Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks From 

Western Pacific Islands; 

Gastropods (Turritellidae 

Through Strombidae) 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 

Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks From 

Western Pacific Islands; 

Gastropods (Turritellidae 

Through Strombidae) 

By HARRY S. LADD 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 

Descriptions or citations of 174 representatives of 

18 gastropod families ft·om seven island groups 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1972 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director 

Library of Congress catalog-card No. 72-600162 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.50 

Stock Number 2401-2133 
CONTENTS 

Page 

Abstract -------------------------------------------- 1 

Introduction ----------------------------------------- 1 

Acknowledgments --------------------------------

Geology ---------------------------------------------

Stratigraphy and correlation ----------------------

Paleontology -----------------------------------------

Fossils from drill holes ---------------------------

Geographic and geologic distribution of species ____ _ 

Paleoecology -------------------------------------

Faunal relations ---------------------------------

Systematic paleontology --------------------------

Additional species in families covered in Ladd 

(1966) ------------------------------------

Families covered in the present paper ________ _ 

Turritellidae -----------------------------

Mathildidae -----------------------------

Architectonicidae ------------------------

Vermetidae ------------------------------

Thiaridae -------------------------------

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

11 

13 

13 

14 

14 

17 

18 

20 

21 

Paleontology-Continued 

Systematic paleontology-Continued 

Families covered in the present paper-Continued 

Localities 

Caecidae --------------------------------

Modulidae -------------------------------

Potamididae -----------------------------

Diastomidae -----------------------------

Cerithiidae ------------------------------

Cerithiopsidae ---------------------------

Triphoridae 

Epitoniidae ------------------------------

Vanikoridae -----------------------------

Hipponicidae ----------------------------

Capulidae -------------------------------

Xenophoridae ----------------------------

Strombidae ------------------------------

References cited -------------------------------------

Index 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

[Pia tes follow index] 

PLATE 1. Turritellidae. 

2. Turritellidae and Architectonicidae. 

3. Architectonicidae and Vermetidae. 

4. Thiaridae, Littorinidae, Turbinidae, and Cerithiidae. 

5. Caecidae and Modulidae. 

6. Potamididae and Diastomidae. 

7. Diastomidae and Cerithiidae. 

8-10. Cerithiidae. 

11. Cerithiidae, Cerithiopsidae, and Triphoridae. 

12. Tripboridae. 

13. Tripboridae, Epitoniidae, Vanikoridae, and Hipponicidae. 

14. Hipponicidae, Capulidae, and Xenophoridae. 

15-20. Strombidae. 

Page 

22 

24 

24 

27 

29 

43 

45 

51 

52 

52 

54 

55 

56 

63 

69 

73 

Page 

FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of island groups -------------------------------------------------------------- 2 

2-12. Maps showing fossil localities on2. Goikul peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau ------------------------------------------------------------- 63 

3. Guam, Mariana Islands -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 

III 
IV 

FIGURE 

CONTENTS 

4. Saipan, Mariana Islands -------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Maewo and Pentecost, New Hebrides -------------------------------------------------------------

6. Viti Levu, Fiji ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page 

66 

67 

67 

7. Vanua Levu, Fiji -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 

8. Fulanga, Lau, Fiji ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 

9. Lakemba, Lau, Fiji ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68 

10. Oneata, Lau, Fiji ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 

11. Eua, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 

TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Correlation chart of Cenozoic units in the island area ------------------------------------------------------- 4 

2. Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area -------------------------------- 5 

3. Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area ---------------------------------------- 8 

4. Living Indo-Pacific mollusks that also occur in the upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the island area------- 12 
CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN 

PACIFIC ISLANDS; GASTROPODS (TURRITELLIDAE 

THROUGH STROMBIDAE) 

By HARRY S. LADD 

ABSTRACT 

Descriptions and identifications of Cenozoic fossil mollusks 

from seven island groups in the western Pacific, which were 

started in U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 531, are 

continued in the present paper. The 174 species and subspecies 

treated represent 18 gastropod families (Turritellidae through 

Strombidae). Thirty-two new species and one new subspecies 

are described. 

Half the named forms are from Eniwetok drill holes ; a fourth 

are from those of Bikini. As in the families covered in U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 531, the number of 

identifications for each of two stages of the Miocene (Tertiary 

f and u) exceed those recorded for other divisions of the 

Cenozoic. Seventeen identifications are from the upper Eocene 

(Tertiary b): one of these is from the section beneath 

Eniwetok; the others are from Eua, Tonga. The number of 

still-living species is greater than the number of species listed 

for any other individual epoch. 

Most of the mollusks appear to be reef associated; many are 

from lagoonal beds. Some species from Palau occur in beds 

that accumulated on a tidal fiat, and a few species from Fiji 

lived in fresh or brackish waters. The Eocene mollusks from 

Eua, Tonga, and Pliocene mollusks from Vanua Levu, Fiji, are 

from off-reef beds that probably accumulated at depths of 100 

fathoms or more. 

The mollusks are clearly Indo-Pacific in general aspect. The 

ties to Indonesia and northern Australia are a little closer than 

those to the Ryukyus and Japan and appreciably stronger than 

those to the southern part of Australia. 

INTRODUCTION 

The descriptions of fossil mollusks from seven island 

groups in the western Pacific begun by Ladd (1966) 

are continued in the present report. The island groups 

form a broad and somewhat irregular belt spreading 

4,000 miles across the tropical latitudes of the western 

Pacific, from the Mariana Islands and Palau on the 

northwest to Fiji and Tonga on the southeast (fig. 1). 

A total of 17 4 species and subspecies, representing 18 

families of gastropods, are described or recorded; they 

range in age frorn late Eocene to Holocene. 

The following references containing identifications 

or descriptions of fossil mollusks supplement those 

listed on pages 3-5 of Ladd (1966): 

1965. Hirst, J. A., Geology of east and north-east Viti Levu: 

Fiji Geol. Survey Bull. 12, 51 p., geol. maps. Includes 

references (p. 27-28) to mollusks from Matainananu 

identified by H. S., Ladd. 

1966. Rickard, M. J., Reconnaissance geology of Vanua Levu: 

Fiji Geol. Survey Mem. 2, 81 p., geol. map. Includes 

brief reference (p. 77) to mollusks identified by H. S. 

Lad d. 

1968. Ladd, H. S., Fossil land snail from Funafuti, Ellice 

Islands: Jour. Paleontology, v. 42, no. 3, pt. 1, p. 857. A 

species of Ptychodon is described from a depth of 170 

feet in a drill hole. 

1970. Ladd, H. S., Eocene mollusks from Eua, Tonga: U.S. 

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 640--C. p. Cl-Cl2. Twentyfive mollusks are described from off-reef tuffaceous 

limestone. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

I am indebted to Mr. F. Gautier of the Museum 

National d'Histoire N aturelle, France, for the loan of 

fossil material from the New Hebrides described by 

Professor Rene Abrard and to Dr. D. I. J. Mallick and 

Mr. K. A. Liggett of the New Hebrides Geological 

Survey for fossils collected in those islands. Mr. 

William Ponder of the Australian Museum loaned 

type of species from Funafuti and Australia described 

by Charles Hedley. 

In 1964 and 1966 I visited Fiji, spending some days 

in the field with members of the Geological Survey of 

Fiji on the two largest islands, Viti Levu and Vanna 

Levu. For field discussions during these times and for 

assistance in the collection of fossils, I am particularly 

indebted to Dr. Peter Ibbotson and Messrs. Frank 

Coulson and John Hirst. Other members of the Geological Survey of Fiji who submitted fossils for identification include R. B. Band, William Hindle, M. J. 

Rickard, Peter Rodda and J oeli Romanu. 

Mr. Warren Blow of the U.S. Geological Survey 

aided in the preparation of much of the material. Some 

of the photographs were taken by W. M. Briggs, Jr., 

while a member of the U.S. Geological Survey; the 

1 
2 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

FIGURE 1.-Location of island groups from which fossil mollusks have been obtained. Dashed line marks structural boundary of 

Pacific basin (andesite line) . Islands shown include the surrounding reefs. 

rest by Robert H. McKinney, David H. Massie, and 

Page Valentine, Jr., all of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

A few of the photographs have been retouched by Mrs. 

Elinor Stromberg of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

I am indebted to Drs. H. A. Rehder and J. P. E. 

Morrison of the U.S. National Museum, to Dr. Robert 

Robertson of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural 

Science, and to Dr. Allison Kay of the University of 

Hawaii for discussions involving the identification of 

certain fossils. This manuscript, like its predecessor, 
PALEONTOLOGY 3 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 531, has 

benefited from critical reviews by W. P. Woodring of 

the Smithsonian Institution and Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, 

now of the Delaware Museum of Natural History. 

GEOLOGY 

STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATION 

During the past 5 years, fieldwork in Fiji and the 

New Hebrides has been actively continued by the 

Geological Surveys of those areas. Priority has been 

given to geologic mapping on a 1: 50,000 scale. For 

Fiji, 92 percent of the total land area of the colony has 

been covered (Fiji Geological Survey Department, 

1969, Annual Report for 1968); and for the New 

Hebrides, the ratio is only a little lower (Mallick, 

1970). Elsewhere in the island area, little geologica] 

fieldwork has been done. Except for Fiji and the New 

Hebrides, the Cenozoic units shown in table 1 are the 

same as those given by Ladd ( 1966). 

PALEONTOLOGY 

FOSSILS FROM DRILL HOLES 

Many of the mollusks described in the present report were obtained from drill holes that penetrate 

existing reefs. Samples were collected from the surface 

downward, starting at a level only a few feet above 

the sea. That the collections were made from recently 

formed material raises questions involving age and 

nomenclature. Are all the mollusks obtained from such 

drill holes to be considered fossils? 

Ordinarily a fossil has been defined as the remains 

of an organism that lived before Holocene time or as 

direct evidence (mold, cast, track, or trail) of its existence. The definition is a logical attempt to exclude 

from the category of fossils the shells, leaves, and other 

organic materials that are buried daily in streams and 

oceans. Actually, in most nonglaciated areas, the boundary between Pleistocene and Holocene beds is not 

sharp, particularly in tropical marine areas, where 

conditions did not change greatly at the close of the 

Ice Age. Improved isotopic age determinations are 

changing this situation, and eventually it will be possible to recognize the exact boundaries of the Pleistocene in many stratigraphic sections. At the present time 

paleontologists recognize that a few Pleistocene mollusks appear to have become extinct before the end of· 

that epoch, but these mollusks are too few to have any 

meaning in terms of Lyellian percentages. Mollusk 

shells of still-living speeies may be recognized as Pleistocene forms if they occur in or on elevated terraces 

that on physiographic grounds appear to be Pleistocene, 

but the shells themselves do not always indicate their 

age. 

To identify the top of the Pleistocene in a drill hole 

is particularly difficult, even where the core is nearly 

continuous. In the present study, samples from drill 

holes are the only types of samples available in the 

Marshall and Ellice Islands (Eniwetok, Bikini, and 

Funafuti). In these areas any shell that is recovered 

from below the surface is considered to be a fossil. In 

the other island groups, shells from consolidated limestones and from clays above sea level are considered to 

be fossils. Mollusks contained in exposed beach rock, 

beaeh sands, and boulder ramparts are not regarded as 

fossils. 

Small Holocene species such as Obtortio pyrrhacme 

and Diala ludens· occur in many drill samples taken 

close to the surface and are also found in numerous 

others collected downward into the lower Miocene. 

Fresh shells from near-surface beds retain characteristic coloration-a dark-brown apex in the case of 

Obtortio, discontinuous spiral brown lines in Diala. 

Tertiary examples of both species are uniformly tan in 

color. Any pure white shells-with or without traces 

of color pattern-that are recovered from Tertiary 

levels have probably been carried downward by 

circulating mud. 

GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES 

The geographic distribution of all the species is 

shown in table 2. As was true for the faunas covered 

by Ladd ( 1966) , the Marshall Island faunas are the 

richest, a reflection of the abundance of well-preserved 

microfossils in drill cores and cuttings. Half of all 

the named forms are from Eni wetok, a fourth, from 

Bikini. Guam has been more intensively eollected than 

Fiji, but the total of named forms from Guam is less 

than the total from Fiji, partly because of the better 

preservation of the Fijian shells. 

The geologic distribution of species is shown in table 

3. As with the families covered in Ladd (1966) the 

number of identifieations for each of two stages of the 

Mioeene (Tertiary f and g) exceed the number recorded 

for other divisions of the Cenozoic. The number of 

living species is greater than the number listed for any 

earlier epoch. 

PALEOECOLOGY 

As noted by Ladd (1966), most fossiliferous sediments that crop out on the islands or that have been 

reached in the drill holes below sea level are reef 

associated; that is, they accumulated on reefs or in 

adjacent lagoons. 
TABLE l.-Oorrelation of Cenozoic unitB in the iBland area 

[Vertical ruling indicates hiatus; blank areas show unknown parts of section] 

0::16 

UJC/l_ 

SYSTEM NEW EPOCH ~~~~ PALAU HEBRIDES UJ ...J (.) 

...J(.)L&: 

Beach deposits 

Holocene 

I 

Raised beaches Raised-beach Beach sand and gravel deposits QUATERNARY Reef Peleliu Reef 

limestone Limestone Tanapag limestones 

Pleistocene Limestone 

,_ "' Mariana Mariana Mariana 

~ ~ -~ Limestone Limestone Limestone 

~ ~ Q).{;j ? Pliocene I h I c_ Terrace Reef 0 1'0 ? .,.- ~ 8 deposits limestones Q)"O ? Alifan Janum 0.~ E liD Palau Limestone Fm E- :.:~ 

g 0 1'0 Limestone u c Q),., Barngada UPPER I Q; g &t ? Limestone 

TERTIARY Q) liD a:: 1'0 ~ Water-laid 

Miocene Sonya tuffs and 

Limestone limestones 

Tagpochau Tagpochau Umatac Limestone 

F10a-sisu Limestone Formation 

Formation 

~ ? ?llllll? 

? 

? LOWER Alutom 

TERTIARY Formation 

Reef complex ? Aimelik Pyroclastic 

rocks Limestone(?) 2 

Formation Hagman Formation 

a Globigerina 7 Babelthuap 

ooze' · Formation ? 

1 Occurrence on Sylvania Guyot adJOining Btkini (Hamilton and Rex, 1959) 

2 Larger Foraminifera from cobbles in conglomerate on Maewo (Coleman, 1969). 

3 Thts IS a generalized section from Rodda's map of 1967. In this and other reports 

(Phtlllps,l965,1966, Rodda and Band, 1967, Band, 1968) the Geological Survey of 

Fiji recognizes volcanic groups, sedimentary groups, and undifferentiated units that 

cannot, at present, be accurately mtegrated. 

FIJI 

Alluvium Mango 

Odinite 

Thuvu ~ 0 Fulanga c~ Verata 

~* Limestone 

([(ii 

0:: Mba 

Ndalithoni 

Koroimavua Limestone 

~ Q) 

u Navosa Koro M basanga .2 

a: Volcanics 

~ Nandi Futuna 

~ Limestone 

0 MendrausuthU Lau 

~ Volcanics 

Ra 

Savura 

Singatoka 

Wainimala 

TONGA 

VANUA 

LEVU 

I Alluvium and I Reef 

other deposits limestone 

Mbua Group I Reef 

limestone 

? 

Tuatua' Reef Limestone I Undu Group limestone 

? 

I Tuff 

Natewa 

Group 

~?--

I 

I Limestone and 

tuffaceous 

limestone 

~ 

a 

t;l 

z 

0 

~ 

0 

1--1 

a 

~ 

0 

00. 

00. 

1--1 

~ 

~ 

0 

~ ~ 

00. 

~ 

00. 

~ 

~ 

0 

~ 

~ t;l 

00. 

1-3 

t;l 

~ 

z 

t-0 

~ 

a 

1--1 

~ 1--1 

a 

1--1 

00. 

~ z 

tj 

00. 
PALEONTOLOGY 5 

TABLE 2.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area 

s.,.;,. I Palau I Guam I S.Upon I EniwoWkl Bilcini I Fmfutil H~ Fiji I Tonga 

Additions to families covered in Ladd (1966) 

Scissurellidae: 

Scissurella (Anatoma) tongaensis Ladd________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Sinezona kondoi Ladd______________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Trochidae: 

Basilissa (Ansistrobasis) pacifica Ladd________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Bathybembix? BP---------------------------------- '-------- ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Turcica (Perrinia) blowi Ladd _______________________________________________________________ -------- -------- -------- X 

A stele ( Callistele) sp_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Turbinidae: 

Pareuchelus? sp____________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Astraea (Bolma) stearnsi Ladd _______________________________________________________________________________ -------- X 

sp. F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -- - _ - _- -------- -------- --------

Littorinidae: 

Littorina scabra Linnaeus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ X 

Adeorbidae: 

Daronia (Daronia) hoffmeisteri Ladd _________________________________________________________________ -------- -------- X 

M unditiella euaensis Ladd_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Lydiphnis vainganaensis Ladd_______________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Families covered in this report 

Turritellidae: 

Turritella aff. T. cingulifera Sowerby _________________________ -------- ________ X ________________________________ --------

cf. T. javana Martin___________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _________________________ ------- -------- -------- aff. T. sedanensis Martin_______________________________________ X ________________________ -------- -------- -------- aff. T. spolongensis Martin______________________________________ X ________________________ -------- -------- -------- sp. A_________________________________________________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

sp. B _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______ - -------- -------- -------- (Kurosioia) fileola Yokoyama____________________________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

aff. T.jascialis Menke______________________________ X ________________________________ -------- -------- -------- (Torcula?) sp. 0------------------------------- ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Tenagodus (Tenagodus) sp__________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

(Agathirses) cf. T. australis (Quoy and Gaimard)__ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Vermicularia sp. A_________________________________________________________ X X ________ -------- -------- --------

Mathildidae: 

Mathilda (Fimbriatella?) sp _________________________________________________________________________________ -------- X 

Gegania whipplei Ladd_____________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ___ X 

Architectonicidae: 

Climacopoma? sp. A________________________________________________________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- Architectonica (Architectonica) perspectiva (Linnaeus)___ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

(Pseudotorinia) corwini Ladd, n. sp______________ X ________ ________ X X -------- -------- -------- -------- Philippia (Psilaxis) radiata (ROding)_________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- Heliacus variegatus (Gmelin)________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ______ ________ ________ X 

Vermetidae: 

Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) merkana Ladd, n. sp____ X ________ ________ X X ________ ________ ________ X 

(Macrophragma?) lamellosus Ladd, n. sp__________ ________ ________ ________ X X -------- -------- -------- --------

Serpulorbis cf. S.javanus (Martin) ___________________ ----------------________ X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Thiaridae: 

¥:I::t~:t!~:)~~~f~idd,-~-;p:_-_-_~~=====~~~~ ~~~~=~== ======== ======== ======== ==~===~= ======== ======== Melanoides (Melanoides) cf. M. tuberculatus (Muller) ___________________________________________________ -----'---

Caecidae: 

Caecum vertebrale Hedley __________________________________________________ _ berberense Ladd, n. sp _________________________________________________ _ parryensis Ladd, n. sp _________________________________________________ _ 

Micranellum schlangeri Ladd, n. sp _________________________________________ _ Elephantanellum sp. A _____________________________________________________ _ 

Fartulum aff. F. amputatum (Hedley) ________________________________________ _ sp. A ________________________________________________________________ _ 

Modulidae: 

Modulus tectum (Gmelin) __________________________________ _ 

preangerensis Martin___________________________ X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 
6 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

TABLE 2.-Geographic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Species Tonga 

Potamididae: 

Potamides tayamaia Ladd, n. sp_____________________ X ___________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- wardi Ladd, n. sp______________________________ ________ X ________ X ________________ -------- -------- -------- sp. A ___ -_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ________________ ------ - - -- --- --- --------

sp. B_________________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- Tympanotonos berberkirianus (Martin)________________ X ________________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- V icarya sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _____ .. _____________ - _ _ _ _ _ ____ --- --------

Cerithidae cf. C. obtusa (Lamarck)___________________________________ X ________________________ -------- -------- -------- Terebralia sulcata (Born)____________________________________________________ X ________________ -------- -------- -------- Batillaria (Zeacumantus) rickardi Ladd, n. sp __________________________________________________________ -------- X 

Diastomidae: 

Obtortio pyrrhacme (Melvill and Standen) ____________________________________ _ X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X failingi Ladd, n. sp ___________________________________________________ _ dancei ·Ladd, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________ _ sp. A ________________________________________________________________ _ 

Cerithiidae: 

Diala ludens Melvill and Standen____________________________________________ X X X -------- ________ X 

stricta Habe___________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X X ________________________ --------

sulcifera A. Adams____________________________________________________ X ________________________________ -------- Bittium impendens (Hedley)_________________________________________________ X ________________________________ --------

sergentum (Jousseaume)________________________ ________ ________ ________ X X X ------------------------ ianthinum (Gould)_____________________________________________________ X ________________ ---------------- _______ _ eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp_______________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________________ -------- -------- (Bittiolum) toddae Ladd, n. sp___________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________________ -------- -------- Colina (Ischnocerithium) rostrata (Sowerby)___________ ________ ________ ________ X X ________ -------- ________ -------- Ataxocerithium eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp______________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________ -------- -------- --------

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) vertagus (Linnaeus)__________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X -------- -------- (Rhinoclavis) articulata (Adams and Reeve)_______________________ X ________________________ -------- -------- -------- procera (Kiener)___________________________________ X X ________________________ -------- X 

aspera (Linnaeus)__________________________ ________ X X X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- sinensis (Gmelin)__________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- -------- aff. R. sinensis (Gmelin)____________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________ -------- -------- -------- marshallensis Ladd, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X __________ ---- _- -------- -------- powelli Ladd, n. sp_________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________ -------- -------- --------

jonkeri (Martin)___________________________________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- (Proclava) sordidula (Gould)____________________________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- --------

(Pseudovertagus) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ------------------------ -------- lowae Ladd, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X ______ - _ -------- -------- --------

ftoraensis Ladd, n. sp_______________________ ________ X ________ X X -------- -------- -------- -------- Cerithium (Thericium) mutatum Sowerby______________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________ -------- -------- --------

(Thericium) alveolus Hombron and Jacquinot______ ________ ________ X X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- salebrosum Sowerby________________________ ________ ________ ________ X X ________ ------------------------ schmidti Ladd, n. sp________________________ ________ ________ X -------- ________________ -------- -------- --

~~r;:~r.f :~~~~~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ---~ --- ---~ --- = = = = = = = = ---x ---= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = (Cerithium) nodulosum Bruguiere________________ X X ________ -------- X ________ -------- X 

columna Sowerby__________________________ ________ X -------- ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- aff. C. columna Sowerby____________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- --------

tuberculatum (Linnaeus)____________________ ________ X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- (Conocerithium) egenum Gould___________________________________________ X X -------- -------- -------- -------- aff. C. egenum Gould_______________________________________________ X ________________________________ --------

Clypeorn;o~us v~rbeeki (Woodward)____________________________________________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- --------

