 with

adoption of standards by the National Association of Automobile

Manufacturers that was organized in 1900. In 1903 the Association

of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers was organized by manufacturers licensed under the Selden patent. The Mechanical Branch

of the ALAM, organized in 1905 with restricted membership,

gathered data exclusively for its members but a desire for a nonexclusive engineering body resulted in the organization of the Society

of Automobile Engineers also in January 1905. In 1910 the Society took over from the Mechanical Branch of the ALAM its work

of preparing technical data and appointed the first Standards Committee in the automotive industry. During the years immediately

following, other industries began to use internal combustion engines

more widely, and it became evident that the SAE was the logical

body in which to centralize all such activities. In 1917 the American

Society of Aeronautic Engineers and the Society of Tractor Engineers merged with the SAE and soon thereafter the National Association of Engine and Boat Manufacturers and the National Gas

Engine Association merged their engineering and standardization
198 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

work in the SAE, and the Society of Automobile Engineers then

became the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

In 1926 the Society initiated standardization in automotive production engineering, and in 1931 adopted the first standardization in

the motor transport field. As the regular manufacture of , passenger

car or "house" trailers became an established industry, the first trailer

committee was organized in 1936 and the first trailer standards were

adopted in 1938.

SAE standardization,, like the Society's general activities., extends

into all industries manufacturing and employing internal combustion

powered equipment and those furnishing the related accessory units,

parts, and materials. These include motor vehicles, aircraft, tractors,

industrial equipment, motorboats, and railroads and associated industries such as petroleum, steel and nonferrous metals, fabrics, protective materials, and many others.

The Society's standards are approved and adopted only on evidence of acceptability by the industry at large. Its organization

and procedure as approved by the Council have consistently grown,

and have been modified from time to time as experience and results

have indicated was desirable.

Standardization projects are scheduled only on request from re- sponsible sources in industry. A suggested project is referred to the

proper committee or sometimes circularized generally for decision as

to whether a standard is generally desired and would be of practical

value. If the response is affirmative the project is assigned to the

proper committee and data on current practices and requirements

form the basis for a recommendation that may be further circularized

as conditions may require. Before adoption and publication as a

standard the recommendation must be reviewed and approved suc- cessively by the Division of the Standards Committee to which it

was assigned, by the general Standards Committee, and finally by

the Council.

The preparation of all standards is by producer and user representation, augmented by such other competent interests as may be

helpful to insure general agreement on the standards and the broadest

cooperation in their preparation.

The general organization for carrying on the Society's standards

work is indicated under the SAE Standards Committee, the Sectional

Committees, and SAE Representatives on Other Organizations and

Committees. Special and Cooperating Committees of the Society

are frequently appointed to prepare reports or recommendations on

special assignments relating to standards or associated projects.

For many years the Society has cooperated in the American Standards Association on many national and international projects, and

at the present time is a sponsor for ten Sectional Committees and

is represented on 28 others that are concerned with broader but specific

mechanical subjects. Sponsorship involves responsibility for the or- ganization and administration of a committee and approval of its

reports before their final approval by the American Standards Association, and publication.

The SAE Handbook is the official publication of the Society that

contains the current standards and recommended practices adopted

by the society, except aeronautic standards which are issued separately
Standardization Activities of Organizations 199

in loose-leaf form. New and revised standards and recommended

practices issued during a current year are incorporated in the next

annual edition. If a regular edition of the complete Handbook is

not published due to unusual conditions, a supplement is generally

issued that contains the then currently adopted revised and new

standards.

Many of the SAE standards for aircraft give references to ArmyNavy (AN) Standards. The AN Standards are specifications for aircraft parts and materials that have been adopted in common by the

Government air services, and many of which are used extensively in

commercial aircraft. They include other requirements and data not

given in the SAE specifications, which are adopted by the society

primarily for use in designing, but conform as far as possible with

AN specifications.

In 1938 and 1939 the rapid increase in production, the development

of higher powered aircraft and the use of higher quality materials

made a reduction desirable in the variety of specifications for materials used by manufacturers and Governmental air services. The

Engine Technical Committee of the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America appointed a Materials Committee to draft a series

of specifications that would be used uniformly by the aircraft industry and associated material suppliers and the committee later recommended that the project be centralized in a recognized standardizing

agency of the aircraft and associated materials industries.

Accordingly, the ACCA proposed that this work be undertaken

by the Society of Automotive Engineers, and in response the SAE

Council established the Aircraft Materials Division of the SAE

Standards Committee in 1939, which took over the specifications

drafted by the ACCA Committee up to then, and has since prepared

additional ones.

In 1941, at the request of the Office of Production Management,

the society undertook a comprehensive program of standardization

in the field of aircraft powerplants and their accessories and propellers. An Aeronautics Division of the SAE Standards Committee

was organized to direct this work. This division was given general

responsibility for, and supervision of, all standardization activities

of the society in the aircraft field.

The division's purpose is to prepare specifications for all classes

of parts and materials used in aircraft, their engines and major accessory equipment and for methods, processes, and tests where such

standards may be feasible. The specifications are coordinated so far

as possible with existing SAE Standards for similar parts and materials, but because of the more specialized requirements for aircraft

use, the specifications are complete enough for use in the purchase

and acceptance of parts and materials.

These specifications, known as SAE Aeronautical Specifications,

are published by the Society in bound sets or separately on 8^2 by

11 sheets adapted to standard ring binders.

In cooperation with the Automobile Manufacturers Association and

the American Petroleum Institute, the society maintains 13 research

associates at the National Bureau of Standards working on problems

dealing with motor fuel knock rating and fuel requirements of cars,

and flow characteristics of aircraft fuel systems.
200 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Paul J. Larsen, secretary;

Sylvan Harris, editor and office manager, Hotel Pennsylvania, New

York, N. Y. Standardization of materials, supplies, and equipment

used in the motion-picture industry constitutes an important activity

of the society.

The society's work is carried on by a number of technical committees.

The titles of these committees are indicated by the subjects considered

by them which are as follows : Cinematography, color, exchange practice, laboratory practice, nontheatrical equipment, preservation of film

sound, standards, studio lighting, television, and theatre engineering.

Projects which are suitable for standardization are first approved by

the society and then submitted to the sectional committee on motion

pictures, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, of which the society is sponsor. In this way the society

maintains active cooperation with other leading interested technical

or engineering organizations, manufacturers, distributors, and users of

products used in the motion-picture industry.

More than 35 standards and recommended practices developed under

the auspices of the ASA Sectional committee have been recently revised

and approved as American standards or American recommended practices. These include specifications for sound and silent films, cutting

and perforating negative and positive raw stock, projector sprockets,

and American recommended practices relating to film splices, sensitometry, photographic density, projection rooms and screens, nomenclature for safety film, fader setting instructions, and nomenclature for

filters.

The society, through the American Standards Association, cooperates with foreign standardizing bodies affiliated with the International

Standards Association in the development of international motion

picture standards.

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, J. H. King,

secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. This society

takes an active part in the standardization movement in cooperation

with other interested organizations. Through representation on sec- tional committees functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association, it cooperates in the development of standards

covering the following projects : Minimum requirements for plumbing

and standardization of plumbing equipment; standardization and

unification of screw thread ; allowance and tolerances for cylindrical

parts and limit gages; pipe flanges and fittings; standardization of

shafting ; bolt, nut and rivet proportions ; plain and lock washers ; code

for pressure piping; standardization of dimensions and materials of

wrought iron and wrought steel pipe and tubing; specifications for

pressure and vacuum gages ; classification and designation of surface

qualities ; specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel ; ventilation

code; standards for drawings and drafting room practice (exclusive

of architectural drawings) ; and methods of testing wood.

Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, F. L. Bishop,

secretary, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standardization activities of this society are carried on in cooperation with other

organizations under the procedure of the American Standards Association. The society is joint sponsor for ASA sectional committees

on letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering,
Standardization Activities of Organizations 201

and standards for drawings and drafting room practice (exclusive

of architectural drawings). It is also officially represented on four

ASA sectional committees dealing with the following projects:

Definitions of electrical terms ; electric and magnetic magnitudes and

units; standards for graphic presentation; and graphical symbols

and abbreviations for use on drawings.

Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association, B. R. Ellis, secre- tary, 721-24 Barnett National Bank Building, Jacksonville, Fla.

This association has formulated and adopted standard specifications

for grades of tidewater red cypress, which are in conformity with

American lumber standards as set forth in the current edition of

Simplified Practice Recommendation R16, and Commercial Standard

CS92-41 for cedar, cypress, and redwood tank-stock lumber, promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

Recognizing the need for uniform marking and authoritative supervision of the marking of standard grades of red cypress lumber,

this association has adopted standard grade marks. The insignia

SCMA is the property of the Southern Cyress Manufacturers Association. Only licensed inspectors of this association or competent

inspectors or manufacturers authorized by this association of officially grade-mark cypress, are permitted to place this mark on lumber. Lumber bearing this symbol is officially grade-marked. The

appearance of official marks on planing mill products, such as flooring, ceiling, bevel siding, drop siding, etc., indicate an official grademark for that particular product of the planing mill.

Southern Hardwood Producers, Inc., Ed. R. Linn, secretary-manager, 805 Sterick Building, Memphis, Tenn. Southern hardwoods are

graded under the rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association, as are all hardwoods manufactured in the United States and

Canada. This organization cooperates with the National Hardwood

Lumber Association in grade standardization of hardwood lumber;

also with Government agencies and all lumber associations in the

development of American lumber standards fostered by the Department of Commerce.

This organization has also cooperated with the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association, and the Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers Association, in formulating Commercial Standards for

flooring, trim, paneling, etc. These standards have been promulgated

and issued by the National Bureau of Standards, United States

Department of Commerce.

Southern Pine Inspection Bureau, A. S. Boisfontaine, secretary,

Interstate Bank Building, New Orleans, La. This bureau is an

autonomous agency of the Southern Pine Association and is considered the recognized agency in the southern pine industry for the

formulation and maintenance of grading standards. For more than

25 years the Southern Pine Association has carried on a standardization program in developing grading rules for southern pine lumber.

All of the grading rules prepared and published by the association

have been adopted by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau. These

rules are in conformity with American lumber standards as set forth

in the current edition of Simplified Practice Recommendation R16,

which were promulgated and published by the National Bureau of

Standards.
202 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

The Southern Pine Association took an active part in cooperation

with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards in the formulation

of these standards. This bureau is officially represented on the Technical Comittee on Timber of the American Society for Testing Materials with reference to the preparation of standard specifications

for timber and timber products.

It is the function of this bureau not only to maintain standards

of size and definite grade classifications, as reflected in its published

grading and inspection rules, for the benefit of the lumber-using public and of the industry, but to provide competent and adequate inspection facilities. These inspection facilities are universally re- garded as fair and impartial, and are used not only as a means of

adjudicating disputes as to grades between buyers and sellers, but

also for the certification of southern pine lumber before shipment

from the mill. The grading and manufacture of subscribers to the

bureau are under the supervision of bureau inspectors, and those mills

which prove their efficiency in grading and agree to maintain the es- tablished standards of size and grade are licensed to grade-mark

their lumber with a bureau mark symbolizing such supervision and

efficiency.

Southern Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association, Alvin

M. Smith, secretary-treasurer, care of Smith-Courtney Co., Richmond,

Va. As an organization of distributors, this association has participated in standardization projects carried out by industry in general,

and it cooperated in the preparation and revision of Simplified Practice Recommendations promulgated by the National Bureau of

Standards covering standard sizes of wrought-iron and wrought-steel

pipe, valves, and fittings; standard packaging of carriage, machine,

and lag bolts ; and standard sizes of hacksaw blades.

This association is represented on the American Standards Association Sectional Committee on Standardization of Gears, which has

already developed the American standard for spur-gear tooth form

(B6. 1-1932), and the American recommended practice for gear materials and blanks (B6.2-1933).

Special Tool, Die, and Machine Shop Institute (The Tool and Die

Institute), George J. Huebner, secretary, 323 Fairmount-Cedar

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This organization, a national trade

association, represents the contract builders of tools and gages, dies

and molds, jigs and fixtures, special machines and accessories which,

because of their nature, do not often lend themselves to standardization of design or construction. However, this same precision tooling

is one of the important means by which the products of almost all

mass production industries are standardized.

Through its monthly publication, The Tool and Die Journal, it

disseminates information of technical value and interest to more

than 15,000 firms and individuals who are charged with the responsibility for providing production tooling for mass production of parts

and products in the stamping, plastics, die casting, forging, ceramics,

rubber, and glass industries.

One of this association's activities which is being recognized as an

effort to effectuate standardization is the development of a standard

to predetermine the time required for machining and assembling the

parts of a die. The method is described in its publication entitled
Standardization Activities of Organizations 203

"Die Designing and Estimating" of which the first edition has been

sold and a second edition, enlarged and revised, is in the process of

printing.

Another effort for standardization is the new publication entitled

"Plastics Mold Designing," which is the first practical authoritative

shop text on all sizes of mold making. A 100-term nomenclature of

mold parts and processes, compiled with the assistance of 14 leading

authorities, may definitely be considered a contribution toward standardization in behalf of the mold makers who supply the plastics

industry.

Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute, C. S.

Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Two committees of this organization are actively engaged in carrying on

simplification and standardization work for the industry represented

by this institute. The Committee on Simplified Practice, in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards, initiated the movement

which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R31 covering standard sizes of loaded paper shot shells.

A similar movement for the development of a program for the

elimination of unnecessary varieties and sizes of metallic cartridges

was also initiated by this committee which led to the establishment

of Simplified Practice Recommendation R62 for metallic cartridges,

promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards.

Both of these recommendations have, through the efforts of this

committee, been revised from time to time to keep them in harmony

with improvements made by industry.

The activities of the Technical Committee in the field of standardization have been varied. Through this committee, the institute

gives continuous attention to the establishment of maximum measurements for loaded paper shot shells and metallic cartridges, and

minimum chamber dimensions for sporting arms in which these

shells and cartridges are used. This committee has also carried on

standardization on what are known as definitive proof loads for factory

testing of shotguns, sporting rifles, pistols, and revolvers, thereby

insuring greater safety to the users of such arms. Another activity

of this committee is in developing standardization of ballistic test

methods and equipment, and the formulation of specifications to aid

in the preparation of such tests.

The Technical Committee cooperates closely with the Ordnance

Department of the War Department in connection with manufacturing, testing, and performance specifications covering ammunition

of numerous calibers purchased by the Ordnance Department. This

institute is officially represented on the Sectional Committee on

Allowances and Tolerances for Cylindrical Parts and Limit Gages,

functioning under the procedure of the American Standards

Association.

Standard Container Manufacturers Association, Inc., Russell W,

Bennett, secretary-manager, 311 W. Duval Street, Jacksonville,

Fla. This association represents the veneer package industry of the

southeastern part of the United States which is engaged in the

manufacture of wooden boxes, crates, hampers, baskets, tubs, and

tills. This association's activities in the field of standardization

have led to the development of standard specifications for wooden
204 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

containers for marketing fresh fruits and vegetables. These specifications establish standards of dimensions and design which admit

a wide interchange of parts between containers for different commodities, and are embodied in the freight classification and tariffs

of the southeastern railroads.

The association has also worked in close cooperation with the

Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department

of Agriculture, the Florida State Marketing Bureau, and with the

Freight Container Bureau of the Association of American Railroads in the development of container standards, and in problems

relating to marketing of perishable food products.

Steel Barrel Manufacturers Council, W. B. Thomas, secretary,

Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The manufacturing standards and

practices of this industry are carried on by the council in cooperation with committees of technical organizations. It cooperates with

the Bureau of Explosives of the Interstate Commerce Commission

in the preparation of specifications for shipping containers for

transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles. It also

cooperates with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in

the formulation and revision of Federal specifications covering steel

containers; and with the Consolidated Freight Classification Committee in the development of specifications relating to materials and

construction of steel containers.

This organization initiated the movement for the development of

standard sizes of steel barrels and drums, which resulted in the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R20, under the

auspices of the National Bureau of Standards.

Steel Founders' Society of America, Col. Merrill G. Baker,

executive vice president, 920 Midland Building, Cleveland, Ohio.

Through representation on committees of other organizations, this

society cooperates in developing standards and specifications for

materials used in products of the steel foundry industry. It cooperates with technical committees of the American Society for Testing

Materials in the development of standards and methods of test for

steel and steel products, metallography, on corrosion of iron and steel,

and on radiographic testing.

Steel Heating Boiler Institute, R. A. Locke, manager, Middleton,

Pa. The Simplification and Standardization Committee of this

institute drafted a proposed recommendation for steel horizontal

fire-box heating boilers which was approved by a general conference

of the industry and other interested groups. This proposal was

submitted to the National Bureau of Standards, which resulted in

the establishment of Simplified Practice Recommendation R157-37

and promulgated and published by the Bureau. In accordance with

this Recommendation, the manufacturers of boilers whose products

conform to this recommendation shall attach a cast or etched label to

the boiler in a conspicuous location, which shall be worded as follows: "Conforms with the industry's Simplified Practice Recommendation Rl57-37 issued by the United States Department of

Commerce."

Steel Joist Institute, James A. Schad, secretary, 201 North Wells

Street, Chicago, 111. Standardization activities of this institute are

carried on by its Board of Directors with the aid of a Technical
Standardization Activities of Organizations 205

Committee, to which all matters relating to technical standards and

specifications are referred for study and recommendations. During

the past year, this institute has completed a revision of its Standard

Specifications for Steel Joists, which cover materials, connections,

methods of design and stresses, erection, etc.

A number of years ago, this institute developed and adopted a

Code of Standard Practice, which is a part of every contract between

members of the institute and purchasers of steel joists and accessories

unless specific provision to the contrary is made.

This institute initiated the movement for the establishment of

standard sizes of open-web steel joists, which resulted in the formulation of Simplified Practice Recommendation E94—30, promulgated

and published by the National Bureau of Standards. In addition to

setting forth the standard sizes of joists, this recommendation establishes specifications for properties and allowable total loads in

pounds per linear foot of open-web steel joists.

More recently, this institute has been reviewing its standards for

open-web nailer type steel joists, with a view toward cooperation

with the National Bureau of Standards in the development of a

Simplified Practice Recommendation pertaining thereto.

During the past year or so several members of the institute have

cooperated with the National Bureau of Standards in having fire

tests conducted to develop further data relative to fire-resistance

ratings for steel joist construction.

The institute is officially represented on the Sectional Committee on

Building Code Requirements for Iron and Steel, functioning under

the procedure of the American Standards Association. In this connection, the institute has prepared suggested building regulations

for steel joist construction which are being submitted to the American Standards Association Building Code Correlating Committee

for approval as an American standard.

Steel Kitchen Cabinet Institute, S. S. Keeney, 1621 Euclid Avenue,

Cleveland, Ohio. Because of the rapid development of the steel

kitchen cabinet industry, and in order to protect the public and

specifiers of steel kitchen cabinets against underweight steel, faulty

or weak construction, inferior hardware, and cheap finishes, this

institute embarked on a standardization and approval labeling program. Through its Standardization and Simplification Committee,

the institute has been engaged for the past two years in setting up

minimum standards of quality for the industry. In addition, it has

adopted the committee's report with reference to approval requirements for steel kitchen cabinets and has also adopted a quality seal

of approval.

The institute has engaged the services of a commercial testing

laboratory to make tests of steel kitchen cabinets in accordance with

the minimum standards established by the institute. Lines of cabinets

which have been found to have met the requirements of the standards carry the institute's seal of approval, which indicates that production specimens have been tested and have met the approval

requirements.

Steel Package Manufacturers Institute, W. B. Thomas, secretary,

Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Standardization work of this

201072°—41 14
206 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

institute is carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Explosives

of the Association of American Railroads and the Interstate Commerce Commission in developing specifications for shipping containers

for transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles. It also

cooperates with the Consolidated Freight Classification Committee

in formulating steel-container specifications relating to requirements

on materials, construction, strength of parts, and marking and

packing.

This institute also took an active part in the formulation of

Federal specification for steel containers developed under the auspices of the Federal Specifications Executive Committee, and continues its cooperation in the revision of these specifications.

Stoker Manufacturers Association, Marc G. Bluth, secretary, 307

North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. The work in standardization

carried on by this association is handled through its Engineering

Committee, which is composed of chief engineers from several of

its member companies. This committee is empowered and authorized

by the association to undertake such studies on standardization as

will help to simplify practice dealing with installation, ratings, and

servicing of coal-burning stoker equipment. Codes formulated by

the Engineering Committee and the Executive Committee of the

association must have the unanimous approval of the entire membership of the association before they are officially adopted and

published.

In cooperation with engineering and technical committees from

other organizations, the Engineering Committee of this association

formulated and adopted a uniform stoker rating code and a minimum

setting heights code. In collaboration with the American Society

of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and other heating trade organizations, a committee of this association prepared a standard code

for testing stoker-fired steam-heating boilers, which was adopted

and published by this association.

Structural Clay Products Institute, Harry C. Plummer, director

of Engineering and Research, 1756 K Street NW., Washington,

D. C. This institute cooperates actively with committees of technical organizations in the standardization of structural clay products.

It is represented on technical committees of the American Society

for Testing Materials dealing with fire tests of materials and construction; specifications for lime; mortars for unit masonry; and

manufactured masonry units. It is also officially represented on

sectional committees functioning under the procedure of the American

Standards Association on Coordination of Building Materials and

Equipment; and Building Code Requirements and Good Practice

Recommendations for Masonry. The institute cooperates with the

Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation and

revision of specifications for building brick, structural clay tile, and

mortar, and is now collaborating with the National Bureau of Standards in bringing about a revision of Simplified Practice Recommendation R12 covering standard sizes of hollow building tile (load bearing,

partition, and floor tile).

The institute is conducting and sponsoring research at various

universities on reinforced brick masonry under the sponsorship of

the RBM Research Board, and at the National Bureau of Standards
Standardization Activities of Organizations 207

on wall properties covering strength, heat transmission, and permeability. While this work is not directed primarily toward standardization, it is providing data that will be of material assistance

both in the development of specifications and in the standardization

of products.

Sun Glass Institute, Inc., A. C. Boniface, executive secretary, 366

Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization, through its

Committee on Standards, initiated the movement for the development of standards for sunglasses. This led to the establishment

of Commerial Standards CS78^0 for ground and polished lenses

for sunglasses, and CS79-40 for blown, drawn, and dropped lenses

for sunglasses, both of which were promulgated and published by

the National Bureau of Standards.

In accordance with these Standards, the institute has adopted a

labeling program whereby members place on the sun glasses a label

which states that the lenses have been tested and have been found

to be at or above the minimum requirements of the Commercial

Standard developed by the Sun Glass Institute, under the procedure

of the National Bureau of Standards. The use of these labels is

an aid to the public for identifying sunglass lenses (other than

prescription lenses) which are of a grade suitable for protecting

eyes against discomfort and fatigue in the presence of sun glare.

Tag Manufacturers Institute, Frank H. Baxter, executive director,

370 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Work of this institute

in the field of standardization is under the supervision of its Technical Committee. During the past several years this committee,

working with the members of the institute and other manufacturers,

suppliers of materials and buyers, has conducted work which led to

the development of specifications covering tag materials and sizes.

It has cooperated with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the formulation of Federal Specification UU-T-81b for

paper and cloth tags; and with the National Bureau of Standards

in the establishment and revision of Simplified Practice Recommendation R93-39 covering standard sizes and materials of paper

shipping tags.

Tanners' Council of America, J. Louis Nelson, secretary, 100 Gold

Street, New York, N. Y. This organization initiated the movement for a standardization of selling thicknesses for bag, case, and

strap leather. This project was conducted under the auspices of

the National Bureau of Standards, and led to the establishment of

Commercial Standard CS34—31 which was promulgated and published

by the Bureau. The upholstery leather division of this organization

has prepared and adopted standard grades and specifications for

upholstery leather which are regarded as the standards for use in

the leather upholstery field.

Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, R. G. Macdonald, secretary, 122 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y.

Several of the stated objects of this association are to promote investigation, research and interchange of ideas among its members, and

to provide technical facts and standards fundamental to pu7 p and

paper manufacture and use. The association is divided into six divisions dealing with problems

relating to engineering, pulp and paper manufacture, research de-
208 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

velopment, testing, converting, and industrial. Under these divisions

function a number of committees engaged in research and development of standards on projects coming within the scope of activities

of each division.

Standards or specifications, recommended practices, and testing

methods prepared by any committee are submitted to the Standards

Committee for approval. The purpose of this latter committee is to

establish regulations governing standards; to review and edit existing and proposed standards; and to coordinate standardization

activities within the association and with other organizations.

All standards, recommended practices, and testing methods when

so approved by the Standards Committee and the association in ac- cordance with the prescribed rules and regulations are published

in the association's Manual of Standards. Standards included in the

manual cover subjects relating to equipment, heat and power, material of construction, alkaline and acid pulping, fibrous materials testing, pulp and paper testing, and nonfibrous materials testing.

The association cooperatives actively with the American Society

for Testing Materials. Through representation on ASTM technical

committees, it assists in the development of standards covering the

following projects: Iron-chromium, iron-chromium-nickel and re- lated alloys; bituminous waterproofing and roofing materials; electrical insulating materials; lime; paper and paper products; and

corrosion. It also cooperates with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers on boiler studies, and with the Inter-Society Color

Council in developing color standards.

Telephone Group. This group, which functions under the auspices

of the American Standards Association, consists of the Bell Telephone

System and the United States Independent Telephone Association.

The secretary of the group is H. L. Huber of the American Telephone

and Telegraph Company, 195 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Through

its representatives, this group is now assisting in the preparation and

revision of 82 standards under the procedure of the American Standards Association. It is officially represented on 40 ASA sectional

committees dealing with the following projects: Safety code for construction, care and use of ladders; manhole frames and covers (cosponsor) ; standardization and unification of screw threads; allowances and tolerances for cylindrical parts and limit gages; standards

for small tools and machine tool elements; bolt, nut and rivet proportions; plain and lock washers; wire and sheath metal gages; classification and designation of surface qualities; materials for tools,

fixtures and gages; National Electrical Code; National Electrical

Safety Code; Code for Protection against Lightning; insulated wires

and cables; radio; dry cells and batteries; mercury arc rectifiers;

electrical measuring instruments; definitions of electrical terms;

rotating electrical machinery; electrical insulating materials in

general; electric and magnetic magnitudes and units; preferred

voltages below 100; radio-electric coordination; inspection of motor

vehicles; zinc coating of iron and steel; copper wire; methods

of testing wood; specifications for wood poles (sponsor) ; protection

of heads, eyes, and respiratory organs of industrial workers ; Safety

Code for industrial sanitation; letter symbols and abbreviations for

science and engineering; petroleum products and lubricants; graphic
Standardization Activities of Organizations 209

representation; preferred numbers; speeds of machinery, acoustical

measurements and terminology; graphic symbols and abbreviations

for use on drawings ; accident prevention signs ; and performance

requirements for protective occupational footwear. In addition, the

group is represented on the committees of such organizations as the

American Society for Testing Materials and the American Institute

of Electrical Engineers in the preparation and revision of 40 standards, which have been approved by the ASA in which these organizations are proprietary sponsors.

Additional standardization work is carried on through representation on committees of various engineering societies and on committees cooperating with regulatory bodies, such as State commissions,

national, and international bureaus. Cooperative work is handled

with numerous committees of the Telegraph and Telephone Section

of the Association of American Railroads, which body is engaged in

the formulation of recommendations and specifications dealing with

various phases of communication on railroads.

Textile Color Card Association of the United States, Inc., Margaret Hayclen Rorke, secretary and managing director, 200 Madison

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association, which is international

in scope, has over 1,600 members interested in the adoption of standard colors. It cooperates with leading textile, millinery, leather,

hosiery, garment, and kindred industrial trade association groups,

as well as important retail organizations, in the selection of basic

shades, and is organized for the promotion of color and its correlation in every related branch of industry.

This association is the creator of the Standard Color Card of

America, showing over 200 staple colors, as well as seasonal cards

portraying the newest fashion shades, all widely used in the textile

and allied industries here and abroad. Each spring and fall, cards

are issued for the textile and related trades, including silks, woolens,

millinery, men's hats, shoe and leather (men's and women's), gloves

and hosiery. The United States Army color card showing the official

colors for arms and services, as approved and accepted by the

Quartermaster General of the United States Army, is likewise issued

by the Textile Color Card Association, The colors on all cards are

identified by standard names as well as by cable numbers, thus

insuring an exact color interpretation. The association works in

close cooperation with the various divisions of the United States

Department of Commerce, including the National Bureau of

Standards.

Tile Manufacturers' Association (Inc.), G. M. Gilroy, president,

50 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This association has

prepared and issued a fourth edition of its publication, entitled

"Basic Specification for Tile Work, No. K-300," which gives in detail

the specifications for the installations in connection with practically

every type of construction, including installations in small residences

or large office buildings. It has also adopted as standards for the

tile industry 56 wall tile trimmers which are set forth in a chart

published by the association. These trimmers include complementary angles, corners and stops, and are designed to care for every

normal trimmer requirement.
210 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

This association sponsored the movement for the establishment of

standard sizes of clay tiles for floors and walls which resulted in

the formulation of Simplified Practice Recommendation R61 under

the auspices of the Department of Commerce, National Bureau of

Standards.

Through its Tile Industry Research Bureau, this organization

carries on general research on tile, better methods for tile installations, and the development of specifications. The association has

adopted uniform grade names and a color scheme for grade marking,

and certificates to accompany packages of various types of tiles

manufactured in accordance with the above-mentioned Simplified

Practice Recommendation. If required in the architect's specification, typical samples of each kind and grade of tiles as specified and

proposed to be used, and shop or setting drawings or rubbings, shall

be submitted to the architect for approval. Each sample shall be

marked with the name of the manufacturer and the grade of the tile.

Approved samples shall be retained by both the architect and the

tile contractor. Before setting any tiles, the tile contractor shall

furnish to the architect a certificate of grade, properly filled in on the

form of grade certificate issued by the association. The certificate

shall be signed by the manufacturer of the tiles ; shall state the grade,

kind, and full quantities of tiles; and give identification marks for

all packages of tiles furnished under the contract. Packages shall be

branded with corresponding shipping marks, and shall be subject to

inspection by the architect or his representative before being opened.

Tire and Rim Association, Inc., C. E. Bonnett, general manager,

305 Peoples Bank Building, Corner Main and Exchange Streets,

Akron, Ohio. This association is the technical standardizing body

of tires, tubes, and rims. It also carries on rim and wheel inspection

to insure satisfactory tire application and performance. All standardizing activities of this association clear through its Standards

Committee, which is charged with the duty of establishing loads,

inflations, tire cross sectional limits, recommended rims and dual

spacings, rim dimensions and tolerances, and valve and valve hole

dimensions, for tire and rim equipment used on passenger cars, motorcycles, trucks, busses, earth movers, road graders, agricultural tractors

and implements, industrial tractors and implements, and airplanes.

In addition to the above-mentioned Standards Committee, this

association maintains other committees which cooperate with various

agencies of the Federal Government. The Government Tire Specifications Committee cooperates with the National Bureau of Standards and the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in formulating specifications for Federal purchases of bicycle, motorcycle,

passenger car, truck and bus, and industrial tires and tubes. The

Airplane Tire Standards Committee cooperates with the Materiel

Aeronautics of the Navy Department in preparing procurement specifications for airplane tires, tubes, wheels, brakes, and axles and with

the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the drafting of civil air regulations pertaining to tires and rims. This association initiated the

movement for the establishment of standard stock sizes of industrial

truck and trailer solid tires, which resulted in the formulation of

Simplified Practice Recommendation R103-33, promulgated and

published by the National Bureau of Standards.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 211

Tubular Plumbing Goods Institute, Eobert S. Booth, secretary, 74

Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. This institute has appointed a Committee on Standardization and Simplification, which is endeavoring

to establish standards relative to gages of metal to be used, number

and type of threads on products made by members of the institute.

This committee is working in close harmony with a joint manufacturers committee of the entire plumbing industry and the National

Bureau of Standards in endeavoring to formulate standards on

various plumbing products for the use and guidance of plumbing

inspectors all over the United States.

Twisted Jute Packing and Oakum Institute, Lester B. Piatt, sec- retary, 19 West Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. In connection with standardization matters arising in this industry, this institute has appointed a Standardization Committee whose sole function

is to prepare and recommend standards covering the institute's members' products. This committee cooperated with the Plumbing Fixtures Committee of the Federal Specifications Executive Committee

in the development of Federal specifications for marine oakum and

twisted jute packing. These specifications are in use at the present

time by the Federal Government agencies on which to base contracts

for purchases.