Lioc:ft~~~~or~~~dl~~d,s~~-;p~===================== ___ x ___ ======== ======== ___ x ______ x ___ ======== ======== ---~--- -------- Plesiotrochusluteus (Gould)_________________________________________________ X X -------- -------- -------- -------- pagodiformis Hedley___________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X ________________ -------- __ ------

~~~?~~~~=-~~=~~~~~~~~~=~~~~~~ ~: ~ ~ ~= :::~~ ~~~ :=~~~=~: ~~~~~~~~ ~ -- ~--- ;~~ ~:: ~ ~ ~~:~~ ::~ ~~::: ~~~ : ~~~~~:: Cerithiopsidae: 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) tribulationis (Hedley)____________________________________ X ________ ------------------------ (Joculator) semipicta Gould_____________________________________________ X ________________ -------- -------- --------

g~m:~;~::~~~=jj_:_:~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :/=:: ~:~~~~~~ :::::::: ---~--- :::~::: ~~~~~~~~ ~:~~~~~= :::~::: :::~::: Triphoridae: Triphora (Triphora) pallida (Pease) _________________________________________ _ 

(Triphora) otsuensis (Yokoyama) _______________________________________ _ X 

X 
PALEONTOLOGY 

TABLE 2.-Geograpllic distribution of Cenozoic fossil mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Triphoridae-Continued 

Triphora-Continued 

Species I Pal•n I Guam I sm.,. I EMwou.k I Bikiui I Fu .. futi I H.!l,:;';i,.l Fiji I Too" 

7 

(Inella) pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve)__________ X ________ ________ X X ________________ -------- -------- roddai Ladd, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

maharatai Beets_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _____________ --- --- ----- --------

sp. A ____ - ____ - _- _- __ -- ---- __ - --- _ - __ - - --- X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---- --- - ------- - ----- --- -- ------ -- --- --- - ------- (Inforis) albogranosa Kosuge____________________ ________ ________ ________ X _______________________________________ _ 

ofuensis Baker and Spicer___________________________________________ X X X _______________________ _ sp. B_____________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ---------------- -------- (Mastonia) cingulifera (Pease)___________________________________ X X ________________ -------- -------- -------- cingulifera goikulensis Ladd, n. subsp_________ X ________________________________________________ -------- -------- clavata (Pease)____________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________________________ _ 

squamosa (Kosuge) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _____________________ -- - -------- -------- intermissa (Laseron) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

auberti (Abrard) __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________ _ 

Cautotriphora hervieri (Kosuge)______________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X _______________________________ _ 

Viriola pagoda (Hinds)_____________________________________________________ X ________________________________ -------- incisa (Pease)____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _____________________ --- -- ------ --------

cancellata (Hinds)______________________________________________________ X X ________ -------- -------- -------- elegans (Hinds) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Epitoniidae: Epitonium (Gyroscala) perplexum (Pease)____________________________________ X _______________________________________ _ 

(Cycloscala) revolutum (Hedley)__________________ X ________________________________________________ -------- -------- (Boreoscala?) sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

(Clathrus) sp. A_______________________________________________________________________________________ X 

Vanikoridae: 

Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck) ______________________________________________ _ X 

X 

X 

gueriniana (Recluz) ___________________________________________________ _ X aff. V. kanakarum Pilsbry ______________________________________________ _ 

Hipponicidae: 

Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus)------------~------------ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ________ X X 

Hipponix (Malluvium) cf. H. badius (Dunker)_________________________________________________________________ X 

(Antisabia) foliaceus Quoy and Gaimard__________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- ________ -------- X 

(Sabia) conicus (Schumacher)___________________________ X ________ X X ________ ________ X 

(Pilosabia) revellei Ladd, n. sp___________________ ________ ________ ________ X X ________ -------- -------- --------

Capulidae: Capulus (Krebsia) aff. C.liberatus Pease _____________________________________________ _ (Krebsia) sp. A________________________________________________________ X X 

X 

sp. B_____________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

Xenophoridae: Xenophora sp. A ___________________________________________________________________________________________ -------- X 

Tug:~~!-;;~t~~-(R~~~~)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ---~--- ~~:~=~== =====~~~ ================ ___ X ___ ======== 

Strombidae: 

Varicospira aff. V. crispata (Sowerby)________________ X ________________________________________________________ -------- Tibia (Tibia) powisii modesta (Martin)_______________________________________________________________________ X 

Terebellum (Terebellum) terebellum (Linnaeus)_________ ________ ________ X ________________________________________ -------- Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________ _ 

(Tricornis) maximus Martin_____________________ X ________________________________________________ -------- -------- aff. S. thersites Swainson____________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

cf. S. sinuatus Lightfoot____________________________________________________________________ X -------- --------

sp. A________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X . X _______ - -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- (Canarium) urceus Linnaeus_____________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ --------

mutabilis Swainson_________________________ ________ X X X ________ -------- X X 

erythrinus Dillwyn_________________________________________________________ X ________________ ---------------- cf. S. fragilis (Roding)_____________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________________ -------- sp. B _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

(Dolomena) plicatus pulchellus Reeve_____________________________________________________________ X X 

variabilis athenius Duclos___________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X __________________________ ------ -------- -------- -------- minimus minor Abrard_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________ _ 

(Lentigo) micklei Ladd, n. sp____________________ ________ ________ ________ X X ________________ -------- --------

cf. S. preoccupatus Finlay___________________________ X ________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- sp. C---- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (Euprotomus) vomer hawaiiensis Pilsbry___________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

( Conomurex) luhuanus Linnaeus _____________ -.- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _- _- -- - - -- --- ---

(Gibberulus) gibberulus gibbosus (Roding)__________ ________ X X X X X -------- -------- pregibberulus Abrard_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _- --- - -- -- - - ----

Lambis (Lambis) lambis (Linnaeus)__________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- --------

(Lambis) cf. L.lambis (Linnaeus) ________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------~ __ x __ 1 ____ _ 

Total of 174 species______________________________ 15 21 14 89 44 4 18 34 19 
8 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

TABLE 3.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area 

[X, present ; question mark indicates uncertain identification] 

Tertiary 

Late Late 

Species Eocene Early Miocene Miocene Pliocene 

b e I f g h 

Additions to families covered in Ladd (1966) 

Quaternary 

Pleistocene Holocene Living 

Scissurellidae: 

Scissurella (A natoma) tongaensis Ladd _______________________ _ X 

X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Sinezona kondoi Ladd ______________________________________ _ 

Trochidae: 

Basilissa (Ansistrobasis) pacifica Ladd _______________________ _ Bathybembix? sp __________________________________________ _ 

Turcica (Perrinia) blowi Ladd ______________________________ _ 

X 

X 

X 

X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Astele (Callistele) sp _______________________________________ _ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Turbinidae: 

Pareuchelm? sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ____ - __ - __ --- --- -------- -------- -------- -------- --- - ----

Astraea (Bolma) stearnsi Ladd_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ____ - _____ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- sp. F _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ - - - - - ----- X? - --- - - -- ---- - -- - - - - - - ---

X X Littorinidae: 

Littorina scabra Linnaeus ________________________________________________ - _ -- __ ------ -------- --------

Adeorbidae: 

Daronia (Daronia) hojjmeisteri Ladd _________________________ _ MunditieUa euaensis Ladd __________________________________ _ X 

X 

X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- LydiphnisvainganaensisLadd ______________________________ _ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Families covered in this report 

Turritellidae: 

TurriteUa aff. T. cingulifera Sowerby__________________________ X X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- cf. T.javana Martin ___________________________ ._________________________ X -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

aff. T. sedanensis Martin ________________________________________ -------- X -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

aff. T. spolongensis Martin ______________________________________ -------- X -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

sp. A------------------------------------------------- ________________________ -------- X X -------- -------- sp. B_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ - __ - _ -_------ X -------- -- ----- - -------- (Kurosioia) fileola Yokoyama ____________________________________________ -------- X X X -------- -------- aff. T.fascialis Menke ______________________________________________ -------- X? X? ------------------------ (Torcula?) sp. C _______________________________________________ -------- X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- Tenagodm (Tenagodm) sp ___________________________________________________________ -------- X -------- -------- --------

(Agathirses) cf. T. australis (Quoy and Gaimard) ___________________ -------- X -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- V ermicularia sp. A_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ------- - -------- -------- -------- -------- -- ------

Mathildidae: Mathilda (Fimbriatella?) sp _________________________________ _ 

Gegania whipplei Ladd _____________________________________ _ 

Architectonicidae: 

X 

X 

Climacopoma? sp. A_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ____ -___ -------- -- ---- -- -------- --- ----- -------- Architectonica (Architectonica) perspectiva (Linnaeus)____________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

(Pseudotorinia) corwini Ladd, n. sp _______________________________ -------- X X -------- -------- -------- --------

Philippia (Psilaxis) radiata (Roding) _________________________________ -------- X X -------- -------- -------- X 

Heliacm variegatm (Gmelin)--------------------------------- ________ ________ X X X X 

Vermetidae: 

Petaloconchm (M acrophragma) mer kana Ladd, n. sp _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X X 

(Macrophragma?) lamellosm Ladd, n. sp ___________________________________ -------- X 

Serpulorbis cf. S.javanm (Martin) ___________________________________ ---------------- X 

sp ___________________________ ------------------------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Thiaridae: 

X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Melanatria vitiensis Ladd, n. sp ______________________________ -------- -------- X -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

Thiara (Sataeara) morrisoni Ladd, n. sp _______________________ -------- -------- -------- X? X? 

Melanoides (Melanoides) cf. M. tuberculatm (Milller) ____________ -------- -------- X 
Caecidae: 

PALEONTOLOGY 

TABLE 3.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species iri the island area-Continued 

Late 

Eocene 

Tertiary 

Late 

Miocene Pliocene 

Quaternary 

Species Early Miocene 

1----1----,------l----l----l Pleistocene Holocene Living 

f h 

Caecum vertebrale Hedley____________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

9 

berberense Ladd, n. BP----------------------------------- ________ X X X X -------- -------- -------- parryensis Ladd, n. sp__________________________________ ________ X ________________________________ -------- -------- Micranellum schlangeri Ladd, n. sp___________________________ ________ ________ X X ________ ________ X 

Elephantanellum sp. A______________________________________________________________________ X? ________ -------- --------

Fartulum aff. F. amputatum (Hedley)_________________________________________ X ________________________ -------- -------- sp. A__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X? ______ - _ -------- --------

Modulidae: 

Mod;!:::ac:r~~~Gt:l!!~~~~---~~======== = = = = = = == = = = == = = = = = = = = = = = === = = = = = = = = = = = = ===== === ---X--- = = = = = = = = ___ ~--- ___________ ~ __ _ 

Potamididae: 

Potamides tayamaia Ladd, n. sp______________________________ ________ ________ ________ X _______________________________ _ 

wardi Ladd, n. sp______________________________________ ________ ________ X? X X? ________ -------- -------- sp. A ____ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -------- ---- _ - __ sp. B_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _______________ - -------- ------ __ Tympanotonos berberkirianus (Martin)_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ V icarya sp. ___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ -- _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ 

Cerithidea cf. C. obtusa (Lamarck)____________________________ ________ X? ________________________________ -------- -------- Terebralia sulcata (Born)____________________________________________________________ X ________________ -------- X 

Batillaria (Zeacumantus) rickardi Ladd, n. sp __________________ -------- ________ X ________________________ -------- --------

Diastomidae: 

Obtortio pyrrhacme (Melvill and Standen) _____________________________ _ X 

X 

X 

X 

X X X X X X 

failingi Ladd, n. BP------------------------------------- _______ _ dancei Ladd, n. sp _____________________________________________ _ sp. A ________________________________________________________ _ 

Cerithiidae: 

Diola ludens Melvill and Standen____________________________ ________ X X X X X X X stncta Habe_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X? X X 

sulcijera A. Adams_____________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

Bittium impendens (Hedley) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

sergentum (Jousseaume)_________________________________ ________ X? X X X X X X 

ianthinum (Gould)_____________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

eniwetokensis Ladd, n. BP-------------------------------- ________ ________ X _______________________________________ _ (Bittiolum) toddae Ladd, n. sp____________________________ ________ X ________ X ________________________ -------- Colina (Ischnocerithium) rostrata (Sowerby)____________________ ________ ________ ________ X X X X X 

Ataxocerithium eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) vertagus (Linnaeus)___________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X? X? X X 

(Rhinoclavis) articulata (Adams and Reeve)________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ _________ X X 

procera (Kiener)___________________________________________________ X ________ X? X? X 

aspera (Linnaeus)__________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X X X X X 

sinensis (Gmelin)__________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X? X 

aff. R. sinensis (Gmelin)____________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- marshallensis Ladd, n. sp ____________________________ ··------- ________ X X ________________ -------- -------- powelli Ladd, n. sp_________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ---------------- -------- jonkeri (Martin) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ 

(Proclava) sordidula (Gould)____________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

(Pseudovertagus) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp_________________ ________ ________ X X ________________ -------- -------- lowae Ladd, n. sp _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ - _____ --- _ _ _ _ ______ _ 

jloraensis Ladd, n. sp_______________________________ ________ X X X X X? -------- -------- Cerithium (Thericium) mutatum Sowerby ______________________________________________________________ -------- X X 

(Thericium) alveolus Hombron and Jacquinot______________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

salebrosum Sower by_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X X X 

schmidti Ladd, n. sp________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X? ________ -------- -------- _______ _ tenellum Sowerby___________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

ruppelli Philippi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

(Cerithium) nodulosum Bruguiere_________________________ ________ ________ X X X? -------- -------- X 

columna Sowerby ___________________________________________________________ -------- X? X? X 

~!~~r::::<t!:::~~t~~~~~======================= ======== =====~== ======== =====~== ___ x ___ ---xr- x x (Conocerithium) egenum Gould ___________________________________________________ ------------------------ X X 

aff. C. egenum Gould_______________________________________________________ X -------- -------- -------- -------- Clypeomorus verbeeki (Woodward)___________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ - -------- ----- _-- wainingoli Ladd, n. sp__________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- --------

Liocerithium kayae Ladd, n. BP------------------------------- ________ X X X -------- -------- -------- --------
10 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

TABLE 3.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Tertiary Quaternary 

Late Late Species Eocene Early Miocene Miocene Pliocene 

1----1----,-------l----l----l Pleistocene Holoeene Living 

f h 

Cerithiidae____;.Continued 

Plesiotrochusluteus (Gou1d)__________________________________ ________ ________ X X X X X X 

pagodiformis Hedley____________________________________ ________ ________ X X X X X 

talinana Ladd, n. sp____________________________________ ________ X ________________ -------- -------- -------- -------- marshallensis Ladd, n. sp________________________________ ________ X X X ________________________ -------- whitmorei Ladd, n. sp___________________________________ ________ ________ X X ________________ -------- -------- sp. A_______________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ___________ ----- __ ------

Cerithiopsidae: 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) tribulationis (Hedley)_____________________________________________ X ________ -------- X X 

(Joculator) semipicta Gou1d______________________________ ________ ________ ________ X X X X X 

sumangi Ladd, n. sp________________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________ -------- --------

Seila Cerithiop!~·s;.·_~~~~~-(~~s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Notoseila) waluensis Ladd, n. sp________________________ ___ ________ ________ X ___ ~~~~~~~=---~---===============~========---~----------- X X ________________ -------- _______ _ 

Triphoridae: Tripkora (Triphora) pallida (Pease)__________________________________________________________________________ X X 

(Triphora) otsuensis (Yokoyama)_________________________ ________ ________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

(!nella) pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve)__________________ ________ X X X -------- -------- X X 

roddai Ladd, n. sp__________________________________ ________ ________ _ _______ ________ X _______________________ _ 

maharatai Beets____________________________________________________ X X -------- -------- -------- -------- sp. A__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ -- _-- __ ----- - __ ------ (Inforis) albogranosa Kosuge _____________________________________________________________ -------- -------- X X 

ofuensis Baker and Spicer______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

sp. B_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X __________________________ --- ____ ------- -------- (Mastonia) cingulifera (Pease) ___________________________________________________________________ -------- X X 

cingulifera goikulensis Ladd n. subsp__________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- clavata (Pease)_____________________________________________________________________________________ X X 

squamosa (Kosuge) ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

intermissa (Laseron)________________________________ ________ ________ X X ________ ________ X X 

auberti (Abrard) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________ ---- __ - -_--- Cautotriphora hervieri (Kosuge)______________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

Viriola pagoda (Hinds)______________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

incisa (Pease)__________________________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X X 

cancellata (Hinds)______________________________________________ X X X ________ -------- X 

elegans (Hinds)________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X 

Epitoniidae: 

Epitonium (Gyroscala) perplexum (Pease) ______________________________________________________ -------- -------- X X 

(Cycloscala) revolutum (Hedley)__________________________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- -------- -------- X 

(Boreoscala?) sp________________________________________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ( Clathrus) sp. A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ___________________ -- ___ -------- --------

V anikoridae: 

Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck)_______________________________ ________ X? ________________ -------- -------- gueriniana (Recluz)____________________________________ ________ X X X X X 

aff. V. kanakarum Pilsbry _______________________________________________ -------- ________ -------- --------

Hipponicidae: Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus)__________________________________ ________ _________ X X 

Hipponix (Malluvium) cf. H. badius (Dunker) ________________________________________________ _ 

(Antisabia) foliaceus Quoy and Gaimard___________________ ________ ________ X X 

X 

X 

' 

X 

(Sabia) conicus (Schumacher)____________________________________________ X X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X X 

(Pilosabia) revellei Ladd, n. sp___________________________ ________ X X X 

Capulidae: 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Capulus (Krebsia) aff. C.liberatus Pease________________________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- (Krebsia) sp. A________________________________________________________ X X? -------- -------- -------- -------- sp. B _____________________________________________________________ -------- X -------- -------- -------- --------

Xenophoridae: 

Xeno~~i~~=~-~=========================================== ---~--- ___ x ___ ---x?-- ___ x ___ ======== ======== ======== ======== Tugurium exutum (Reeve) __________________________________________________ ---------------- X -------- -------- X 
PALEONTOLOGY 11 

TABLE 3.-Geologic distribution of Cenozoic mollusk species in the island area-Continued 

Tertiary Quaternary 

Species Late 

Miocene Pliocene Late Eocene Early Miocene 

1----1-----,-----l----l----l Pleistocene Holocene Living 

f h 

Strombidae: 

Varicospira aft'. V. crispata (Sowerby)________________________ ________ ________ ________ X? ________ -------- -------- -------- Tibia (Tibia) powisii modesta (Martin)________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- -------- -------- Terebellum (Terebellum) terebellum (Linnaeus)__________________ ________ ________ X? ________________________ -------- X 

Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus_______ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ X X 

(Tricornis) maximus Martin_____________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- --------

afT. S. thersites Swainson____________________________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- -------- aft'. S. sinuatus Lightfoot____________________________________________________________________ X -------- -------- sp. A_____________________________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X? X -------- -------- -------- (Canarium) urceus Linnaeus_____________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ________ X 

mutabilis Swainson_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X X X X 

erythrinus Dillwyn_________________________________________________________________________ X X 

cf. S.fragilis (Roding)______________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- sp. B_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X __________ -- __ - _ -------- -------- -------- (Dolomena) plicatus pulchellus Reeve______________________________________________________ X? X? X 

variabilis athenius Duclos____________________________________________________________ X? ________ ________ X 

minimus minor Abrard______________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X -------- -------- -------- (Lentigo) micklei Ladd, n. sp_____________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- --------

cf. S. preoccupatus Finlay___________________________________________________ X? X? -------- -------- -------- sp. C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -

(Euprotomus) vomer hawaiiensis Pilsbry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X? --- - __ - _ -------- -------- X 

(Conomurex) luhuanus Linnaeus__________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ________ X 

(Gibberulus) gibberulus gibbosus (Roding)__________________ ________ ________ ________ X? X X X X 

pregibberulus Abrard ________________________________________________________ -------- X -------- -------- -------- Lambis (Lambis) lambis (Linnaeus)___________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

(Lambis) cf. L.lambis (Linnaeus)________________________ ________ ________ X ________ -------- -------- -------- --------

Total of 17 4 species______________________________________ 17 28 50 65 55 40 47 69 

Off-reef deposits of Eocene age whose fossils suggest 

a depth of 100 fathoms or more have been recognized 

on Saipan (Todd, 1957, p. 271) and in the deepest 

Eniwetok drill hole (Todd and Low, 1960, p. 812-815; 

Schlanger, 1963, p. 999-1002). Two additional occurrences may now be added to the deeper water off-reef 

groups: (1) the richly fossiliferous upper Eocene limestone from Eua, Tonga (Todd, 1970; Ladd, 1970) and 

( 2) certain upper Tertiary fossiliferous marls from 

Vanua Levu, Fiji. The varied faunas from both areas 

are being actively studied by a number of paleontologists. Suggested depths of deposition, in Eua, Tonga, 

range from about 200 feet to more than 600 feet; in 

Vanua Levu, Fiji, they range from about 300 feet to 

more than 600 feet. The almost complete absence of 

typical reef organisms and the abundance of deeper 

water types of Foraminifera, corals, ostracodes, and 

mollusks strongly support the off-reef interpretation. 

More detailed analysis will be possible when present 

studies are completed. 

In the earlier unit of the present study (Ladd 1966, 

p. 15), brief reference was made to late Tertiary freshand brackish-water mollusks collected on Viti Levu, 

Fiji. These mollusks included Olithon corona (Linnaeus), the river snail, and M elanoides cf. M. tuberculatus 

(Muller). To these may now be added another Tertiary 

thiarid-Thiara (Setaeara) morrisoni Ladd, n. sp. Single specimens were recovered from marine beds about 70 

miles apart on opposite sides of the island of Viti Levu. 

One specimen was obtained from an outcrop of the 

W aindina Sandstone of the V erata Group at N anduruloulou, the other from the V atukoro Greywacke of the 

Mba Group a few miles southeast of Lautoka. The 

N anduruloulou outcrop contained a varied fauna of 

benthonic and planktonic smaller Foraminifera; the 

Lautoka beds, pteropods and other small gastropods. 

The beds at both places probably are Pliocene. 

FAUNAL RELATIONS 

The group of mollusks here described, like the group 

covered in Ladd ( 1966) , is clearly Indo-Pacific in 

general aspect. The ties to Indonesia and northern 

Australia are a little closer than those to the Ryukyus 

and Japan and appreciably stronger than the ties to 

the southern part of Australia. Many mollusk species 

that live in the island area today have been represented 

there since Tertiary time. Forty such species are recorded in table 4; 28 of these were recovered from 
12 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Marshall Island drill holes. Some o:f the 28 are also 

listed :from other island groups. Table 4 also records the 

distribution o:f eight Indo-Pacific species that apparently no longer live in the. island area, though they 

were present there during the Tertiary. 

The first on the list, Turritella fileola, was described 

:from Taiwan; the other seven were described :from 

Indonesia. 

Post-Tertiary species that lived in the island area 

were also recovered :from the Quaternary reef sections 

drilled on Midway Atoll in Hawaii. When the Midway 

drilling was undertaken, it was hoped that the drill 

might penetrate unaltered richly :fossiliferous beds o:f 

Miocene age (Tertiary g and f) comparable with those 

drilled beneath atolls in the Marshall Islands. Regrettably, as the drill demonstrated, Midway Atoll was 

emergent during much o:f the indicated interval: 

limestones o:f Tertiary g age were :found to rest directly 

on limestones o:f Tertiary e age. Furthermore, the limestones o:f both Tertiary g and e age are leached and 

Among the species identified :from the Tertiary o:f the 

island area are eight that were originally described 

:from the Tertiary o:f other areas. These are 

Turritella (Kurosioia) fileola Yokoyama 

Modulus preangerensis Martin 

Tympanotonos berberkirianus (Martin) 

Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclavis) jonkeri (Martin) 

Olypeomorus verbeeki (Woodward) 

Triphora (I nella) maharatai Beets 

Tibia (Tibia) powisii modesta (Martin) 

Strombus ( Tricornis) mamimus Martin 

TABLE 4.-Living Indo-Pacific mollusks that also occur in the upper Tertiat·y sedimentary rocks of the island area 

[X, present; question m_ark indicates uncertain identification] 

Species 

Indian 

Ocean 

Living 

I 

Indonesia I and 

N. Australia 

Ryuku 

and 

Japan 

Island 

Area --I 

Upper Tertiary 

New I Hebrides Fiji 

Architectonica (Architectonica) perspectiva (Linnaeus)________ X X X X ________ -------- X --------1--------

Philippia (Psilaxis) radiata (Roding)_____________________ X X X X ________________ -------- X 

Heliacus variegatus (Gmelin)____________________________ X X X X -------- ________ X 

Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) merkana Ladd, n. sp________ ________ ________ ________ X X ________________ --------

(Macrophragtna?) lamellosus Ladd, n. sp ________________________________ ·----- X ________________ -------- -------- Terebralia sulcata (Born)________________________________________ X X X ________________ -------- -------- Obtortio pyrrhacme (Melvill and Standen)_________________________________________ X ________________________ -------- Diala ludens Melvill and Standen________________________ ________ ________ ________ X _______________________________ _ 

stricta Habe_____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X ________________________________ --------

Bittium sergentum (Jousseaume)_________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________________ -------- --------

Colina (Ischnocerithium) rostrata (Sowerby)_______________ X X X X ________________ -------- -------- Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) procera (Kiener)_________________ X X X ________ ________ X X? 

(Rhinoclavis) aspera (Linnaeus)______________________ X X X X ________ ________ ________ X 

(Proclava) sordidula (Gould)________________________________ X X ________ ________ X X? 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

Cerithium (Thericium) salebrosum Sowerby________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

(Cerithium) nodulosum Bruguiere____________________ X X X X X X X? X 

Plesiotrochusluteus (Gould)_____________________________ ________ ________ ________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

pagodiformis Hedley_______________________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) tribulationis (Hedley)________________________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

(Joculator) semipicta (Gould)________________________________ X X ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Triphora (Triphora) otsuensis (Yokoyama)________________________ ________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

(!nella) pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve)______________ ________ X X X X ________ ________ ________ X 

(Mastonia) intermissa (Laseron)_____________________ ________ X ________ ________ ________ ________ X X 

Cautotriphora hervieri (Kosuge)__________________________ ________ X X X ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Viriola incisa (Pease)__________________________________ X X X X ________________ --·------ ________ X 

cancellata (Hinds)__________________________________ X X X X ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

Epitonium (Cycloscala) revolutum (Hedley)________________________________________ X X ________ -------- -------- -------- Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck)___________________________ X X ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ X 

gueriniana (Recluz)________________________________ ________ ________ X X ________ ________ X X 

Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus)_____________________________ ________ ________ X X ________ ________ X X 

Hipponix (Antisabia) foliaceus Quoy and Gaimard_________ ________ X X X ________ ________ X X 

(Sabia) conicus (Schumacher)_______________________ X X X X ________ ________ X X X 

Tugurium exutum (Reeve) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ X _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ 

Terebellum (Terebellum) terebellum (Linnaeus)_____________ X X X X ________ ________ ________ X 

Strombus (Canarium) urceus Linnaeus____________________ ________ X X X X ________ -------- -------- (Canarium) mutabilis Swainson______________________ X X X X X? X X 

(Dolomena) plicatus pulchellus Reeve_________________________ X X X X X -------- -------- variabilis athenius Duclos_______________________________ X X ________ ________ ________ X? 

(Conomurex) luhuanus Linnaeus_____________________ ________ X X X ________________ -------- X 

(Gibberulus) gibberulus gibbosus (Roding)______________ ________ X X X ________ ________ ________ X 

Total of 40 species ______________________________ _ 13 27 25 32 4 4 12 10 28 
PALEONTOLOGY 13 

recrystallized rendering most mollusks unidentifiable 

to species (Ladd and others, 1970) . I still believe 

(Ladd, 1961) that many of the Miocene mollusks found 

in the Marshalls may also have been living in Hawaii 

during that time, but convincing evidence for this has 

not been found. 

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY 

Thirty-two new species and one new subspecies are 

d~scribed. Nine of the new forms are represented by 

only one or two specimens. Five of these poorly represented forms are from the drill holes in the Marshall 

Islands. 

Although mollusks from the upper Eocene of Tonga 

are cited in the systematic section and are included in 

the faunal lists, none of them are described or figured 

in the present report, as they have been dealt with in 

Lad d's ( 1970) report. 

Some of the fossil mollusks from Lau described by 

Ladd (in Ladd and others, 1945; Ladd, 1966) and in 

the present report, bear University of Rochester, 

Museum of Natural History, specimen numbers. Following the closing of the Museum at the University of 

Rochester, all fossil mollusks from Lau were given to 

the U.S. National Museum ( J. Edward Hoffmeister, 

written commun., Dec. 8, 1959). 

ADDITIONAL SPECIES IN FAMILIES COVERED IN 

LADD (1966) 

Family SCISSURELLIDAE 

Genus SCISSURELLA d'Orbigny (see Ladd, 1966, p. 26) 

Subgenus ANATOMA Woodward (see Ladd, 1966, p. 27) 

Scissurella (Anatoma) tongaensis Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 640-0, p. 02, pl. 2, figs. 1-4. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Genus SINEZONA Finlay 

Finlay, 1926, New Zealand lnst. Trans., v. 57, p. 341. 

Type (by original designation) .-Schismope brevis 

Hedley. Living, New Zealand. 

Sinezona kondoi Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. 02-03, pl. 2, figs. 5-8. Late Eocene (Tertiary 

b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Family TROCHIDAE 

Genus BASILISSA Watson 

Watson, 1879, Linnaean Soc. London Jour., v. 14, p. 593. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1888, 

Catalogue illustre des coquilles fossiles de l'Eocene*** 

de Paris: Brussels, Soc. Royale Malacologique de 

Belgique, v. 3, p. 68) .-BasiUssa superba Watson. 

Holocene, Australia. 

Subgenus ANCISTROBASIS Dall 

Dall, 1889, Mus. Comp. Zoology Harvard Bull., v. 18, p. 32, 384. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Basilissa costulata Watson. 

Holocene, Caribbean. 

Basilissa (Ancistrobasis) pacifica Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 640-0, p. 03, pl. 2, figs. 9-11. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Genus BATHYBEMBIX Crosse 

Crosse, 1892, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 40, p. 288-292. 

Type (by original designation) .-Bembiw aeola Watson. Holocene, Japan. 

Bathybembim? sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. 03, pl. 2, figs. 12, 13. Late Eocene (Tertiary b) ; 

Eua, Tonga. 

Genus TURCICA A. Adams (see Ladd, 1966, p. 35) 

Subgenus PERRINIA H. and A. Adams 

(see Ladd, 1966, p. 36) 

Turcica (Perrinia) blowi Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 640-0, p. 03-04, pl. 2, figs. 14-17. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Genus ASTELE Swainson (see Ladd, 1966, p. 37) 

Subgenus CALLISTELE Cotton and Godfrey 

(see Ladd, 1966, p. 37) 

Astele ( Oallistele) sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof .. 

Paper 640-C, p. 04, pl. 3, figs. 1-3. Late Eocene (Tertiary 

b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Family TURBINIDAE 

Genus PAREUCHELUS 0. Boettger 

Boettger, 0., 1907, Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des 

siebenbiirgischen vereins fiir Naturwissenschaften zu 

Hermannstadt: Hermannstadt, Jos. Drotleff, v. 55, p. 187. 

Type (by original designation) .-Euchelus ewcellens 

0. Boettger. Miocene, Hungary. 

PareuchelttS? sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. 05, pl. 3, figs 8-10. Late Eocene (Tertiary b); 

Eua, Tonga. 

Genus ASTRAEA Roding (see Ladd, 1966, p. 43) 

Subgenus BOLMA Risso 

Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de 

l'Europe meridonale: Paris, F. G. Levrault, v. 4, p. 117. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Turbo rugosa Linnaeus. 

Holocene, Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic. . Astraea (Bolma) stearnsi Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 640-C, p. 04, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7. Late Eocene (Tertiary 

b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Genus ASTRAEA sensu lat 

Subgenus undescribed(?) 

Astraea sp. F 

Plate 4, figure 6 

Medium in size; trochoid; whorls slightly Inflated. 

Sculpture consisting of strong close-set oblique axial 
14 CENOZOIC E'OSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

ribs; two rows on each whorl, separated by a spiral 

groove located just above the midpoint; suture deep. 

The figured specimen, a latex cast from an incomplete 

mold, USNM 650580, measures diameter 13 mm, height 

lOmm. 

In shape and sculpture this form resembles certain 

astraeids, though there is no trace of a peripheral ridge 

or of peripheral spines. The oblique axial ribs are 

sharper, more numerous, and more regular than the 

beaded folds on specimens of Astraea ( Oookia). The 

Guam species !llay represent an undescribed subgenus, 

but the material is too incomplete for full diagnosis. 

Occurrence.-Two incomplete molds from the Mariana Limestone of Guam, at USGS locs. 20739 (figured 

specimen) and 20869 that lie 3 to more than 31h miles 

northwest of the head of Talofofo Bay; age, Pliocene 

or Pleistocene. 

Family LITTORINIDAE (see Ladd, 1966, p. 59) 

Genus LITTORINA Ferussac 

Ferussac, 1822, Tableaux systematiques, des animaux mollusques: London, J. B. Sowerby, p. XI. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Blainville, 1828, 

Dictionaire des sciences naturelles: (Paris, LeN ormant, 

v. 56, p. 98) .-Turbo littoreus Linnaeus. Holocene, 

western Europe. 

Littorina scabra Linnaeus 

Plate 4, figure 5 

LUtorina scabra Linnaeus. Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 

9, p. 243, pl. 42, figs. 18-20. 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, no. 3, p. 289. 

A small specimen of this widely distributed living 

Indo-Pacific species shows the characteristic spiral 

sculpture and traces of the original irregular axial color 

bands. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650582: height 11.5 mm, diameter 7.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-From a boulder of Waisia Limestone, 

probably derived from base of Matamaute Group, inland from Lauwauwage Bay, Maewo, New Hebrides; 

age, Pleistocene. 

Family ADEORBIDAE (TORNIDAE) 

Genus DARONIA A. Adams 

Genus MUNDITIELLA Kuroda and Habe 

Kuroda and Habe, 1954, Venus, v. 18, no. 2, p. 86, 90-91. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oyclostrema ammonoceras A. Adams. Holocene, Japan. 

Munditiella euaensis Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. C5, pl. 3, figs. 14-16; pl. 4. figs. 1-3. Late 

Eocene (Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Genus LYDIPHNIS Melvill (see Ladd, 1966, p. 79) 

Lydiphnis vainganaensis Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 640-C, p. C5-C6, pl. 4, figs. 4-6. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

FAMILIES COVERED IN THE PRESENT PAPER 

Family TURRITELLIDAE 

Genus TURRITELLA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1799, Soc. Histoire Nat. Paris Mem., p. 74. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Turbo terebra Linnaeus. 

Holocene, western Pacific. 

Turritella aff. T. cingulifera Sowerby 

Plate 1, figure 1 

A slender form with a deep suture; upper part of 

whorls flattened, rounded below; each whorl bearing 

four to five low beaded spirals, with faint secondary 

spirals in the intervening spaces. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 648481 

from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth of 2,740-2,750 

feet: length (five and a half whorls) 9.9 mm, diameter 

3.9mm. 

The sculptural features of the Eniwetok fossils are 

similar to those of Turritella cingulifera but are much 

more subdued. The fossils resemble T. fileola, but that 

species has three strong beaded spirals. 

Occurrence. - Thirty-one fragmentary specimens 

from drill hole E-1 on Eniwetok at depths of 2,660-

2,820 feet; age, late Eocene (Tertiary b) to early 

Miocene (Tertiary e) . 

Sowerby (1825, p. xiv) described Turritella cingulifera from Holocene shells collected in the East Indies; 

it has since been reported from northern Australia 

(Rippingale and McMichael, 1961, p. 51), and Holocene 

specimens from Japan are in the Hirase Collection in 

the lT.S. National Museum. The species has been reported from the Pliocene of various parts of Indonesia 

(Altena, 1938, p. 304), and Beets (1950, p. 330) recorded it from the lower Micoene Rembang beds of 

Adams, 1861, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 3d ser., v. 8, p. 244. Java. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oyclostrema spirula A. Adams. Holocene, southwest Pacific. 

Subgenus DARONIA sensu stricto 

Daronia (Daronia) hoffmeisteri Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey I 

Prof. Paper 640-C, p. 05, pl. 3, figs. 11-13. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Turritella cf. T. javana Martin 

Plate 1, figure 2 

Turritella cf. T. javana Martin. Gardner in Cloud and others, 

1956, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280-A, p. 66. 

Incomplete external molds that may represent the 

somewhat variable species described by Martin from 
PALEONTOLOGY 15 

the Miocene of Java (Martin, 1883, p. 233, pl. 11, fig. 

27; 1905, p. 227, pl. 34, figs. 521-531) occur in the 

Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene) of Saipan USGS locs. 

17728, marly facies, and 18288, inequigranular facies). 

The figured cast from USGS loc. 18288, USNM 

648482, measures: length (incomplete) 18 mm, diameter 

6mm. 

The Sai pan specimens are smaller than shells from 

Java, and most of them have whorls that are slightly 

less convex. According to van der Vlerk (1931, p. 253), 

Turritella javana is known also from the Pliocene of 

Java. 

Turritella aff. T. sedanensis Martin 

Plate 1, figure 3 

Turritella sedanensis Martin. Gardner in Cloud and others, 

1956, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280--A, p. 66. 

Medium in size; flattened whorls have four sharp 

equally spaced primary spirals, the lower two being 

sli?htly larger than those above; weak secondary 

spirals occur between the primaries. 

Measurements of the figured cast, USNM 648483, 

length 20 mm, width 6 mm. 

The species closely resembles Turritella sedanensis 

described by Martin ( 1905, p. 234, pl. 35, figs. 554, 554a) 

from the lower Miocene of Java, but that species has 

five primary spirals. It is referred to as a variety of 

T. subulata Martin by Beets (1941, p. 28, pl. 9, fig. 347). 

Occurrence.-External molds in the tuffaceous facies 

of the Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene) at USGS loc. 

17689, Saipan. 

Turritella aff. T. spolongensis Martin 

Plate 1, figure 4 

Turritella cf. T. spolongensis Martin. Gardner in Cloud and 

others, 1956, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 280--A, p. 66. 

Incomplete molds of a flat-sided Turritella show a 

prominent spiral ridge near the middle of each whorl 

and an almost equally prominent spiral on the lower 

part of the whorl close to the suture; remainder of 

whorl has secondary spirals, the highest one of which, 

near the suture, is larger than the others. 

The sculpture of the species closely resembles that 

of Turritella spolongensis described by Martin (1916, 

p. 256, pl. 3, figs. 73, 73a) from the lower Miocene of 

Java, but the whorls of that species are more convex 

than those of the Saipan fossil here described. Martin 

compared his Java fossil with the Holocene T. vittulata 

Adams and Reeve from the China Sea, a species whose 

whorls are also distinctly convex. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, a latex cast 

from specimen USNM 648484: length (incomplete) 

14 mm, diameter 4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Three incomplete molds from the inequigranular facies of the Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene) of Saipan (USGS loc.17942). 

Turritella sp. A 

Plate 1, figures 5, 6 

Represented by two incomplete shells from Viti Levu, 

Fiji (station MR-20). The adult whorls appear flat 

sided, but the middle part of each whorl is slightly 

concave. The most striking feature is the prominence of 

one or two spirals immediately above the impressed 

suture; a few secondary spirals occur on the remainder 

of the whorl. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Fiji, 

USNM 648485: height (four and a half whorls) 23.3 

mm, diameter 11.1 mm. 

Two incomplete and finely recrystallized molds from 

Guam probably represent the same species. The figured 

specimen, a latex cast, shows parts of 13 whorls that are 

nearly flat in profile. A single strong spiral lies immediately above the suture, and traces of widely spaced 

finer spirals are found on the later whorls, the lowest 

one on each whorl being stronger than the others. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Guam, 

USNM 648486: height 24.2 mm, diameter 5.3 mm. 

The sculptural features of the fossils from Fiji and 

Guam resemble those of shells assigned to Turritella 

bifastigata Nelson, a Miocene species first described 

from Peru and also known from Ecuador (Olsson, 

1964, p. 189) and Panama (Woodring, 1957, p. 111), 

but T. bifastigata is a larger form and has a wider 

a pi cal angle. 

Occurrences.-Mba Group, station MR-20, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USGS loc. 

21434, Guam, in the molluscan facies of the Mariana 

Limestone; age, Pliocene-Pleistocene. 

Turritella sp. B 

Plate 1, figure 7 

Apical whorls gently convex, bearing three strong 

unbeaded spirals, the lowest one slightly larger than 

the others; suture deeply impressed. The single specimen does not closely resemble any other fossil Turritella 

from the island area, but it is identical with apical tips 

dredged from Bikini lagoon at a depth of 25 fathoms 

(lTSNM 586704). 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648487: height (incomplete) 3.2 mm., diameter 1.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depth of 

279-2841h feet; age, post-Miocene, possibly Pliocene 

(Tertiary h) . 

Subgenus KUROSIOIA Ida 

Ida, 1952, Japan Geol. Survey Rept. 150, p. 43. 
16 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Type (by original designation) .-Turritella kurosio 

Ida. Pleistocene, Japan. 

Turritella (Kurosioia) fileola Yokoyama 

Plate 1, figures 8-14 

Turritella fileola Yokoyama, 1928, Japan Imp. Geol. Survey 

Rept. 101, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 7. 

Nomura, 1935, Tohoku Imp. Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser. 

( Geol. ) , v. 18, no. 2, p. 189. 

Otuka, 1938, Venus, v. 8, no. 1, p. 39, fig.13. 

TurrUella (Kttrosioia) filiora Ida (=T. fileola Yokoyama, 1928), 

1952, Japan Geol. Survey Rept. 150, p. 44, pl. 1, figs. 5, 

9; pl. 7, fig. 7. 

Turritella ( K urosioia) fileola Yokoyama. Kotaka, 1959, Tohoku 

Univ. Sci. Repts., 2d ser. (Geol.), v. 31, no. 2, p. 85, pl. 

11, figs. 1, 3. 

Turritella (Haustator) jileola Yokoyama. MacNeil, 1961 [imprint 1960], U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 36, 

pl. 1, fig. 20 ; pl. 11, figs. 22-26. 

A small slender species whose flattish whorls bear 

three strong equally distant spiral ridges and numerous 

secondary and tertiary spirals; spirals beaded by incremental lines; suture impressed; aperture subquadrate. 

Measurements of the figured specimens (pl. 1, figs. 

8-10, 13) from USGS loc. 17 446, Guam-all rubber 

casts from incomplete external molds-are: 

Specimen 

(USNM) Length 

(mm) 

648488 ---------------- 18.0 

648489 ---------------- 16.1 

648490 ---------------- 19.7 

648491 ---------------- 25.5 

Diameter 

(mm) 

3.9 

4.5 

4.8 

6.3 

Measurements of the figured specimen from station 

C-89, Viti Levu, Fiji, USNM 648494: (pl. 1, fig. 11) 

length (incomplete) 8.1 mm, diameter 2.1 mm. Measurements of the figured specimens (pl. 1, figs. 12, 14) from 

USGS loc. 21031, Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides; 

USNM 648492-length 14 mm, diameter 4 mm; USNM 

648493-length (incomplete) 5.7 mm, diameter 3.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-Abundant at three stations on Guam 

(USGS locs. 17446, 20648, 21630); less abundant at 11 

other stations on the same island (USGS locs. 20560, 

20586, 20587, 20590, 20600, 20611, 20674, 20969, 20993, 

21626, 21631). All specimens are from the Mariana 

Limestone (Pliocene and Pleistocene) (most from 

Agana Argillaceous Member, several from the detrital 

facies) . A single specimen from USGS loc. 20724 is 

from an area mapped as the Talisay Member of the 

Ali fan Limestone (upper Tertiary). 

Known from three stations on Viti Levu, Fiji: stations C-89 (seven specimens) and MR-20 (one specimen) in beds referred to the Mba Grpup ( ? ) ; station 

344 near Singatoka (one specimen) in Thuvu Formation. All these occurrences are probably Pliocene. 

Abundant in rounded cobbles from gravel bar in 

Sarakata River, USGS loc. 21031, Espiritu Santo, New 

Hebrides. Age, unknown. 

The species was originally described fro~ t~e 

Pliocene of Taiwan (Boritzu beds). It has been Identified from the Pliocene of Japan (Kotaka, 1959, p. 86) 

and the Miocene (Y onabaru Clay Member of Shimajiri 

Formation) and Pliocene (Nakoshi Sand and Chinen 

Sand and Naha Limestone) of Okinawa (MacNeil, 

1960, p. 36) . 

Turritella (Kurosioia) aff. T. fasc.ialis Menke 

Plate 1, figure 15 

Tnrritella aff. T. fascialis Menke. MacNeil, 1961 [imprint 1960], 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 36, pl. 11, fig. 28. 

A single external mold from the Barrigada Limestone (Tertiary g or h) in the Dededo Well on Guam 

(USGS loc. 24795) at a depth of 120 feet appears to ~e 

conspecific with the specimen figured by MacN e1l 

(1960) from the Chinen Sand (Pliocene) on Okinawa 

(USNM 562908). The incomplete Guam mold has a 

wide flattened band both above and below the suture; 

between these flattened areas the surface of each whorl 

is gently convex and bears three low primary spirals; 

between the primary spirals and on the flattened areas 

near the suture are fine secondary spirals. 

Measurements of the figured mold, from specimen 

USNM 648495: length (incomplete) 7 mm, diameter 

3mm. 

Turritella fascialis, the Holocene species described by 

Menke ( 1828, p. 83), was discussed at some length by 

Kotaka (1959, p. 86). Otuka (1938, p. 38) noted that 

the species oecurs in the Pleistocene of .Japan. The 

sinO"le Guam fossil may well represent the tT apanese 

spe~ies. T. fascialis is probably conspecific with !· 

gracillima Gould (1861, p. 386). Gould's types are In 

the U.S. National Museum (USNM 2027 and 24143); 

they appear to be more uniformly sculptured than the 

fossils from Guam and Okinawa. MacNeil (1960) recognized that the Okinawa fossils could be merely .a 

variant ofT. fileola but noted that none of many specimens of that species from other localities closely resembled the specimen he was comparing with T. 

fasciali8; this statement also holds true for the Guam 

fossil figured here. 

Subgenus TORCULA Gray 

Gray, 1847, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt.15, p. 155. 

Type (by original designation) .-Turbo emoletus 

Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies and Florida. 
PALEONTOLOGY 17 

Turritella (Torcula?) sp. C 

Plate 1, figure 16 

Medium in size, stout, bearing two large coarse spiral 

ribs on the lower part of each whorl, the one closer to 

the suture being less prominent than the other; a third 

heavy spiral lies immediately below the suture; the 

broad central area between the spirals is strongly concave with traces of three secondary spirals; base 

concave. Though worn and incomplete the single fossil 

retains lines of yellowish-brown spots immediately 

above and below the suture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648496: height (21;2 whorls) 17.1 mm, diameter 8.9 mm. 

The Fiji fossil appears to be related to the Holocene 

subgenotype, a West Indian species. On the Holocene 

shell only the body whorl has a double spiral at the 

base of the whorl, but on the fossil such double spirals 

are present on younger whorls also. The fossil probably 

represents a distinct species, but a name is withheld 

pending the finding of better type material. 

Occurrence.-Station 160, Walu Bay, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Genus TENAGODUS Guettard 

Guettard, 1770, Memoires sur difrerentes parties des Sciences 

et Arts, 3, Paris, p. 129. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1912, 

Essais de paleoconchologie comparee: Paris, v. 9, p. 

146) .-Serpula anguinus Linnaeus. Holocene, Indian 

Ocean. 

Tenagodus (Tenagodus) sp. 

Plate 1, figures 17, 18 

Siliquaria sp. Ladd in Ladd and others, 1945, Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 361, pl. 51, figs. H, I. 

No additional material obtained. Known only from 

the N dalithoni Limestone (age, probably Tertiary h) 

of Vanua ~n, lavu (station 110B) in eastern Fiji. 

Subgenus AGATHIRSES Montfort 

Montfort, 1808, Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 1, p. 399. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1912, 

[ Agathyr8U8'] Essais de pah~oconchologie comparee: 