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Alvah Small, president, 207 East

Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. This organization was established to maintain and operate laboratories for the examination and testing of devices, systems, and materials. Founded in 1894, the enterprise is

sponsored by the National Board of Fire Underwriters, and is operated for service, not for profit. It is chartered as a nonprofit cor- poration without capital stock, under the laws of the State of

Delaware.

Testing laboratories are maintained at Chicago, New York, and

San Francisco. For the follow-up of commercial production of

products found to comply with Laboratories' requirements, factoryinspection centers are established in some 200 cities throughout the

United States and Canada.

The objects of Underwriters' Laboratories are to conduct scientific

investigations, studies, experiments, and tests to determine the relation of various materials, devices, constructions, and methods to life,

fire, and casualty hazards, and to ascertain, define, and publish standards, classifications, and specifications for materials, devices, constructions, and methods affecting such hazards, and other information tending to reduce and prevent loss of life and property from fire, crime,

and casualty.

The majority of underwriters in the United States, and many Federal, State, and municipal authorities, plant operators, and architects,

building owners and users either accept or require listing by Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., as a condition of their recognition of

devices, systems, and materials having a bearing upon life and fire

hazards, and upon theft and accident prevention.

It should, however, be noted that findings of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., in any case represent only its independent opinion ar- rived at in accordance with its aims and purposes. The correctness

of this opinion cannot be guaranteed, nor can Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., guarantee that its findings will be accepted or recognized
212 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

in any individual case. Such assurances can be obtained only from

the authority having jurisdiction.

It should be noted as well that products labeled or listed are not

necessarily equivalent in quality, efficiency, or merit. Labeling or

listing merely indicates compliance with the requirements of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

There exist permanent arrangements between Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., and the National Bureau of Standards whereby, in the

event of a fixed difference of opinion on an engineering or technical

matter between Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., and any of its clients,

the question at issue may be submitted to the Bureau.

The Underwriters' Laboratories is divided into several engineering

departments, each dealing with distinct and separate subjects as follows: Burglary protection, casualty and automotive, chemical, electrical, and gases and oils, hydraulic, and fire protection. Each of

these departments has prepared standards providing specifications

and requirements for construction and performance under test and

actual use of systems, materials, and appliances of numerous classes

submitted to the Laboratories.

The Underwriters' Laboratories has issued more than 150 of these

standards and sets of requirements based on sound engineering principles, actual experience, and an appreciation of the problems of

manufacturing, installation, and utility. These standards are the

result of years of research and collaboration by Laboratories' engineers, manufacturers, and recognized specialists in many fields,

including the members of the four Laboratories' Consulting Engineering Councils.

The requirements of a standard are so stated that if correctly applied, there is no discrimination between the products of two or more

manufacturer-submittors.

The standards are not intended for use by others except as manufacturers may find them useful as guides to design. They are published so that others may know the basis for Laboratories' opinions

and the standards must necessarily justify the opinions.

The standards are an important tool of Underwriters' Laboratories,

Inc., in its established policy of stating the facts concerning products

investigated, and its opinion concerning these facts.

A manufacturer whose product passes the Laboratories' requirements and for which factory inspection service is to be established

is provided with a procedure, prepared by Laboratories' engineers

as part of the work under the application. This procedure describes

and illustrates the product in detail, particularly as to the construction or performance of the features tested. It becomes the manufacturer's guide for future production, and is used by inspectors of

Underwriters' Laboratories in reexamination and periodic check testing. The Laboratories' factory inspection service of listed products

is intended to supplement and check the manufacturer's own regular

inspections to insure compliance of the factory output with the re- quirements established for the product.

Manufacturers, regularly employing inspection service, are freely

consulted in all matters concerning standards of performance and

inspection in their respective industries.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 213

Label service consists of inspections of devices, systems, and materials at the factories by inspectors of Underwriters' Laboratories,

Inc., and the manifesting of goods found to conform to Laboratories'

requirements by labels (which may be in any form or of any material

adapted to the product and its use) , whereby they may be identified at

all times. All such labels (manifests of inspection) include the words

"Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., Inspected," and are obtainable only

from Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Label service includes listing

in the published records of Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

In addition, in many cases, supplementary examinations and tests

at the Laboratories of samples of labeled goods purchased in the open

market or received from inspectors or users serve as counterchecks

upon the factory inspection work.

More than 438,000,000 labels were delivered to manufacturersubscribers to the label service during 1940.

A number of Federal specifications covering material or appliances

of classes which are under supervision of Underwriters' Laboratories

include certain requirements of the Laboratories, including their

label, as satisfying part of the requirements of such Federal

specifications.

The bidder shall submit to the purchasing agency proof that the

material or appliance he proposes to supply under this specification

conforms to the standards of the Underwriters' Laboratories as re- gards fire and casualty hazards. The label of the Underwriters'

Laboratories will be accepted as conforming with this requirement.

In lieu of the label, the bidder may submit independent proof satisfactory to the purchasing agency that his material or appliance

conforms to the published standard, including methods of test, of

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.

In its work in standardization, the Underwriters' Laboratories has

cooperated with other organizations. It has worked with the American Standards Association in the development of American standards relative to building exit code and safety code for mechanical

refrigeration; with the National Board of Fire Underwriters in

establishing standards for electric wiring and apparatus, industrial

control apparatus, rolled threads for screw shells of electric sockets

and lamp bases, rotating electrical machinery; and with the Fire

Protection Group in establishing ASA specifications for cotton

rubber-lined fire hose for public and private fire department use. It

is serving as proprietary sponsor for the American standard on

power-operated radio receiving appliances, and for specifications and

standards for electrical devices and materials with relation to fire

and casualty hazards. It is also officially represented on 12 ASA

sectional committees.

The Underwriters' Laboratories also cooperates with the American

Society for Testing Materials through representation on technical

committees dealing with the development of standards and methods

of test for gypsum, electrical insulating materials, rubber products,

bituminous waterproofing and roofing materials, and petroleum

products and lubricants.

United Roofing Contractors' Association, James McCawley, secre- tary, 53 West Forth-sixth Street, New York, N. Y. Standards and

specifications covering roofing materials have been developed by
214 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

this association. It has issued specifications covering the weights

of materials, construction and installation requirements ; specifications

for gravel and slide roofing ; and also a standard practice of providing in the construction of insulating roofs a mopped felt seal course

of tarred or asphalted felt at intervals of not more than 30 feet in

each direction.

The association permits manufacturers to use its trade-mark label

on materials inspected and found to comply with its specifications.

United States Cap Screw Service Bureau, G. P. Byrne, managing

director, 53 Park Place, New York, N. Y. The Standardization and

Simplification Committee of this organization considers the dimensional standards of the products of the industry having to do with

diameter, length, pitch of thread, type of head, etc. Development

work of this committee is submitted to the Sectional Committee on

Bolt, Nut, and Rivet Proportions, functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association, on which this bureau maintains representation. This sectional committee has already developed

several standards relative to dimensions, material, and nomenclature

of rivets, bolts, and nuts which have been approved as American

standards by the American Standards Association.

United States Golf Association, Charles W. Littlefield, counsel,

1 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. The only standardization work

carried on by this association is through its Implements and Balls

Committee, which has developed standards for golf balls and golf

equipment. In its current booklet, Rules of Golf, this association's

specifications concerning the style and make of clubs, and the size

and weight of golf balls, are included. These specifications are applicable only to equipment and balls used in connection with tournaments conducted by this association, or under its rules.

United States Independent Telephone Association, Louis Pitcher,

executive vice-president, 616 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111.

Standardization work of this association is carried on in cooperation

with committees of technical organizations and various agencies of

the Federal Government. It has recently organized several committees whose duties are to cooperate with the Federal Government in

the program of national defense.

This association participated in the activities of a sectional committee of the American Standards Association in the development

of American standards and specifications for dry cells and batteries.

It is at the present time officially represented on four ASA sectional

committees dealing with the following projects : Manhole frames and

covers; definitions of electrical terms; letter symbols and abbreviations for science and engineering; and standards for drawings and

drafting room practice (exclusive of architectural drawings).

United States Machine Screw Service Bureau, G. P. Byrne, managing director, 53 Park Place, New York, N. Y. The Standardization and Simplification Committee of this organization considers the

dimensional standards of the products of the industry having to do

with diameter, length, pitch of thread, type of head, etc. This or- ganization is officially represented on the Sectional Committees on

Bolt, Nut, and Rivet Proportions ; and on Standardization and Unification of Screw Threads, functioning under the procedure of the

American Standards Association. All development work of the bu-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 215

reau's committee is submitted to the ASA sectional committees for

approval and adoption as American standards.

United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, Inc., E. Fullerton Cook,

chairman, Committee of Revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United

States of America, Forty-third Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. This convention, which meets every 10 years for the

purpose of revising the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of

America, is made up of representatives of the Departments of the

Federal Government interested in medicine and health, including

the Public Health Service, the Food and Drug Administration, the

National Bureau of Standards, and the Surgeons General of the

Army and Navy. Delegates are also sent from the national associations of medicine and pharmacy and also from State associations.

Medical and pharmaceutical colleges are also invited to send delegates, and special research institutions, such as the Mellon Institute

of Industrial Research and the Rockefeller Foundation. The convention elects the members of the Committee of Revision, which in

turn are divided into 15 subcommittees, each one dealing with a

special division of the pharmacopoeia.

The particular objects and business of this organization are the

encouragement and promotion of the science and art of medicine and

pharmacy by selecting by research and experiment and other proper

methods and by naming such materials as may be considered by the

Committee of Revision, in each revised period, the most important

used as medicines and drugs with formulas for their preparation;

by establishing one uniform standard and guide for the use of those

engaged in the practice of medicine and pharmacy in the United

States whereby the identity, strength, and purity of all such medicines and drugs may be accurately determined, and for other like

and similar purposes; and by printing and distributing at suitable

intervals such formulas and the results of such and similar selections,

names, and determinations among the members of this association,

pharmacists, and physicians generally in the United States and others

interested in pharmacy and medicine.

The Pharmacopoeia of the United States is published periodically,

formerly every 10 years and now every 5 years, with supplements

as they are necessary. The Pharmacopoeia is a book of standards

for medicinal substances considered the most important in medical

practice. The standards given in the Pharmacopoeia are recognized

as the legal standards in the enforcement of the Federal Food, Drug

and Cosmetic Act and the various State drug laws.

United States Shellac Importers Association, Inc., George E.

Ashby, secretary, 155 John Street, New York, N. Y. This association

collaborated with the American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association in the establishment of standard rules and regulations for

the sampling and analysis of shellac, and has adopted official standard

methods of analyses for the determination of rosin, wax, moisture,

and arsenic in shellac; also for water soluble extract in orange and

white shellac, moisture in dry-bleached shellac, and the determination

of the body of shellac varnish. This association has also adopted

standards for the principal commercial grades and net weights of

packages of shellac.
216 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

It inaugurated a plan for the sampling of all shipments of shellac

imported into the United States. The plan provides for a standardization bureau which shall examine each importation of shellac. An

Examination Committee, composed of representatives of member

firms, is entrusted with the duty of examining samples of the various

grades of shellac and passing upon their quality in accordance with

the official rules and regulations of the association. The Examination Committee issues certificates in triplicate on each lot examined,

stating grade, mark, lot number, name of vessel, date of examination,

and the committee's award. Copies of certificates are furnished to

buyer and seller and another copy is filed with the association. Under the plan, provision is also made for the settlement of any disputes which may arise in the operation of the plan, through existing

arbitration machinery set up by the association. This organization

maintains a research bureau at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn

to deal with problems arising concerning the uses of shellac.

United States Wood Screw Service Bureau, G. P. Byrne, managing director, 53 Park Place, New York, N. Y. The Standardization

and Simplification Committee of this organization develops dimensional standards of the products of the industry having to do with

diameter, length, pitch of thread, type of head, etc. The results of

work of this committee are submitted to the Sectional Committee on

Bolt, Nut, and Rivet Proportions, functioning under the procedure of

the American Standards Association, on which this bureau maintains

representation. This sectional comittee has already developed sev- eral standards relative to dimensions, material, and nomenclature of

rivets, bolts, and nuts which have been approved as American standards by the the American Standards Association.

United Typothetae of America, Donald Rein, executive vice

president, 719 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. This organization, which is international in scope, includes in its membership,

establishments engaged in the production of printing by any and all

processes, both private and commercial printing plants.

In its work in standardization this organization has adopted standard cost finding systems, standard printing forms, and the development of new management control standards and procedures based

on engineering standard costing. These new management control

procedures are new to the industry, and it is expected that their

installation will have a vital effect on the management policies of

printing firms throughout the country.

Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers Association, C. G. Frantz, secre- tary, 1070 East One Hundred Fifty-second Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

Standardization work of this association is carried on from time to

time by its Executive Committee. Although this organization does not

develop any standards of its own, it does carry on standardization

work with respect to certain types of material covering cord and plug

for electrical connections, and also with reference to standard sizes

and diameters of vacuum cleaner hose. These standards have been

accepted by the industry and have been in use a number of years.

Another matter of considerable importance which was developed

by the association dealt with a standard method of testing the operating efficiency and performance of vacuum cleaners for comparative

tests.
Standardization Activities of Organisations 217

At the present time the association is cooperating with the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee in the proposed revision of

Federal specifications for electric portable vacuum cleaners. The

association is officially represented on the sectional committee dealing

with the development of safety codes for the prevention of dust

explosions, functioning under the procedure of the American Standards Association.

Veneer Association, Charles E. Close, secretary, 616 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. Through the work of its several committees, this association deals with the establishment of grade and

specifications for face veneer and commercial veneer. It cooperated

with the National Bureau of Standards in the development of Commercial Standard CS 64—37 covering grading rules for walnut veneers,

in which are included rules for face veneer. It also cooperated with

the National Hardwood Lumber Association in formulating grades

and specifications for commercial veneer, which are set forth in the

rules for the measurement and inspection of hardwood lumber,

cypress, veneers, and thin lumber issued by the latter association.

It collaborates with the American Walnut Manufacturers Association

and the Mahogany Association, Inc., in connection with the establishment of grading rules for veneers.

From time to time the association assists various agencies of the

Federal Government in matters relating to veneers, and especially

with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in the development of Federal specifications covering the purchase of veneer

products.

Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures Association, R. Kennedy Hanson, secretary, 1108 Clark Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Two committees of this association, one the Federal Specifications Committee and

the other the Commercial Standards Committee, carry on work in

the development of standards and specifications on behalf of the

vitreous china plumbing fixtures industry. This association, through

the Commercial Standards Committee, initiated the movement which

led to the establishment of Commercial Standard CS20-36, relating

to standards and grades for staple vitreous china plumbing fixtures.

This standard was promulgated and published by the National

Bureau of Standards and accepted by industry as a basis for the

manufacture of plumbing fixtures.

The Federal Specifications Committee is cooperating with the

Federal Specifications Executive Committee of the U. S. Government in the preparation and revision of Federal specifications covering plumbing fixtures. The Commercial Standard referred to above

contains a provision that all vitreous china plumbing fixtures shall

be plainly and permanently branded for identification with the name

or trade-mark of the manufacturer. "First quality" labels shall be

used only on such ware as conforms to the requirements for first

quality, as set forth in the grading rules given in the Commercial

Standard and shall contain the following wording: "We certify

that this piece of vitreous china is first quality ware, graded according to Commercial Standard CS 20-36 issued by the National Bureau

of Standards of the United States Department of Commerce."

Wall Paper Institute, W. L. Carver, secretary, 19 West Fortyfourth Street, New York, N. Y, Through the Trade Practices and
218 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Standards Committee, the Wall Paper Manufacturers' Association,

predecessor of this institute, cooperated with the National Bureau

of Standards in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS16-29

covering quality of wall paper. A special technical committee of the

institute is now working on further simplification and modernization

of the standards for wall paper, and the revision of the Commercial

Standard to include standards for washability.

Webbing Manufacturers Institute, Wilwyn Herbert, secretary,

309 State Street, New London, Conn. This organization cooperated

with the National Bureau of Standards in the establishment of Commercial Standard CS58-36 covering woven elastic fabrics for use in

overalls. The Standardization Committee of this organization is

engaged at the present time in developing performance standards for

products manufactured by members of the institute.

West Coast Lumbermen's Association, W. B. Greeley, secretarymanager, 364 Stuart Building, Seattle, Wash. This association has

adopted and revised its standard grading and dressing rules for

Douglas fir, sitka spruce, west coast hemlock, and western, red cedar

lumber. These rules are in conformity with American lumber

standards which are set forth in the current edition of Simplified

Practice Recommendation R16, promulgated and published by the

National Bureau of Standards. It maintains a Committee on Lumber Grades, which cooperates with similar committees of other

lumber manufacturing associations, including the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, relative to the adoption and maintenance

of American lumber standards.

This association has adopted a grade and trade-mark insignia

which is officially registered by the association and may only be

applied under individual mill licenses or by inspectors of the association's Bureau of Grades and Inspection. Graders who use the

official stamp are subject to examination for grading efficiency prior

to license being issued. Following the issue of the license, their

work is subject to regular unannounced check-up by the association's

supervisors of grades to insure efficient and accurate application of

the official stamps. The license may be revoked unless the efficiency

is maintained at 95 percent as measured by the association's standards of grade and official review by grading supervisors. The

official trade- and grade-marks used by this association are for the

purpose of identifying the quality of Douglas fir, west coast hemlock, western red cedar, and sitka spruce. These marks identify

west coast lumber as the grades described in the association's standard

grading and dressing rules. In the use of the association's grademark trade-mark, a manufacturer is identified by a firm name or

trade-mark or by a number assigned to him by the association.

These marks thus identify the lumber bearing them as of a standard

west coast grade, graded at operations which receive regular inspection from the association's Bureau of Grades and Inspection.

Western Pine Association, S. V. Fullaway, Jr., secretary-manager,

Yeon Building, Portland, Oreg. This association has adopted standard grading rules for ponderosa pine, sugar pine, Idaho white pine,

larch Douglas fir, white fir, Engelmann spruce, incense cedar, and

red cedar lumber. These grading rules are in conformity with the

American lumber standards which are set forth in the current edition
Standardization Activities of Organizations 219

of Simplified Practice Recommendation R16, promulgated and published by the National Bureau of Standards. In the development

of American lumber standards, this association took an active part

in cooperating with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards,

under whose auspices the lumber standards were developed.

In order that the manufacturers in the Western Pine Region may

be in a position to meet such requirements from the buyers and users

of their products, this organization has formulated official grade,

trade, and species marks. The symbol of the association indicates

that a piece bearing this mark is graded under the standard grading

rules of the association. It further signifies that the stock is sea- soned, manufactured to standard association size, and graded under

association supervision. Under special arrangements with the association stock shipped by a nonmember mill may bear the association

mark. As to mill identification, this information is given by use of

the firm name, brand, or an assigned number. The grade is shown

by the standard grade name referred to in the association's standard

grading rules. The kind of wood is disclosed by species mark or

common name. These marks are protected and can be placed on

lumber only by a Western Pine Association inspector or by an

operator whose grading practices are given regular and periodic

inspection by the association's Bureau of Grades, under whose jurisdiction the marks are used. When a lumber inspector's certificate

issued by the association is required on a shipment of lumber and

the official grade-marks are not used, the stock is identified by an

imprint of the association mark and the number of the shipping mill.

Western Red and Northern White Cedar Association, W. H.

Jones, secretary, 715 Peyton Building, Spokane, Wash. This organization is a consolidation of the Western Red Cedar Association

and the Northern White Cedar Association. Official specifications

covering western red cedar posts, red cedar piling, and western red

cedar, and northern white cedar poles have been adopted by this

association. Representatives of this organization serve on the Sectional Committee on Wood Poles, functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association. One of the projects handled

by this committee resulted in the development of American standard

specifications covering western red cedar poles.

Wine Institute, H. A. Caddow, secretary, 83 Second Street, San

Francisco, Calif. This institute does not of itself sponsor any standards or specifications for the products of its members, but it does

devote efforts in standardization primarily towards advocating the

adoption of wine and brandy quality standards as established by

Federal and State agencies. This institute's Standardization Committee makes studies and recommendations in connection with standards of identity and quality for wine and brandy. These recommendations are then placed before official agencies for consideration

in connection with the establishment of new standards or the revision

of existing standards.

Wire Cloth Manufacturers' Association, A. M. Ferry, secretary,

1427 Eye Street NW., Washington, D. C. In the desire of manufacturers of Fourdrinier wire cloth for papermaking machines to

make high-grade products which will give maximum service and

satisfactory use, this association initiated the project for develop-
220 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ment of a quality grade of wire cloth under the auspices of the

National Bureau of Standards. The result of this effort led to

the establishment of Commercial Standard CS36-33, which was

promulgated and published by the Bureau.

In order to assure purchasers that Fourdrinier wire cloth is manufactured in accordance with the quality set forth in the Commercial

Standard, manufacturers place wrappers on the cloth which carry

the statement that it is certified to comply with the requirements

of Commercial Standard CS36-33.
t

IV. SERVICES OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS AND OF THE PROCUREMENT

DIVISION

In the simplification and commodity standardization activities of

the Federal Government, two agencies, namely the National Bureau

of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, and the Procurement Division, United States Treasury Department, take a leading

part. For this reason, it has been found desirable to include in this

publication outlines of the functions of these two agencies insofar

as they relate to the preparation of commodity specifications used by

Federal agencies.

In Appendix 1, there is outlined somewhat in detail the work of

the National Bureau of Standards in research and testing of commodities, and in commercial standardization. Specific mention is

made of some of the more important activities of the Bureau in connection with the investigations of certain lines of commodities and

the development of test methods to determine qualities. The co- operative work of the Bureau with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee relative to the formulation of specifications, and inspection and sampling methods used for the purpose of determining

whether deliveries made comply with samples tested is also outlined.

Similar treatment is given to the cooperative work of the National

Bureau of Standards in the development of engineering and safety

codes, simplified practice recommendations, and commercial standards

of quality and performance.

The activities of the Procurement Division in the preparation of

Federal and other specifications are set forth in Appendix 2. In it

are included the organizational set-up and the procedure employed

by the Federal Specifications Executive Committee in preparing

Federal specifications for Government purchases. Also, there is

briefly described the work in developing other standards and specifications for Government purchases, and the methods employed in

inspecting goods delivered to governmental agencies.

221

201072°—41 15
Appendix 1.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(FUNCTIONS AND ACTIVITIES)

The National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of

Commerce, created by the Act of Congress approved March 3, 1901,1

is charged with "the custody of the standards ; the comparison of the

standards used in scientific investigations, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, and educational institutions with the standards

adopted or recognized by the Government, the construction, when

necessary, of standards, their multiples and subdivisions, the testing

and calibration of standard measuring apparatus; the solution of

problems which arise in connection with standards; the determination of physical constants and the properties of materials, when such

data are of great importance to scientific or manufacturing interests

and are not to be obtained of sufficient accuracy elsewhere.

"The Bureau shall exercise its functions for the Government of

the United States; for any State or municipal government within

the United States; or for any scientific society, educational institution, firm, corporation, or individual within the United States engaged in manufacturing or other pursuits requiring the use of standards or standard measuring instruments."

In the Act making appropriations for the Bureau for the current

fiscal year (as has been true annually since 1935) it is stated that

the funds are being provided "for carrying out the provisions of the

Act establishing the National Bureau of Standards, approved March

3, 1901, and of Acts supplementary thereto affecting the functions

of the Bureau, and specifically including the functions as set forth

under the Bureau of Standards in the 'Department of Commerce

Appropriation Act 1935,' approved April 7, 1934."

In the 1935 Act, definite approval was given to "the establishment

of standards of performance of mechanical appliances"; "the development of standards of more durable quality and methods of

measurement of textiles, paper, leather and rubber"; "the establishment of standards, methods of testing and inspection of instruments,

equipment, tools and electrical and mechanical devices used in the

industries and by the Government, including the practical specifications for quality and performance of such devices, and the formulation of methods of inspection, laboratory and service tests," and

the collection and dissemination of information concerning "approved

methods in building, planning and construction, standardization and

adaptability of structural units, including building materials and

codes, economy in the manufacture and utilization of building materials and supplies, and such other matters as may tend to encourage,

improve, and cheapen construction and housing."

1 Public Act No. 177 establishing the National Bureau of Standards, March 3, 1901, and

amendments, June 30, 1932.

222
Standardization Activities of Organizations 223

The Bureau performs its functions through two major groups

:

Research and Testing Group and Commercial Standardization

Group.

RESEARCH AND TESTING GROUP

The Research and Testing Group is subdivided into nine divisions

:

Electricity, Weights and Measures, Heat and Power, Optics, Chemistry, Mechanics and Sound, Organic and Fibrous Materials, Metallurgy, and Clay and Silicate Products. This group handles all

matters pertaining to investigations and research, testing, and

measuring.

The work of the National Bureau of Standards in establishing

and maintaining standards of measurement, quality, performance,

and practice serves not only Federal and tax-supported agencies,

but the general public as well.

Its unique research and testing facilities are used to discover and

evaluate material standards and to solve basic technical problems.

The Bureau's work on standards of measurement is designed to

assist in the standardization of containers and products, in promoting systematic inspection of trade weights and measures, and facilitate research in science and technology. The establishment of more

precise values for the standard constants furnishes an exact basis

for scientific experiment and design and makes possible the efficient

technical control of industrial processes.

The Bureau's work on standards of quality sets up attainable

standards and test methods to assure high utility in the products

of industry and furnishes a scientific basis for fair dealing by

promoting truthful branding and advertising.

The Bureau likewise develops standards of performance; that is,

specifications for the operative efficiency or accuracy of machines

or devices. These are numerical statements of speed, uniformity,

durability, output, economy, and other factors which together define

the net efficiency of an appliance or machine. The ultimate purpose

is to make exact knowledge the basis of the buyer's choice and to

clarify the understanding between the manufacturer, distributor,

retailer, and consumer.

Another function of the National Bureau of Standards of very

general interest is the development of standards of practice, that

is,

f collection of data and formulation of codes of practice for public

utilities and other services. These codes are prepared in cooperation

with the technical and commercial agencies concerned, and relate to

the technical regulation of construction, installation, and operation.

These codes are based upon standards of measurement, standards of

quality, and standards of performance. The purpose of such work

is to afford a single impersonal standard of practice mutually agreed

upon by all concerned and clearly defined in measurable terms.

Testing and Inspection for Governmental Agencies.—The law

requires that the National Bureau of Standards carry out investigations and tests for the Federal and State Governments, and for

many years the Bureau has served as a testing and research laboratory for practically every branch of the Government service.

The testing of scientific apparatus, materials, and supplies by the

Bureau for other Government departments and for the various State
224 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

governments is widely appreciated and utilized, and requests for

the Bureau's assistance in such matters are steadily increasing.

Another important service is the calibration of ^ instruments and

apparatus for Federal and State Governments in terms of the

national standards.

Commodities purchased by the various departments and establishments of the Federal Government, excepting foods, drugs, and

cosmetics, are tested by the National Bureau of Standards to determine whether they comply with the requirements of the specifications

on which they are purchased. This gives the Bureau an unusual

opportunity to observe how buying under specifications works out

in practice. The experience of the National Bureau of Standards in

this field is available in the preparation of performance standards.

Test Methods, Testing Machines or Devices, and Tests.—The

National Bureau of Standards is concerned not only with basic

scientific research, but also with the development of standardized

methods for testing materials, as well as with the actual testing of

materials and commodities.

Dental Eesearch.—Most people at one time or another find it

necessary to call upon the dental profession for assistance. The

cooperative research on dental materials affords a striking example

of the value of the Bureau's researches to the public.

Dental science has made tremendous advances during the last

century. The metallic inlay, the blended-color filling cement, the

vulcanite denture, and the fused-porcelain restoration are definite

examples. These now give the nation an effective defense against

the ravages of decay, injury, and other defects which, if not cor- rected, seriously interfere with the health of the people.

New materials and new technics are being introduced so rapidly

that individual dentists find it impossible to evaluate the new or

to make accurate comparisons with the old.

Unfortunately, many items and practices have been introduced in

the dental profession without supporting laboratory or clinical rec- ords. Dental amalgam fillings have been used for more than 100

years, but it is only during the last 30 years that the dentist has

been accurately advised on its two greatest defects ; excessive shrinkage and flow. The dental research program at the National Bureau

of Standards has attacked these defects, rated manufacturers' products and, because of its support, defective amalgams have practically

been driven from the market.

With a standard amalgam alloy, demanded by the Federal Government's specification and developed through the Bureau's laboratory

tests, the dentist can now insert an amalgam restoration which will

give increased service and satisfaction.

The invention of the gold inlay brought both satisfaction and disappointment. Dentists attempted to control the seven or more variables encountered in producing and setting inlays. Numerous

attempts were made to master the art, but inlays, as made by most

dentists, continued to fail in service. In 1922, the National Bureau

of Standards was requested to set up a cooperative research through

a fellowship arrangement with a prominent dental research laboratory. After measuring the effects of dental technics on wax patterns,

investments, wax elimination temperatures, gold alloys, casting tern-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 225

peratures, casting shrinkages, and cements, the Bureau was able to

show dentists how their inlay technics could be so arranged as to

produce an accurate inlay. Thousands of dentists who have mastered

this science are today placing inlays which will give entire satisfaction. Such inlays do not "drop out," and recurrent decay is reduced

appreciably.

Since 1928 an extensive research program has been maintained in

cooperation with the American Dental Association, which supports

several research associates at the Bureau. The results of the dental

research are quickly available to the profession. Materials are rated

by the research associates and Bureau members, and the ratings are

communicated to the profession through the American Dental Association. Lists of satisfactory materials, such as amalgam alloys,

dental gold alloys, cements, and others are printed in the Association's

journal and are used as buyers' guides by the members of the

profession.

Manufacturers interested in producing high-quality dental supplies are giving their wholehearted cooperation to the plan as this

affords them a protection against the inferior products which heretofore have ravaged their field, created confusion in the dentists' practice,

and extracted heavy tolls from an uninformed and unprotected public.

Cooperation between the dental profession and the National Bureau

of Standards enables the profession to set up specifications for supplies, to secure the best materials, to employ the best manipulative

technics, to arrest the fads which have so frequently invaded dentistry, to speak with authority in its field, and to give the best dental

service possible.

Dry Cells and Batteries.—Eecognizing the need of a governmental standard for dry cells and batteries during the last World

War period, the National Bureau of Standards undertook the preparation of specifications to include sizes of ceils, arrangement of batteries, tests, and required performance. These standards were submitted to a committee consisting of representatives of manufacturers,

the War Industries Board, and several Federal Government departments. Since that time periodic revisions have been made of the

specifications to keep abreast of new developments to meet new industrial and commercial uses. These specifications have been approved

as American Standard by the American Standards Association. The

Bureau conducts systematic tests at stated intervals on the product

of those manufacturers who are willing to cooperate. These tests,

known as "qualification tests," include intermittent and long-time

tests which are necessary to demonstrate the quality of the product.

The results of these tests are available to Government purchasing officers for whom the tests are made, and each manufacturer is informed

of the results on his own product. Several thousand cells and batteries are tested each year to determine their compliance with the re- quirements of the standard.

Advances in the quality of dry cells and batteries were made possible by the ability and willingness of manufacturers to improve their

product, and as a result, the available output of the better brands of

older types is now three-to-fourfold greater than 20 years ago. The

resulting benefits of this work of the Bureau are shared by the Government and the consuming public alike.
226 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Electric Lamps.—The National Bureau of Standards maintains

the national standard of light. It gives technical advice on the performance characteristics to be included in Federal specifications for

lamps, and it tests lamps for the Federal Government which is a

large user of lamps. During the fiscal year that ended June 30,

1941, over 10,000.000 incandescent electric lamps were inspected before

shipment, and more than 11,000 samples selected from these lamps

were life-tested at the National Bureau of Standards.

These lamps were purchased from contractors, each one of whom

supplied lamps which by inspection and test were found to comply

with the requirements of the Federal specification for incandescent*

lamps.

These inspections and tests for the Federal Government of its lamp

purchases have a very great effect upon the quality of all incandescent

lamps, whether the manufacturers are contractors to supply lamps

to the Government or not. All manufacturers of incandescent lamps,

on account of the sharp competition, are anxious to supply lamps

to their customers that can be guaranteed to comply with the Federal

specifications, even though the makers are not actually supplying

lamps to Federal departments.

Gas Service and Burner Design.—Precautions as to gas appliance attachments are set forth in Bureau Circular C404. It is pointed

out that few attachments tested by the Bureau showed any special

economy in the use of gas, whereas most of them created hazards

when used on appliances otherwise considered safe.

Information regarding the action of and the most favorable design

for burners of the type commonly employed in domestic and in some

industrial appliances for the use of gas as a fuel is given in Circular

C394. Experimental studies in the interest of the gas consumer have

included the best design of gas burners for domestic use, and the

effect of altitude on the limits of safe operation of gas appliances.

An important publication on gas is the Bureau's Circular C405,

Standards for Gas Service. This circular is intended to serve as a

manual of recognized good practice for gas companies and public

utility commissions.

Motor Fuels.—Motor fuels present many difficult problems which

involve both the producers of fuels and the builders of the motor

vehicles in which they are used. The National Bureau of Standards

has for years represented the consumer in a triangular research

group devoted to reaching the solution best for all concerned. The

Federal Government itself is one of the largest consumers of motor

fuels and its interests in this respect are almost identical with those

of the public.

Fuel dopes designed or sold to improve the quality of gasoline are

tested at the Bureau to determine their effectiveness, if any. The

routine engine tests of fuel dopes and special fuels which are made

for the public are outlined in a mimeographed circular.

Paint and Varnish.—A major purpose of household paint is decoration but its durability is equally important, since it involves the question of frequency and expense of repainting. Researches conducted at

the Bureau furnish data on the probable life of paint, and have

resulted in the development of test equipment which simulates the

action of weather and accelerates its effects. Studies are made of
Standardization Activities of Organizations 227

the characteristics of paint films. Additional information concerning the composition of paints and varnishes for various purposes is

made available through specifications used by the Federal Government agencies, in the preparation of which the Bureau takes an

active part.

Paper and Paper Products.—The Bureau has worked continuously

on the development and improvement of testing procedures for

measuring the quality of paper products.

The user of record materials is often concerned as to their probable

longevity, and for several years the Bureau has been making exhaustive studies of writing and printing papers to find the qualities

required for a given service and to find the best means of prolonging

their service life as much as possible. From this work has been

evolved a recommended classification of papers to be used for record

purposes, which is based primarily on purity of the cellulose

comprising the fibers, and on the strength of the papers.

Information on storage conditions for records was obtained by a

survey of library conditions, by testing the paper of identical issues

of books stored in libraries under different conditions, and by laboratory investigations of influences indicated as harmful by the results

of the survey and testing. These studies led to recommended storage

practice relative to illumination, purification of the air, humidity,

and temperature. Other studies yielded information on protection

against insects and on increasing the resistance of papers to wear by

covering them with transparent sheetings. Information on the use

of both paper and motion-picture film for reproduction of records,

for the purpose of preserving records contained on impermanent material, or for minimizing the handling of valuable documents has also

been obtained.

Rubber and Rubber Products.—Tires and brake linings have a

great deal to do with the safety and comfort of the motorist. These

two products are of importance to the Government on account of the

large-scale use of automotive equipment by the Post Office, Interior,

War, and other departments, and they have been singled out for

detailed study so that purchase specifications can be brought up to

date and kept in line with developments in the industry.

An important part of investigations of this kind consists in designing, constructing, and developing testing equipment. Endurance

machines for tires have been built so that a tire may be run at any

desired speed and load against a heavy drum which takes the place

of the road. By the selection of appropriate conditions any one of

the common types of tire failure such as the breaking of the carcass

or cracking of the tread can be brought out or accentuated.

Equipment for the testing of brake lining is designed to measure

not only the durability but also the performance of linings under a

variety of conditions, hot or cold, wet or dry, and with frequent or

infrequent stops. Since thousands of stops must be made with any

particular sample in order to obtain a reliable indication of the way

it will perform, the testing machine is designed to operate automatically according to any predetermined schedule, the results being

recorded autographically.

Less extensive studies have recently been made in connection with

purchase specifications for products such as rubber sheeting, sur-
228 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

geon's gloves, adhesive plaster, and rubber-insulated wires and cables.

Eecent technical advances have made it possible to greatly increase

the life of rubber. Hence the principal feature of these studies has

been the development of better accelerated aging tests so as to insure

that the Government or the public using Government specifications

will get the benefit of the improved quality, which is now possible.

Shoes.—Work is being carried on by the Bureau in obtaining information which will be of assistance in preparing standards for leather

shoes. The method of preparing such standards on the basis of construction and material specifications has been discarded in favor of

developing performance tests. The wear of the sole and the comfort

of the shoe as indicated by the porosity of the leather are important

properties for the determination of which the Bureau now has adequate tests. Consequently, attention has been turned to developing

a machine for testing the shoe as a whole with respect to its ability

to hold its shape and resist break-down. At the present time a machine of this kind is in constant operation testing shoes to determine

the influence of the welt, McKay, turn, stitch-down, and cement types

of construction on the ability of the shoe as a whole to stand up under

simulated service conditions of flexure and pressure.

Soaps and Other Cleaning Materials.—Detergents (soaps and

other cleaning materials) are essential in maintaining the appearance

and sanitary condition of public and private places, and it is equally

important that they should be suitable for use on the articles or surfaces to be cleaned. The National Bureau of Standards, in cooperation with manufacturers, the Federal Specifications Executive Committee, and the public, has developed many of the Government's

specifications for such products. Detergents are purchased on the

basis of these specifications, and laboratory tests are regularly conducted by the Bureau to determine compliance with these standards

of quality and performance. This work tends to bring about better

quality of material.

Much of the Bureau's information on this subject is being utilized

by numerous State and municipal agencies, institutions, and other

large users in the preparation of their own specifications for cleaning

materials.

Textiles.—Textile studies at the National Bureau of Standards

are concerned with a variety of problems of interest to governmental

agencies and the public as well as to the manufacturer. They range

from studies of the ultimate nature of the fibers themselves, through

investigations of the relation of the yarn and fabric construction

and finish, to the properties of the finished product, and include

studies of utilization, storage, and maintenance. Many of these

studies have led to the development of standards, specifications, and

test methods which are utilized by producers in bringing about an

improvement in the quality of their products. Among the subjects to

which the Bureau has given consideration in the textile field are:

Carpets, cotton textiles, dress fabrics, dry-cleaning solvents, gloves,

hosiery, silk textiles, underwear, and waterproofed fabrics.

Weights and Measures.—The National Bureau of Standards

renders an important Nation-wide service to the Government and the

public through the direct or indirect standardization of devices used

in weighing and measuring commodities purchased by over-the-
Standardization Activities of Organizations 229

counter buyers. The Bureau is the custodian of the national standards of weight and measure; it tests, on the one hand, the control

standards which govern the manufacture of commercial weighing

and measuring devices, and on the other hand, the reference standards of the States upon which their official tests of commercial

devices are based. The Bureau exercises no regulatory powers along

weights and measures lines, such supervision having been left by

the Congress almost exclusively to the jurisdiction of the States;

however, by cooperative action the Bureau promotes uniformity

of weights and measures laws and administration throughout the

country, and serves as a clearing house for information on this

subject.

The Bureau's work on weights and measures led to the formation

of the National Conference on Weights and Measures which, is composed of State and local officials engaged in the inspection of weights

and measures and in the enforcement of laws and regulations on the

subject. Although it is an unofficial organization with no direct

authority to enforce its recommendations, the conference exerts a

powerful influence on weights and measures affairs, largely through

the adoption of codes and specifications, tolerances, and regulations

for commercial weighing and measuring devices which are recommended to the States for official promulgation. These codes are

published by the Bureau from time to time.

The National Conference seeks to place weights and measures

administration on a uniform basis throughout the country. It looks

toward adopting the most efficient methods for carrying on all

phases of the work.

Since 1914 the Bureau has been conducting field tests of railway

track scales such as are used for the weighing of railway freight

cars; these tests have played an important part in the improvement

effected during the past two decades in the accuracy of these large

scales, the weights from which are used not only for assessing freight

charges for rail transportation but also as the basis of sale for goods

sold in carload lots. Three railway track scale-testing equipments

are maintained in service by the Bureau, with which more than 1,000

tests are made annually.

There was inaugurated by the Bureau in 1936, and is still in progress, a somewhat similar program directed to another class of largecapacity weighing machines. This program is being carried on in

cooperation with State and local weights and measures officials, and

provides for the testing and inspection, with Bureau equipment and

personnel, of a representative number of wagon and motor-truck

scales in each State which is not provided with adequate equipment

for this character of testing. The purpose of the program is partly

educational, in that suitable testing equipment and methods are

demonstrated, and partly factual, in that data are developed which

clearly show the need for improved equipment, better methods, and

much greater attention to this important class of commercial weighing scale. This work of the Bureau has met with a most cordial

response from scale owners and officials.

Metal and Metal Products.—The Bureau conducts research on

the selection, treatments, and properties of metals required in the

development of standards of measurement and construction of
230 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of /Standards

measuring instruments. It is constantly engaged in developing improved methods of measurement in the field of physical metallurgy,

and to determine physical constants of metals and auxiliary metallurgical materials. The Bureau serves as a centralized laboratory

of physical metallurgy for Government agencies for examining

failures of metals, and for developing more satisfactory metals and

alloys for specified services. It assists in developing metal specifications and to test metals for compliance therewith. In cooperation

with industry, the Bureau assists in developing broader and more

effective utilization of metals.

Clay and Silicate Products.—Another function of the National

Bureau of Standards is its work in determining the physical and

chemical properties of clay products, cement and concrete, lime,

gypsum, glass, and building stone. Investigations are carried out for

the purpose of bringing about more effective use of these materials.

The Bureau cooperates with industry and Government in preparing

standards and specifications covering clay and silicate products, and

conducts tests for Government agencies to determine compliance of

material in accordance with the specifications on which they are

purchased.

Building Materials Eesearch.—Much interest is evidenced at the

present time in the movement going forward in the development of

better housing facilities throughout the country, particularly with

reference to low-cost housing. At the instance of the Central Housing

Committee, composed of representatives of Federal agencies interested in housing matters, the National Bureau of Standards was

selected as the agency to conduct investigations and tests on the

physical properties of materials, except wood, entering into housing

construction.

It is believed that the results of the present program have fully

demonstrated the value of this type of research on housing not only

to the Government housing agencies but also to the artchitects, the

building industry, and the public.

Widespread interest has been shown in the reports which are now

appearing in printed form and available to all groups interested in

housing.

Many of the agencies have found it practicable to make decisions

on the basis of objective tests by the Bureau and other pertinent data

rather than on individual experience, perhaps satisfactory in some

cases, but not necessarily of general application.

Some specific examples of results of the building materials re- search program which lead to a reduction of cost are set forth

herewith.

Methods have been developed for the successful application of

plaster on fiber insulating lath. Thus, a single material serves as

plaster base and as thermal insulation and it is possible to obtain a

specified degree of insulation at lower cost. The research also indicated that the plaster must be a strong plaster and at least onehalf inch thick if cracking of the plaster is to be avoided.

Structural tests have shown the possibilities of using fiber insulating boards as sheathing. Here again one material serves two functions and the cost of obtaining a specified thermal insulation is

reduced.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 231

In cooperation with various manufacturers of masonry materials,

methods of constructing masonry walls of less material and of less

costly materials, -such as cinder block, concrete block, tile, etc., either

singly or in combination, have been investigated. It has been determined that 8-inch walls may often be substituted for 12-inch walls

and that the cavity type of construction offers opportunity for obtaining a given performance as to structural strength and resistance

to rain penetration at lower cost.

The results of studies of mortars in relation to building walls which

prevent the penetration of rain have been incorporated in the specifications for new housing projects. The maintenance and repair costs

of these structures may be expected to be considerably reduced.

The results of research have prevented the unnecessary expenditure of money on plasticizers and other admixtures in mortars.

Accelerated aging tests on wall boards give the basis for a specification for obtaining a material of longer life at the same cost. A

method recently developed is the use of incombustible fillings. In

a recent housing project, the required resistance was obtained by

filling the partition around a stair enclosed with scrap brick, mortar,

and plaster. In other cases, partition walls filled with mineral wool

and plastered with gypsum plaster could be used instead of tile

partitions. By the use of incombustible fillings, the field of application of the less-expensive wooden construction can be extended.

In cooperation with manufacturers, several types of fire-resistant

floor construction, which are less expensive than reinforced concrete slabs, have been studied.

Studies of paints by practical performance tests make possible the

avoidance of unnecessarily expensive materials. The relative merits

of various types of paints and pretreatments for sheet steel, both

galvanized and ungalvanized, have been determined. The work on

cement-water paints is expected to lead to formulae by which any

contractor may mix satisfactory paint on the job from relatively inexpensive materials. Research has already shown that these paints

properly applied are a reasonably satisfactory means of waterproofing leaky masonry walls.

Formulae for satisfactory nonproprietary calking compounds have

been developed.

Tests of heating equipment enable a satisfactory evaluation of costs

of the equipment. In recent tests, one class of devices was found to

be considerably overrated so that the bids including that type did not

correspond to the same actual heating capacity as bids on other types.

An oil-burning combination domestic hot-water supply and hot-water

heating system was found satisfactory for small houses in a recent

project.

The use of 3-inch soil stacks in the plumbing systems of small

houses rather than 4-inch stacks has been found entirely satisfactory.

Simplified piping systems have been developed for small houses

and apartment houses. The adequacy of various methods of

protection against the back flow of polluted water into the water

supply system has been studied. All contribute to cost reduction,

but major cost reductions in this field are to be expected only with

prefabricated equipment.

The Bureau cooperates with industry to eliminate superfluous

sizes and varieties of building materials, avoiding waste and reduc-
232 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

ing costs. Recent recommendations cover concrete building units,

lumber, and roofing ternes.

The Bureau assists industry in the development and establishment

of commercial standards of quality for building materials. Recent

work has covered stock doors, flooring, plywood, and hardwood

paneling, trim, and molding.

The Bureau takes an active part in building code revision and

modernization. It lends its influence toward the use of performance

requirements and toward setting the requirements only as high as

the safety and health of the public require. Placing the requirements on a performance basis makes possible the use of lower cost

methods of giving the performance as soon as they are developed.

Research Associates.—At the present time over 80 research associates are maintained at the Bureau under its Research Associate

Plan. Under this plan, a manufacturer, distributor, or user of a

particular commodity, generally through the recognized national

association representing the particular group, maintains one or more

technicians in the laboratories and shops of the Bureau under the

supervision and regular procedure of the Bureau for the purpose of

carrying on research in a field of mutual concern. An examination

of the list of projects upon which these associates are now working

discloses that about one half of the research associates receive all or

a part of their pay from organizations that are interested in research

problems from the viewpoint of the user of the product rather than

of that of the manufacturer. It should be pointed out that the results

obtained by the research associates working under this plan are given

to the public through publications of the Bureau. One example is

research in motor fuels ; another, research in dental products.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDIZATION GROUP

The Commercial Standardization Group is subdivided into three

divisions: Simplified Practice, Trade Standards, and Codes and

Specifications.

Simplification.—The term "simplification," when used in the sense

of eliminating unnecessary variety, is sometimes confused with standardization, but the two activities are essentially different. "Standardization" is primarily technical and creative: its function is to

determine and establish in use the best design, quality, method, or

process for performing a desired function. Simplification, on the

other hand, is commercial and selective; its function is to determine

which sizes or items of a product are most important, and to concentrate production on them wherever possible. Simplification may be

applied to articles already standardized as to design or size, or it may

be applied as a step preliminary to standardization, thereby reducing

the number of items to be standardized.

The Division of Simplified Practice serves as a clearing house

through which manufacturers, distributors, and consumer groups

cooperate on a voluntary basis in furthering a Nation-wide program

for the elimination of the excessive and needless variety of sizes,

types, and dimensions of manufactured products, which tends to

reduce costs of production and distribution. In addition to the

industry itself, direct cooperators in and beneficiaries of this activity

are Federal, State, and municipal agencies and the public in general.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 233

The success of a simplified practice project depends largely upon

the completeness and accuracy of the data collected through a survey

of the specific industry. Studies of sales figures for different commodity lines frequently show that about 80 percent of a year's

business is done in approximately 20 percent of the varieties in

which the product is offered. The remaining 80 percent of the

varieties which bring in only 20 percent of the volume is often

an economic burden on industry causing excessive inventories, higher

carrying costs, slow turn-over, and heavy obsolescence, with consequent loss to all concerned.

Procedure in Developing a Simplified Practice Recommendation.—

The procedure employed in the development of a Simplified Practice

Recommendation includes the following steps:

1. A survey by a representative committee of the proponent group

covering sizes, varieties, and types of the article made during each

year of a given period, the volume of each item produced annually, the

relative importance of the items, the probable future trends, and the

items which can be eliminated with varying degrees of advantage.

2. Preparation of a statement consolidating this information.

3. Presentation of the statement to a general conference of all

interested groups representing producers, distributors, and consumers.

4. Adoption by the conference, on the basis of the survey findings,

of a simplified-practice recommendation, usually in the form of a

list of sizes or types of the product which appear adequate to meet

all normal demands.

5. Appointment by the general conference of a standing committee of representatives of producer, distributor and user groups to

maintain the recommendation, through revisions when necessary.

6. Circulation by the division to all concerned of a full report

of the conference action for final acceptance of the recommendation.

7. Promulgation of the program by the Department of Commerce,

through the National Bureau of Standards, and publication of the

recommendation, upon receipt of adequate written support by manufacturers, distributors, and users. The division thereafter cooperates with the standing committee

in conducting, from time to time, surveys to determine the degree

of adherence, to maintain and extend support of the recommendation,

and to secure data for reaffirmation or revision to meet changing

industrial conditions.

Of the 181 Simplified Practice Recommendations developed to date

many have undergone 1 or more revisions.

The first Simplified Practice Recommendation was for vitrified

paving brick; others cover a wide range of commodities including

construction materials, metal products, tools, ceramic products, textiles, paper and cardboard products, mechanical products, containers,

invoices, and warehouse receipts.

Commercial Standards.—The Division of Trade Standards of the

National Bureau of Standards, with the assistance of interested

groups, sets up and promulgates Commercial Standards.

These are voluntary recorded standards agreed upon by producers,

distributors, and consumers, covering terminology, types, classifications, grades, sizes, and use characteristics of manufactured products

as a basis for better understanding between buyers and seller. They
234 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

effective by means of voluntary guarantees on invoices, on labels, or

by grade marks on the goods themselves.

The use of the Commercial Standards promulgated by the National

Bureau of Standards is entirely voluntary on the part of producers,

distributors, and consumers.

Any group, whether producers, distributors, or consumers, may

request the cooperation of the National Bureau of Standards in the

establishment of a commercial standard. In initiating the work, the

proponent group is expected to assume certain responsibilities, such

as the selection of the specification ; the preparation of the tentative

draft; and supplying data, information, or advice as the situation

may require.

Although differing in some details, the procedure in developing

a commercial standard requested by an interested group or by an

industry is similar to that employed in developing a simplified practice recommendation. Each proposal for a commercial standard

requires a special approach adapted to the character of the particular

commodity to be standardized, and the conditions in that industry*

Codes and Specifications.—The work of the Division of Codes

and Specifications is carried on by five sections dealing with safety

codes, building codes, building practices and specifications, producer

contacts and certification, and consumer contacts and labeling.

This Division cooperates with Federal, State, and municipal agencies in the development of safety codes. It investigates materials

and apparatus incidental to the establishment of safety standards;

also accidents and field conditions and current practices in industry.

It cooperates with State and municipal officials in the application of

safety standards, and with engineering, insurance, and other organizations in preparing their own standards. It prepares publications

bearing on the application of safety standards.

In cooperation with Federal, State, and municipal agencies and

technical and trade organizations, the Division of Codes and Specifications prepares minimum requirements suitable for adoption in

building and plumbing ordinances. It compiles and disseminates information concerning the status of building and plumbing codes. It

also assists local code committees in the revision of their local codes.

The Division collects and disseminates scientific, practical, and

statistical information showing approved methods of building, planning, construction, standardization, and adaptability of structural

units, including the selection and economic utilization of building materials. It investigates current developments in construction of

dwelling houses, including new types of materials and their uses

and new uses for existing materials. It assembles information concerning the care and maintenance of the various parts of houses and

prepares pamphlets, articles, and reports on subjects of interest to

home builders and home owners.

The Division establishes contacts with agencies making purchases

out of tax moneys and with representatives of "over-the-counter"

buyers to show benefits derived by using nationally recognized standards and specifications under the certification plan. It encourages

manufacturers of staple goods to identify their commodities by labels
Standardization Activities of Organizations 235

to guarantee compliance with Federal specifications and commercial

standards. It aids public purchasers in formulating, selecting, and

unifying specifications and commodity acceptance testing methods.

The Division compiles and keeps up to date directories of commercial

testing and college research laboratories, and governmental testing

laboratories. It prepares the National Directory of Commodity

Specifications in which are classified and indexed references to all

nationally recognized standards and specifications of technical societies and trade associations and agencies of the Federal Government.

The certification plan referred to above consists in the compilation

and distribution by the National Bureau of Standards of lists of

sources of supply of commodities covered by certain selected Federal

specifications and commercial standards. These lists contain the

names of firms who have indicated their willingness to certify to

purchasers, upon request, that the material supplied by them on contracts based on the selected specifications and standards does actually

comply with the requirements and tests thereof and is so guaranteed

by them.

This plan has already been applied to 810 Federal specifications

and 54 commercial standards. The lists of sources of supply are

distributed to tax-supported agencies (Federal, State, county, and

municipal) and to all others upon request.

COOPEKATION WITH OTHEE AGENCIES

Much of the Bureau's work in research and testing is utilized in

preparing commodity specifications for the Federal Government

and other tax-supported agencies, in determining whether commodities purchased do actually comply with the specification requirements. A large part of the Federal purchases are tested at the

National Bureau of Standards.

In cooperation with the Federal Specifications Executive Committee, Procurement Division, Treasury Department, of which the director of the National Bureau of Standards is chairman, members of

the Bureau staff take a leading part in the preparation of Federal

specifications. The Bureau is represented on 63 of the 71 technical

committees functioning to date. It furnishes chairmen for 35, vice

chairmen for 8, and secretaries for 4 of these technical committees.

The staff of the Bureau takes part in the activities of 127 technical

and trade organizations representing various fields of endeavor, including science, technical research, and trade, both national and international. It has representation on 910 technical committees of

these organizations, many of which depend upon the Bureau's cooperation in carrying forward their scientific and technical activities.

The Bureau has representation on 300 technical committees and subcommittees of the American Society for Testing Materials, which is

devoted to the promotion of the knowledge of engineering and the

standardization of specifications and methods of testing. Through

this representation the Bureau holds chairmanship of 30 of the ASTM

committees, vice chairmanship of 4, and secretaryship of 6.

The Bureau is sponsor (or cosponsor) of 27 projects carried out

under the procedure of the American Standards Association. It

holds representation on 161 ASA technical committees, having chair-
236 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

manship of 16, vice chairmanship of 2, and secretaryship of 7. It

is represented on the following coordinating agencies of the association: Board of Directors; Standards Council; Electrical Standards

Committee; Mechanical Standards Committee; Advisory Committee on Ultimate Consumer Goods; Safety Code Correlating Committee; and Building Code Correlating Committee. All of the

safety code, building code, and plumbing code requirements thus far

formulated under the auspices of the Bureau have been accepted as

a basis for the development of safety, building, and plumbing codes

under the American Standards Association procedure. Two members of the staff of the association are located at the Bureau to facilitate the cooperative work of the two organizations.

The Bureau is specifically authorized by Congress to cooperate

with tax-supported purchasing agencies, industries, and national

organizations in developing specifications and facilitating their use;

to encourage the application of the latest development in the utilization and standardization of building materials; and to develop

engineering and safety codes, simplified practice recommendations,

and commercial standards of quality and performance.

COOPERATION WITH NATIONAL DEFENSE AGENCIES

The National Bureau of Standards cooperates actively with the

Office of Production Management, the Office of Price Administration

War and Navy Departments, and other agencies of the Federal

Government in many problems dealing with research and testing,

simplification of manufactured products, unification of standards and

specifications, conservation of materials, and utilization of substitute

materials. Surveys and studies have already been made by the Bureau relative to conservation of scarce materials and other industrial

items needed for immediate defense purposes.
Appendix 2.

PROCUREMENT DIVISION, U. S. TREASURY

DEPARTMENT

(Preparation of Federal and Procurement Division specifications)

The Procurement Division which was created in the United

States Treasury Department by an Executive Order 2 is responsible

for the determination of policies and methods of procurement, warehousing, and distribution of property, facilities, improvements, machinery, equipment, stores, and supplies for all Federal establishments; and, with the exception of the Army, Navy, and Marine

Corps, is directed to undertake the performance of procurement of

all materials, supplies, and equipment for use either at the seat of

the Federal Government or in the field for all existing Government

agencies and such agencies hereafter created.

Standardization.—Standardization is an element considered in the

operation of each specification. It is fundamental that the statement

of quality shall be limited to that which is appropriate and necessary to the requirements to be served. That is to say, if a study of a

need discloses that the quality originally indicated is inadequate or

unnecessarily high for the purpose to be served, revision of the

specification upward or downward to the level of the requirements

is in order.

The chief responsibility for promoting standardization in procurement work centers in the Federal Specifications Division which

is charged with the responsibility of determining the necessity for

a Federal or Procurement Division specification.

Specifications.—Three types of specifications are developed in the

Procurement Division:

1. A Federal Specification which is a formally approved standard

of quality and essential characteristics (design, dimensions, composition, physical and chemical requirements, workmanship, finish, performance, etc.) of a material, article, or piece of equipment desired

for a particular use by two or more departments or establishments

of the Federal Government.

2. A Federal Procurement Division Specification which is a formally approved standard of quality and essential characterstic of a

commodity to be incorporated in an invitation to bid issued by the

Procurement Division.

2 Executive Order No. 6166, dated June 10, 1933, pursuant to the act of March 3, 1933

(47 Stat. 1517).

237

201072°—41 16
238 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

3. A "specification" used in the Procurement Division which covers

an item not covered by a Federal Specification and represents a

commodity not in sufficient current demand to justify the development of a Federal Procurement Division Specification. It is referred

to merely as "Procurement Division Specification."

Preparation of Federal, Specifications.—With the installation

of the Bureau of the Budget in 1921, it was considered to be desirable

to prepare standardized purchase specifications for many of the

commonly used articles purchased by the Federal Government; and

the Federal Specifications Board was established for that purpose

by Circular No. 42 of the Bureau of the Budget, dated October 10,

1921, which was issued by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget,

by authority of the President. The Board functioned under the

Chief Coordinator, whose office was also set up by Executive Order,

each department and establishment purchasing materials and supplies in accordance with specifications, designating a representative to

serve as a member of the Board. The chairman ex officio was the

Director of the National Bureau of Standards. Technical committees were formed, composed of qualified representatives from the

various branches of the Government, to formulate the specifications.

These specifications, after consultation with the interested industries,

were submitted to the departments for comment and criticism, and

after consideration of these comments by the technical committees,

were approved and promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board.

On June 10, 1933, the Federal Specifications Board and several other

interdepartmental boards were transferred to the jurisdiction of the

newly established Procurement Division, United States Treasury

Department. The Federal Specifications Board and several other

activities of the Government were abolished by the order of the

executive director of the National Emergency Council dated January

24, 1935.

To take the place of the former Federal Specifications Board members, the Director of Procurement, United States Treasury Department, requested the head of each department and establishment to

designate a technical liaison with whom the Procurement Division was

to collaborate, for that department or establishment, on technical matters. There was also established a Federal Specifications Executive

Committee, consisting of the Director of the National Bureau of

Standards, chairman; the Chief of the Federal Specifications Division, vice chairman; the assistant chief, Specifications Division of

the Procurement Division, technical secretary; and the technical

liaisons from the Navy Department, War Department, the Department of Agriculture, the Post Office Department, and Veterans'

Administration. Technical committees were formed, composed of

specialists from the various branches of the Government.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 239

There are 71 interdepartmental technical committees on Federal

Specifications, covering the following group of materials:

Abrasives and polishing materials.

Acoustical correction materials.

Appliances, mechanical and electrical.

Ball and roller bearings.

Beds and bunks.

Brake linings.

Brick and building tile. Brushes and brooms.

Builders' and miscellaneous hardware.

Cement, lime and plaster.

Chemical products.

Color.

Cordage.

Detergents.

Drafting equipment and supplies.

Electrical supplies.

Feeds and forage.

Fire-alarm systems and electric clocks.

Hand fire extinguishers.

Fire-extinguishing liquid.

Floor coverings ( nontextile )

.

Foundry apparatus and supplies.

Furniture.

Pressure and vacuum gages.

Dimensional gages.

Glassware, chinaware, stoneware.

Hair for mattresses.

Hand tools.

Heat insulating materials.

Inks, typewriter ribbons, and carbon

paper.

Insecticides.

Laundry equipment.

Leather and leather products.

Lubricants and liquid fuels.

Lumber.

Machine screws, bolts, and nuts.

Medical and surgical instruments and

supplies.

Metals.

Motor vehicles.

Office supplies.

Packing and gasket materials.

Paints and varnishes.

Paper and paper products.

Photographic supplies.

Pipe and pipe fittings.

Plastics.

Plumbing fixtures.

Provisions.

Refractory materials.

Refrigerators.

Road and paving materials.

Bituminous roofing.

Rubber products.

Burglar resisting safes.

Fire and petty larceny safes.

Safety equipment.

Safety walkways.

Screens and screen cloth.

Shipping containers.

Sterilizing equipment.

Stitches, seams, and stitching.

Storage batteries and dry cells.

Surveying instruments.

Tableware and kitchen utensils.

Tents and tent appliances.

Textiles.

Thermometers.

Wearing apparel.

Weighing and measuring devices.

Wire rope.

Wood preservatives.

The procedure for the preparation of Federal Specifications is as

follows: The interdepartmental need of a specification for a given

article or material, for either technical or business reasons, having

been decided upon, the subject is then referred to a technical committee composed of officially designated representatives from the various branches of the Government, who are most interested in the

particular subject, for consideration of all existing governmental and

industrial specifications. A specification is selected, or formulated,

which will be suitable for the intended use by all departments and

establishments of the Government. The cooperation and advice of

interested commercial and industrial concerns is requested and their

recommendations are fully considered by the technical committee.

The specification, as tentatively agreed upon by the technical committee, is then submitted to all departments and establishments of

the Government, through the respective technical liaisons with the

Procurement Division, for comment and criticism. All criticisms

received are referred to the respective technical committee for consideration.
240 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Specifications submitted in final form by the various technical

committees, after consideration of all comments, are recommended by

the Chairman of the Federal Specifications Executive Committee to

the Director of Procurement for approval, after which they are

printed and officially promulgated by the Director of Procurement

for use by the various agencies of the Government.

In the preparation of Federal Specifications for material, supplies, and equipment, an effort is made to bring the specifications into

harmony with commercial practice wherever conditions permit, to

establish uniform nomenclature, and to standardize the types, grades,

and sizes of articles purchased by the Government.

Federal Specifications are continually being revised to keep them

abreast of the best current manufacturing practice, and the needs of

the Government. Up to August 1, 1941, 1,354 Federal specifications

had been promulgated.3 Preparation or Federal Procurement Division Specifications.—

Federal Procurement Division specifications are prepared in the office

of the Federal Specifications Division, Procurement Division, United

States Treasury Department. These specifications are approved by

the Director of Procurement, and are primarily for use by that Department but may be used by any other agency. Procurement Division specifications frequently are preliminary to a Federal specification. Up to August 1, 1941, 242 Federal Procurement Division

specifications have been issued.4 Inspection.—The inspection activities of the Procurement Division

are centered in the Inspection Division of the Stores and Operation

Branch which inspects, in Washington and as occasion requires in

the field, supplies and materials delivered on Procurement Division

order. On request, it also makes inspections for other governmental

agencies. In addition, it makes or has made tests of samples of

materials, supplies, and equipment submitted with bids to determine

whether the samples comply with the specifications.

When necessary, the Inspection Division investigates requests from

various Federal agencies for clearance to buy in the open market

items listed in the General Schedule of Supplies or carried in the

warehouse stock of the Procurement Division. In the event that the

contract or stock items meet all practical requirements of the need,

such clearance to buy in the open market is denied.

The Inspection Division also contributes to the development of

new or improved Federal Specifications or Federal Procurement

Division specifications by recommending the formulation of specifications for new items or by suggesting modifications or improvements in existing specifications. These recommendations and suggestions are, in many cases, the result of conferences between the

Inspection Division and contractors relative to rejected deliveries.