Paris, v. 9, p. 148) .-Siliquaria spinosa Lamarck. 

Eocene, France. 

Tenagodus (Agathirses) cf. T. australis (Quoy and Gaimard) 

Plate 2, figures 1-4 

A loosely coiled thick tubular shell with a prominent 

slit. Near the apex the slit has undulating edges, and 

more anteriorly the slit is pierced by open holes. Above 

the slit the surface bears fine spiral striae; below, the 

surface is cut by closely set transverse fissures. 

Measurements of the incomplete figured specimens: 

USNM 650414-height 6.6 mm, diameter of tube 4.2 

mm, USNM 650415-height 5.8 mm, diameter of tube 

1.8 mm. 

The two Fiji fossils are too incomplete for positive 

identification. 

Occu1'1'ence.-Two specimens from the conglomerate 

in the Suva Formation near Suva, Fiji (station 160); 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). The Holocene Tenagodus australis lives off the coast of South Australia and 

Tasmania. 

Genus VERMICULARIA Lamarck 

Lamarck, 1799, Soc. Histoire Nat. Paris Mem., p. 78. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Serpula lumbricalis Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Vermicularia sp. A 

Plate 2, figures 5-7 

The 24 specimens available consist of parts of a 

Turritella-like spire, none showing the whorls of the 

protoconch or the adult part of the shell. Spire consists of at least eight whorls bearing a strong median 

spiral above and below which the whorl is flattened; 

the median spiral is rounded on early whorls but becomes sharper on later whorls, and on sol'ne specimens 

may be indistinctly beaded; some specimens show two 

or three secondary ribs on later whorls both above and 

below the median spiral, the ribs next to the suture 

being more prominent than the others. The prominence 

of the median spiral and of the ribs next to the suture 

varies considerably. On one specimen growth lines are 

present. 

Measurements of the figured specimens: USNM 

648497 -length 6.4 mm, diameter 2.0 mm; USNM 

648498-length (incomplete) 5.2 mm, diameter 2.1 mm; 

USNM 648499-length (incomplete) 6.5 mm, diameter 

2.6mm. 

Occu1'1'ence.-Nine specimens from drill hole E-1 on 

Eniwetok at depths of 1,835-2,720 feet; 15 specimens 

from drill hole 2B on Bikini at depths of 1,545-2,102 

feet. All specimens were found in beds referred to the 

lower Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Family MATHILDIDAE 

Genus MATHILDA Semper 

Semper, 1865, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 13, p. 330. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Cossmann, 1888, 

Catalogue illustre des coquilles fossiles de !'Eocene*** 

de Paris : Brussels, Soc. Royale Malacologique de Belgique, v. 3, p. 68.) .-Turbo quadricarinatus Brocchi. 

Pliocene, Sicily. 
18 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Subgenus FIMBRIA TELLA Sacco 

Sacco, 1895, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e 

della Liguria: Torino, Italy, Carlo Clausen, pt. 19, p. 36. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithium fimbriatum Michelloti. Late Miocene, Italy. 

Mathilda (Fimbriatella?) sp. 

:Mathilda (Fimbriatella?) sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 640-C, p. C6, pl. 4, fig. 7. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Genus GEGANIA Jeffreys 

Jeffreys, 1884, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 365, pl. 27, fig. 10. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Gegania pinquis Jeffreys. 

Holocene, Atlantic. 

Gegania whipplei Ladd 

Gegania whipplei Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. C6, pl. 4, figs. 8-11. Late Eocene (Tertiary b) ; 

Eua, Tonga. 

Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE 

Genus CLIMACOPOMA Fischer 

Fischer, 1885, Manual Conchology, p. 714. 

Type (by original designation) .-Solarittm patula 

Lamarck. Eocene, Paris Basin. 

Climacopoma? sp. A 

Plate 2, figures 8-10 

Small, discoidal, with a rounded peripheral keel that 

is regularly scalloped. Protoconch depressed. Sculpture 

of the flattened dorsal surface consisting of spirals, the 

peripheral one being the largest; on ventral surface a 

rounded spiral lies next to the peripheral keel ; urnbilicus moderately wide, its margin puckered, the 

grooves extending to the marginal spirals ; aperture 

ovate. 

Represented by a single specimen, USNM 648500, 

that is worn and probably immature and that measures: 

height 0.8 mm, diameter 2.9 mm. 

The serrate periphery of this unusual architectonicid 

suggest that it is a Olimacopoma, though its umbilicus 

is narrower than that of the genotype and of late 

Tertiary and Holocene species referred to the genus 

(MacNeil, 1960, p. 37). 

Occur'r'ence.-Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok at a depth of 

2,650-2,660 feet. Age, early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Genus ARCHITECTONICA Reding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, pt. 

2, p. 78. 

Subgenus ARCHITECTONICA sensu stricto 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, Zool. 

Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 151. "Architectoma") .-

Trochus perspectivus Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Architectonica (Architectonica) perspectiva (Linnaeus) 

Plate 2, figures 11-13 

Trochus perspectwus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth 

ed.], p. 757. 

Solarinm perspectivum (Linnaeus). Marshall, 1887, Manual 

Conchology, v. 9, p. 8, pl. 2, figs. 18-21. 

Architectonica ( Architectonica) perspectiva ( Linnaeus). Ladd 

[new subspecies?] 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 

119, p. 214, pl. 38, figs. 2-4. 

Architectonica perspectiva (Linnaeus). Altena, 1938, Leidse 

Geol. Meded., v. 10, no. 2, p. 310. (See for additional 

citations.) 

MacNeil, 1961 [imprint 1960], U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. 

Paper 339, p. 38, pl. 1, figs. 18, 22, 26; pl. 12, figs. 1, 7, 11. 

Architectonica ( Architectonica) perspectiva ( Linnaeus). Wissema, 1947, Young Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda 

from the Island of Nias***: Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, 

doctor's thesis, p. 35. 

Shuto, 1969, Kyushu Univ. Fac. Sci. Mem., ser. D, Geol., v. 

19, no. 1, p. 96, pl. 1, figs. 4, 8, 15, text fig. 16. 

A single specimen recently collected from V anua 

Levu, Fiji, closely resembles the single fossil previously 

described from Viti Levu. Each is a small, probably 

immature, shell with a low spire, convex base, and 

extended peripheral spiral. 

Measurements of the Vanua Levu specimen, lTSNM 

648501 : height 5.3 mm, diameter 13.4 mm. 

Occur'r'ence.-In Fiji at stations 165 and C-89 on 

Viti Levu and at station 817 on Vanua Levu; age of 

all three occurrences probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

The species has been reported from upper Tertiary 

beds in many localities in Melanesia, India, Formosa, 

Okinawa, and Japan and from the Pleistocene in 

Melanesia and the Ryukyu Islands. Living examples 

inhabit wide areas of the Indo-Pacific region. The Fiji 

fossils cannot be distinguished from Holocene specimens 

collected in Fiji. 

Subgenus PSEUDOTORINIA Sacco 

Sacco, 1892, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e 

della Liguria: Torino, Italy, Carlo Clausen. pt. 12, p. 66. 

Type (by original designation) .-Solarium obtusum 

Bronn. Miocene and Pliocene, Italy. 

Architectonica (Pseudotorinia) corwini Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 2, figures 14-18 

Small, low, whorls flattened; protoconch smooth, 

slightly more than one whorl visible on dorsal side. 

Dorsal surface covered by four strongly beaded spiral 

cords, the one at the periphery being slightly larger 

than the others; beads on adjacent cords connected by 

rounded oblique axial threads. lTmbilicus moderately 

wide, bordered by a coarse, strongly beaded rib which 

is separated by a deep groove from a series of beaded 

spiral cords that cover the remainder of the ventral 
PALEONTOLOGY 19 

surface; spiral cords vary in size, the coarser ones lying 

near the umbilicus, fine threads tending to alternate 

with cords nearer the periphery. Aperture subeircular, 

crenulated by spiral sculpture. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 648502 from 

USGS loc. 21304 (type locality) in Palau: Height 3.7 

mm, diameter 6.6 mm. Paratype A, USNM 648503, an 

incomplete shell from the type locality showing protoconch and early whorls: height 0.7 mm, diameter 

2.3 mm. Paratype B, USNM 648504, from Bikini : 

height 3.7 mm, diameter 6.7 mm. 

On the Bikini specimen the axials connecting the 

beads of the spirals are more prominent than on 

Palau shells; a single specimen from Eniwetok resembles the Bikini specimen in this respect but has 

five spiral cords per whorl dorsally rather than :four. 

The species resembles Architectonica euprepes Woodring :from the middle Miocene of Jamaica (Woodring, 

1928, p. 357, pl. 27, figs. 15-17), but that species has a 

lower spire, a wider umbilicus. 

The species is named for Dr. Gilbert Corwin, Chief 

of the U.S. Geological Survey's mapping party in 

Palau. 

Occurrence.-Seven specimens from Palau, USGS 

locs. 21301 and 21304; one specimen from drill hole 2A, 

Bikini, at depth 925-936 feet; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). A single specimen from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok at depth 960-970 feet may be slightly older, 

Tertiary f. 

Genus PHILIPPIA Gray 

Gray, 1847, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 146. 

Type (by original designation) .-Solarium lu,teum 

Lamarck. Holocene, Australia. 

Subgenus PSILAXIS Woodring 

Woodring, 1928, Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 355. 

Type (by original designation) .-Architectonica 

(Philip pia) krebsii M<kch. Holocene, West Indies and 

Florida. 

Philippia (Psilaxis) radiata (Roding) 

Plate 2, figures 19-21 

Architecton.ica radiata R()ding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum : Hamburg, Johan Christi, pt. 2, p. 79. 

Philippia ( Psilamis) radiata ( Roding). Robertson, 1970, Pacific 

Sci., v. 24, p. 66-83. (See for additional citations.) 

Shell small, spire low, whorls flattened. Protoconch 

consisting of one large rounded whorl; on the dorsal 

surface of succeeding whorls is a strong peripheral 

cord, next to which is a much weaker cord. Ventral surface has a strongly beaded umbilical cord bounded by 

a smaller beaded cord whose beading is extended by 

slight swellings on adjoining shell surface; next to the 

peripheral cord is a weak cord. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648505, from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, at depth 700-

710 feet: height 3.2 Inm, diameter 6.5 mm. A smaller 

specimen from drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, at depth 

957-976 feet, USNM 648506, measures: height 0.6 mm, 

diameter 1. 7 mm. 

On both the fossil specimens the spire is low but 

neither shell is :fully adult. The dorsal surfaces of the 

specimens are more flattened than those on most Holocene shells. The ventral surface of the figured specimen 

bears a rather sharp median elevation which appears 

to be the attachment scar of an earlier whorl. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from drill hole F-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 700-710 feet is late Miocene (Tertiary g) in age. The smaller specimen from drill hole 

K-1B, Eniwetok, at depth 957-968 is from early Miocene (Tertiary f) beds, but this specimen is worn and 

may have been derived from a younger horizon. 

In his paper Robertson ( 1970, fig. 5) included a 

map showing the distribution of Philippia (Psilaxis) 

radiata in the existing oceans. Museum specimens and 

literature records cover the entire Indo-Pacific, from 

the Marquesas to South Africa and the Red Sea, from 

Japan to southern Australia. 

Genus HELIACUS d'Orbigny 

d'Orbigny, 1842, in Sagra, Ramon de la, Histoire physique, 

politique et naturelle de l'lsle de Cuba, Mollusques: Paris, 

Arthus Bertrand, v. 2, p. 68. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Solariu,m heberti Deshayes. 

Holocene, West Indies. 

Heliacus variegatus (Gmelin) 

Plate 3, figures 1-3 

Trochus variegatus Gmelin, 1791, Systema naturae [13th ed.], 

p. 3,575. 

Torinia variegattl8 (Gmelin). Marshall, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 16, pl. 5, figs. 75-79; pl. 1, figs. 14-16. 

Heliacu.s sp. Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 

215, pl. 38, figs. 5-7. 

Heliacus cf. variegatus planu.lattt8 (Hanley). Ladd in Ladd 

and others, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 

360. 

H eliacus variegatus ( Gmelin). Kira, 1962, Shells of the western 

Pacific in color: Osaka, Japan, Hoikusha Pub. Co., v. 1, 

p. 24, pl. 13, fig. 4. 

The :following description is based on the :fossil 

material: 

Shell small, solid; spire low to moderately high, its 

sides gently convex; suture inconspicuous; base nearly 

flat; aperture subcircular, its inner lip crenulated by 

surface spirals. Sculpture consisting of two strong 

peripheral cords, the upper one being slightly larger 

than the lower; on the dorsal surface, three cords 

present between periphery and suture; dorsal spirals 

obliquely beaded by close-set axials; on the base a 
20 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

strong beaded spiral encircles the umbilicus, and four 

or five flattened spirals occur between the umbilical and 

peripheral spirals; on some specimens the cord next to 

the peripheral spiral is appreciably weaker than the 

others. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648507, from Eniwetok: height 4.6 mm, diameter 

7.5mm. 

The fossil examples fall within the range of variation 

exhibited by Holocene shells. 

Ooou1'Tence.-Sing1e specimens .from drill hole F -1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 700-710 feet (upper Miocene, Tertiary g); at station 160, Walu Bay, Viti Levu, Fiji 

(lower Miocene, Tertiary f) ; and at station L-10, 

Fulanga, Fiji (probably Pleistocene). Living individuals have been collected widely throughout the IndoPacific region, from East Africa to Hawaii. 

Family VERMETIDAJ£ 

Genus PETALOCONCHUS Lea 

Lea, 1843, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., v. 3, p. 162. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Petalooonohus soulpturatus 

Lea. Miocene, Virginia. 

Subgenus MACROPHRAGMA Carpenter 

Carpenter, 1857, Catalogue of t:l;te collection of Mazatlan shells 

in the British Museum, London, p. 308. 

Type (by original designation) .-Petalooonchus 

maorophragma Carpenter. Holocene, Pacific coast of 

Mexico. 

Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) merkana Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figures 4-12 

Small tubes coiled irregularly to form flattened 

cylindrical or conical masses; all whorls attached except 

the last; aperture circular. Sculpture consisting of 

strong, regularly spaced, rounded axial ribs, except on 

the erect last section, which may be nearly smooth; 

longitudinal sculpture varying from strong ribs to 

obscure broad elevations, on some shells absent entirely. 

Measurements of the types and of other specimens 

selected to illustrate the variation in longitudinal sculpture follow : 

Specimen 

(USNM) 

650416 

650417 

650418 

586680 

650419 

341315 

362370 

Type 

Holotype _ Paratype A 

Paratype B 

Paratype C 

Locality 

Palau ______ _ 

Drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, 

620-630 ft. 

Drill hole 

K-1B, Eniwetok, 831-842 

ft. 

Bikini lagoon _ Drill hole 2A, 

Bikini, 925-

936 ft. 

Pearl Harbor, 

Hawaii. 

Midway Atoll, 

Hawaii. 

Age 

late Miocene ____ do ___ _ 

____ do ___ _ 

Holocene __ 

late Miocene 

Holocene __ 

____ do ___ _ 

Length Diameter 

of coil of tube 

(mm) (mm) 

7.5 1.0 

6.2 .9 

3.0 -7 

6.1 1.0 

8.1 1.7 

13.9 1.7 

7.3 .8 

Plate 3, figures 6-8 illustrate the internal lamellae 

shown by many specimens, both fossil and living. The 

species is characterized particularly by the strong axial 

ribs. 

Ocou1'Tence.-Ho1otype and 17 less complete specilnens from USGS loc. 21304, Palau; five specimens 

from USGS loc. 21301, Palau; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). In Eniwetok drill holes, numerous specimens from depths of 55 to 1,7 46 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e) to Holocene. In drill hole 2A, Bikini, 

many specimens from depths of 105 to 946 feet; age, 

lat~ Miocene (Tertiary g) to Holocene. An incomplete 

specimen from station 202720, Tonga, is probably 

Pleistocene in age. Living specimens have been collected from Bikini's lagoon and from Pearl Harbor, 

Oahu, and Midway Atoll in Hawaii. 

Petaloconchus (Macrophragma?) lamellosus Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 3, figure 13 

Small, short, flat-coiled tubes with circular aperture; 

sculpture consists of strong close-set, imbricating lamellae, best developed on the upper surface; no trace of 

longitudinal markings. Internal lamellae not observable 

on three fossil specimens from the Marshall Islands but 

are present in a group of adhered Holocene specimens 

from Hawaii. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650421: maximum diameter 5.1 mm, diameter of tube 1.5 mm. 

The well-developed lamellat~ sculpture of this species 

distinguishes it from other known species of the genus. 

Ocou1'Tence.-Two single specimens from Eniwetok 

drill holes: the holotype from E-1 at depth of 670-680 

feet, the other specimen from E-1 at depth of 780-790 

feet; these two specimens are late Miocene (Tertiary 

g) in age. A third fossil from drill hole 2A on Bikini 

at depth of 195 feet is Holocene. Several shells of dead 

individuals were collected in drift material on two 

Bikini islets (USNM 585972 and 586967). An adherent 

group of Holocene specimens from Laysan Island, 

Hawaii in the U.S. National Museum collections 

(USNM 333098) were recognized by W. H. Dall 

( unpub. data) as an undescribed form. 

Genus SERPULORBIS Sassi 

Sassi, 1827 Giornale Ligustico di Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti, pt. 

5, p. 483. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Serpulorbis polyphragma 

Sassi ( ==.Serpula arenaria Linnaeus). Holocene, 

Mediterranean Sea. 

Serpulorbis cf. S. javanus (Martin) 

Plate 3, figures 14, 15 

Tube irregularly coiled near attachment area; later 

parts nearly straight; aperture circular; tube divided 
PALEONTOLOGY 21 

by thin partitions that are concave forward. Sculpture 

consisting of coarse longitudinal ridges that may be 

scaly or that may be smoothly beaded; one to three 

fine threads are present between larger ridges. 

The Eniwetok specimens closely resemble and may 

be identical with the Java species described by Martin 

(1879-80). The nearly straight section of the Eniwetok 

fossil is less strongly beaded by transverse swellings 

than is that section of the Java form; the longitudinal 

ridges of the Eniwetok forms are nearly parallel to the 

axis, whereas Martin noted that the ridges on the Java 

specimens are commonly oblique to the axis. 

· Measurements of the figured specimens : coiled specimen, USNM 650422-maximum diameter 13.1 mm, 

diameter of tube 4.2 mm; uncoiled segment, USNM 

650423-length 15.0 mm, diameter of anterior end of 

tube4.1 mm. 

Oecurrence.-Represented by two speeimens from 

drill hole F -1, Eniwetok at a depth of 790-800 feet and 

by a single specimen from a depth of 810-820 feet in 

same hole: age, late Mioeene (Tertiary g). 

Serpulorbis javanus, with whieh the Eniwetok specimens are compared, was deseribed as V ermetus jafiJanus 

by Martin ( 1879-80, p. 77, pl. 14, fig. 13.) from the 

Tertiary of Java. It has sinee been recognized from 

the Mioeene, Plioeene, and later beds in Java; from 

the Mioeene of East Borneo and other parts of Indonesia; and from the Plioeene of Timor and Taiwan 

(Beets, 1941, p. 34). 

Serpulorbis sp. 

Plate 3, figure 16 

Lemintina sp. Ladd in Ladd and others, 1945, Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull. 181, p. 360, pl. 51, fig. G. 

No additional speeimens of this weakly seulptured 

form have been obtained. Known only from the 

N dalithoni Limestone (age, probably Pliocene, Tertiary 

h) of Vanua Mbalavu (station 110B) in eastern Fiji. 

Family THIARIDAE 

Genus MELANATRIA Bowdich 

Bowdich, 1822, Elements of conchology, p. 27-28, pl. 6, fig. 20. 

Type (by monotypy) .-11/ ela,nia pyrene Lamarck. 

Holocene, Madagasear. 

Melanatria vitiensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Pia tes 4, figure 1 

Pyrazus (Pyrazus) sp. Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 

Bull. 119, p. 215, pl. 38, fig. 8. 

Shell large; spire high and flat sided; younger whorls 

slightly more eonvex than older whorls. Aperture ehanneled anteriorly and posteriorly; inner lip callused. 

Sculpture consisting of strong regularly spaced axial 

plications, alternating, on the younger whorls, with 

poorly developed secondary plications; all whorls bearing flattened spiral ribs, 10 ribs present on the penultiInate whorl; on body whorl last axial plication stronger 

than others, and in front of it suture descends; growth 

lines indistinct over most of th~ shell. Traces of original 

color present as narrow orange bands near the aperture. 

Measurements of the holotype and only specimen 

(Berniee P. Bishop Mus., Geol. No. 1187): height 78.4 

mm, diameter 26.3 mm. 

The axial plications on the younger whorls of the 

fossil shell do not beeome spinose as they do on the 

shells, of M ela;natria fluminea, a living species, the type 

of the genus. Also, the spiral ribs of M. vitien.fJis are 

fewer and more flat topped than these of 11/. f!;uminea. 

Occurrence.-In the eonglomerate at the base of the 

limestone seetion (station 160) on Walu Bay, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Genus THIARA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Cristi, pt. 2, 

p. 77. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Brot, 187 4, in 

Martini, Systematisches Conehylien Cabinet, v. 1, pt. 

24, p. 7) .-H eliw amarula Linnaeus. Holoeene, IndoPacific. 

Subgenus SETAEARA Morrison 

Morrison, 1952, Am. Malacological Union Bull. and Ann. Rept. 

1951, p. 8. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Thiara cancellata Roding. 

Holocene, Indonesia. 

Thiara (Setaeara) morrisoni Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 4, figures 2, 3 

Shell ovate with a large inflated body whorl and a 

short truncated spire. High on eaeh whorl is a distinct 

shoulder; immediately above the shoulder is a shallow 

depression followed by an inflated zone; suture distinct; aperture lentieular, outer lip sharp, inner lip 

covered by a thin eallus. Sculpture eonsisting of narrow flattened spiral bands, separated by interspaces 

nearly as wide as the bands themselves; these interspaees narrow to fine grooves on the upper part of 

the whorl; spiral bands erosl:led by low slightly oblique 

axial ridges that are expanded at the shoulder to form 

nodes; above the shoulder the ribs are twisted into a 

slightly sigmoid curve. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650581 : height 

(apex missing) 6.8 mm, diameter 4.5 mm. 

The nodes along the shoulder appear to have been 

spines opening to the left and may have supported 

cuticular setae of the type deseribed by Morrison in 

defining the subgenus. Thiara (Setaeara) morrisoni is 
22 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

closely related to T. cancellaia Roding, a larger and 

more strongly shouldered fresh-water species living in 

the Philippines and various parts of Indonesia. 

This species is named for Dr. J. P. E. Morrison who 

has worked out the relationships of Melanians (a group 

that includes Thiara) round the world. 

Occurrence.-I{nown from two specimens, one collected from the W aindina Sandstone of the V erata 

Group, station C-831, at N anduruloulou, the other from 

the base of the Vatukoro Greywacke of the Mba Group, 

station C-1134 near Ambatha, Viti Levu, Fiji; age of 

both specimens, late Miocene or early Pliocene. 

Genus MELANOIDES Olivier 

Olivier, 1804, Voyage dans l'empire Othoman, l'Egypte, et la 

Perse: Paris, v. 3, p. 69. 

Type (by monotypy) .-11 elanoides fasciola.ta Olivier 

( ==N erita tuberculata 0. F. Miiller). Holocene, Coromandel, India. 

Melanoides (Melanoides) cf. M. tuberculatus (Miiller) 

Plate 4, figure 4 

Melanoides (Melanoides) cf. M. tuberculatus (Muller). Ladd, 

1965, Malacologia, v. 2, no. 2, p. 192, pl. 1, fig. 5. 

Sinall, slender; whorls moderately convex, somewhat 

flattened immediately below impressed suture; aperture 

elongate-oval, angular above, rounded below; imperforate; peristome incomplete. Sculpture consisting of 

spiral cords, four to seven on penultimate whorl; on 

some shells the spirals are crossed by weak or moderately developed axials that give the shell a clathrate 

appearance, with the intersections beaded in some specimens; in a few shells the axials are developed into 

strong curved ridges (pl. 4, fig. 4). 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648447: height (incomplete) 3.9 mm.; dia1neter (body 

whorl incomplete) 1.4 mm. 

The Fiji fossils almost certainly represent the exceedingly variable and widely distributed 11! elanoides 

tuberculatus, but on none of the numerous fossils is 

the apex or the aperture complete or well preserved. 

The fossils, which have been compared with Holocene 

shells from many areas, are smaller than most Holocene 

shells, and most of the fossil shells show a well-developed flattened area immediately below the suture. An 

area of this sort is found on some Holocene shells. 

Occurrence.-Abundant at station C-136, a boulder 

in Nasaranga Creek west of Rewasau and about 3 miles 

southwest of N asongo, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, probably 

late Tertiary. 11/ elanoides tuberculatus was originally 

described as a Holocene shell from Coromandel, India. 

The species has been widely reported from Afriea; 

from Asia Minor through southern China, Indonesia, 

and north Australia; and from a number of Pacific 

islands, including Fiji (Germain, 1932, p. 55). Fossil 

M. tuberculatus shells have been reported from the 

upper Miocene (Martin, 1905, p. 238), Pliocene, and 

Pleistocene of Java (Benthem Jutting, 1956, p. 416). 

According to Mrs. van Benthem Jutting ( 1956, 

p. 415; 1958, p. 325), who described Holocene shells 

from Java and other Indonesian islands, 11! elanoides 

tuberculatus generally is found in fresh water but occasionally in brackish waters. It seems to prefer slowly 

running water but has been found living in stagnant, 

even polluted, waters; it also occurs in swamps. 

Family CAECIDAE 

Genus CAECUM Fleming 

Fleming, 1813, Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia, v. 7, p. 67. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, Zool. 

Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 203) .-Dentalium trachaea 

Montagu. Holocene, seas of Europe. 

Small, curved tubes, apical end closed by a septum; 

sculpture consists of strong well-spaced axial rings. 

Caecum vertebrate Hedley 

Plate 5, figures 8-10 

Caecum sp. de Folin, 1886, Zoology, Challenger Rept., 15, p. 

684, pl. 2, fig. 12. 

Caecum vertebrale Hedley, 1899, Australian Mus. Mem. 3, pt. 7, 

p. 425, fig. 15. 

Shell minute, moderately curved, slightly tapering. 

Sculpture consists of 22-30 moderately strong rounded 

rings separated by hollows .of approximately the same 

width. Aperture circular, slightly oblique, separated 

from the first ring by a convex area; posterior end 

closed by a strongly convex septum. 

Measurements of the figured specimens: USNM 

650425 from drill hole F-14-C, Eniwetok, at depth 

33-36 feet-length 2.8 mm, diameter 0.6 mm; USNM 

650426 from drill hole F -1, Eniwetok, at depth 260--

270 feet-length 2.6 mm, diameter 0.7 mm; Bernice 

P. Bishop Mus. Geol. No. 1341 from Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Cat. station 202980, Tonga-length 1.8 mm, 

diameter 0.4 mm. 

The two figured specimens from Eniwetok were compared with one of Hedley's Holocene types (Australian 

Museum, Paratype C5917). 

Occurrence.-Four specimens in four drill holes on 

Eniwetok at depths from 19 to 270 feet; age Pleistocene 

to Holocene. Six specimens from Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Cat. station 202980, Tongatapu, Tonga; age, 

probably Pleistocene. 

Caecum berberense Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 11, 12 

Minute, moderately curved, slightly tapering. Sculpture consisting of 21-26 strong, sharply elevated rings 
PALEONTOLOGY 23 

separated by wider interspaces. Aperture circular, 

septum gently convex. 

Measurements of the holotype from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, depth 1,260-1,270 feet, USNM 650429: 

length 2.9 mm, diameter 1.5 mm. Paratype from drill 

hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 910-920 feet, USNM 650428: 

length 2.3 mm diameter 0.5 mm. 

Caecum berberense closely resembles C. vertebrale 

but has stronger and more sharply elevated rings and a 

less convex septum. 

Occurrence.-More than 40 specimens from three 

deep holes on Eniwetok at levels ranging from 230 to 

1,394 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e) to Pliocene 

(Tertiary h) or younger beds. Bikini drill holes yielded 

three specimens of comparable ages at depths 447-453, 

1,240-1,251 and 1,734-1,755 feet. Sixteen incomplete 

shells from station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji, probably represent the same species; age early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Caecum parryensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 5, figures 1-7 

Minute, moderately arcuate and slightly twisted, has 

a plug that is flattened at the edges but that rises to 

a spur near the convex side of the shell; spur pinched 

at right angles to the main plane of curvature. Anterior 

third of shell distinctly flared. Sculpture consisting of 

fine close-set growth rings; rim of aperture slightly 

thickened. 

Measurements of the single specimen, USNM 648518 

(holotype) : length 2.1 mm, apertural diameter 0.7 mm. 

Caecum parryensis has the twisting and the fine 

sculpture characteristic of Strebloceras, Parastrophia, 

and W atsonia but differs from these in being decollate, 

the apex being closed by septum and spur. The single 

specimen may not be mature. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole E-1 on Parry Island, Eniwetok, at depth of 1,260-1,270 feet. Age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary e) . 

Genus MICRANELLUM Bartsch 

Bartsch, 1920, Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 10, no. 20, p. 568. 

Type (by original designation) .-Caecum crebricinctum Carpenter. Holocene, California. 

Shape as in Caecum but with numerous fine axial 

rings. 

Micranellum schlangeri Ladd, n. SP· 

Plate 5, figures 13, 14 

Small, elongate, inflated, slightly curved shells; maximum inflation and curvature in anterior third of shell; 

posterior end filled by a plug that rises to a moderately sharp projecting spur close to the convex side of 

the tube; aperture constricted, oblique. Sculpture consists of faint close-set ringlets that are clearly visible 

only under high magnification. 

Measuren1ents of the holotype, USNM 650430 from 

drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth 940-950 feet: length 

2.8 mm, diameter 0.7 mm. A paratype, Mus. Comparative Zoology 29022, from Funafuti at depth 65 feet, 

measures: length 2.9 mm, diameter 0.7 mm. 

The amount of constriction of the anterior end of 

the tube is a variable feature. The fossils are smaller, 

more slender, and more tapered anteriorly than Micranellum catalinense, a Holocene species described by 

Bartsch ( 1920, p. 569) from California. In general 

form the fossils closely resemble Holocene shells described by de Folin (1881, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 9) as Meioceras elongatum from the China Sea, but the plug of 

the fossils protrudes more sharply than that of the 

smooth shell described and figured by de Folin. 

This species is named for Dr. S. 0. Schlanger, who 

studied and interpreted drill samples from Eniwetok. 

Occurrence.-Four specimens from drill holes l{-1B 

and E-1, Eniwetok, at depths 873-950 feet; age, early 

Miocene (Tertiary f) ; two specimens from same holes 

at higher levels, 820-840 feet; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). One specimen from drill hole F -6-C, Eniwetok, 

at depth 14-17 feet is Holocene as are three specimens 

from the Funafuti drill hole at depths 65-70 feet. 

Genus ELEPHANT A NELL UM Bartsch 

Bartsch, 1920, Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., v. 10, no. 20, p. 567. 

Type (by original designation) .-Caecum hewagonum Carpenter. Holocene, Mazatlan. 

Shape as in Caecum but with axial rings and longitudinal ridges or riblets. 

Elephantanellum sp. A 

Plate 5, figure 15 

Shell small, nearly straight posteriorly, gently curved 

near aperture; circular in section, lip thin; septum 

strongly convex. Sculpture consists of fine close-set 

growth lines that become prominent anteriorly to form 

six distinct rings; extremely fine longitudinal threads 

can be distinguished under high magnification; threads 

are slightly more conspicuous in hollows between 

anterior rings than elsewhere. 

Measurements of the only specimen, USNM 650431: 

length 3.6 mm, diameter 0.6 mm. 

The presence of fine longitudinal sculpture disguishes this species from other fossil caecids from the 

island area. 

Occurrence.-The single specimen was recovered 

from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth of 540-550 

feet. Age, post-Miocene, probably Pliocene. 
24 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Genus F ARTUL UM Carpenter 

Carpenter, 1857, Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells 

in the British Museum, London, p. 325. 

Type (by original designation) .-Caecum laeve C. B. 

Adams. Holocene, Panama to Mazatlan. 

Small decollate caecids with no sculpture other than 

lines of growth. 

Fartulum aff. F. amputatum (Hedley) 

Plate 5, figures 16, 17 

Small, elongate, circular in section; apical end 

slightly constricted in some specimens; apertural end 

has a heavy collar, beveled below to a thin edge; aperture slightly oblique. Sculpture consisting of numerous fine lines of growth. 

Measurements of figured specimen from drill hole 

I{-1B, Eniwetok, USNM 650432: length 2.7 mm, diameter 0.7 mm. A specimen from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 

USNM 650433: length 2.1 mm, diameter 0.5 mm. 

Closely resembles F artulum amputatum described by 

Hedley (1893) from Sydney Harbor, Australia, but 

that form lacks the heavy, beveled apertural collar. 

Hedley's description and figure indicate a bulge near 

the aperture, but an examination of the type shows that 

the bulge is much less conspicuous than the collar described here. A smaller and more slender Holocene 

species, Caecum gulosum, from the lagoon beach at 

Funafuti, also described by Hedley (1899, p. 426, fig. 

16), is collarless. . 

Occurrence.-Six specimens from drill hole K-1B, 

Eniwetok, depth 862-884 feet; and six specimens from 

drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 960-1,010 feet. Age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary/). 

Fartulum sp. A 

Plate 5, figure 18 

Shell small, inflated, smooth, straightened posteriorly, slightly constricted posteriorly, more strongly 

constricted anteriorly; plug projecting to a broadly 

rounded, centrally located point; aperture circular, 

oblique. 

Measurements of the single specimen, USNM 650434: 

length 2.5 mm, diameter 0.6 mm. 

F artulum sp. A is more straightened posteriorly and 

more constricted anteriorly than the type species, F. 

laeve (C. B. Adams). 

Occurrence.-Drill hole F -1, Eniwetok, at depth 

280-290 feet. Age, post-Miocene, possibly Pliocene 

(Tertiary h) . 

Family MODULIDAE 

Genus MODULUS Gray 

Gray, 1847, Zool. Soc. London, Proc. pt. 15, p. 150. 

Type (by original designation) .-Trochu.s modulus 

Linnaeus. Holocene, West Indies. 

Modulus tectum (Gmelirl') 

Trochus tectum Gmelin, 1791, Systema Naturae [13th ed.], v. 1, 

p. 3,569. 

Modulus tectum (Gmelin). Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 

9, p. 260, pl. 48, figs. 87-89. 

A single specimen of this widespread Holocene IndoPacific species was collected from the Mariana Limestone on Cabras Island, Guam (USGS loc. 21591). Age, 

probably Pleistocene. According to Beets ( 1941, p. 37), 

the species has also been reported from the Pleistocene 

of the Red Sea area and the Quaternary of Celebes. 

Modulus preangerensis Martin 

Plate 5, figures 19-21 

Mod1tlus preangerensis Martin, 1895, Die fossilien von Java, 

Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., new ser., v. 1, p. 221, 

pl. 41, fig. 671. 

Medium in size, biconic, solid; whorls about six; 

protoconch smooth; whorls of spire shouldered; periphery rounded, suture lightly impressed, not descending at aperture; aperture elongate-oval, oblique; outer 

lip strongly lirate within, inner lip callused: columella 

with a heavy basal tooth that is deeply excavated below; umbilicus moderately wide and deep. Sculpture 

consisting of strong spiral cords that are crossed and 

weakly beaded by oblique axial riblets; above the 

periphery, obscure axial folds are present; the rounded 

periphery of the body whorl bears two spirals larger 

than the two enclosed between them and the spirals that 

lie above and below; the base bears 10 subequal spirals. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

648450: height 10.9 mm, diameter 9.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from the marls at the 

base of the Palau Limestone in the Goikul area (USGS 

loc. 21304), Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Martin ( 1895) described the species from the upper 

Miocene of Java; van der Vlerk (1931, p. 252) reported 

it also from the lower Miocene. 

Family POTAMIDIDAE 

The Potamididae include many brackish-water forms 

that live in great abundance on intertidal flats and in 

mangrove swamps. 

Genus POTAMIDES Brongniart 

Brongniart, 1810, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris Annals, v. 15, p. 

367-368 

Type (by monotypy) .-Potamides lamarckii Brongniart. Oligocene, France. 

Potamides tayamaia Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 6, figures 1-3 

Medium to large, stout; spire composed of about 13 

flattened whorls, each bearing four to five primary 
PALEONTOLOGY 25 

spirals that are distinctly beaded where they cross the 

numerous slightly curved axial ribs (21-28 on penultimate whorl) ; five to six secondary spirals present between primary ribs on each whorl, not distinctly beaded 

where they cross the axials. A varix is present on the 

body whorl opposite the aperture, and other varicis are 

present on the spire at irregular intervals on some 

specimens; suture shallow. Aperture lenticular, outer 

lip thin, flaring and crenulated. Inside the outer lip 

back at least half a whorl are four to five elongate 

nodes that are variable in size and distribution. Inner 

lip heavily callused, its edge erect; columella has one 

prominent and several smaller spiral ridges; anterior 

channel moderately long, slightly recurved; posterior 

channel shallow. 

Measurements of the types : Holotype, USNM 

650500-height (incomplete) 22.0 mm ~ diameter 8.8 

mm; paratype A, USNM 650499-height 31.7 mm, diameter (aperture incomplete) 11.1 mm; para type B, 

USNM 650501-height (incomplete) 23.0 mm, diameter 

(aperture incomplete) 8.5 mm. 

Potamides tayamaia is very closely related to P. 

herklotsi (Martin), a species found in the lower and 

upper Miocene of Java. Both the Palau and the Java 

species are represented by numerous specimens. Martin 

(1879-80, p. 64; 1899, p. 214) pointed out that the Java 

species is exceedingly variable; the numerous Palau 

shells are less variable. The complex sculpture of early 

whorls of the two species is so similar that they are 

indistinguishable, but the later whorls of P. herklotsi 

commonly lose most of their spiral sculpture; this 

change is not seen in any of the numerous specimens 

of P. tayamaia. 

The Palau fossils closely resemble Holocene shells 

that are common on tidal flats around Airai Bay west 

of the Goikul Peninsula; however, the Holocene shells 

consistently have only three principal spirals, whereas 

the Goikul fossils have four or five. 

This species is named for the late Professor Risaburo 

Tayama of Sendai, Japan, who was a pioneer in the 

study of the geology of Palau. 

Oceurrence.-The most abundant of the larger mollusks in the Goikul Marl exposures north of Goikul 

village (USGS locs. 21301 and 21304) ; also collected 

at USGS loc. 21310 east of the village, Babelthuap, 

Palau; an incomplete mold from the Palau Limestone 

at USGS loc. 17718 on "Aulopsehal" (Auluptagel) 

Island probably represents the same species; age, late 

Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Potamides wardi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 6, figures 4, 5 

Medium in size, slender; spire composed of 10 or 

more gently convex whorls, each having three primary 

spirals that are strongly beaded where they cross the 

axial ribs (10 on penultimate whorl); two or three 

threadlike secondary spirals lie between each two primaries ; secondaries not beaded in crossing the axials ; 

a low varix is present opposite the aperture; suture 

wide, hollow. Aperture lenticular, outer lip not complete in any specimen but inside the broken edges are 

three low nodes, the posterior one of which is the 

largest; inner lip heavily callused, its edge erect; 

columella with one prominent and several indistinct 

spiral ridges; anterior canal moderately long and 

recurved. 

Measurements of the incomplete holotype from 

Guam, USNM 650498 : height 18.5 mm, diameter 6.8 

mm. A paratype, USNM 650511 _from drill hole F-1, 

Eniwetok, 770-780 feet, measures: height (incomplete) 

16.0 mm., diameter 6.2 mm. 

In general form and in details of sculpture this 

species is very similar to R hinoclavis ( Proclavia) sordidula (Gould) ('::=Oerithium pfefferi Dunker == 0. 

turritum Sowerby) , a Holocene species known from 

Japan to the Philippines and from Pliocene and 

younger rocks from parts of the same area, but that 

species does not have nodes inside the outer lip. 

This species is named for Porter Ward of the U.S. 

Geological Survey, long a student of hydrology on 

Guam. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and four other nearly complete specimens, together with numerous fragments, 

from USGS loc. 20535 on Guam, from the Talisay 

Member of the Alifan Limestone; age, late Tertiary 

(Tertiary g or h). Paratype and five other specimens 

from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, at depths 770-790 feet; 

age, Miocene (Tertiary f-g). 

Potamides sp. A 

Pia te 6, figure 6 

Small, slender; spire consists of about 10 whorls; on 

the upper six whorls of the spire the lower half of 

each whorl bears two prominent spiral threads that are 

beaded where they cross rounded axial plications; 

finer spiral threads cover the remainder of each whorl, 

but these are not beaded in crossing the axials; lower 

whorls of spire flatter than those of apical part, and 

the two primary spiral threads on these whorls are less 

conspicuous than those on the a pi cal part; suture distinct, wavy; a low varix is present opposite the aperture; similar but even less prominent varices occur at 

irregular intervals on the spire. Aperture elongate-oval, 

extended anteriorly into a narrow recurved canal 

bordered by a basal columellar fold; inner lip smooth, 

heavily callused; margin of outer lip not preserved, but 

lip is lirate within. 
26 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Measurements of the figured specimen. USNM 

650520: height 11.1 mm, diameter 3.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Two incomplete specimens from drill 

hole K-1B, Eniwetok, at depth of 747-758 feet; age, 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Potamides sp. B 

Plate 6, figure 7 

Like Potamides species A, this species is small and 

slender; its spire composed of about nine whorls that 

are flattened above and strongly convex below. Whorls 

of the apex have strong spiral ribs, later whorls are 

covered by smaller spirals, the one immediately above 

the suture being larger than the others; large rounded 

axial plications occur over the entire shell; base covered by spirals that alternate in size, the larger ones 

beaded. Apertural features, including internallirations, 

similar to those in Potamides sp. A. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650521, height 7.7 mm, diameter 2.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from drill hole 

K-1B, Eniwetok, 778-790 feet; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g) . 

Genus TYMPANOTONOS Schumacher 

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations 

des vers testaces : Copenhagen, p. 211. 

Type (by monotypy) .-T. fluviatilis Schumacher ( == 

M urew fuscatus Linnaeus) . Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Tympanotonos berberkirianus (Martin) 

Plate 6, figures 8-10 

Potamides ( Tympanotomus) berberkirianus Martin, 1899, Geol. 

Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., v. 1, nos. 6-8, p. 209, pl. 32, 

figs. 4 72-4 77. 

Martin, 1922, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., v. 1, 2d 

sec., no. 4, p. 472, pl. 60, fig. 71. 

Medium in size with a high spire consisting of about 

10 intricately sculptured, turreted whorls. Protoconch 

missing on all four available specimens. Aperture 

elongate-oval; outer lip incomplete but with one or 

two heavy rounded nodes within; columella with one 

or more low spiral folds near and above the midpoint; 

posterior canal shallow but distinct, anterior canal 

twisted. Sculpture consisting of several sets of spiral 

ribs that are noded or beaded by less prominent axial 

ridges. The largest spiral lies near the top of each 

whorl; below it are two somewhat less prominent spirals; between the three primary spirals are sets of fine 

and very fine spirals, all somewhat beaded by axial 

rib lets; several fine beaded spirals also occur between 

the largest primary spiral and the inconspicuous suture; 

a strong varix is developed opposite the aperture and 

similar but less well developed structures occur on 

earlier whorls. 

Measurements of the figured specimens from USGS 

loc. 21301, Palau: USNM 650456-height 29.9 mm, diameter 12.2 mm; USNM 650457-height (incomplete) 

20.4 mm, diameter 7.9 mm. 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from USGS loc. 21301 

and one from USGS loc. 21304-both localities in marls 

at base of Palau Limestone, Goikul peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). Martin described the species from the Miocene and Pliocene 

of Java. 

Genus VICARYA d'Archiac and Haime 

d'Archiac and Haime, 1854, Description des animaux fossiles 

du group nummulitique de l'Inde: Paris, p. 298, pl. 28, fig. 4. 

Type (by monotypy).-Nerinea? vernuili d'Archiac. 

Miocene, India. 

Vicarya sp. 

Plate 6, figure 11 

A fragment, consisting of parts of three whorls, 

shows the unusual sculpture that characterizes Vicarya. 

Immediately below the suture each whorl bears a row 

of prominent tubercles that are flattened in a plane at 

right angles to the axis of coiling. Below the row of 

tubercles the remainder of the whorl is concave in 

profile and bears five regularly spaced spiral threads; 

suture inconspicuous; internally a central columnar 

fold is visable. Traces of yellowish axial bands are 

preserved between the rows of tubercles. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650493; height (incomplete) 9.2 mm, diameter 6.3 mm. 

The Eni wetok fossil is smaller than the species described as Vicarya? callosa by Jenkins (1864, p. 57, pl. 

7, fig. 5) from the Miocene of Java and lacks the distinct spiral groove that runs over the tops of the 

tubercles in that species. 

In reviewing occurrences of species of V icarya, 

Takeyama (1933, p. 140) noted that they appear to have 

inhabited brackish waters. 

Occurrence.-Single fragment from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 2,700-2,710 feet; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary e) . 

Genus CERITHIDEA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology : London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Greene, and Longmans, p. 342. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Pilsbry and Harbison, 1933, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 85, 

p. 115) .-Melania lineolata Griffith and Pidgeon ( == 

Oerithium obtusum Lamarck). Holocene, Indian Ocean 

and Indonesia. 
PALEONTOLOGY 27 

Cerithidea cf. C. obtusa (Lamarck) 

Plate 6, figure 12 

Five incomplete specimens from the Miocene of 

Saipan are smaller than Holocene shells from Pacific 

islands but seem to be similar in all other observable 

features. Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650497: height 19.3 mm, diameter 10.7. 

OeeuTrenee.-USGS loc. 21408, Saipan, in the tuffaceous facies of the Tagpochau Limestone; age, Mioeene. 

Holocene shells of Oerithidea obtusa have been colleeted 

from India through Indonesia to the Pacific islands. 

Genus TEREBRALIA Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology: London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 342. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Saeeo, 1895, I 

Mollusehi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della 

Liguria : Torino, Italy Carlo Clausen pt. 17, p. 51.) .-

Strombus palustris Linnaeus. Holoeene, Indo-Paeifie. 

Terebralia sulcata (Born) 

Plate 6, figure 13 

Murem sulcattts Born, 1778, Index Rerum Naturatium Musei 

Caesarei Vindobonensis: Vienna, Krausiana, p. 324. 

Pyrazus sulcatus (Born). Reeve, 1865, Conchologica Iconica, v. 

15, Pyrazus sp. 1. 

Potamides (Terebralia) sulcatus (Born). Tryon, 1887, Manual 

Conchology, v. 9, p. 160, pl. 32, figs. 46, 47. 

Martin, 1895, Die fossilien von Java, Geol. Reichs-Mus. 

Leiden Samml., v. 1, no. 2, p. 211. 

Medium in size; eerithid in form; whorls of spire 

flat; penultimate and body whorl gently eonvex; aperture lentieular; eolumella with a strong plication above 

and a weaker one below, these structures matehed by 

two heavy rounded nodes on inside of outer lip; anterior canal short and curved; seulpture consisting of 

strong regularly spaeed axial ribs (about 15 on body 

whorl) crossed by four straplike spirals, the two spirals 

adjacent to the incised suture being larger than the 

other two; areas between spirals sharply exeavated; 

axials beaded where crossed by spirals. A broad varix 

is present close behind outer lip, and other variees 

occur on earlier whorls. 

Measurements of the figured specimen lTSNM 

650445; height (incomplete) 20.0 mm, diameter 8.6 

mm. 

OeeuTrenee.-Single speeimen from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetock, at depth 640-650 feet; age, late Mioeene 

(Tertiary g). Living speeimens inhabit an area from 

the Caroline Islands, Indonesia, northern Australia, 

Okinawa, to the Philippines. The speeies has also been 

reported from the upper Mioeene of Java and the 

Pliocene of Sumatra and Timor (van der Vlerk, 1931, 

p.251). 

Genus BA TILLARIA Benson 

Benson, 1842, in Cantor, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 9, 

p. 488. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Oerithium zonalis Bruguiere. 

Holocene, China coast. 

Subgenus ZEACUMANTUS Finlay 

Finlay, 1926, New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 57, p. 380. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithium subearinata Sower by. Holoeene, New Zealand. 

Batillaria (Zeacumantus) rickardi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 6, figure 14 

Medium in size, high spired; upper whorls straight 

sided, later whorls gently convex; suture wide and deep. 

Sculpture consists of wide flattened spiral ribs (four on 

each whorl of the spire) and strong axial plications 

(seven to nine per whorl), those of one whorl imperfectly alined with those of adjoining whorls; spiral 

ribs slightly swollen where they cross the axial 

plications. 

The strong regular seulpture and the deep suture 

distinguish the fossil from described Holocene species 

of Zeaeumantus. 

Measurements of the holotype, lTSNM 650436 : height 

(incomplete) 25.2 mm, diameter 12.2 mm. 

This speeies is named for Dr. M. J. Rickard, who 

collected the type speeimen during the course of a long 

and produetive study of Fijian geology. 

OeeuTrenee.-Holotype and one other specimen from 

conglomerate at base of limestone seetion (station 160) 

on Walu Bay, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary f) . 

Family DIASTOMIDAE 

Genus OBTORTIO Hedley 

Hedley, 1899, Australian Mus. Mem. 3, pt. 7, p. 413, fig. 6. 

Type (by original designation) .-Rissoia pyrrhaeme 

Mel vill and Standen, Holocene, Loyalty Islands. 

When Hedley ( 1899, p. 412), proposed the genus 

Obtortio, he plaeed in it some shells that he had colleeted from the lagoon beaeh of Funafuti in the Ellice 

Islands. As type of his new genus, he chose Rissoia 

pyrrhaeme, which was described by Melvill and 

Standen ( 1896, p. 310, pl. 11, fig. 70) from the Loyalty 

Islands. Hedley expressed the opinion that the shell 

described from the Loyalty Islands was identieal with 

a common New Caledonian shell that he had collected 

at Panie, New Caledonia, only "a day's sail" from the 

type locality of R. pyTrhacme. Because the figure published by Melvill and Standen was too small to give 
28 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

details of the apex, Hedley prepared an enlargement 

to show characteristics that he considered of o-eneric • b 

Importance. This figure shows axial ribs on the whorls 

of the protoconch, but these ribs are not mentioned in 

the accompanying description. 

Later workers (for example, W enz, 1940, p. 750) 

have followed Hedley's figure and have stated that 

~he protoconch of Obtortio has ribbed whorls, differing 

In this respect from Alabina (Dall, 1902). Numerous 

fossil and Holocene shells from the Marshall Islands 

have most of the features described by Hedley for 

Obtortio, but the whorls of their protoconchs are 

smooth. In an attempt to determine the type of protoconch possessed by the Loyalty Island shell named as 

type of Obtortio, I asked S. P. Dance, then at the 

Manchester M usmnn, to examine the shells of Ri8soia 

pyrrhacme described by Melvill and Standen. He stated 

(written commun., Apr. 3, 1967) that an examination 

of the (potential) lectotype and of the few paratypes 

that retain the protoconch showed the protoconch to be 

quite smooth (pl. 7, fig. 3). Hedley also mentioned 

that the shells he referred to 0. pyrrha.cme had an 

aperture that was grooved within. The Marshall Island 

shells appear to be grooved within, but a close examination reveals that this is the effect of the outside 

spirals showing through. Mr. Dance reported that the 

types of R. pyrrhacm,e are also smooth within. 

It appears that Ala.bina Dall is a synonym of 

Obtortio Hedley. 

Obtortio pyrrhacme (Melvill and Standen) 

Plate 6, figures 15, 16; plate 7, figures 1-3 

Rissoia pyrrhacme Melvill and Standen, 1896, Jour. Conchology 

(Leeds), v. 8, pt. 9, p. 310, pl. 11, fig. 70. 

Obtortio pyrrhacme (Melvill and Standen). Hedley, 1899, 

Australian Mus. Mem. 3, pt. 7, p. 413, fig. 6. 

Shell small, stout, with sharp apex; early whorls of 

spire turreted, later whorls broadly convex. Protoconch 

consisting of two to three smooth convex whorls fol- ' lowed by seven to eight sculptured whorls. Aperture 

elongate-oval; slightly effuse anteriorly; columella 

thickened below; outer lip smooth within. First four 

whorls of spire with two to three strong spiral ribs that 

become beaded as the larger whorls are approached; 

la;rger whorls have numerous (six or more) spiral ribs 

~Ith obscure minute rib lets in the interstices; spiral 

nbs of larger whorls beaded by numerous low axial 

plications that disappear on the lower part of the body 

whorl. 

Many fossils from shallow depths in the Marshall 

Island drill holes retain traces of brown color on the 

apex that characterizes the shells of living specimens. 

Measurements of the figured specimens are : 

Specimen 

(USNM) Island 

Drill 

hole 

650461 ____ Eniwetok ____ F-1 

650462 _______ do _______ K-1 

650463 _______ do _______ F-1 

650464 ----- Bikini ----- 2B 

Depth 

(feet) 

20-45 

201-211.5 

860-870 

1,345.5-1,356 

Height Diameter 

(mm) (mm) 

2.8 

3.5 

4.7 

3.7 

1.3 

1.4 

1.8 

1.3 

Hedley noted a considerable variation in the outline 

(proportion) of the shells he examined. This same 

variation is exhibited by the Marshall Island shells. 

The difference in outline may be a sexual feature, as 

suggested by Hedley. Smaller spiral lirae in the interstices of some of the larger lirae can be observed on 

some of the Marshall Island shells, but on many specimens these smaller lirae cannot be seen even under 

high magnification. Another variable feature is the 

development of the axial plications. On some shells 

they are low and indistinct, on others sharp and more 

prominent. 

Occurrence.-In all the deep holes and many of the 

shallow holes on Eniwetok and Bikini; more than 100 

lots from near the surface to a depth of 2,039 feet; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e) to Holocene. As mentioned 

earlier, the species was described from Holocene shells 

collected in the Loyalty Islands; Hedley's shells from 