These conferences frequently involve the interpretation by the Inspection Division of the provisions of the applicable specification.

The Inspection Division also arranges for all technical help necessary for adequate inspection, either through its own limited facilities

3 An index of Federal specifications, and also the specifications listed therein, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office,

Washington, D. C

4 These specifications may be obtained on application to the Director of Procurement,

United States Treasury Department, Washington, D. C.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 241

or through the laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards,

the United States Department of Agriculture, or other recognized

agencies.

All deliveries made through the Procurement Division are inspected by the Inspection Division. Responsibility for inspecting deliveries made in the field is generally fixed on the consignee

but occasionally this Division makes inspections at the shipping

point or at the factory.

The Inspection Division maintains a sample room where specimens

of items included under General Schedule of Supplies contracts are

stored and kept available for examination of prospective purchasing

officers or for purposes of comparison with delivery samples.

The principal function of the Inspection Division is to assure that

all commodities delivered are in conformity with the applicable

specifications. In performing this work it

1. Receives, records, has custody of, displays, and eventually disposes of bidders' contractors' samples

;

2. Conducts or arranges for tests and prepares reports thereof;

3. Makes qualitative inspections at the Procurement Division warehouse, at various Treasury and other governmental agencies, and

contractors' storage warehouses in the Washington area, and occasionally at points of manufacture or delivery in the field

;

4. Investigates quality of, and reported deficiencies in deliveries to

governmental departments and agencies in the Washington area

(principally under General Schedule of Supplies contracts) ; and

5. Conducts interviews with contractors regarding interpretation

of specifications and kindred matters resulting from rejected deliveries or other phases of inspection activity.

Inspection may be either an examination by a qualified individual

or it may require the use of mechanical or chemical facilities in the

laboratory. Many of the items purchased for stock, for instance,

are approved largely on the basis of judgment of qualified inspectors. This 'applies particularly to commodities which are bought

regularly and where simple measurement, comparison for color, and

examination as to other qualities by experienced inspectors are adequate to establish compliance with specifications. However, a field

delivery of heavy equipment may be tested by a selected engineer as

to general fulfillment of specifications, including a performance test

;

or experts may be sent to inspect a large order of furniture or textiles

in process at the factory or mill.

Cooperation in the National Defense Program.—The Federal

Specifications Executive Committee is collaborating with the Office

of Production Management in the National defense program.

In order to conserve certain strategic materials for immediate

defense purposes, the technical committees of the FSEC are making

reviews of commodities covered by Federal specifications and issuing

"emergency alternate" Federal specifications, wherever possible.

Emergency alternate specifications, are developed under the direction

of the Federal Specifications Executive Committee with the collaboration of the Purchases Division, Office of Production Management.

These specifications, when approved by the Chairman of the Federal

Specifications Executive Committee and by the Director of Procurement, are submitted for the immediate use of all departments and
242 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

establishments of the Federal Government in the purchase of commodities covered by them. They may be considered as suitable alternates to the existing Federal specifications to which they apply.

Emergency alternate Federal specifications are limited onlv for the

duration of the National emergency, following which the existing

Federal specifications will automatically be in full force and effect

again.
V. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STANDARDIZATION

[Compiled by Anne L. Baden, Division of Bibliography, Library of Congress,

under the direction of Florence S. Hellman, chief bibliographer]

The following bibliography comprises references to the literature

on the general subject of standardization.

Adams, James T., ed. Dictionary of American history. Vol. 5. New York,

Charles Scribner's sons, 1940. 515 p. E171.A43, v. 5. Bureau of Standards, by Wirt Bowden, p. 157.

Agnew, Paul G

:

Defense needs spell speed-up for national standards: demands for new

standards and need of revisions to bring existing standards up-to-date place

heavy strain on American standards association machinery. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1940, v. 11 : 314-319.

HD62.A15, v. 11.

Developing standards for consumer goods. Forecast, Nov. 1939, v. 55

:

435^36. TX1.F7, v. 55.

Consumer standards on the way. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Feb. 1940, v. 11 : 43-46. HD62.A15, v. 11.

How consumer standards fit into American standards association program

:

the organization of the Advisory committee on ultimate consumer goods and

its relation to the general work of the American standards association.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Jan. 1937,

V. 8 : 167-170. HD62.A15, v. 8. How standards eliminate trade barriers. Industrial standardization and

commercial standards monthly, Apr. 1940, v. 11 : 81-87. HD62.A15, v. 11.

In step with the consumer ; retailers now work with representatives of the

public [American standards association]. Printers' ink, v. 179, June 3,

1937 : 17, 20-21. HF5001.P7, v. 179.

International standardization in technology, industry and business ; United

States and Latin America. Mechanical engineering, Feb. 1941, v. 63 : 139-140.

TJ1.A72, v. 63.

Man's love of round numbers ; new American standard rules for rounding

off numerical values. Industrial standardization and commercial standards

monthly, Sept. 1940, v. 11 : 230-233. HD62.A15, v. 11.

The movement for standards for consumer goods. American academy of

political and social science. Annals, May 1934, v. 173 : 60-69. H1.A4, v. 173.

National standardization in America. Industrial standardization, July 1933,

v. 4 : 107-114. HD62.A15, v. 4. Discusses what industrial standardization is, types of standards, why standards are

needed, standardizing agencies, and when to standardize.

Standards : action versus wishful waiting. Journal of home economics,

Nov. 1934, v. 26 : 541-545. TX1.J7, v. 26.

Standards in our social order. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, June, 1940, v. 11 : 141-148. HD62.A15, v. 11.

Twenty years of standardization. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Oct. 1938, v. 9 : 229-237. HD62.A15, v. 9. 243
244 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Agnew, Paul G., and J. W. McNair. Certification and labeling activities in sixty

commodity fields. American standards association. Bulletin, Jan. 1932, v. 3: 1-24.

Albrecht, G. Rationalisierung. {In Elster, Ludwig, ed. Worterbuch de volkswirtschaften. 4. Aufl. Jena, Fischer, 1932, v. 2, p. 1193-1201.) HB61.E5,

v. 2.

Alford, Leon Pratt. Principles of industrial management for engineers ... New

York, The Ronald press company [°1940]. xxii, 531 p. incl. illus., diagrs.,

forms. 24cm

. HD31.A4.

"References for reading" at end of each chapter.

Simplified practice and engineering standards : p. 192-206. A few references are

given.

American academy of political and social science. Standards in industry ... Editor in charge of this volume : Richard H. Lansburgh ... Philadelphia, The

American academy of political and social science, 1928. viii, 282 p. illus.,

diagrs. 24y2 cm

. (Its Annals, vol. cxxxvii [no. 228] May 1928.) • H1.A4,

v. 137. HD62.A6.

Contents. Foreword.—Standardization programs in industry.—Standardization pro- grams of specific industries.—Standardization programs outside of industry.—Standardization and the consumer. American hospital association. Manual of specifications for the purchase of hospital supplies and equipment. Chicago, American hospital association, 1941.

Specifications were prepared by several federal agencies including the Bureau of

Standards, Navy Department, War Department, Veterans' administration, etc. American management association. ... Standardizing office procedures, by H. C.

Wheeler ... Marie P. Sealy ... John F. Pierce ... [and others] New York.

N. Y., American management association, °1937. 42 p. illus. (incl. form)

diagrs. 23 cm. (Its Office management series, no. 80). HF5547.A68.

"Presented at the Office management conference of the American management asso- ciation held at [New York] ... October 21-22, 1937."—p. [2]

American management association. The management index, a subject index to

publications of the American management association, January 1923-January

1932. New York, N. Y., American management association, 1932. 92 p. Z7914.A2A5.

Supplement. New York, 1934. 10 numb. 1. Supplement. New York, 1940. 47 p. Includes references on standards.

American petroleum institute. Committee on the standardization of oil-field

equipment. Report. American petroleum institute. Proceedings, May, 1939,

v. 20M (4) : 104-217. TN860.A53, v. 20M.

American public works association. Standard specifications for public works

construction, prepared by the specifications committees of the American

public works association. Chicago, 111., American public works association,

c 1937. 1 v. TA180.A55.

American society for testing materials:

Book of A. S. T. M. standards including tentative standards (a triennial

publication), 1939. Philadelphia, American society for testing materials,

1939. 3 v. TA401.A653 1939.

Part 1, Metals ; part 2, Nonmetallic materials : constructional ; part 3, Nonmetallic

materials : general.

A. S. T. M. standards, including tentative standards ; 1940 supplement.

Philadelphia, American society for testing materials 1940. 3 v. Part 1, Metals ; part 2, Nonmetallic materials : constructional ; part 3, nonmetallic

materials ; general.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 245

American society for testing materials—Continued.

Brief review of work of American society for testing materials during

1940: important accomplishments. Its Bulletin, no. 102, Jan. 1940 : 50-52.

TA401.A68, no. 102.

Bulletin. Philadelphia, American society for testing materials, 1933 date.

TA401.A68.

Index to A. S. T. M. standards, including tentative standards of December,

1940. Philadelphia, American society for testing materials, 1940. 164 p. TA401.A652 1940.

Index to proceedings, 1931-1935. Philadelphia, American society for

testing materials, 1937. 194 p. TA401.A5 Index.

See also Index to proceedings volumes 26-30 (1926-1930). Philadelphia. 1932.

251 p.

Outline of standardization procedure. Its Bulletin, no. 106, Oct. 1940:

45. TA401.A68, no. 106.

Proceedings of the 43d annual meeting held at Atlantic City, N. J., June

24-28, 1940: committee reports, technical papers. Philadelphia ( American

society for testing materials, 1941. 1396 p. TA401.A5 1940.

See also previous issues.

Records broken in 1939- much active work under way. Committee officers

outline many active research and standardization projects in process ; several

new and important accomplishments during 1930. Its Bulletin, no. 102, Jan.

1940 : 8-10, 43-55. TA401.A68, no. 102.

Standardization activities under way. Committees have many specifications and tests in process. Its Bulletin, no. 105, Aug. 1940 : 46-49. TA401.A68,

no. 105.

Year book, 1940. Philadelphia, American societv for testing materials,

1940. 112 p. TA401.A6.

See also previous volumes.

American society for testing materials committees propose 72 new standards.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Aug. 1938,

v. 9: 191-194. HD62.A15, v. 9. American society for testing materials approves 77 new tentative standards.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthlv, Aug. 1940,

v. 11 : 214-219. HD62.A15, v. 11.

American society for testing materials committees plan more work and undertake

new research programs. Industrial standardization and commercial standards

monthly, Apr. 1941, v. 12 : 92-95. HD62.A15, v. 12.

American Standards Association

:

American standards approved by the American standards association,

March 15, 1937 : indexed list of engineering and industrial standards and

safety codes. New York, American standards association, 1937. 12 p. Z7914.A22A5 1937.

American standards [indexed]. New York, American standards association,

1941. 15 p. American standards association : what it is, how it works, membership, services.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly. June 1939.

v. 10 : 140-141. HD62.A15, v. 10.

American standards year book. New York City, American standards association, 1922-1938. TA1.A645.
246 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

American standards association—Continued.

Committee on standards for graphic presentation. Time-series charts

a manual of design and construction. American standards, approved by

American standards association, November 1938. Prepared by Committee

on standards for graphic presentation. The American society of mechanical

engineers, sponsor body. New York, N. Y. [1938]. 68 p. diagfs.

26y2 x20y2 cm. QA90.A65 1938.

"This manual represents a rather comprehensive revision of the material issued in

April, 1936, under the title, 'Code of preferred practice for graphic presentation—timeseries charts'."—Foreword.

New foreign standards received by the American Standards Association. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly,

Feb.-Mar. 1941, v. 12 : 47 ; 66. HD62.A15, v. 12.

These standards are available to members of the Association.

Price lists of American standards ; indexed. New York, American standards association, 1940. 12 p. Standards activities. Industrial standardization and commercial standards

monthly, Apr. 1941, v. 12: 107. HD62.A15, v. 12.

American standards association. Science, n. s., v. 91, Jan. 12, 1940: 38. Q1.S35,

n. s., v. 91.

American standards association and the United States Treasury. Science, n. s., v. 91, Mar. 17, 1940 : 470. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 91.

American standards association completes its twenty-first year ; progress ; projects.

Science, n. s., v. 91, Jan. 12!, 1940 : 38-39. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 91.

Anderson, R. P.

Committees show active year on standardization projects ; American standards association's standards council. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1940, v. 11 : 308-313. HD62.A15, v. 11.

How American standards are produced ; the what and why of American

standards association procedure. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Feb. 1939, v. 10 : 33^-35. HD62.A15, v. 10.

Armstrong, E. F. Standards of quality and methods for establishing them.

Royal society of arts (London). Journal, Dec. 30, 1938, v. 87: 184-198.

T1.S64, v. 87.

Discussion of industrial standardization in Great Britain and development and

activities of British standards institution ; includes brief reference to standardization

in the United States.

Aronson, Jacob P. Legal aspects of standardization. Legal issues involved in

buying and selling under statutory standards reviewed. U. S. Bureau of

Standards. Commercial standards monthly. Dec. 1931, v. 8: 184-185.

HD62.U3, v. 8.

Balderston, 0. Canby. Management of an enterprise, by C. Canby Balderston ... Victor S. Karabasz ... and Robert P. Brecht ... New York, Prentice-Hall, inc.,

1935, xiv p. 1 1., 470 p. illus., diagrs. 23y2 cm

. T56.B3.

Output and operating standards : chapter 7. Selected bibliography : p. 457-461.

Barley, L. J. The riddle of rationalisation. London, G. Allen and Unwin, ItC,

1932. 148 p. HD82.B3.

Barnes, Ralph Mosser. Motion and time study ... 2d ed. New York, J. Wiley

& sons, inc. ; London, Chapman & Hall, limited, 1940. xi, 390 p. illus.,

double plates, diagrs. 23 V2 cm. T58.B245 1940.

Bibliography: p. 379-382.

(Standardization ; written standard practice : p. 245-249,
Standardization Activities of Organizations 247

Barnum, D. D.

:

The American standards association ; what it is doing for industry. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Mar. 1936, v. 7

:

53-56. HD62.A15, v. 7.

Business and government cooperate for progress in standardization. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Aug. 1936,

V. 7 : 209^-211. HD62.A15, v. 7.

1987 emphasizes growth in American standards association program. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1937, v. 8:

315-317. HD62.A15, v. 8.

Bassett, H. N. The value of specifications in control of supplies. Society of

chemical industry. Journal (Chem. & ind.), Sept. 18, 1931, v. 50: 772-774.

TP1.S6, v. 50.

Batt, W. S. Management and the public : standardization. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1938, v. 9 : 292-295. HD62.A15,

v. 9.

Benkert, H. Wege der rationalisierung in industrie-betrieb. Vereines deutscher

ingenieure (Berlin). Zeitschrift Nov. 12, 1938, v. 82: 1314-1323. TA3,V5,

v. 82,

Berg, Rose M. Bibliography of management literature (up to January, 1931).

New York, N. Y., The American society of mechanical engineers, 1931. 142 p. Z7914.A2B4 1931.

Standardization: p. 122-127.

Supplement. New York, N. Y., 1937. 88 p. Processed. Z7914.A2B4 1931,

suppl.

Standardization : p. 76.

Berger, Maurice. Principes generaux de normalisation. Societe des ingenieurs

de l'automobile. Journal, Feb. 1988, v. 11 : 31-50.

Discusses general principles of standardization, fundamental standards for current

application with reference to French practice. References are given.

Bills, Marion Almira. Measuring, standardizing and compensating for office

operations. ... New York, N. Y., American management association, c 1929.

40 p. 23cm

. [American management association] Office management series

:

no. 44.) HF5549.B47.

Discussion : p. 17-39.

Birble, J. Le Ve congres de l'international standardizing association ( Stockholm,

septembre 1934) Genie civil (Paris) Dec. 1, 1934, v. 105 : 502-504. TA2.G3,

v. 105.

Reports of subcommittees on standardization of rolling mills, automobiles, agricultural products, aviation, preferred numbers, etc.

Blauchet, P. La normalisation dans les industries mecaniques. Association

technique maritime et aeronautique (Paris). Bulletin, 1937, no. 41: 361-374.

VM2.A75, no. 41.

Deals with the principles of standardization, methods and aims, preferred numbers,

tolerances, standardization of dimensions, temperatures, etc.

Bogart, Ernest L., and Charles E. Landon. Modern industry. New York, Longmans, Green & co., 1927. 598 p. HD2321.B55.

The benefits of standardization : p. 567-568.

Bonow, Mauritz. Some aspects of the rationalization of production and distribution, based on Swedish experience. Society for the advancement of management. Journal, July-Sept. 1938, v. 3 : 120-125. T58.T4A12, v. 3.
248 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Boren bill and standards for consumer goods. Journal of home economics, Mar.

1940, v. 32: 170-172. TX1.J7, v. 32.

Brady, Robert A. The meaning of rationalization : an analysis of the literature.

Quarterly journal of economics, May 1932, v. 46 : 526-540. HB1.Q3 v. 46.

Footnote references are given.

Brady, Robert. The rationalization movement in German industry ; a study

in the evolution of economic planning, by Robert A. Brady. Berkeley, Calif.,

University of California press, 1933. xxi, 466 p. tables (1 fold.) diagrs. 24cm

. HC286.3.B66.

Organizations promoting rationalization in Germany : p. 422-426. Bibliographical

footnotes.

Contents : Part 1, The elements and organization of the German rationalization

movement ; part 2, Evolution and problems of the German rationalization movement

in selected industries. 1924-1929 ; part 3, The incidence and implications of rationalization.

Briggs, Lyman J.

Commercial standardization services of the Bureau of Standards. Industrial standardization, Aug. 1933, v. 4: 129^130. HD62.A15, v. 4. Government specifications ; pioneer consumer standards. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, June 1937, v. 8 : 170-172.

HD62.A15, v. 8. The National bureau of standards. Applied physics, May 1937, v. 8

298-306.

Gives a history of the Bureau and discusses its functions, organization, laboratory

facilities and present work.

Some problems of the National bureau of standards. Franklin institute.

Journal, Jan. 1937, v. 223 : 1-21. T1.F8, v. 223.

Services of the National Bureau of Standards. American academy of

political and social science. Annals, May 1934, v. 173 : 153-166. H1.A4,

v. 173.

Contents include : Appropriations for the Bureau ; Bureau activities of value to con- sumers ; Relative merits of competing commodities ; The certification plan ; The labeling

plan.

British standards institution. Handbook of information : including annual re- port, 1938-1939, indexed lists of British standards, and British standards

method of test, July, 1939. London, British standards institution, 1939.

214 p. QC100.B7 1939.

British standards institution. [Reports]. London, British standards institution, 1933-1939. TA368.B8.

Bureau international des poids et mesures. Revue scientifique, Nov. 14, 1936,

v. 74 : 670. Q2.R53, v. 74.

Burnham, Thomas H. Engineering economics. Book II : works organization

and management. London, Sir I. Pitman & sons ltd., 1937. 312 p. T56.B8

1937.

Standardization : p. 85-94. Includes discussion of simplification, the field of standardization, advantages of standardization, and its disadvantages and foreign standardizing organizations. References : p. 94.

Carlson, John A. Industriens rationalisering. En praktisk handbok. 2. omarb. uffl. Stockholm, Natur o. kultur, 1940. 136 p.

Carpenter, Charles E. Dollars and sense. Garden City, New York, Doubleday,

Doran & co. 1928. 256 p. HD62.C3 1928.

Contents include chapters on : Standardization, Standardized specifications, More

standardized specifications, and the National Bureau of Standards.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 249

Chamber of commerce of the United States. Domestic distribution committee.

Standardization of consumers' goods. Report. Washington, D. C, Chamber of commerce of the United States, 1934. 14 p. Leg. Ref. Ser.

Contents include : The movement for standards ; Industrial and consumers' grades ; Commercial standards and grading ; Simplification ; Brands—labeling—certification ; The Bureau of Standards ; Governmental-imposed standards ; Other standardization

agencies ; American standards association.

Chase, Stuart. The tragedy of waste. New York, The Macmillan co., 1925.

296 p. HC106.3.C53.

Bibliography : p. 281-292.

Standardization and simplification : p. 167-174.

Chisholm, Cecil. Simplified practice. London, Chapman & Hall, ltd., 1927. 151

p. T58.C43.

Bibliography of simplification : p. 147.

Clarkson, Grosvenor B. Industrial America in the World War ; the strategy

behind the line, 1917-1918. New York, Houghton Mifllin co., 1923. 573 p. HC106.2.C67.

Consult Index under Standardization.

Cogan, C. M. Electrical manufacturers cooperate in national standardization

program. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly,

June 1939, v. 10: 165-167.

National industrial manufacturers associations, and other trade associations and

technical societies which have effective standardization programs, coordinate their

standards through American standards association to eliminate duplication of effort

and conflicting requirements.

Cohan, S. Two years of reconstruction [text is in Russian]. Vestnik sta.nda.rtizatsii, Sept.-Oct. 1934, no. 50 : 3-6. HD62.A184, no. 50.

A review of two years standardization progress in Russia with special reference

to policies by the government in 1932 and 1933.

Coles, Jessie Vee

:

Standards for consumers' goods. Scholastic, v. 26, Feb. 9, 1935: 14-15.

AP2.S295, v. 25.

Standardization of consumers' goods ; an aid to consumer-buying ... New

York, The Ronald press company [

c 1932]. x, 323 p. 22cm

. Bibliography : p. 299-312.

Contents include : Part II, The nature of standards and standardization ; part III, The process of standardization ; part IV, Present status of standardization.

Committee on standards for libraries and periodicals. School and society, Aug.

13, 1938, v. 48 : 197. L11.S36, v. 48.

Conference on weights and measures of the United States. ... Standardization

of packages. (Reprinted from Miscellaneous publication M164) Issued

April 2, 1940. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. ii, 79-128 p. 23cm

. (U. S. National bureau of standards. National bureau of standards miscellaneous publication M165) QC100.U57, no. 165. HF5770.C55.

"The material comprising this publication is a direct reprint from National bureau

of standards Miscellaneous publication M164, Report of the twenty-ninth national

Conference on weights and measures, and presents the full text of the report for the

fifth and sixth sessions of the Conference, which were devoted entirely to the subject

of standardization of packages."—Pref.

Les Conferences internationalen de normalisation (Paris, 14-26 juin 1937).

Genie civil (Paris) Aug. 18, 1937, v. Ill: 194-195. TA2.G3, v. 111.

Coonley, Howard

:

The American standards association ; outline of work. Electrical engineering, July 1935, v. 54 : 791. TK1.E45, v. 54.
250 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Coonley, Howard—Continued.

Standards—effective tool for managerial control. Industrial standards

and commercial standards monthly, June 1939, v. 10: 133-136. HD62.A15,

v. 10.

The experience of the author's firm, manufacturers of pipe fittings and valves, with

standardization as a managerial tool.

Coonley, Howard, and Paul G. Agnew : The role of standards in the system of free enterprise ; a study of voluntary

standards as alternative to legislative and commission control. Prepared

by request of the Temporary national economic committee. New York,

American standards association, 1941. 12 p. (Industrial standardization

and commercial standards monthly, April 1941, part 2) HD62.A15.

Contents include : Standardization ; Standards as definition ; Standardization methods and machinery ; Group standards ; National standards ; Developing a consensus

The human element ; The three fundamentals ; Industry-government relations ; Comparison of the common-law, statute-law and commercial methods with standardization

method ; Flexibility of the standardization method ; Solution rather than compromise

Limitation of the standardization method ; What should not he standardized ; Forms

of business and social control ; National standards as preventatives of trade barriers

Employer-employee relations ; Standards for consumer goods ; Certification and label- ing ; Standards needed to determine truth or falsity of advertising ; Standards reveal

concealed price increases in periods of changing price levels ; Importance in national

defense.

Cornell, William Bouck. Organization and management in industry and busi- ness ; a revision of "Industrial organization and management" ... New York,

The Ronald press co. [

c 1936j xxiii, 802 p. incl. illus., diagrs., forms, fold,

plan. 21cm

. T56.C55 1936.

Bibliography : p. 785-790.

See Index under Standaardization ; Standards.

Courtney, J. H.

The federal government and standardization : chart showing the present

organization, with analysis showing sections interested in standardization.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Nov. 1939,

v. 10 : 279-281. HD 62.A15, v. 10.

How federal government agencies carry out standardization activities.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, July-Aug.

1939, v. 10 : 169-174 ; 211-214. HD62.A15, v. 10.

Coutrot, J. La normalisation : regulateur de l'economie complement du progres

technique. Chimie et industrie, Jan. 5, 1940, v. 43: 81-82. TP1.C44, v. 43.

Crowell, Evelyn M. The buyer in wonderland. Commonweal, Mar. 15, 1940, v. 31 : 450-453. AP2.C6897, v. 31.

Curti, R., and C. A. Silvestri. L'unificazione in Italia. Ingegnere (Milan) Sept.

15, 1939, v. 17 : 785-790. TA4.I17, v. 17.

Reviews the development of the principal standardization organizations of Italy

and their work ; enforcement of standards in Italy ; program for further development.

Denny, A. Industrial standardization, 1910-1935. Engineering (London) May

3, 1935 (special jubilee section) : 17. TA1.E55, v. 139.

Dodge, H. F. Statistical methods as aid to quality standardization and control.

American society for testing materials. Bulletin, no. 84, Jan. 1937 : 8-9.

TA401.A68, no. 84.

Donovan, John M. F., Jr. How trade associations activities aid standardization activities. Dun's review, v. 47, Feb. 1939 : 13-18. HF1.D8, v. 47.

"Trade association activity in standardization of products has resulted in tremendous

and almost inestimable benefits to many American businesses. The only obstacles

to prevent full and complete adoption of all forms and types of standardization are

the prohibitions laid down by the Federal anti-trust laws and interpretive decisions

thereunder" : p. 13.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 251

Dresser, C, and J. O. Cooke. Industrial standardization in the mechanical engineering industry. {In Institution of mechanical engineers. Proceedings

London, 1934. v. 124, p. 737-742.) TJ1.I5, v. 124.

Dunkley, S. F. Standardization and quality control. Gas journal (London)

Jan. 30-Feb. 6, 1935, v. 209 : 252-258 ; 317-325. TP700.J8, v. 209.

Edwards, Alice Leora. Product standards and labeling for consumers. New

York, The Ronald press company [

c 1940] viii, 134 p. 22cm

. HD62.E35.

Contents : Standards : stepping stones to progress ; Tools of industrial conquest

;

Guides for ultimate consumers ; Developing new procedures ; The agriculturalist's

friend ; Guards for public protection ; Simplification and standards ; Toward fairness

for all ; With common interests ; Industry in the lead ; From both sides of the retail

counter ; By way of illustration ; Pointing the way ; Appendix.

References: p. 125-126.

Elbourne, Edward Tregaskiss. Fundamentals of industrial administration; an

introduction to industrial organisation, management and economics, by Edward Tregaskiss Elbourne ... assisted by Kenneth B. Elbourne ... and P. J. Amer. London, Macdonald & Evans, 1934. xviii p., 1 L, 644 p. illus., diagrs.

22cm

. HD31.E5.

Bibliographical index : p. 622-626.

See Index under Standardization.

Ely, Edwin W. Applying simplified practice to machinery. Investigation car- ried on by Bureau of standards in cooperation with industry. U. S. Bureau

of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Apr. 1932, v. 8 : 305. HD62.-

U3, v. 8.

Engel, Leonard H. Wearing things out; scientists destroy all manner of things

to see how good they are. Science news letter, Sept. 10, 1934, v. 34 : 170-172.

Q1.S76, v. 34.

Engineering Index, 1933-39. New York, Engineering index, inc., 1934-1940.

Z5851.E62.

See each volume under Standardization.

Entea nazionale per l'unificazione nell' industria. Industria meccanica (Milan)

July 1933, v. 15 : 542-545. TJ4.I5, v. 15.

A review of standardization progress by the Italian National committee on industrial standardization and similar bodies, and includes a list of recently published

foreign standardization documents.

Farmer, F. M. New projects, national and international, broaden the scope of

American standards association's activities. Industrial standardization and

commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1938, v. 9 : 288-291. HD62.A15, v. 9. Farmer, F. M. Standardization and the institute. Electrical engineering, Oct.

1940, v. 59 : 395-397. TK1.E45, v. 59.

Farrer, H. E. Standards activities of the American institute of electrical engi- neers and American standards association. Electrical engineering, Apr. 1939,

v. 58 : 164. TK1.E45, v. 58.

Fawcett, W. Standardization of specifications. American dyestuff reporter,

Mar. 11, 1935 v. 24 : 132-134. TP890.A6, v. 24.

Ffield, Paul. Specifications in shipbuilding. American society for testing materials. Bulletin, no. 103, Mar. 1940 : 25-26. TA401.A68, no. 103.

Fisher, Mrs. Dorothea (Canfield). Lo, the poor introvert. Harper's magazine,

Dec. 1932, v. 166 : 78-85. AP2.H3, v. 166.

Fleming, P. Preferred numbers and the civil engineer. Engineering news, June

11, 1936, v. 116 : 846-847. TA1.E6, v. 116.
252 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Forbes, Russell. Expert on governmental purchasing discusses buying on specifications. American standards association. Bulletin, v. 2, Dec. 1931 : 11-15.

Foth, Joseph H. Trade associations ; their services to industry. New York, The

Ronald press co., 1930. 338 p. HD2425.F6.

Industrial standardization and simplification : chapter 9. Quality standardization : chapter 10.

Frank, O. Die anwendung der dezimalklassifikation in der normung. Sparwirtschaft, Oct. 1985, v. 13 : 216-264.

Use of decimal classification in international standardization, etc.

Frey, Albert Wesley. Manufacturers' product, package, and price policies ; modern merchandise management ... New York, The Ronald press company

[

c 1940]. xii, 429 p. 22cm

. HF5415.F79.

References at end of most of the chapters.

Influences affecting standards : chapter 4 ; Simplification : chapter 8. See also

Index under Standardization ; Standards.

Gaillard, John:

Industrial standardization, its principles and application ... New York,

The H. W. Wilson co., 1934. 3 p. L, 123 p. diagrs. 24cm. T59.G3 1934.

Issued also as the author's inaugural dissertation, Delft. 1933, under title : A study

of the fundamentals of industrial standardization and its practical application, especially in the mechanical field.

Contents : Evolution of standardization : Essential functions of industrial standardization ; Definition and characteristics of a standard ; Normal values and limits

Development of the practical application of standardization ; Standardization in a manufacturing concern ; Organization of standardization work.

The value of national standardization to American industry. American standards help to effect savings in manufacturing. Industrial standardization, Sept. 1932, v. 3 : 243-246.

Paper presented before the American society of mechanical engineers, Cincinnati,

Ohio, May 12, 1932.

International developments in standardization work; report on International standards association meetings, Budapest, September, 1936. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1936, v. 7 : 323-325.

HD62.A15, v. 7.

Library work ; a field for standardization. Industrial standardization

and commercial standards monthly, June 1938, v. 9 : 141-142. HD62.A15, v. 9.

Nineteen International standards association committees meet to consider

standards. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly,

Oct. 1937, v. 8 : 269-273. HD62.A15, v. 8.

Standardization, the automatic pilot of management ; standards in merchandising, selling, research ; organizing for standardization. Advanced

management, 1939, v. 4, no. 5 : 145-159.

With special reference to standards departments.

Standardization, the key to coordination ; streamlined management. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Sept. 1936,

v. 7 : 221-225. HD62.A15, v. 7.

This mechanical age: American standards speed production. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, Sept. 1937, v. 8 : 237-240.

HD62.A15, v. &

Where to start company standardization. Industrial standardization and

commercial standards monthly, Sept. 1938, v. 9: 209-210. HD62.A15, v. 9. Girardeau, R. De la normalisation en general. Revue scientifique, Nov. 23,

1935, v. 72 : 728-731. Q2.R53, v. 72.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 253

Glover, John George. Managerial control ; instruments and methods in industry,

by John G. Glover ... [and] Coleman L. Maze ... New York, The Ronald press

co., [°1937]. xviii, 574 p. inch illus., forms, diagrs. (1 fold.) (21cm HD31.G55.

See Index under Standardization.

Gnatovski, S.

:

The most important stages in standardization [text is in Russian]. Vestnik standartizatssi, Jan.-Feb. 1934, no. 55 : 13-21 ; Mar -Apr. no. 56 : 13-20

HD62.A184, nos. 55-56.

Includes discussion of the difficulties of the Russian Standardization Committee

in enforcing standards in various industries.

Scientific research work in standardization [text is in Russian]. Vestnik

standartizatsii, Sept.-Oct, 1934, no. 50: 6-13. HD62.A184, no. 50.

Reviews the relation between scientific research and standardization of all production in Russia, and recommends measures for improvement of standardization activities

within scientific research institutes.

Good, P. How industry and government work through British standards institution. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, June

1939, v. 10 : 163-164. HD62.A15, v. 10.

Deals with standardization principles under which British industry and government

cooperate in the development of national standards through British standards institution ; both the British national standardizing body and American standards association

operate in much the same way.

Grades in commercial standards. Journal of home economics, Feb. 1937, v. 29

:

104-105. TX1.J7, v. 29.

Gramenz, Karl. ... Die din-passungen und ihre anwendung ... 3. vollstandig, neubearb. aufl. Berlin, Beuth-verlag. gmbh., 1934. 232 p. incl. tables, diagrs.

21cm

. (Dinbuch 4) TJ233.G6 1934.

Literaturnachweis : p. 230-231.

Gratama, B. M. The development of international standardization. Engineering

(London), July 1, 1932, v. 134 : 25-27. TA1.E55, v. 134.

Grimes, Mary A. Report of the Texas committee on the standardization of con- sumer goods. Journal of home economics, Mar. 1940, v. 32 : 162-164. TX1.J7

v. 32.

Guadfliege, F. H. Rationalisierung und organisches prinzip. Deutsche volkswirtschaft, Feb. 1939, v. 8 : 143-146.

Gual Villalbi, Pedro. ... Principios y aplicaciones de la organizacion cientifica del

trabajo (obra de vulgarizacion) Barcelona, Editorial Juventud, s. sl

[1929]. 378 p. incl. illus., diagrs., forms, x pi. 2iy2 cm

. T56.G8.

Chapters 6 and 7 deal with standardization.

Harper, H. American standards guide manufacturing and selling. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, May 1934, v. 5 : 88-89.

HD62.A15, v. 5.

Harriman, Norman Follett. Standards and standardization. 1st ed. New

York [etc.] McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1928. xvi, 265 p. illus.,

diagrs. 2S1/2 cm

. (McGraw-Hill industrial management series. D. S. Kimball, consulting editor). QC100.H3.

Bibliography : p 243-247.

Contents : Evolution of standards, industry and standardization ; Standards ; Standardization, general considerations ; Standardization, particular considerations ; Standardization of quality, specifications ; National standardizing bodies ; Investigational

and national standardizing laboratories ; Trend of standardization ; Standardization

and coordination of government purchases.

201072°—41 17
254 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Harvey, J. Standardization, force in promoting safety. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, July 1939, v. 10: 189-191.

HD62.A15, v. 10.

National conservation bureau cooperates in American standards association program,

developing national standards to consolidate gains in combating accidents.

Hays, Margaret B. Consumer specifications for textiles. Journal of home eco- nomics, Oct. 1939, v. 31 : 560-652. TX1.J7, v. 31.

Hecker, G. O. The transit industry's 36-year program proves the value of standardization. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly,

Oct. 1939, v. 10 : 258-262. HD62.A15, v. 10.

Hellmund, R. E.

Standardization and profits aided by preferred numbers. Electrical world,

Aug. 18, 1934, v. 104 : 208-211. TK1.E5, v. 104.

Standardizing sizes and ratings. Electrical engineering, Jan. 1932, v. 51 : 14-19. TK1.A613, v. 51.

Argues that marked economies may be secured by standardizing industrial products

to eliminate all unnecessary sizes and ratings. Based upon a system of preferred numbers, selection of desirable sizes may be made with reasonable accuracy through the use of algebra and geometry supplemented by judgment and common sense.

Hildage, Henry Thomas. The new management, by H. T. Hildage ... T. G. Marple

... and F. L. Meyenberg ... London, Macdonald & Evans, 1938. xxiii, 358 p. diagrs. 22cm

. T56.H5.

Rationalisation : p. 187-201. See also Index under Standards.

Holden, James W.

Uncle Sam's house of wonders. Review of reviews, v. 96, July 1937:

40 AP2.R4, v. 96. Same abstracted Reader's digest, v. 31, July 1937:

65-68. AP2.R255, v. 31.

Deals with the activities of the United States National Bureau of Standards.

Holden, Paul E., L. S. Fish and H. L. Smith. Top-management organization and

control ; a research study of the management policies and practices of thirtyone leading industrial corporations, conducted under the auspices of the

graduate school of business, Stanford university. Stanford University, Calif.,

Stanford university press, 1941. 239 p. Standard practices: p. 165-169.

HD31.H6.

Hotchkiss, G. B. Milestones in the history of standardizing consumers' goods.

American marketing journal, Jan. 1936, v. 3: 70-78. HF5415.A2A6, v. 3. House subcommittee completes hearing on Boren bill to establish standards for

consumer goods. Industrial standardization and commercial standards

monthly, v. 11, Feb. 1940 : 40-41. HD62.A15, v. 11.

How Argentina develops its national standards. Industrial standardization and

commercial standards monthly, Mar. 1941, v. 12 : 58-59. HD62.A15, v. 12.

Deals with the organization and work of the Argentine Institute of Standardization

of Materials.

How the Army and Navy cooperate on standards for purchasing. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1940, v. 11 : 114-119.

HD62.A15, v. 11.

Hubbard, G. Has your organization a standards book? Management review,

Dec. 1936, v. 25 : 386-387. T58.A2M37, v. 25.

Huber-Ruf, A. International standardization. Engineering (London) Aug. 31,

1934, v. 138 : 219. TA1.E55, v. 138.

Brief discussion of the particulars of the activities of the International federation

of national standardizing association.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 255

Hudson, Ray. M. Government interest in the advancement of standardization.

(In World power conference, 2d, Berlin, 1930. Transactions. Berlin, 1931,

v. 18, p. 255-275) TJ5.W6 1930, v. 18.

Historical sketch of the standardization movement in the United States.

Iddles, A. National defense production needs coordinated standards. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, July 1940, v. 11 : 165-

169. HD62.A15, v. 11.

Industrial Arts Index ; subject index to a selected list of engineering, trade and

business periodicals, books, and pamphlets. New York, The H. W. Wilson

co., 1933-date. Z7913.17.

See each vol. under Standardization ; Standards.

International labor office, Geneva. The social aspects of rationalisation. Introductory studies. Geneva, International labor office, London, P. S. King and

son, 1931. 381 p. (Studies and reports, series B, Economic conditions no.

18.) HD4813.15, ser. B., no. 18.

International management institute., Bulletin, August, 1927-December, 1933.

Geneva, 1927-1934. 7 v. T58.A21852.

No more published.

In English, French, and German.

Irwin, J. C. 1936 standardization program lists many pressing problems. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec. 1936, v. 7

:

307-310. HD62.A15, v. 7. Jamesen A. Winning a government. New outlook, v. 164, Dec. 1934: 10-14,

Reply by A. V. Fowler, v. 165, Feb. 1935 : 4. AP2.08, v. 164.

Jenkins, F. G. Material standardization. Iron age, v. 147, Feb. 20, 1941 : 35-39

;

Feb. 27 : 52-55. T1.17, v. 147.

Jewett, F. B. Some fundamentals in standardization ; thirty years in retrospect.

Edison electric institute. Bulletin, Dec. 1937, v. 5: 501-504. TK1.E12, v. 5. Same. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Dec.

1937, v. 8 : 323-339. HD62.A15, v. 8. Bell telephone quarterly, Jan. 1938, v. 17

:

17-27. TK1.B47, v. 17. Electrical engineering, Feb. 1938, v. 57 : 57-60.

TK1.E45, v. 57.

Deals with industrial standardization being best administered by some voluntary

associates, but need for closer cooperation between government and existing standards

organizations.

Johnson, Louis. The role of standards in industrial preparedness. Industrial

standardization and commercial standard monthly, Mar. 1939, v. 10: 52-57.

HD62.A15, v. 10.

Jones, Thomas Roy. Engineering and shop standardization. New York, N. Y.,

American management association. 1931. 12 p. 23cm

. [American management association.] Production series, Pro. 100). HD62.J6.

Presented at the A. M. A. Production conference held in Rochester, N. Y., June 1,

1931.—p. 2. Discussion : p. 9-12.

Kaidanovsky, S. P. Industrial standardization proves profitable to manufacturer

and ultimately to consumer. Industrial standardization and commercial

standards monthly, Oct. 1935, v. 6 : 279-281. HD62.A15, v. 6. Kaidanovsky, S. P., and A. L. Edwards. Consumer standards. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1941. 433 p. (U. S. Temporary national economic committee. Investigation of concentration of economic power. Monograph, no. 24)

.

Kennelly, A. E. The work of the American institute of electrical engineers in

standardization. Electrical engineering, May 1934, v. 53 : 676-680. TK1.E45,

v. 53.
256 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Kienzie, O. Die nornmngszahlen und ihre anwendung. Vereines deutscher

ingenieure (Berlin). Zeitschrift. June 17, 1939, v. 83 : 717-724. TA3.V5, v. 83.

Kirsh, Benjamin Sollow. Trade associations in law and business ... in collaboration with Harold Roland Shapiro ... New York, Central book company, 1938.

399 p. 23%cm

. HD2425.K47.

See Index under Standardization.

Klein, Julius. 120 industries are saving $250,000,000 yearly by simplification of

sizes and other standardization. New York Times, May 25, 1931, p. 2, col. 4. La Normalisation [Symposium on standardization presented at joint meeting of

French engineering societies held February 11, 1938]. Societe des ingenieurs

civils de France. Memoires, Jan.-Feb. 1938, v. 91: 24-72. TA2.S4, v. 91.

Origins and objects of standardization, P. Nicolau ; Rules of standardization, M.

Berger ; Metrology—means of standardization, Androuin ; Standardization a factor of

engineering progress, P. Blanchet ; Standardization as a factor of economic and social

progress, Merie-Bussy ; Examples of national application of standards, PLU ; Standardization in electric industry, C. Duval, etc. Lansburgh, Richard H. Standards as an integrating community force. Industrial

trial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Jan. 1940, v. 11:

9-13. HD62.A15, v. 11.

Lansburgh, Richard Hines, and William R. Spriegel. Industrial management ... 3 ed., rewritten and reset. New York, J. Wiley & sons, inc. ; London, Chapman & Hall, limited, 1940. xi, 666 p. illus., diagrs. (part fold.) forms (1

fold.) 2SV2 cm

. T56.L35 1940.

Bibliography: p. 647-656.

Simplification and standardization of products : p 212—222.

LeMaistre, Charles. The British standardization movement and its public signifi- cance. In World power conference, 2d Berlin, 1931. Transactions. Berlin,

1931, v. 18, p. 231-241.) TJ5.W6, 1930, v. 18.

Leonard, F. H. Controlling production by means of standards. Iron age, v. 139,

Apr. 8, 1937 : 47-49. T1.17, v. 139.

Lhoste, B. La normalisation en temps de guerre. Societe des ingenieurs civils de

France. Memoires, May 1939, v. 92 : 402-413. TA2.S6, v. 92.

Lhoste, E. Les travaux de l'association frangaise de normalisation. Methodes

(Paris), Mar. 1939, v. 7: 101-106.

Deals with the work of the International standardization association.

Lockwood, R. L. Railroad standards. Harvard business review, July, 1934,

v. 12 : 398-406. HF5001.H3, v. 12.

Lord, Arthur R. Economic significance of specifications. Engineering and contracting, Jan. 1932, v. 71 : 30-32. TA201.E5, v. 70.

Lowry, Stewart McKinley. Time and motion study and formulas for wage incentives, by Stewart M. Lowry ... Harold B. Maynard ... [and] G. J. Stegemerten ... 3d ed. New York and London, McGraw-Hill book company, inc.,

1940. xiii, 432 p. illus. tables, diagrs. 23y2 cm

. Half-title: McGraw-Hill

industrial management series; D. S. Kimball, consulting ed. T58.L6 1940.

Standardizing the job (manufacturing aspects of standardization, materials, machine

tools, small tools, relation of standardization to time study) : p. 161—168.

MacGregor, D. H. The adjustment of agriculture to industrial rationalization.

Agricultural economics society. Journal of proceedings, Mar. 1932, v. 2:

10-28.

McAllister, A. S.

Simplification methods great aid to business. Washington Post (D. C),

Dec. 31, 1931, p. 9, col. 1-5.

Benefit of the Bureau of Standards' work to the public, U. S. Bureau

of Standards. Commercial standards monthly, July 1932, v. 9 : 24. HD62.U3,

v. 9.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 257

McCain, J. S. The use of American standards in Argentine is vital to all American

manufacturers. Industrial standardization and commercial standards

monthly, Oct. 1988, v. 9 : 243-244. HD62.A15, v. 9.

McCall plan hit. American home economics association deals body blow to

Institute of Standards by refusing to participate. Business week, Nov. 30,

1940 : 32-33. HF5001.B89, 1940.

McConnell, D. W. The Bureau of Standards and the ultimate consumer. American academy of political and social science. Annals, May 1934, v. 173 : 1461-

152. H1.A4, v. 173.

Contents include : Alleged benefits to consumers ; Quality standards ; Advantages of

standardization ; Bias in favor of business ; Public interests should be paramount

;

Methods of promulgation.

McMurtrie, Douglas Crawford. Standardization in Europe covers paper and

printing, by Douglas C. McMurtrie. Chicago, 111., Priv. print., 1933. p. 22cm

. Z246.M196.

Madhava, K. B. [Standardization in industry.] Sankhya. (Calcutta) Dec. 1938,

v. 4: 251-258. HA1.S3, v. 4.

Marcotte, E. La Bureau des Standards a Washington et son importance dans

l'economie Americaine. Revue industrielle (Paris), Sept-Dec. 1932, v. 02:

433-439 ; 497-501 ; 542-544 ; 593-595 ; Feb. 1933, v. 63 : 94-98. T2.R4, v. 62-63.

Martino, Robert A.

:

How the National Bureau of Standards and the American standards asso- ciation cooperate. American standards association. Bulletin, June 1982,

v. 3 : 176-177.

Fostering standardization. Cooperation of the National Bureau of Standards and the American Standards Association. U. S. Bureau of Standards.

Commercial standards monthly, May 1982, v. 8 : 332^-334. HD62.U3, v. 8. Laws for grading and inspection. Resume of some legal standards adopted

by various states. National Bureau of Standards, commercial standards

monthly, Dec. 1931, v. 8 : 174-175. HD62.U3, v. 8.

Maxwell, Alexander. Some principles for making standards. Edison electric

institute. Bulletin, Aug. 1938, v. 6: 353-354. TK1.E12, v. 6. Maynard, Harold Howard. Principles of marketing, by Harold H. Maynard ... Walter C. Weidler ... [and] Theodore N. Beckman ... 3d ed. New York, The

Ronald press company [ c1989]. xxi, 700 p. illus., plates, diagrs. 24cm

. HF5415.M35, 1939.

References at end of each chapter.

Standardization and simplification : chapter 26. Deals with history, the services

of standardization, standardization and the consumer, examples of simplification, limitations to standardization and simplification, etc.

Meckel, A. Beitrage sur weiterentwicklung des deutschen werkstoffnormen.

Maschinenbau, Oct. 1934, v. 12 : 525-526.

Deals with further development of German material standardization, and the activities of the German industrial standards committee.

Meltzer, S. Development of industrial standardization. South African engineer

and electrical review, Feb. 1939, v. 30 : 3-7, 27.

Reviews the achievements in standardization of material and methods in South

Africa.

Mitchell, William Norman. Organization and management of production. New

York and London, McGraw-Hill book co., inc., 1939. xii, 417 p. incl. diagrs.,

forms. 23%cm

. (Business and economics publications; W. H. Spencer,

editor.) HD31.M5.

First edition.

Bibliography, questions, and exercises: p. [315]^407.

See Index under Standardization ; Standards.
258 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Mond, Sir Alfred M. Industry and politics. London, Macmillan & co., 1927. 337 p. The rationalisation of industry : p. 210-221. HC256.3.M6.

Montgomery, Donald B. Consumer standards and marketing. American academy

of political and social science. Annals, May 1940, v. 209: 141-148. H1.A4,

v. 209.

Municipal year book and encyclopedia of local government administration, 1939.

Edited by James Ford. London, The Muncipal journal, limited, 1989. 1670 p. JS3003, 1939.

British standard specifications : p. 775-782. See also issue for 1940, p. 447-454.

Myers, Herbert J. How to set standards ; Jordan prize competition, by Herbert

J. Myers ... William L. Keating ... [and] J. C. Metsch ... New York city,

National association of cost accountants [°1931]. iv. p., 3 1., 98 p. incl. diagr.,

forms. 22V2 cm

. HD62.M8.

Contains the three prize winning essays of a competition open to memhers of the

National association of cost accountants, cf. Foreword.

National and international standardization. Nature (London) July 3, 1937, v. 140 : 19. Q1.N2, v. 140.

National industrial conference board. Industrial standardization. New York,

National industrial conference board, inc., 1929. xiv, 306 p. diagrs.

23y2 cm

. HD62.N3.

Thesis (ph. d.) —Columbia university, 1929.

Without thesis note. "The present investigation was made, and this volume was prepared, ... by Mr.

Eobert A. Brady."—Pref.

Contents : Historical setting for the standardization movement ; Terminology of

standardization ; Company standardization ; Standardization work of engineering and

Other technical societies ; Trade association standardization ; The American standards

association and other standardizing bodies ; The National bureau of standards ; Standards in government purchasing ; International and regional standardization ; Agricultural standardization ; Business savings from standardization : Standardization and

marketing, technique ; Standardization and size of business ; Standardization as an

aid in the stabilization of business ; Standardization and the ultimate consumer ; The

trend of industrial standardization, etc.

National industrial conference board. Rationalization of German industry. New

York, National industrial conference board, 1931. 182 p. HC286.3.N25.

Contents : Meaning, causes, and methods of rationalization ; Structure and organization of German industry ; The mining industry—coal and potash ; The iron and

steel industry ; The electrotechnical industry ; The chemical industry ; The foreign

trade of Germany.

Neuhaus, Fritz. Die internationalen fortschritte der normung. Internationale

wirtschaft (Paris), Dec. 1938, v. 10: 32-35. HF294.I7153, v. 10.

Neuhaus, Fritz. Normung. Vereines deutscher ingenieure (Berlin). Zeitschrift, July 16, 1938, v. 82 : 847-848. TA3.V5, v. 82.

Discusses the problems, duties, and position of standardization in engineering and

national life. New American standards association committee starts work on standards for

libraries ; three subcommittees are named to start national program and to

operate with International standardization committee. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, May 1940, v. 11: 119-120.

HD62.A15, v. 11.

New York. Public library. Municipal reference Library. Specifications and

standards. Its Municipal reference library notes, v. 22, Feb. 1936: 9-;2g.

Z7164.L8N6, v. 22.

New Zealand standards institute. Index to New Zealand standard specifications.

Wellington, New Zealand standards institute, 1939.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 259

Nicholson, Joseph W. How standardization effects saving for city of Milwaukee.

City purchasing agent outlines standardization plan under which city has

saved thousands of dollars. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Sept. 1932, v. 9 : 65. HD62.U3, v. 9.

Paterson, C. C. Uniformity as the gauge of quality. Institution of electrical

engineers (London) Journal, Dec. 1936 v. 79: 655-666. TK1.I4, v. 79.

Pearson, Egon Sharpe. The application of statistical methods to industrial

standardization and quality control. London, British standards institution,

1935. 161 p. incl. tables (1 fold.) diagrs. (part fold.) 2lV2 cm

. (British

standards institution. [Report] no. 600)

List of principal statistical books, papers, etc., referred to in the text : p. 132-133.

Phillips, Charles Franklin. Marketing ... Boston, New York [etc.] Houghton

Mifflin company [

c 1938] xviii, 781 p. diagrs. 22y2 cm HF5415.P48.

Bibliography: p. [731] -763.

See Index under Standardization ; Standards.

Photographic grades : American Standards Association tackles job of developing

standards for photographic materials. Business week, Oct. 8, 1938 : 39.

HF5001.B89, 1938.

Plan [of the American Standards Association] to set up standard methods and

procedures. Science, n. s., v. 87, Apr. 29, 1938 : 184. Q1.S35, n. s., v. 87.

Porter, Robert W. Design for industrial co-ordination ; a technique for co- ordinating the primary functions in the field of industrial organization ... New York and London, Harper & brothers, 1941. xv. 249 p. diagrs.

24cm. HD45.P65.

Price, F. M.

:

Savings through standardization of purchases. Power plant engineering,

July 1, 1932, v. 36: 525. TJ1.P77, v. 36.

The standardization work of the Detroit Edison Company. American

standards association. Bulletin, Feb.-Apr. 1932, v. 3 : 47-59 ; 85-95 ; 111-122.

Includes discussion of the accomplishments and benefits of standardization.

Public Affairs information service. Bulletin. New York, Public affairs information service, 1933-date. Z7163.P9.

See each vol. under Standardization.

Raitt, E. I. What can business do to remove consumer suspicion. Journal of

home economics, Jan. 1936, v. 28 : 5-8. TX1.J7, v. 28.

Rather, Allan W. Is Britain decadent? London, S. Low, Marston & company,

ltd., 1931. 300 p. HC256.3.R3.

Rationalization in Germany and Great Britain is discussed in chapters 4 and 5.

Rationalization. Index, Aug. 1931, v. 11 : 186-190. HC10.15, v. 11.

A discussion of the question in the United States, Great Britain, and Germany.

Rationalization—a Socialist view. International management institute. Bulletin,

Sept. 1931, v. 5 : 165-173. T58.A21852, v. 5.

Rationalization in Europe and America. Guaranty survey, v. 11, Aug. 1931 : 3-6.

HC1.G83, v. 11.

Rationalization in the Dutch East Indies. International management institute.

Bulletin, Mar. 1932, v. 6 :45. T58.A21852, v. 6. Deals with the establishment of the Standardization board in 1930.
260 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Razous, P. Evolution de la normalisation. Genie civil (Paris) May 20, 1989,

v. 114 : 422-423. TA2.G3, v. 114.

Razous, P. La journee d'etudes et de propagande de la normalisation (Paris,

21 decembre 1939). Genie, civil (Paris), v. 116, Jan. 13, 1940': 27-29. TA2.G3,

v. 116.

Reichardt, W. Ergebnisse der internationalen normentagung Berlin, 1938.

Vereines deutscber ingenieure (Berlin). Zeistchrift, Oct. 22, 1938, v. 82:

1258-1261. TA3.V5, v. 82.

Renesse, Herwarth von. Die deutsche werkstoffnormung. Im auftrage des

Deutschen normenausschusses bearb. von dr.-ing H. von Renesse. Berlin,

Beutb-verlag g. m. b. b., 1933. 61 p. 21cm

. TA410.R4.

Contents. Ziel, umfang und grundlage der werkstoffnormen.—Die werkstoffnormen

fur stahl und eisen.—Die werkstoffnormen fur nichteisenmetalle.—Die normen fur

werkstoffprufung.—Anwendungen der werkstoffnormen.—Anhang (symbole).

Reuter, Fritz. Handbucb der rationalisierung. 3. vollst. neubarb. aufl. Berlin,

Industrieverlag Spaeth & Linde, 1932. 1327 p. HD45.R4.

Reynolds, F. W. Tbe determination of quality as a basis for commodity standards.

Review of scientific instruments, July 1932, v. 3 : 371-377.

Rice, Calvin W. Fifty years of tbe American society of mechanical engineers.

Mechanical engineering, Apr. 1980, v. 52 : 261-276. TJ1.A72, v. 52.

History of its standardization activities : p. 270-271.

Rice, Henry L. Value of standards to the War Department. U. S. National

Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, May 1930, v. 6:

338-339. HD62.U3, v. 6.

Richards, Oscar W. Photographic equipment standards on trial. Industrial

standardization and commercial standards monthly, Mar. 1941, v. 12 : 53-55.

HD62.A15, v. 12.

Robbins, Edwin Clyde. Industrial management ; a case book, by E. C. Robbins ... and F. E. Folts ... 1st ed. New York and London, McGraw-Hill book co., inc., 1932. xiii, 757 p. incl., illus. maps, diagrs., forms. 23y2 cm

. TS155.R57.

Simplification and standardization : p. 58-116.

Russell, Ralph. Terminology of government food grades. Journal of home

economics, v. 30, Feb. 1938: 90-92. TX1.J7, v. 30.

Russell Sage foundation, New York. Library. ... Standards in social work fields,

1926-1936. New York, Russell Sage foundation [1937]. folder (6 p.) 23cm

. (Its Bulletin, no. 141. February 1937.) Z881.N667, no. 141.

Compiled by Agnes H. Campbell.

Samans, Walter. Why mechanical engineers need American standards associaciation's program. Industrial standardization and commercial standards

monthly, Mar. 1937, v. 8 : 69-73. HD62.A15, v. 8. Samson, H. W. How standardization works in General electric. Industrial standardization and commercial standard monthly, Mar. 1939, v. 10 : 265-269.

HD62.A15, v. 10.

Seelye, H. P.

The fundamentals of standards and specifications. Edison electric insti- tute. Bulletin, Mar. 1937. v. 5 : 75-76. TK1.E12, v. 5.

Standardization; its scope and limitations: work of the Edison electric

institute. Edison electric institute. Bulletin, Dec. 1935, v. 3 : 471-474.

TK1.E12, v. 3.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 261

Shumard, Frederick Warren. A primer of time study ... New York and London,

McGraw-Hill book company, inc., 1940. xii, 519 p., incl. illus., tables, diagrs.,

forms. 231/2 cm. T58.S58.

Time study standardization : p. 445-468.

Skinner, C. E. The Institute and industrial standardization. Electrical engineering, May 1984, v. 53 : 681-684. TK1.E5, v. 53.

Smalley, B. M. Standards and specifications from the manufacturers' point of

view. Edison electric institute. Bulletin Mar. 1937, v. 5 ; 77-78. TK1.E12, v. 5. With reference to hardware standards and specifications.

Smith, Elliott Dunlap. Technology & labor; a study of the human problems of

labor saving [by] Elliott Dunlap Smith ... in collaboration with Richmond

Carter Nyman ... New Haven, Pub. for the Institute of human relations by

Yale university press; London, H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1939.

xiv, 222 p. 23y2 cm

. T58.S585.

"We confined our studies to ... the labor-saving development in cotton weaving called

by management the 'multiple loom' or 'extended labor' system and by labor 'the stretchout'."—Introd.

See Index under Standardization.

Soule, George. Standardization. (In Encyclopedia of the social sciences, edited

by Edwin R. A. Seligman and Alvin Johnson. New York, The Macmillan

co., 1940, vol. 14, p. 319-322.) H41.E6, 1930a.

References are given.

See also the Index vol. of this publication under the subject-heading Standardization.

Standardization as applied to production engineering. Institution of production

engineers (London), Journal, Dec. 1933, v. 12 : 525-664.

Papers with discussion on some subjects presented before local sections by C. LeMaistre, R. Dumas, R. A. Wright, R. Allen, E. W. Bedford, W. M. Pudge, S. Gilberts,

S. C. Smith, R. B. Cole, J. W. Grifiiths, J. A. Boyes, W. N. Shaw and H. Eckerlsey.

Standardization. A resume of accomplishments of the recent AN Standards

conference and of the Standards committee of the Society of automotive engi- neers. Aviation, Aug. 1931, v. 30 : 485-487. TL501.A8, v. 30.

Standardization a problem for management. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Jan. 1932, v. 8 : 221. HD62.U3, v. 8.

Standardization a recognized means of stabilizing employment. American standards association. Bulletin, v. 2, May 1931: 13-14.

Standardization aids home building. Grade marking items purchased for use

in the home strongly recommended by President's Conference on home

ownership. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly,

Jan. 1932, v. 8 : 209. HD62.U3, v. 8.

Standardization an aid to industrial progress. Index, Oct. 1931, v. 11: 221-225.

HC10.15, v. 11.

Discuss the benefits of standardization to both producer and consumer.

Standardization and progress. American machinist, Mar. 3, 1932, v. 76: 291.

TJ1.A5, v. 76.

Standardization as an aid to retail merchandising. U. S. Bureau of standards.

Commercial standards monthly, May 1932, v. 8 : 336. HD62.U3, v. 8.

Standardization in the chemical industry ; work of the British standards institution. Chemical age (London) Jan. 11, 1936, v. 34: 30. TP1.C33, v. 34.

Standardization work in photography [of the American Standards Association].

Science, n. s., v. 88, Oct. 7, 1938 : 319. Q1.S35, n. s., 1. 1. 88.
262 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

Standards for houses ; reference studies on design and planning. Architectural

record, Mar. 1940, v. 87 : 93-107. NA1.A6, v. 87.

State law index ; an index and digest to the legislation of the States of the United

States enacted during the biennium. 1925-26; 1927-28; 1929-30; 1931-32-

1933-34 ; 1935-36 ; 1937-38. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1929-1940. 7 v. Compiled by the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress, under

the immediate direction of Miss Margaret Stewart.

See each vol. under Weights and measures law.

Stetson, George A. Save time and space with American standard abbreviations.

Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Apr. 1941, v. 12 : 81-83. HD62.A15, v. 12.

Stilliard, M. Huge savings made by British chemical firm ; official reports. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, May 1936, v. 7: 107-109. HD62.A15, v. 7.

Swift, Ernest Haywood. Part i, Preparation of standard solutions, from A

system of chemical analysis. [New York] Prentice-Hall, inc. [

c 1938]. 2 p.

1., 3-149 p. illus., diagrs. 23cm. QD77.S95.

Includes bibliographies.

Swinbank, L. H. How the Imperial chemical industries, ltd., saves through

its standardization program. Industrial standardization and commercial

standards monthly, July 1938, v. 9: 174-175. HF62.A15, v. 9.

Tenney, H. W. How preferred numbers can be applied in a standardization program. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Oct.

1939, v. 10: 265-269. HD62. A15, v. 10.

Toovere, U. [The rationalisation movement in Scandinavia and Germany.]

Konjunktuur (Revel) Sept. 30, 1939, no. 57-58 : 455-463.

Townsend, J. R. Planning for the collection of standardization data. (In

American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1933. Philadelphia,

1934, v. 33, pt. 2, p. 770-785.) TA401.A5, v. 33.

States that careful planning and much preliminary work is necessary to obtain good

data, and discusses two engineering investigations leading to standardization by the

Society, illustrating how this method of planning works out in practice.

Cratman, Edward Ernest Russell. Specifications and standards for public works

engineering ; abstracts of more than 100 specifications for materials and

construction. Supplemented by standard rules and regulations ... Prepared

by E. E. Russell Tratman ... with the cooperation of the editorial staff of

Engineering news-record. New York, N. Y., McGraw-Hill publishing company, inc., 1933. 8 p. 1., 3-180 p. illus. 19% cra

. TA180.T7.

Twenty-four national standardizing bodies. Industrial standardization and

commercial standards monthly, Mar. 1935, v. 6: 69. HD62.A15, v. 6.

Uncle Sam's own Bureau of Standards. Constitution authorized Congress to

fix a standard of weights and measures. Result is one of the greatest

scientific institutions of the world. It cooperates with industry in the

realm of standardization and points the way to progress in many activities.

Sphere, v. 16, July 1935 : 29-31. HC101.S6, v. 16.

U. S. Congress. House. H. R. 6652, a bill to aid consumers in setting up standards

of quality based on performance as a guide in the purchasing of consumers

goods. Introduced by Mr. Boren, June 5, 1939. Washington, Govt, print,

off., 1939. 4 p.

U. S. Bureau of labor statistics. Transfer of safety-code work from Bureau

of standards to American standards association. Its Monthly labor review,

Sept. 1933, v. 37: 581-582, HD8051.A78, v, 37.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 263

U. S. Library of Congress. Division of Bibliography. Bibliography on standardization. Compiled by Anne L. Baden under the direction of the Chief Bibliographer. (In U. S. National Bureau of Standards. Standards yearbook, 1928,

p. 353-372.)

Supplement. Standards yearbook 1929, p. 387-392.

Supplement. Standards yearbook, 1930, p. 271-281.

Supplement. U. S. National Bureau of Standards. Miscellaneous publication no. 136. 19 p. Supplement. Standards yearbook, 1933. p. 231-244.

QC100.U57, QC100.U576.

U. S. National bureau of standards:

Annual report of the director. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off.,

1903-date. QC0O.U55.