New Caledonia and from the lagoon beach at Funafuti 

in the Ellice Islands probably represent the same 

species, but I could not find any fossils in samples from 

the drill hole on Funafuti. 

Obtortio failingi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 7, figures 4, 5 

Small, stout, pupoid, polished. Protoconch consists 

of two to three glassy convex whorls followed by about 

five sculptured whorls that make up the spire; first 

two whorls slightly flattened on upper part and bearing 

low regularly spaced axial plications that are canceled 

by two to three low spiral ribs ; spirals persist on all 

later whorls, but axial plications become more widely 

spaced and indistinct; suture impressed. Aperture 

ovate, slightly effuse; columella with a pad of callus 

that is sharply defined. 

The sculpture varies considerably; on some shells the 

plications are fairly well developed even on the body 

whorl (pl. 7, fig. 5). 

Measurements of the figured specimens: holotype, 

USNM 650465-(2B, Bikini, 2,070-2,081 feet) height 

2.4 mm, diameter 0.9 mm; a para type, USNM 650466-

(E-1, Eniwetok, 1,746-1,777 feet) height 2.1 mm, 

diameter 0.9 mm. 

This species is named for the late George E. Failing, 

who furnished the drill used during Operation 

Crossroads. 

Occurrence.-Thirty-three specimens (14 lots) In 

drill hole 2B, Bikini, at depths 1,492-2,112 feet; 40 
PALEONTOLOGY 29 

specimens (9 lots) in drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at 

depths 1,280-1,985 feet; age of all occurrences, early 

Miocene (Tertiary e) . 

Obtortio dancei Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 7, figure 6 

Shell minute, stout, turreted; protoconch consists of 

about two smooth glassy whorls followed by five to six 

sculptured whorls; suture prominent. Aperture broadly 

lenticular, slightly expanded anteriorly; inner lip 

sharply set off, outer lip thin. Sculpture consisting of 

spiral ribs, about five to the whorl; two peripheral ribs 

are larger than the others and add to the turreted a ppearance ; peripheral spirals noded by broad axials ; 

nodes less prominent on body whorl; base has about 

five distinct subequal spiral ribs. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650545 : height 

1.6 mm, diameter 0.5 mm. 

Obtortio dancei is named for S. P. Dance, English 

malacologist. It is very closely related to a living species 

in Hawaii and is possibly identical with that species. 

The fossil shell appears to be more strongly turreted 

and more strongly noded than the shells of the living 

species (USNM 339456, three specimens collected off 

Waikiki, Oahu, at 35-50 fathoms). 

Occurrence.-More than 40 specimens from drill hole 

E-1 on Eniwetok at depth of 1,746-1,777 feet; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Obtortio sp. A 

Pia te 7, figure 7 

A single specimen of a slender Obtortio from drill 

hole E-1 on Eniwetok appears to be distinct from 

0. failingi, which occurs in the same drill hole both 

above and below. The protoconch consists of two glassy 

whorls as does the protoconch of 0. failingi, but the 

shell lacks the pupoid outline of 0. failingi and shows 

stronger axial and spiral sculpture. It is more slender 

than 0. pyrrhacme, which occurs at higher levels, and 

does not have an acicular point. 

Measurements of the single specimen, USNM 650467 : 

height 1.7 mm, diameter 0.5 mm. 

The shell probably represents an undescribed species, 

but because the single specimen may be an immature 

form, a new name seems unwarranted. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok at depth 

1,350-1,365 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Family CERITHIIDAE 

Genus DIALA A. Adams 

Adams, A. 1861, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 8, p. 242. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Dall, 1921, N autil us, v. 35, p. 84) .-Diala varia A. Adams ( == Rissoia 

semistriata Philippi). Holocene, Japan and China 

coasts, Red Sea. 

462-678 0 - 72 - 3 

Diala ludens Melvill and Standen 

Pia te 7, figures 8-12 

Diala ludens Melvill and Standen, 1895, Jour. Conchology 

(Leeds), v. 8, p. 118, pl. 2, fig. 9. 

Small, elongate-conical, with blunted apex; whorls 

gently convex, numbering about seven; suture sharply 

impressed; aperture broadly o~ate; on some large adult 

shells the body whorl is slightly inflated. Sculpture 

consisting of fine spiral grooves most prominent on the 

base but discernible at high magnification over the 

entire spire; on some specimens the grooves on the base 

are close set but with a spacing that results in fine 

riblike spirals alternating with coarser spirals. 

The color pattern is exceedingly variable. Most wellpreserved shells have narrow red-brown spiral bands, 

six commonly present on each whorl; the lowest two or 

four may be unbroken, but the highest one shows 

regular gaps; on some shells the gaps cut all spiral 

bands and the open spaces form wide axial bands of 

white. On some shells the apex is red brown. 

Measurements of the figured specimens are: 

Specimen 

(USNM) Drill 

hole 

Depth 

(ft) 

650447 ------ F-7-C ------ 16.67-19.17 650448 ______ Mu-4 ______ 40.5-41 

650449 ------ E-1 -------- 940-950 

650450 ------ F-1 -------- 1,040-1,050 

650451 ------ 2B --------- 1,471.5-1,482 

Height Diameter 

(mm) (mm) 

4.1 

1.8 

1.6 

2.4 

2.9 

2.0 

0.9 

0.8 

1.2 

1.3 

The largest fossil shells are about the same size as 

the Holocene shells described by Melvill and Standen, 

but the average size fossils appear to be smaller. 

In general form and in color pattern Diala ludens resembles the type of the genus, D. varia A. Adams ( == 

D. semistriata (Philippi), a Holocene species widely 

distributed in the Indo-Pacific, from the Japanese 

coast to the Red Sea, but on shells of that species the 

spiral grooves are limited to the base. D. lauta A. 

Adams (1862, p. 298) and D. albugo (Watson) (1886, 

p. 568, pl. 42, fig. 3), both Holocene Australian shells, 

likewise have the spirals limited to the base; they appear to be synonyms of D. varia. 

Occurrence.-One of the most abundant and long 

ranging species in the drill holes of Eni wetok and 

Bikini. More than 200 lots have been collected, some 

of them containing numerous specimens. The Marshall 

Island specimens range from early Miocene (Tertiary 

e) to Holocene. A single specimen from Tonga station 

202980 is probably Pleistocene. Two specimens from 

the Funafuti drill hole at a depth of 90-100 feet are 

probably Holocene. Surprisingly, Hedley ( 1899) did 

not report the species among the lagoon and beach 

shells that he described from Funafuti. 
30 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Melville and Standen described the species from 

Uvea in the Loyalty Islands. The species is abundant 

in the northern Marshall Islands today. 

Diala stricta Habe 

Plate 7, figure 13 

Diala stricta Babe, 1960, Seto Marine Bioi. Lab. Pub., v. 8, no. 2, 

p. 296, fig. 2. 

Babe, 1964, Shells of the western Pacific in color. Osaka, 

Japan, Hoikusha Pub. Co., v. 2, p. 40, pl. 12, fig. 9. 

Small, elongate-conical; about eight flat-sided whorls 

separated by a deeply incised suture; aperture broadly 

ovate. Earliest three whorls of spires on unworn specimens bear weak spiral ribs; remainder of spire smooth, 

except the base which is marked by seven to eight 

spiral ribs. The boundary between the ribbed base and 

the rest of the whorl is usually rounded but may· be 

subangular. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650452 from drill hole 2B, Bikini, at depth of 1,587-

1,598 feet: height 3.5 mm, diameter 1.3 mm. 

The fossils are smaller than the Holocene shells frmn 

Japan but do not seem to differ in other important 

features. The ribbing of the apical whorls is not mentioned by Habe, but traces of it are present on unworn 

shells from Japan. 

Occurrence.-Twenty-one specimens from three deep 

holes on Eniwetok at depths from 211 to 998 feet; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary f) and Quaternary (no examples from Tertiary g or h). In drill hole 2B on 

Bikini, one specimen from 1,471 to 1,482 feet, another 

from 1,587 to 1,598 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Diala sulcifera A. Adams 

Plate 7, figure 14 

Alba (Diala) sulcifera A. Adams, 1862, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, v. 10, 3d ser., p. 298. 

Small, elongate-conical, slightly inflated; whorls 

about six; suture conspicuously channeled; aperture 

broadly ovate, slightly effuse below. Sculpture consisting of spiral grooves that separate flattened riblike 

elevations; six grooves are present on the penultimate 

whorl. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from drill 

hole F-A, Eniwetok, USNM 650453: height 2.5 mm, 

diameter 1.3 mm. 

This species is more strongly sculptured than other 

species of Diala; the widespread Diala luderus has the 

same sort of markings, but they are much weaker. 

Occurrence.-Represented by a single slightly worn 

fossil from drill hole F-A, Eniwetok, at a depth of 

1-5 feet; age, Holocene. A single specimen was dredged 

from Bikini's lagoon at a depth of 25 fathoms, 3 miles 

off Bikini Island (USNM 582877). Adams described 

the species from Holocene shells collected in Japan 

but did not figure them. The two Marshall Island 

shells appear to be identical with specimens from Japan 

in the U.S. National Museum. 

Genus BITTIUM Leach 

Leach, Oct. 1847, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 20, p. 270. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, Nov. 1847, 

Zoo I. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 154) .-M urew 

reticulatu8 Montagu. Holocene, seas of Europe. 

Bittium impendens (Hedley) 

Plate 7, figure 15 

Oerithium impendens Hedley, 1899, Australian Mus. Mem. 3, 

pt.7,p.434,fig. 23. 

Shell strong, stout, characterized particularly by a 

carina close above the suture on the whorls of the 

spire and by strong and regular axial plications. Plications overridden by close-set spiral threads; a prominent varix is present on the body whorl opposite the 

aperture. Aperture sublenticular, anterior canal broad 

and short. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650479: height 4.7 mm, diameter 2.1 mm. 

The shells of Bittium impendens are larger and 

stouter than those of B. parcum Gould, a Holocene 

species described from the Ryukyu Islands and known 

to occur widely in Hawaii. 

Occurrence.-Six specimens from five drill holes on 

Eniwetok at depths of less than 80 feet; age, Holocene. 

These shells and others dredged from Bikini's lagoon 

were found to be identical with Hedley's paratype from 

the lagoon· beach at Funafuti. The species also occurs 

in Hawaii where, according to Dr. Alison Kay, of the 

University of Hawaii (written commun., 1969), shells 

are found in 30 to 60 feet of water off Oahu and Hawaii 

and, more rarely, are found in beach drift on Oahu. 

Bittium sergentum (J ousseaume) 

Plate 7, figures 16-20 

Oerithi1tm lineatum Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 

143, pl. 27, figs. 27, 28 (not 0. lineatum Lamarck, 1816). 

Oerithium sergentum Jousseaume, 1930, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 

74, p. 284. 

Small, stout; spire consisting of eight to nine flattened whorls, each with four subequal spiral ribs that. 

are strongly beaded by axials to give the shell a 

clathrate appearance; suture wide and deep; on later 

whorls the suture carries a fine spiral rib let; a low 

varix is present opposite the aperture; base has five 

to six moderately strong spiral ribs, the upper ones of 

which alternate with finer riblets. Aperture broadly 
PALEONTOLOGY 31 

ovate, entire; anterior canal broad and short; posterior 

canal shallow. Inner lip callused; outer lip thin, slightly 

flaring, smooth within. Shell white or cream colored, 

bearing two or more narrow, usually continuous spiral 

bands of orange on the lower part of each whorl. 

All the fossil shells from above a depth of 310 feet 

and one shell from a depth of 2,154-2,165 feet ( dril1 

hole 2B, Bikini) retain traces of the orange color bands 

that are so conspicuous on Holocene shells. Other shells 

from deeper horizons have no trace of color. 

Measurements of five specimens selected to illustrate 

variation in size, sculpture, and coloration: 

Specimen 

(USNM) Type 

Drill 

hole Depth Height Diameter 

(ft) (mm) (mm) 

650477 --- Holotype ______ 2 -------- 126 ______ 7.1 3.0 

650481 --- Paratype A ___ Holocene __ Surface __ 5.7 2.5 

650482 ___ Paratype B ___ E-1 ______ 540-550 __ 4.2 1.9 

650483 --- Paratype C ___ F-1 ______ 760-770 __ 5.5 2.6 

650484 --- Paratype D ___ E-1 ______ 940-950 __ 3.0 1.4 

Specimen 

(USNM) Type 

Number of Secondary spiral spiral in 

ribs suture Beading 

Color 

bands 

650477 __ Holotype _______ 4 

650481 __ Paratype A ____ 4 

Present __ Strong ___ Present. __ do _______ do ______ Do. 

650482 __ Paratype B ____ 6± 

650483 __ Paratype C ____ 6 

650484 __ Paratype D ____ 4 

-- do ____ Weak ____ Absent. __ do ------- do ______ Do. 

Absent ___ Strong _____ Do. 

Occurrence.-Tryon's four type specimens ( Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 17730) were collected in Fiji. 

Wray Harris found specimens (USNM 380953) at Ofu 

Island, Samoa, under coral blocks and in pieces of dead 

coral collected at low tide level. On Bikini, specimens 

were collected on the reef at about low tide (USNM 

583597). 

Thirty -one fossil shells were recovered from three 

drill holes on Bikini (drill holes 1, 2, 2A) , from near 

the surface to a depth of 232 feet; age, Pleistocene and 

(or) Holocene; a single specimen from drill hole 2B, 

Bikini, at a depth of 2,154-2,165 could be early Miocene (Tertiary e) but it retains traces of original color 

and probably was derived from a higher horizon. More 

than 30 specimens from three drill holes on Eniwetok 

at depths 40-950 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f) 

to Holocene. Two incomplete specimens from Funafuti's 

first bore hole at depth of 90-100 feet probably represent this species; age, Holoeene. 

Bittium ianthinum (Gould) 

Plate 7, figures 21, 22 

Oerithium ianthinum Gould, 1849, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., v. 3, p. 121. 

Gould, 1862, Otia Conchologica, p. 63. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 137, pl. 25, figs. 

71, 72. 

Oerithium janthinum Gould, 1852, U.S. Explor. Exped., Mollusca, 

v. 12,p. 152,pl. 10,figs. 173, 173a, b. 

Johnson, 1964, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 239, p. 95. 

Small, stout; spire consisting of seven to eight gently 

convex whorls covered by close-set raised spiral lines 

that tend to alternate in size and are beaded by weak 

axials; a prominent varix is present opposite the aperture, and varices are also present on several earlier 

whorls. Aperture broadly ovate; anterior canal wide, 

short. 

Measurements of the figured specimens: USNM 

650486-height 7.0 mm, diameter 2.6; the type, USNM 

5573-height 8.3, diameter 3.8 mm. 

In deseribing this species Gould noted that the whorls 

of the apex were angulated by an elevated, nodular 

eentral thread. This feature is not apparent in the 

figures published by Gould in 1852, but the type specimen clearly shows it (pl. 7, fig. 21). The type specimen, 

however, seems to be the only shell to show this angulated apex, as none of the Holoeene shells in large collections from Samoa, Society Islands, and New 

Caledonia have this feature, nor do the Eniwetok fossil 

shells. On the other hand, the postapieal whorls of all 

these other shells are more strongly beaded than are 

those of the type speeimen. 

Occurrence.-Thirteen specimens from two drill holes 

on Eniwetok at depths to 40 feet; age, Holocene. The 

type specimen, a Holocene shell, is from the Tuamotu 

Islands; also known from Samoa, Society Islands, Cook 

Islands, and New Caledonia. 

Bittium eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 4, figure 13 

Small, stout; two smooth, glassy, convex nuclear 

whorls followed by six gently convex seulptured whorls. 

Sculpture eonsisting of close-set axial ribs that are 

erossed and beaded by spiral riblets (six on penultimate whorl); base has seven spiral riblets that decrease progressively in size below; no varices present; 

suture channeled to give the spire a slightly turreted 

appearance; aperture broadly lenticular; outer lip 

thiekened, inner lip callused; anterior canal short, 

moderately deep. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650514: height 

4.6mm, diameter 1.7 mm. 

The numerous spirals and the regularity of the retieulate sculpture differentiate this species from other 

members of the genus known from the island area. 

Ocourrence.-Two specimens from deep drill holes 

on Eniwetok (drill holes F-1, 930-940 feet; E-1, 970-

980 feet) ; age, early Mioeene (Tertiary /) . 
32 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Subgenus BITTIOLUM Cossmann 

Cossman, 1906, Essais de paleoconchologie comparee : Paris, v. 

7, p.139. 

Type (by original designation) .-Bittium podagrinum Dall. Holocene, Pliocene, Florida. 

Bittium (Bittiolum).. toddae ·Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 4, figures 14-16 

Small, stout, flat sided with a sharply impressed 

suture. Protoconch consists of about two smooth convex 

whorls, followed by about eight flattened whorls that 

make up the spire; first two to three whorls of spire 

each have two strong slightly beaded spiral ribs; remaining whorls have close-set axial ribs, better developed on some shells than in others; axials usually weak 

on body whorl and absent entirely on base; fine closeset spiral grooves may be conspicuous between axial 

ribs on spire; spiral sculpture dominant on base, the 

grooves may be slightly narrower than the intervening 

areas that stand out as flattened ribs. Aperture broadly 

ovate; anterior canal short and wide; posterior eanal 

narrow and shallow; inner lip heavily callused; outer 

lip slightly flaring, beveled within. A broad varix is 

present on the body whorl opposite the aperture; in 

front of this varix the axial seulpture is greatly 

redueed. 

Measurements of the types: Holotype, USNM 

650512-K-1B, Eniwetok, 778-790 ft, height 5.5 mm, 

diameter 2.3 mm; paratype, USNM 650513-E-1, Eniwetok, 1,7 46-1,776 ft., height 5.0 mm, diameter 2.1 mm. 

The Eniwetok speeies resembles the type of Bittiolum, B. podagrinum, from the Plioeene of Florida 

(Dall, 1892, p. 274, pl. 21, fig. 12), but B. toddae is more 

slender and has stronger spiral sculpture on the early 

whorls and weaker spirals on the remainder of the 

shell. B. fretens·e from the Plioeene of Trinidad (Jung, 

1969, p. 448, pl. 45, figs. 12, 13) is shorter and much 

more strongly reticulate than the Eniwetok fossil. 

B. varium Pfeiffer, a speeies that lives along the west 

Atlantic. eoast and in the Caribbean, is more slender, 

has more-convex whorls, and is more strongly retieulate than B. toddae. 

The speeies is named for Ruth Todd of the U.S. 

Geologieal Survey, whose studies of smaller Foraminifera from the western Paeific have been of great value 

in stratigraphic and eeologie work in the area. 

Occu1'1'ence.-Holotype and three other speeimens 

from drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, at depth of 778-790 

feet; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). Figured paratype 

and 22 other speeimens from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth 1,746-1,776 feet; age, early Mioeene 

(Tertiary e) . 

Genus COLINA H. and A. Adams 

Adams, H. and A., 1854, Genera of Rec~nt Mollusca : London, 

John van Voorst, v. 1, p. 286. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithium macrostoma Hinds. Holocene, Indonesia. 

Subgenus ISCHNOCERITHIUM Thiele 

Thiele, 1929, Handbuch der systematischen weichtierkunde : 

Jena, von Gustav Fischer, v. 1, p. 212. 

Type (by monotypy).-Oerithium rostratum Sowerby. Holoeene, eentral and western Pacific. 

Colina (lschnocerithium) rostrata (Sowerby) 

Plate 4, figure 17 

Oerithium rostratum Sowerby, 1855, Monograph of genus Oerithi1tm, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, p. 861, pl. 180, fig. 104. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 130, pl. 23, figs. 

90, 91. 

Colina (I schnocerithium) rostrata ( Sowerby). Thiele, 1929, 

Handbuch der systematischen weichtierkunde: Jena, von 

Gustav Fischer, v.1, p. 212. 

This widely distributed Holocene speeies is slender 

and has strong axial plieations that are crossed by fine 

granulose spiral ribs. The aperture is broadly ovate; 

the outer lip varicose; the anterior eanal produeed; 

the tip of the canal is dark brown to nearly blaek in 

shells of living animals, and traees of this color are 

retained in well-preserved fossils. 

Measurements of the · figured specimen, USNM 

650480: height 9.9 mm, diameter 3.7 mm. 

Occu1'1'ence.-Numerous specimens from eight drill 

holes on Eniwetok from near the surfaee to depth of 

280 feet; age, Pleistocene to Holoeene; a single speeimen from a depth of 750-760 feet in drill hole F -1 is 

late Mioeene (Tertiary g) . In Bikini drill holes, two 

speeimens from drill hole 1 at depths 5-59 feet are 

Holocene ; a single speeimen from drill hole 2B at a 

depth of 621-631.5 is probably Plioeen~ (Tertiary h). 

The speeies lives today in many island groups from the 

Philippines to Hawaii and in the Indian Oeean. 

Genus ATAXOCERITHIUM Tate 

Tate, 1894, Royal Soc. New South Wales Jour., v. 27, p. 179. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithium serotinum A. Adams. Holocene, Tasmania. 

Ataxocerithium eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 4, figure 18 ; plate 8, figure 1 

Shell small, spire wide and gently inflated, its height 

about three times that of the aperture; whorls of spire 

about nine; base flattened, bearing smooth, close-set 

spirals; aperture broadly ovate, posterior canal deep 

and sharply defined; anterior canal extended below, 

bent baekward and slightly to left, almost closed by 
PALEONTOLOGY 33 

reflected basal lip of aperture; columellar lip free. 

Sculpture consists of three beaded spirals to each whorl 

of spire; a fine thread is present between the upper 

two spirals, and on the penultimate and body whorl a 

thread is also present between the lower two spirals. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650454 : height 

(incomplete) 11.1 mm, diameter 5.4 mm. 

Atamocerithium eniwetokensis is much more swollen 

near the middle of the spire than is A. serotinum, type 

of the genus. 

OccuTTence.-In drill hole E-1, Eniwetok Atoll, at 

depth of 40-50 feet; age, Holocene. The species also 

was found in the Sand Island drill hole on Midway, 

Hawaii, at a depth of 137-138 feet; age, Holocene. 

Genus RHINOCLA VIS Swainson 

Swainson, 1840, Treatise on malacology: London, Longman, 

Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, p. 315. 

Subgenus RHINOCLA VIS sensu stricto 

Type (by subsequent designation, Herrmannsen, 

1848, Indicis generum malacozoorum : Cassellis, Theodori Fischeri, v. 2, p. 392) .-M urew vertagus Linnaeus. 

Holocene, western Pacific. 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) vertagus (Linnaeus) 

Plate 8, figures 2-4 

MureilJ vertagus Linnaeus, 1767, Systema naturae [12th ed.], 

p. 1,225. 

0 erithium ( V ertagus) vertagu s ( Linnaeus) . Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 149, pl. 29, figs. 69, 70. 

Rhinoclavis vertagus (Linnaeus). Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 

11, no. 3, p. 291. 

Characterized particularly by axial plaits below the 

suture; plaits well developed on earlier whorls, becoming all but obsolescent on later whorls. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Bikini, 

USNM 650458 : height 41.8 mm, diameter 12.0 mm. 

Measurements of two specimens from Maewo, New 

Hebrides (pl. 8, figs. 3, 4): USNM 650618-height 37.0 

mm, diameter 14.9 mm; USNM 650619-height 39.9 

mm, diameter 7.3 mm. 

The axial plaits on the figured fossil specimen from 

Bikini are more distinctly beaded than they are on most 

Holocene shells, but a second fossil that was found 

with the first is not strongly beaded. 

OccuTTence.-Two specimens from top of core No. 2 

in drill hole 2 on Bikini, depth 180-185 feet; age, 

probably Pleistocene. Numerous specimens from Maewo 

and Pentecost Islands, New Hebrides; age, PliocenePleistocene. Holocene shells have been collected from 

the Indian Ocean and many parts of the western 

tropical Pacific, as far east as Palau and Yap and, to 

the south, in the Solomon Islands. Not found living in 

the Marshall Islands. 

Rhinocla:vis (Rhinoclavis) articulata (Adams and Reeve) 

Plate 8, figures 5, 6 

Oerithium articulatum Adams and Reeve, 1850, Mollusca, in 

Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang [Rept.]: London, Reeve and 

Benham, p. 43, pl. 10, fig. 14. 

Oerithium gemmatum Hinds. Tryon [part], 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 146, pl. 28, fig. 45. 

V ertagns articulatus (Adams and Reeve). Da utzenberg and 

Bouge, 1933, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 77, no. 2, p. 316. 

The following description is based on the fossil material: Shell medium in size, robust. Sculpture of later 

whorls consisting of two rows of prickly spirals 

separated by a sharply incised groove and, directly below the suture, a third spiral with rounded nodes that 

are more closely spaced than the prickly nodes below; 

between the rounded nodes in several places traces of 

brown color have been retained. Suture appressed and 

difficult to follow; base gently convex, cut by incised 

lines into six strong cords that are obscurely beaded 

near aperture. Body whorl has a bulging varix above 

the posterior end of the canal. Aperture lenticular, 

passing anteriorly into a short canal that lies at right 

angles to the axis of the shell; outer lip flaring and 

slightly reflected, smooth within; inner lip heavily 

callused with a narrow groove posteriorly; columella 

has two low parallel folds. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650459: height (incomplete) 22.6 mm, diameter 9.4 mm. 

Large collections of Holocene shells show that the 

sculpture of the species is quite variable; on many 

shells the highest of the three rows of spirals is set 

off as a very distinct band. 

OccuTTence.-Three specimens from the Tanapag 

Limestone on Saipan (USGS loc. 17891) ; age, Pleistoeene. Shells of this speeies were first described from 

the coast of Borneo and the China Sea, but they have 

since been collected from a number of island groups 

in the western Pacific, including the Marianas. 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) procera (Kiener) 

Pia te 8, figure 7 

Oerithi1tm procerum Kiener, 1841, Coquille vivantes comprenant 

la collection du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris***, 

pt. 1, p. 22, pl. 18, fig. 1, la. 

Oerithium fasciatum Brugiere. Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, 

v. 9, p. 149, pl. 29, fig. 67. 

Characteristically long and slender with 12 or more 

flattened whorls; sculpture consisting of strong, 

rounded close-set axial ribs crossed by fine spiral 

grooves. 

Measursements of the figured specimen from Saipan, 

USNM 650460: height (incomplete) 31.8 mm, diameter 

7.7mm. 
34 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

All the fossils are smaller than Holocene shells from 

the Marshall Islands and Hawaii. 

Occurrence.-Eight specimens from the Tanapag 

Limestone of Saipan (USGS loc. 17891) ; age, Pleistocene. Twenty-seven incomplete specimens from the 

Mariana Limestone of Guam (USGS locs. 20607, 20637, 

21377); age, Pliocene-Pleistocene. Nine incomplete 

specimens from station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early 

Miocene (Tertiary f). Holocene shells have been widely 

reported from Hawaii, the western Pacific, and the 

Indian Ocean. 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) aspera (Linnaeus) 

Plate 8, figures 8, 9 

Murew asper Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], p. 756. 

Oerithium (Vertagus) asper (Linnaeus). Tryon, 1887, Manual 

Conchology, v. 9, p. 148, pl. 28, figs. 62, 63. 

Rhinoclavfs aspera (Linnaeus). Hirase and Taki, 1951, HandBunkyokaku, pl. 83, fig. 1. 

book of illustrated shells in natural colors: Tokyo, 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, no. 3, p. 290. 

Oerithium asperum (Linnaeus). MacNeil, 1961 [imprint 1960], 

U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 41, pl. 18, fig. 27. 

Fossil examples of this widely distributed Holocene 

Indo-Pacific species were found on Sai pan and Guam 

and in the drill holes of Eniwetok. Measurements of 

the figured specimens: drill hole F-15-C, Eniwetok, 

USNM 650468-(pl. 8, fig. 8), height 27.0 mm, diameter 

9.4 mm; station 17897, Saipan, USNM 650469-(pl. 8, 

fig. 9) height (incomplete) 31.0 mm, diameter 12.1 mm. 

Occurrence.-Four specimens from three drill holes 

on Eniwetok at depths from 14 to 150 feet; age, Holocene. A fifth specimen from drill hole F -1, Eniwetok, 

at a depth of 800-810 feet is unusually slender but 

probably represents the same species; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). Five specimens were collected from 

USGS locs. 20555, 20560, and 20743, Guam, from the 

Agana Argillaceous Member of the Mariana Limestone 

(age, Pliocene and Pleistocene) , and several specimens 

from USGS locs. 20605 and 20691 in the detrital lagoonal limestone of the same formation. Numerous 

specimens from the Alifan Limestone at USGS loc. 

17750 are much smaller than other fossils from Guam; 

age, Tertiary g or h. Two specimens were collected on 

Saipan (USGS locs. 17897, 21407), both from the 

Tanapag Limestone; age, Pleistocene. MacNeil (1960) 

reported the species from the Yon tan Limestone ( Pleistocene) of Okinawa. 

Holocene shells have been collected from many localities in the western Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, but 

the species has not been reported from Hawaii. 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) sinensis (Gmelin) 

Plate 8, figure 10 

Murew sinensis Gmelin, 1791, Systema naturae, 13th ed., v. 1, pt. 

6, p. 3542, no. 54. 

Oerithium obeliscus Bruguiere, 1792, Encyclopedie methodique 

histoire naturelle des vers: Paris, Panckoucke, p. 472, pl. 

443, figs. 4a, b. 

V ertag1ts obelisc1ts ( Bruguiere). Reeve, 1865, Conchologica 

Iconica, v. 15, Vertagus, pl. 2, figs. 7 a, b. 

Oerithium (Vertag1ts) obeliscus Bruguiere. Tryon, 1887, Manual 

Conchology, v. 9, p. 146, pl. 27, figs. 39, 40. 

Martin, 1899, Geol. Reichs.-Mus. Leiden Samml., new ser., 

v. 1, nos. 6-8, p. 206. 

Rhinoclavis sinensis (Gmelin). Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 

11, p. 290. 

Represented by six specimens in the post-Tertiary 

beds of Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides (USGS loc. 

21028). The fossils are incomplete and are partly encrusted with carbonate but seem clearly to represent 

this wide-ranging and somewhat variable Holocene 

species. On the whorls of the spire only two beaded 

spiral ribs are well developed below the prominent 

spiral that lies below the suture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650502 : height 57.2 mm, diameter 21.8 mm. 

Holocene shells have been collected in Indonesia and 

from many island groups from Hawaii to the south 

and west. Martin ( 1899) noted the species in the Pliocene of Java. 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) aff. R. sinensis (Gmelin) 

Plate 8, figure 11 

A single incomplete specimen from upper Miocene 

(Tertiary g) beds in a drill hole on Eniwetok closely 

resembles the Holocene shell. Both the fossil and the 

Holocene shells are characterized particularly by a row 

of strong tubercles that form a slight shoulder at the 

top of each whorl and by lines of smaller tubercles of 

varying strength that cover the remainder of the shell. 

The fossil appears smaller than the average Holocene 

examples of Rhinoclavis sinensis from Eniwetok, and 

more slender and more delicately sculptured. It may 

represent a distinct species, but until more material is 

available, its status cannot be determined. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650490: height (incomplete) 18.2 mm, diameter 7.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from drill hole F-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 840-850 feet; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g) . 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 8, figures 12, 13 

Small to medium in size, stout; spire of nine to 11 

flat or gently convex whorls; suture wide, moderately 
PALEONTOLOGY 35 

deep; aperture lenticular, posterior canal narrow, deep, 

extended by the slight rise of the outer lip ; outer lip 

thick and varicose, furrowed within; inner lip heavily 

callused, anterior canal broad and short. Sculpture consisting of strongly beaded spiral bands, four to each 

whorl; fine spiral threads alternate with the beaded 

spirals, and one occurs between the lowest beaded spiral 

and the suture. A low varix is present opposite the 

aperture, and other varices are found on earlier whorls; 

on some shells the varices are aligned. On the base, 

strong spirals alternate with weak ones, the stronger 

ones being indistinctly beaded. 

Measurements of the holotype, lTSNM 650491 : height 

15.4 mm, diameter 5.8 mm. 

The sculpture of this species suggests that found in 

the subgenus Ochetocla1)a, but the outer lip is not 

strongly ascending as in that group nor is the inner 

lip detached anteriorly. I have not been able to locate 

a close relative, either living or fossil. 

Occu;rrence.-Numerous specimens from three drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths 690-947 feet; two specimens from drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depths 940-1,046 

feet. Age, Miocene (Tertiary f -g) . 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) powelli Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 8, figures 14, 15 

Shell large, slender; spire gently convex. Sculpture 

consisting of close-set spiral ridges, some of which bear 

rows of sharp nodes that are directed upward; on early 

whorls there are three equally strong rows of prickly 

nodes; on later whorls there are five rows, but the lower 

two are less conspicuous; nodes are imperfectly alined 

to form axial ridges; entire shell has slightly curved 

growth lines. Suture indistinct; aperture elongate; 

inner lip heavily callused; columella has a strong fold 

that continues inside the shell ; one or two low secondary folds also present; anterior and posterior canals 

well developed. Edge of outer lip not preserved, but 

inside, below the site of a low varix that is present 

opposite the aperture, there are three low rounded 

mounds. These mounds are suggestive of the more 

prominent knobs that characterize 1nany potamidids, 

but R. 1)ertagus, type of Rhinoclat'ils, has similar but 

even less conspicuous internal elevations. 

Measurements of the holotype, USN~f 650503: height 

(incomplete) 32.0 mm, diameter 11.5 mm. The fragmentary para type, lTSN~f 650504, measures : height 

27.6 mm, diameter 15.3 mm. 

R hinoclavis ( R hinoclavis) powelli bears a superficial 

resemblance to Terebripirena javana (Martin), a Miocene species that was referred to Oerithiwm until Cossmann (1912, p. 162) made it the monotype of Tereb,ripirena; T. javana, however, is distinctly dimorphous 

and has only a single spiral row of pointed nodes. 

Named for A. W. B. Powell of New Zealand, long 

a student of PacifiiC mollusks and their biogeography. 

Occurrence.-Represented by only two specimens, 

both from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, from depths of 

790-840 feet ; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) jonkeri (Martin) 

Plate 8, figure 16 

Gerithium (Vertagus) jonkeri Martin, 1884, Geol. Reichs-Mus. 

Leiden Samml., ser. 1, v. 3, p. 148, pl. 8, fig. 146. 

Oet·ithium jonkeri Martin. Altena, 1941, Leidse Geol. Meded., v. 

12, p. 20, fig. 3. 

Clava (Clava) jonkeri (Martin). Wissema, 1947, Young Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda from the island of 

Nias***: Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, doctor's thesis, p. 

54, pl. 2, figs. 42-55. 

Two external molds that appear to represent this 

Indonesian species were obtained from the Mariana 

Limestone of Guam, USGS locs. 20870 and 20966. 

Casts of the specimens show a sharply pointed spire 

made up of about 12 flattened whorls; the upper part 

of the spire bears a series of close-set axial ribs that 

are overridden and beaded by spiral ribs (three or 

four to the whorl) between which are spiral threads; 

the lowest two or more whorls are nearly smooth, 

showing only faint indications of axial and spiral 

sculpture; low varices occur at intervals over the sculptured part of the spire on one of the specimens; suture 

distinct; upper edges of smooth whorls broadly rounded 

adjacent to the suture; aperture not preserved. 

Measurements of the figured cast, USNM 650516 

from USGS loc. 20870: height (incomplete) 31 mm, 

diameter 10 mm. 

Wissema (1947), from large collections available to 

him, described and figured the great variability of this 

species. The Guam specimens clearly show features 

within the limits of those described. 

Occurrence.-The species is known from the Pliocene 

of Java and other islands in Indonesia and from the 

Pleistocene of tT a va ; the Gua1n occurrences in the 

~fariana Lin1estone are Pliocene or Pleistocene. 

Subgenus PROCLA VA Thiele 

Thiele, 1929, Handbuch der systematischen weichtierkunde: 

Jena, von Gustav Fischer, v. 1, p. 212. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Oerithiu;n~J pfefferi Dunker 

( = 0. t,urriturn Sower by = 0. sordid~tlu;m Gould). 

Rhinoclavis (Proclava) sordidula (Gould) 

Plate 8, figures 17, 18 

Gerithium sordidulum Gould, 1849, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., v. 3, p. 119. 
36 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Gould, 1852, U.S. Explor. Exped., Mollusca, v. 12, p. 145, 

pl. 10,figs.170,a-b. 

Gould, 1862, Otia Conchologica, p. 61. 

Johnson, 1964, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 239, p. 151. 

Oerithium turritum Sowerby, 1855, Monograph of genus Oerithium, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, p. 860, pl. 180, fig. 101. 

Vertagus pfefferi Dunker, 1882, Molluscorum Maris Japonica: 

Kassel, Theodor Fischer, p. 108, pl. 4, figs. 12-14. 

Oerithium ( Vertagus) turritum Sowerby. Abrard, 1946, Annales 

de paleontologie, v. 32, p. 57, pl. 4, fig. 22. 

Clava (Proclava) pfefferi (Dunker). Wissema, 1947, Young 

Tertiary and Quaternary Gastropoda from the island of 

Nias***: Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden, doctor's thesis, p. 50. 

Oerithium (Proclava) turritum Sowerby. MacNeil, 1961 [imprint 1960], U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 41, pl. 

12, fig. 3. 

A medium-sized slender form with a sharply pointed 

apex; whorls 11 or more, each bearing three strong 

spiral ribs that are conspicuously beaded where they 

cross regularly spaced axial ribs; spiral threads occur 

between the spiral ribs; suture widely excavated. 

Measurements of the figured cast, USNM 650505 : 

height 11.2 mm, diameter 4.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Represented by numerous molds from 

the Mariana Limestone (USGS locs. 20516, 20610, 

20653) on Guam ; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) or Pleistocene. Abrard ( 1946) reported the species from the 

Pliocene of the New Hebrides. A new view of his 

figured specimen is given on plate 8, figure 18. Holocene 

shells have been reported from Indonesia and Japan; 

MacNeil ( 1960) cited the occurrence of the species (as 

0. turritum) in the Pliocene of Okinawa. 

Subgenus PSEUDOVERTAG US Vignal 

Vigna!, 1904, Mus. Histoire Nat. Paris Bull. 10, p. 358. 

Type (by original designation).-Murex aluco Linnaeus. Holocene, Philippines. 

Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus) eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 9, figures 1, 2 

Medium in size, stout; protoconch smooth, followed 

by nine to 10 sculptured whorls, each with a median, 

spiral, sharp-crested ridge bearing strong, regularly 

spaced, pointed nodes, eight to nine on each whorl; 

surface of shell covered by inconspicuous axial lines 

of growth; spiral threads best developed on upper 

parts of whorls and on base. On lower part of each 

whorl, between the median nodes, there is a group of 

dark slightly wavy axial lines; similar lines appear 

inside the aperture on the inner lip where they are 

covered near the aperture by the heavy callus; on a 

few shells the axial lines of color extend over the upper 

part of the whorl. A prominent varix is opposite the 

aperture ; anterior canal long and curved. 

Measurements of the types: holotype, USNM 650487 

-height 24.8 mm, diameter 9. 7 mm; para type, USNM 

650488-height (incomplete) 17.5 mm, diameter 9.3 

mm. 

The Eniwetok fossil bears a general resemblance to 

the Holocene type species Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertag'lt8) aluco (Linnaeus) but is smaller, has fewer whorls, 

and its apical whorls are not spirally ribbed and cancelled as they are on the type. 

Occurrence.-Thirty-two somewhat worn and broken 

specimens from three deep holes on Eniwetok at depths 

780-960 feet; age, Miocene (Tertiary f and g). 

Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus) lowae Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 9, figure 3 

Medium in size, slender; spire consisting of nine 

or more gently convex whorls, those forming the apical 

half of the spire bear strong close-set axial ribs that 

are expanded at irregular intervals to varix proportions; whorls of anterior half of spire bear a spiral 

row of sharply pointed knobs, nine to 10 on each whorl; 

row is near middle of whorl, and knobs are slightly 

inclined posteriorly. A spiral row of secondary knobs 

is located immediately below the suture. Fine spiral 

riblets present over the entire shell, but particularly 

conspicuous on the base where alternate riblets are 

larger. Aperture elongate-oval, extended into curved 

anterior canal. 

Measurements of the holotype, lJSNM 650489 : height 

(tip of apex missing) 15.9 mm, diameter 6.2 mm. 

The apical sculpture of Rhinocla1Jis (Pseudovertagus) lowae differs strikingly from that of R. (P.) 

aluco, type of Pseudovertagu8, and from that of R. 

( P.) eniwetokensis, the fossil species previously described. Possibly the two fossils represent new subgenera, but because they are incomplete, they are here 

referred to Pse'ltdovertagus. 

This species is named for Doris Low of the U.S. 

Geological Survey who has collaborated with Ruth 

Todd in studies of Pacific smaller Foraminifera, fossil 

and living. 

Occurrence.-Holotype and two other specimens 

from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, at depth of 880-890 

feet ; one specimen at 890-900 feet. A single specimen 

from drill hole 2B, Bikini, at 1,020-1,100 feet probably 

represents the same species. Age of all specimens, early 

Miocene (Tertiary /) . 

Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus) fioraensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 9, figures 4, 5 

Medium in size, stout; spire, consisting of about nine 

sculptured whorls, is gently convex in outline. Aperture 

lenticular; anterior canal long, deep, and curved; inner 
PALEONTOLOGY 37 

lip heavily callused, ascending at aperture; outer lip 

not preserved. Sculpture consisting of a spiral row of 

large rounded tubercles near the middle of the whorl 

(nine on penultimate whorl) and two rows of smaller 

and more numerous tubercles, one immediately above 

the suture, the other immediately below; suture wavy, 

inconspicuous; surface of shell between tubercles covered by close-set spiral threads and fine axial lines of 

growth; a low varix is present opposite the aperture. 

The primary tubercles are a darker brown in color 

than the remainder of the shell. 

Measurements of the types : Holotype, USNM 650495 

-height 25.2 mm, diameter 9.7 mm; paratype, USNM 

650496-height 14.5 mm, diameter 6.2 mm. 

Occur·rence.-Seventeen specimens from three drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths of 700-1,715 feet; age, 

Miocene (Tertiary e, f, and g). Two specimens from 

drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depths 1,030-1,062 feet; age, 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). Two external molds from 

Guam represent the same species : USGS loc. 20863, 

Alifan Limestone (Tertiary g and h) and USGS loc. 

20702, Mariana Limestone (Pliocene and Pleistocene). 

Genus CERITHIUM Bruguiere 

Bruguiere, 1789, Encyclopedie methodique histoire naturelle des 

vers : Paris, Panckoucke, v. 1, p. xv. 

Type (by virtual tautonymy).-Oerithi'ltm adansonii 

Bruguie-re. Holocene, Red Sea. 

Subgenus THERICIUM Monterosato 

Monterosato, 1890, Naturalista Siciliano, year 9, no. 7, p. 163. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithium vulgatnm Bruguiere. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 

Cerithium (Thericium) mutatum Sowerby 

Plate 9, figure 6 

Oerithium mutatum Sowerby, 1834, The genera of recent and 

fossil shells***: London, Oerithium, fig. 6. 

Reeve, 1842, Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 2, p. 179, pl. 

127, fig. 6. 

This well-known species with its spiral heavily noded 

ribs and its discontinuous brown axial lines is widely 

distributed today in the open Pacific, including the 

Marshall Islands and Hawaii. The incomplete figured 

specimen, lTSNM 650427, was obtained from drill hole 

F-18-A on Eniwetok at a depth of 33-36 feet; age, 

Holocene. It measures: height (incomplete) 30.3 mm, 

diameter 11.9 mm. 

Cerithium (Thericium) alveolus Hombron and Jacquinot 

Plate 9, figures 7, 8 

Oerithium alveolus Hombron and Jacquinot, 1854, Voyage au 

Pole Sud et dans l'oceanie, Zoologie: Paris, p. 105, pl. 

24, figs. 28, 29. 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, no. 3, p. 291, fig. 7. 

Oerithium piperitum Sowerby, 1855, Monograph of genus 

Oerithium, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, p. 867, pl. 181, 

figs. 136, 137. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 144, pl. 27, figs. 

31, 32. 

A small, stout species whose sculpture consists of 

low, rounded spiral ribs that alternate with one or more 

fine threads; low axial plications occur at fairly regular intervals and, on many specimens, the whorls are 

slightly angled near the middle. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

6504 7 4 : height 12.3 mm, diameter 6.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen and two others from 

Saipan at USGS loc. 17897; Tanapag Limestone; age, 

Pleistocene. A single worn specimen from drill hole 

E-1 on Eniwetok at a depth of 30-40 feet probably 

represents the same species ; age, Holocene. Living 

specimens were collected from many localities on the 

windward ocean reef flats of Bikini and Eniwetok 

(Demond, 1957). The rarity of the shell in the Marshall Island drill holes is not altogether surprising as 

the beds drilled, for the most part, are thought to 

represent lagoon deposits. 

Cerithium (Thericium) salebrosum Sowerby 

Plate 9, figure 12 

Oerithium salebrosum Sowerby, 1855, Monograph of genus 

Oerithium, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, p. 862, pl. 181, 

figs. 114, 115. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 131, pl. 23, figs. 

100, 1. 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci. v. 11, p. 292, fig. 9. 

Shell small; smooth whorls of protoconch followed 

by nine to 10 moderately convex subsequent whorls; 

suture impressed; aperture broadly ovate; posterior 

canal narrow and deep ; anterior canal elongate and 

slightly recurved; outer lip scalloped by spiral ribs; 

inner lip heavily callused with broad elevations both 

anteriorly and posteriorly. Sculpture consisting of 

strong spiral ribs with spiral threads of one or two 

sizes in the intervening areas ; primary spirals beaded 

at intersections with regular fairly heavy axial plications, giving the shell a rough appearance; lowest two 

spirals on body whorl are larger than others; a low 

varix is developed on the body whorl at the left side 

opposite the aperture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 6504 73 : height 21.8 mm, diameter 8.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Six fossil specimens from four drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths from 22 to 490 feet; one 

specimen from drill hole 2, Bikini, at depth 115 feet; 

age, Pliocene to Holocene. Type locality Marutea (Lord 

Hood Island) in the Tuamotu group but reported living 

in the l\iarshall, Gilbert, and Caroline Islands. 
38 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Cerithium (Thericium) schmidti Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 9, figures 13, 14 

Shell small, stout; protoconch not preserved; whorls 

of spire flattened or slightly turreted because of the 

relative prominence of the posterior spiral; suture impressed. Sculpture consisting of axial plications and 

spiral ribs. Plications fairly regular in strength, 11 

present on penultimate whorl; plication to left of aperture commonly varicose; primary spirals rounded and 

fairly regularly spaced, the posterior one commonly 

the largest; secondary ribs in groups of three between 

the primaries, the middle secondary of each group a 

little stronger than the one on either side; strong 

spirals present on base, with or without intennediate 

secondaries; all spirals noded or beaded where they 

cross the axial plieations. Aperture lenticular; outer 

lip flaring and varicose ; anterior canal short and 

slightly twisted. 

Measurements of the holotype, lTSNM 6504 70: height 

(apex incomplete) 13.9 nun, diameter 5.6 111m. A paratype, USNM 650420, shows the tip of the shell (pl. 9, 

fig. 14). 

The late Julia Gardner recognized this cerithid as 

an undescribed species and desired to na1ne it for 

Robert G. Schmidt in recognition of his perserverance 

in collecting numerous specimens on Saipan where 

fossil mollusks are rare. 

Miss Gardner noted that, like many other species of 

its group, Oerithi'lun ( T.) 8chmidti shows a wide variation in outline and in the details of sculpture pattern. 

Some individuals are slender, others almost pupiform. 

Most of the shells are tabulated to some degree, but 

in a few the whorls are evenly rounded. The axial 

pattern is usually fairly strong and re,gular, but a few 

individuals have little more than a series of nodes at 

the intersections of the axials and the spirals. The variation range is similar to that of Oerith inm ( T.) 8aleb1'08'llm Sowerby previously described. The Holocene 

shells of 0. ( T.) 8ale8bro8'1lm average about 20 mn1 in 

height instead of slightly more than 15 mm, the average height of 0. ( T.) 8ckmidti. The senlpture pattern 

of 0. ( T.) 8alebJ'08wn., as befits the name, is more rough 

and uneven than that of C. ( T.) selnnidti. The Holocene species 0. ( T.) 8alelrrosum is abundant at Bikini 

and has been reported from Sai pan. 

Occurrenae.-Forty-eight specimens from lTSGS loc. 1 

17893 on Saipan. Inequigranu1ar facies of Tagpochau 

Ljmestone; age, J\Iiocene. 

Cerithium (Thericium) tenellum Sowerby 

Plate 9. figure 15 

Cet'ithium tr:nel11wz. SowPrb~·, 1855, :l\Ionograph of genus Ccrithium, in Thesaurus Conchyliorum, p. 8!57, pl. 180, figs. 

88-90. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 132, pl. 23, figs. 

10, 11. 

A variable species that ie distinguished with some 

difficulty from Oerithiu,m ( T.) salebr>os'ltm. On 0. ( T.) 

tenelb.tm the beading is coarser, the beads are more 

smoothly rounded, and the anterior canal is more 

strongly recurved than on 0. ( T.) salebrosum. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 650485: height 17.4 1nm, diameter 6.1 

mm. 

Ocmtrrence.-One specimen from drill hole K-lB, 

Eniwetok, at depth 232-243 feet; three specimens from 

drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depths 200-27 4 feet; ages, 

Pleistocene and Holocene. The species was described 

by Sower by fro.m the Philippines. It occurs in great 

abundance on the reefs and in the lagoons of Bikini 

and Eniwetok. 

Cerithium (Thericium) ruppelli Philippi 

Plate 9, figure 16 

Cerithium ruppelli Philippi, 1849, Zeitschr. Malakozoologie, for 

1848, p. 22. 

Philippi, 1851, Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder 

wenig gekannter Conchylien, v. 3, Cerithium, p. 13, pl. 1, 

fig. 1. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 124, pl. 20, figs. 

28, 29. 

J\1edium in size, slender; whorls convex, slightly 

shouldered; suture distinct; aperture broadly lenticular; posterior canal deep ; anterior canal short; outer 

lip thiekened, slightly flaring, denticulate within. 

Sculpture consisting of strong spiral ribs, three to 

each whorl, that override close-set axial folds and tend 

to bead them where they cross; three fine spiral threads 

lie between each two spiral ribs. 

l\1easurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650586: height 33.9 mm, diameter 11.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Two speci1nens from boulders of 'Vaisia Limestone on the island of ~'Iaewo, New IIebrides 

(lTSGS loc. 24794) ~ age, Pleistocene. 

Oerithht,rm 1~uppelli was described from the Red Sea 

and also oecurs abundantly in the Gulf of Aden. It is 

an exceedingly variable species, and related, if not identical, forms have been collected in Fiji and Samoa. 

Subgenus CERITHIUM sensu stricto 

Cerithium (Cerithium) nodulosum Bruguiere 

Plate 9, figure 17 

Crrithium nodulo:mm Bruguiere, 1792, EncyC'lopedie methodique 

histoire naturelle des vers: Paris, Panckoucke, v. 1, pl. 

442, fig. 3. 

Tryon, 1887. Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 122, pl. 19, figs. 

13, 14 ; pl. 20, fig. 20. 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, p. 292. 
PALEONTOLOGY 39 

An incomplete but characteristically sculptured shell 

of this widely distributed Holocene Indo-Pacific species 

was recovered from drill hole 2A, Bikini, at a depth 

of 925-936 feet; age, late ~fiocene (Tertiary g). The 

specimen, USNM 650492, measures: height (incomplete) 25.4 mm, diameter 14.0 mm. 

Three incomplete molds from the Palau Limestone 

on Auluptagel, Palau, at USGS loc. 18316; age, N eogene. Incomplete molds from Mariana Limestone of 

Guam at USGS locs. 20567,20576,20591; age, PliocenePleistocene. Six small and incomplete specimens from 

the Suva Formation at station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Cerithium (Cerithium) columna Sowerby 

Plate 10, figure 1 

Oerithium columna Sowerby, 1834, The genera of recent and 

fossil shells, London, Oerithium, fig. 7. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 123, pl. 20, figs. 

17-19. 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 11, p. 291. 

Tinker, 1958, Pacific sea shells, Rutland, Vt., Charles E. 

Tuttle, 3 figs. on p. 33. 

A single mold of this widely distributed (Mauritius 

to Hawaii) Indo-Pacific Holocene species was recovered 

from the Mariana Limestone at USGS loc. 20702 on 

Guam ; age, Pliocene-Pleistocene. 

The incomplete mold, USNM 650517, measures: 

height 26 mm, diameter 10 mm. 

Cerithium (Cerithium) aff. C. columna Sowerby 

Plate 10, figure 2 

A single specimen from a drill hole on Eniwetok 

differs from other Holocene ~iarshall Island shells in 

that two prominent spirals produce a saddle in the 

shell's profile where they cross the radial plications; 

the varix opposite the aperture is less prominent and 

less oblique than in living shells. 

Measurements of the fossil specimen, USNM 6504 78 : 

height 20.4 mm, diameter 8.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok at depth of 

35.5-36 feet; age, Holocene. 

Cerithium (Cerithium) tuberculatum (Linnaeus) 

Plate 10, figures 3, 4 

Strombus tuberculatus Linnaeus, 1791, Systema naturae [13th 

ed.], p. 3,521. 

Oerithium petrosum Wood, 1828, Index Testaceologicus, Suppl.: 

London, p. 34, pl. 4, fig. 9. 

Oerithium tuberculatum (Linnaeus). Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 133, pl. 24, figs. 25-28. 

Medium in size, short, stout, each whorl bearing 

several rows of prominent nodes, one of which may 

be larger than the others. Between the nodes are fine 

spiral threads. The most characteristic feature is a 

strong oblique varix on the back of the body whorl. 

Two of the fossils retain traces of reddish-brown spots 

near the aperture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650494; height 20.6 mm, diameter 10.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-Four fossil specimens that probably 

represent this variable and widely distributed Holocene 

species were collected at USGS loc. 21591, Cabras 

Island, Guam, from the Mariana Limestone; age, 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. ~iartin ( 1899, p. 202, pl. 31, 

fig. 463) described an unnamed variety from the Pliocene Sonde-beds of Java. Living specimens have been 

collected from the Mariana and Loyalty Islands, from 

Fiji, Indonesia, and Aqaba. 

Subgenus CONOCERITHIUM Sacco 

Sacco, 1895, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e 

della Liguria, Torino, Italy, Carol Clausen, pt. 17, p. 22, 

pl. 2, fig. 18. 

Type (by original designation).-Oerithium tauroconicum Sacco. Miocene, Europe. 

Cerithium (Conocerithium) egenum Gould 

Plate 9, figures 9, 10 

Oerithium euenum Gould, 1849, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., 

v. 3, p. 121. 

Gould, 1852, U.S. Explor. Exped., Mollusca, v. 12, p. 151, 