Circular. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1903-date. QC 100.U555.

Commercial standards and their value to business. 3d ed. Washington,

U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. 22 p. Commercial standards monthly. A review of progress in commercial standardization and simplification ... v. [l-]9. [April 15, 1925-] June 1933. Washington [U. S. Govt, print, off., 1925-]33. 9 v. in. 2. 31cm HD62.U3.

No more published.

Issued by the Bureau of standards as a mimeographed bulletin, April 15. 1925 to June 15, 1929 ; as a printed magazine, July 15, 1929-June 1933. Nos. 1 to 51. "April 15,

1925 to June 15, 1929 were arbitrarily assigned as volumes 1 to 5 of this series. Title varies : no. 1-45, April 15, 1925-Dec. 15, 1928, Monthly news bulletin ... no. 46-49,

Jan. 15—April 15, 1929, Commercial standards monthly. Monthly news bulletin of

commercial standardization group, Bureau of standards ... no. 50-51, May 15-June

15, 1929, Commercial standards monthly ... July 1929—June 1933, Commercial standards

monthly. A review of progress in commercial standardization and simplification ...

List of commercial standards : publications of the National bureau of

Standards : revised to Jan. 1, 1940. Washington, D. C, 1940. 5 p. Processed.

List of publications of interest to the general public: revised to May 1,

1940. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. 26 p. Processed.

Journal of research. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1928-date, QC1.U52.

... Legal weights per bushel for various commodities. (Issued January 9,

1940) Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. ii, 12 p. incl tables. 23 cm

. (Circular of the National bureau of standards C425.) QC100.U555, no. 425;

QC89.U5A215, 1940.

At head of title : U. S. Department of commerce, Harry L. Hopkins, secretary.

National bureau of standards. Lyman J. Briggs, director ... This Circular supersedes the fourth edition of Circular CIO, issued in 1924, and

the bushel lists published in the appendix to the third edition of NBS Miscellaneous

publication M20, issued in 1926."—Pref., p. ii. Weights and measures publications of general interest. April 1, 1987.

Washington, D. C, 1937. 5 p. Mimeographed.

Miscellaneous publications. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1918-

date. QC100.U57.

Model state law on weights and measures adopted by the National confer

ence on weights and measures and recommended by the National bureau

of standards. Washington, D. C, 1940. 46 p. Processed.

Research paper. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1928-date.

National conference on weights and measures Report of the 29th National

conference on weights and measures attended by representatives from various

States, held at the National Bureau of standards, Washington, D. C, June

6-9, 1939. Washington, TJ. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. 148 p. (Miscellaneous

publication M164) QC100.U57, M64).
264 Miscellaneous Publications, National Bureau of Standards

... National directory of commodity specifications, classified and alphabetical

lists and brief descriptions of specifications of national recognition ... [Rev.

ed.] Prepared by Clarence W. Ingels under the direction of A. S. McAllister,

chief of the Division of specifications. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off.,

1932. vi, 548 p. 27%cm

. (Miscellaneous publication M130). QC100.U57,

No. 130; HF1041.U6, 1932.

On cover : TJ. S. Department of commerce. Bureau of standards. Directory of

specifications. 1932. M130.

"(Supersedes Miscellaneous publication, no. 65)"

The work was carried out under the joint auspices of the National bureau of

standards and the Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce, cf. Letter of submittal,

p. iii..

... Services of the National bureau of standards to the consumer. [Washington, U. S. Govt. prtg. off., 1937]. cover-title, 27 p. illus. 27cm QC100.U58,

1937.

Simplified practice ; its purpose and application. Washington, D. C, April

15, 1940. 16 p. Processed.

Simplified practice recommendations. Washington, TJ. S. Govt, print, off.,

1922-date. QC100.U575.

Standards and specifications for building and construction materials, fixtures, supplies and equipment : revised to November 20, 1940. Washington,

D. C, November 20, 1940. 14 p. Processed.

... Standards yearbook, 1927 [-1933] ::: Washington, U. S. Govt, print,

off., 1927-33. 7 v. plates, tables. 23y2 cm

. (Miscellaneous publications, M77,

M83, M91, M106, M119, M133, M139.) QC100.U57; QC100.U576.

Compiled by the Bureau of standards.

... Technical news bulletin ... Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1925-date.

v. 241/2 cm

. monthly. T1.U45.

Previously issued in mimeographed form, the first 26 numbers, issued between Dec.

1917, and June, 1919, were entitled Confidential bulletin.—Monthly catalogue United

States public documents, May 1925, p. 817.

U. S. National youth administration. Standards. By C. M. Wiltse. Washington,

U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. 48 p. (Modern world at work, no. 2).

T7.U6, no. 2.

References are given.

U. S. Superintendent of documents:

Federal specifications, federal standard stock catalog. List of publications

relating to above subjects for sale by the Superintendent of Documents.

Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. 38 p. (Price list 75-7th edition).

Z1223.A191, no. 75. Z7914.A22U65.

Standards of weight and measure, tests of metals, cement and concrete,

iron, electricity, clays, photography. List of publications relating to above

subjects for sale by the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government printing office, Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1940. 100 p. (Price list 64-26th edition). Z1223.A191, no. 64. Z7144.W4U6.

U. S. War dept. Standards division. Planning branch. Army specification

guide, 1941. Washington, U. S. Govt, print, off., 1941.

Contains valuable information for those who are concerned with national defense.

Copies may be obtained from the Standards Division, Planning Branch, Office of

the Under Secretary of War, Washington, D. C.

Wainwright, D. B. The value of specifications to industry. Standardization

of specifications has been a major factor in attaining industrial leadership.

U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Nov. 1931, v. 8: 135-137. HD62.U3, v. 8.
Standardization Activities of Organizations 265

Waite, Warren Cleland. The consumer and the economic order, by Warren C.

Waite ... and Ralph Cassady, jr. ... 1st ed. New York and London, McGrawHill book company, inc., 1939. x, 389 p. incl. tables, diagrs. 23V2 cm

. HB801.W24.

See Index under Standardization.

Warwick, C. L. American society for testing materials and the national defense program. American society for testing materials. Bulletin, no. 107,

Dec. 1940: 5-6. TA401.A68, no. 107.

Whitehead, Thomas N. Planning standardized components to secure variety in

products. Harvard business review, Apr. 1932, v. 10: 257-268. HF5001.H3,

v. 10.

Whitkin, Z. Engineering analysis of five-year plans for Russian rehabilitation;

rationalization program for future construction. Engineering news, Aug.

30, 1935, v. 113 : 272-275. TA1.E6, v. 113.

World power conference. Central office. A survey of the present organization

of standardization, national and international. London, The Central office

of the World power conference, 1936. viii, 55, [1] p. 26% cm

. T59.W6.

Deals with national organization of standardization in thirty-three countries

;

organizations in each country are described and their functions explained.

Wiister, Eugen. Grundziige der sprachnormung in der technik, von dr.-ing.

Eugen Wiister ... Berlin, VDI-verlag, 1934. 4 p. 1., 92 p. diagrs. (part fold.)

21cm. P41.W8.

"Vorliegendes buch ist eine verkleinerte und stellenweise erganzte ausgabe meines

1931 erschienenen buches 'Internationale sprachnormung in der technik, besonders in

der elektrotechnik'."—Vorwort.

Wyand, Charles Samuel:

The economics of consumption ... New York, The Macmillan company, 1937.

xiii, 565 p. diagrs. 22cm. HB801.W9.

Consumer standards : chapter 11. Deals with the need for standards, commercial

objections to consumer standards, existing governmental standards, existing commercial standards, and the changing seller. Must buying standards be technical? Consumers digest, v. 1, Mar. 1937:

67-72. TX1.C6, v. 1.

Young, Lieut. Col. William C. Materials standards in national preparedness.

American society for testing materials. Bulletin, no. 105, Aug. 1940: 17-22.

TA401.A68, no. 105.

Deals with planning to reduce the time factor, production and educational orders,

production studies, economics, munitions, industrial mobilization, standards for

materials.

Zimmerman, R. E. Standardization in the steel industry. Industrial standardization and commercial standards monthly, Sept. 1940, v. 11: 242-244.

HD62.A15, v. 11.

INDEX

Abbreviations and letter symbols for

science and engineering 16, 200

Abdominal packs, specifications 26

Abrasive clotb 13

Grain Association 13

grain sizes —_ 13, 113

Paper & Cloth Manufacturers' Association 13

wheels, safety code for the use, care and protection 113

Abrasive-coated products 13

Accepted foods and their nutritional

significance (book) 48

Accident prevention in construction,

manual of (AGC) 78

statistics, standardization of methods of recording and compiling- 127, 175

Accidents, industrial 126

prevention of, railroad 86

Accounting system for cities 127

Accounts, railway 57

Acetylene equipment 164

Acids, fastness to 19

Acoustical devices 190

measurements 14

Society of America 14

Acoustics _ 14

Acrylic denture resin 29

Adapters, adjustable, for multiple

spindle drilling heads 168

Adapters, cylinders, and rotating 167

Administrative requirements for building codes 93

Advertising, food products 47

sign, standardization 177

Advisory Committee on Ultimate Con- sumer Goods, ASA 2o,

37, 135, 148, 157, 174

Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce

of America 14, 199

Aeronautics 61

Aggregate for concrete, specifications- 176

Aggregates, coarse 159, 176, 178

concrete 177

mineral 176, 178

Agitators, operation 171

Agricultural Insecticide & Fungicide

Association 15

machines 59

products, chemical analysis 90

tractors 59

Air compressors 98

Conditioning & Refrigerating Machinery Association 15

conditioning 15, 164, 180

standards 63, 115

coolers 63

cooling systems 164

corps, War Department 15

heaters 22

Hygience Foundation of America 166

infiltration through windows, tests. 137

standard methods for examination. 56

Aircraft 12

engines 14

Fuel systems, flow characteristics 199

materials and parts 199

standards 199

Airframes 12

Airplanes 12

Airplane tires 210

Airport, concrete for 188

Page

Alfalfa 79

Alkalies, fastness to 19

All-clay porcelain plumbing fixtures 146

Alloy, cast nickel copper 117

steel 45

Alloys, copper 58

dental amalgam 28

impurities 183

nonferrous, foundry 182

wrought gold 28

Aluminum 15

conductors, hard drawn 42

methods of sampling 16

Research Institute 15

Secondary 15

tubes, sizes 97

Amateur Athletic Union of the

United States 16

American Association for the Ad- vance of Science 16, 118

American Association of Cereal Chemists 16, 59, 182

Medical Milk Commissions 17, 96

Nurserymen 17

Port Authorities 17

State Highway Officials 18,

59, 70, 142, 170

Textile Chemists & Colorists 18

University Women 20

American Automobile Association 20, 155

Bakers Association 21

Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association 21

Boiler Manufacturers Association &

Affiliated Industries 22

Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages- 23, 103

Brush Manufacturers Association 24

Bureau of Shipping 24, 71

Bureau of Welding 108

Ceramic Society 25, 58, 133

Chemical Society 25, 105, 163

College of Surgeons 28

Concrete Institute 27, 154, 171

Concrete Pipe Association 28

Cranberry Exchange 28

Dental Association 28

Dental Trade Association 29

Drug Manufacturers Association 29

Dry Milk Institute 30

Electro-Platers' Society 30

Engineering Council 155

Feed Manufacturers' Association 31, 79

Foundrymens association 25,

31, 58, 104, 133, 166

Fruit & Vegetable Shippers' Association 125

Gage Design Committee 32

Gas Association 33, 89, 95, 124

Gear Manufacturers Association - 35

Gem Society 36

Glassware Association 36

Gum Importers Association, Inc 36

Home Economics Association — 37

Hospital Association 37, 39

Hot Dip Galvanizers Association 38

Hotel Association of the United

States and Canada 39

Institute of Architects Department

of Technical Services 27, 39, 140

Institute of Baking 40

Institute of Bolt, Nut and Rivet

Manufacturers . 40

Institute of Chemical Engineers 41

Institute of Consulting Engineers— 41

267
268 Index

American Automobile Association— Page

Continued.

Institute of Electrical Engineers 41,

52, 108, 128

Institute of Homeopathy 42

Institute of Laundering 42, 125

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 43

Institute of Refrigeration 43, 63

Institute of Steel Construction 44

Iron and Steel Institute 45, 137

Leather Belting Association 45

Leather Chemists Association 46

Lighting Equipment Association 46

lumber standards 11, 167

Match Manufacturers' Association. 46

Meat Institute 47

Medical Association, Chemical Laboratory 47

Council on Foods 47

Council on Industrial Health 48

Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry 49

Council on Physical Therapy 51

Merchant Marine Institute 25

Mining Congress 52

Municipal Association 93, 168

Mutual Alliance 155

Oil Chemists Society 52, 182

Optometric Association 53

Paper & Pulp Association 53, 88

Petroleum Institute 24,

53, 62, 71, 91, 111, 124

Pharmaceutical Association 55, 98, 134

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association 30, 55

Public Health Association 26. 55. 69, 90

Public Works Association 56, 171

Railway Bridge & Building Association 56

Railway Car Institute 84

Railway Engineering Association 27,

57, 70, 131

Refractories Institute 58, 133

Road Builders' Association 58, 60

Society of Aeronautic Engineers 197

Agricultural Engineers 59

Bakery Engineers 59

Civil Engineers 27, 44, 59

Heating & Ventilating Engineers- 60,

63, 74, 119, 159

Mechanical Engineers 40,

45, 61, 111, 127, 159

Metals 62

Municipal Engineers 56

Refrigerating Engineers 63

Safety Engineers 118

Sanitary Engineering 63

Society for Testing Materials 5

Specification Institute 64

Spice Trade Association 64

standards 3

Standards Association 3, 8

Sugar Cane League 64

Transit Engineering Association 64, 155

Trucking Associations 65

Trudeau Society 179

Uniform Boiler Law Society 23

Veneer Package Association 66

Veterinary Medical Association 67

Vitrified China Manufacturers Association 67

Walnut Manufacturers Association- 67

Warehousemen's Association 67

Washer & Ironer Manufacturers' Association 68

Water Works Association 26, 68, 72, 95

Waxed Paper Association 69

Welding Society 44, 70, 108, 192

Wood-Preservers' Association 72

Zinc Institute 73

Ammonia compressors 15

Amplifiers, phonograph 190

Analysis of sulfated oils 46

Anesthetic gases and oxygen 164

Animal oils 182

Annual Congress on Industrial Health. 48

Municipal Report 127

Page

Annular ball bearings 75

Antennas, radio 122

Anthracite coal 74

Industries, Inc '. 73

Institute _ 74

Anthropology 172

Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers

Association 74

Appalachian Hardwood Manufacturers, Inc 75

Apparatus, electrical 42

tests and performance 162

industrial control 42, 161

mechanical power transmission,

safety code 61

motor fire 138

nonmedicinal 51

physical therapy 51

scientific 196

standard sizes and shapes 26

Apple-grading law, standard 125

growers Association 75

wraps 75

Apples, grades and standards 75

Appliances, fire extinguishing 153

counter, gas 34

gas 33

ice using 144

oilburning, pot-type 120

Approval equipment (pamphlet) 78

gas requirements 34

seals, gas appliances 34

tag of IES 118

Aprons, concrete, specifications 189

Arc-welding electrodes 70

Architectural specifications 64

Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau 76

Army-Navy standards (aircraft) 199

Aromatic Red Cedar Closet Lining

Association 76

Arresters, lightning, standards 42

Artificial leather 121

Arts, graphic 61

Aspen lumber 185

Asphalt grades 76

Institute . 76

Roofing Industry Bureau 77

roofing products 77

Asphaltic road materials, liquid 76

Associated Cooperage Industries of

America 77

Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Inspection Department— 78

General Contractors of America,

Inc 78

Rag Industries 150

Association of American Battery

Manufacturers 79

American Feed Control Officials,

Inc 31, 79, 158

American Railroads : Bureau of Explosives 80, 121

Engineering Division, Electrical Section 80

Engineering Division, Signal

Section 81

Freight Claim Division 82

Freight Container Bureau 82, 166

Joint Committee On Grade

Crossing Protection 82

Mechanical Division 83

Electrical Section, Mechanical Division 84

Operating-Transportation Division 85

Operating-Transportation Division, Fire and Insurance

Section 85

Operating-Transportation Division, Medical and Surgical

Section 86

Operating-Transportation Division, Operating Section 86

Operating-Transportation Division, Protective Section 86

Operating-Transportation Division, Safety Section 86
Index

Association of American Battery Man- Pa£*

ufacturers—Continued.

American Feed Control Officials, Inc.—Continued.

American Railroads—Continued.

Operating-Transportation Division, Telegraph and Telephone Section 86

Purchases and Stores Division 87

American Wood Pulp Importers 88

Casualty and Surety Executives 156

Edison Illuminating Companies 88, 123

Electragists, International 160

Gas Appliance & Equipment Manufacturers 33, 89

Iron & Steel Electrical Engineers- 89

Lift Truck & Portable Elevator

Manufacturers 89

Manufacturers of Chilled Car

Wheels 90

Official Agricultural Chemists of

North America 79

Official Agricultural Chemists 90, 163

Official Seed Analysts 90

Pyroxylin Coated Fabric Manufacturers 121

Refrigerated Warehouses 91

Roller & Silent Chain Manufacturers 91

Astronomy 172

Athletic sports 16

Audiometers 14

Automatic block signaling systems 81

crossing gates, railway 83

sprinkler systems 151

Automobile Club of Southern California 155

fire apparatus 164

Manufacturers Association 91

Automotive industry 197

lighting and signaling equipment— 194

radio equipment 190

Aviation lighting 117

Awning, definition of terms 154

Axial fans 141

Axles 45

airplane 210

passenger car, railway 84

Steel 83

B

Bacon, sliced, cartons 47

Bagging classification 150

Bags, paper (all kinds) 186

paper, millinery 174

Bakery equipment 59

Baking industry 21

Ball bearings 61, 74

Ballast, concrete 189

railway 57

Balling, specifications 17

Balls, golf 214

Balsam fir 183, 185

Bands, strip steel 38

Barley 79

Barrel heading, slack and tight 77

Barrel law, standard 125

standard, for fruits and vegetables- 77

staves, slack, tight 77

Barrels, lime, standardization 77

pork 77

slack 77

steel 204

Bars, carbon steel 45

reinforcing, plain and deformed 100

steel, marking 147

steel rail 191

Baseball 16

Baseplate wax 29

Basket act, standard 125

Basketball 16, 151

Baskets 203

veneer 66

Battelle Memorial Institute 120, 134

Batteries 225

primary and secondary 107

storage 42, 79

201072°—41 18

269

Page

Battery-charging motor generators 119

Battleship linoleum 129

Bearing lock nuts and washers 75

Bearings, ball 61

ball, annular 75

thrust 75

Bed springs 139

Bedding 37

Beds, hospital 38

Bedsheets 37, 39, 103

Bedsteads 139

Beech flooring 133, 169

Beef trolleys 47

Beer bottles, standardization 112

Bell Telephone System 208

Belt drives 138

Belting, leather 45

leather, vegetable-tanned 46

Belts, transmission 193

Beverage bottle dimensions 23

Bicycle tires and tubes 210

Binders board 92

Binders Board Manufacturers Association 107

Biological products, standard methods. 56

standardization 67

Biological stains 98

Biology 172

Birch flooring 133, 169

Biscuit flours 17

Bismuth preparations 47

Bituminous roofing materials 76

waterproofing materials 58, 76

Black plate 45

Black-walnut lumber 67

Blackboard, composition 177

Blades, hacksaw 116

tungsten and high-speed, standard

sizes 114

Blankets, wool and part-wool 150

Blanks, gage 32

Blasting caps 122

Bleached shellac 21, 22

Block and tile, building, concrete 188

Block system devices, railway 81

Blouses, boys' 125

Blower and exhaust systems, fire protection 164

Blower and exhaust systems for dust,

stock and vapor removal 164

Blowers, centrifugal 141

Board, binders 92, 107

building, insulated 123

chip, for bookbinding purposes 92, 107

insulating roof 123

structural insulating 123

Board-rolls, corrugated 174

Boiler construction code, ASME 62

feed water studies 23

laws and rules 151

Boilers, copper 146

heating, fire-box 204

industrial, gas 34

low pressure heating, rating code— 120

magazine, test code 74

range 38

sizes 182

steam 22

steam heating, burning fuel oil 60

steam-heating, stoker-fired, code for

testing 206

steam heating, test codes 60

Boilers and fireboxes 83

Bolt, nut, and rivet proportions 61

Bolts and nuts 38, 40

Bolts, packaging 187

plow 109

Bone-plates, steel 26

Book cloths 92, 107, 120

Manufacturers' Institute 92, 107, 120

Books, composition and memorandum- 187

Bordeaux mixture 15

Bottle cases 23

caps 112, 137

dimensions, beverage 23
270 Index

Page

Bottles 23

beer, standardization 112

carbonated beverage, standardization 103 cream 112

milk, standardization 112

Box board, gage list 169

thicknesses 111, 170

Boxes, fiber 110

light steel 38

match 46

millinery 111

paper 174

veneer 66

wooden, nailed 47, 180, 203

Boxing 16

Brake and brake testing, safety code_ 173

Brake Lining Manufacturers' Association, Inc 92

Brake lining testing machine 92

Brakes, airplane 210

freight 83

Brandy standards 219

Brass ingot 182

items, cast, sanitary 195

pipe nipples 146

Brassieres 102

Breakfast sets, porcelain enamel 188

Brick, fireclay 58

molds, ice cream, sizes 126

pavements 56

paving, vitrified 170

Brick and tile, glazed 113

Bridge construction, specifications 18

Bridges, highway, specifications for

(book) 18

steel for 44

steel railway 57

wood 57

Bronze castings 117

ingot 182

Brooders, gas, electric, coal, or oil, capacity 190

Brown University 19

Brush wheels, dental 29

Brushes, calcimine 24

carbon, graphite and metal graphite- 161

counter 24

paint and varnish 24, 174

radiator 24

window 24

Buckrams for bookbinding purposes— 92,

107, 120

Buff & Polishing Wheel Manufacturers

Association 92

Buffing equipment sanitation code 31

Buffing wheels 92

Builders' hardware 174

Building board, insulating 123

code, recommended 153

requirements for 93

chimneys and heating appli- ances 153

fire extinguishing equipment— 164

fire protection and fire resist- ance 153, 164

iron and steel 45

Building codes, administrative re- quirements o§

Building construction, fire tests 44, 96

exits code 92, 164

laws, uniform 139

materials, fire tests 40

research 230

Officials Conference of America 92, 114

ordinances 02

standards «* steel, fusion welding— , 44

Buildings, railway • »7

school, construction

steel for 44

Bureau of Aeronautics, TJ. S. Navy 15

Agricultural Chemistry and Engineering 15°

Marine Inspection and Navigation - 71, 102, 121, 132, 158

Burial vaults, concrete 154

Page

Burlapping, specifications 17

Burners, domestic 73

gas conversion 34

oil, automatic mechanical draft 185

Bushings, jig 167

Busses, refrigerated 63

Bus tires and tubes 210

Butane 181

Cabinets, fire insulated 194

kitchen, porcelain enamel 188

kitchen, steel 205

Cables and wires, insulated 80, 88, 161

Cables, electric, insulated, metallic

coverings 123

electric, ozone resistant type insulation 123

lead-covered, impregnated paperinsulated 89, 123

parkway, rubber insulated 123

power, rubber insulated 123

signal 128

varnished cambric insulated 123

Cafeteria chinaware 173

Cake, cottonseed 158

ice, sizes 63

peanut oil 79

Calcimine brushes 24

Calcium Chloride Association 93

California Fruit Exchange 93

Olive Association 93

Redwood Association 94

Ripe Olive Standardization Act 94

Walnut Growers Association 94

Canadian Department of Agriculture- 91

Engineering Standards Association. 161,

19i

Cane, sugar 64

Canned fruits 94

goods, labeling 142, 157

peas, sizes 153

Canners League of California 94

Canning industry 153

Machinery and Supplies Association. 94

Cans, fruits and vegetables, dimensions 153

ice cream, tinned steel 126

lard 47

light sheet iron 38

tin, sizes 95

Capacitors, standards 42

Cap screws : 214

Caps, blasting 122

bottle 112

milk bottle 137

Carbon and alloy steel castings 117

Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems- 164

steel bars 45

Carboys, glass, boxed 132

Car loading rules 85

sizes, elevator : 162

wheels, chilled 90

Carpet, cork 129

Cars, coal mine, specifications 52

freight, designs of light-weight 84

railroad, standard designs 84

tank 84

tank, chlorine 96

Cartons, bacon, sliced 47

ice cream, sizes 126

lard 47

sausage 47

Cartridges, metallic 203

Cases, bottle 23

wooden 180

Cast brass items, sanitary 195

iron, nickel-base austenitic 117

Iron Pipe Research Association 95

Iron Pressure Pipe Institute 95

iron radiators 120

sanitary enamelware 196

water pipe 95

nickel copper alloy 117

stone >- 27
Index

Page

Castings, bronze 117

carbon and alloy steel 117

cast iron 38

die, zinc base alloy 73

gray-iron 117, 131

iron and steel 83

malleable 38, 130

Catalog sizes 148

Catalysis 173

Cellulose Plastics Manufacturer's Association 95

Cement-bound macadam pavement 188

Cement, portland 188

Cement-stave silo 149

Cement stucco, portland 27

Cements, silicate 28

zinc phosphate 28

Central Committee on Lumber Standards 11, 60, 79, 139

Centrifugal blowers 141

fans 141

pumps 117

Cedar, incense lumber 218

Ceramics 25, 173

Cereal chemistry 17

laboratory methods (book) 17

Cereals 16

Certification of janitor supplies 177

plan for rail steel bars 191

Certified heating standards 116

milk 17,96

Milk Producers Association of

America (Inc.) 96

oak flooring 169

residential luminaries 46

Chain hoists 114

Institute, Inc 96

malleable 130

Chains, roller, transmission 36

roller and silent 91

sizes 96

Chairs, folding and portable 177

Chalk 103

Chamber of Commerce of the United

States of America 96

Chamois wheels 29

Checks, guest, restaurant 39, 173

Cheesecloth 47

Chemical analysis for foods, drugs,

and agricultural products 90

Foundation 19

technology 172

Chemicals 25

textile industry 18

Chemistry 172

cereal 17

Cherries, grades and standards 75

Chests, burglary resistive 194

Chilled car wheels 90

Chimney construction, ordinance 153

China plumbing fixtures, vitreous 217

vitrified 67

Chinaware, cafeteria and restaurant— 173

hospital 38

hotel 39

Chip board 92, 107

Chlorine Institute, Inc 96

tank cars 96

Chucks and chuck jaws for turret

lathes and automatic lathes 168

Cinematography 200

Circuit breakers, oil 89

Civil Aeronautics Authority 210

service law, State 168

Claims, freight 82

Classification of coats 52, 74, 154

material, standard 87

scrap, standard 87

tuberculosis 180

vessels 24

Clay and silt in sand determination 176

Clay pipe 97

Products Association 97

products, structural 206, 229

Sewer Pipe Association 97

tile, structural 206

271

Page

Clays, foundry, testing and grading— 31

Cleaners, vacuum 216

Cleaning compounds, standard for- mulas — 141

Closet lining, aromatic red-cedar 76

Cloth, abrasive 13

tags 207

wire, Fourdrinier 219

Clothes, childrens, standard sizes 157

dryers, gas 34

Cloths, wiping 196

Coal 43

anthracite „ 74

handling equipment, outside 52

mine cars, specifications 52

mine tracks, signal and switches— 52

tar disinfectant 145

Coal-burning stoker equipment 206

Coals, classification 52, 74, 154

Coarse aggregates 159, 176, 178

Coating, zinc 73

Code, boiler construction, ASME 62

buffing equipment, sanitation 31

building exits 92

domestic boilers 74

electric meters 88

fire protection 153, 164

foundry 31

grinding 31

heating 60

heating and ventilating 60

identification of gas-mask canisters- 175

metal cleaning 31

oil-heater rating tests 120

plumbing 63

polishing 31

pressure piping 72

protection against lightning 42,128

safety 3

tractor testing and rating 59

unfired pressure vessels 62

vehicle uniform 20

Codes and specifications 234

Coils, refrigerator 38

Coke 43

Cold-rolled strip steel 45

storage vaults 44

Collapsible Tube Manufacturers Association 97

Color card of American standard 209

United States Army 209

chart for milk bottle caps 137

fastness of cotton and linen fabrics- 141

marking for anesthetic-gas cylinders 38

specifications 124

standards, raw silk 144

Colored textiles, fastness 19

Colorimetry 185

Colors for bathroom and kitchen ac- cessories 174

used in fluorescent tubing 177

paint, standardization 177

school furniture 177

standard 209

water, standard 103

Columbia University 44. 99

Combustible fibers 164

solids 153

Combustion engines, internal 124

Commercial feeds 31

refrigerating equipment, rating 63

Refrigerator Manufacturers Association 98

soaps 26

standardization 232

standards 233

stokers, test code 74 veneer 217

Commission on Standardization of

Biological Stains 98

Commodity data sheets (book) 148

Commodity Exchange, Inc 144

Communications systems, municipal 128

Compartments, ice, refrigerator 44

Compounds, impression 28
272 Index

Page

Compressed Air Institute 98

air machinery, safety code for 61, 175

cork 102

Gas Manufacturers Association 97,

99, 124

gases, safe transportation 97

Compressors, air 98 ammonia 15

Concrete aggregates ~_ 177

airport, road, and street pavement 188

building block and tile 188

burial vaults 154

floors 27

floor finishes 189

industrial buildings and garages 189

inspection, manual of (ACI) 27

Masonry Association 28

masonry units 27, 154

mixers and pavers 78

pavement 27, 56

pipe ' 28

ready mixed 171

reinforced 27

Reinforcing Steel Institute 99 sewer pipe 27

sewers, monolithic 27

shore protection 188

sidewalks 27, 188

silos 27

staves 27

structures for flood control 188

volume studies 93

Concrete and reinforced concrete, re- port 190

standard 28

Condenser section standards 115

Condensers, Freon-12 15

Conditioning, air 15

Conductors, aluminum, hard drawn 42

copper, standard sizes 160

copper-type, on overhead power

lines 101

Conduits 80

Cones, felt 29

Consolidated Freight Classification

Committee 110

Construction industry, safety 60, 175

safety 78

steel 44

Consumer education service 37

goods 20

goods standardization 37

Container boards, gage list of 169

standards 204

Containers, fiber 110

freight 82

fruits and vegetables 166

glass 95, 137, 171

milk size 109

paper 129

paper, round-nesting 126

robbery resistive 194

spice 84

standardization 67, 111

steel 204,206

steel, light 38

Contracting Plasterers International

Association 100

Contractors Pump Bureau 78

Conveyors and conveying machinery,

safety code 61, 156

Cook stoves 74

Cooking & Heating Appliance Manufacturers 74

Coolers, air 63

meat 98

milk 63

water, drinking 63

Cooling tower lumber 94

Cooper wire nails 101

Cooperage 47

Copper alloys 58

boilers 146

conductors, standard sizes 160

pipe nipples 146

Wire Engineering Association , 101

& Brass Research Association 100

Page

Copper-type conductors on overhead

power lines ioi

Corn 79

standard quality 105

Cordage, hard fiber 102

Institute ioi

Cork carpet 129

Composition Manufacturers! Association 102

compressed 102

Institute of America 102

Insulation Manufacturers Association. 102

life preservers 102

Marine Goods Manufacturers Association 102

pipe covering, molded 102

ring buoys 102

sheets for ring life buoys 102

Stopper Manufacturers Association- 102

Tile Manufacturers Association— 102

Corrosion in refrigerating plants 63

investigations 134

iron and steel 62, 204

Corrugated board rolls 174

fiber boxes and containers 110, 174

galvanized culverts l42

Corset & Brassiere Association of

America 102

Cotton Duck Association-^ 102

fabrics 102

rags, classification 150

Textile Institute 102, 154

textiles, hospital and institutional- 38

Thread Institute 103

Cottonseed cake 158

meal 158

methods of analysis 53

products 79, 157,182

Counter appliances, gas 34

brushes 24

Couplings, hose, standardization of 153

Courts, basketball, lighting of 151

Coverings, metallic for insulated elec- tric cables 123

Cracker flours 17

Cranberries 28

Cranes, derricks, and hoists, safety

codes 61

traveling, electric overhead 89, 107

traveling, rules for safe operation

of 89

Crates 47, 181,203

Crayon, Water Color & Craft Insti- tute 103

Cream bottles 112

Crepe paper 158

Cresylic disinfectant 145

Cross ties 73, 192

Crown Manufacturers Association of

America 103

Crucible Manufacturers' Association- 104

Crucibles, plumbago, dimensions of 32, 104

Crude glycerine- 53

Crushed stone 159

Culverts, corrugated galvanized 142

Cup caps, ice cream, sizes of 126

Cupola refractories 58

Cups, ice cream, sizes of 126

Curbs 56

Cut tacks 174

Cutters 36

glass, tests 112

milling 135

milling, nomenclature, diameters,

and thicknesses 167

Cutting tools, metal 135

single-point, definitions 168

Cylinders and adapters, rotating 167

Cylinders, anesthetic-gas, color marking 38

Cylinders for storing compressed

gases 124

Cypress lumber 165

Cypress lumber for freight cars and

locomotives 165
Index 273

D Page

Dairy equipment 104

Industries Supply Association, Inc_ 104,

126

products, methods of examination- 56

Deaerator heater section standards 115

Decorating and painting standards 186

Deep-well turbine pumps 117

Definitions, electrical terms 42, 80

gear 36

Dental amalgam alloys 28

brush wheels 29

cone socket mirrors 29

hypodermic needles 29

lathe grinding wheels 29

materials — 28

mercury 28

research 224

Denture rubber 28

Dermatology 49

Derricks, cranes, and hoists, safety

codes 61

Desserts, frozen, methods of analysis- 56

Detergents 228

Devices, accoustical 190

fire protection, testing and approval- 78

nonmedicinal 51

weighing and measuring 155

Diagnostic standards 179

Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers

Association 104

Dictionary of paper 53

Dies and molds 202

Dies, metal 135

Diesel Engine Manufacturers' Association 104

Dimensions, beverage bottle 23

Dinette sets, porcelain enamel 188

Dip tanks 164

Discus 16

Dishes, disinfection 56

Disinfectants 145

Distilled Spirits Institute, Inc 105

Domestic burners 73

gas ranges 34

Doors, file-storage-room, fire insulated- 194

fir, grading rules 110

wood 160

Dough mixers, high speed 59

Douglas fir 218

Douglas Fir Plywood Association 105

Douglas fir pressure treatment 73

Draft gears 84

hoods, gas 34

Drainage of coal mines 52

Drain tile 27, 28, 97

Drawings and drafting room practice,

standards 201

Dressings, first-aid, packaging of unit- 119

surgical* classification 26

surgical, sizes 27

Dress patterns 37, 125

Drill fittings, diamond core 104

Drilling equipment, oil country 53

Drills 135

twist 136, 168

Drinking-water coolers 63

Drives for transmission of power 138

Driveways, concrete, specifications 189

Drop Forging Association 106

Drugs 42,55

chemical analysis 90

standardization 29

Drums, steel 204

Dry cells 225

tests 107

Dry cleaning 164

dyeing 164

milk 30

Dryers, clothes, gas 34

hair, gas 34

Ducks, cotton 102

Dumbwaiters, safety code 40, 61

Dust explosions, safety code for pre- vention 164

explosive 153

Page

Dyed or printed rayons, standard

methods 19

silks, standard methods 19

Dyed wool, standard methods 19

Dyeing, dry 164

Dyes 18

Dyestuffs, fastness 19

E

Earth movers, tire and rim equipment 210

Eastern spruce lumber 183, 185

Eaves trough 149

Economics, home 37

Economizers 22

Edison Electric Institute 42, 106

Ejector, steam-jet, standards 115

Elbows, union 131

Electric : flatirons, domestic 106

Fuse Manufacturers Guild 106

hand lanterns for trainmen 88

Hoist Manufacturers Association. 107

incandescent lamps 118

industrial trucks 119

lamps 225

Over-head Crane Institute 107

overhead traveling cranes 89

railway material, packaging 65

ranges, household, test specifications 106

storage water heaters 106

Electrical

welded steel apparatus,

tubing

terminal markm

ings 161

apparatus, tests and performance- 42, 162

devices and materials with relation

to fire and casualty hazards,

standards 213

equipment in buildings, standard

symbols 160

equipment in coal mines, safety rules

for installing and using 52

equipment on railroad cars 85

insulating materials 25

insulation 173

machinery 42

railway materials 80

safety code, national 80, 140

standards 3, 42

terms, definitions 42, 80

Testing Laboratories 36, 46, 118

Electroacoustics 122

Electrochemical Society, Inc 107

Electrodes, arc welding 70 seam welding 192

Electronics 122

Electroplating 30

Electrotypes 125

Elevator car sizes 162

Elevators, portable 89

safety code 40, 61, 162

Employing Bookbinders of America 92,

107, 120

Enamelware, sanitary, cast iron 196

Engelmann spruce lumber 218

Engine tests, fire 153

Engineering Foundation, Welding Research Committee 108

manual 65

mechanical 61

specifications 64

Engines, aircraft 14

combustion, internal 124

diesel 104

Engraving, standards 125

Equipment, automotive 198

bakery 59

dairy 104

fire fighting, in metal mines 164

gas 89

hospital 37

road building 59

Escalators, safety code 40, 61

Estrogenic substances 47

Evaporated Milk Association 109
274 Index

Page

Evergreens, commercial grades 17

Exhaust systems, safety code 126

Exits code, building 92, 164

Explosive dust 153

Explosives, regulations for safe use and handling 122

safe transportation 132

underground blasting 121

Explosives for use in mines 137

Explosives in bituminous coal mines,

recommended practice 138

Explosion, dust (codes) 164

Explosions, dust, safety code for

prevention 164

Extinguishers, fire 151

Extinguishing systems, carbon dioxide. 164

F

Fabrics, cotton 102

cotton and linen, color fastness 141

impregnated, for bookbinding purposes

90,

107, 120

pyroxylin coated 121

standard tests for identifying 141

wool and part-wool 150 woven dress 174 woven elastic 218

Face veneer 217

Facsimile television 190

Factory Mutual Laboratories 78

Fans, centrifugal and axial 141

electric 141, 161

Farm equipment industry 59

Equipment Institute 109

marketing program 181

produts, grades and standards 181

silos 149

Farmers & Manufacturers Beet Sugar

Association 109

Fasteners, paper, steel 137

Fastness of colored textiles 19

dyestuffs 19

Fastness to acids 19

alkalies 19

light 19

perspiration 19

Fatigue in metals 173

Fats 182

refined, methods of analysis 53

Federal Specifications Board 238

Federal Specifications Executive Committee__ 28, 38, 46, 125, 132, 154. 235, 238

Federal specifications, preparatoon 238

Federal Trade Commission 36, 67

Feed, commercial 31

water problems 22

Feeding stuffs, laws and regulations- 79

Feldspar, ground 162

Felt cones 29

wheels 29

Fence, chain-link 38

woven-wire 174

Ferroalloys 45

Fertilizer grades 163

state control laws 162

Fiberboard, insulating 123

Fibre Box Association 109

Fiber boxes and containers 110

Fibers, combustible 164

Files and rasps 174

Files, gold 29

vulcanite 29

File-storage-room doors, fire insulated- 194

Filing devices, fire insulated 194

Fillers for brick and block paving 170

Films, sound and silent 200

Filter gravel 176

Filters, milk 104

Fine Wire Manufacturers' Association- 110

Fir, balsam 183, 185

Door Institute 110

Douglas 218

Douglas, pressure treatment 73

white, lumber 218

Page

Fire alarm systems, municipal 128

apparatus, automobile 164

motor 138

municipal, specifications 153

regulations 151

box heating boilers 204

engine tests 153

extinguishers 151

extinguishing appliances 153

equipment, building code requirements 164

fighting equipment in metal mines- 52, 164

hose coupling screw threads 153

hydrants, specifications 68

insulated safes, chests, vaults, and

doors 194

protection of blowers and exhaust

systems 164

codes 153, 164

devices, testing and approval 78

stream tables 153

surveys of American cities 153

tests of building construction 44

building materials 40

waste, prevention, and protection— 163

Fireboxes and boilers 83

Fireclay brick 58

Fire protection and fire resistance,

building code requirements 164

Fittings and flanges, pipe 116, 131

Fittings and tubing, gas appliance 34

Fittings, lead 128

malleable-iron 131

pipe 61,131

screw 131

wrought-iron and wrought-steel,

sizes of 132

Fixtures, plumbing, hospital 38

residence lighting 46

Flammable liquids 153

Flanges and fittings, pipe ._ 116

Flanges and flanged fittings, bronze- 131

Flat-rolled steel 142

Flatirons, domestic, electric 106

Flood control, concrete structures for_ 188

Floodlighting for railway crossings 83

Floodlights;, specifications 118

Floor finishes, concrete 189

measurements, standard method of- 140

Flooring, hardwood (various species). 169

maple, beech, and birch 133

Floors, concrete 27

Florida State Marketing Bureau 204

Flour 182

oat, tentative definitions 79

Flours, biscuit 17

cracker 17

phospbated 17

Fluorescent tubing, colors used in 177

Folding Paper Box Association of

America 111

Food and Drug Administration 31, 51, 134

Food service equipment industry 39

Foods, accepted, and their nutritional

significance 48

canned, quality labels for 142

chemical analysis 90

Footwear, occupational, performance

requirements for protecting 175

rubber and canvas 193

Forging and hot-metal stamping,

safety code for 175

Forgings, steel 83

tolerances 106

Formed Steel Tube Institute 111

Forms, printing 216

standard for real estate transactions 149

warehouse 67

concrete joist construction floors 100

Foudrinier wire cloth 219

Foundry alloys, nonferrous 182

apprenticeship, minimum standards (book) 165

clays, testing and grading 31

codes 31
Index 275

Foundry alloys, nonferrous—Con. Page

practices, malleable 43

sands, testing and grading 31

Fountains, drinking, sanitary 56 vacuum and float type 190

Freight brakes 83

cars, designs of light-weight 84

claim rule book 82

containers 82

Freon—12 condensers 15

liquid receivers 15

water coolers 15

Fruit & Vegetable Brokers' Association 125

Fruit preserves, standards 171

trees, grades 17

Fruit, canned 94

grade specifications 93

Fryers, hotel and restaurant 34

Fuel and lubricating oils 104

Fuel equipment, pulverized 22

research 54

Fuels 61

gaseous 25

motor 226

Fundamental researches in the basic

sciences 173

Fungicides 15

Furnace pipe and fittings 180

Furnaces, sizes 180

warm-air, test code 74

Furniture, school, colors 177

Fuses 122, 161

electric 106

Fusion welding 70

building steel 44

G

Gage blanks 32

list of box board and container

boards 169

Gages and tools 202

Gages, limit 32

ring 32

thread plug 32

Gages of metal on tubular plumbing

goods 211

Gaging, screw thread 61

Galvanized products, hot-dipped 38

roofing 142

Garage heaters, gas 34

Garden hose 174

walls, concrete 189

Garment cleaning 140

Gas appliance seals of approval 34

approval requirements 34

compressed 99

equipment 89

mask canisters, code for identification 175

pipe, mechanical joints 95

power 61

ranges, domestic 34

service and burner design 226

tubing, flexible 34

welding rods 70

Gaseous fuels 25

Gases, anesthetic 164

compressed, safe transportation 97

electrochemistry 107

hazardous 153

Gaskets, rubber 83

Gasoline, natural 181

Gates, crossing, automatic, railway 83

Gear deflntions 36

geometry 36

lubrication, industrial 36

motors, shaft 36

spur : 36

teeth sizes 36

Gearing nomenclature 36

Gears 35

draft 84

inspection tolerances 36

Gems 36

Geography _ „, , 172

Page

Geology 172

Glass Container Association of

America 95, 103, 111

containers, sizes 95, 137, 171

Cutter Manufacturers Association of

America 112

packaging 186

products 25

safety 3

safety, specifications and methods

of test 156

sand 176

Glasses, sun 207

Glassware, illuminating 36, 118

Glazed Brick & Tile Institute 112 ware 113

Gloves, latex, surgeon's 38

rubber, surgeon's 38

Glycerine, crude 53

Gold files 29

filled articles, marking 193

shell lengths 29

Golds, inlay casting 28

Golf balls 214

Goods, grey 121

Government Research Association 168

Grade-marking of lumber 184

Grades of paper 53

Grains 182

Grain sizes, abrasive 13, 113

Grapes, grade specifications 93

Graphical symbols and abbreviations

for use on drawings 42

Graphic arts 61

Gratings 38

steel, floor 185

Gravel 176

roofing 214

Gray-iron castings 117

Gray Iron Founders' Society, Inc 113

Grease, lubricating 167

Grey goods 121

Grills 38

Grinding code 31

Wheel Manufacturers Association- 113, 127

wheels, dental lathe 29

Grocers' bags 186

Gummed Industries Association 113

Gymnastics 16

Gypsum Association 114

plastering 114

reinforced 114

H

Hacksaw blades 116

Hack Saw Manufacturers Association

of America 114

Hair dryers, gas 34

Hammer throwing 16

Hamper act, standard 125

Hampers 203

Hand Chain Hoist Institute, Inc 114

Hand trucks 47

Handball 16

Handbook of interior wiring design 106

Scientific Societies of the United

States and Canada 172

Society of Automotive Engineers 198

Standards and Engineering Information, RMA 190

welded steel tubing 111

Handbook, metals (ASM) 62

Handles, hickory 116

Hardware items 174, 179

pole-line 38

Hardwood Dimension Manufacturers

Association, Inc 114

flooring 169

lumber 67, 165

paneling 75

Harvard University 135

Hay, grades 165

Hazardous gases 153

Heading, barrel, slack and tight 77
276 Index

Page

Health, industrial 49

Heat Exchange Institute 115

transfer 61

transmission 173

Heaters, garage, gas 34

space, gas 34

oil burning 120

test code 74

unit, gas 34

testing 119

water, electric storage 106

gas 34

specifications for automatic elec- tric storage 161

Heating boilers, fire-box 204

low pressure, rating code 120

Heating codes 60

district, steam in 159

house, installation of conversion

burners 34

installation standards 115

Piping and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association- 115, 131

Standards, certified 116

warm air 164, 180

Hemlock, northern 183

west coast 218

Herbs 64

Hickory Handle Association 116

High pressure steam curing 27

Highway and street lighting 117

bridges, specifications for (book) 18

maintenance 18

materials, standard specifications

for, and methods of sampling and

testing (book) 18

planning 173

sign posts, steel, zinc-coated 39

Highways 58

Hoists, chain . 114

electric 107

Hoists, derricks, and cranes, safety

codes 61

Home economics 37

Home Owners' Loan Corporation 161

Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the

United States 42

Hoods, draft, gas 34

Hoops, coiled elm 77

strip steel 38

Hoppers, flour — 59

Horological Institute of America 116

Hose couplings, standardization 153

garden 174

houses 151

rubber 83

water, wrapped and braided 193

Hosiery 37

lengths and sizes 144

standards and tests 143

women's silk full-fashioned 143

Hospital beds 38

chinaware 38

equipment and supplies 37

minimum standards 26

plumbing fixtures 38

refrigerators 98

Hot-dipped zinc-coated products 38

Hot plates, gas 34

Hot-rolled strip steel 45

Hot-water tanks 182

Hotel chinaware 39

Household electric ranges, test specifications 106

insecticide 145

House piping, gas 34

Hurdle 16

Hydrants, fire, specifications 68

standardization 153

Hydraulic Institute 117

Hydraulics 61

Hydrodynamics 173

Hypodermic needles, dental 29 .

I

Page

Ice cake sizes 44, 63, 144

compartment sizes for domestic re- frigerators 44, 144 cream brick molds and cartons 126

cans, tinned steel 126

cups and cup caps 126

hockey 16

industry 144

latent heat of fusion 43

manufacturing plants, steam-driven,

test code 63

refrigerators 144, 145

Idaho white pine lumber 218

IES lamps 36

tag of approval 118

Illuminating Engineering Society. 36, 46, 117

glasses, nomenclature 118

glassware 36, 118

Glassware Standards Institute 118

Impregnated fabrics 107, 120

Impression compounds 28

Incandescent Lamp Manufacturers'

Association 118

Incense cedar lumber 218

Incinerators, gas 34

Index of ASTM standards 10

Indiana Limestone Institute 118

Industrial accidents 126

control apparatus 42, 161

gas boilers 34

health 49

Hygiene Foundation of America 135

lighting __ 117

Management Society 119

medicine, standard for 26

purchasing—Principles and practices (book ; NAPA) 148

research laboratories of the United

States (publication) 172

Safety Equipment Association 119

Sand 166

Springs 191

standardization (magazine) 5

tires and tubes 210

Truck Statistical Association 119

Unit Heater Association 119

Industries, anthracite 73

Informative labeling 20, 157

Ingot brass 182

Ingot brass and bronze, manual 183

Ingot bronze 182

Inlay casting golds 28

investment 28 waxes 28

Insecticides 15, 145

Institute of American Poultry Industries 120

Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers- 74, 120

Book Cloth and Impregnated Fabrics

Manufacturers 107, 120

Cooking and Heating Appliance Manufacturers 120

Leather Cloth and Lacquered Fabrics

Manufacturers 121

Makers of Explosives 121

Paper Chemistry 53

Radio Engineers 122, 190

Shortening Manufacturers 122

Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association 89, 123

wires and cables for other than tele- phone and telegraph use 80. 88

Insulating board, structural 123

cork _ 102

fiberboard 123

materials, electrical 25

thermal conductivity 135

Insulation Board Institute 123

electrical 173

ozone resistant type, for electric

cables 123

thermal 173

Insulators for electric power lines 80

pin-type 106
Index 277

Page

Interdepartmental Screw Thread Committee 40

Internal Combustion Engine Institute- 124

International Acetylene Association — 124

Apple Association 125

Association of Electrotypers and

Stereotypers 125

Garment Manufacturers 125

Government Labor Officials 43, 125

Ice Cream Manufacturers 126

Industrial Accident Boards and

Commissions 113, 126

Milk Dealers 112, 126

Public Works Officials 56

Testing Materials 5

City Managers' Association 127, 168

Commission on Illumination 118

Council of Scientific Unions 173

critical tables of numerical data,

physics, chemistry, and technology

(7 volumes) 172

Electrotechnical Commission 42, 161

Fire Chiefs Association 128

Municipal Signal Association 127

Seed Testing Association 91

Standards Association 5, 75

Inter-Society Color Council— 8, 55, 118, 124

Interstate Commerce Commission 30,

46, 65, 83, 132

Iowa State College 191

Iron and steel 61

Iron zinc-coated 73

cast, sanitary enamelware 196

gray 113

pipe nipples 146

scrap, classification 150

Ironers, gas heated 34

household 68

J

Jack pipe lumber 185

Janitor supplies, certification of 177

Japanese Raw Silk Intelligence

Bureau 143

Javelin 16

Jewelers' Vigilance Committee 36

Jig bushings 167

Jigs and fixtures 202

Joint Committee on Raw Silk Classification 144

Joist construction, steel, fire resistance

ratings for 205

Joists, steel 205

Journal of Home Economics 37

Jute packing, twisted 211

K

Keyways for holes in gears 36

Kitchen cabinets, porcelain enamel 188

steel 205

tables, porcelain enamel 188

Knit underwear 37

L

Label service of Underwriters' Laboratories 213

Labeling of canned goods 157

informative 20, 157

Laboratories, Industrial Research, of

the United States (publication) 172

Laces, shoe, braided 197

Ladders, safety code for the construction, use, and care of 175

Lamps, electric 225

electrical for signal purposes, simplification 87

IES 36

incandescent, electric 118

portable 118

Lanterns, electric hand, for trainmen- 88

Larch, Douglas fir lumber 218

Page

Lard cans 47

cartons 47

Latent heat of the fusion of ice 43

Latex gloves, surgeon's 38

Lath, metal 136

yarn 101

Lathing specifications 100

Laundering methods 42

Laundry machinery and operation,

safety code for 125, 146

stoves, gas 34

washroom, power, manual of standard practice 43

Laundryowners National Association

of the United States and Canada 42

Law, bond 168

county manager l68

liquor 168

state civil service 168

Laws, building 139

Lead for calking purposes 128

Industries Association 128

fittings 128

pipe, standard for 128

poisoning, standard methods for ex- amination 56

tubes, sizes 97

Leather, artificial 121

belt drives, short center pivoted

motor 45

belting, vegetable-tanned 46

measuring 46

physical tests 46

thicknesses of bag, case, and strap 207

upholstery 207

vegetable-tanned, pH value 46

Legislation, motor vehicle 20

Lehigh University 44, 99

Lespedeza 79

Letter symbols and abbreviations for

science and engineering 42, 200

Life preservers, cork 102

Lift trucks 89

Light, fastness to 19

Lighting and signaling equipment, au- tomotive 194

Lighting, aviation 117

basketball courts 151

equipment, specifications 118

fixtures, residence 46

industrial 117

motor vehicle 117

natural 117

painting in relation to 117

practice 117

residence 117

rural 117

school, recommended practice 118

street and highway 117

studio 200

Lightning arresters, standards 42

code for protection against 42, 128

Rod Manufacturers Association of

the United States of America 128

Lime

40,

166, 206

barrels, standardization 77

plaster 166

stucco 166

Limestone 118

Lime-sulfur solutions 15

Limit gages 32

Linoleum and Felt Base Manufacturers

Association 129

Linoleum, battleship 129

Liquid asphaltic road materials 76

receivers, Freon—12 15

sulfur dioxide, method of analysis 99

Tight Paper Container Association. 129

Liquids, flammable 153

Liquor law 168

Loaded paper shot shells 203

Loading platforms, standard 66

rules, car 85

Locomotive construction 84

tires 83
278 Index

Page 1 Locomotives, coal mine 42

Logs, mahogany 129

Walnut 67

Lowell Textile Institute 19

Low temperature scales 173

Lubricating and fuel oils 104

Lubricating grease 167

Lubrication, gear, industrial 36

Lumber, aspen 185

black-walnut 67

cooling tower 94

cypress, for freight cars and locomotives 165

Douglas fir 218

eastern spruce 183, 185

Engelmann spruce 218

grade-marking 184

hardwood 67

hardwood dimension, grading rules- 114

hardwood, grading 165

Idaho white pine 218

incense cedar 218

jack pine 185

larch, Douglas fir 218

mahogany « 130

northern hemlock 183, 185

northern white pine 183, 185

Norway pine 183, 185

ponderosa pine 218

red cedar 218

red cypress 201

redwood 94

sitka spruce 218

sizes 79

soft pine 76

southern hardwood 201

southern pine 201

standards, American 11, 167

sugar pine 218

tamarack 183, 185

tank stock

94,

201

tidewater red cypress 201

west coast hemlock 218

western red cedar 218

western white spruce 185

white fir 218

Lumber and ties, oak, pressure treat- ment 73

Lumber and timber, softwood 12

Luminaires, residential, certified 46

Lye tables 53

M

Machine Screw Nut Bureau 129

screws 214

tool elements 61

Machinery, canning 94

compressed-air, safety code 61

electrical 42

packaging 186

refrigerating 15

rubber, safety code 127

Machines, agricultural 59

Magazine boilers, test code 74

Mahogany Association 129

Philippine 130

Malleable Chain Manufacturers' Insti- tute 130

Founders' Society 130

foundry practices 43

foundry refractories 130

Malt analysis 17

Research institute — 105

standard quality 105

Management, industrial 119

Manganese Track Society 130

Manual of Accident prevention in con- struction (AGO 78

concrete inspection (ACI) 27

engineering 65

ingot brass and bronze 183

pipe welding, standard 115

preservative treatment of wood 73

purchasing and stores department

(AAR) 87

Manual of Accident prevention in con- Page

struction—Continued.

recommended practice (AAR) 80

recommended practices for railway

engineering and maintenance of

way 57

specifications for the purchase of

hospital equipment and supplies. 38

standard practice (CRSI) 100

standard practice for the power

laundry washroom 43

steel construction 44

steel products 45

water works accounting 69

water works practice 68

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valves and Fittings In- dustry 116, 131

Manufacturing Chemists' Association

of the United States 132

Maple flooring 133, 169

Flooring Manufacturers A ssociation 132

Marble, imported and domestic 145

Marbles, classification 145

Marine engineering 200

oakum 211

valves 131

Marketing program, farm 181

Marking gold filled and rolled gold

articles 193

steel bars 147

Masonry 57

units, concrete 27, 154

walls, concrete 189

Match boxes 46

Matches, safety 46

Material classification, standard 87

Materials, building 39

handbook 148

highway, standard specifications for,

and methods of sampling and

testing (book) 18

refractory 58

Mathematics 172

Mattresses, hospitals and institutions- 38, 139

labeling 139

Meal, cottonseed 158

soybean oil 179

Meat 47

coolers 98

Measurements, acoustical 14

Measurement standards 222

Measures and weights 155, 228

Measuring leather 46

radio noise, methods 106

Mechanical Engineering (publication)- 62

power transmission apparatus, safety code 156

power transmission apparatus, safety code 61

refrigeration, safety code 41, 63

rubber goods 193 saws 29

standards 3

stokers 22

Mechanics, applied 61

Medical remedies, veterinary 67

science 172

standards 49

training 48

Medicine, industrial, standard 26

Mellon Institute of Industrial Research 133, 215

Men's pajamas 37, 125

Mercury arc rectifiers 42

dental 28

preparations 47

Metal and metal products 229

Metal cleaning code 31

Cutting Tool Institute 135

Lath Manufacturers Association 136

mines 52

Paper Fastener Institute 136

Window Institute 137

Metallic cartridges 203

Metallography

43,

204
Index

Page

Metals, fatigue 173

handbook (ASTM) 62

nonferrous, classification 150

Meters, electricity, code 88

Methods of sampling aluminum 16

testing hosiery 143

Michigan State College 93

Milk and Ice Cream Can Institute 126

Milk bottle caps 137

bottles, standardization 112

Cap Statistical Bureau 137

certified 17,96

coolers 63

dry 30

evaporated 109

filters 104

skim, dry 30

Milled rice 193

Millinery paper bags 174

Milling cutters 135

nomenclature, diameters, and thick- nesses 167

Millwork, toxic preservation 160

Mine Inspectors' Institute of America. 137

Mineral aggregates 176, 178

Mines, coal, drainage 52

coal, safety rules for installing and

using electrical equipment 52

metal, fire fighting equipment 52

Minimum live loads allowable for use

in design of buildings 44

standards for hospitals 26

standards of foundry apprenticeship

(book) 165

Mining 43

industry 52

standards 3

Mirror Manufacturers Association 138

Mirrors, dental cone socket 29

plate-glass 37, 138

window-glass 138

Mixer Manufacturers Bureau 78

Mixers, concrete 78

dough, high speed 59

Mixture, Bordeaux 15

Model traffic ordinances 20

Molasses 64

feeding, tentative definitions 79

Molded cork pipe covering 102

Molding, hardwood interior 115

Molds and dies 202

Monolithic concrete sewers 27

Monorail Manufacturers Association- 138

Mortars for unit masonry 206

Mortuary refrigerators 98

Mosaics 179

Motion-picture industry 200

standards 200

Motor and Equipment Association 155

Motor carriers explosives and danger- ous articles tariff 65, 66

Fire Apparatus Manufacturers Association 138

freight classification, national 66

fuel research 91, 199

fuels 226

generators, automatic battery-charging 119

vehicle legislation 20

vehicle lighting 117

vehicles, inspection requirements 156

vision 53

Motorcycle tires and tubes 210

Motors, alternating-current, for main

roll drives 89

commutating-pole mill-type 89

railway 42, 80

shaft, gear 36

syncnronous, for ammonia compressors 63

Multiple V-Belt Drive Association 138

Municipal communications systems 128

Finance Officers Association- 69

fire-alarm systems 128

fire apparatus, specifications 153

report, annual 127

Muslin 47

279

]ST Page

Nailed wooden boxes 47

Nails 38

copper wire 101

small cut 174

National Academy of Sciences 171

Advisory Commission on Vision for

Motor Drivers 53

Aircraft Standards Committee 12, 14

American Wholesale Lumber Association 139

Automatic Sprinkler Association 151

Basketball Committee of the United

States and Canada 151

Battery Manufacturers Association- 79

Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Inspectors 23, 151

Board of Fire Underwriters.. 151, 152, 211

Bureau of Standards—Functions and

activities 221

Canners Association 75, 95, 153

Canvas Goods Manufacturers Association 154

Coal Association 154

Concrete Burial Vault Association- 154

Concrete Masonry Association 154

Conference on Street and Highway

Safety 53, 91, 154

Conference on Uniform Traffic Accident Statistics 21

Conference on Weights and Measures 155

Conservation Bureau 127, 156

Consumer Retail Council. 20, 142, 157, 162

Cottonseed Products Association — 79, 157

Council of American Shipbuilders 25, 158

Council on Compensation Insurance- 127

Crepe Paper Association of America 158

Crushed Stone Association, Inc 158

District Heating Association 159

Door Manufacturers Association,

Inc 159

electrical code 140, 160, 164

Electrical Contractors Association 160

Electrical Manufacturers Association 42, 52, 118, 119, 160

electrical safety code 80

Electric Light Association 88, 106

Elevator Manufacturing Industry,

Inc 162

Fan Manufacturers Association 23

Federation of Textiles 144

Feldspar Association 162

Fertilizer Association 162

Fire Protection Association 17,

24, 69, 128, 129, 151, 163

Formulary 50, 55, 124, 134

Founders Association 164

Gas Engine Association 197

Grease Manufacturers Association- 74

Hardwood Lumber Association 67,

75, 129, 165, 201

Hay Association 165

Industrial Sand Association 166

Institute of Health 134

League of Commission Merchants 125

League of Wholesale Fresh Fruit and

Vegetable Distributors 166

Lime Association 166

Lubricating Grease Institute 167

Lumber Manufacturers Association- 167

Machine Tool Builders Association- 167

motor freight classification 66

Municipal League 168

Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association 168, 201

Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association 169

Paperboard Association 169

Paving Brick Association 170

Petroleum Association 170

Photographic Dealers Association 170

Preservers Association, Inc 171

Ready Mixed Concrete Association— 171

Refrigerator Manufacturers Association 44
280 Index

National Academy of Sciences—Con. Page

Research Council 8, 118, 155, 170, 171

resins handbook 36

Restaurant Association 173

Retail Dry Goods Association 111, 173

Retail Hardware Association 174

Rivers and Harbors Association 18

Safety Council 127, 175

Sand and Gravel Association 159, 165

Scale Men's Association 176

School Supplies and Equipment Association 176

Screw Thread Commission 32

Sign Association, Inc 177

Slag Association 159. 177

Slate Association 178

Soybean Processors Association 179

Supply and Machinery Distributors

Association i 179

Tent and Awning Manufacturers

Association 154

Terra Cotta Society 179

Terrazzo and Mosaic Association 179

Tuberculosis Association 179

Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association 180

Wholesale Hardware Association of

the United States 180

Wooden Box Association 180

National Association of Automobile

Manufacturers - 197

Bedding Manufacturers 139

Better Business Bureaus 36

Bottle Cap Manufacturers 137

Broadcasters 190

Builders Exchanges 139

Building Owners and Managers— 140, 159

Dyers and Cleaners of United States

and Canada 140

Engine and Boat Manufacturers 197

Fan Manufacturers 141, 162

Finishers of Textile Fabrics 141

Flat Rolled Steel Manufacturers— 142

Food Chains 142

Hosiery Manufacturers 143

Ice Industries 44, 63, 144

Ice Refrigerator Manufacturers 144, 145

Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers, Inc 145

Marble Dealers—. 145

Master Plumbers of the United

States 146

Milk Bottle Cap Manufacturers 112

Mutual Casualty Companies— 43, 125, 146

Pipe Nipples Manufacturers 146

Practical Refrigerating Engineers— 146

Printers' Roller Manufacturers 147

Purchasing Agents 147

Railroads and Utilities Commissioners 69, 83

Real Estate Boards 148

Sheet Metal Distributors 149

Silo Manufacturers 149

Taxicab Owners 155

Waste Material Dealers, Inc 149

Wool Manufacturers 150

Natural Gasoline Association of America 181

lighting 117

resins 37

Naval architecture 200

Navy Department 32, 38, 40, 112, 114

Needles, hypodermic, dental 29

Neuropsychiatry 49

New and nonofficial remedies (book)_ 49

New England Council 181

New England Manufacturing Jewelers'