pl. 10, fig. 171. 

Gould, 1862, Otia Conchologica, p. 62. 

Tryon 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 137, pl. 25, fig. 70. 

Johnson, 1964, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 239, p. 71. 

Small, stout; whorls flattened; sculpture consisting 

of about firve primary spiral ribs, the one near the 

middle of the whorl being larger than the others and 

on most shells distinctly nodose; rib immediately below 

suture larger than remaining primaries ; two to three 

fine secondary spirals occur between each two of the 

larger ribs; a prominent varix is present on the body 

whorl opposite the aperture. Aperture oval; anterior 

canal short. Traces of original color in the form of 

pennant-shaped brown spots directed upward are preserved near the base. 

~ieasurements of the figured specimen from drill 

hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 30-40 feet, USNM 650475: 

height 6.6 m1n, diameter 3.0 mm. 

The type of 0. egenum (USNM 5571) is a worn 

shell from Ifaluk Atoll ('Vilson Island) in the Carolines ; the type is smoother than most shells from 

Ifaluk, but it seems to fall within the observed range 

of variation and retains traces of the original color 

pattern. A well-preserved Holocene shell from Ifaluk 

is shown on plate 9, figure 10; this specimen, USNM 

6504 76, measures : height 6.4 mm, diameter 2.8 mm. 
40 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Occurrence.-Thirteen specimens from four drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths above 40 feet; three specimens from two drill holes on Bikini at depth of 27-253 

feet; all specimens probably Holocene. 

At Ifaluk Atoll in the Caroline Islands, the type locality of the species, D. P. Abbott collected numerous 

specimens from the reefs at intertidal levels and from 

shallow depths in the lagoon; similar occurrences were 

found in the Marshall Islands. 

Cerithium (Conocerithium) aff. C. egenum Gould 

Plate 9, figure 11 

A single specimen of a medium-sized stout cerithid 

from the upper Miocene of Eniwetok (drill hole F-1, 

depth 750-760 feet) appears to be closely related to 

Oerithium egenum, a small species that, as noted previously, lives in the Marshall Islands today and has 

been recovered at shallow depths from drill holes on 

Eniwetok and Bikini. The late Miocene fossil, USNM 

650510, measures 14.3 mm in height and 7.8 mm in 

diameter and thus is more than twice the size of the 

Holocene shells and proportionately thicker. The outline of the spire of the fossil is more convex, but the 

sculpture and the a pertural features are very similar 

to those of the Holocene shells. The fossil probably 

represents a distinct species, but because the single 

example, though complete, is somewhat worn, a specific 

name is withheld. 

Genus CLYPEOMORUS Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1888, Soc. Zool. France Mem. 1, p. 171-173. 

Type (by original designation) .-Olypeomorus clypeomorus J ousseaume. Holocene, Red Sea area. 

Clypeomorus verbeeki (Woodward) 

Plate 10, figure 5 

Oerithiurn verbeeki Woodward, 1879, Geol. Mag., v. 6, p. 540, pl. 

14, figs. 9a, b. 

Martin, 1883, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., v. 3, p. 

152, pl. 8, fig. 149. 

Martin 1899, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., v. 1, nos. 

6-8, p. 199, pl. 31, figs. 457-459. 

Shell medium in size, stout ; spire consisting of about 

10 flattened whorls separated by a prominent suture. 

Sculpture consisting of spiral ribs, about four to each 

whorl, that are distinctly beaded where they cross 

close-set, slightly curved axial ribs; fine threads are 

present between primary spirals. Aperture broadly 

ovate; columella concave; outer lip thickened, slightly 

flaring and denticulate within; inner lip heavily callused, with a distinct margin; posterior canal narrow 

and deep ; anterior canal wide, short, straight. A low 

varix is present on the body whorl opposite the aperture; similar but less conspicuous varices irregularly 

distributed on spire. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, TJSNM 

650518: height 15.6 mm, diameter 6.5· mm. 

Occurrence.-Represented by three specimens from 

two deep holes on Eniwetok at depths 710-758 feet; 

age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). Described originally 

from the Miocene of Sumatra ; also reported from the 

lower and upper Miocene of ,Java and the Pliocene of 

Timor. 

Clypeomorus wainingoli Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 10, figures 6, 7 

Shell small, inflated; spire consists of about eight 

gently convex whorls, separated by a distinct suture. 

Sculpture consisting of two sets of spirals : primary 

spirals, about six per whorl, those on the lower half 

of each whorl being slightly larger than those above; 

two or more threadlike spirals between each two primary spirals; primary spirals slightly swollen where 

they cross low axial elevations on the spire, these 

swellings becoming beadlike on the body whorl. Aperture ovate; columella concave; outer lip slightly 

thickened and crenulate within; inner lip thickly callused, distinctly margined ; posterior canal narrow and 

deep; anterior canal wide, moderately long. A low 

varix opposite the aperture is slightly oblique; other 

varices on the spire are indistinct. 

Measurements of the holotype, lJSNM 650515: height 

12.4 mm, diameter 6.3 mm. 

Olypeomorus wainingoli appears to be most closely 

related to 0. morus (Lamarck), a Holocene species 

widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific (Mauritius to 

Hawaii), including Fiji; but the fossil shells are much 

smaller than the Holocene shells, and the primary 

spirals of the fossil are smaller and more numerous 

than those of the Holocene shell. 

The species is named for the late William Wainingolo, unusually competent guide during fieldwork in 

the Exploring Isles in eastern Fiji. 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from the N dalithoni 

Limestone, station 110B, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; age, 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Genus LIOCERITHIUM Tryon 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 113. 

Type (by monotypy).-Oerithium incis~tm Sowerby. 

Holocene, Pacifi~. 

Liocerithium kayae Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 4, figures 7-12 

Shell small, elongate conical. Protoconch of two 

smooth rounded whorls followed by eight to nine flattened sculptured whorls, each with numerous (five to 

12, usually about six) sharply elevated ribbonlike 
PALEONTOLOGY 41 

spirals, the lowest overhanging a wide, deep suture 

that may bear one or two finer spirals; broad axial 

folds, 10 or more to the whorl, are present but are 

inconspicuous on most shells ; a prominent varix lies 

opposite the aperture on the body whorl. Aperture 

?roadly ovate; outer lip ascending slightly posteriorly, 

Its edge (broken on most specimens) crenulated by the 

spirals; inner lip thinly callused posteriorly, thickly 

callused anteriorly, its margin sharp; posterior canal 

shallow, anterior canal broad, deep and recurved; base 

bearing about 10 subequal spiral ribs. 

Measurements of the types: 

Specimen 

(USNM) Type Height Diameter 

Island 

650506 

650507 

650508 

650509 

650519 

Locality (mm) (mm) 

Holotype ____ Babelthuap -USGS loc. 

Paratype A ______ do ____ uJJ~Ol~c~------ 7·

5 

21304 ------- 6.3 Paratype B __ Eniwetok ___ Drill hole K-1B, 

841-853 ft --- 5.3 

Paratype C ------ do ____ Drill hole E-1, 

860-870 ft --- 7.4 Paratype D __ Bikini ______ Drill hole 2B, 

1,020-1,100 ft 9.8 

2.5 

1.9 

1.8 

2.6 

3.6 

Liocerithium kayae is distinguished from other cerithids known from the island area by its dominant 

spiral sculpture and its regular and sharply elevated 

ribbonlike spirals. L. incis'ltm, the type of the genus, 

is a large shell that has two prominent spirals below 

the suture. Its numerous spirals are similar to those 

of L. kayae but its anterior canal is shorter. 

This species is named for Dr. Alison Kay of the 

University of Hawaii, who has contributed much to 

our knowledge of living Pacific island mollusks. 

Occurrence.-Numerous specimens from four localities (lJSGS locs. 21301, 21304, 21308, and 21310) on 

the Goikul peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau; marls at 

the base of the Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). More than 50 specimens from various 

levels in three deep holes on Eniwetok, from depths 

of 799 to 1,249 feet; age, Miocene (Tertiary e, f, and 

g). Fifteen specimens from two deep holes on Bikini at 

depths 925-1,072 ; age, Miocene (Tertiary f and g) . 

Genus PLESIOTROCHUS Fischer 

Fischer, P., 1878, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 18, no. 1, p. 212. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Plesiotrochus souverbianus 

P. Fischer ( == Tectarius euteus Gould). Holocene, 

Indo-Pacific. 

Plesiotrochus luteus (Gould) 

Plate 10, figures 8, 9 

Tectarius luteus Gould, 1861, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., 

v. 8, p. 14. 

Johnson, 1964, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 239, p. 106, pl. 17, fig. 4. 

Troch1ts exilis Pease, 1868, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 3, p. 286, 

pl. 24, fig. 7. 

Plesiotrochus souverbianus P. Fischer, 1878, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 26, p. 212. 

P. Fischer, 1879, Jour. Conchyliologie, v. 27, p. 29, pl. 3, 

fig. 4. 

Plesiotrochus luteus (Gould). Yen, 1944, California Acad. Sci. 

Proc., v. 23, no. 38, p. 566, pl. 50, figs. 42, 43. 

Small, elongate-conical; flattened whorls are slightly 

convex in profile; base convex, imperforate; aperture 

obliquely subquadrate; inner lip callused; outer lip 

thin, its anterior edge descending slightly below the 

periphery of the whorl. Sculpture consisting of a 

prominent spiral rib at the base of each whorl; rib 

may be scalloped, and the high points may be extended across the whorl as obscure axial plications; 

fine axial lines visible under high magnification; above 

the main spiral rib, whorls are covered by fine closeset spiral riblets that vary slightly in size. 

Fossil shells from shallow depths on Bikini and 

Eni wetok retain traces of spots or narrow axial stripes 

of brown color. 

Measurements of the figured Bikini specimens : 

USNM 650437 from drill hole 1 at depth 40 feetheight 4.0 mm, diameter 2.5 mm; USNM 650438 from 

drill hole 2B at depth 1,324.5-1,335 feet-height 4.1 

mm, diameter 2.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-In numerous shallow drill holes on 

Eniwetok from near the surface to depth of nearly 

100 feet; in three deep holes at depths 201-737 feet; 

age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) to Holocene. At Bikini, 

five specimens from depths 20 to 184 feet; age Holocene. Two additional specimens from drill hole 2B on 

Bikini from depths of 1,324 to 1,944 feet indicate an 

age of early Miocene (Tertiary e and f), but these 

two specimens may have been derived frmn higher 

horizons. 

The species is abundant in the Marshall Islands 

today; Gould's specimens caine from Lifu in the 

Loyalty Islands, Pease's shells from Paumotu ( Tuamotu). The species is abundant at Midway, in Hawaii. 

Plesiotrochus pagodiformis Hedley 

Plate 10, figure 10 

Plesiotrochus pagodiformis Hedley, 1907, Linnaean Soc. New 

South Wales Proc., v. 32, p. 498, pl. 17, fig. 16. 

Small, elongate-conical; whorls flattened. On the 

periphery of the body whorl are two strong spiral ribs 

that enclose a wide and deep groove, the lower of the 

two ribs being covered on earlier whorls. Broad low 

axial plications cross the whorls at fairly regular 

intervals (eight on last whorl) and cause broad scallops in the main spiral rib; sides of whorls and base 

covered by close-set spiral riblets, some of which are 

finer than others; obscure very fine axials are also 
42 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

present. Suture only faintly impressed; aperture 

broadly ovate; anterior canal short, wide, deep. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650439 : height 3.4 mm, diameter 2.2 mm. 

The fossils appear to be identical with Holocene 

shells from the type locality, Masthead Reef, Queensland, comparisons having been made with the type 

(Australian Museum C-18837) and with cotypes 

(USNM 201415). 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from Eniwetok drill 

holes (Mu-4, 35.5 ft; K-1, 211-222 ft; and F-1, 300-

310 ft) in post-Miocene beds. A single specimen from 

drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depth 998-1,009 feet is early 

Miocene (Tertiary f); it has sharper axial sculpture 

but is believed to be the same species. 

Plesiotrochus talinana Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 10, figures 11, 12 

Small, high spired, slender; whorls flattened; suture 

impressed; aperture ovate, constricted anteriorly into 

a wide and deep canal. Protoconch consisting of two 

smooth whorls, followed by about seven sculptured 

whorls. Two prominent spiral ribs are present on the 

periphery of each whorl, the upper being the larger. 

Regularly spaced axial plications are present on all 

sculptured whorls, those of one whorl tending to aline 

with plications on adjoining whorls; plications indistinct near suture but become prominent as they a pproach the periphery, giving rise to rounded nodes 

where they cross the larger peripheral spiral rib. 

Surface of whorls, including the deep groove between 

the peripheral ribs and the base, are covered by closeset spiral riblets. 

l\feasurements of the holotype and only specimen, 

USNM 650440 : height 4.3 mm, diameter 1.8 mm. 

Plesiotrochus talinana is more slender than P. 

pagodiformils, and there are differences in sculpture: 

on P. talinana the lower of the two peripheral spiral 

ribs is not covered on the whorls of the spire; the 

axial plications are larger, more numerous, and more 

regularly spaced than on P. pagodiformis; and axial 

plications on adjoining whorls of P. talinana tend to 

be alined; both on P. talinana and on P. pagodiformis 

all the spiral riblets are subequal in size. P. talinana 

appears to be the oldest Plesiotrochus yet reported; 

it may be ancestral to P. pagodiformis, which occurs 

at higher levels in the Marshall Island drill holes and 

still lives in Queensland, Australia. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth 

1,955-1,985 feet. Age, early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Plesiotrochus marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 10, figures 13-15 

Small, broadly conical; whorls nearly flat; suture 

lightly impressed; base bently convex; aperture subquadrate with a broad, slightly curved anterior canal. 

Sculpture variable; the strong spiral ridge on the base 

of each whorl that characterizes Plesiotrochus may be 

weak (pl. 10, fig. 15) or may be scalloped into strong 

rounded nodes (pl. 10, fig. 14); on some shells the 

low nodes of the basal ridge are extended upward as 

obscure axial plications (pl. 10, fig. 13). Whorls, including base, covered by fine close-set spiral ribletsthree to four on prominent basal spiral ridge, as many 

as 10 on the remainder of the whorl. Base has numerous low axial ridges that are overridden by the spiral 

riblets. 

Measurements of the types: Holotype, USNM 

650441-height 7.7 mm, diameter 5.4 mm; paratype A, 

USNM 650442-height 5.4 mm, diameter 3.0 mm; 

paratype B, lTSNM 650443-height 4.2 mm, diameter 

2.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-A total of 15 specimens (seven lots) 

from three drill holes on Eniwetok at depths 760-1,569 

feet. Age, Miocene (Tertiary e-f-g). A single specimen from drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depth of 967-978 

feet; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Plesiotrochus whitmorei Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figures 2, 3 

Small, biconic, diameter nearly equaling height. 

Protoconch smooth, followed by about six flattened 

sculptured whorls; suture slightly impressed; anterior 

canal short, wide. Periphery has an inconspicuous rib 

only slightly larger than the fine close-set riblets covering the balance of each whorl; base also covered by 

spiral riblets, one or more fine riblets included between 

others that are slightly coarser. 

Measurements of the types: Holotype, USNM 

650445-height 3.4 mm, diameter 2.9 mm; para type, 

lTSNM 650446-height 2.6 mm, diameter 2.3 mm. 

Plesiotrochus whitmorei differs from the other 

plesiotrochids found in the island area in having a 

relatively inconspicuous peripheral rib. 

This species is named for Dr. Frank C. Whitmore, 

who administered the U.S. Geological Survey's program covering the Pacific Islands. 

Occurrence.-Eleven specimens from three Marshall 

Island drill holes : nine from drill holes F -1 and K -1B 

on Eniwetok at depths 810-926 feet-age, Miocene 

(Tertiary f and g) ; two specimens from drill hole 2A 

on Bikini at depth 1,046-1057 feet-age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary /) . 

Plesiotrochus sp. A 

:Plate 11, figure 1 

Small, elongate-conical; spire consists of eight flattened whorls, the lower parts of which are inflated and 
PALEONTOLOGY 43 

rise prominently above the top of the succeeding 

whorl; suture impressed; base gently convex; aperture 

subquadrate with a broad anterior canal. Sculpture 

consists of strong, slightly oblique axial plications, 10 

on the penultimate whorl, that are prominent on the 

lower part of the whorl but grow weaker above; 

whorls covered by fine close-set spiral riblets, several 

occurring on the inflated lower edge of the whorl; on 

the base larger spirals tend to alternate with the finer 

riblets, and both are crossed by obscure axials. 

Measurements of the only specimen, USNM 650444: 

height 4.2 mm, diameter 2. 7 mm. 

Plesiotrochus sp. A has stronger and more regular 

axial plications than P. marshallensis, from which it 

may have evolved. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at a depth 

of 520-530 feet. Age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Family CERITHIOPSIDAE 

Genus CYRBASIA Harris and Burrows 

(=TIARELLA Cossmann, 1889) 

Harris and Burrows, 1891, The Eocene and Oligocene beds of 

the Paris basin, Geologist's Assoc., London, p. 112. 

Type (by monotypy) .-0 erithium pupina Desha yes. 

Eocene, Europe. 

Subgenus JOCULATOR Hedley 

Hedley, 1909, Linnaean Soc. New South Wales Proc., v. 34, pt. 

3, p. 442. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithiopsis ridicula Watson. Holocene, northeast Australia. 

Includes small ovate or bulbous shells with a smooth, 

subulate, many whorled protoconch; whorls of spire 

have beaded spirals. 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) tribulationis (Hedley) 

Plate 11, figure 4 

Oerithiopsis (Joculator) tribulationis Hedley, 1909, Linnaean 

Soc. New South Wales Proc., v. 34, pt. 3, p. 441, pl. 40, 

fig. 57. 

Minute, elongate-conic, slightly narrowed anteriorly. 

Protoconch subulate, slightly crooked, consisting of 

three and a half smooth whorls; five subsequent 

whorls, each with three strongly beaded spirals; the 

beads on each spiral are tied to those of adjacent 

spirals by low axial elevations, giving the shell a cancellated appearance. Body whorl has four beaded 

spirals; base has a single unbeaded ridge; aperture 

subquadrate; anterior canal short. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650544: length 2.0 mm, diameter 0.6 mm. 

In describing this species Hedley stated that the 

uppermost spiral on each whorl was somewhat larger 

than the others, but this is not true of the fossil 

specimens. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, at depth of 

55-60 feet; age, Holocene. A second specimen from 

drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth of 730-740 feet is 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) in age; it has an incomplete 

protoconch but is not a IIolocene specimen carried 

downward in the hole, for it has the light-brown color 

that is characteristic of the Miocene fossils of Eniwetok. Hedley described the species from shells collected from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia at 

depths of 5-10 fathoms. The species has not previously 

been reported as a fossil. 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) semipicta (Gould) 

Plate 11, figures 5, 6 

Oerithiopsis semipicta Gould, 1861, Boston Soc. Nat. History 

Proc., v. 7, p. 388. 

Gould, 1862, Otia Conchologica, p. 143. 

Oerithiopsis balteata Watson, 1881, Linnaean Soc. London Jour., 

v. 15, p. 124. 

Watson, 1886, Challenger, Zoology, Rept., v. 15, p. 526, pl. 

30, fig. 1. 

J oculator semipictus (Gould) . Yen, 1944, California A cad. Sci. 

Proc., v. 23, p. 570, pl. 50, figs. 28, 29. 

Shell minute, pupoid; protoconch of smooth whorls 

(incompletely preserved); whorls of spire about six; 

suture in deep furrow; aperture small, lenticular; 

inner lip thick, detached. Sculpture consisting of two 

spiral rows of coarse tubercles that are slightly elongated axially, the tubercles in the upper row being 

larger than those in lower row; the two rows are 

separated by a deep furrow; on the body whorl the 

upper row of tubercles may be divided by a shallow 

spiral furrow, and there is a third row of tubercles at 

the base. On one well-preserved fossil, the lower of 

the two rows of tubercles retains traces of the brown 

color that characterizes living specimens. 

Measurements of the figured specimens : Plate 11, 

figure 5 from drill hole F-7-A, Eniwetok, USNM 

650587 -height 1.9 mm, diameter 0.9 mm; plate 11, 

figure 6 from drill hole F -1, Eni wetok, USNM 650588 

-height 1.6 mm, diameter 0. 7 mm. 

Oyrbasia semipicta resembles Oerithiopsis pinea, described by Hedley (1909, p. 440, pl. 40, fig. 55) from the 

Great Barrier Reef of Australia, but in 0. pinea the 

tubercles are more elongated axially. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from drill hole 

F-7-A, Eniwetok, at depth of 10-12 feet (pl. 11, fig. 

5) is Holocene in age; specimen from drill hole F -1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 630-640 feet (pl. 11, fig. 6) is late 

Miocene (Tertiary g) ; four other specimens from 

Eniwetok drill holes at depths of 40-710 feet represent 

the same age span (Tertiary g to Holocene). Gould's 

type came from the "China Seas"; Watson's ( 1881, 
44 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

1886) specimens of 0. balteata were collected from 

Fiji at a depth of 12 fathoms. 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) sumangi Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figures 7-11 

Shell small, slender, spindle shaped. Protoconch 

coiled at a slight angle to the axis of the shell, consisting of approximately two smooth convex whorls 

plus a buttonlike tip, followed by six to eight sculptured whorls; suture distinct. Sculpture consisting of 

three spiral rows of well-rounded beads linked by a 

spiral thread. A fourth spiral that is only weakly 

beaded occurs below the others on the body whorl, and 

below it one or two smaller unbeaded spirals may be 

present; aperture broadly ovate; inner lip thick, its 

edge detached. 

Measurements of the types: 

Specimen 

(USNM) Type Locality Height Diameter 

(mm) (mm) 

650591 ___ Holotype _____ Palau, USGS loc. 21301 __ 3.3 0.7 

650589 ___ Paratype A -------- do --------------- 2A ~ 650590 ___ Paratype B -------- do --------------- 1.5 .5 

650593 ___ Paratype C ___ Eniwetok, drill hole F-1, 1.5 .5 

710-720 ft. 

650594 ___ Paratype D ___ Eniwetok, drill hole E-1, 3.5 1.0 

770-780 ft. 

This species is named for Sumang Y achaderchemai, 

who served as guide and field assistant during my stay 

in Palau. 

Occurrence.-Present in abundance at USGS locs. 

21301 and 21304, and a few were found at TTSGS loc. 

21308, all on Goikul Peninsula, Babelthuap Island, 

Palau; from marl at base of Palau Limestone. A 

single specimen was recovered from drill hole F -1 on 

Eniwetok at depth of 710-720 feet; another from drill 

hole E-1 at depth of 770-780 feet. Age of all specimens, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Cyrbasia (Joculator) aff. C. ovata (Laseron) 

Plate 11, figure 12 

Minute, broadly lenticular in outline, diameter 

nearly equaling half the height. Protoconch not preserved; spire eonsisting of five whorls, the penultimate 

the largest, each with three spiral rows of wellrounded close-set beads; a fourth beaded spiral is 

present below the others on the body whorl, and below 

it is a narrow nearly smooth spiral; suture distinct; 

aperture narrowly ovate; inner lip thick, its margin 

slightly elevated; columella expanded into a large 

plait. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650592: height 1.5 mm, diameter 0.6 mm. 

The highly inflated Marshall Islands fossils bear a 

striking resemblance to a living Great Barrier Reef 

species described as J oculator ovata by Laseron ( 1956, 

p. 170, fig. 33) . The fossils are more regularly beaded 

than the present-day shells, and most of the fossils are 

slightly narrower. 

Occurrence.-One specimen from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 870-880 feet; another at depth 

970-980 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). A third 

specimen from drill hole 2, Bikini, at depth of 105 

feet is Holocene. 

Genus CERITHIOPSIS Forbes and Hanley 

Forbes and Hanley, 1853, History of British Mollusca: London, 

John van Voorst, v. 3, p. 364. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Murex tubercular-is Montagu. Holocene, Seas of Europe. 

CERITHIOPSIS sensu lato 

Cerithiopsis sp. 

Oerithiopsis sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-C, p. C6, pl. 4, fig. 12. Late Eocene (Tertiary b); 

Eua, Tonga. 

Genus SElLA A. Adams 

Adams, A. 1861, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 3d ser., v. 7, 

p.131. 

Type (by original designation) .-Triphoris dextroversa Adams and Reeve. Holocene, China seas. 

Subgenus NOTOSEILA Finlay 

Finlay, 1926, New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 57, p. 382. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oerithiurn telf'ebelloides Martens. Holocene, New Zealand. 

Seila (N otoseila) waluensis Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figure 13 

Shell small, slender; whorls flattened. Protoconch 

consisting of three smooth rounded whorls with mammillate tip. Whorls of spire bearing three strong 

smooth spiral keels, the middle one smaller than the 

other two; interstices between keels have close-set 

axial growth lines; base flat; aperture subcircular. 

Measurements of the types from station 160, Viti 

Levu, Fiji: Holotype, an incomplete shell that retains 

the protoconch, USNM 650584-height 1.8 mm, diameter 0.7 mm; paratype (incomplete shell), USNM 

650585, measures 1.3 mm in diameter. 

Seila waluensis closely resembles S. terebelloides, 

the type of N otoseila, but on that species the three 

spiral keels are equal in size and the protoconch consists of four whorls. The Fiji fossil also resembles S. 

attemtisima Marshall and Murdock ( 1920, p. 129, pl. 

6, fig. 2) from the Tertiary of New Zealand, but on 

that shell the lowest of the three spirals is slightly 

larger than the other two. 
PALEONTOLOGY 45 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from station 160 on 

Walu Bay, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /). Three fragments from drill hole J{ -1B on 

Eniwetok at depths 810 and 874 feet do not show the 

protoconch, but the sculpture of the whorls of the 

spire is identical with the Fiji specimens. The Eniwetok specimens are Miocene-two from Tertiary f 

and one from Tertiary g. 

Family TRIPHORIDAE 

Genus TRIPHORA Blainville 

Blainville, 1828, Dictionnaire des sciences naturelle: Paris, 

LeNormant, v. 55, p. 344. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Triphora gem1nata Blainville. Holocene, Mauritius. 

Subgenus TRIPHORA sensu stricto 

Includes slender acuminate shells whose whorls bear 

beaded spiral ribs. Anterior canal is a narrow groove; 

the posterior canal is short and narrow. 

Triphora (Triphora) pallida (Pease) 

Plate 11, figure 14 

Triphoris pallidus Pease, 1870, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 774. 

Shell medium in size, slender; sides gently convex. 

Sculpture consisting of two prominent beaded spiral 

ridges; between the two a third slightly beaded spiral 

becomes increasingly prominent on later whorls. Body 

whorl has four subequal beaded spirals; base has two 

small unbeaded spirals; suture obscure; aperture subquadrate; anterior canal thick, turned backward; 

posterior canal short, narrow. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650539: length (apex incomplete) 5.3 mm, diameter 

1.3 mm. 

In describing this species Pease (1870) aptly commented: "A slender species without any particular 

character.''" 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 30-40 feet; age, Holocene. The 

type locality is Hawaii. As the species is also known 

from the Mariana and Philippine Islands, its appearance in the Holocene sediments of the Marshalls Is 

not surprising. 

Triphora (Triphora) otsuensis (Yokoyama) 

Plate 11, figure 15 

Triforis otsuensis Yokoyama, 1920, College Sci. Jour., Tokyo 

Imp. Univ., v. 39, p. 69, pl. 4, fig. 11. 

Notosinister otsuensis (Yokoyama). Kosuge, 1962, Tokyo Nat. 

Sci. and Mus. Bull., v. 6, no. 2, p. 89, pl. 10, fig. 2. 

Kosuge, 1963, Venus, v. 22, no. 3, p. 242, pl. 15, fig. 16. 

Triphora otsuensis (Yokoyama). Kosuge, 1966, Malacologia, v. 

4, no. 2, p. 316, pl. 1, fig. 12. 

462-678 0- 72 - 4 

A medium-sized, stout, flat-sided shell characterized 

by three subequal spiral rows of coarse beads and a 

wide deep suture bearing a fine spiral thread. Body 

whorl has four spirals, the lowest unbeaded; base 

flattened, with three unbeaded spirals; aperture ovate; 

margin of inner lip distinct-. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650452: length (apex incomplete) 3.9 mm, diameter 

1.4 mm. 

On the shells of living specimens the low elevations 

that connect the beads of one spiral to those of another 

are more distinct than on the fossil. 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from drill hole F-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 880-890 feet; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary f). Described by Yokoyama from fossil 

specimens collected from Pliocene or Pleistocene beds 

at Otsu, Yokosuka City, Japan; the species is known 

to be living in the Amami Islands of Japan and the 

Philippines. 

Subgenus INELLA Bayle 

Bayle, 1878, Jour. Conchyliologie v. 27, p. 35. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Jousseaume, 1884, 

Soc. Malacologique France Bull., v. 1, p. 230) .-

Triphoris gigas Hinds. Holocene, New Guinea. 

A group of large acuminate shells that have numerous whorls, bearing three rows of beads connected by 

spiral cords. 

Triphora (lnella) pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve) 

Plate 11, figures 16, 17 

Triphoris pyramidalis Adams and Reeve, 1850, Mollusca, in 

Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang [Rept.]: London, Reeve and 

Benham, p. 46, figs. 36a, b. 

!nella pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve). Kosuge, 1962, Venus, 

v. 22, no. 2, p. 119. 

The following description is based on the fossil 

material: 

Shell large, slender, flat sided; protoconch smooth, 

inflated, consisting of about one and a half whorls; 

spire made up of 21 whorls. Sculpture consisting of 

four regularly spaced spirals of varying strength; the 

lowest and the third from the bottom are smooth or 

weakly beaded cords, and between them lies the most 

prominent spiral, a heavy beaded keel whose surface 

descends steeply below but more gently above. The 

fourth spiral is a smooth keel lying immediately below 

the suture; it is weaker than the beaded keel; inconspicuous oblique axial ridges extend upward from the 

beads of the major keel. Aperture subquadrate; outer 

lip incomplete; inner lip heavily callused; anterior 

canal wide, deep, recurved, not covered over; base has 

two strong spiral keels that are beaded by axial ridges. 
46 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

A specimen frmn drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, at depth 

642-653 feet, retains traces -of brown color on the 

keel below the suture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Palau, 

USNM 650523: length 19.4 mm, diameter (outer lip 

incomplete) 3.6 mm. Figured specimen from Eniwetok, 

USNM 650543, measures: length (incomplete) 10.7 

mm, diameter 2.5 mm. 

Occurrence.-Represented by seven specimens from 

near Goikul, Babelthuap, Palau, USGS locs. 21301 

and 21304, from marls at the base of the Palau Limestone; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). Seventeen incomplete specimens from three drill holes on Eniwetok 

at depths 642-1,569 feet; age, Miocene (Tertiary e-g). 

From Bikini, two incomplete specimens : one from 

drill hole 2A at depth 925-936 feet, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g) ; the other from drill hole 1 at depth 40 

feet, Holocene. The type, a Holocene shell described 

by Adams and Reeve, came from the China Sea; also 

known from the Marshall, Philippine, and Amami 

Islands. 

Triphora (!nella) roddai Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 11, figure 18 

Shell large, acuminate; apical angle is go; spire 

composed of numerous (more than 15) whorls. Aperture subquadrate; posterior canal short, deep; anterior 

canal deep and recurved but not closed over; inner 

lip heavily callused; base has five smooth spirals, the 

upper two larger than the others. Sculpture of spire 

consisting of broad axial ribs that are beaded, the 

beads connected by spirals ; on body whorl, four strong 

spirals are present (the lowest the strongest) , with 

two secondary spirals, one above and one below the 

next-to-lowest primary; on earlier whorls, only three 

spirals are prominent. 

Measurements of the holotype, lTSNl\I 650522: 

length (apex incomplete) 24.5 mm, diameter 4.7 mm. 

This fossil species appears to be most closely related 

to Triphora (I nella) pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve) , 

which lives in the China Sea, the Amami Islands, the 

Marshalls, and the Philippines and which is known 

from Miocene beds in the Marshalls and Palau. The 

Fiji fossil has coarser sculpture and is less sharply 

beaded than T. (/.) pyramidalis. 

This species is named for Peter Rodda of the Geological Survey of Fiji, who collected the type specimen 

and many other fossils in Fiji. 

0 ccurrence.-Holotype from the marls of the Mba 

Group on Korotambua Creek, south of Mba, station 

C-89, Viti Levu, Fiji; an incomplete specimen was 

collected from the N dalithoni Limestone on Vanna 

Mbalavu (station 110B); age of both specimens, Pliocene (Tertiary h) . 

Triphora (!nella) maharatai Beets 

Plate 12, figure 1 

Triphora (!nella) maharatai Beets, 1941, Nederland en Kolonien Geol.-Mijnb. genoot. Verh., Geol. Ser., v. 13, pt. 1, 

p. 62, pl. 4, figs. 145-146. 

Shell acuminate with nearly flat sides. Each whorl 

bears four spiral ridges as follows : an anterior 

strongly noded ridge and a weaker posterior ridge 

that is nearly smooth; in the concave space between 

these two major spirals is a fine nearly smooth spiral; 

and the fourth spiral, fine and nearly smooth, lies 

immediately above the suture. Traces of still finer 

spirals can be distinguished under high magnification 

on some specimens. The nodes of the most prominent 

spiral are extended axially to form poorly defined 

ribs. Aperture subquadrate, inner lip distinct; anterior 

canal well developed, twisted. On the figured specimen, 

the part of each whorl above the noded spiral is darker 

than the area below. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650526: height (incomplete) 10.2 mm, diameter 3.0 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from drill hole 2A, 

Bikini, at depth 925-935.5 feet; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g) ; two specimens from drill hole F -1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 780-790 feet; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g); a single incomplete specimen from drill 

hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth 990-1,000 feet; age, early 

Miocene (Tertiary f). Described by Beets (1941) from 

the upper Miocene of east Borneo. 

Triphora (!nella) sp. A 

Plate 12, figure 2 

A single incomplete shell from the upper Miocene 

marls of Palau differs from other island species assigned to !nella in sculpture and color pattern. Each 

whorl _of the spire bears two prominent beaded spirals 

that enclose a weaker beaded spiral between them; the 

beads are extended axially to form slightly oblique 

axial ribs; on the body whorl the three beaded spirals 

are equal in size. Each whorl retains a spiral band of 

pinkish-brown color between the major rows of beaded 

spirals. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650527; height 2.5 mm, diameter 1.1 mm. 

Occurrence.-Marls at the base of the Palau Limestone in the Goikul area, Babelthuap, Palau (USGS 

loc. 21304) ; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 
PALEONTOLOGY 47 

Subgenus INFORIS Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Malacologique France Bull., v. 1, p. 235. 

Type (by original designation) .-lnforis malvaceus 

J ousseaume. Holocene, New Caledonia. 

Includes shells that have an acuminate apex whose 

sculpture consists o:f two to three spiral rows o:f beads; 

in adult shells both anterior and posterior canals are 

tubular and are completely closed over (three-mouthed 

aperture). 

Triphora (lnforis) albogranosa Kosuge 

Plate 12, figures 3-5 

Triphora (lnforis) albogranosa Kosuge, 1961, Venus, v. 21, no. 

3, p. 313, pl. 19, fig. 7, text-figs. 5, 7. 

lnforis albogranosa (Kosuge). Kosuge, 1966, Malacologia, v. 

4,no.2,p.298,314,pl.1, fig.6. 

Medium in size, slender, slightly tapering anteriorly; 

apex acuminate. Protoconch bearing close-set normal 

or slightly oblique axial ribs; whorls o:f spire about 

13, each having two rows o:f beads, the lower row o:f 

which has the larger ones; beads in each row connected by a spiral ribbon; a wavy spiral thread lies 

between the two rows o:f beads. Aperture circular in 

outline, extended, bearing two beaded spirals. Anterior 

and posterior canals long and tubular, encircled by 

concentric rings. ' 

Measurements o:f figured specimens :from drill hole 

E-1, Eniwetok, at depth o:f 30-40 :feet: Plate 12, figures 3, 4, USNM 650529 (with normal three openings) -height 5.2 mm, maximum diameter o:f spire 

1.3 mm; plate 12, figure 5, lTSNM 650530 (an unusual 

specimen with two posterior tubes, one located two 

whorls above the body whorl)-height 5.5 mm,' maximum diameter of spire 1.2 mm. 

Occ·urrence.-Eleven specimens :from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 30-45 :feet; age, Holocene. Kosuge 

(1961, 1966) based his description on Holocene shells 

collected in the Amami Islands. The species is also_ 

known :from Hawaii, Samoa, Fiji, and the Philippine 

Islands. 

Triphora (Inforis) ofuensis Baker and Spicer 

Plate 12, figures 8-12 

Triphora ofuensis Baker and Spicer, 1935, San Diego Soc. Nat. 

History Trans., v. 8, no. 7, p. 38, pl. 5, fig. 3. 

Shell small, spindle shaped; apex acuminate; protoconch consisting o:f about five whorls, each o:f the last 

three to :four bearing a strong spiral cord crossed by 

close-set sharp axial ribs; mature whorls about nine. 

Sculpture consisting o:f two spiral rows o:f rounded 

beads, the beads in the anterior row larger except on 

the body whorl where the order is reversed ; suture 

inconspicuous ; base has three spiral cords, the upper 

two beaded. Aperture subcircular, extended; anterior 

canal short, conical; posterior canal thin, tubular, 

erect, inclined posteriorly. 

Measurements of the figured specimen :from drill 

hole F -1, Eni wetok, at depth 20-45 :feet, lTSNM 

650531 : height 3.6 mm, maximum diameter o:f spire 

1.2 mm. Measurements o:f the figured specimens :from 

Funafuti : ( 1) British Museum 1970, 0.24, :from sample 

90 at a depth o:f 75 :feet (pl. 12, fig. 10)-height 3.2 

mm, diameter 0.9 mm; (2) British Museum 1970, 

0.25 :from a depth o:f 65-74 :feet (pl. 12, figs. 11, 12)-

height 2.2 mm, diameter 0.8 mm. 

Triphora ofuensis is probably the species referred 

doubtfully by Hedley (1899, p. 439, fig. 27) to Triforis 

aegle .J ousseaume. Hedley collected his specimen :from 

Funafuti lagoon, noting that it was the commonest 

Triforis on the atoll. 

0 ccurrence.-Thirteen specimens :from three drill 

holes on Eniwetok at depths 20 to 145 :feet; one specimen :from drill hole 1 on Bikini at depth o:f 59 :feet; 

six specimens :from Funafuti drill hole at depths 65 

to 95 :feet. Age o:f all :fossils, Holocene. Described :from 

living specimens collected in Samoa; also known :from 

Hawaii. 

Triphora (lnforis) sp. B 

Plate 12, figures 6, 7 

Shell medium in size; slender; sides o:f spire flat. 

Mature whorls about nine, each with two spiral rows 

o:f beads, those o:f the lower row much larger than 

those above; beads o:f each row linked by a spiral 

ribbon; beads on lower spiral slope steeply below, 

more gently above. Aperture circular, extended, bearing weak spirals; anterior eanal tubular, projecting; 

posterior eanal a narrow curved tube extending outward and upward :from a base nearly opposite the 

aperture. 

Measurements o:f the figured speeimen, USNM 

650528 : height 6.0 mm, maximum diameter o:f spire 

1.3 mm. 

This species is assigned to lnforis because o:f its 

general resemblance to T. (lnforis) albogranosa. The 

apex o:f the single specimen is not preserved, and the 

speeies may be referable to Epiforis, a group in which 

the protoconch is mammillate. Triphora sp. B differs 

:from T. alborgranosa in having a smoother apertural 

tube and smoother anterior and posterior eanals; it 

may represent an undeseribed :form. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen :from drill hole 2B, 

Bikini, at depth o:f 1,377-1,388 :feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e) . 
48 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Subgenus MASTONIA Hinds 

Hinds, 1843, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 11, p. 19. 

Type (fide Wenz, 1940, Handbuch der PaHiozoologie; 

Gastropoda: Berlin, Gebriider Borntraeger, p. 786) .-

Triphoris vulpinus Hinds. Holocene, New Ireland. 

Includes spindle-shaped shells whose whorls bear 

beaded spiral ribs. Posterior canal narrow, not completely closed over. 

Triphora (Mastonia) cingulifera (Pease) 

Plate 12, figure 13 

Triphoris cingulifera Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 

434. 

Langkavel, 1871, Donum Bismarkianum : Berlin, von Ferdinand Berggold, p. 38, pl. 2, fig. 8. 

Notosinister cingulifera (Pease). Kosuge, 1962, Tokyo Nat. Sci. 

and Mus. Bull., v. 6, no. 2, p. 88, pl. 9, fig. 6. 

Shell small, spindle shaped; sides of spire gently 

convex. Whorls of protoconch bear fine axial rib lets; 

whorls of spire bear two strongly beaded spirals with 

a spiral thread above, close to the suture; body whorl 

has three beaded spirals; on the base, three slightly 

beaded spirals. Aperture subcircular, its margin 

slightly expanded; anterior canal strong, bent backward, not completely closed over; posterior canal an 

open groove. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650532: height 3.1 mm, diameter 1.3 mm. 

On the shells of living animals, both the lower of 

the two beaded spirals on the spire and the spirals on 

the base are brown. Traees of this color pattern are 

preserved on the figured specimen. 

Occurrence.-Five specimens from three drill holes 

on Eniwetok at depths from 10 to 222 feet; age, Holocene. A single specimen from lTSGS loc. 17891 on 

Saipan; Tanapag Limestone;· age, probably Holoeene. 

The species was originally described from Hawaii; 

a~so known from the Amami Islands and the Philippines. 

Triphora (Mastonia) cingulifera goikulensis Ladd, n. subsp. 

Plate 12, figure 14 

Medium in size, slender; sides gently eon vex; aperture subquadrate, inner lip heavily callused, outer lip 

thin; posterior canal short, open; anterior canal reeurved and nearly closed. Sculpture eonsisting of two 

primary beaded spirals with a fine spiral thread between; base rounded, bearing three spirals, the uppermost one slightly beaded. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 650524, from 

lTSGS loc. 21304: height 9.2 1nm, diameter 2.5 mm. 

The Palau fossils are very closely related to the 

Holocene sheJls deseribed by Pease ( 1860b, p. 434) 

from Hawaii. Comparisons have also• been made with 

Quaternary fossils from the Midway drill holes and 

with Holocene shells from the Philippines and Borneo. 

The Palau fossils average larger, have straighter sides, 

and consequently are less spindle shaped than the 

others. On all Holocene shells and in the Midway fossils the lower of the two major spirals is dark purplish 

brown; no trace of this striking eo lor pattern is preserved in the Palau fossils. 

Occurrence.-Fifteen speeimens from the marls at 

the base of the Palau Limestone on Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap Island, Palau (lJSGS loc. 21301, 21304); 

age, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Triphora (Mastonia) clavata (Pease) 

Plate 12, figure 15 

Triphoris clavata Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 3, 

p. 434. 

Shell medium in size, acuminate, slightly tapered 

anteriorly. Whorls of protoconch about five, the upper 

three bearing a single spiral each and the lower two 

having two spirals each; on all five whorls the spirals 

are cancellated by close-set axials. Whorls of spire 

about 10, each of which has two strong beaded spirals; 

on lower whorls a secondary unbeaded spiral is present 

between the two primary spirals, and there are traces 

of still finer wavy spiral threads; body whorl has four 

primary spirals, the lowest two somewhat smaller than 

the others. Aperture subquadrate; posterior canal a 

narrow slit leading to circular opening; anterior canal 

strongly recurved. The single fossil has a brown protoconch, as do the shells of the living form, and it retains 

faint traces of the brown color present in the sutures 

of shells of living speeimens. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650537 : height 4.2 mm, diameter 1.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from drill hole 1, 

Bikini, at depth of 100 feet; age, probably Holocene. 

Described by Pease from Holocene shells from Hawaii, 

where the species is abundant. Also oceurs on many 

island groups in western Pacific, including the Marshall Islands. 

Triphora (Mastonia) squamosa (Kosuge) 

Plate 12, figure 16 

Mastonia squamosa Kosuge, 1962, Venus, v. 22, no. 2, p. 125, pl. 

8, fig. 15, text-figs. 10, 11. 

Shell medium in size, stout; apical area acmninate; 

shell tapered slightly below. Sculpture consisting of 

two rows of strongly beaded spirals, the upper row a 

little smaller; between the major spirals a wavy unbeaded secondary spiral lies closer to the upper major 

spiral; above and below the spirals the shell is eovered 
PALEONTOLOGY 49 

by minute spiral threads that, under high magnification, appear to be beaded, giving the shell a scaly 

appearance. Protoconch not preserved in single fossil 

available. The specimen, however, retains traces of 

original color; the upper spiral, brownish; the lower 

one, white. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650538: height (incomplete) 6.8 mm, diameter 2.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth 35-40 feet; age, Holocene. Described from living specimens from Amami Islands; 

also known from Samoa. 

Triphora (Mastonia) intermissa (Laseron) 

Plate 12, figures 17, 18 

Coriophora intermissa Laseron, 1958, Australian Jour. Marine 

and Freshwater Research, v. 9, no. 4, p. 605, figs. 105-107. 

Small to medium in size and varying considerably 

in shape; small shells are obese and greatly constricted 

anteriorly; large shells are more slender and are only 

slightly narrowed anteriorly. Protoconch has a tilted, 

bulbous nucleus that is partly buried in the succeeding 

two whorls that bear a prominent spiral keel above 

and below. Whorls of the spire each with two strong 

beaded spirals that, on some specimens, are connected 

by low axial elevations from bead to bead; later 

whorls of the spire have a third spiral that appears 

between the other two; on penultimate whorl the third 

spiral is nearly as large as the others and is beaded; 

suture distinct; body whorl has five spirals, the lowest 

and smallest of which is unbeaded (or weakly 

beaded); aperture subquadrate; anterior canal large 

and tubular; posterior canal little more than a notch. 

Some fossil specimens retain traces of the original 

color: the whorls of protoconch are gray; the spire is 

light brown with a darker shade of brown between 

the beads on the spiral ribs. 

Measurements of the figured specimens : USNM 

650540 from drill hole En-3, Eniwetok, at depth 20 

feet-height 3.4 mm, diameter 1.1 mm; USNM 650541 

from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth 110-120 feetheight 2.5 mm, diameter 1.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-Eleven specimens from four drill holes 

on Eniwetok at depths 20-842 feet; age, late Miocene 

(Tertiary g) and Holocene; a questionable specimen 

from drill hole E-1, depth 890-900 feet, is early Miocene (Tertiary f) in age. Two specimens from two 

drill holes on Bikini at depths 27-205 feet; age, Holocene. One specimen from station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

age, early Miocene (Tertiary f) . Laseron described 

the species from Holocene shells obtained in the Capricorn Group of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The 

U.S. National Museum collections contain many lots 

from Hawaii and the Philippines and single specimens 

from the Loyalty Islands and the Straits of Malacca. 

Triphora (Mastonia) auberti (Abrard) 

Plate 12, figure 19 

Triforis (Mastonia) auberti Abrard, 1946, Annales de Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 57, pl. 4, figs. 21, 21a. 

Small, slightly inflated, tapering near the base; 

spire composed of eight or nine whorls; suture inconspicuous; aperture small, compressed; canal short, 

strongly reflected over base. Sculpture consisting of 

two spiral rows of strongly beaded granules with a 

fine spiral thread between them. 

~feasurements of the holotype (Museum National 

d'Histoire N aturelle, Paris) : height (incomplete) 6.5 

mm, diameter 2.3 mm. 

As pointed out by Abrard, the sculpture of Triphora 

auberti is similar to that of T. per latus Issei, a species 

living in the Red Sea. On T. perlatus the canal is 

much less turned down than on T. auberti. 

Ocmtrrence.-Bay of Forela~d, island of Epi, New 

Hebrides ; age, late Miocene. 

Genus CAUTOTRIPHORA Laws 

Laws, 1940, Royal Soc. New Zealand Trans., v. 70, pt. 1, p. 51. 

Type (by original designation) .-Oautotriphora 

simulans Laws. Pliocene, New Z_ealand. 

Includes shells that have three subequal beaded 

spirals, the beads connected axially by weak ridges. 

Cautotriphora hervieri (Kosuge) 

Plate 12, figure 20 

Notosinister hervieri Kosuge, 1962, Tokyo Nat. Sci. and Mus. 

Bull., v. 6, no. 2, p. 81, pl. 10, fig. 1, text-figs. 15, 18. 

Cau,totriphora hervieri ( Kosuge). Kosuge, 1966, Malacologia, v. 

4, no. 2, p. 316, pl. 1, fig. 11. 

Represented by two small subulate shells. Sides of 

spire gently convex, cut by well-impressed suture; 

each whorl has three subequal beaded spiral ridges, the 

beads of which are connected axially by low ridges 

that are much weaker than the spirals. Aperture subquadrate; anterior canal large, strongly recurved 

backward; base has two spirals. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from drill 

hole 2A, Bikini, at depth 44 7-453 feet, USNM 650536 : 

height 3.5 mm, diameter 1.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-One specimen from drill hole 2A, 

Bikini, at depth 44 7-453 feet; age, probably Pliocene 

(Tertiary h) . Single specimen from drill hole 2, 

Bikini, at depth 184 feet; age, probably Pleistocene. 

Described by Kosuge from Holocene shells from the 

Amami Islands; also reported from Japan, the Philippines, and Loyalty and Marshall Islands. 
50 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Genus VIRIOLA Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1884, Soc. Malacologique France Bull., v. 1, p. 238. 

Type (by original designation) .-Yiriola bayani 

J ousseaume. Holocene, New Caledonia. 

A small group of species characterized by strong, 

generally smooth, spiral ridges. 

Viriola pagoda (Hinds) 

Plate 12, figure 21 

Triphoris (I no) pagodu8 Hinds, 1843, Zool. Soc. London Proc., 

pt. 11, p. 22. 

V iriola pagoda (Hinds). Kosuge, 1961, Venus, v. 21, no. 4, p. 413, 

pl. 22, fig. 2. 

Kosuge, 1962, Tokyo Nat. Sci. and Mus. Bull., v. 6, no. 2, 

p. 86. 

Shell large, slender, made up of numerous whorls 

each with three smooth spiral ridges, the lowest being 

the largest, the middle one the smallest ; suture in conspicuous; aperture subquadrate. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650525: height (incomplete) 9.2 mm; diameter 3.0 mm. 

The simplicity of the spiral sculpture appears to 

distinguish this species from all others. 

Occurrence.-The single fossil specimen is from 

drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at a depth of 35-40 feet; 

age, Holocene. Hinds described the species from a 

single dead Holocene shell collected in the Philippines. 

The species is also known from Okinawa, Amami 

Islands and Japan. Two specimens in the lT.S. National Museum collections CUSNM 91166) were collected in Samoa. 

Viriola incisa (Pease) 

Plate 12, figure 22 

Triphoris incisa Pease, 1860, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 434. 

Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, v. 9, p. 190, pl. 39, fig. 65. 

Hedley, 1899, Australian Mus. Mem. 3, pt. 7, p. 447, fig. 33. 

Viriola incisa (Pease). Kosuge, 1961, Venus, v. 21, no. 4, p. 414, 

pl. 22, fig. 9. 

Shell small, made up of a dozen or more whorls, 

sides of spire gently convex; sculpture consisting of 

three prominent smooth ridges, the center one smaller 

than the other two; fine spiral threads occur between 

the ridges. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650533, from Eniwetok: height (decollated) 7.3 mm, 

diameter 2.1 mm. 

Occurrence.-Eight specimens from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depths 10-600 feet; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) and Holocene. Pease described the species from 

Holocene shells collected in Hawaii ; since reported 

from the Marshall Islands, Samoa, Philippines, Formosa, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Indonesia, and the 

Cocos-Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean. 

Viriola cancellata (Hinds) 

Plate 13, figure 1 

Triphoris (Ino) cancellatus Hinds, 1843, Annals and Mag. Nat. 

History, v. 11, p. 18. 

Triplwris (Viriola) cancellatus Hinds. Tryon, 1887, Manual 

Conchology, v. 9, p. 189, pl. 39, fig. 64. 

Viriola cancellata (Hinds). Kosuge, 1961, Venus, v. 21, no. 4, 

p. 413, pl. 22, fig. 1. 

Kosuge, 1962, Tokyo Nat. Sci. and Mus. Bull., v. 6, no. 2, 

p. 86. 

Maes, 1967, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., v. 119, no. 

4,p. 116,pl.7, fig.J. 

This widely distributed species is characterized particularly by two strong rounded spiral ribs. The area 

between the ribs is cancellated by axial threads that 

are beaded in crossing a fine spiral riblet. The cancellated area is dark brown, and traces of this color 

pattern are preserved on all three of the fossils. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650534 : height (decollated) 8.4 mm, diameter 2.6 mm. 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from drill hole 2B, 

Bikini, at depth 1,503-1,514; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e). A fragment from drill hole F -1, Eni wetok, 

at depth 760-770 feet; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

An incomplete specimen fron1 drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 270-280 feet; age, probably Pliocene. 

Described by Hinds from Holocene shells collected 

from the Straits of Malacca; later reported Holocene 

from the Marshall, Philippine, Ryukyu, and Am ami 

Islands, also Japan and the Cocos-l{eeling Islands. 

Viriola elegans (Hinds) 

Plate 13, figure 2 

Triphoris elegans Hinds, 1843, Annals and Mag. Nat. History, 

v. 11, p. 18. 

Triforis (Viriola) elegans (Hinds). Tryon, 1887, Manual 

Conchology, v. 9, p. 189, pl. 39, fig. 62. 

Shell medium in size; sides of spire gently convex. 

Sculpture consisting of four carinae that tend to alternate in size: the lowest is the smallest, a thread lying 

next to the suture; the second, the next above, is the 

strongest of the series, a prominent beaded carina ; the 

third lies near the middle of the whorl and is slightly 

larger than the thread near the suture; the fourth is 

larger than the third but is not as prominent as the 

beaded carina. Aperture subcircular; anterior canal 

strong and straight ; posterior canal an inconspicuous 

shallow groove. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650535 : height 6.5 mm, diameter 2.4 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single fossil from drill hole Mu-4, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 21-22 feet; age, Holocene. 

Originally described from Holocene shells from the 
PALEONTOLOGY 51 

Straits of Malacca. Collections in the U.S. National 

Museum include shells from Hawaii, the Marshall, 

Ellice, Samoan, Loyalty and Philippine Islands and 

Japan. 

Family EPITONIIDAE 

Genus EPITONIUM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, pt. 

2, p. 91. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Suter, 1913, Manual New Zealand Mollusca, p. 319) .-Turbo scalaris 

Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Subgenus GYROSCALA de Boury 

de Boury, 1887, Etude sur les sous genres de Scalidae du 

Bassin de Paris: Paris, Vigny, p. 15. 

Type (by original designation) .-Scala commutata 

Monterosato. Holocene, Mediterranean Sea. 

Epitonium (Gyroscala) perplexum (Pease) 

Plate 13, figure 3 

Scalaria perplema Pease, 1868, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 3, no. 4, 

p. 288. 

Scalaria lamellosa Lamarck. Tryon, 1887, Manual Conchology, 

v. 9, p. 74, pl. 15, fig. 83. 

Gyro scala perplema (Pease). Kira, 1962, Shells of the western 

Pacific in color: Osaka, Japan, Hoikusha Pub. Co., p. 30, 

pl. 14, fig. 19. 

Small, stout; bearing prominent, continuous, bladelike varices, seven to the whorl; aperture oval, imperforate; body whorl has an inconspicuous spiral cord 

near its base. Traces of brownish color occur immediately below the prominent suture. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650607: height 7.3 mm, diameter 3.1 mm. 

Occurrence.-Represented by a single fossil from 

drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth of 10-20 feet; age, 

Holocene. Pease described E. perplexurn from shells 

collected in Hawaii, and Kira noted the occurrence of 

the species south of central .Japan. The extensive collections of ~farshall Island shells in the lJ.S. National 

Museum include only three examples of E. perplexu/m; 

one from l{wajalein, and two from Taka Atoll. 

Subgenus CYCLOSCALA Dall 

Dall, 1889, ~Ius. Comp. Zoology Harvard Bull., v. 1R, p. 316. 

Type (by subsequent designation, de Boury, 1909, 

Jour. Conchyliologie v. 57, p. 258) .-Scala dunkeriana 

Dall ( == Scalaria echinaticosta d'Orbigny). Holocene, 

\Vest Indies. 

Epitonium (Cycloscala) revolutum (Hedley) 

Plate 13, figure 4 

Scala revoluta Hedley, 1899, Australian Mus. Mem. 3, pt. 7, 

p. 414. 

Shell minute, slender; three whorls of apex smooth 

and in contact; remaining whorls widely uncoiled; 

aperture circular. Sculpture consisting of strong axial 

lamellae, about eight on each of later whorls. Shell 

surface between lamellae smooth and glossy. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lTSNM 

650435: height (incomplete) 2.1 mm, diameter 1.1 mm. 

Hedley noted that his minute shell resembled a 

larger Holocene Philippine species described by Sowerby as Scalaria hyalina ( Sowerby 1844a, p. 11; 1844b, 

pl. 32, figs. 21, 22). In that species, however, the whorls 

are uncoiled starting at the tip, but the later whorls 

are not as widely separated as they are in E. 

revolutum. 

Occurrence.-Two specimens from the marls at the 

base of the Palau Limestone (USGS loc. 21308) in 

the Goikul area, Palau. Age, late Miocene (Tertiary 

g). 

Hedley's single specimen, a Holocene shell, was 

collected from the lagoon beach at Funafuti Atoll. 

Subgenus BOREOSCALA Kobelt 

Kobelt, 1905, Iconographie der schalentragenden europaischen 

Meeresconchylein: Wiesbaden, C.W. Kreidel, v. 3, p. 23. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Scala groenlandica Chemnitz ( == Scalaria greenlandicum Perry). Holocene, 

circumpolar and south to northern Japan and New 

York. 

Epitonium (Boreoscala?) sp. 

Epitonium (Boreoscala ?) sp. Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey 

Prof. Paper 640-C, p. C6-C7, pl. 4, fig. 13. Late Eocene 

(Tertiary b) ; Eua, Tonga. 

Subgenus CLATHRUS Oken 

Oken, 1815, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte: Leipzig, H. Reclaus, 

v. 3, p. 256. 

Type (by tautonomy.-Turbo clathrus Linnaeus. 

Holocene, seas of Europe 

Epitonium (Clathrus) sp. A 

Plate 13, figure 5 

Shell medium in size, stout, consisting of about eight 

rounded whorls separated by a deep suture; aperture 

"' al. Sculpture consisting of thin varices, about 15 on 

body '" horl, and close-set spiral threads that cover the 

entire surface of the shell and the posterior slopes of 

the varices; the spirals tend to alternate in size; surface between varices 1nade finely reticulate by closeand regularly spaced axial threads that are narrower 

than the larger spirals. 

)f("nsurement of the single incomplete fossil, USNM 

650608 : height 12.0 mm, diameter 5.5 mm. 

The fine reticulate sculpture of the fossil is similar 

to that shown by three species living in Hawaii-
52 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS ]~ROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

E. fucat1.tm (Pease) ( 1860a, p. 400), E. decussatum 

(Pease) ( 1868, p. 289, pl. 24a, fig. 10), and E. kanemoe 

Pilsbry (1921, p. 375, fig. 11b )-but these three species 

have fewer varices than the fossil. 

Occu'FI'ence.-Basal foraminiferal member of Futuna 

Limestone, station L-466, Oneata, Fiji; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f) . 

Family V ANIKORIDAE 

Genus V ANIKORO Quoy and Gaimard 

Quoy and Gaimard, 1832, Voyage de l' Astrolabe, Zoologie, 

[Rept.] : Paris, J. Tastu, v. 2, p. 239. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Sigaretus cancellatus Lamarck. Holocene, V anikoro, Santa Cruz Islands. 

Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck) 

Plate 13, figures 6-8 

Sigaretus cancellatus Lamarck, 1822, Historie naturelle des 

animaux sans vertebres: Paris, Guiradudet, v. 6, pt. 2, 

p. 208. 

Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck). Tryon, 1886, Manual Conchology, v. 8, p. 67, pl. 29, figs. 60, 61. 

Smith, 1908, l\.~"alacol. Soc. London.,Proc., v. 8, no. 2, p. 105. 

This large species, type of the genus, was originally 

collected from V anikoro in the Santa Cruz Islands but 

has since been reported from many parts of the Indian 

Ocean, from Indonesia, the Great Barrier Reef area, 

and the Philippines. Its occurrence in the Holocene 

beds drilled on Eniwetok is not surprising in view of 

the fact that it has also been identified from a depth 

of 165-170 feet in a drill hole on Midway, in Hawaii. 

The species is probably the largest of the genus and 

is characterized particularly by its large aperture, 

wide umbilicus, and reticulated surface. The sculpture 

appears to be somewhat variable in both present-day 

and fossil shells, but the oblique axials in most specimens are coarser and Inore widely spaced than the 

spirals; at intersections the two series may be distinctly 

beaded. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650598, from drill hole F-3-C, Eniwetok, depth 6-10 

feet: height 4.3 mm, diameter 4.2 mm. USNM 650599 

from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 1,688-1,715 feet, 

measures: height (apex incomplete) 3.0 mm, diameter 

3.2 mm. 

Occurrence.-Three small fossil specimens from Eniwetok: one specimen each from drill holes F -3-C and 

Mu-4-age, Holocene; a specimen from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 1,688-1,715 is from early Miocene (Tertiary e) beds, but the specimen is slightly 

broken and may have been derived from a higher 

horizon; in any event, it has the color and preservation 

that is typical of the Miocene in the Marshalls. 

Vanikoro gueriniana (Recluz) 

Plate 13, figures 9, 10 

Narica gue'riniana Recluz, 1843, Zool. Soc. London Proc., p. 139. 

V anikoro gueriniana ( Recluz). Sower by, 1878, Conchologica 

Iconicas, v. 20, no. 2. 

Tryon, 1886, Manual Conchology, v. 8, p. 68, pl. 29, fig. 62. 

This widely distributed western Pacific species is 

characterized particularly by thick, regularly spaced 

oblique axial ribs that are overriden by close-set spiral 

threads. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 650595 

(drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 780-790 feet) : height 2.8 

mm, diameter 3.0 mm. 

Occurrence.-Described originally from the Philippine Islands but later collected in the Loyalty Islands, 

Japan, and the Marshall Islands. Rare specimens were 

found in samples from 22 levels in five Eniwetok drill 

holes from depths of 2-1,180 feet, from early Miocene 

(Tertiary e) to Holocene in age. Only one shell was 

found in any one depth interval, and many of the shells 

are small and apparently immature. A single specimen, 

likewise small, was found at station 160 on Viti Levu, 

Fiji, in beds referred to the early Miocene (Tertiary f). 

Vanikoro aff. V. kanakarum Pilsbry 

Plate 13, figure 11 

Small, globose; apex obtuse: protoconch smooth, 

followed by two whorls with oblique axial ribs that 

are crossed by spiral threads ; remainder of shell covered by moderately strong spiral threads, between 

which there are one to three finer threads ; axial scul pture absent. Umbilicus wide and deep, slightly plicate 

within; aperture semilunate. 

Measurements of the figured speCimen, USNM 

650597; height 4.3 mm, diameter (outer lip broken) 

4.7mm. 

The Eniwetok specimen has a lower spire than 

Pilsbry's Holocene type from Kauai in Hawaii (Pilsbry 

1921, p. 374). 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, at depth of 110-120 feet; age, Holocene. 

Family HIPPONICIDAE 

Genus CHEILEA Modeer 

Modeer, 1793, Kgl. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Nya 

Handlingar, v. 14, p. 110, 111. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Woodring, 1928, 

Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 385, p. 37 4) .-Patella 

equestris Linnaeus. Holocene, Indian Ocean. 

Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus) 

Plate 13, figure 12 

Patella equestris Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], 

p. 780. 
PALEONTOLOGY 53 

Jf itrularia eqttestris ( Linnaeus). Tryon, 1886, Manual Conchology,v.8,p.137,pl.41,figs.25-32. 

Oheilea equestris (Linnaeus). Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 

11, p. 294, fig. 12. 

Five well-preserved specimens that can confidently 

be assigned to this variable and widespread IndoPacific species were recovered from the three deep 

drill holes on Eniwetok at depths of 830-990 feet in 

beds of Miocene (Tertiary I and g) age. The figured 

specimen, USNM 650600 from drill hole E-1 at depth 

830-840 feet, measures: length 8.6 mm, width 8.5 mm, 

convexity 3.0 mm. It cannot be separated from the 

shells of animals found living on the reefs of Eniwetok 

and Bikini. 

In addition to the Miocene specimens, a total of eight 

small shells of 0 heilea were recovered in six drill holes 

on Eniwetok at depths of 10-211 feet; these probably 

represent 0. equestris. A large mold that may represent 

the same species was obtained from USGS loc. 21028 

in the New Hebrides; it is probably Pleistocene in age. 

Molds and a poorly preserved shell from the N dalithoni 

Limestone, station 110B on Vanna Mbalavu in Fiji, 

are Pliocene; two small shells from station 160 and 

numerous molds from station 158 on Viti Levu are 

early Miocene (Tertiary I). MacNeil (1960, p. 46, pl. 

16, fig. 32) described and figured a mold from the Pliocene of Okinawa. 

Genus HIPPONIX Defrance 

Defrance, 1819, Jour. Physique, Chimie, Histoire Nat. et Arts, 

v. 88, p. 217. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1847, Zool. 

Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 157) .-Patella com'ltcopia 

Lamarck. Eocene, Paris Basin. 

Subgenus MALLUVIUM Melvill 

Melvill, 1906, Malacol. Soc. London Proc., v. 7, p. 82. 

Type (by original designation) .-0 apulus lis sus 

E. A. Smith. Holocene, Bay of Bengal. 

Hipponix (Malluvium) cf. H. badius (Dunker) 

Plate 13, figures 13, 14 

Hipponiw badius, described by Dunker as a Oapulus 

(Dunker, 1882, p. 124, pl. 13, figs. 15-17) and still so 

regarded by some authors (I\:uroda and Habe, 1952, 

p. 44), is probably a H ipponiw that is closely related 

to H. lissus, type of the subgenus llf alluvium. Such a 

relation was suggested by :MacNeil (1960, p. 47). 

The Fiji fossil shell here compared with H. badirttS 

is slightly compressed, as are Holocene shells from 

Japan, the type area, and shows weak radial ribs that 

are stronger posteriorly than on other parts of the 

shell. 

l\feasurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650602: length 7.9 mm, width 5.8 mm, convexity 5.4 

lnm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen frmn station 817 on 

Vanna Levu, Fiji; age, probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Subgenus ANTISABIA Iredale 

Iredale, 1937, Australian Zoologist,-v. 8, pt. 4, p. 253. 

Type (by original designation) .-Hipponiw loliacea 

Quoy and Gaimard. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Hipponix (Antisabia) foliaceus Quoy and Gaimard 

Plate 13, figures 15-21 

H ipponix foliacea Quoy and Gaimard, 1835, Voyage de l' Astrolabe, Zoologie [Rept.] : Paris, J. Tastu, v. 3, pt. 2, p. 439, 

pl. 72, figs. 41-45. 

Hipponix sp. Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, 

p. 214, pl. 37, figs. 4-6. 

Ladd in Ladd and others, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 

Bull. 181, p. 360. 

Hipponix (A.ntisabia) foliaceus Quoy and Gaimard. MacNeil, 

1961 [imprint 1960], U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 

47, pl. 18, figs. 10, 16-17. 

Exterior of shell covered by concentric, wavy, overlapping lamellae that bear close-set radial threads; 

height variable; apex posterior; protoconch smooth. 

Measurements of the figured specimens : USNM 

650603 from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 760-770 feetlength 6.3 mm, width 6.2 mm, convexity 3.2 mm; 

USNM 650604 from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 690-700 

feet-length 4.0 mm, width 3.4 mm, convexity 1.7 mm; 

Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Geol. No. 1237 from Vitu Levu, 

Fiji-length 6.4 mm, width 6.0 mm, convexity 3.1 mm. 

Occ,nrrence.-Ten specimens from drill holes E-1 and 

F-1, Eniwetok, at depths ranging from 640 to 900 feet; 

age, Miocene (Tertiary I and g). Fourteen specimens 

from station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, early Miocene 

(Tertiary I) ; a single specimen from the N dalithoni 

Limestone, station 110C, Vanna Mbalavu, Fiji; age, 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). MacNeil reported two specimens 

from the Yontan Limestone (Pleistocene) of Okinawa. 

The species was described from Guam and has been 

found in other island groups in the Pacific, (Hawaii, 

Tuamotu, Samoa, Philippines, Japan) and in Australia. No Holocene specimens were collected in the 

Marshalls. No fossils were found in the drill holes of 

Bikini nor above the Miocene in Eniwetok drill holes, 

but typical shells were recovered from shallow depths 

in both the holes drilled on Midway, in beds believed 

to be Pleistocene. 

Subgenus SABIA Gray 

Gray, 1847, Zool. Soc. London Proc., pt. 15, p. 157. 

Type (by original designation) .-Amalthea conica 

Schumacher. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 
54 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Hipponix (Sabia) conicus (Schumacher) 

Plate 13, figures 22-27 

A.malthea conica Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un noveau Systeme 

des habitationes des vers testaces: Copenhagen, p. 181, 

pl. 21, figs. 4a-c. 

Hipponim (Sabia) conicus (Schumacher). Demond, 1957, Pacific 

Sci., v. 11, p. 293, fig. 11. 

Hipponim conicus (Schumacher). Macpherson and Gabriel, 1962, 

Marine molluscs of Victoria : Melbourne, Brown, Prior, 

and Anderson, p. 127, fig. 152. 

Cernohorsky, 1968, Veliger, v. 10, no. 3, p. 275, pl. 41. 

Fourteen specimens representing this thick conical 

coarsely ribbed variable Holocene species were recovered from five drill holes on Eniwetok from near the 

surface to a depth of 960 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary /) to Holocene. Six specimens from drill hole 

2A on Bikini were found at depths of 900-940 feet in 

beds of late Miocene (Tertiary g) age. Two worn specimens were collected at station 160, Viti Levu, Fijiage, early Miocene (Tertiary /); several specimens 

were recovered from the N dalithoni Limestone at station 110B on Vanna Mbalavu in eastern Fiji-age, 

Pliocene. Two molds from upper Tertiary limestone 

on Guam (USGS loc. 20708) represent the sa1ne species. 

Holocene shells have been reported throughout the 

Indo-Pacific region. 

Measurements of the figured specimens : USNM 

650605, from drill hole F -1, Eniwetok, at depth 660-

670 feet-length 6. 7 mm, width 5.4 mm, convexity 

2.8 mm; USNM 650606, from station 110B, Vanna 

Mbalavu, Fiji-length 10.9 mm, width 10.0 mm, convexity 3.8 mm. 

Subgenus PILOSABIA Iredale 

Iredale, 1929, Queensland Mus. Mem., v. 9, pt. 3, p. 277. 

Type (by original designation) .-Pileop8i8 pilo8'U8 

Deshayes. Holocene, Australia. 

Hipponix (Pilosabia) revellei Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 14, figures 1-18 

Shell sn1all, cap shaped; small shells flattened, large 

adult shells highly convex with apex projecting well 

beyond the posterior margin of the shell ; aperture 

broadly ovate; muscle scar horseshoe shaped with swollen ends open anteriorly. Sculpture variable but consisting of radial ribs that are crossed by strong, scaly 

concentric lamellae. The number and the spacing of 

the radial ribs vary greatly from specimen to specimen, 

depending largely on the age of the shell; in young 

shells the ribs are few and appear only near the margins of the shell, but in some adult shells there may 

be 20 or 30 close-set regularly spaced ribs that may be 

beaded by the concentric lamellae. Protoconch, often 

preserved in younger shells, more rarely in older shells, 

is a smooth dextral coil. 

Measurements of the types are : 

Specimen Drill Depth Length Width Convexity 

(USNM) Type hole (ft) (mm) (mm) (mm) 

650609 Holotype F-1 890-900 5.4 4.6 2.5 

650610 Paratype A F-1 900-910 5.9 3.9 3.1 

650611 Paratype B F-1 870-880 5.0 3.4 1.3 

650612 Paratype C F-1 880-890 5.1 3.8 2.4 

650613 Paratype D 2B 1,650-1,661 5.1 3.8 2.3 

650614 Paratype E K-1B 1,008-1,019 4.9 3.8 1.4 

650615 Paratype F K-1B 715-727 3.5 2.3 0.6 

650616 Paratype G E-1 980-990 2.1 1.5 0.7 

The Marshall Island fossils bear a general resemblance to Australian examples of Hipponiw pilosus 

(Deshayes) and to representatives of this species from 

other areas, including Hawaii; but the fossil shells are 

much flatter in early stages and have stronger concentrie sculpture. 

This species is named for Dr. Roger Revelle, who 

encouraged and supported plans for deep drilling in 

the Marshall Islands. 

Occttrrence.-More than 200 specimens from many 

horizons in all holes drilled into the Tertiary on Eniwetok and Bikini from the Pliocene (Tertiary h) to 

the lower Miocene (Tertiary e) ; in the Eni wetok holes 

depths range from 530 to 2,040 feet; in the Bikini holes 

from 726 to 1,661 feet. 

Family CAPULIDAE 

Genus CAPULUS Montfort 

Montfort, 1810, Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 2, p. 54. 

Type (by original designation) .-Patella hungaricus 

Linnaeus. Holocene, seas of Europe. 

Subgenus KREBSIA Morch 

Morch, 1877, Malakozoologische Blatter, v. 24, p. 97. 

Type (by original designation) .-Hipponiw militaris 

Morch [non Linnaeus] ( == Pileopsis intoTtus Lamark). Holocene, West Indies. 

Five small capulids that appear to represent the 

subgenus K Tebsia were collected in the island area. 

Three are from the Marshall Island drill holes and two 

are from Fiji; all are Miocene-the oldest Tertiary e, 

the youngest Tertiary g. Three species may actually be 

represented, but because all specimens appear immature, 

no specific names have been definitely assigned. No 

capulids of this type have previously been reported 

from the Marshalls or from Fiji. All the fossils resemble the Holocene Oapulus liberatus described by 

Pease frmn the Tuamotu ( Pa umotu) Islands (Pease, 

1868, p. 284, pl. 24a, fig. 2). Iredale (1929, p. 277) 

na1ned Oapulus libeTatus as the type of a new genus 

Tenpeta.'Jus, separating it from the West Indian 

KTebsia. 
PALEONTOLOGY 55 

Capulus (Krebsia) aff. C. liberatus Pease 

Plate 14, figures 19, 20 

Shell very small, strongly inflated, thick. Protoconch a smooth detached dextral coil; aperture subcircular. Sculpture consisting of strong concentric 

lamellae, crossed by numerous indistinct radial riblets. 

Measurement of the figures specimen, USNM 648451: 

length 1.7 mm, width 1.5 mm, convexity 1.4 mm. 

The radials of the single fossil are not beaded as are 

those of most Holocene shells assigned to 0. liberatus. 

The Holocene shell was described from the Tuamotus 

and has also been collected from Norfolk Island, from 

Lifu in New Caledonia, and from Michaelmas Cay on 

the Australian Great Barrier Reef (Iredale, 1929, p. 

277). 

Occurrence.-Drill hole 2B, Bikini, at depth of 1,891-

1,902 feet; age, early Miocene (Tertiary e). 

Capulus (Krebsia) sp. A 

Plate 14, figure 21 

Shell small, thick ; apex forming a detached dextral 

coil; aperture subcircular, its anterior margin wavy. 

Sculpture consisting of strong, rounded spiral ribs, with 

fine riblets in the interspaces; ribs crossed by regularly 

spaced concentric lines that bead the spiral ribs on the 

younger part of the shell. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650601 : length (incomplete) 6.1 mm, width 4.7 mm, 

convexity 3 mm. 

Occurrence.-The figured specimen and two others 

were recovered from the conglomerate in the Suva 

Formation at stations F-B20 and 160 on Viti Levu . . . ' FIJI; age, early Miocene (Tertiary f). A poorly preserved immature specimen from drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, at depth 710-720 feet (age, Tertiary g) may 

represent the same species. The fossils have fewer and 

coarser ribs than the living Oapulus liberatus Pease 

previously referred to. 

Capulus (Krebsia) sp. B 

Plate 14, figures 22-24 

Shell very small, moderately convex, wider than long. 

Protoconch a smooth, detached dextral coil ; aperture 

broadly elliptical. Sculpture consisting of prominent, 

regularly spaced radial ribs with finer close-set riblets 

between, crossed by coarse regularly spaced concentric. 

lamellae that are beaded at their intersections with the 

primary radial ribs. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, lJSNM 

648452: length 2.0 mm, width 2.3 mm, convexity 0.9 mm. 

Occurrence.-Figured specimen from drill hole F-1 

Eniwetok, at depth of 850-860 feet; a smaller, nar~ rower specimen from Bikini drill hole 2A at depth of 

852-857 feet probably represents the same species; both 

specimens are from beds of late Miocene (Tertiary g) 

age. The Marshall Island fossils have sharper and 

more regularly spaced sculpture than does 0. liberatus, 

the Holocene shell previously referred to. The fossil 

specimens probably represent an undescribed species. 

Family XENOPHORIDAE 

Genus XENOPHORA Fischer von Waldheim 

Fischer von Waldheim, 1807, Museum Demidoff, ou catalogue 

systematique et raisonne des curiosites de la nature: 

Mascou, Paul de Demidoff, v. 3, p. 213. 

Type (by ruling, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomenclature, 1964, Bull. Zool. Nomenclature, v. 21, pt. 6, p. 

417) .-Trochus conchyliophor'US Born. Holocene, West 

Indies. 

Xenophora sp. A 

Xenophora species Ladd, 1970, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

640-0, p. 07, pl. 3, figs. 4, 5. Late Eocene (Tertiary b) ; 

Eua, Tonga. 

Xenophora sp. B 

Plate 14, figure 25 

Poorly preserved molds of shells of X enophora were 

collected at two localities on Saipan. Internal molds 

have prominent peripheral nodes; the base is sculptured 

with fine, regularly spaced, slightly beaded arcuate 

threads. 

Measurements of the figured mold, USNM 648453 : 

height (incomplete) 5 mm, diameter 18 mm. 

Occurrence.-Four specimens from the Tagpochau 

Limestone (Miocene) of Saipan: Three specimens (including figured specimen) from USGS loc. 17728 in 

the marly facies; one specimen from USGS loc. 17723 

in the transitional facies. 

The Miocene specimens from Saipan are probably 

specifically distinct from the minute shell recorded 

from the Eocene of Tonga, but owing to poor preservation, detailed comparison cannot be made. 

Genus TUGURIUM Fischer 

Fischer, 1880, in Kiener, Species general et iconographie des 

coquilles vivantes: Paris, J.-B. Baillere et Fils, v. 12, p. 450. 

Type (fide Thiele, 1929, Handbuch der systematischen weichtierkunde: Jena, von Gustav Fischer, v. 1, 

p. 250) .-Phor'US exutus Reeve. Holocene, China seas. 

Tugurium exutum (Reeve) 

Plate 14, figure 26 

Phorus exutus Reeve, 1843, Conchologica Iconica, v. 1, pl. 2, 

fig. 7. 

X enophora ( Tugurium) exuta (Reeve). Tryon, 1886, Manual 

Conchology, v. 8, p. 161, pl. 46, figs. 90, 91. 

Tugu·rium exutum (Reeve). MacNeil, 1961 [imprint 1960] U.S. 

Geol Survey Prof. Paper 339, p. 47, pl. 12, fig. 10. (See 

for additional citations.) 
56 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

A single shell from the Pliocene beds at station 817 

on Vanua Levu, Fiji, USNM 650472, measures: height 

8.9 mm, diameter (incomplete) 40.9 mm. It appears to 

be identical with the specimen from the N akoshi Sand 

(Pliocene) of Okinawa figured by MacNeil (1960). As 

noted by MacNeil, Holocene shells have been reported 

from the South China Sea, Philippines, Japan and the 

Ryukyu Islands; fossil occurrences include the Miocene( n of Japan and the Pliocene of Taiwan. 

Family STROMBIDAE 

Representatives of the family are a conspicuous element in all Indo-Pacific faunas today. They include 

some of the largest and most decorative shells. Fossil 

representatives are numerous in Tertiary and later sediments, and such species have been found in all the 

island groups here considered, except Tonga. Strombus 

and Lambi8 include most of the fossils. These two 

genera have recently been monographed by Abbott 

( 1960, 1961) in Indo-Pacific Mollusca; these excellent 

reports cover both living and fossil species and include 

distribution maps and discussions of ecology. 

Genus VARICOSPIRA Eames 

Eames, F. E., 1952, Royal Soc. London Philos. Trans., ser. B, 

v. 236, no. 631, p. 70. 

Type (by original designation) .-Strombus cancellatus Lamarck. Holocene, Philippines. 

Varicospira aff. V. crispata (Sowerby) 

Plate 15, figure 1 

Represented by a single specimen, an incomplete external mold. On the spire the axial and spiral ribs are 

equally strong, resulting in uniform cancellation without pronounced beading at the intersections; on the 

body whorl fine secondary spirals are present between 

the larger ribs near the suture and likewise over the 

lower third of the whorl; varices are present at intervals on the spire; lower part of inner lip slightly 

detached. 

Measurements of the figured specimen (rubber cast 

from external mold, USNM 648454) : height 30.5 mm, 

diameter 10.0 mm. 

The fossil resembles the Holocene Y. crispata described by Sowerby ( 1842, p. 26, pl. 8, figs. 62, 63) from 

the Philippines. On the Holocene shells, however, the 

axial ribs are stronger and more widely spaced than are 

the overriding spirals. 

Occurrence.-The single specimen was collected at 

USGS loc. 17713, Urukthapel, Palau; float from altitude 350 feet; age, possibly Miocene. 

Genus TIBIA Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, pt. 

2, p.123. 

Subgenus TIBIA sensu stricto 

Type (by subsequent designation,· Dall, 1906, Jour. 

Conchology (Leeds), v. 11, p. 295).-Murew f7U5us 

Linnaeus. Holocene, western Pacific. 

Tibia (Tibia) powisii modesta (Martin) 

Plate 15, figures 2, 3 

RosteUaria pow~s~~ modesta Martin, 1899, Geol. Reichs-Mus. 

Leiden Samml., new ser., v. 1, no. 6-8, p. 191, pl. 30, figs. 

443,444. 

Martin, 1919, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., p. 92. 

van der Vlerk, 1931, Leidse Geol. Meded., v. 5, p. 246. 

Cernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Records, v. 1, no. 1; p. 15, pl. 

4, fig. 24. 

Shuto, 1969, Kyushu Univ. Fac. Sci. Mem., ser. D, Geol., v. 

19, no. 1, p. 72, pl. 3, figs. 2-6, text-fig. 20. 

Rostellaria powisii abyssicola Schepman, 1908, The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition: Leydon, E. J. Brill, 

pt. 2, p. 154, pl. 11, fig. 5. 

Rostellaria ( Sulcogladius) powisii timorensis Koperberg, 1931, 

Jungtertiiire und Quartare Mollusken von Timor, The 

Hague, Algemeene Landsdrukkerij, p.127. 

Tibia cf. powisii modesta (Martin). Ladd, 1934, Bernice P. 

Bishop Mus. Bull. 119, p. 217, pl. 39, figs. 1, 2. 

Tibia (Tibia) powisii (Petit). Altena [part], 1941, Leidse Geol. 

Meded., v. 12, pt. 1, p. 45. 

The Fiji fossils, now totaling more than 70 specimens, 

are smaller than shells of the Holocene Tibia powisii 

and on practically all the fossils the sculpture is greatly 

reduced, if not obsolete, on the early whorls. 

Measurements of the figured specimens from station 

B107 (==817) Vanua Levu, Fiji: USNM 648455-

length 31.2 mm, diameter 12.7 mm; USNM 650617-

length (incomplete) 19.6 mm, diameter 10.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Previously known in Fiji from three 

localities (stations 165, 304, 306) in north-central and 

northwest Viti Levu, Fiji (Ladd, 1934, p. 217), has 

since been collected from four additional stations on 

Viti Levu (F-238, MR-69, MR-16, and C-89). The 

species has also been found in great abundance on 

Vanua Levu at station B-107 (==817) and at nearby 

localities K-63 and K-138. Age of all Fijian occurrences probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). 

Martin's type material was collected from the Pliocene (Sonde-beds) of Java. The species has also been 

recorded from the Pliocene of Sumatra and Timor and 

from the upper Miocene of Timor and New Guinea 

(Altena, 1941, p. 46). The Holocene Indonesian shel~s 

described and figured by Schepman as Rostellarut 

powisii abyssicola were obtained at a depth of nearly 

400 meters and were interpreted as dwarfed forms 

with obsolete sculpture. I have not seen these specimens. 
PALEONTOLOGY 57 

Genus TEREBELL UM Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum : Hamburg, J ohan Christi, pt. 2, 

p.135. 

Subgenus TEREBELLUM sensu stricto 

Type (by tautonymy) .-Terebellum nebulosum Roding ( == Bulla terrebellum Linnaeus == Conus terebellum Linnaeus) . Holocene, western Pacific. 

Terebellum (Terebellum) terebellum (Linnaeus) 

Plate 15, figure 4 

Conus terebellum Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], 

p. 718. 

Terebellum ( Terebellum) terebellum ( Linnaeus). J ung and 

Abbott, 1967, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 7, p. 445-454. 

(See for additional citations.) 

A single incomplete specimen that seems to represent 

this widespread and somewhat variable Holocene IndoPacific species was collected from the tuffaceous facies 

of the Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene) on Saipan 

(USGS loc. 17724). 

Measurements of the specimen, USNM 648456: length 

(incomplete) 35.5 mm, diameter 8.6 mm. 

Jung and Abbott (1967, p. 454) list a number of reported fossil occurrences from Miocene and younger 

beds in various parts of the Indo-Pacific region, chiefly 

Indonesia. 

Genus STROMBUS Linnaeus 

Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], p. 742. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Montfort, 1810, 

Conchyliologie Systematique, v. 2, p. 515) .-Strombus 

pugilis Linnaeus. Holocene, Caribbean and Florida. 

Subgenus LAEVISTROMBUS Kira 

Kira, 1955, Shells of Japan [1st ed.]: Osaka, p. 31. 

Type (by subsequent designation, Abbott, 1960, IndoPacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 47) .-Strombus canarium 

Linnaeus. Holocene, India to Melanesia, north to Japan. 

Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus 

Plate 15, figures 5, 6 

Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], 

p. 745. 

Strombus i:mbella Lamarck. Abrard, 1946, Annales PaU\ontologie, v. 32, p. 59, pl. 4, fig. 23. 

Strom bus ( Laevistrombus) canarium Linnaeus. Abbott, 1960, 

Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 48, pl. 17, figs. 15, 

16, pl. 22, 23. (See for additional citations.) 

Shuto, 1969, Kyushu Univ. Fac. Sci. Mem., ser. D, Geol., 

v. 19, no. 1, p. 73, pl. 3, figs. 1, 10, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3, 7. 

Two specimens with characteristically thick smooth 

shells and wide thickened outer lips were collected from 

boulders of W aisia Limestone on the island of Maewo, 

New Hebrides, USGS loc. 24 794; age, Pleistocene. 

Abrard's (1946) New Hebrides fossils were obtained 

from the Pliocene of Malekula. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

650583 : length 50 mm, diameter 33 mm. 

Subgenus TRICORNIS Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1886 Le Naturaliste, Paris, 1st ser., v. 3, no. 28, 

p. 220. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Strombus tricorn is Lamarck 

( == S. tricornis Lightfoot). Holocene, Red Sea. 

Strombus (Tricornis) maximus Martin 

Plate 16, figures 1-4 

Strombus mamimus Martin, 1883, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden 

Samml., 1st ser., v. 1, p. 195, pl. 9, fig. 1. 

Martin, 1899, Geol. Reichs-Mus. Leiden Samml., new ser .. 

v.l.pt.l,p.175,pl.28,fig.407,pl.29,fig.407a. 

Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 56, pl. 31, 

32. 

Shell large, heavy; spire moderately high, with a 

strong shoulder, bearing a series of prominent knobs; 

inner lip has a broad axial depression anteriorly and an 

even wider depression extending obliquely across it 

from a point above the middle of the aperture; outer 

lip thick, the thickness greatly increased near the 

posterior end, which is prominently extended; stromboid notch well developed. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648457: length (spire incomplete) 200 mm, width 170 

mm. A smaller specimen from USGS loc. 21305, 

USNM 648458, measures: length (incomplete) 118 mm, 

width 125 mm. 

The Palau shells are smaller than those described by 

Martin from Java, but adult strom bids are known to 

vary considerably in size and this difference is not 

believed to be significant. The great thickening of the 

extended upper part of the outer lip characterizes all 

three of the Palau shells that retain this part of the 

shell, and this feature is more strongly developed in the 

Palau shells than in the Java shells. The oblique depression across the inner lip is also more prominent 

on the Palau shells than on those from Java. 

Occurrence.-Nearly complete figured specimen and 

four identifiable fragments from USGS loc. 21290, a 

6-foot section of the Acropora zone at the base of the 

Palau Limestone on Auluptagel Island, Palau; a 

smaller specimen was collected from USGS loc. 21305 

in the marl facies that forms the base of the Palau 

Limestone on the Goikul peninsula on the southeast 

corner of Babelthuap Island; two incomplete specimens 

from USGS loc. 18306, also in the Goikul area. All 

occurrences, upper Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Martin described the species from the upper Miocene 

(Tjilanang beds) of Java. 
58 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Strombus (Tricornis) aff. S. thersites Swainson 

Plate 15, figure 7 

Strombus sp. Ladd in Ladd and others, 1945, Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Bull. 181, p. 381, pl. 51, fig. J. 

Strombus aff. thersites Swainson. Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 56. 

A single incomplete specimen ( U niv. Rochester 

13,059) from the Futuna Limestone (lower Miocene, 

Tertiary /), station L389, Lakemba, Fiji was described 

and illustrated by Ladd in 1945: it measures 83.4 mm 

in length. Abbott examined the specimen later and 

noted its close resemblance to S. thersites. The fossil, 

however, lacks the large knob on the body whorl opposite the outer lip that characterizes Holocene S. 

thersites shells from a number of Pacific island 

localities. 

Strombus (Tricornis) c£. S. sinuatus Lightfoot 

An incomplete shell, the spire and part of the attached outer lip (USNM 648459, diameter 30 mm), was 

collected by H. T. Stearns from a coral pit (USGS 

loc. 21029) on Espiritu Santo Island in the New 

Hebrides at altitude 215 feet. Though partly covered 

by recrystallized material, the specimen shows the 

strong shoulders with rounded knobs crossed by closeset spiral threads that characterize the Holocene S. 

sinuatus shells. The age of the fossil is probably Pleistocene. Holocene shells have been reported from many 

localities in the western Pacific, from the Marshall 

Islands to Fiji, from the Ryukyu Islands through Indonesia to northwest Australia. No fossil occurrences 

have been reported previously, nor has the species been 

listed from the New Hebrides (Abbott, 1960, p. 61). 

Strombus (Tricornis) sp. A 

Plate 17, figures 1, 2 

Incomplete molds of a large strombid that has prominent widely spaced axial knobs on the body whorl were 

collected from the Alifan Limestone at three localities 

on Guam and from a comparable horizon in Palau. 

All the specimens are internal molds, some of them are 

distorted by compression, but they probably represent 

the same species. 

The figured specimen from Guam, USNM 648460, 

has an apical angle of about 70°; its inner lip is 

broadly inflated near its base; the specimen measures 

-length (incomplete) 126 mm, diameter 98 mm. 

The species does not appear to be closely related to 

any living Strombus. Superficially the specimens resemble S. tjilonganensis :Martin described from the 

Miocene of Java (Martin, 1899, p. 177, pl. 28, figs. 410, 

411, pl. 29, fig. 412). The fossils from Guam and Palau 

are much larger than any of the shells assigned to S. 

tjilonganensis, but the absence of the shell material on 

the Guam and Palau specimens makes detailed comparison impossible. 

Occurrence.-USGS locs. 20630, 20722, 207 40, and 

21592 (figured specimen) on Guam; all from Ali fan 

Limestone of late Miocene and Pliocene age (Tertiary 

g and h). Palau specimen from lTSGS loc. 18310 at 

base of Palau Limestone on southwest point of N ardueis Island, off southeast coast of Babelthuap; age, 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Subgenus CANARIUM Schumacher 

Schumacher, 1817, Essai d'un nouveau systeme des habitations 

des vers testaces : Copenhagen, p. 219. 

Type (by monotypy).-Oanarium ustulatum Schumacher ( == Strombus urceus Linnaeus). Holocene, 

southwest Pacific. 

Strombus (Canarium) urceus Linnaeus 

Plate 15, figures 8, 9 

Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], 

p. 7 45, no. 440. 

Strombus ( Oanarium) gendinganensis Martin. Abrard, 1946, 

Annales Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 61, pl. 4, fig. 27. 

Strombus ( Oanarium) urceus Linnaeus. Abbott, 1960, IndoPacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 63-66. (See for additional 

citations.) 

The specimen from the N ua River, Malekula, New 

Hebrides, figured by Abrard was borrowed and photographed; length 25.5 mm. Abbott's suggestion that this 

specimen from the Pliocene of the New Hebrides is referable to S. urceus seems to be correct. As Abbott 

pointed out, the range of the species, which today is 

found from southeast Asia and the Ryukyu Islands to 

Australia and Melanesia, extended farther eastward 

during the Pliocene. 

Strombus (Canarium) mutabilis Swainson 

Plate 15, figures 10-15 

Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821, Zoological Illustrations, 

London, ser. 1, v. 2, pl. 71. 

Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 72, pl. 20, 

figs. 15-17. ( See for additional citations. ) 

Cernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Records, v. 1, no. 1, p. 4, pl. 

3, figs. 17-19. 

Strombus ttoridus Lamarck, 1822, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres: Paris, Guiraudet, v. 7, p. 211. 

Abrard, 1946, Annales Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 62. 

Abundant ( 17 specimens) in the N dalithoni Limestone (stations 110B, 110C) of Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; 

age, Pliocene (Tertiary h) . All the fossil shells from 

Fiji are smaller than most of the Holocene shells collected in Fiji. 

Measurements of the two figured specimens from 
PALEONTOLOGY 59 

station 110B are: USNM 648462-length 11.9 mm, 

diameter 6.7 mm; USNM 648463-length 13.9 mm, 

diameter 7.6 mm. 

Three well-preserved specimens were collected from 

the Mariana Limestone on Cabras Island off the west 

coast of Guam (USGS loc. 21591), and a single incomplete specimen was collected from the Mariana 

Limestone of Saipan (USGS loc. 17897); age of both 

occurrences, probably Pleistocene. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Guam, 

USNM 648461 : length 20.3 mm, diameter 19.1 mm. A 

single specimen from Eniwetok, drill hole EN-4, 

depth 2 feet in Holocene. 

Holocene shells are abundant on the existing reefs of 

Guam and have been collected from all parts of the 

Indo-Pacific except Hawaii, the Line Islands, and the 

Marquesas. Fossil records include the Pliocene of the 

New Hebrides and Indonesia and the Pleistocene of 

Hawaii, the Red Sea, and Somalia. 

Strombus (Canarium) erythrinus Dillwyn 

Strombus erythrinus "Ohemnitz" Dillwyn, 1817, Descriptive 

catalogue of Recent shells : London, John and Arthur 

Arch, v. 2, p. 673. 

Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 79, pl. 20, 

figs. 1-5. (See additional citations.) 

Oernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Records, v. 1, no. 1, p. 4, 

pl. 4, fig. 22. 

An incomplete spire from a core in drill hole 2A on 

Bikini seems to represent this widespread living IndoPacific species. The Bikini fossil has a fairly well developed rounded subsutural cord, as do many Holocene 

specimens from the Marshall Islands. 

Occurrence.-Drill hole 2A-17-1, Bikini, at depth 

242.5-253 feet. Age, probably Pleistocene. 

Strombus (Canarium) cf. S. fragilis (Reding) 

Plate 15, figures 16, 17 

A single fragmentary specimen that may represent 

this Holocene Pacific species was recovered from a core 

taken in drill hole 2A on Bikini at a depth of 925-936 

feet; age, late Miocene (Tertiary g). The incomplete 

shell, USNM 648464, measures: length 19.3 mm, width 

10.5 mm. The fossil has a thinner columellar callus than 

most Holocene shells of S. fragilis, and the callus is 

lirate at its extremities; the anterior end bears several 

low knobs; the posterior end bears half a dozen sharper 

and longer lirae. Similar but less well developed lirae 

are present on a few Holocene shells. 

Living shells have been collected widely in the Pacific: from Hawaii to Samoa and Fiji and from Australia to the Ryukyus (Abbott, 1960, p. 86-87). Abbott 

also noted that the specimens from the Pliocene of the 

New Hebrides figured by Abrard ( 1946) as S. terebellatus Sowerby representS. fragilis. 

Strombus (Canarium) sp. B 

Plate 16, figures 5-7 

Shell small, slender; spire high; whorls strongly convex, sho1,1ldered; suture impressed. Sculpture consists 

of strong spiral ribs that extend over the upper part 

of the columella; secondary spirals lying immediately 

below the primary ribs are developed on the upper and 

lower parts of the body whorl. Broad axial folds are 

present on the upper parts of each whorl, strong folds 

tending to alternate with weaker folds. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648465: length (incomplete) 31.5 mm, diameter 15.0 

mm. 

Unfortunately, the single fossil is immature and is 

incomplete anteriorly. It resembles some of the specimens referred by Beets ( 1941, pl. 3, figs. 121, 122) to 

S. unfasciatus Martin, a Miocene species reported from 

East Borneo; however, the Fiji fossil is more strongly 

shouldered than the Borneo shell, and its axial folds 

are less extended. 

Occurrence.-Tuffaceous limestone of the Futuna 

Formation (station L389), Lakemba, Fiji; age, early 

Miocene (Tertiary f) . 

Subgenus DOLOMENA Iredale 

Iredale, 1931, Australian Mus. Records, v. 18, no. 4, p. 212. 

Type (by monotypy).-Strombus pulchellus Reeve 

( == Strombus plicatus pulchellus Reeve). Holocene, 

Red Sea. 

Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus pulchellus Reeve 

Plate 17, figures 3-6 

Strombus pulchellus Reeve, 1851, Oonchologica Iconica, Strombus, fig. 52. 

Strom bus ( Gallinula) malekulensis Abrard, 1946, Annales 

Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 59, pl. 4, figs. 24, 25. · 

Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus pulchelZus Reeve. Abbott, 1960, 

Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 92, pl. 18, fig. 3, 

pl. 63, fig. 2. 

Oernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Records, v. 1, no. 1, p. 7, pl. 2, 

fig.12. 

Shell small; spire incomplete but apparently high; 

whorls immediately preceding the body whorl rounded, 

each with 25 or more low axial ribs crossed by about a 

dozen fine spiral threads; suture impressed, with a distinct spiral cord immediately below it; spiral sculpture 

almost obliterated on early half of body whorl but 

conspicuous on later half, where close-set spirals extend to the edge of the expanded outer lip. Aperture 

wide; outer lip extended posteriorly to form a canal 

that terminates on the lower part of the penultimate 

whorl; outer lip thickened, strongly crenulate within; 

columella lirate, the lirae less conspicuous near the 

middle than at the extremities. The inside of the outer 
60 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

lip retains faint traces of light-brown color in the 

depressions separating the lirae. 

The Fiji fossil is larger than most Holocene shells 

of Str01nbus pulchellus and is larger than the fossils 

from the New Hebrides. The middle part of the columella on the Fiji fossil is not completely free of lirations, 

as it is on most Holocene shells. 

Measurements of the figured fossil specimen from 

Fiji, USNM 648466: length (incomplete) 33.6 mm, 

diameter 21.7 mm. 

Occurrence.-Single specimen from station 817, 

Vanua Levu, Fiji; age, Pliocene (Tertiary h). The 

known distribution of Holocene specimens of Strombtus 

pulchellus has been mapped by Abbott ( 1960, p. 91) as 

a broad area extending southward from Japan to the 

Philippines, thence southeastward to include Fiji. The 

single specimen described by Abrard ( 1946) as S. 

malekulensis from the Pliocene of New Hebrides (figured herein on pl. 17, figs. 3, 4) is more sharply sculptured than the Fiji fossil. An occurrence in the Pliocene 

of Java has been reported (Altena, 1941, p. 55). 

Cernohorsky (1965) reported living specimens from 

Fiji at depths of 3-16 fathoms on coral rubble and 

muddy sand. 

Strombus (Dolomena) variabilis athenius Duclos 

Plate 17, figure 7; plate 18, figures 1, 2 

Strombus variabilis Swainson. Kiener, 1843, Species general et 

iconograpbie des coquilles vivantes: Paris, Rousseau, v. 4, 

pl. 21, fig. 2a. 

Reeve, 1850, Concbologica Iconica, Strombus pl. 10, fig. 21b. 

Strombus athenius Duclos in Chenu, 1844, Illustrations Concbyliologiques, v. 4, p. 7, pl. 11, fig. 2. 

Strombus variabiUs athenius Duclos. Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 104, pl. 14, fig. 20, pl. 79, figs. 3, 4. 

In tentatively ranking Strombus athenius as a subspecies of S. variabilis, Abbott pointed out that it was 

a small form characterized by a he a vier shell, a more 

rounded apex, and by weakly shouldered apical whorls 

(Abbott, 1960, p. 104). The two fossil examples from 

Guam are similarly characterized and are certainly 

conspecific with many Holocene shells collected in the 

~{arshall Islands. Other Holocene shells from the 

Marshalls, however, exhibit considerable variation, particularly as regards the development of the shoulder on 

the earlier whorls. Abbott (1960) stated that available 

material was insufficient for a complete understanding 

of S. athenius, recognizing that it might possibly be a 

stunted ecological form. The rare fossils from Guam 

merely show that the small form was living in the 

Mariana Islands in Pliocene-Pleistocene time. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

648467: length (incomplete) 38.5 mm, diameter 24.5 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Three specimens from USGS loc. 20537 

on Guam in the Mariana Limestone; age, Pliocene 

(Tertiary h) or Pleistocene. Holocene shells hav~ been 

collected from New Guinea and the Marshall Islands 

to Fiji and Samoa (Abbott 1960, p. 104-105). The 

species has not previously been reported as a fossil. 

Strombus (Dolomena) minimus minor Abrard 

Plate 18, figures 3, 4 

Strombus ( Gallinula) minimus minor Abrard, 1946, Annales 

Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 60, pl. 4, fig. 26. 

?Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus pulchellus Reeve. Abbott, 1960, 

Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 92. 

An examination of the type shows this species to be 

closely related to the livingS. minimus, but the Holocene shells have a smooth columella and an outer lip that 

is smooth within except for a few lirae at the base; in 

the New Hebrides fossil the columella is lirate and the 

inner wall of the outer lip is strongly lirate throughout 

its length. 

Measurements of the figured type, Mus. Nationale 

d'Histoire N aturelle, Paris: length 28 mm, diameter 18 

mm. 

Occurrence.-Nua River, Malekula, New Hebrides. 

Age, Pliocene. 

Subgenus LENTIGO Jousseaume 

.Tousseaume, 1886, Le Naturaliste, Paris, 1st ser., v. 3, no. 28, 

p. 220. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Strombuslentiginosus Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Strombus (Lentigo) micklei Ladd, n. sp. 

Plate 18, figures 5-8 

Medium in size, spindle shaped, heavy; whorls about 

nine; protoconch smooth ; suture excavated ; outer lip 

thickened, smooth within; stromboid notch widely Ushaped; anterior canal short, straight; suture ascending 

near aperture; posterior canal short and narrow; inner 

lip smooth, callused. Sculpture consisting of several 

strong spiral ridges with low nodes; secondary spirals 

occur between the main ridges and both types bear 

fine tertiary spirals. Two specimens from Eni wetok, 

drill hole F -1, depth 680-690 feet show traces of dark 

spiral bands of color on body whorl-a broad band on 

the shoulder, three narrower bands below. 

Measurements of the holotype, USNM 648468 : length 

(incomplete) 35.5 mm, diameter 29.2 mm. Para type, 

USNM 648469, measures: length 44.5 mm, diameter 

(incomplete) 21.3 mm. 

The features of the aperture, the short straight anterior canal, and the absence of a posterior projection 

of the outer lip seem to place this species in the subgenus Lentigo rather than in Euprotomus, a group that 
PALEONTOLOGY 61 

has sculpture much like that of S. micklei. The fossils 

are closely related to Strmnbus (Lentigo) fasciatu8 

Born, a species living in the Red Sea and in the 

Philippines, S. fasciatus is a high-spired species that 

lacks the close-set spirals of S. micklei but that does 

have spiral ridges with nodes. 

This species is named for the late V. C. Mickle, who 

aided in planning all of the Marshall Island drilling 

and who supervised most of the work. 

Occu1'1'ence.-A dozen specimens, including the types, 

from core in drill hole 2A, Bikini, at depth of 925-

935.5 feet. More than 50 fragmentary and immature 

specimens from drill holes E-1 and F-1 on Eniwetok at 

depths ranging from 640 to 750 feet. All occurrences 

in beds referred to the upper Miocene (Tertiary g). 

Strombus (Lentigo) c£. S. preoccupatus Finlay 

Plate 18, figure 9; plate 19, figure 1 

A single incomplete specimen of a large, heavy, 

prominently knobbed Strombus collected on Guam may 

represent this species known from the Miocene of Java 

and Borneo. The specimen consists of eight whorls, but 

the apex is worn and the largest whorl incomplete. The 

axial and spiral riblets of the early whorls are almost 

obliterated by erosion, but on later whorls the spiral 

sculpture is well developed, about 11 threads per whorl. 

Measurements of the incomplete figured specimen, 

USNM 6484 71 : length 90.6 mm, diameter 52.3 mn1. 

The Guam fossil appears to be closely related to 

Strombus preoccupatu8 and may be identical with it. 

Martin (1881, p. 122; 1899, p. 176; 1921, p. 468) described the species from the Miocene of Java as Strmnbus 8pinosu8. In 1926, Finlay (p. 502) gave it the name 

preoccupatu8, for Linnaeus (1767, p. 1,212) had applied the name spinosu8 to a French Eocene Volute. In 

1941, Beets (p. 67) described S. preoccupaf'll8 from the 

upper Miocene of East Borneo. The Guam specimen is 

larger than any of the Borneo shells but compares 

favorably in size with the specimens figured by Martin 

in 1899 (pl. 28, figs. 408, 409). 

Occurrence.-The single Guam specimen was collected from the Talisay Member of the Alifan Limestone of late Miocene age (Tertiary g) at USGS loc. 

20535. 

Strombus (Lentigo) sp. C 

Plate 18, figures 10, 11 

Associated with the numerous specimens of Stromb'lt8 

micklei n. sp. in the upper Miocene beds drilled on 

Bikini and Eniwetok are five irwomplete shells, each 

with an outer lip that is strongly lirate within. The 

other features that are preserved appear to be similar 

to, if not identical, with those of S. micklei. These speci- l 

462-678 0 - 72 - 5 

mens apparently represent a distinct species, but a name 

is withheld pending the recovery of a more complete 

shell. The incomplete figured specimen, USNM 648470, 

measures: length 22.6 mm, width 19.5 mm. 

Occu1'1'ence.-Figured specimen and one other from 

core in drill hole 2A on Bikiili at depth of 925-935.5 

feet; four specimens (parts of outer lip only) from 

drill holes F-1 and E-1 on Eniwetok at depths 640-830 

feet. Age of all specimens, late Miocene (Tertiary g) . 

Subgenus EUPROTOMUS Gill 

Gill, T., 1870, Am. Jour. Conchology, v. 5, p. 131. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Strombus aurisdianae Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Strombus (Euprotomus) vomer hawaiensis Pilsbry 

Plate 18, figures 12-14 

Strombus hawaiensis Pilsbry, 1917, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Proc., v. 69, p. 329, pl. 22, figs. 1, 2. 

Strombus 'l'omer hawaiensis Pilsbry. Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific 

Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 132, pl. 109, figs. 1, 2. 

Body whorl has prominent nodes immediately below 

the periphry; surface covered by closely spaced spiral 

cords that are weaker and slightly beaded above the 

nodes; aperture striate, the striae above and below 

being stronger than those in the middle; striae near the 

middle of the inner lip obliterated by callus. 

Measurements of the figured specimen, USNM 

6484 72 : length (spire missing) 32.3 mm, diameter 23.6 

mm. 

R. T. Abbott, who examined this specimen when preparing his monograph on Indo-Pacific Strombus, noted 

its close resemblance to S. hawaiensi8 (Abbott, 1960, p. 

132) . The fossil is proportionately wider anteriorly 

than the tapered holotype (Abbott, 1960, p. 132, pl. 

109), but the shell proportions do not differ from other 

Hawaiian specimens of this species. 

Occurrence.-Represented by a single incomplete 

specimen from a conglomerate block on a landslide area 

(station F -238) west of N asongo, Viti Levu, Fiji; age, 

probably Miocene. Pilsbry's type was a living specimen 

from Pearl and Hermes Reef, Hawaii. 

Subgenus CONOMUREX Fischer 

Fischer, 1884, Manual Conchyliologie, pt. 7, p. 670. 

Type (by monotypy) .-Strombusluhuanus Linnaeus. 

Holocene, western Pacific. 

Strombus (Conomurex) luhuanus Linnaeus 

Plate 19, figures 2, 3 

Stt·ombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [10th ed.], 

p. 7 44, no. 432. 

Strombus ( Oonomurem) luhuanus Linnaeus. Fischer, 1884, 

Manual Conchyliologie, pt. 7, p. 670. 
62 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Abrard, 1946, Annales Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 64, pl. 4, 

fig. 33. 

Abbott, 1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 135, pl. 

14, fig. 15, pl. 110. (See for additional citations.) 

Cernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Records, v. 1, no. 1, p. 11, pl. 2, 

fig. 10. 

Eight incomplete specimens of this widely distributed 

western Pacific species were collected from three localities on the west coast of Guam. Three specimens are 

from the Alifan Limestone (USGS locs. 20730, 21380, 

both upper Tertiary), and the others are from the 

Mariana Limestone (USGS loc. 20626) ; age, Pliocene 

or Pleistocene. All the Guam specimens are worn, and 

no traces of axial sculpture remain. Measurements of 

the incomplete figured specimen, USNM 648473: length 

41.4 mm, diameter 30.0 mm. 

A single incomplete shell from a core in drill hole 2 

on Bikini at a depth of 180-185 feet probably is Pleistocene. The shell, although badly worn, shows the typical 

heavy spire and its suture, and the columella retains 

traces of the characteristic deep-brown coloration. 

Measurements of the incomplete shell are: height 43.8 

mm, diameter 23.5 mm. Two slender immature shells 

from drill hole E-1 on Eniwetok at a depth of 200-210 

feet show traces of brown color on their columellas; age, 

probably Pleistocene. 

The species has been reported from the Pliocene or 

Pleistocene of Indonesia and the Pliocene of the New 

Hebrides and Taiwan (Abbott 1960, p. 137; Schmid 

and Walther, 1962). The distribution of the living 

shells has been shown on a sketch map by Abbott (1960, 

pl.111). 

Subgenus GIBBERULUS Jousseaume 

Jousseaume, 1888, Soc. Zool. France Mem. 1, p. 174. 

Type (by monotypy) .-8trombus gibberulu.<s Linnaeus. Holocene, Indian Ocean. 

Strombus (Gibberulus) gibberulus gibbosus (Roding) 

Plate 19, figure 9; plate 20, figures 1-3 