and Silversmiths' Association 193

New York Produce Exchange 182

New York University 44

Nipples, pipe, brass, copper, steel, and

iron

116,

146

Noise, radio, methods of measuring— 106

Nomenclature, gear 36

illuminating glasses 118

Nonferrous foundry alloys 182

Page

Non-Ferrous Hot Water Tank Manufacturers Association 182

Ingot Metal Institute 182

metals classification 150

Nonmedicinal apparatus and device 51

Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers

Assocition 183

Northern Hemlock and Hardwood

Manufacturers Association 183

Pine Manufacturers' Association 184

White Cedar Association 219

white cedar poles 219

white cedar shingles 183

white pine lumber 183, 185

Northwest Canners Association 75

Norway pine lumber 183, 185

Nursery stock 17

Nuts and bolts 38, 40

Nuts, bolts, and rivet proportions 61

Nuts, lock, bearing 75

O

Oak flooring, certified 169

Oakum, marine 211

Oat flour, tentative definitions 79

Office of Price Administration 236

Production Management 236

Official and tentative methods of analysis (food products) (book) 90

Official Classification Committee 23

Railway Equipment Register 85

Ohio State University 113, 188

Oil Burner Institute, Inc 185

burners, automatic mechanical

draft 185

circuit breakers 89

cod liver, fortified 79

country drilling equipment 53

heater rating tests, code 120

olive, methods of analysis 53

soybean 179, 182

Oil-burning appliances, pot-type 120

Oils, animal 182

fuel and lubricating 104

refined, methods of analysis 53

sulfated, analysis 46

vegetable 182

Olive, canned, size grades 93

oil, methods of analysis 53

Open Steel Flooring Institute, Inc 185

Operating rules, standard code of

(AAR) 86

Operation of truck mixers and agita- tors 171

Ophthalmology , 49

Optical Society of America 185

Optics, physical, geometrical, etc 186

Orange shellac 22

Ordinances, building 92

chimney construction 153

traffic 20, 91, 155

Ordnance Department, War Department 110

Ores, methods of screen testing 43

Outdoor Advertising Association 177

Ovens, roasting, gas 34

Overhead track systems 138

Oxygen 164

Ozone resistant type insulation for

electric cables 123

P

Pacific Coast Building Officials Conference 93

Packages, salt, sizes 195

Packaging of carriage, machine and

lag bolts 187

glass 186

Institute 186

Machinery Manufacturers Institute, 186

overhead electric railway material— 65

unit first-aid dressings 119

Packing, twisted jute 211
Index 281

Page

Pads, specifications 26

Paint brushes 24

colors, standardization 177

specifications 169

Painting and Decorating Contractors

of America 186

Painting in relation to lighting 117

Paints 226

Pajamas, men's 37, 125

Panelboards 161

Paneling, hardwood 75

wall, solid hardwood 67, 165

Pan sizes, bread 21, 40

Paper, abrasive 13

Bag Manufacturers Institute — 186

bags, millinery 174

boxes 174

containers 129

round-nesting 126

crepe 158

dictionary 53

fasteners, steel 137

grades - 53

industry 53

rolls, corrugated 110

standardization 53, 87

Stationery and Tablet Manufacturers

Association 187

tags 207

tissue, waxed 69

waste, classification 150

Paper and paper products 226

Paper and pulp mills, safety code 175

Parenteral solutions 47

Passenger car tires and tubes 210

Pathology 49

Patterns, dress 125

Pavement, cement-bound macadam 188

concrete 27

Pavements, brick and concrete 56

Pavers, concrete 78

Paving brick, vitrified 170

Peanut 79

oil cake 79

Pears, grades and standards 75

Pecan flooring 169

Pepper, black 182

Performance requirements for protecting occupational footwear 175

standards 222

Perspiration, fastness to 19

Petroleum 61, 170

industry 53

Petroleum and petroleum products 167

Pharmaceuticals 55

Pharmacopoeia of the United States 215

Homeopathic, of the United States- 42

Philippine mahogany 130

Phonograph amplifiers 190

Phosphated flours 17

Photochemistry 173

Photographic apparatus 171

Photography 171, 186

Photometry 185

pH value of vegetable-tanned leather- 46

Physical standards for railroad employees 86

therapy apparatus 51

Physics 172

Pig iron 45

Piling, red cedar 219

Pillowcases 103

Pillows, labeling 139

Pine, jack, lumber 185

northern white, lumber 183, 185

Norway, lumber 183, 185

oil disinfectant 145

ponderosa 218

sugar, lumber 218

white, Jdaho. lumber 218

Pipe and pipe fittings 61

Pipe, cast-iron 95

cast-iron, pressure 95

clay 97

concrete 28, 58

covering, molded, cork 102

Fabrication Institute 187

Pipe, cast-iron—Continued. Page

fittings 131

flanges and fittings 110, 131

furnace 180

gas, mechanical joints 95

lead, standard 128

nipples, brass, copper, steel and

iron

116,

146

sewer, clay 97

sewer, concrete 27

threads 63

vitrified, sewer, clay 97

water, cast-iron 95

wrought-iron and wrought steel,

sizes 132

Piping, house, gas 34

power, specifications 187

pressure, safety code 61, 72

standards 115

systems, scheme for identification- 175

Pistols, testing 203

Plain Washer Manufacturers' Association 187

Plastering 39

gypsum 114

specifications 100

Plastics, cellulose 95

optical properties 173

Plate, black 45

Plate-glass mirrors 138

Plates, hot, gas 34

steel 45

zinc 73

Platforms, skid 89

Plow bolts 109

Plumbago crucibles 32

Crucible Association 32

crucibles, dimensions 104

Plumbing code 63

equipment tests 64

fixtures, all-clay porcelain 146

hospital 38

vitreous china 146, 217

goods, tubular 211

products 211

Plywood, Douglas fir, grading rules 105

Pole-line hardware 38

Poles, northern white cedar 219

western red cedar 219

wood 73

Police record system 127

Polishing code 31

Ponderosa pine 218

Porcelain, all-clay, plumbing fixtures- 146

Enamel Institute, Inc 187

Porch floors, concrete 189

Pork trolleys 47

Portable elevators 89

Port facilities 17

Portland Cement Association 28, 188

cement concrete 27

stucco 27

Posts, highway, sign, steel, zinccoated 39

western red cedar 219

Potato pulp, sweet, tentative defini- tions 79

Poultry 190

Equipment Association 190

items 120

Power-operated radio receiving ap- pliances 213

Power piping standards 187

presses and foot and hand presses,

safety code 175

transmission apparatus, mechanical,

safety code 127

Practice standards 222

Preferred voltage ratings 161

Preservations, wood 57, 160

Preservative treatment of wood (manual) 73

Preservatives, wood 72

Preserves, fruit, standards 171

Pressure piping, safety code 61

treatment of Douglas fir 73

treatment of oak ties and lumber— 73

vessels, laws and rules 151
282 Index

Page

Prevention of accidents, railroad 86

Printed or dyed silks, standard

methods 19

Printed or dyed silks, standard

methods 19

Printing forms 216

rollers 147

Procurement Division, U. S. Treasury

Department 237

Products, abrasive-coated 13

clay 97

farm, grades and standards 181

rubber 193

Propane 181

Propeller unit heaters 119

Protection of industrial workers in

foundries, safety code for 165

Psychology 172

Psychrometric chart 63

Pulp 207

wood 88

Pulverized fuel equipment 22

Pulverizers, test code 22

Pumps, centrifugal 117

contractors 78

reciprocating 117

rotary 117

turbine, deep-well 117

well 68

Purchasing, industrial—principles and

practices (book) 148

Purchasing policies and procedures

(book) 148

Purchasing and stores department

manual (AAR) 87

Purdue University 84, 93

Putting shot 16

Pyroxylin coated fabrics 121

sheets, rods, and tubes 95

Q

Quality labels for canned foods 142

mark of CRSI 100

standards 222

Quartz-plate standardization 90

B

Racks, storage 89

Radiator brushes 24

valves 131

Radiators, cast iron 120

Radio 122

equipment, automotive 190

Manufacturers Association 190

noise, methods of measuring 106

receivers 122, 190

receiving appliances, power-operated 213

reception, coordination 161

wave propagation 122

Radiographic testing 204

Radiology : 49

Radiometry 186

Rags, woolen, classification 150

Railroad cars, electrical equipment

on 85

employees, physical standards 86

Rails 45, 57

Rail Steel Bar Association 191

Rail-steel concrete reinforcement

bars 191

Railway and Industrial Spring Association 191

Railway block system devices 81

engineering, manual of recom- mended practices for 57

Express Agency . 110

Fire Protection Association 85

materials, electric 80

motors 42, 80

signaling devices 81

springs 191

standards 65

Railway block system devices—Con. Page

Tie Association 192

track scales 176

Range boilers 38

Ranges, gas, hotel and restaurant 34

domestic 34

household electric, test specifications 106

Rasps 174

Ratings, preferred for power circuit

breakers 161

preferred voltage 161

Rayons, dyed or printed, standard

methods 19

Ready-mixed concrete 171

Reagent chemicals 25

Reamers 135

Receivers, radio 122, 190

Reciprocating pumps 117

Recommended building code 153

Recording and compiling accident statistics, standardization of methods- 175

Records, railway 57

Record system, police l27

Rectifiers, mercury arc 42

Red cedar lumber 218

piling 219

Shingle Bureau 192

western 218

Red cypress lumber 201

shingles 192

Redwood lumber 94

Refractories 25

cupola 58

malleable foundry 58, 130

Refractory material, studies 133

Refractory materials 58

Refrigerated trucks and buses 63

Refrigerating equipment, commercial,

rating of 63

machinery 15

plants, corrosion, specifications 63

Refrigeration, mechanical, safety

code 41, 63

plant test code 63

standards 43, 63

Refrigerator coils 38

ice compartments 44

Refrigerators, standards 63

gas fuel 34

household 37

ice 144, 145

various kinds 98

Registers, sizes 180

Regulations for fire apparatus 151

Regulators, pressure, gas 34

Reinforced concrete - 27, 60

gypsum 114

Reinforcing bars, plain and deformed- 100

steel, concrete 99

Relief, valves, gas 34

Requirements for building codes 93

gas approval 34

Research, building materials 230

engineering and industrial 172

welding 108

Researches, fundamental, in the basic

sciences 173

Reservoirs 72

Residence lighting 117

lighting fixtures . 46

Resin, acrylic denture :— 29

Resins 36

handbook, national 36

Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association . 192

Restaurant chinaware 173

guest checks 39, 173

Retail trade terminology, :— 174

Retaining walls, concrete 189

Revolvers, testing 203

Rice , 79

milled — 193

Millers' Association 193

rules governing transactions 193

Rifles, sporting, testing 203

Rims, tires and tubes, standardization. 210
Index 283

Page

Ring buoys, cork 102

gages 32

Risers, hardwood 115

Rivet, bolt, and nut proportions 61

steel, structural 44

Rivets 38, 40

RMA handbook of standards and en- gineering information 190

Road-building equipment 59

Road, concrete for 188

construction, specifications 18

graders, tire and rim equipment 210

materials, asphaltic, liquid 76

Roadway, concrete 189

Roasting ovens, gas 34

Rock dusting coal mines to prevent

coal dust explosions, recommended

practice 43

Rockefeller Foundation 215

Rods and wire, diameter tolerances 101

Rods, lightning 128

pyroxylin 95

welding, gas 70

wire 45

Rolled gold articles, marking 193

Rolled Gold Platers' Association 193

Rolled threads for screw shells of elec- tric socket and lamp bases 161

Roller bearings 74

chains, transmission 36

Rollers, printing 147

Roofing, galvanized 142

gravel and slide 214

materials 58, 213

materials, bituminous 76

products, asphalt 77

Roof insulating board 123

Rope, wire for mines 52

Ropes 47

Roses, grades 17

Rotary pumps 117

Rubber, denture 28

gloves, surgeon's 38

goods, mechanical 193

industry . 193

insulated parkway cables 123

insulated power cables 123

Manufacturers Association. Inc 38, 193

mill machinery, safetv code 175

products 193, 227

scrap classification 150

sheeting 38, 193

tires 193

Rubberized materials 193

Rural Electrification Administration- 80, 161

Rural lighting 117

Rutgers University 149

Rye, standard quality 105

S

SAE Handbook 198

Safe Manufacturers National Association 194

operation of traveling cranes, rules_ 89

Safes, fire insulated 194

Safety code(s) 3

brakes and brake testing 173

coal mine transportation 52

compressed air machinery 175

construction, care, and use of

ladders 175

conveyors and conveying machinery- 156

elevators, dumbwaiters and escala- tors 40, 162

exhaust systems 126

floor and wall openings, railings,

and toe boards 175

forging and hot-metal stamping 175

laundry machinery and operation 125, 146

mechanical power transmission apparatus 127, 156

mechanical refrigeration 41

paper and pulp mills 175

power presses and foot and hand

presses 175

Safety code(s) —Continued. Page

prevention of dust explosions 164

protection of industrial workers in

foundries 165

rubber mill machinery 127, 175

the use, care, and protection of

abrasive wheels 113, 127

walkway surfaces 39, 175

window cleaning 175

wood-working plants 127, 156

Safety in construction 78

construction industry 175

equipment, industrial 119

Equipment Manufacturers Association, Inc 194

glass 3

specifications and methods of

test 156

matches 46

rules for installing and using elec- trical equipment in coal mines 52

Salt packages, sizes 195

Producers Association 195

Sand, glass 176

industrial 166

Sands, foundry, testing and grading 31

Sanitary Brass Institute 195

Cast Iron Enameled Ware Association 195, 196

Institute of America 196

ware, colored 37

Sash, window, steel zinc-coated 39

Sausage cartons 47

Saws, mechanical 29

Scales (all kinds 176

low temperature 173

Scheme for identification of piping

systems 175

School buildings, construction 153

lighting, recommended practice 118

supplies 176

Schools, horological 117

Scientific and engineering symbols and

abbreviations 16

Apparatus Makers of America 26, 196

Scrap classification, standard 87

iron classification 150

iron and steel 150

rubber classification 150

Rubber Institute 150

Screen testing of ores, methods 43

Screens, wire diameters for mineral

aggregate production 159, 176, 178

Screw fittings 131

thread gaging 61

threads, fire hose coupling 153

standards 61

Screws 214

machine 129, 214

wood 216

Sealing tape 113

Seal of acceptance (foods) 47

approval, gas appliances 34

Seamless Steel Tube Institute 197

Secondary aluminum 15

Metal Institute 150

Seedlac 22

Seed, testing 91

Seeds 64

Sensitometry 185

Sewage and water, standard methods

of examination of 26, 56

Sewer pipe, clay 97

concrete 27

Sewers 56

concrete, monolithic 27

Shanks, tool holder, and tool post

openings 167

Shapes, structural 45

Sheet metalware specifications 87

steel— 45, 149

Sheeting, rubber 38, 193

Sheets, bed 37

cork, for ring life buoys 102

pyroxylin 95

zinc . 73
284 Index

Page

Shellac . 21, 215

bleached 21, 22

orange 22

varnish 22

Shellfish, methods of examination 56

Shells, loaded paper shot 174, 203

Shingles 94

northern white cedar 183

red cedar 192

red cypress 192

Shipbuilding - 158

Shipping . 24

tags, paper 207

Shirts, boys' 125

dress, measurement . 125

work, measurement 125

Shoe Lace Institute 197

laces, braided 197

shanks 37

Shoes 227

safety, standards 156

Shops, railway 57

Shore protection, concrete 188

Shortening 122

Shot, putting 16

Shotguns, testing of 203

Shovels 174

Shrubs, standard height 17

Sidewalks 56

concrete 27, 188

Sieves for testing purposes 176

Sifters, flour 59

Sign, advertising 177

posts, highway, steel, zinc-coated 39

Signal and switches, coal mines 52

Signal rules, block and interlocking

rules, standard code of (AAR) 86

wires and cables 128

Signaling and lighting equipment, au- tomotive 194

Signaling devices, railway 81

systems, automatic block 81

Signals, railway 57

Signs, accident prevention, safety

code 175

traffic^ 173

Silicate cements 28

products 229

Silk, raw color standards 144

Silks, dyed or printed, standard

methods 19

Silo tile 149

Silos 149

concrete 27

Silver-plated tableware 37

Simplification 232

electric lamps for signal purposes_ 87

sizes of rolled steel wheels for en- gine trucks 87

Sitka spruce lumber 2l8

Skid platforms 89

Skim milk, dry 30

Slab zinc 73

Slack barrels 77

Slack barrel staves 77

Slag 177

Slate 178

structural 178

Slide roofing 214

Sluice gates, specifications 68

Small tools and machine tool ele- ments 167

Smokestacks 38

Soap-wrapper tests 53

Soaps 228

commercial, analysis . 26

standard formulas 141

Social Science Research Council 127

Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education 200

Society of Automotive Engineers 12,

14, 40, 91, 197

Motion Picture Engineers 200

Naval Architects and Marine Engi- neers 200

Tractor Engineers 197

Soft pine lumber : 76

Page

Softwood lumber and timber » 12

Solids, combustible 153

Solutions, lime-sulfur 15

Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association 201

Hardwood Producers, Inc 201

Pine Association 201

Pine Inspection Bureau 201

Supply and Machinery Distributors

Association 202

Soybean , 79

oil 179, 182

Soybeans, methods of analysis 53

Space heaters, gas 34

oil burning 120

test code 74

Space, rating, standard method of 140

Special Tool, Die, & Machine Shop Institute 202

Specification record (publication) 64

Specifications and codes 234

Specifications for accident-prevention

signs 175

clean bituminous coal 43

Federal, preparation 238

highway bridges (book) 18

Procurement Division 237

purchase of hospital supplies and

equipment (manual) 38

Spectrophotometry 186

Spelter specifications 73

Spice containers 64

Spirals, steel-reinforcing 100

Splines, side-bearing involute 168

Sponge trough sizes 59

Sponges, specification 26

Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute 203

Sports, athletic 16

Springs, railway and industrial 191

steel 83

Sprinklers, automatic and open 164

Sprinkler systems, automatic 151

Sprockets 36, 91

Spruce, eastern 183, 185

Englemann 218

sitka 218

western white 185

Spur gear 36

Stains, biological 98

Stair treads, hardwood 115

Standard barrel for fruits and vegetables 7T

code of block signal rules and interlocking rules (AAR) 86

operating rules (AAR) 86

color card of America 209

Container Manufacturers Association 203

loading platforms 66

manual on pipe welding 115

methods for mechanical testing of

welds 71

rating code for stoves, coal 120

refrigeration 63

specifications for highway materials

and methods of sampling and

testing (book) 18

interior marble work (publication) 145

steels — 45

symbols for electrical equipment in

buildings 160

Standardization 1, 20

biological products 67

carbonated beverage bottles 103

commercial 232 consumer goods 37

containers 67

glass containers 111

lime barrels 77

methods of recording and compiling

accident statistics 127

paper 53

tires, tubes, and rims 210

vaccines . — — 30
Index 285

Standardization—Continued. Page

welding procedures for pipe welding- 115

wheel design 90

Standards, American 3

American lumber 11

(ASTM) 7

book of (ASTM) 10

commercial 233

Council (ASA) 4

drawings and drafting-room practice 201

electrical 42

medical 49

safety shoes 156

Standpipes 72

State fertilizer control laws 162

law, weights and measures 156

Stationery paper and items 187

Staves, barrel, slack and tight 77

concrete 27

Steam boilers 22

curing, high pressure 27

heating boilers, stoker-fired code for

' testing 206

jet ejector standards 115

Steam in district heating 159

Steel 25

alloy 45

articles, zinc-coated 73

Barrel Manufacturers Council 204

bars, carbon 45

bars, marking 147

bars, rail 191

bone-plates . 26

cold-rolled strip 45

construction 44

construction, manual 44

containers 206

drums . 204

flat rolled 142

floor gratings 185

Founders' Society of America 204

Heating Boiler Institute 204

and iron 61

Joist construction, fire resistance

ratings for_ 205

Joist Institute 204

Kitchen Cabinet Institute 205

Package Manufacturers Institute 205

Pipe nipples 146

plates 45

Products Manual . 45

reinforcing, concrete 99

reinforcing spirals 100

seamless, tubular products 197

strip, hot-rolled 45

structural 44

structural rivet 44

Steel and iron scrap 150

Steel for bridges 44

buildings 44

Steels, standard 45

Stockings 143

Stoddard solvent 140

Stoker equipment, coal-burning 206

Manufacturers Association 206

Stokers, commercial, test code for 74

mechanical 22

Stone, cast 27

crushed 159

natural, building 40

Stoppers, cork 102

Stoppers, cork 42, 79

racks 89

Store stocks, standardization 87

Stoves, coal, standard rating code 120

cook 74

laundry, gas 34

Stratigraphy 173

Straw, grades 165

Strawberries, grades and standards 75

Stream tables, fire 153

Street and highway lighting 117

Street pavement, concrete for 188

Strip steel, cold-rolled 45

hot-rolled 45

Strip, zinc 73

201072°—41 19

Page

Structural Clay Products Institute 112

149, 206

Engineers' Society of New York 100

insulating board 123

rivet steel 44

Shapes 45

slate 178

steel 44

Stucco, cement, Portland 27

Studio lighting 200

Stumps, walnut 67

Sugar 109

cane 64

pith, dried, tentative definitions. 79

pine lumber 218

Sulfanilamide 47

Sulfated oils, analysis of 46

Sulfur dioxide, liquid, method of analysis 99

Sun Glass Institute 207

Superheaters 22

Supplies, hospital 37

school 176

Surgeon's latex gloves 38

rubber gloves 38

Surgery, traumatic, standard for 26

Surgical dressings, classification 26

sizes 27

Surveys, fire, of American cities 153

Sweeps 24

Switch ties 73, 192

Switches and signals, coal mines _ 52

Symbols and abbreviations, scientific

and engineering 16

Synchronous motors for ammonia compressors 63

T

Tables, kitchen, porcelain enamel 188

stream, fire 153

Tableware, silver-plated 37

Tacks 38

cut 174

Tag Manufacturers Institute 207

Tags, paper and cloth 207

sizes 207

Tallow 182

Tamarack lumber 183

Tank cars 84

chlorine 96

Tanks 38

dip 164

hot-water 182

storage, welding 72

water, steel 72

Tank-stock lumber 94, 201

Tanners' Council of America 46, 207

Tape, friction and insulating 80

sealing 113

Taps, cut and ground threads 167

Taps and dies 135

Tarpaulins 154

Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry 207

Telegraph equipment specifications,

railroad 87

Telephone 214

equipment specifications, railroad 87

group 208

Television 122, 200

facsimile 190

Tent, definition of terms 154

Tents, cotton-fabric 154

Terazzo 179

Terminal markings of electrical ap- paratus 161

Terminals, locomotive, railway 57

Terminology, retail trade 174

Terneplate 45, 149

Terraces, concrete 189

Terra cotta 179

Terry towels 103

Test code, refrigeration plant 63

refrigerating systems 63

Testing machine, brake-lining 92
286 Index

Page

Testing of seed 91

vegetable oils 182

Tests, fire engine 153

fire, of building construction 93

plumbing equipment 64

soap wrapper 53

Textile Color Card Association of the

United States, Inc 209

Foundation 19, 150

safety code 175

Textiles 61, 228

colored, fastness of 19

cotton, hospital and institutional 38

Thermal conductivity of insulating

materials 135

insulation 173

Thermostats, gas range, water and

space heater 34

testing code 74

Thicknesses for bag, case, and strap

leather 207

box board 111. 170

Third International Congress of Refrigeration 43

Thread, cotton 103

plug gages 32

Threads, ground and cut 167

pipe 63

Throwsters Research Institute 144

Thrust bearings 75

Tidewater red cypress lumber 201

Tierces, pickled meats 77

lard 77

Ties and lumber, oak, pressure treat- ment 73

Ties, cross and switch 73, 192

railway 57

Tile and brick, glazed 113

Tile, clay, structural 206

drain 27, 28. 97

Manufacturers' Association. Inc 209

trimmers, wall 209

Tills, wooden 203

Timber 58

Timber and lumber, softwood 12

Timken Roller Bearing Company 84

Tin cans, sizes 95

meralware specifications 87

plate 45

tubes, sizes 97

Tire and Rim Association 193, 210

Tire chains, welded 96

tube sizes 193

Tires, airplane 210

locomotive 83

rubber 193

solid, truck and trailer 210

steel 83

truck 194

Tires, tubes, and rims, standardization 210

Tissue paper, waxed 69

Tolerances, diameter of wire and rod- 101

forgings 106

gear, inspection 36

round seamless tubes 101

Tool & Die Institute 202

Tool holder shanks and tool post openings 167

Tools and gages 202

Tools, cutting, metal 135

smalls 61

small, and machine tool elements 167

Towels, terry 103

Track- 57

manganese 131

scales, railway 176

systems, overhead 138

Tracks, coal mine 52

Tractor testing and rating code 59

Tractors, agricultural 59

agricultural, tire and rim equipment 210

industrial, tire and rim equipment- _ 210

industrial, electric 119

Trade and Professional associations of

the United States 1

Page

Traffic control devices, uniform,

manual 20

Traffic ordinances 20, 91, 155

signs : 173

standards 3

Trailer standards 198

tires, solid 210

Training, medical 48

Transformers, distribution, standard 161

Transformers for resistance welding 192

Transit industry 64

Transportation, coal mine, safetv code

for 52

Traumatic surgery, standard for 28

Trees, deciduous, standard height 17

fruits, grades 17

Trestles, wood 57

Trim, hardwood interior 114

Trimmers, wall tile 209

Trolley wire 80

Trolleys, beef and pork 47

Trough sizes, sponge 59

Trucking industry, standard code for use in 66

Truck mixers, operation 171

Trucks, hand 47

industrial, electric 119

lift 89

refrigerated : 63

Truck tires and tubes 194, 210

T-slots, their bolts, nuts, tongues, and

cutters 167

Tuberculosis, classification 180

Tubes, airplane 210

pyroxylin 95

round seamless, tolerances 101

sizes of tin, lead, and aluminum 97

tires, and rims, standardization 210

tire, sizes 193 vacuum 190

Tubing and fittings, gas appliance 34

Tubing, gas, flexible 34

welded steel 111

Tubs, wooden 203

Tubular Plumbing Goods Institute 211

products, seamless, steel 197

Tungsten blades, standard sizes 114

Turnbuckles 38

Twine 47

bard fiber 101

Twines, mixed, classification 150

Twist drills 136, 138

Twisted Jute Packing and Oakum In- stitute . 211

U

Underwear, knit 37

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc 151,

161, 194, 211

Uniform traffic control devices, manual 20

vehicle code 20, 155

Union elbows 1 131

Unions, malleable iron and steel 116

Unit heaters, gas 34

propeller 119

United Roofing Contractors Association 213

United States Army color card 209

Bureau of Mines 122

Cap Screw Service Bureau 214

Department of Agriculture 40, 142, 150

Department of Commerce 45, 156

Department of Labor 156

Food & Drug Administration 90

Golf Association 214

Housing Authority 161

Independent Telephone Association- 208,

Machine Screw Service Bureau 214

Maritime Commission 18. 30

Pharmacopeial Convention 215

Pharmacopoeia 50. 124, 134

Quartermaster Corps 110

Shellac Importers Association 215

Wood Screw Sendee Bureau 216
Index 287

Page Washers—Continued.

United Typothetae of America 216

University of Chattanooga 19

Chicago 127

Delaware

Illinois _ }°0

Michigan lg<

Pennsylvania 135

Upholstery leather 37, 207

Useful Drugs (book) 50

Page

Vaccines, standardization 30

Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers

Association 216

cooling section standards 115

tubes 190

Valves, gas-burner 34

marine and radiator 131

refrigerant expansion 63

relief, gas 34

specifications 68

wrought-iron and wrought-steel,

sizes 132

Varnish 226

brushes 24

shellac 22

specifications 169

Varnished cambric insulated cables 123

Vaso-constrictors 47

Vault doors, fire insulated 194

Vaults, burial, concrete 154

cold storage 44

V-belts 138

Vegetable oils 182

Vehicle code 20, 155

Veneer Association 217

face and commercial 217

package industry 203

packages 66

Veneers, hardwood lumber 165

walnut 67

Ventilating systems 164

Ventilation codes 60

Vessel classification 24

Vessels, pressure, laws and rules 151

unfired pressure, code 62

Veterans' Administration 38

Veterinary medical remedies 67

Vines, standard types 17

Visual acuity standards 53

Vitamin preparations 47

Vitreous china plumbing fixtures 146

Plumbing Fixtures Association- _ 195, 217

Vitrified china 67

China Manufacturers Association — 39

clay sewer pipe 97

paving brick 170

Volley ball 16

Voltage insulation, high, coordination- 161

ratings, preferred 161

Vulcanite files 29

W

Waists, boys' 125

Walkway surfaces, safety code 39, 175

Walks, concrete, specifications 189

Wall paneling, hardwood 67, 165

Wallpaper 37, 218

Paper Institute 217

tile trimmers 209

Walnut logs 67

stumps 67

veneers 67

Walnuts, shelled and unshelled 94

War Department 32, 38. 40

Warehouse forms 67

Warm-air furnace, testing code 74

heating 164, 180

heating system, yardstick for evaluation of a forced (booklet) 180

Washer sizes and tolerances 187

Washers 38

brass and steel, sizes 136

household 68

lock, bearing 75

Waste material, classification 150

paper classification 150

Waste Paper Institute 150

Watches 117

Water and sewage, standard methods

of examination 26, 56

Water colors, standards 103

coolers, drinking 63

Preon-12 15

Water Cooling Tower Association 94

Water for industrial uses 58

Water heaters, automatic electric stor- age specifications 161

electric storage 106

gas 34

Water-heating equipment, testing code 74

Water hose, wrapped and braided 193

Water service, railway 57

Water tanks, steel 72

Water works accounting manual 69

Water works practice manual 68

Waterproofing materials, bituminous- 58, 76

Wax, baseplate 29

Waxed tissue paper 69

Waxes 181

Inlay casting 28

Webbing Manufacturers Institute 218

Weighing practices 176

Weights and measures 155, 228

16

96

44

111

192

192

70

70

115

Weights, throwing.

Welded chains

connections for tier buildings

steel tubing

Welders, specifications

Welding electrodes, seam

fusion

industry

pipe, standardization of welding pro- cedures

research 108, 17;

rods, gas 70

Welding of storage tanks 72

Welds, mechanical testing 71

Well pumps 68

Wells, specifications for construction 68

West Coast hemlock lumber 218

West Coast Lumbermen's Association 149, 218

Western white spruce lumber 185

Fruit Jobbers' Association 125

Pine Association 218

Red & Northern White Cedar Association 219

Red Cedar Association 219

red cedar lumber 218

poles 219

posts 219

West Virginia University School of

Mines 93

Wheat 79

Wheel design, standardization 90

Wheels, abrasive, safety code for the

use, care, and protection 113, 127

airplane 210

buffing 92

brush, dental 29

car, chilled 90

chamois 29

engine trucks, rolled steel, simplification of sizes 87

felt 29

grinding, dental lathe 29

grinding, sizes 113

steel 83

wrought steel 45

White fir lumber 218

White pine, Idaho 218

White pine lumber, northern 183, 185

White spruce lumber, western 185

Window brushes 24

cleaning, safety code 175

sash steel, zinc-coated 39

Window-glass mirrors 138
288 Index

Page

Windows, metal 137

steel, solid section, sizes 137

Wine Institute 219

standards 219

Wiping cloths 196

Wool, definitions 150

Wire : 45

Cloth Manufacturers Association 219

diameters for mineral aggregate pro- duction screens 159, 176, 178

fine 110

rods 45

rope for mines 52

trolley 80

Wire and cable 80, 88, 161

Wire and rods, diameter tolerances 101

Wires, signal 128

Wiring design, interior, handbook 106

installations, standards 160

Wood bridges and trestles 57

industries 61

poles 73

preservation 57, 160

preservative treatment manual 73

pulp 88

screws 216

Wooden boxes 47, 180

cases : 180

Page

Woodenware 47

Wood-working plants, safety code 127, 156

Wool, dyed, standard methods 19

Wool and part-wool blankets 150

fabrics 150

Woolen rags classification 150

Wool standards 150

Woven dress fabrics 174

elastic fabrics 218

Wrappers, bread 70

Wraps, apple 75

Wrestling 16

Wrought gold alloys 28

- Y

Yards, railway ._ 57

Yardstick for evaluation of a forced

warm air heating system (booklet) 180

Yeast 79

Z

Zinc-coated, products, hot-dipped 38

steel and iron 73

Zinc coating 73

industry 73

phosphate cements 28

O