Lambis gibbosa Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, 

J ohan Christi, pt. 2, p. 62, no. 786. 

Strombtts gibberulus Linnaeus. Sowerby, 1842, Thesaurus Conchyliorum, v. 1, pl. 6, figs. 24-26. 

Demond, 1957, Pacific Sci., v. 2, no. 3, p. 295, fig. 14. 

Strombus ( Oanarium) gibberulus Linnaeus. Abrard, 1946, 

Annales Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 63. 

Stt·ombus (Gibbentlus) gibbentlus gibbosus (Roding). Abbott, 

1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 143, pl. 14, 

fig. 26, pl. 114, figs. 1-4. (See for additional citations.) 

Cernohorsky, 1965, Fiji Mus. Records, v. 1, no. 1, p. 11, 

pl. 2, fig. 9. 

As noted by Abbott (1960), this subspecies is smaller 

than typical 8trombus gibberulus, and the spiral 

threads over the varix on the last whorl are weak or 

absent. On a figured specimen from drill hole A-1 on 

Eni wetok (pl. 19, fig. 9; pl. 20, fig. 1) the spirals are 

absent, but on the other Eniwetok fossil specimens the 

spirals are weakly developed. On a specimen from 

Bikini drill hole 2, depth 180-185 feet, the spiral 

threads are developed on the varix opposite the aperture as well as on the outer lip near the aperture. The 

spiral threads are weakly developed on the figured 

specimen from Guam (pl. 20, figs. 2, 3) but are more 

strongly developed on other fossil specimens from that 

island. 

Measurements of the figured specimen from Eniwetok, USNM 6484 7 4: length 28.8 mm, diameter 15.1 

mm. The figured specimen from Guam, USNM 648476, 

measures: length 49.8 mm, diameter 25.9 mm. 

Occurrence.-A single specimen from the Mariana 

Limestone (USGS loc. 17893) and two from the Tanapag Limestone (USGS loc. 17897) of Saipan; age of 

all three specimens, Pleistocene. Numerous specimens 

from the Agana Argillaceous Member of the Mariana 

Limestone of Guam (USGS locs. 20526, 20730, 21377, 

21378) ; age, Pliocene or Pleistocene. One specimen 

from the Alifan Limestone (USGS loc. 20723); age, 

Tertiary g or h. Four specimens from Eniwetok drill 

holes (A-1, depth 136-138 ft; Mu-4, depth 40-41 ft; 

F -7-C, depth 16-19 ft) ; all occurrences probably Holocene. Three specimens from core of drill hole 2 on 

Bikini (Core 2-11-1), depth 180 feet; age, probably 

Holocene. 

Abbott (1960, p. 142) has mapped known occurrences 

of the living specimens. They inhabit Indonesia and 

most of the western Pacific islands except Hawaii, the 

Line Islands, and the Marquesas. Fossil shells thought 

to be Pleistocene were dredged from Honolulu Harbor 

(Ostergaard, 1928, p. 27) and were collected from an 

elevated terrace on Lanai (lJSNM 496370) by Harold 

T. Stearns, of the U.S. Geological Survey. Fossil specimens have also been reported from the Pliocene and 

Quaternary of Indonesia and the New Hebrides. 

Strombus (Gibberulus) praegibberulus Abrard 

Plate 19, figures 4-8 

Strombus ( Oanarium) praegibberulus Abrard, 1946, Annales 

Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 63, pl. 4, figs. 30-31. 

Strom bus ( Gibberulus) gib bentlus gibbosus ( Roding). Abbott, 

1960, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 2, p. 143, pl. 117. 

This comparatively high-spired form (length 35 mm, 

diameter 17 mm) of the New Hebrides (Nua River, 

Island of Malekula; age, Pliocene) was believed by 

Abrard (1946) to be ancestral to 8trombus gibberulus. 

Abbott (1960) referred it questionably to the living 

form. After examining the types, I follow Abrard in 

recognizing it as a distinct species. 
LOCALITIES 63 

Genus LAMBIS Roding 

Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, Johan Christi, pt. 

2, p. 61. 

Type (by absolute tautonomy) .-Strombus larnbis 

Linnaeus. Holocene, Indo-Pacific. 

Subgenus LAMBIS sensu stricto 

Lambis (Lambis) lambis (Linnaeus) 

Plate 19, figure 10; plate 20, figure 4 

Strombus lambis Linnaeus, 1758, Systema naturae [lOth ed.], 

p. 7 43, no. 425. 

Lambis lambis Gmelin, Roding, 1798, Mus. Boltenianum: Hamburg, J ohan Christi, pt. 2, p. 66, no. 844. 

Abbott, 1961, Indo-Pacific Mollusca, v. 1, no. 3, p. 151, pl. 121, 

fig. 4, pl. 118, pl. 123, figs. 1-3. (See for additional 

references. ) 

A single large and well-preserved example of this 

widely distributed Indo-Pacific species was collected 

by H. T. Stearns, of the U.S. Geological Survey, from 

a limestone pit (USGS loc. 21028) on Espiritu Santo 

Island in the New Hebrides at an altitude of 240 feet. 

The large heavy shell with its thickened outer lip is an 

adult, and the long high knob on the shoulder of the 

body whorl and the upturned bases of the anterior 

spines indicate that it is the shell of a female (Abbott, 

1961, p. 148). Measurements of the specimen, USNM 

648477: length 155 mm, diameter 103 mm. 

The limestone at USGS loc. 21028 is probably not 

older than Pleistocene. The species has also been reported from Quaternary beds in Kenya, Tanganyika, 

Sudan, and Indonesia (Abbott, 1961, p. 154). 

Lambis (Lamhis) cf. L. lambis (Linnaeus) 

Plate 20, figures 5, 6 

A single incomplete specimen of Lambis was recovered from an outcrop of the tuffaceous Futuna 

Limestone close to sea level on the west coast of 

Lakembe (station L-493) in eastern Fiji. The limestones 

that contained the shell clearly are lower Miocene 

(Tertiary f), as indicated by associated mollusks and 

larger Foraminifera. The part of the Lambis shell that 

is preserved closely resembles the shells of living specimens collected from the reefs of Fiji, but all essential 

features are not present and hence the specific identity 

is questioned. The fossil, however, is definitely a Lambis 

and is the oldest occurrence of the genus thus far discovered. Measurements of the incomplete shell, USNM 

648478: length 92.1 mm, diameter 37.8 mm. 

LOCALITIES 

Fossils described in the present report were collected 

from many localities not listed or shown on maps in 

Ladd ( 1966) and from five islands not covered in that 

report. The five islands are Maewo and Pentecost in 

the New Hebrides (fig. 5) ; Vanua Levu and Oneata in 

Fiji (figs. 7, 10); and Eua in Tonga (fig. 11). The 

locality data given below supplements that given by 

Ladd ( 1966, p. 81-89). 

PALAU 

[Babelthuap localities shown in fig. 2] 

U.S. Geological 

Island Survey Cenozoic 

locality No. 

Urukthapel ______ 17713 

Do __________ 18316 

Auluptagel _______ 17718 

Babelthuap ______ 18306 

Do __________ 21305 

Nardueis ________ 18310 

Locality and collector 

Road to lighthouse, altitude 350 

ft; Arnold Mason and P. E. 

Cloud, 1948. (Same as USGS 

loc. 18322. ) 

Palau Limestone, near west end 

at altitude 10 ft; Arnold Mason, 

1948. 

500 ft west of entrance to large 

bay near south coast of island ; 

exposure in cave 5 ft above sea 

level ; P. E. Cloud and Arnold 

Mason, 1948. 

:14 mile north of Goikul village ; 

Arnold Mason, 1948. 

Marl facies at base of Palau 

Limestone, Goikul peninsula. 

(Same as USGS loc. 21301.) 

H. S. Ladd, 1958. 

Palau Limestone, southwest point, 

altitude 10 ft ; Arnold Mason, 

1948. 

FIGURE 2.-Sketch map of Goikul peninsula showing U.S. 

Geological Survey fossil localities and attitude of marl 

beds, Babelthuap, Palau. Localities shown here but not 

described in the present report are described by Ladd 

( 1966, p. 81). 
64 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Island 

U.S. Goological 

Survey Cenozoic 

locality No. 

Guam ___________ 17750 

Do --------------20516 

Do ______________ 20535 

Do --------------20537 

Do ______________ 20567 

Do --------------20576 

Do ______________ 20586 

Do ______________ 20587 

Do ______________ 20591 

Do ______________ 20605 

Do ______________ 20607 

Do ______________ 20610 

Do ______________ 20611 

Do ______________ 20626 

Do ______________ 20630 

Do ______________ 20637 

Do ______________ 20648 

Do ______________ 20674 

Do ______________ 20691 

Do ______________ 20702 

Do ______________ 20708 

Do ______________ 20722 

Do ______________ 20723 

Do ______________ 20724 

MARIANA ISLANDS 

[Guam localities shown in fig. 3; Saipan localities in fig. 4] 

Locality and collector 

(Collector, Pacific Island Engineers, 

191,6-50, unless otherwise indicated) 

U.S. Geological Locality and collector 

Survey Cenozoic (Collector Pacific Island Engineers, 

Island locality No. 191,6-50, unless otherwise indicated) 

About 200 ft above limestonevolcanic rock contact at middle 

level of Naval Ammunition De- Do ______________ 20730 

pot quarry 3,000 ft east-northeast of summit of Mount Alifan. 

P. E. Cloud and R. G. Schmidt, Do ______________ 20739 

1948. 

About 2 miles north-northwest of 

Fadian Point, waist of island. 

4,300 ft south-by-east of Mount 

Alifan, southern part of island. 

6,000 ft east of Ordot, waist of 

island. 

4,000 ft northwest of Sinajana, 

waist of island. 

2,100 ft southeast of Sinajana, 

waist of island. 

1.4 miles northwest of Fadian 

Point, waist of island. 

2 miles north-northwest of Fadian 

Point, waist of island. 

About 2:14 miles northwest of 

Fadian Point, waist of island. 

About % mile east of Barrigada 

Hill. 

3,500 feet northwest of Taogam 

Point, waist of island. 

2.1 miles north-northwest of 

Fadian Point, waist of island. 

About 2,000 ft east of Barrigada, 

waist of island. 

1,000 ft south of Agana, waist of 

island. 

About 4:14 miles northwest of 

head of Talofofo Bay. 

1 mile south of Sinajana, waist 

of island. 

2 miles west-southwest of Ylig 

Point. 

2 miles east of Ordot, waist of 

island. 

Do ______________ 20740 

Do ______________ 20743 

Do ______________ 20863 

Do ______________ 20870 

Do ______________ 20966 

Do ______________ 20969 

Do ______________ 20993 

Do ______________ 21378 

Do ______________ 21380 

Do ______________ 21434 

Do ______________ 21592 

1,150 ft southeast of Sinajana, Do ______________ 21626 

waist of island. 

3,900 ft southeast of Sinajana, 

waist of island. 

1 mile southeast of Mount Alifan. Do ______________ 21630 

4,050 ft north of Mount Almagosa, 

southern part of island. 

1,600 ft southeast of landward 

end of drydock causeway that Do ______________ 21631 

extends into Apra Harbor, waist 

of island. 

1,200 ft east and slightly south of 

landward end of dry dock cause-

-vay that extends into Apra 

Harbor. 

3,000 ft northeast of landward 

end of drydock causeway that 

extends into Apra Harbor. 

3. 7 miles northwest of head of 

Talofofo Bay. 

About 514 miles northwest of the 

head of Talofofo Bay. 

4,500 ft southeast of Toto, waist 

of island. 

About 1,600 ft southeast of Mount 

Lamlam. 

About 2 2/3 miles west-northwest 

of head of Talofofo Bay. 

About 1:14 miles northwest of 

Talofofo. D. B. Doan, 1953. 

% mile southwest of Barrigada 

village road junction. H. G. 

May, 1953. 

Rise of ridge north of Talofofo 

River at point 1.1 miles approximately northwest of river 

bridge. P. E. Cloud and H. G. 

May. 

About 1/3 mile S. 5° W. of main 

road fork southwest of Mangalao, waist of island. H. S. 

Ladd, 1958. 

Same as USGS loc. 20723. H. S. 

Ladd, 1958. 

1 mile north of Mataguac Hill, 

northern lobe of island. F. S. 

MacNeil, 1952. 

New cascaja pit on Fena Road 

above Agat Reservoir, H. T. 

Stearns, July 1937. (Agat Reservoir is catchment basin of 

Santa Rita Springs, immediately south of town now called 

Santa Rita.) 

North of lake, Martinez pasture, 

about 2 miles north-northwest of 

head of Pauliluc Bay, southern 

lobe of island. J. T. Stark, 1953. 

Small road-metal quarry on west 

side of Camp Witek, on Cross 

Island Road. J. I. Tracey and 

Ernest Bishop, 1954. 

About 3,000 ft west of Siciliano's 

Ranch. 1% miles west-southwest of head of Talofofo Bay, 

southern lobe of island. J. T. 

Stark, 1953. 
65 

Ritidian Point 

Haputo Point 

Catalina Point 

Taguan Point 

Orote Point 

N 

(J 

1 

FIGURE 3.-Sketch map of Guam, Mariana Islands, showing villages and physiographic features used in identifying U.S. 

Geological Survey fossil localities. 
66 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

N 

Achugau Point 

17897 

• 

e17942 

Madog 

Point 

Tanke Point 

21406. ~ 

17689• 

Muchot Point y 17724 18288 

21408 • ,(") 

18366 . ....,. 

~ .17893 

17895 e Hasngot Beach 

"-,.. .17723 

Donni Springs 

Susupe 

Point 

17387 

e21407 

Agingan 

Point 

e17728 

North Laulau Point 

0 2 3 MILES 

FIGURE 4.-Sketch map showing U.S. Geological Survey fossil 

localities on Saipan, Mariana Islands. Localities shown 

here but not described in this report are described by Ladd 

(1966, p. 83). 

MARIANA ISLAND8-CONTINUED 

Island 

U.S. Geological Survey Cenozoic 

locality No. 

Do ______________ 24795 

Saipan __________ 17689 

Do --------------17724 

Do --------------17728 

Locality and collector 

(Collector, Pacific Island Engineers, 

191,6-50, unless otherwise indicated) 

Well near Dededo village, northern lobe of island. 

About 1 1/3 miles south-southeast of Achugau Point. R. G. 

Schmidt and P. E. Cloud, 1948. 

About 1% miles east-northeast of 

Muchot Point. H. W. Burke. 

About 1% miles southeast of 

Susupe Point. P. E. Cloud, 1949. 

MARIANA ISLAND8-CONTINUED 

Island 

U.S. Geological Locality and collector 

Survey Cenozoic (Collector, Pacific Island Engineers, locality No. 191,6-50, unless otherwise indicated) 

Do ______________ 18288 About 1% miles east-southeast of 

Muchot Point. H. W. Burke, 

1949. 

Do ______________ 18366 Same as USGS loc. 17724. R. G. 

Schmidt. 

Do ______________ 21406 North end of limestone quarry at 

south end of abandoned Navy 

Fuel Farm, 600 ft east of West 

Coast Highway. H. S. Ladd, 

1958. (Same as USGS loc. 

18366.) 

Do ______________ 21408 Same as USGS loc. 17724; H. S. 

Ladd, 1958. 

MARSHALL ISLANDS 

[See Ladd (1966, figs. 5 and 6) for maps showing location of fossil 

locality] 

Atoll Island 

Drill 

hole 

Total 

depth 

(ft) 

Location, driller 

and date 

Eniwetok ____ EngebL ___ En-3 48 2,175 ft N. 40° W. 

of drill hole En-9. 

Shown in figure 6 

(Ladd, 1966). 

Atomic Energy 

Commission, 1950. 

Island 

Pentecost 

NEW HEBRIDES 

[Fossil localities shown in fig. 5] 

U.S. Geo~ogical 

Survey Cenozoic 

locality No. Station 

24793 PM-259a 

Locality and collector 

On River Baravet; altitude about 100 meters; long 168° 10' 

3" E., lat 15° 49' 58" 

S. D. I. J. Mallick, 

1969. 

Maewo _____ _ 24794 Inland from Lauwauwage Bay. Kelvin 

Liggett, 1969. 

Island Station 

Viti Levu ----· 158 

FIJI 

Figure 

showing 

locality 

6 

Locality and collector 

614 miles from Suva on Princes 

Road to Nausori; altitude 

about 555 ft. H. S. Ladd, 

1928. 

Do ______________ 17893 2,500 ft west-northwest of Hasn- Do ___________ 304 6 About 5% miles southeast of 

Mba. H. S. Ladd, 1928. 

Do --------------17897 

Do --------------17942 

got Beach. P. E. Cloud and 

R. G. Schmidt, 1949. Do ___________ 306 

About 3,000 ft south-southeast of 

Achugau Point. R. G. Schmidt 

and P. E. Cloud, 1949. Do ___________ 344 

7,200 ft northwest of Tanke Point. 

H. W. Burke, P. E. Cloud, and Do ___________ F-238 

R. G. Schmidt, 1948. 

6 

6 

6 

Right bank Mba River about 

214 miles south of Mba. 

H. S. Ladd, 1928. 

About %, mile northwest of 

Singatoka. H. S. Ladd, 1928. 

Right bank of Wailoa River 

about 1 mile west of Na-
LOCALITIES 67 

168' E. 

15'S. 

MAEWO 

Lauwauwage Bay 

PENTECOST 

16'5. 

5 0 5 10 MILES 

FIGURE 5.-Sketch map showing fossil localities on Maewo 

and Pentecost, New Hebrides. 

Island Station 

Do -----------C-89 

Do -----------C-136 

Do -----------C-831 

FIJI-cONTINUED 

Figure 

showing 

l9cality 

6 

6 

6 

Locality and collector 

songo; float. H. S. Ladd, 

1934. 

Korotambua Creek, 450 yards 

southwest of end of railroad 

spur, Mbalevuto area. Peter 

Rodda. (Same as MR-20.) 

Nasaranga Creek west of Rewasau. Peter Rodda. 

Nanduruloulou; lat 17° 58.9' 

Island Station 

Do -----------C-1134 

Do ___________ MR-16 

Do ___________ MR-69 

Vanua Levu __ B-107 

N 

FIJI-cONTINUED 

Figure 

showing 

locality 

6 

6 

6 

7 

Locality and collector 

S., long 178° 31.6' E. Peter 

Rodda. 

Southeast of Lautoka on road 

to Ambatha; lat 17° 39.6' S., 

long 177 o 29.4' E. Peter 

Rodda. 

Left bank of Nandrou Greek, 

114 miles south of Nasolo, 

Mbalevuto area. M. J. Rickard, 1960-61; P. Ibbotson 

and H. S. Ladd, 1964. 

Rove Creek, % mile south of 

Tambungguto, Mbalevuto 

area. M. J. Rickard, 1960-61. 

Roadcut 1 mile west of Nasarowangga River bridge, 

178'E. 

0 Mba 

MR16e •306 

159 

0 

• .304 MR20 

C89 

eMR69 

F~~~ e 0 Nasongo 

eC136 

VITI LEVU 

25 

FIGURE 6.-Fossil localities on Viti Levu, Fiji. Localities 

shown here but not described in this report are described 

by Ladd ( 1966, p. 86). 

179' 180' 

16'30' 

17' 

FIGURE 7.-Fossillocalities on Vanua Levu, Fiji. 
68 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

N 

I 

FULANGA 

0 L-24~ 

6 

Zj 0 

~ ~L-46 

FIGURE 8.-Fossil localities on Fulanga, Lau, Fiji. Localities 

shown here but not described in this report are described 

by Ladd ( 1966, p. 86) . 

N 

FIGURE 9.-Fossil localities on Lakemba, Lau, Fiji. Localities 

shown here but not described in this report are described 

by Ladd ( 1966, p. 86). 

FIGURE 10.-Fossillocality on Oneata, Lau, Fiji. 

FIJI-CONTINUED 

Island Station 

Do ___________ K-63 

Do -----------K-13~ 

Do ___________ 817 

Fulanga ______ L-10 

Lakemba _____ L-389 

Oneata _______ L-466 

Figure 

showing 

locality 

7 

7 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Locality and collector 

Mbua. M. J. Rickard. (Same 

as station 817.) 

lh mile west and 200 yards 

north of station 817, Mbau. 

W. H. Hindle. 

Nakakawandawa Creek, about 

3 miles due east of station 

817, Mbua. W. H. Hindle. 

Roadcut 1 mile west of Nasarowangga River bridge, 

Mbua. P. Ibbotson, W. H. 

Hindle, and others. (Same 

as station B-107) . 

Limestone, western shore of 

inner lagoon ; altitude 0-2 

ft. H. S. Ladd, 1934. 

Tuffaceous limestone on coast 

between Tumbou and Tarakua-wai; altitude 0-3 ft. 

H. S. Ladd, 1934. 

Basal foraminiferal limestone, 

near western end of western 

lake ; altitude about 15 ft. 

H. S. Ladd, 1934. 

TONGA 

[Fossil locality shown in fig. 11] 

U.S. Geological 

Island Survey Oenozoic 

locality No. 

Eua _____________ 24686 

Locality and collector 

About lf4 mile north of V aingana, 

altitude 400 ft. Yoshio Kondo, 

1967. 
REFERENCES CITED 69 

c 

~ ..... 

Ill 

Ill 

w 

175°55'W 

21 °25'$------T-----------

0 2 MILES 

FIGURE 11.-Map of Eua, Tonga, showing location of outcrop 

of fossil-bearing bed (USGS loc. 24686) and the main mass 

of Eocene limestone (patterned area) on the east side of 

the island, as mapped by Hoffmeister (1932). 

REFERENCES CITED 

Abbott, R. T., 1960, The genus Strombus in the Indo-Pacific, in 

Indo-Pacific Mollusca: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia [Pub.], 

v.l,no.2,p.33-146. 

--- 1961, The genus Lambis in the Indo-Pacific, in IndoPacific Mollusca: Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia [Pub.], v. 1, 

no. 3, p. 147-174. 

Abrard, Rene, 1946, Fossiles Neogenes et quaternaires des 

Nouvelles-Hebrides: Annales Paleontologie, v. 32, p. 1-112. 

Adams, Arthur, 1862, On the animal and affinites of the genus 

Alaba * * *: Annals and Mag. Nat. History, v. 10, 3d ser., 

p. 293-299. 

Altena, C. 0. van Regteren, 1938, The marine Mollusca of the 

Kendeng beds (Plio-Pleistocene) (east Java); Gastropoda, 

part 1, (Families Fissurellidae-Vermetidae inclusive) : 

Leidse Geol. Meded., v. 10, no. 2, p. 241-320. 

--- 1941, The marine Mollusca of the Kendeng beds (east 

Java) ; Gastropoda, Part 2 (families Cassididae-Ficidae 

inclusive) : Leidse Geol. Meded., v. 12, p. 1-86. 

Band, R. B., 1968, The geology of southern Viti Levu and 

Mbengga : Fiji Dept. Geol. Surveys Bull. 15, 49 p. 

Bartsch, Paul, 1920, The Caecidae and other marine mollusks 

from the northwest coast of America: Washington Acad. 

Sci. Jour., v. 10, p. 565-572. 

Beets, C., 1941, Eine jungmiocane Mollusken-Fauna von der 

Halbinsel Mangkalihat, Ost-Borneo: Nederland en Kolonien 

Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. Verh., Geol. Ser., v. 13, pt. 1, p. 1-219. 

--- 1950, Revised determinations of East Indian and related 

fossil Mollusca: Koninkl. Nederlands Geol.-Mijnb. Genoot. 

Verh., Geol. Ser., v. 15, p. 329-341. 

Benthem Jutting, W. S. S. van, 1956, Systematic studies on the 

non-marine Mollusca of the Indo-Australian Archipelago ; 

Part 5. Critical revision of the Javanese freshwater gastropods: Treubia, v. 23, pt. 2, p. 259-477. 

--- 1958, Non-marine Mollusca of the island of Misool, Nova 

Guinea: Leiden, E. J. Brill, new ser., v. 9, pt. 2, p. 293-338. 

Coleman, P. J., 1969, Derived Eocene larger Foraminifera on 

Maewo, eastern New Hebrides, and their south-west Pacific 

implications: New Hebrides Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. 1967. 

Cossmann, Maurice, 1912, Essais de paleoconchologie comparee: 

Paris, v. 9, 215 p. 

Dall, W. H., 1892, Tertiary mollusks of Florida: Wagner Free 

Inst. Sci. Trans., v. 3, pt. 2, p. 201-473. 

--- 1902, Note on the names Elachista and Pleurotomaria: 

Nautilus, v. 15, p. 127. 

Dunker, G., 1882, Molluscorum Maris Japonica: Kassel, Theor 

Fisher, 301 p., 16 pls. 

Fiji Geological Survey Department, 1969, Annual report for 

1968 : Suva, Fiji Legislative Council Paper 16 of 1969, 13 p. 

Finlay, H. J., 1926, New specific names for Austral Mollusca: 

New Zealand Inst. Trans., v. 57, p. 488-533. 

Folin, L. de, 1881, Les fonds de lamer: Paris, Savy, v. 4, 240 p. 

Germain, Louis, 1932, La faune malacologique des isles Fidji: 

Inst. Oceanog. Annales, new ser., v. 12, no. 2, p. 39-63. 

Gould, A. A., 1861, Boston Soc. Nat. History Proc., v. 7, p. 

382-389. 

Hamilton, E. L., and Rex, R. W., 1959, Lower Eocene phosphatized Globigeri·na ooze from Sylvania Guyot: U.S. Geol. 

Survey Prof. Paper 260-W, p. 785-798. 

Hedley, Charles, 1893, Description of Caecum amputatum, an 

undescribed Mollusc from Sydney harbour : Linnean Soc. 

New South Wales Proc., 2nd ser., 1. 8, p. 504. 

---1899, Mollusca of Funafuti : Australian Mus. Mem. 3, pts. 

7-9, p. 397-565. 

---1909, Mollusca from the Hope Islands, North Queensland: 

Linnean Soc. New South Wales Proc., v. 34, pt. 3, p. 420-446, 

pis. 36-44. 

Hirst, J. A., 1965, Geology of east and north-east Viti Levu: 

Fiji Geol. Survey Bull. 12, 51 p. 

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Bishop Mus. Bull. 96, 93 p. 
70 CENOZOIC FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM WESTERN PACIFIC ISLANDS 

Iredale, Tom, 1929, Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1: Queensland Mus. Mem. 9, pt. 3, p. 261-297. 

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Sela in the island of Java: Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., 

v. 20, p. 45-73,2 pls. 

Jung, Peter, 1969, Miocene and Pliocene mollusks from Trinidad: Bulls. Am. Paleontology, v. 55, no. 247, 635 p., 60 pls. 

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INDEX 

[Italic page numbers indicate major references and descriptions] 

A 

Page 

abyssicola, Rostellaria pow~sH 56 

Acropora ------------------------ 57 

adansonii, Cerithium ------------- 37 

Adeorbidae (Tornidae) -----------5, 8, 11, 

aegle, Trijoris ------------------- 47 

aeola, Bembim ------------------- 13 

(Agathirses), Tenagodus ----------- 17 

Alabina ------------------------- 28 

Alba (Diala) sulcijera ------------ 30 

albogranosa, Injoris -------------- 47 

Triphora (Injoris) ____ 7, 10, 1,7; pl.12 

albugo, Diala -------------------- 29 

aluco, Murem -------------------- 36 

Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus) __ 36 

alveolus, Cerithium -------------- 37 

Cerithium (Thericium) ______ 6, 9, 37; 

pl. 9 

Amalthea conica ----------------- 53, 54 

amarula, Helix ------------------ 21 

ammonoceras, Cyclostrema -------- 14 

amputatum, Fartulum ----------5, 9, 21,; 

pl. 5 

(Anatoma), Scissurella ----------- 13 

tongaensis, Scissurella ________ 5, 8, 13 

(Ancistrobasis), Basilissa --------- 13 

pacifica, Basilissa ____________ 5, 8, 13 

anguinus, Serpula ---------------- 17 

(Antisabia), Hipponim ------------ 53 

joliaceus, Hipponim ______ 7, 10,12, 53 ; 

pl. 13 

Architectonica ------------------- 18 

euprepes -------------------- 19 

perspectiva ------------------ 18 

radiata --------------------- 19 

(Architectonica) ------------- 18 

perspectiva _________ 5, 8, 12, 18 ; 

pl. 2 

(Philippia) krebsii ----------- 19 

(Pseudotorinia) ------------- 18 

corwini ________________ 5, 8, 18; 

pl. 2 

(Architectonica), Architectonica ___ 18 

perspectiva, Architectonica ____ 5, 

8, 12, 18 ; pl. 2 

Architectonicidae ________________ 5, 8, 18 

arenaria, Serpula ---------------- 20 

articulata, Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) 6, 

9, 33; pl. 8 

articulatum, Cerithium ----------- 33 

articulatus, Vertagus ------------- 33 

asper, Cerithium (Vertagus)_______ 34 

Murem ---------------------- 34 

aspera, Rhinoclavis -------------- 34 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) ____ 6, 

9, 12, 31, ; pl. 8 

asperum, Cerithium -------------- 34 

Astele -------------------------- 13 

Callistele ------------------- 13 

(Callistele) sp ______________ 5, 8, 13 

Astraea ------------------------- 13 

sp. F -----------------5, 8, 13 ; pl. 4 

(Bolma) -------------------- 13 

Page 

Astraea-Continued 

(Bolma) stearnsi ____________ 5, 8, 13 

(Cookia) -------------------- 14 

Atamocerithium ------------------ 32 

eniwetokensis ________ 6, 9, .32 ; pl. 4, 8 

serotinum ------------------- 32 

athenius, Strombus -------------- 60 

Strombus variabilis ---------- 60 

Strombus (Dolomena) variabilis 7, 

11, 12, 60 ; pl. 17, 18 

attenuissima, Seila --------------- 44 

auberti, Trijoris (Mastonia) 49 

auberti, 'l'riphora (Mastonia) ______ 7, 

10, 1,9 ; pl. 12 

aurisdianae, Strombus ------------ 61 

australis, Tenagodus ____________ 5, 8, 17; 

pl. 2 

B 

badius, Capulus ------------------ 53 

Hipponim ____________ 7, 10, 53 ; pl. 13 

balteata, Cerithiopsis ------------ 43, 44 

Basilissa ------------------------ 13 

costulata ------------------- 13 

superba --------------------- 13 

(Ancistrobasis) -------------- 13 

pacifica ________________ 5, 8, 13 

Bathybembim -------------------- 13 

sp _________________________ 5, 8, 13 

Batillaria ----------------------- 27 

(Zeacumantus) -------------- 27 

rickardi ___________ 6, 9, 27; pl. 6 

bayani, Viriola ------------------ 50 

Bembim aeola -------------------- 13 

berberense, Caecum _________ 5, 9, 22 ; pl. 5 

berberkirianus, Potamides 

(Tympanotonos) ------------- 26 

Tympanotonos ___________ 6, 9, 12, 26; 

pl. 6 

bijastigata, Turritella ------------ 15 

(Bittiolum), Bittium ------------- 32 

toddae, Bittium ________ 6, 9, 32 ; pl. 4 

Bittium ------------------------- 30 

eniwetokensis __________ 6, 9, 31 ; pl. 4 

jretense -------------------- 32 

ianthinum _____________ 6, 9, 31 ; pl. 7 

impendent> _____________ 6, 9, 30; pl. 7 

parcum --------------------- 30 

podagrinum ----------------- 32 

sergentum __________ 6, 9, 12, 30; pl. 7 

t'arium --------------------- 32 

(Bittiolum) ----------------- 32 

toddae ____________ 6, 9, 32 ; pl. 4 

blowi, Turcica (Perrinia) _________ 5, 8, 13 

(Bolma), Astraea ---------------- 13 

stearnsi, Astraea ____________ 5, 8, 13 

(Boreoscala), Epitonium ---------- 51 

(Boreoscala ?) sp., Epitonium ____ 7, 10, 51 

brevis, Schismope ---------------- 13 

Bulla tcrrebellum ---------------- 57 

c 

Caecidae ------------------------5, 9, 22 

Page 

Caecum ------------------------- 22, 23 

berbcrense _____________ 5, 9, 22 ; pl. 5 

crebricinctum ---------------- 23 

gulosum -------------------- 24 

hcxagonum ------------------ 23 

laeve ----------------------- 24 

parryensis _____________ 5, 9, 23; pl. 5 

vertebralc __________ 5, 9, U, 23 ; pl. 5 

sp -------------------------- 22 

(Callistele), Astele --------------- 13 

sp., Astele __________________ 5, 8, 13 

callosa, Vicarya ------------------ 26 

canarium, Strombus -------------- 57 

Strombus (Laevistrombus) __ 7, 11, 57; 

pl. 15 

Canarium ustulatum -------------- 58 

(Canarium), Strombus ------------ 58 

erythrinus, Strombus ________ 7, 11, 59 

gendingancnsis, Strombus ----- 58 

gibbcrulus, Strombus --------- 62 

mutabilis, Strombus _____ 7, 11, 12, 58 ; 

pl. 15 

pracgibberulus, Strombus ----- 62 

urceus, Strombus _______ 7, 11, 12, 58 ; 

pl. 15 

sp. B, Strombus ______ 7, 11, 59 ; pl. 16 

canccllata, Thiara ---------------- 21 

Vanikoro _________ 7, 10, 12, 52 ; pl. 13 

Viriola ___________ 7, 10, 12, 50; pl.13 

cancellatus, Sigaretus ------------ 52 

Strombus ------------------- 56 

Triphoris (I no) -------------- 50 

Triphoris (Viriola) ---------- 50 

Capulidae ______________________ 7, 10, 51, 

Capulus ------------------------- 51, 

badius ---------------------- 53 

liberatus _________ 7, 10, 54, 55; pl. 14 

lissus ----------------------- 53 

(Krcbsia) ------------------- 51, 

sp. A ____________ 7, 10, 55 ; pl. 14 

sp. B ____________ 7, 10 55; pl.l4 

catalinense, MicraneUum ---------- 23 

Cautotriphora ------------------- 1,9 

hervicri __________ 7, 10, 12, 1,9 ; pl. 12 

simulans -------------------- 49 

Ccrithidca ---------------------- 26 

obtusa ________________ 6, 9, 27 ; pl. 6 

Cerithiidae ______________________ 6, 9, 29 

Cerithiopsidae ------------------6, 10, 1,3 

Cerithiopsis --------------------- H 

balteata -------------------- 43, 44 

pinca ----------------------- 43 

ridicttla -------------------- 43 

semipicta ------------------- 43 

sp -------~----------------6, 10, 1,1, 

(Joculator) tribulationis ______ 43 

Ccrithium 

adansonii -------------------

alveolus --------------------

35, 37 

37 

37 

articulatum ----------------- 33 

aspcrum -------------------- 34 columna __________________ 39; pl.10 

egenum ____________________ J,O; pl. 9 

jasciatum ------------------- 33 

fimbriatum ------------------ 18 

73 
74 

Page 

Oerithium-Continued 

gemmatum ------------------ 33 

ianthinum ------------------ 31 

impendens ------------------ 30 

incisum -------------------- 40 

janthinum ------------------ 31 

jonkeri --------------------- 35 

lineatum -------------------- 30 

macrostoma ----------------- 32 

mutatum ------------------- 37 

nodulosum ------------------ 38 

obeli8cus -------------------- 34 

obtusum -------------------- 26 

petrosum ------------------- 39 

pfef!eri --------------------- 25, 35 

piperitum ------------------- 37 

procerum ------------------- 33 

pupina --------------------- 43 

rostratum ------------------ 32 

ruppelli -------------------- 38 

salebrosum ------------------ 37 

sergentum ------------------ 30 

serotinum ------------------ 32 

sordidulum ------------------ 35 

subcarinata ----------------- 27 

tauroconicum ---------------- 39 

terebelloides ---------------- 44 

tuberculatum ---------------- 39 

turritum ______________ 25, 35, 36, 38 

verbeeki -------------------- 40 

vulgatum ------------------- 37 

zonalis --------------------- 27 

(Oerithium) ----------------- 38 

columna __________ 6, 9, 39; pl. 10 

nodulosum __________ 6, 9, 12, 38; 

pl. 9 

tuberculatum ______ 6, 9, 39 ; pl. 10 

(Oonocerithium) ------------- 39 

egenum ________ 6, 9, 39, 40; pl. 9 

(Proclava) tumtum ---------- 36 

(Thericium) ---------------- 37 

alueolus ----------6, 9, 37 ; pl. 9 

mutatum __________ 6, 9, 37 ; pl. 9 

ruppelli ___________ 6, 9, 38; pl. 9 

salebt-osum ______ 6, 9, 12, 37, 38 ; 

pl. 9 

schmidti __________ 6, 9, 38; pl. 9 

tenellum __________ 6, 9, 38; pl. 9 

(Vertagus) asper ------------ 34 

jonkeri ----------------- 35 

obeliscus ---------------- 34 

turritum ---------------- 36 

vertagus ---------------- 33 

(Oerithium), Oerithium ---------- 38 

columna, Oerithium _________ 6, 9, 39 ; 

pl. 10 

nodulosum, Oerithium ____ 6, 9, 12, 38; 

pl. 9 

tuberculatum, Oerithium ____ 6, 9, 39 ; 

pl. 10 

Oheilea ------------------------- 52, 53 

equestris _________ 7, 10, 12, 52 ; pl. 13 

cingulijera, Notosinister ---------- 48 

Triphora (Mastonia) __ 7, 10, 48; pl. 12 

Triphoris ------------------- 48 

Turritella ______________ 5, 8, 14; pl. 1 

goikulensis, Triphora 

(Mastonia) _______ 7, 10, 48; pl. 12 

clathrus, Turbo ------------------ 51 

(Olathrus), Epitonium ------------ 51 

sp. A, Epitonium _____ 7, 10, 51 ; pl. 13 

Olava (Olava) jonkeri ------------ 35 

(Proclava) pfef!eri ------------ 36 

(Olava) jonkeri, Olava ------------ 35 

clavata, Triphora (Mastonia) __ 7, 10, 48; 

Triphoris -------------------

Olimacopoma --------------------

pl. 12 

48 

18 

INDEX 

Page 

sp. A _________________ 5, 8, 18; pl. 2 

Olithon corona ------------------ 11 

clypeomorus, Olypeomorus -------- 40 

Olypeomorus -------------------- 40 

clypeomorus ----------------- 40 

morus ---------------------- 40 

verbeeki __________ 6, 9, 12, 40 ; pl. 10 

wainingoli ____________ 6, 9, 40 ; pl. 10 

Oolina -------------------------- 32 

(lschnocerithium) ------------ 32 

rostrata ________ 6, 9, 12, 32 ; pl. 4 

oolumna, Oerithium ____________ 39 ; pl. 10 

Oerithium (Oerithium) ______ 6, 9, 39; 

pl. 10 

commutata, Scala ---------------- 51 

conchyliophorus, Trochus --------- 55 

conica, Amalthea ---------------- 53, 54 

conicus, Hipponiw ---------------- 54 

Hipponiw (Sabia) ______ 7, 10, 12, 54; 

pl. 13 

(Oonocerithium), Oerithium ------- 39 

egenum, Oerithium ______ 6, 9, 39, 40; 

pl. 9 

(Oonomurew), Strombus ---------- 61 

luhuanus, Strombus _____ 7, 11, 12, 61; 

Oonus terebellum ----------------

( Oookia), Astraea ---------------

Ooriophora intermissa ------------

cornucopia, Patella --------------

corona, Olithon ------------------

corwini, Architectonica 

pl. 19 

57 

14 

49 

53 

11 

(Pseudotorinia) _________ 5, 8, 18; pl. 2 

costulata, Basilissa -------------- 13 

crebricinctum, Oaecum ------------ 23 

crispata, Varicospira ______ 7, 11, 56; pl. 15 

( Oycloscala), Epitonium ---------- 51 

revolutum, Epitonium ___ 7, 10, 12, 51; 

pl. 13 

Oyclostrema ammonoceras -------- 14 

spirula --------------------- 14 

Oyrbasia ------------------------ 43 ovata _______________ 6, 10, H ; pl. 11 

(Joculator) ---------------- 43 

semipicta _____ 6, 10, 12, 43 ; pl. 11 

sumangi ________ 6, 10, H ; pl. 11 

tribulationis _______ 6, 10, 12, 43 ; 

pl. 11 

D 

danoei, Obtortio ____________ 6, 9, 29 ; pl. 7 

Daronia ------------------------ 14 

(Daronia) ------------------ 14 

hof!meisteri _____________ 5, 8, 14 

(Daronia), Daronia -------------- 14 

hof!meisteri, Daronia ________ 5, 8, 14 

decussatum, Epitonium ----------- 52 

Dentalium trachaea -------------- 22 

dewtroversa, Triphoris ------------ 44 

Diala --------------------------3, 29, 30 

albugo ---------------------- 29 

lauta ----------------------- 29 

ludens ________ 3, 6, 9, 12, 29, 30; pl. 7 

semistriata ------------------ 29 

stricta _____________ 6, 9, 12, 30; pl. 7 

sulcijera ______________ 6, 9, 30; pl. 7 

varia ----------------------- 29 

(Diala) sulcijera, Alba ----------- 30 

Diastomidae --------------------6, 9, 27 

(Dolomena), Strombus ------------ 59 

minimus minor, Strombus ___ 7, 11, 60 ; 

pl.18 

plicatus pulchellus, 

Strombus ______ 7, 11, 12, 59-; 111. 17 

variabilis athenius, 

Strombus __ 7, 11, 12, 60 ; pl. 17, 18 

E 

Page 

dunkeriana, Scala ---------------- 51 

echinaticosta, Scalaria ------------ 51 

egenum, Oerithium --------------40; pl. 9 

Oerithiurn (Oonocerithium) ___ 6, 

9, 39, 40 ; pl. 9 

elegans, Trijoris (Viriola) -------- 50 

Triphoris ------------------- 50 

Viriola ______________ 7, 10, 50 ; pl. 13 

Elephantanellum ----------------- 23 

sp. A _________________ 5, 9, 23 ; pl. 5 

elongatum, Meioceras ------------ 23 

eniwetokensis, Atawocerithium ____ 6, 9, 32; 

pl. 4, 8 

Bittium ---------------6, 9, 31 ; pl. 4 

Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus) __ 6, 

9, 36; pl. 9 

Ep"oris ------------------------ 47 

EpHonildae --------------------~ 1~ 51 

Epitonium ---------------------- 51 

decussatum ----------------- 52 

jucatum -------------------- 52 

kanemoe -------------------- 52 

(Boreoscala) ---------------- 51 

(Boreoseala ?) sp ___________ 7, 10, 51 

(Olathrus) ------------------ 51 

(Olathrus) sp. A ______ 7, 10, 51; pl.13 

(Oycloscala) ---------------- 51 

revolutum ____ 7, 10, 12, 51; pl~13 

(Gyroscala) ----------------- 51 

perplewum _______ 7, 10, 51; pl. 13 

equestris, Oheilea ______ 7, 10, 12, 52 ; pl. 13 

Mitrularia ------------------ 53 

Patella --------------------- 52 

erythrinus, Strombus ------------- 59 

Strombus (Oanarium) _______ 7, 11, 59 

euaensis, Munditiella _____________ 5, 8, 14 

Euchelus ewcellens --------------- 13 

euprepes, Architectonica ---------- 19 

(Euprotomus), Strombus ---------- 60, 61 

vomer hawaiensis, Strombus __ 7, 

11, 61; pl. 18 

ewcellens, Euchelus -------------- 13 

ewilis, Trochus ------------------ 41 

ewoletus, Turbo ------------------ 16 

ewuta, Xenophora ( Tugurium) ----- 55 

ewutum, Tugurium ____ 7, 10, 12, 55 ; pl. 14 

ewutus, Phorus ------------------ 55 

F 

failingi, Obtortio ________ 6, 9, 28, 29; pl. 7 

Fartulum ----------------------- 24 amputatum ____________ 5, 9, 24 ; pl. 5 

laeve ----------------------- 24 

sp. A -----------------5, 9, U ; pl. 5 

jascialis, Turritella _________ 5, 8, 16; pl. 1 

jasciatum, Oerithium ------------- 33 

jasciatus, Strombus (Lentigo) ---- 61 

fasciolata, Melanoides ------------ 22 

jileola, Turritella ______________ 12, 14, 16 

Turritella (Haustator) ------- 16 

Turritella (Kurosioia) ____ 5, 8, 12, 16; 

pl.1 

(Fimbriatella), Mathilda ---------- 18 

(Fimbriatella ?) sp., Mathilda _____ 5, 8, 18 

fimbriatum, Oerithium ------------ 18 

jloraensis, Rhinoclavis 

(Pseudovertagus) ___ 6, 9, 36; pl. 9 

jloridus, Strombus ---------------- 58 

jluminea, Melanatria ------------- 21 

/tuviatilis, Tympanotonos --------- 26 

joliacea, Hipponiw --------------- 53 

foliaceus, Hipponiw (Antisabia)____ 7, 

10, 12, 53; pl. 13 

jragilis, Strombus ________ 7, 11, 59; pl. 15 

jretense, Bittium ---------------- 32 

jucatum, Epitonium -------------- 52 
fuscatus, Mure:.e -----------------

fusus, Mure:.e --------------------

G 

( Gallinula) malekulensis, 

Page 

26 

56 

Strombus ---------------- 59 

minimus minor, Strombus ____ 60 

Gegania ------------------------ 18 

pinquis --------------------- 18 

whipplei --------------------5, 8, 18 

gemmata, Triphora -------------- 45 

gemmatum, Cerithium ------------ 33 

gendinganensis, Strombus 

( Canarium) -----------------

gibberulus, Strombus -------------

Strombus ( Canarium) --------

gibbosus, Strombus (Gibberulus) 

58 

62 

62 

7, 11, 12, 62 ; pl. 19, 20 

(Gibberulus), Strombus ---------- 62 

gibberulus gibbosus, Strombus 

7, 11, 6! ; pl. 19, 20 

praegibberulus, Strombus ___ 7, 11, 62; 

pl.19 

gibbosa, Lambis ----------------- 62 

gibbosus, Strombus (Gibberulus) 

gibberulus __ 7, 11, 12,62; pl.19, 20 

gigas, Triphoris ------------------ 45 

goikulensis, Triphora (Mastonia) cingulifera ---------1, 10, 48 ; pl. 12 

gracillima, Turritella ------------ 16 

greenlandicum, Scalaria ---------- 51 

groenlandica, Scala -------------- 51 

gueriniana, Vanikoro __ 7, 10, 12, 5!; pl. 13 

gulosum, Caecum ---------------- 24 

Gyroscala perple:.ea -------------- 51 

(Gyroscala), Epitonium ---------- 51 

perple:.eum, Epitonium ______ 7, 10, 51; 

pl. 13 

H 

(Haustator) ftleola, Turritella 16 

hawaiensis, Strombus ------------ 61 

Strombus vomer ------------- 61 

Strombus (Euprotomus) vomer 7, 

11, 61 ; pl. 18 

heberti, Solarium ---------------- 19 

Heliacus ------------------------ 19 

variegatus __________ 5, 8, 12, 19; pl. 3 

variegatus planulatus -------- 19 

sp ------------------------- 19 

Helia: amarula ------------------ 21 

herklotsi, Potamides -------------- 25 

hervieri, Cautotriphora _7, 10, 12, 49 ; pl. 12 

Notosinister ----------------- 49 

hea:agonum, Caecum -------------- 23 

Hipponicidae -------------------1, 10, 52 

Hipponia: ----------------------- 53 

badius ______________ 7, 10, 53; pl. 13 

conicus --------------------- 54 

foliacea -------------------- 53 

Zissus ---------------------- 53 

militaris -------------------- 54 

pilosus --------------------- 54 

sp ------------------------- 53 

(A.ntisabia) ----------------- 53 

foliaceus _____ 7, 10, 12, 53 ; pl. 13 

(Malluvium) ---------------- 53 

Zissus ------------------ 53 

(PiZosabia) ----------------- 54 

revelli ----------1, 10, 54; pl. 14 

(Sabia) -------------------- 53 

conicus ______ 7, 10, 12, 54 ; pl. 13 

hoDmeisteri, Daronia (Daronia) __ 5, 8, 14 

hungaricus, Patella -------------- 54 

INDEX 

I 

Page 

hyalina, Scalaria ---------------- 51 

ianthinum, Bittium ________ 6, 9, 31 ; pl. 7 

Cerithium ------------------ 31 

impendens, Bittium ________ 6, 9, 30; pl. 7 

Cerithium ------------------ 30 

incisa, Triphoris ----------------- 50 

Viriola ___________ 7, 10, 12, 50; pl. 12 

incisum, Cerithium --------------- 40 

Liocerithium ---------------- 41 

Inella pyramidalis ---------------- 45 

(I nella), Triphora --------------- 45, 46 

maharatai, Triphora ____ 7, 10,12, 46; 

pl. 12 

pyramidalis, Triphora -------- 7, 

10, 12, 45, 46; pl. 11 

roddai, Triphora ______ 7, 10, 46; pl. 11 

sp. A, Triphora ____________ 7, 10, 46 

Injoris albogranosa -------------- 47 

malvaceus ------------------ 47 

(In/oris), Triphora -------------- 47 

albogranosa, Triphora _____ 7, 10, .. p ; 

pl. 12 

ofuensis, Triphora ____ 7, 10, 41; pl. 12 

sp. B, Triphora ______ 7, 10, 47 ; pl. 12 

(I no) canceZlatus, Triphoris ------ 50 

pagodus, Triphoris ----------- 50 

intermissa, Coriophora ----------- 49 

Triphora (Mastonia) ____ 7, 10, 12, 49; 

pl. 12 

intortus, Pileopsis --------------- 54 

isabella, Strombus --------------- 57 

(Ischnocerithium), Colina -------- 32 

rostrata, Colina ____ 6, 9, 12, 32 ; pl. 4 

J 

janthinum, Cerithium ------------ 31 

javana, Terebripirena ------------ 35 

TurriteZZa -------------5, 8, 14; pl. 1 

javanus, Serpulorbis ________ 5, 8, 20 ; pl. 3 

Vermetus ------------------- 21 

Joculator ovata ------------------ 44 

semipictus ------------------ 43 

(Joculator), Cyrbasia ------------ 43 

semipicta, Cyrbasia _____ 6, 10, 12, 43 ; 

pl. 11 

sumangi, Cyrbasia ____ 6, 10, H ; pl. 11 

tribulationis, Cerithiopsis ____ 6, 

10, 43 ; pl. 11 

tribulationis, Cyrbasia -------- 6, 

10, 12, 43 ;.pl. 11 

jonkeri, Cerithium --------------- 35 

Cerithium (Vertagus) -------- 35 

Clava (Clava) -------------- 35 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) ____ 6, 

9, 12, 3 5 ; pl. 8 

K 

kanakarum, Vanikoro ____ 7, 10, 52; pl. 13 

kanemoe, Epitonium -------------- 52 

kayae, Liocerithium ________ 6, 9, 40; pl. 4 

kondoi, Sinezona ________________ 5, 8, 13 

(Krebsia), Capulus -------------- 54 

sp. A, Capulus _______ 7, 10, 55 ; pl. 14 

sp. B, Capulus ______ 7, 10, 55; pl. 14 

krebsii, Architectonica (Philippia) _ 19 

kurosio, TurriteZZa --------------- 16 

(Kurosioia), TurriteZZa ----------- 15 

fascialis, TurriteZZa ---------- 16 

ftleola, Turritella ____ 5, 8, 12, 16; pl. 1 

L 

laeve, Caecum ------------------- 24 

Fartulum ------------------- 24 

(Laevistrombus), Strombus ------- 57 

canarium, Strombus __ 7, 11, 57 ; pl. 15 

75 

Page 

lamarckii, Potamides ------------- 24 

lambis, Lambis __________ 7, 11, 63 ; pl. 20 

Strombus ------------------- 63 

Lambis (Lambis) __ 7, 11, 63 ; pl. 19, 20 

Lambis ------------------------- 56, 63 

gibbosa --------------------- 62 

lambis _________________ 7, 63 ; pl. 20 

(Lambis) ------------------- 63 

lambis _______ 7, 11, 63 ; pl. 19, 20 

(Lambis), Lambis --------------- 63 

lambis, Lambis ____ 7, 11, 63; pl. 19, 20 

lamellosa, Scalaria --------------- 51 

lamellosus, Peta'toconchus 

(Macrophragma ?) -------- 5, 

8, 12, 2 0 ; pl. 3 

lauta, Diala --------------------- 29 

Lemintina sp -------------------- 21 

lentiginosus, Strombus ------------ 60 

(Lentigo), Strom bus ------------- 60 

fasciatus, Strombus ---------- 61 

micklei, Strombus ______ 7, 11, 60, 61 ; 

pl. 18 

sp. C, Strombus ______ 7, 11, 61 ; pl. 18 

liberatus, Capulus _____ 7, 10, 54, 55; pl. 14 

lineatum, Cerithium -------------- 30 

lineolata, Melania ---------------- 26 

Liocerithium -------------------- 40 

incisum -------------------- 41 

kayae -----------------6, 9, 40 ; pl. 4 

lissus, Capulus ------------------ 53 

Hipponia: ------------------- 53 

Hipponia: (MaZZuvium) -------- 53 

littoreus, Turbo ----------------- 14 

Littorina ----------------------- 14 

scabra ----------------------5,8,14 Littorinidae _____________________ ::;, 8, 14 

lowae, Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus), 6, 

9, 36; pl. 9 

ludens, Diala __________ 3, 6, 9, 12, 29, 30; 

pl. 7 

luhuanus, Strombus -------------- 61 

Strombus (Conomurea:) __ 7, 11, 12, 61; 

pl. 19 

lumbricalis, Serpula -------------- 17 

luteum, Solarium ---------------- 19 

luteus, Plesiotrochus ____ 6, 9, 12, 41 ; pl. 10 

Tectarius ------------------- 41 

Lydiphnis ---------------------- 14 

vainganaensis _______________ 5, 8, 14 

M 

macrophragma, Petaloconchus 20 

(M acrophragma), Petaloconchus ___ 2 0 

lamellosus, Petaloconchus ____ 5, 

8, 12, 20; pl. 3 

merkana, Petaloconchus __ 5, 8, 12, 20 ; 

pl. 3 

macrostoma, Cerithium ----------- 32 

maharatai, Triphora (!nella) ----- 7, 

10, 12, 46 ; pl. 12 

malekulensis, Strombus ----------- 60 

Strombus (Gallinula) -------- 59 

(MaZZuvium), Hipponia: ----------- 58 

lissus, Hipponia: ------------- 53 

malvaceus, In/oris --------------- 47 

marshallensis, Plesiotrochus __ 6, 9, 42, 43 ; 

pl.10 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) ___ 6, 9, 84; 

pl. 8 

.ll.-astonia squamosa -------------- 48 

(Mastonia), Triphora ------------ 48 

auberti, Triforis ------------- 49 

auberti, Triphora _____ 7, 10, 49 ; pl. 12 

cingulifera, Triphora __ 7, 10, 48; pl. 12 

goikulensis, Triphora __ 7, 10, 48 ; 

pl.12 
76 

Page 

(Mastonia )-Continued 

clavata, Triphora ____ 7, 10, 48 ; pl. 12 

intermissa, Triphora ____ 7, 10, 12, 49 ; 

pl.12 

squamosa, Triphora __ 7, 10, 48; pl. 12 

Mathilda ----------------------- 17 

(Fimbriatella) -------------- 18 

sp ---------------------5, 8, 18 

Mathildidae ---------------------5, 8, 17 

maa:imus, Strombus -------------- 57 

Strombus (Tricornis) ___ 7, 11, 12, 57; 

pl. 16 

Meioceras elongatum ------------- 23 

Melanatria ---------------------- 21 

ftuminea -------------------- 21 

vitiensis --------------5, 8, 21 ; pl. 4 

Melania lineolata ---------------- 26 

pyrene ---------------------- 21 

Melanoides ---------------------- 22 

fasciolata ------------------- 22 

tuberculatus ________ 5, 8, 11, 22 ; pl. 4 

merkana, Petaloconchus 

(Macrophragma) ______ 5, 8, 12, 20; pl. 3 

micklei, Strombus (Lentigo) __ 7, 11, 60,61; 

pl. 18 

Micranellum -------------------- 23 

catalinense ------------------ 23 

schlangeri _____________ 5, 9, 23 ; pl. 5 

militaris, Hipponia: --------------- 54 

minimus, Strombus -------------- 60 

minor, Strombus (Dolomena) __ 7, 

11, 60 ; pl. 18 

Strombus (Gallinula) ____ 60 

minor, Strombus (Dolomena) 

minimus _________ 7, 11, 60 ; pl. 18 

Strom bus ( Gallinula) m~n,mus 60 

Mitrularia equestris -------------- 53 

modesta, Rostellaria powisii ------ 56 

Tibia POW,SH ---------------- 56 

Tibia (Tibia) powisii __ 7, 11, 12, 56 ; 

pl. 15 

Modulidae ----------------------5. 9, 24 

modulus, Trochus ---------------- 24 

Modulus ------------------------ 24 preangerensis _______ 5, 9, 12, 24 ; pl. 5 

tectum ---------------------5, 9, 24 

morrisoni, Thiara (Setaeara) --5, 8, 11, 21 ; 

morus, Clypeomorus --------------

Munditiella ---------------------

pl. 4 

40 

14 

euaensis --------------------5, 8, 14 

Murea: aluoo -------------------- 36 

asper ----------------------- 34 

fuscatus -------------------- 26 

!usus -------------·---------- 56 

reticulatus ------------------ 30 

sinensis -------------------- 34 

sulcatus -------------------- 27 

tubercularis ----------------- 44 

vertagus -------------------- 33 

mutabilis, Strombus -------------- 58 

Strombus (Canarium) __ 7, 11, 12, 58; 

pl. 15 

mutatum, Cerithium -------------- 37 

Cerithium (Thericium) __ 6, 9, 37; pl. 9 

N 

Narica queriniana ---------------- 52 

nebulosum, Terebellum ----------- 57 

N erinea vernuili ----------------- 26 

Nerita tuberculata --------------- 22 

nodulosum, Cerithium ------------ 38 

Cerithium (Cerithium) --6, 9, 12, 38; 

pl. 9 

(Notoseila) Seila ---------------- 44 

waluensis, Seila ______ 6, 10, H ; pl. 11 

Notosinister cingulifera ----------- 48 

hervieri 

otsuensis 

INDEX 

0 

Page 

49 

45 

obeliscus, Cerithium -------------- 34 

Cerithium (Vertagus) -------- 34 

Vertagus ------------------- 34 

Obtortio ------------------------ 3, 27 . dancei ________________ 6, 9, 29 ; pl. 7 

jailingi ____________ 6, 9, 28, 29 ; pl. 7 

pyrrhacme _________ 3, 6, 9, 12, 28, 29 ; 

pl. 6, 7 sp. A _________________ 6, 9, 29 ; pl. 7 

obtusa, Cerithidea __________ 6, 9, 27 ; pl. 6 

obtusum, Cerithium -------------- 26 

Solarium ------------------- 18 

( Ochetoclava), Rhinoclavis -------- 35 

ojuensis, Triphora --------------- 47 

Triphora (lnforis) ____ 7, 10, 47; pl.12 

otsuensis, Notosinister ------------ 45 

Trijoris -------------------- 45 

Triphora ------------------- 45 

Triphora (Triphora) ____ 6, 10, 12, 45; 

pl. 11 

ovata, Cyrbasia __________ 6, 10, 44 ; pl. 11 

Joculator ------------------- 44 

p 

pacifica, Basilissa (A.ncistrobasis) __ 5, 8, 13 

pagoda, Viriola __________ 7, 10, 50; pl. 12 

pagodiformis, Plesiotrochus ___ 6, 9, 12, 41 ; 

pl. 10 

pagodus, Triphoris (Ino) --------- 50 

pallida, Triphora (Triphora) ____ 6, 10, 45; 

pl. 11 

pallidus, Triphoris --------------- 45 

palustris, Strombus -------------- 27 

Parastrophia -------------------- 23 

parcum, Bittium ---------------- 30 

Pareuchlus --------------------- 13 sp _________________________ 5, 8, 13 

parryensis, Caecum _________ 5, 9, 23 ; pl. 5 

Patella cornucopia --------------- 53 

equestr~ -------------------- 52 

hungaricus ------------------ 54 

patula, Solarium ---------------- 18 

perlatus, Triphora --------------- 49 

perplea:a, Gyroscala -------------- 51 

Scalaria -------------------- 51 

perplea:um, Epitonium ( Gyroscala) __ 7, 

10, 51; pl. 13 

(Perrinia), Turcica -------------- 13 

blowi, Turcica ______________ 5, 8, 13 

perspectiva, A.rchitectonica -------- 18 

A.rchitectonica (A rchitectonica) 5, 

8, 12, 18 ; pl. 2 

perspectivum, Solarium ----------- 18 

perspectivus, 'l'rochus ------------ 18 

Petaloconchus ------------------- 20 

macrophragma --------------- 20 

(Macrophragma) ------------ 20 

lamellosus ______ 5, 8, 12, 20; pl. 3 

merkana _______ 5, 8, 12, 20 ; pl. 3 

petrosum, Cerithium -------------- 39 

pfejJeri, Cerithium --------------- 25, 35 

Clava (Proclava) ------------ 36 

Vertagus -------------------- 36 

Philippia ----------------------- 19 

(Psilaa:is) ------------------ 19 

radiata ________ 5, 8, 12, 19 ; pl. 2 

(Philippia) krebsii, A.rchitectonica __ 19 

Phorus ea:utus ------------------- 55 

Pileopsis intortus ---------------- 54 

pilosus --------------------- 54 

(Pilosabia), Hipponia: ------------ 54 

revelli, Hipponia: _____ 7, 10, 54; pl. 14 

Page 

pilosus, Hipponia: ---------------- 54 

Pileopsis -------------------- 54 

pinea., Cerithiopsis --------------- 43 

pinquis, Gegania ---------------- 18 

piperitum, Cerithium ------------ 37 

planulatus, Heliacus variegatus ___ 19 

Plesiotrochus -------------------- 41, 42 

luteus _____________ 6, 9, 12, 41 ; pl. 10 

marshallensis ______ 6, 9, 42, 43 ; pl. 10 

pagodiformis _______ 6, 9, 12, 41 ; pl. 10 

sou·verbianus ---------------- 41 

talinana ______________ 6, 9, 42 ; pl. 10 

whitmorei ____________ 6, 9, 42 ; pl. 11 

sp. A ----------------------6,9,42 

plicatus pulchellus, Strombus ----- 59 

pulchellus, Strombus 

(Dolomena) ___ 7, 11, 12, 59; pl. 17 

podagrinum, Bittium ------------- 32 

polyphragma, Serpulorbis --------- 20 

Potamides ---------------------- 24 

herklotsi -------------------- 25 

lamarckii ------------------- 24 

tayamaia --------------6, 9, 24; pl. 6 

wardi -----------------6, 9, 25; pl. 6 

sp. A --------------6, 9, 25, 26; pl. 6 

sp. B __________________ 6, 9, 26; pl. 6 

( Terebralia) sulcatus -------- 27 

( Tympanotonos) berberkirianus 26 

Potamididae --------------------6,9,24 

powelli, Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) 6, 

9, 35; pl. 8 

powtsH, Tibia ------------------- 56 

Tibia (Tibia) --------------- 56 

abyssicola, Rostellaria -------- 56 

modesta, Rostellaria --------- 56 

Tibia ------------------- 56 

Tibia (Tibia) ______ 7, 11, 12, 56; 

timorensis, Rostellaria 

(Sucogladius) -----------

praegibberulus, Strombus 

pl. 15 

56 

( Canarium) ------------- 62 

Strombus (Gibberulus) ----7, 11, 62; 

pl. 19 

preangerensis, Modulus __ 5, 9, 12, 24; pl. 5 

preoccupatus, Strombus --------1, 11, 61; 

pl. 18, 19 

procera, Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) 6, 

9, 12, 3 3 ; pl. 8 

procerum, Cerithium ------------- 33 

(Proclava), Rhinoclavis ---------- 35 

pfejJeri, Clava --------------- 36 

sordidula, Rhinoclavis -------- 6, 

9, 12, 25, 35; pl. 8 

turritum, Cerithium ---------- 36 

(Pseudotorinia), A.rchitectonica ___ 18 

corwini, A.rchitectonica __ 5, 8, 18 ; pl. 2 

(Pseudovertagus), Rhinoclavis ____ 36 

aluoo, Rhinoclavis ----------- 36 

eniwetokensis, Rhinoclavis ____ 6, 

9, 36; pl. 9 

ftoraensis, Rhinoclavis __ 6, 9, 36; pl. 9 

lowae, Rhinoclavis _____ 6, 9, 36; pl. 9 

(Psilaa:is), Philippia ------------- 19 

radiata, Philippia ____ 5. 8, 12, 19; pl. 2 

pugilis, Strombus ---------------- 57 

pulchellus, Strombus ------------- 59, 60 

Strombus plicatus ------------ 59 

Strombus (Dolomena) plicatus 7, 

11, 12, 59; pl. 17 

pupina, Cerithium --------------- 43 

pyramidalis, !nella --------------- 45 

Triphora (!nella) ____ 7, 10, 12, 45, 46; 

Triphoris -------------------

Pyrazus (Pyrazus) sp ------------

(Pyrazus) sp., Pyrazus ----------

pyrene, l!elania -----------------

pl. 11 

45 

21 

21 

21 
Page 

pyrrhacme, Obtortio ----3, 6, 9, 12, 28, 29 ; 

pl. 6, 7 

Rissoia --------------------- 27, 28 

Q 

quadricarinatus, Turbo ----------- 17 

queriniana, Narica --------------- 52 

R 

radiata, Architectonica ----------- 19 

Philippia (Psilaxis) __ 5, 8, 12, 19; pl. 2 

reticulatus, Murex --------------- 30 

revelli, Hipponix (Pilosabia) ____ 7, 10, 54 ; 

pl. 14 

revoluta, Scala ------------------ 51 

revolutum, Epitonium (Oycloscala) 7, 

10, 12, 51 ; pl. 13 

Rhinoclavis --------------------- 33 

aspera ---------------------- 34 

sinensis -----------------6, 34; pl. 8 

vertagus -------------------- 33,35 

( Ochetoclava) --------------- 35 

(Proclava) ------------------ 35 sordidula ________ 6, 9, 12,25, 35; 

pl. 8 

(Pseudovertagus) ------------ 36 

aluco ------------------- 36 

eniwetokensis ------6, 9, 36 ; pl. 9 

ftoraensis __________ 6, 9, 36; pl. 9 

lowae -------------6, 9, 36; pl. 9 

(Rhinoclavis) --------------- 33, 35 

articulata _________ 6, 9, 33; pl. 8 

aspera _________ 6, 9, 12, 34; pl. 8 

jonkeri _________ 6, 9, 12, 35 ; pl. 8 

marshallensis ______ 6, 9, 34; pl. 8 

powelli ------------6, 9, 35 ; pl. 8 

procera ________ 6, 9, 12, 33; pl. 8 

sinensis -----------6, 9, 34; pl. 8 

vertagus ----------6, 9, 33; pl. 8 

(Rhinoclavis), Rhinoclavis ________ 33, 35 

articulata, Rhinoclavis ______ 6, 9, 33 ; 

pl. 8 

aspera, Rhinoclavis ______ 6, 9, 12, 34; 

pl. 8 

jonkeri, Rhinoclavis ______ 6, 9, 12, 35; 

pl. 8 

marshallensis, Rhinoclavis ___ 6, 9, 34; 

pl. 8 

powelli, Rhinoclavis ____ 6, 9, 35 ; pl. 8 

procera, Rhinoclavis ______ 6, 9, 12, 33; 

pl. 8 

sinensis, Rhinoclavis ____ 6, 9, 34; pl. 8 

vertagus, Rhinoclavis ____ 6, 9, 33; pl. 8 

rickardi, Batillaria (Zeacumantus) 6, 

9, 27; pl. 6 

ridicula, Oerithiopsis ------------- 43 

Rissoia pyrrhacme --------------- 27, 28 

semistriata ----------------- 29 

roddai, Triphora (I nella) __ 7, 10, 46 ; pl. 11 

Rostellaria powisii abyssicola ______ 56 

powisii modesta ------------- 56 

(Sulcogladius) powisii 

timorensis -------------- 56 

rostrata, Colina (Ischnocerithium) 6, 

9, 12, 32; pl. 4 

rostratum, Oerithium ------------ 32 

rugosa, Turbo ------------------- 13 

ruppelli, Oerithium -------------- 38 

Oerithium (Thericium) ______ 6, 9, 38; 

pl. 9 

s 

(Sabia), Hipponix --------------- 53 

conicus, Hipponix ____ .:_7, 10, 12, 54 ; 

pl.13 

462-678 0 - 72 - 6 

INDEX 

Page 

salebrosum, Oerithium ----------- 37 

Oerithium (Thericium) ___ 6, 9, 12, 37; 

pl. 9 

scabra, Littorina ________________ 5, 8, 14 

Scala commutata ---------------- 51 

dunkeriana ------------------ 51 

groenlandica ---------------- 51 

revoluta -------------------- 51 

Scalaria echinaticosta ------------ 51 

greenlandicum --------------- 51 

hyalina --------------------- 51 

lamellosa ------------------- 51 

perplexa -------------------- 51 

scalaris, Turbo ------------------ 51 

Schismope brevis ---------------- 13 

schlangeri, Micranellum _____ 5, 9, 23; pl. 5 

schmidti, Oerithium (Thericium) __ 6, 9, 38; 

pl. 9 

Scissurella ---------------------- 13 

(Anatoma) ----------------- 13 

tongaensis ______________ 5, 8, 13 

Scissurellidae ___________________ 5, 8, 13 

sedanensis, Turritella ______ 5, 8, 15; pl. 1 

Seila --------------------------- H 

attenuissima ---------------- 44 

waluensis ------------------- 44 

(NotoseUa) ----------------- 44 

waluensis ________ 6, 10, H ; pl. 11 

semipicta, Oerithiopsis ------------ 43 

Oyrbasia (Joculator) ____ 6, 10, 12, 43 ; 

pl. 11 

semipictus, Joculator ------------ 43 

semistriata, Diala ---------------- 29 

Rissoia --------------------- 29 

sergentum, Bittium ______ 6, 9, 12, 30 ; pl. 7 

Oerithium ------------------- 30 

serotinum, Ataxocerithium -------- 32 

Oerithium ------------------ 32 

Serpula anguinus ---------------- 17 

arenaria -------------------- 20 

lumbricalis ------------------ 17 

Serpulorbis ---------------------- 20 

javanus _______________ 5, 8, 20 ; pl. 3 

polyphragma ---------------- 20 

sp _________________________ 5, 8, 21 

(Setaeara), Thiara -------------- 21 

morrisoni, Thiara _______ 5, 8, 11, 21 ; 

pl. 4 

Sigaretus cancellatus ------------ 52 

Siliquaria spinosa --------------- 17 

sp ------------------------- 17 

simulans, Oautotriphora ---------- 49 

sinensis, Murex ------------------ 34 

Rhinoclavis --------------6, 3 4; pl. 8 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) ___ 6, 9, 34; 

pl. 8 

Sinezona ----------------------- 13 kondoi _____________________ 5, 8, 13 

sinuatus, Strom bus _____________ 7, 11, 58 

Solarium heberti ---------------- 19 

luteum --------------------- 19 

obtusum -------------------- 18 

patula ---------------------- 18 

perspectivum ---------------- 18 

sordidula, Rhinoclavis (Proclava) 6, 

9, 12, 25, 35; pl. 8 

sordidulum, Oerithium ------------ 35 

souverbianus, Plesiotrochus _______ 41 

spinosa, Siliquaria --------------- 17 

spinosus, Strombus -------------- 61 

spirula, Oyclostrema ------------- 14 

spolongensis, Turritella _____ 5, 8, 15; pl. 1 

squamosa, Mastonia -------------- 48 

Triphora (Mastonia) ______ 7, 10, 48; 

pl. 12 

stearnsi, Astraea (Bolma) ________ 5, 8,13 

Strebloceras --------------------- 23 

stricta, Diala -----------6, 9, 12, 30 ; pl. 7 

77 

Page 

Strombidae ____________________ 7, 10, 56 

Strombus _____________________ 56, 57, 61 

athenius -------------------- 60 

aurisdianae ----------------- 61 

canarium ------------------- 57 

cancellatus ------------------ 56 

erythrinus ------------------ 59 

ftoridus --------------------- 58 jragilis _____________ 7, 11, 59; pl. 15 

gibberulus ------------------ 62 

hawaiensis ------------------ 61 

isabella --------------------- 57 

lambis ---------------------- 63 

lentiginosus ----------------- 60 

luhuanus ------------------- 61 

malekulensis ---------------- 60 

maximus ------------------- 57 

minimus -------------------- 60 

mutabilis ------------------- 58 

palustris -------------------- 27 

plicatus pulchellus ----------- 59 

preoccupatus ______ 7, 11, 61 ; pl. 18, 19 

pugilis --------------------- 57 

pulchellus ------------------ 59, 60 

sinuatus -------------------7, 11, 58 

spinosus -------------------- 61 

terebellatus ----------------- 59 

thersites ____________ 7, 11, 58; pl. 15 

tjilonganensis --------------- 58 

tricornis -------------------- 57 

tuberculatus ---------------- 39 

unjasciatus ----------------- 59 

urceus ---------------------- 58 

variabilis ------------------- 60 

variabilis athenius ---------- 60 

vomer hawaiensis ------------ 61 

sp ------------------------- 58 

(Oanarium) ----------------- 58 

erythrinus -------------7, 11, 59 

gendinganensis ---------- 58 

gibberulus -------------- 62 

mutabilis _____ 7, 11, 12, 58 ; pl. 15 

praegibberulus ----------- 62 

urceus _______ 7, 11, 12, 58; pl.15 

sp. B ____________ 7, 11, 59; pl. 16 

(Oonomurex) ---------------- 61 

luhuanus _____ 7, 11, 12, 61 ; pl. 19 

Strombus (Dolomena) ------------ 59 

(Dolomena) m~mmus minor __ 7, 

11, 60 ; pl. 18 

plicatus pulchellus __ 7, 11, 12, 59 ; 

pl. 17 

variabilis athenius __ 7, 11, 12, 60 ; 

pl. 17, 18 

(Euprotomus) --------------- 60, 61 

vomer hawaiensis ______ 7, 11, 61 ; 

pl. 18 

(Gallinula) malekulensis _____ 59 

minimus minor ---------- 60 

(Gibberulus) ---------------- 62 

gibberulus gibbosus __ 7, 11, 12, 62 ; 

pl. 19, 20 

praegibberulus ___ 7, 11, 62 ; pl. 19 

(Laevistrombus) ------------- 57 

canarium ________ 7, 11, 57; pl.15 

(Lentigo) ------------------- 60 

jasciatus --------------- 61 

micklei ______ 7, 11, 60, 61 ; pl. 18 

sp. C ___________ 7, 11, 61 ; pl. 18 

( Tricornis) ----------------- 57 

maximus _____ 7, 11, 12, 57; pl. 16 

sp. A ___________ 7, 11, 58 ; pl. 17 

subcarinata, Oerithium ----------- 27 

subulata, Turritella -------------- 14 

sulcata, Terebralia ______ 6, 9, 12, 27 ; pl. 6 

sulcatus, Murex ----------------- 27 

Potamides (Terebralia) ------- 27 
78 

Page 

sulcijera, Alba (Diala) ---------- 30 

Diala _________________ 6, 9, 30 ; pl. 7 

( Sulcogladius) powM~~ timorensis, 

Rostellaria -------------- 56 

sumangi, Oyrbasia (Joculator) __ 6, 10, H; 

superba, Basilissa 

T 

pl.11 

13 

talinana, Plesiotrochtts _____ 6, 9, 42; pl. 10 

tauroconicum, Oerithium ---------- 39 

tayamaia, Potamides _______ 6, 9, 24 ; pl. 6 

Tectarius luteus ----------------- 41 

uteus ---------------------- 41 

tectum, Modulus ----------------5, 9, 24 

Trochus -------------------- 24 

Tenagodus ---------------------- 11 attstralis ______________ 5, 8, 11; pl. 2 

(Agathirses) ---------------- 17 

(Tenagodus) sp ________ 5, 8, 11; pl. 1 

( Tenagodus) sp., Tenagodus ___ 5, 8, 17 

tenellum, Oerithium (Thericium) __ 6, 9, 38; 

pl. 9 

Tenpetasus ---------------------- 54 

terebellatus, Strombus ------------ 59 

terebelloides, Oerithium __________ 44 

terebellum, Oonus ---------------- 57 

Terebellum (Terebellum) _____ 7, 

11, 12, 51 ; pl. 15 

Terebellum ---------------------- 51 

nebulosum ------------------ 57 

( Terebellum) ---------------- 51 

terebellum _________ 7, 11, 12, 57 ; 

pl. 15 

( Terebellum), Terebellum ________ 51 

terebellum, Terebellum __ 7, 11, 12, 57; 

pl. 15 

terebra, Turbo ------------------ 14 

Terebralia ---------------------- 27 

sulcata -------------6, 9, 12, 27 ; pl. 6 

(Terebralia) sulcatus, Potamides __ 27 

Terebripirena -------------------- 35 

javana --------------------- 35 

terrebellum, Bulla --------------- 57 

( Thericium), Oerithium ---------- 31 

alveolus, Oerithium ____ 6, 9, 31 ; pl. 9 

mutatum, Oerithium ____ 6, 9, 37 ; pl. 9 

ruppelli, Oerithium _____ 6, 9, 38; pl. 9 

salebrosum, Oerithium -------- 6, 

9, 12, 37, 38; pl. 9 

schmidti, Oerithium ____ 6, 9, 38 ; pl. 9 

tenellum, Oerithium ____ 6, 9, 38 ; pl. 9 

thersites, Strombus ______ 7, 11, 58; pl. 15 

Thiara ------------------------- '21,22 

cancellata ------------------ 21,22 

(Setaeara) ------------------ 21 (Setaeara) morrisoni ____ 5, 8, 11, 21; 

pl. 4 

Thiaridae -----------------------5, 8, '21 

Tiarella ------------------------ 43 

Tibia --------------------------- 56 

powisii --------------------- 56 

powisii modesta ------------- 56 

(Tibia) --------------------- 56 

powisii ----------------- 56 

powisii modesta ____ 7, 11, 12, 56; 

pl. 15 

(Tibia), Tibia ------------------ 56 

powisii, Tibia --------------- 56 

modesta, Tibia _____ 7, 11, 12, 56 ; 

pl. 15 

timorensis, Rostellaria (Sucogladius) 

powisii ----------------- 56 

tjilonganensis, Strombus ---------- 58 

toddae, Bittium (Bittiolum) _____ 6, 9, U ; 

pl. 4 

tongaensis, Scissurella (Anatoma) __ 5, 8, 13 

INDEX 

Page 

( Torcula), Turritella ----,--------- 16 

sp. C, Turritella __ J_ ________ 5, 8, 17 

Torinia variegatus -------------- 19 

(Tornidae), Adeorbidae ---------- 14 

trachaea, Dentalium ------------- 22 

tribulationis, Oyrbasia (Joculator) 6, 

10, 12, 43 ; pl. 11 

tricornis, Strombus -------------- 57 

( Tricornis), Strom bus ------------ 51 

maa:imus, Strombus ____ 7, 11, 12, 51; 

pl. 16 

sp. A, Strombus ______ 7, 11, 58 ; pl. 17 

Trijoris ------------------------ 47 

aegle ----------------------- 47 

otsuensis ------------------- 45 

(Mastonia) auberti ---------- 49 

( Viriola) elegans ------------ 50 

Triphora ___ -------------------- 45 

gemmata ------------------- 45 

ojuensis -------------------- 47 

otsuensis ------------------- 45 

perlatus -------------------- 49 

vulpinus -------------------- 48 

(/nella) -------------------- 45, 46 

maharatai ____ 7, 10, 12, 46; pl. 12 

pyramidalis _____ 7, 10, 12, 45, 46; 

pl.11 

roddai __________ 7, 10, 46; pl. 11 

sp. A ___________ 7, 10, 46; pl. 12 

(Injoris) ------------------- 47 

albogranosa ______ 7, 10, 47 ; pl. 12 

ojuensis _________ 7, 10, 41; pl. 12 

sp. B ___________ 7, 10, 47 ; pl. 12 

(Mastonia) ----------------- 48 

auberti __________ 7, 10, 49; pl. 12 

cingulijera ______ 7, 10, 48 ; pl. 12 

goikulensis ____ 7, 10, 48 ; pl. 12 

clavata _________ 7, 10, 48 ; pl. 12 

intermissa ----7, 10, 12, 49 ; pl. 12 

squamosa _______ 7, 10, 48 ; pl. 12 

(Triphora) ----------------- 45 

otsuensis _____ 6, 10, 12, 45; pl. 11 

pallida __________ 6, 10, 45 ; pl. 11 

( 'l'riphora), Triphora ------------ 45 

otsuensis, Triphora _____ 6, 10, 12, 45 ; 

pl. 11 

pallida, Triphora _____ 6, 10, 45 ; pl. 11 

Triphoridae --------------------6, 10, 45 

Triphoris cingulijera ------------- 48 

clavata --------------------- 48 

dea:troversa ----------------- 44 

elegans --------------------- 50 

gigas ----------------------- 45 

incisa ---------------------- 50 

pallidus -------------------- 45 

pyramidalis ----------------- 45 

(Ino) cancellatus ------------ 50 

pagodus ---------------- 50 

(Viriola) cancellatus --------- 50 

Trochidae ----------------------5, 8, 13 

'l'rochus conchyliophorus ---------- 55 

ea:ilis ---------------------- 41 

modulus -------------------- 24 

perspectivus -------------- ___ 18 

tectum --------------------- 24 

variegatus ------------------ 19 

tubercularis, Murea: -------------- 44 

tuberculata, Nerita -------------- 22 

tuberculatum, Oerithium ---------- 39 

Oerithium (Oerithium) ______ 6, 9, 39; 

pl. 10 

tuberculatus, Melanoides _____ 5, 8, 11, 22; 

pl. 4 

Strombus ------------------- 39 

Tugurium ----------------------- 55 

ea:utum ----------7, 10, 12, 55; pl. 14 

( Tugurium) ea:uta, Xenophora ---- 55 

Turbinidae ----------------------5, 8, 13 

Turbo clathrus ------------------

ea:oletus 

littoreus --------------------

quadricarinatus 

rugosa ----------------------

scalaris ---------------------

terebra ---------------------

Page 

51 

16 

14 

17 

13 

51 

14 

Turcica ------------------------- 13 

(Perrinia) ------------------ 13 

blowi ___________________ 5, 8, 13 

Turritella ---------------------- 14, 15 

bijastigata ------------------ 15 

cingulijera ____________ 5, 8, 14 ; pl. 1 

jascialis _______________ 5, 8, 16; pl. 1 

ftleola ____________________ 12, 14, 16 

gracillima ------------------ 16 

javana ________________ 5, 8, 14 ; pl. 1 

kurosio --------------------- 16 

sedanensis ____________ 5, 8, 15 ; pl. 1 

spolongensis ___________ 5, 8, 15; pl. 1 

subulata -------------------- 14 

vittulata ------------------- 15 

sp. A -----------------5. 8, 15; pl. 1 

sp. B _________________ 5, 8, 15; pl. 1 

(Haustator) ftleola ----------- 16 

(Kurosioia) ----------------- 15 

ftleola ---------5, 8, 12, 16; pl. 1 

(Torcula) ------------------ 16 

sp. C ______________ 5, 8, 17 ; pl. 1 

Turritellidae --------------------5, 8, 14 

turritum, Oerithium ________ 25, 35, 36, 38 

Oerithium (Proclava) -------- 36 

Oerithium (Vertagus) -------- 36 

Tympanotonos ------------------- 26 

berberkirianus ______ 6, 9, 12, 26; pl. 6 

ftuviatilis ------------------- 26 

( Tympanotonos) berberkirianus, 

Potamides --------------- 26 

u 

unjasciatus, Strombus ------------ 59 

urceus, Strombus ---------------- 58 

Strombus (Oanarium) ___ 7, 10, 12, 58; 

ustulatum, Oanarium -------------

uteus, Tectarius -----------------

v 

pl. 15 

58 

41 

vainganaensis, Lydiphnis _________ 5, 8, 14 

Vanikoridae --------------------7, 10, 5! 

Vanikoro ----------------------- 52 

cancellata ________ 7, 10, 12, 52; pl. 13 

gueriniana _______ 7, 10, 12, 52 ; pl. 13 

kanakarum __________ 7, 10, 52 ; pl. 13 

varia, Diala -------------------- 29 

variabilis, Strombus -------------- 60 

athenius, Strombus ---------- 60 

athenius, Strombus (Dolomena) 7, 

11, 12, 60; pl. 17, 18 

Varicospira --------------------- 56 

crispata _____________ 7, 11, 56; pl. 15 

variegatus, Heliacy,s ____ 5, 18, 12, 19; pl. 3 

Torinia --------------------- 19 

Trochus -------------------- 19 

planulatus, H eliacus --------- 19 

varium, Bittium ----------------- 32 

verbeeki, Oerithium -------------- 40 

Olypeomorus ______ 6, 9, 12, 40 ; pl. 10 

Vermetidae ---------------------5, 8, SO 

Vermetus javanus --------------- 21 

Vermicularia -------------------- 11 

sp. A -----------------5, 8, 11 ; pl. 2 

vernuili, Nerinea ---------------- 26 

vertagus, Oerithium (Vertagus) ---- 33 

Murea: ---------------------- 33 

Rhinoclavis ----------------- 33, 35 

Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) ___ 6, 9, 33 ; 

pl. 8 
INDEX 79 

Page Page Page 

Vertagus articulatus ------------- 33 ( Viriola) cancellatus, Triphoris ____ 50 whippZei, Gegania _______________ 5, 8, 18 

obeUscus -------------------- 34 elegans, Trijoris ------------ 50 whitmorei, PZesiotrochus ___ 6, 9, 42 ; pl. 11 

pfefleri --------------------- 36 vitiensis, Melanatria _______ 5, 8, 21 ; pl. 4 

(Vertagus) asper, Oerithium ______ 34 

jonkeri, Oerithium ----------- 35 

vittulata, Turritella -------------- 15 

vomer hawaiensis, Strombus ------ 61 X 

obeliscus, Oerithium ---------- 34 

turritum, Oerithium --------- 36 

vertagus, Oerithium --------.....- 33 

vertebrale, Oaecum ______ 5, 9, 22, 23 ; pl. 5 

Vicarya ------------------------ 26 

callosa --------------------- 26 

sp ____________________ 6, 9, 26; pl. 6 

hawaiensis, Strombus 

(Euprotomus) _____ 7, 11, 61; pl. 18 

vulgatum, Oerithium ------------- 37 

vulpinus, Triphora --------------- 48 

w 

Xenophora ---------------------- 55 

sp ------------------------- 55 

sp. A ---------------------7, 10, 55 

sp. B ______________ 7, 10, 55 ; pl. 14 

(Tugurium) exuta ----------- 55 

Xenophoridae ____________ 7, 10, 56 ; pl. 14 

Viriola ------------------------- 50 

bayani --------------------- 50 wainingoU, Olypeomorus ____ 6, 9, 40 ; pl. 10 z 

cancellata ________ 7, 10, 12, 50; pl. 13 Seila ----------------------- 44 

elegans -------------1, 10, 50; pl. 13 SeiZa (NotoseiZa) ____ 6, 10, H; pl. 11 (Zeacumantus), BatiZZaria -------- 27 

incisa ____________ 7, 10, 12, 50 ; pl. 12 wardi, Potamides __________ 6, 9, 25 ; pl. 6 rickardi, BatiZZaria _____ 6, 9, 27 ; pl. 6 

pagoda ______________ 7, 10, 50; pl. 12 lVatsonia ----------------------- 23 zonaZis, Oerithium --------------- 27 

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING Ol''FICE: 1972 0- 462-'678 

PLATES 1-20 

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available at cost, from U.S. Geological 

Survey Library, Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225 
PLATE 1 

FIGURE 1. Turritella aff. T. cingulifera Sowerby (p.14). 

Length 9.9 mm, X 6. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok Atoll, depth 

2,740-2,750 ft; early Miocene. USNM 648481. 

2. Turritella cf. T. javana Martin (p. 14). 

Cast of Saipan specimen, length 18 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 18288, inequigranular 

facies of Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene). USNM 648482. 

3. Turritella aft. T. sedanensis Martin (p. 15). 

Cast of Saipan specimen, length 20 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 17689, tuffaceous 

facies of Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene). USNM 648483. 

4. Turritella aft. T. spolongensis Martin (p. 15). 

Cast of Saipan specimen, length 14.0 mm, X 4. USGS loc. 17942, 

inequigranular facies of Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene). USNM 648484. 

5, 6. Turritella sp. A ( p. 15) . 

5. Length 23.3 mm, X 3. Viti Levu, Fiji, station MR-20, 

probably Pliocene. USNM 648485. 

6. Length 24.2 mm, X 3. Guam, USGS loc. 21434, molluscan facies of 

Mariana Limestone (Pliocene and Pleistocene). USNM 648486. 

7. Turritella sp. B (p. 15). 

Height 3.2 mm, X 20. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, depth 279-284% ft; 

possibly Pliocene. USNM 648487. 

8--14. Turritella (Kurosioia) jileola Yokoyama (p. 16). 

8. Cast of Guam specimen, length 18.0 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 17446; 

Mariana Limestone (Pliocene and Pleistocene). USNM 648488. 

9. Cast, length 16.1 mm, X 3. Same as for figure 8. USNM 648489. 

10. Cast, length 19.7 mm, X 3. Same as for figure 8. USNM 648490 

11. Length 8.1 mm, X 8. "Viti Levu, Fiji, station C-89, probably 

Pliocene. USNM 648494. 

12. Length 14 mm, X 4. Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, 

USGS loc. 21031 ; age unknown. USNM 648492. 

13. Cast, length 25.5 mm, X 3. Same as for figure 8. USNM 648491. 

14. Length 5.7 mm, X 8. Same as for figure 12. USNM 648493. 

15. Turritella (Kurosioia) aff. T. jascialis Menke (p. 16). 

Cast of Guam specimen, length 7 mm, X 8. USGS loc. 24795. 

Barrigada Limestone (upper Tertiary). USNM 648495. 

16. Turritella (TorcuJa?) sp. C (p.17). 

Height 17.1 mm, X 3. Viti I.evu, Fiji, station 160, 

early Miocene. USNM 648496. 

17, 18. Tenagodus ( Tenagodws) sp. (p. 17). 

Diameter of coil 12.3 mm, X 2. Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji, station llOB, probably 

Pliocene. Univ. Rochester, Mus. Nat. History Specimen 13058. 
PROF'ESSIONAL PAPER 532 PL

2 

10 

TURRITELLIDAE 
PLATE 2 

FIGURES 1-4. Tena.qodtts (Agathirses) cf. T. australis (Quoy and Gaimard) (p. 17). 

1, 2. Height 6.6 mm, X 5. Station 160 Viti Levu, Fiji, early Miocene. 

USNM 650414. 

3, 4. Height 5.8 mm, X 5. Same as for figures 1, 2. USNM 650415. 

5-7. Vermicularia sp. A (p. 17). 

5. Length 6.4 mm, X 10. Drill hole E- 1, Eniwetok, depth 2,73~2,740 ft; 

early Miocene ('l'ertiary e). USNM 648497. 

6. Length 5.2 mm, X 10. Drill hole 2B, Bikini. depth 2,049--2059% ft, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 648498. 

7. Length 6.5 mm, X 10. Drill hole 2B Bikini, depth 1,545-1,555% ft, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 648499. 

8--10. Clirnacoporna? sp. A (p. 18). 

Diameter 2.9 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 2,65~2,660 ft, 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). U SNM 648500. 

11-13. Architectonica (Architcctonica) perspectiva (Linnaeus) (p. 18). 

Diameter 13.4 mm, X 4. Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji, probably 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). U SNM 648501. 

14-18. Architectonica (Psendotorinia) corwini Ladd, n. sp. (p. 18). 

14-16. Holotype, diameter 6.6 mm, X 8. USGS loc. 21304, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648502. 

17, 18. Paratype A, diameter 2.3 mm, X 8. USGS Joe. 21304. 

Same as for figures 14-16. USNM 648503. 

19--21. Philippia ( Psilawis) radiata ( ROding) ( p. 19). 

Diameter 6.5 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 7~710 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648505. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 2 

3 

4 

6 

12 

15 

17 

18 

19 20 

TURRITELLIDAE AND ARCHITECTONICIDAE 
PLATE 3 

FIGURES 1-3. Heliacus variegatus (Gmelin) (p.19). 

Diameter 7.5 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 700-710 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648507. 

4-12. Petaloconchus (Macrophragma) merkana Ladd. n. sp. (p. 20). 

4. Holotype, length of coil 7.5 mm, X 8. USGS loc. 21304, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650416. 

5. Paratype A, length of coil 6.2 mm, X 8. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 

620-630 ft ; late Miocene (Tertiary u). USNM 650417. 

6, 7. Paratype B, length of coil 3.0 mm, X 8. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, 

831-842 ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650418. 

8, 9. Para type C, length of coil 8.1 mm, X 6. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 

925-936 ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 6u0419. 

10. Shell of living specimen attached to oyster shell, length of coil 13.9 mm, 

X 3. Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. USNM 341315. 

11. Holocene specimen, length of coil 6.1 mm, X 8. 

Bikini lagoon. USNM 586680. 

12. Holocene specimen, length of coil 7.3 mm, X 8. 

Midway Atoll, Hawaii. USNM 362370. 

13. Petaloconchus (Macrophragma?) lamellosus Ladd. n. sp. (p. 20). 

Holotype, maximum diameter 5.1 mm, X 8. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 

670-680 ft; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650421. 

14, 15. Serpulorbis cf. S. javanus (Martin) (p. 20). 

Both specimens from drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 790-800 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

14. Part of coiled specimen showing tube partition that is concave forward, 

X 15. USNM 650422. 

15. Nearly straight section of tube, length 15.0 mm, X 4. 

USNM 650423. 

16. Serpulorbissp. (p.21). 

Maximum diameter 26.2 mm, X 2. Station HOB, Ndalithoni Limestone, 

Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji. Pliocene (Tertiary h). 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 3 

1 

6 

7 

12 

9 

10 

13 14 15 

ARCHITECTONICIDAE AND VERMETIDAE 
PLATE 4 

FIGURE 1. M elanatria vitiensiJs Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 21). 

Holotype, height 78.4 mm, X 1. Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene 

(Tertiary f). Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Geol. No. 1187. 

2, 3. Thiara ( Setaeara) mon·isoni Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 21). 

Holotype, height 6.8 mm, X 8. Station C-831, at Nanduruloulou, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; late Miocene or early Pliocene (Tertiary u or h). USNM 650581. 

4. Melanoides (Melanoides) cf. Jof. tube-rculatus (Muller) (p. 22). 

Height (incomplete) 3.9 mm, X 15. Station C-136, near Nasongo, Viti Levu, 

Fiji; probably late Tertiary. USNM 648447. 

5. Littorina sea bra Linnaeus ( p. 14). 

Height 11.5 mm, X 4. Maewo, New Hebrides; Pleistocene. USNM 650582. 

6. Ast-raea sp. F (p. 13). 

Cast, height 10 mm, X 4. USGS loc. 20739, Guam; 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 650580. 

7-12. Liocerithittm kayae Ladd, n. sp. (p. 40). 

7, 8. Holotype, height 7.5 mm, X 8. USGS Joe. 21308, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650506. 

9. Paratype A, height 6.3 rnm, X 8. USGS loc. 21304, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650507. 

10. Paratype B, height 5.3 mm, X 8. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, 841-853 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) . U SNM 650508. 

11. Para type D, height 9.8 mm, X 8. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,020-1,100 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650519. 

12. Para type C, height 7.4 mm, X 8. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 860-870 ft ; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650509. 

13. Ritti11m eniwetokcnsis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 31). 

Holotype, height 4.6 rnrn, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 930-940 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650514. 

14-16. Bittittm (Bittioltl.m) toddae Ladd, n. sp. (p. 32). 

14, 15. Holotype, height 5.5 mm, X 10. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, 778-790 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650512. 

16. Para type, height 5.0 mrn, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 1,746-1,776 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650513. 

17. Oolina (Ischnoce-rithium) -rostrata (Sowerby) (p. 32). 

Height 9.9 mm, X 6. Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, 30.5-36 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650480. 

18. Atamocerithium eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 32). 

Holotype, height 11.1 mrn, X 5. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 40-50 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650454. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 4 

5 

15 

11 

THIARIDAE, LITTORINIDAE, TURBINIDAE, AND CERITHIIDAE 
PLATE 5 

FIGURES 1-7. Caecum parryensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 23). 

Holotype, length 2.1 mm (figs. 1-4, X 34; figs. 5-7, X 60). Drill hole E-1, 

Eniwetok, depth 1,260-1,270 ft; early l\Iiocene (Tertiary c). USNM 

648518 

8-10. Caecum vertebrale Hedley (p. 22). 

8. Length 2.8 mm, X 20. Drill hole F-14-C, Eniwetok, depth 33-36 ft; 

Holecene. USNM 650425. 

9. Length 2.6 mm, X 25. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 260-270 ft; 

Pleistocene. USNM 650426. 

10. Length 1.8 mm, X 20. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Cat No. 202980, 

Tongatapu, Tonga. Probably Pliestocene. Bernice P. Bishop 

Mus. Geol. No. 1341. 

11, 12. Caecum berberense Ladd, n. sp. (p. 22). 

11. Holotype, length 2.9 mm, X 20. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 

1,260-1,270 ft; early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650429. 

12. Paratype, length 2.3 X 25. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 910-920 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650428. 

13, 14. Micranellum schlangeri Ladd, n. sp. (p. 23). 

13. Holotype, length 2.8 mm, X 20. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 

940-950 ft; early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650430. 

14. Paratype, length 2.9 mm, X 20. Funafuti, depth 65 ft. 

Holocene. Museum Comparative Zoology 29022. 

15. Elephantanellum sp. A (p. 23). 

Length 3.6 mm, X 20. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 540-550 ft. 

Probably Pliocene. USNM 650431. 

16, 17. F'artu.lum aff. F. ampu.tatum (Hedley) (p. 24). 

16. Length 2.7 mm, X 22. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, depth 873-884 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650432. 

17. Length 2.1 mm, X 30. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 960-970 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). U SNM 650433. 

18. Fartu.lum sp. A ( p. 24). 

Length 2.5 mi:n, X 22. Drill hole F- 1, Eniwetok, depth 280-290 ft; 

possibly Pliocene. USNM 650434. 

19-21. At odulus pt·eangerensis Martin ( p. 24). 

Height 10.9 mm, X 4. USGS loc. 21304, Goikul area, Palau. Marl at 

base of Palau Limestone; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648450. 
PROFESSIONAL PAPER S32 PLATE 5 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

6 

2 3 

12 

14 

8 

9 

11 

l 

\. 

16 

18 

17 19 

21 

15 CAECIDAE AND MODULIDAE 
PLATE 6 

FIGURES 1-3. Potamides tayamaia Ladd, n. sp. (p. 24). 

1. Holotype, height 22.0 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 21301, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650500. 

2. Paratype A, height 31.7 mm, X 2. USGS 21301, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650499. 

3. Paratype B, height 23.0 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 21304, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap, Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g) . USNM 650501. 

4, 5. Potamides wardi Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 25). 

4. Holotype, 18.5 mm, X 3, USGS loc. 20535, Guam, Talisay Member of 

Alifan Limestone; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650498. 

5. Paratype, height 16.0 mm, X 3. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 

770-780 ft., late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650511. 

6. Potamides sp. A ( p. 25). 

Height 11.1 mm, X 5. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, depth 747-758 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650520. 

7. Potamides sp. B ( p. 26). 

Height 7.7 mm, X 7. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, depth 778-790 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650521. 

8-10. Tympanotonos berberkirianns (Martin) (p. 26). 

Specimens from USGS loc. 21301, Goikul peninsula, Babelthuap, Palau; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). 

8. Height 29.9 rum, X 3, USNM 650456. 

9. Height 20.4 mm, X 3, USNM 650457. 

10. Same as last to show nodes in aperture, X 5. 

11. Vicarya sp. ( p. 26). 

Diameter 6.3 mm, X 5. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 2,700- 2,710 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650493. 

12. Cerithidea cf. C. obtusa (Lamarck) (p. 27). 

Height 19.3 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 21408, Saipan; tuffaceous facies of 

Tagpochau Limestone (Miocene). USNM 650497. 

13. 'l'er ebralia sulcata (Born) ( p. 27). 

Height 20.0 mm, X 3. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, depth 640-650 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). U SNM 650455. 

14. Batillaria (Zeacumantus) rickardi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 27). 

Height 25.2 mm, X 3. Station 160, Walu Bay, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650436. 

15, 16. Obtortio pyrrhacme (Melvill and Standen) (p. 28). 

15. Height 2.8 mm, X 12. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, depth 20-45 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650461. 

16. Height 3.5 mm, X 12. Drill hole K-1, Eniwetok, depth 201-211.5 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650462. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 6 

1 

4 6 

3 

10 

7 

11 

12 13 16 

POTAMIDIDAE AND DIASTOMIDAE 

462-678 0- 72 - 7 
PLl\..TE 7 

FIGURES 1-3. Obtortio py1-rhacme (Melvill and Standen) (p. 28). 

1. Height 4.7 mm, X 12. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 860-870 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). U SNM 650463. 

2. Height 3.7 mm, X 12. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,345.5-1,356 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650464. 

3. Apical whorls of Holocene lectotype of Rissoia pyrrhacme Melvill and 

Standen from Loyalty Islands; three smooth whorls above, two keeled 

below. Drawn by S. P. Dance, April3, 1967. 

4, 5. Obtortio tailingi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 28). 

4. Holotype, height 2.4 mm, X 15. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 2,070-2,081 ft; 

early Miocene ( 'l'ertiary e). USNM 650465. 

5. Para type, height 2.1 mm, X 15. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 1,746--1,777 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650466. 

6. Obtortio dancei Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 29). 

Holotype, height 1.6 mm, X 20. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 1,746--1,777 ft; 

early Miocene Tertiary e). USNM 650545. 

7. Obtortio sp. A (p. 29). 

Height 1.7 mm, X 20. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 1,350-1,365 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650467. 

8-12. Diala ludens Melvill and Standen (p. 29). 

8. Height 4.1 mm, X 15. Drill hole F- 7-C, Eniwetok, 16.6--19.2 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650447. 

9. Height 2.9 mm, X 15. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,471.5-1,482 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650451. 

10. Height 1.6 mm, X 15. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 940-950 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650449. 

11. Height 2.4 mm, X 15. Drill hole F- 1, Eniwetok, 1,040-1,050 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650450. 

12. Height 1.8 mm, X 15. Drill hole Mu--4, Eniwetok, 40.5--41 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650448. 

13. Diala strict a Habe ( p. 30). 

Height 3.5 mrn, X 15. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,587-1,598 ft; 

early Miocene ('l'ertiary e). USNM 650452. 

14. Diala sulcifera A. Adams (p. 30). 

Height 2.5 mm, X 15. Drill hole F-A, Eniwetok, 1-5ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650453. 

15. Bittium impend.ens (Hedley) (p. 30) . 

Height 4.7 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 50-60ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650479. 

16--20. Bittittm sergentum ( .J ousseaume) ( p. 30). 

16. Height 7.1 mm, X 8. Drill hole 2, Bikini, 126ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650477. 

17. Height 5.7 mm, X 8. from existing reef of Bikini. USNM 650481. 

18. H eight 4.2 mm, X 8. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 540-550 ft; 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary 11). USNM 650482. 

19. Height 5.5 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 760-770 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650483. 

20. Height 3.0 mm, X 8. Drill hole Eniwetok, 940-950 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650484. 

21, 22. Bittium ianthinum (Gould) (p. 31). 

21. 'l'ype, height 8.3 mm, X 5. Tuamotu Islands. Holocene. USNM 5573. 

22. Height 7.0 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 30--40 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650486. 
GEOLOGICA L SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 7 

5 6 

4 7 

2 

1 

14 

3 9 

10 

13 

11 12 20 

8 

21 

15 16 17 19 

DIASTOMIDAE AND CERITHIIDAE 
PLATE 8 

FIGURE 1. Ataxocerithium eniwetokensis Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 32). 

Holotype, height 11.1 mm, X 5. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 40---50 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650454. 

2-4. Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclat>is) vertagus ( Linnaeus) ( p. 33). 

2. Height 41.8 mm, X 1.5. Drill hole 2, Bikini, 180---185 ft: 

probably Pleistocene. USNM 650458. 

3, 4. Height 37.0 and 39.9 mm, X 1.5. Maewo, New Hebrides; probably 

Pleistocene. USNM 650618 and 650619, respectively. 

5, 6. Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) articulata (Adams and Reeve) (p. 33). 

Height 22.6 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 17891, Saipan; Tanapag Limestone 

(Pleistocene). USNM 650459. 

7. Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclavis) procera (Kiener) 

Height 31.8 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 17591, Saipan; Tanapag Limestone 

(Pleistocene). U SNM 650460. 

8, 9. Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclavis) asp era ( Linnaeus) ( p. 34). 

8. Height 27.0 mm, X 2. Drill hole F-15- C, Eniwetok, 39-43 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650468. 

9. Height 31.0 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 17897, Saipan ; Tanapag Limestone 

(Pleistocene). U SNM 650469. 

10. Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclavis) sinensis ( Gmelin) ( p. 34) . 

Height 57.2 mm, X 1. USGS loc. 21028, Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides; 

Quaternary. USNM 650502. 

11. Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclavis) aff. R. sinensis ( Gmelin) ( p. 34). 

Height 18.2 mm, X 3. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 840---850 ft; late ll'liocene 

(Tertiary U). USNM 650490. 

12, 13. Rhinoclavis ( Rhinoclavis) marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 34). 

Holotype, height 15.4 mm, X 4. Drill hole F- 1, Eniwetok, 850---860 ft ; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650491. 

14, 15. Rhinoclavis (Rhinoclavis) powelli Ladd, n. sp. (p. 35). 

14. Holotype, height 32.0 mm, X 2. Drill hole F- 1, Eniwetok, 830---840 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) . USNM 650503. 

15. Para type, height 27.6 mm, X 2. Drill hole F - 1, Eniwetok, 790---800 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650504. 

16. Rhinoclavi s (Rhinoclav,is) jonkeri (Martin) (p. 35). 

Cast, height 31 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 20870, Mariana Limeswne of Guam; 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 650516. 

17, 18. Rhinoclavis (Proclava) sordidula (Gould) (p. 35). 

17. Height 11.2 mm, X 4. Cast from Mariana Limestone of Guam; 

Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 650505. 

18. Height 19.4 mm, X 4. Malekula, New Hebrides; Pliocene. 

Specimen described by A bra rd ( 1946). 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

2 

8 

7 

13 14 15 

3 

4 

10 

16 

CERITHIIDAE 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 8 

11 

17 
PLATE 9 

FIGURES 1, 2. Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertag?ts) eniwetokensis Ladd n. sp. (p. 36). 

1. Holotype, height 24.8 mm, X 3. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 850--860 ft; late 

Miocene (Tertiary g). Uncoated to show color pattern. USNM 650487. 

2. Para type, height 17.5 mm, X 3. Drill hole F- 1, Eniwetok, 919-920 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f) . Uncoated to show 

color pattern. USNM 650488. 

3. Rhinoclavis ( Pseudovertagus) lotoae Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 36). 

Holotype, height 15.9 mm, X 4. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok 880--890 ft; early 

Miocene (Tertiary f) . Uncoated to show color pattern. USNM 650489. 

4, 5. Rhinoclavis (Pseudovertagus) floraensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 36). 

4. Holotype, Height 25.2 mm, X 3. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 910--920 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650495. 

5. Para type, height 14.5 mm, X 3. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 750--760 ft; 

late Miocene ('l'ertiary g). USNM 650496. 

6. Oerithium (Thericium) mutatum Sowerby (p. 37). 

Height 30.3 mm, X 2. Drill hole F-18--A, Eniwetok, 33-36 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650427. 

7, 8. Oerithium (Thericium) alveolus Hombron and Jacquinot (p. 37). 

Height 12.3 mm, X 5. USGS loc. 17897, Saipan; Tanapag Limestone ; 

Pleistocene. USNM 650474. 

9, 10. Oerithium (Oonocerithium) egenum Gould (p. 39). 

9. Height 6.6 mm, X 6. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 30--40 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650475. 

10. Height 6.4 mm, X 6. Holocene shell from Ifaluk, Caroline Islands, 

to show color pattern. USNM 650476. 

11. Oerithium ( Oonocerithium) aff. 0. egenum Gould (p. 40). 

Height 14.3 mm, X 4. F- 1, Eniwetok, 750--760 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary .Q). USNM 650510. 

12. Oerithium ( Thericium) salebros1tm Sowerby ( p. 37). 

Height 21.8 mm, X 4. Drill bole F- 17-C, Eniwetok, 52-54ft; Holocene 

USNM 650473. 

13, 14. Oerithinm {Thericium) schmidti Ladd, n. sp. (p. 38). 

13. Holotype, height 13.9 mm, X 4. Saipan, Tagpocbau Limestone; 

Miocene. USNM 650470. 

14. Para type, tip of shell, X 12. Saipan, Tagpochau Limestone; 

Miocene. USNM 650420. 

15. Oerithinm (Thericium) tenellum Sowerby (p. 38). 

Height 17.4 mm, X 4. Drill bole K- 1B, Eniwetok, 232-243 ft ; 

Quaternary. USNM 650485. 

16. Oerithium ( Thericium) ntppelli Philippi ( p. 38) . 

Height 33.9 mm, X 1.5. USGS Joe. 24794, Island of Maewo, New Hebrides; 

Pleistocene. USNM 650586. 

17. Oerithium (Oerithium) nodulosum Bruguiere (p. 38). 

Height 25.4 mm, X 2. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 925-936 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650492. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 5~2 PLATE 9 

4 

10 

9 

8 

16 

14 

CERITHIIDAE 

17 
PLATE 10 

FIGURE 1. Oeri thium ( Oerithium) columna Sowerby ( p. 39). 

Height 26 mm, X 3. Cast of specimen from USGS loc. 20702, Guam ; 

Mariana Limestone; Pliocene or P leistocene. USNM 650517. 

2. Oerithium (Oerithium) aff. 0 . columna Sowerby (p. 39). 

Height 20.4 mm, X 4. Drill hole Mu-4, Eniwetok, 35.5-36 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650478. 

3,4. Oerithium (Oerithium) tuberculatum (Linnaeus) (p. 39). 

Height 20.6 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 21591, Cabras Island, Guam; Mariana 

Limestone ; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 6ri0494. 

5. Olypeomorus verbeeki (Woodward) (p. 40). 

Height 15.6 mm, X 4. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 71(}-720. ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650518. 

6, 7. Olypeomorus w ainingoli Ladd, n. sp. (p. 40). 

Holotype, height 12.4 mm, X 5. Station llOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; 

probably Pliocene. USNM 6fi0515. 

8, 9. Plesiotrochus luteus (Gould) ( p. 41). 

8. Height 4.0 mm, X 15. Drill hole 1, Bikini, 40 ft ; 

Holocene. USNM 650437. 

9. Height 4.1 mm, X 15. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,324.5-1,335 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650438. 

10. Plesiotrochus pagodiformis Hedley ( p. 41) . 

Height 3.4 mm, X 15. Drill hole K- 1, Eniwetok, 211- 222 ft; Holocene. 

USNM 650439. 

11, 12. Plesiotrochus talinana Ladd, n. sp. (p. 42). 

Holotype, height 4.3 mm, X 15. Drill hole E- 1, Eniwetok, 1,955-1,985 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650440. 

13- 15. Plesiotrochus marshallensis Ladd, n. sp. (p. 42). 

13. Holotype, height 7.7 mm, X 10. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 78(}-790 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650441. 

14. Paratype A, height fi.4 mm, X 10. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 88(}-890 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650442. 

15. Para type B, height 4.2 mm, X 10. Drill hole K- 1B, Eniwetok, 894- 905 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650443. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 10 

9 

J 11 ... ~~ 

13 

15 

CERITHIIDAE 
PLATE 11 

FIGURE 1. Plesiotrochus sp. A (p. 42) . 

Height 4.2 mm, X 15. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 520-530 ft; 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650444. 

2, 3. Plesiotrochus whitmorei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 42). 

2. Holotype, height 3.4 mm, X 15. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, 904-915 ft ; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). U SNM 650445. 

3. Para type, height 2.6 mm, X 15. Drill hole F- 1, Eniwetok, 810-820 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650446. 

4. Cyrbasia ( J oculator) tribulationis (Hedley) ( p. 43). 

Length 2.0 mm, X30. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 55-60ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650544. 

5, 6. Cyrbasia ( J oculator) semipicta (Gould) ( p. 43). 

5. Height 1.9 mm, X 40. Drill hole F- 7-A, Eniwetok, 10-1!! ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650587. 

6. Height 1.6 mm, X 35. Drill hole F - 1, Eniwetok, 630-640 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650588. 

7-11. Cyrbasia (Joculator) sumangi Ladd, n. sp. (p. 44). 

7. Para type A, height 2.4 mm, X 25. USGS loc. 21301, Palau; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650589. 

8. Para type B, height 1.5 mm, X 30. USGS loc. 21301, Palau; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650590. 

9. Para type C. height 1.5 mm, X 30. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 710-720 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) . U SNM 650593. 

10. Holotype, height 3.3 mm, X 25. USGS loc. 21301, Palau; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650591. 

11. Para type D. height 3.5 mm, X 25. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 770-780 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) . U SNM 650594. 

12. Cyrbasia ( J oculator) aff. C. ovata ( Laseron) ( p. 44). 

Height 1.5 mm, X 30. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 870-880 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650592. 

13. Seila (Notoseila) waluensis Ladd, n. sp. ( p. 44). 

Holotype, height 1.8 mm, X 30. Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f) . USNM 650584. 

14. Triphora (Triphora) pallida (Pease) (p. 45). 

Length 5.3 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1 Eniwetok, 30-40 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650539. 

15. Triphora (Triphora) otsuensis (Yokoyama) (p. 45). 

Length 3.9 mm, X 15. Drill hole F~1, Eniwetok, 880-890 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650452. 

16, 17. Triphora (!nella) pyramidalis (Adams and Reeve) ( p. 45). 

16. Palau specimen, length 19.4 mm, X 3. USGS loc. 21301, Goikul peninsula, 

Babelthuap; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650523. 

17. Eniwetok specimen, length 10.7 mm, X 3. Drill hole E-1, 960-970 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650543. 

18. Triphora (!nella) roddai Ladd, n. sp. (p. 46). 

Holotype, length 24.5 mm, X 3. Station C89, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) . U SNM 650522. 
GEOLOGICAL SU RVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE II 

3 

1 

5 

8 9 

6 

7 

12 14 15 16 17 18 

CERITHIIDAE, CERITHIOPSIDAE, AND TRIPHORIDAE 
PLATE 12 

FIGURE 1. Triphora (!nella) maharatai Beets (p. 46). 

Height 10.2 mm, X 6. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 925-935.5 ft (core 36) ; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650526. 

2. Triphora (!nella) sp. A (p. 46). 

Height 2.5 mm, X 20. USGS loc. 21304, Palau; late Miocene 

(Tertiary g). USNM 650527. 

3-5. Triphora (Inforis) albogranosa Kosuge (p. 47). 

From drill hole E- 1, Eniwetok, 30-40 ft; Holocene. 

3,4. Normal three-mouthed specimen; height 5.2 mm, X 12. USNM 650529. 

5. Abnormal four-mouthed specimen; height 5.5 mm, X 12. USNM 650530. 

6, 7. Triphora (lnforis) sp. B (p. 47). 

Height 6.0 mm, X 9. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,377-1,388 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650528. 

8-12. Triphora (lntoris) otuensis Baker and Spicer (p. 47). 

8, 9. Height 3.6 mm, X 16. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 20-45 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650531. 

10. Height 3.2 mm, X 21. Funafuti drill hole, depth 75ft (sample 90); 

Holocene. British Mus. 1970, 0.24. 

11, 12. Height 2.2 mm, X 30. Funafuti drill hole, depth 65- 74 ft; 

Holocene. British Mus. 1970, 0.25. 

13. Triphora (Mastonia) cingulifera (Pease) (p. 48). 

Height 3.1 mm, X 23. Drill hole K-1, Eniwetok, 211-222 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650532. 

14. T1'iphora ( M astonia) cingulifera goikulensis Ladd, n. subsp. ( p. 48). 

Holotype, height 9.2 mm, X 8. USGS Joe. 21304, Palau; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g), USNM 650524. 

15. Triphora (Mastonia) clavata (Pease) (p. 48). 

Height 4.2 mm, X 15. Drill hole 1, Bikini, 100ft; 

probably Holocene. USNM 650537. 

16. Triphora (Mastonia) squamosa (Kosuge) (p. 48). 

Height 6.8 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 35--40 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650538. 

17, 18. Triphora (Mastonia) intermissa (Laseron) (p. 49). 

17. Height 3.4 mm, X 10. Drill hole En-3, Eniwetok, 20ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650540. 

18. Height 2.5 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 110--120 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650541. 

19. Triphora ( M astonia) au berti ( Abrard) ( p. 49). 

Holotype, height 6.5 mm, X 9. Island of Epi, New Hebrides; late Miocene. 

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 

20. Cautotriphora hervieri (Kosuge) (p. 49). 

Height 3.5 mm, X 15. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 447--453 ft; 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650536. 

21. Viriola pagoda (Hinds) ( p. 50). 

Height 9.2 mm, X 6. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 35--40 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650525. 

22. V iriola incisa (Pease) ( p. 50) . 

Height 7.3 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 30-40 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650533. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

16 

18 

19 

TRIPHORIDAE 

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 12 

21 22 

20 
PLATE 13 

FIGURE 1. Viriola cancellata (Hinds) ( p. 50) . 

Length 8.4 mm, X 6. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,503-1,514 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 650534. 

2. Viriola elegans (Hinds) (p. 50). 

Length 6.5 mm, X 8. Drill hole Mu--4, Eniwetok, 21-22 ft; 

Holocene. U SNM 650535. 

3. Epitonium (Gyroscala) perplexum (Pease) (p. 51). 

Height 7.3 mm, X 8. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 1(}-20 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650607. 

4. Epitonium ( Cycloscala) revolutum (Hedley) ( p. 51). 

Height 2.1 mm, X 20. USGS loc. 21308, Palau; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650435. 

5. Epitonium (Clathrus) sp. A (p. 51). 

Height 12.0 mm, X 4. Station L466, Oneata, Fiji; early Miocene 

(Tertiary f). USNM 650608. 

6-8. Vanikoro cancellata (Lamarck) (p. 52). 

Height 4.3 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-3-C, Eniwetok, 6-10ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650598. 

9, 10. Vanikoro gueriniana (Recluz) (p. 52). 

Height 2.8 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 78(}-790 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) . USNM 650595. 

11. TT anikoro aff. TT. kanakarum Pilsbry ( p. 52). 

Height 4.3 mm, X 10. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 11(}-120 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 650597. 

12. Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus) (p. 52). 

Length 8.6 mm, X 5. Drill hole E-1, Eniwetok, 83(}-840 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650600. 

13, 14. Hipponix (Malluvium) cf. H. badius (Dunker) (p. 53). 

Length 7.9 mm, X 5. Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650602. 

15-21. Hipponix (Antisabia) toliaceus Quoy and Gaimard (p. 53). 

15, 16. Length 6.3 mm, X 6. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 76(}-770 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650603. 

17-19. Length 4.0 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 69(}-700 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650604. 

20, 21. Length 6.4 mm, X 6. Station 160, Viti Levu, Fiji; early Miocene 

(Tertiary f) . Bernice P. Bishop Mus, Geol. No.1237. 

22--27. Hipponix (Sabia) conicus (Schumacher) (p. 54). 

22--24. Length 6.7 mm, X 6. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 66(}-670 ft ; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 650605. 

25-27. Length 10.9 mm, X 4. Station 110B, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 650606. 
GEOLOGICAL SU RVEY ?ROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 13 

23 26 

TRIPHORIDAE, EPITONIIDAE, V ANIKORIDAE, AND HIPPONICIDAE 
PLATE 14 

FIGURES 1- 18. Hipponix (Pilosabi a) revellei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 54). 

1-3. Holotype, length 5.4 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 890--900 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650609. 

4-6. Paratype A, length 5.9 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 900--910 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 650610. 

7- 9. Para type B, length 5.0 mm, X 8. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 870--880 ft; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). U SNM 650611. 

10--12. Paratype D, length 5.1 mm, X 8. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,650--1,661 

ft; early Miocene (Tertiary e ). USNM 650613. 

13, 14. Paratype E , length 4.9 mm, X 8. Drill hole K- 1B, Eniwetok, 

1,008--1,019 ft ; early Miocene (Tertiary f) . USNM 650614. 

15, 16. Paratype F, length 3.5 mm, X 8. Drill hole K-1B, Eniwetok, 

715---727 ft ; late Miocene (Tertiary g). U SNM 650615. 

17, 18. Paratype G, length 2.1 mm, X 8. Drill hole E-1, JDniwetok, 980--990 

ft; early Miocene (Tertiary f) . USNM 650616. 

19, 20. Oapulus (Krebsia) aff. C. liberatus-Pease (p. 55). 

Length 1.7 mm, X 28. Drill hole 2B, Bikini, 1,891- 1,902 ft ; 

early Miocene (Tertiary e). USNM 648451. 

21. Oapulus ( Krebsia) sp. A ( p. 55). 

Length 6.1 mm, X 8. Station FB-20, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f) . USNM 650601. 

22-24. Oapulus (Krebsia) sp. B (p. 55). 

Length 2.0 mm, X 12. Drill hole F-1, Eniwetok, 850--860 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648452. 

25. X enophora sp. B ( p. 55) . 

Height 5 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 17728, Saipan; Tagpochau 

Limestone; Miocene. USNM 648453. 

26. Tugurium ewutum (Reeve) (p. 55). 

Diameter 40.9 mm, X 1. Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) . U SNM 6504 72. 
GEOLOGICAL SU HVE Y PROFESSIONA L PAP EH 532 PLATE 14 

2 

5 

9 

12 

13 

10 11 16 

14 

17 

~ 

15 .. , _ 

18 

20 

22 

24 

HIPPONICIDAE, CAPULIDAE, AND XENOPHORIDAE 

462 - 678 0 - 72 - 8 
PLATE 15 

FIGURE 1. Varicospira afl'. l'. crispata (Sowerby) (p. 56). 

Height 30.5 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 17713, Urukthapel, Palau; 

possibly Miocene. U SNM 648454. 

2, 3. 'l'ibi a (Tibia) powisii modest a (Martin) ( p. 56). 

Length 31.2 mm and 19.6 mm, both X 2. Station B-107 (= 817), Vanua Levu, 

Fiji; Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 648455 and 650617, respectively. 

4. Terebellum ( T e1·ebellurn) terebellurn ( Linnaeus) ( p. 57). 

Length 35.5 mm, X 1.5. USGS loc. 17724, Saipan; Tagpochau 

Limestone (Miocene). USNM 648456. 

5, 6. Strornbtls (Laevi .qtrombus) canarium Linnaeus (p. 57). 

Length 50.0 mm, X 1. USGS loc. 24794, Maewo, New Hebrides; 

Pleistocene. USNM 650583. 

7. Strombus ('l'ricornis) aff. S. thersites Swainson (p. 58). 

Length 83.4 mm, X 1. Station L-389, Lakemba, Fiji ; Futuna Limestone; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). Univ. Rochester 13, 059. 

8, 9. Strornbus ( Canarium) urceus Linnaeus ( p. 58). 

Length 25.5 mm, X 3. Malekula, New Hebrides; Pliocene. 

Rene Abrard's specimen. 

10--15. Strornbus (Canarium) mutabilis Swainson (p. 58). 

10, H. Length H .9 mm, X 4. Station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; 

probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 648462. 

12, 13. Length 13.9 mm, X 4. Station HOB, Vanua Mbalavu, Fiji; 

_probably Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 648463. 

14, 15. Length 20.3 mm, X 2. Cabras Island, Guam; Mariana 

Limestone; probably Pleistocene. USNM 648461. 

16, 17. Strombus (Canariurn) cf. S. tragilis (ROding) (p. 59). 

Length 19.3 mm, X 3. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 925-936 ft ; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g) . U SNM 648464. 

PLATE 16 

FIGURES 1-4. Strombus (Tricornis) maa:imus Martin (p. 57). 

1. Apertural view. Length 200 mm, X 0.67. USGS loc. 21290, Auluptagel, 

Palau; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648457. 

2-4. Rear and lateral views. About X 0.45. 

5- 7. St1·ombus (Canarium) sp. B (p. 59). 

Length 31.5 mm, X 2. Station L-389, Lakemba, Fiji; Futuna Formation; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f) . USNM 648465. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 16 

3 

STROMBIDAE 
PLATE 17 

FIGURES 1, 2. Str-ombus (Tr-icor-nis) sp. A (p. 58). 

Length 126 mm, X 1. USGS loc. 21592, Guam; Alifan Limestone ; 

late Miocene or Pliocene (Tertiary g or h). U SNM 648460. 

3-6. Stmmbus (Dolomena) plicatus pttlcheUus Reeve (p. 59). 

3, 4. Length 22.5 mm, X 3. Rene Abrard's specimen ; 

Malekula, New Hebrides; Pliocene. 

5, 6. Length 33.6 mm, X 2. Station 817, Vanua Levu, Fiji ; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). USNM 648466. 

7. St1·ombus (Dolomena) variabilis athenius Duclos (p. 60). 

Apical view, diameter 24.5 mm, X 1.5. USGS Joe. 20537, Guam; Mariana 

Limestone; Pliocene (Tertiary h) or Pleistocene. USNM 648467. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER .132 PLATE 17 

STROMBIDAE 
PLATE 18 

FIGURES 1, 2. fHrombus ( Dolomena) va1'iabilis at hen ius Duclos ( p. 60). 

Length 38.5 mm, X 1.5. USGS loc. 20537, Guam; Mariana Limestone; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h). or Pleistocene. USNM 648467. 

3, 4. Strom bus ( Dolomena) minimus mino1· Abrard ( p. 60). 

Length 28 mm, X 3. Rene Abrard's type specimen, Malekula, 

New Hebrides; Pliocene. 

5-8. Strombus (Lentigo) micklei Ladd, n. sp. (p. 60). 

5, 6. Holotype, length 35.5 mrn, X 1.5. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 925-935.5 ft; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648468. 

7, 8. Paratype, length 44.5 mm, X 1.5. From same core and 

interval as holotype. USNM 648469. 

9. St1·ombus (Lentigo) cf. S. preoccupatus Finlay ( p. 61). 

Length 90.6 mm, X 1. USGS loc. 20535, Guam, Talisay Member of Alifan 

Limestone; late Miocene (Tertiary !J). USNM 648471. 

10, 11. Strombus (Lentigo) sp. 0 ( p. 61). 

Length 22.6 mm, X 1.5. Drill hole 2A, Bikini, 925-935.5 ft ; 

late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648470. 

12-14. St·rombus (Euprotomus) vomer hawaiensis Pilsbry (p. 61). 

Length 32.3 mm, X 1.5. Station F-2311, Viti Levu, Fiji; 

probably Miocene. USNM 648472. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 18 

8 

9 

10 

STROMBIDAE 
PLATE 19 

FIGURE 1. Strombus (Lentigo) Cf. S. preoccupatus Finlay (p. 61). 

Part of spire, X 4. USGS Joe. 20535, Guam, Talisay Member of Alifan 

Formation; late Miocene (Tertiary g). USNM 648471. 

2, 3. Strombus (Oonomurex) luhuanus Linnaeus (p. 61). 

Length 41.4 mm, X 1. Guam, USGS Joe. 20626; Mariana Limestone; 

Pliocene (Tertiary h) or Pleistocene. USNM 648473. 

4--8. -Btrombus ( Gib berulus) praegib berulus Abrard ( p. 62). 

From Nua River, Island of Malekula, New Hebrides; Pliocene. 

4. Type, length 35 mm, X 2. 

5-8. Two other specimens, X 4. 

9. Strombus (Gibberulus) gibberulus gibbosus (Roding) (p. 62). 

Length 28.8 mm, X 2. Drill hole A-1, Eniwetok, 136.5-138 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 648474. 

10. Lambis (Lambis) lambis (Linnaeus) (p. 63). 

Diameter 103 mm, X 1. USGS Joe. 21028, Espiritu Santo Island, New 

Hebrides; probably not older than Pleistocene. USNM 648477. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 19 

1 

4 5 

6 

STROMBIDAE 
PLATE 20 

FIGURES 1-3. Strombus (Gibberulus) gibbemlus gibbosus (Ri:iding) (p. 62). 

1. Length 28.8 mm, X 2. Drill hole A-1, Eniwetok, 136.5-138 ft; 

Holocene. USNM 648474. 

2, 3. Length 49.8 mm, X 2. USGS loc. 20730, Guam; Agana Member of 

Mariana Limestone; Pliocene or Pleistocene. USNM 648476. 

4. Lambis (Lambis) lambis (Linnaeus) (p. 63). 

Length 155 mm, X 0.7. USGS loc. 21028, Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides; 

probably not older than Pleistocene. USNM 648477. 

5, 6. Lambis (Lambis) cf. L.lambis (Linnaeus) (p. 63). 

Length 92.1 mm, X 1. Station L-493, Lakemba, Fiji; 

early Miocene (Tertiary f). USNM 648478. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 532 PLATE 20 

3 

4 5 

STROMBIDAE