NBSIR 73-195 (R)

Criteria for Compliance Assurance

Agencies for iiHanufactured Building

One and Two Family Dwelling Systems and Components

J. 0. Bryson, A. A. Camacho, B. M. Vogel

Project LEAP

Office of Building Standards and Codes Services

Center for Building Technology. lAT

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

April 1973

Preliminary Report

Prepared for National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards

NBSIR 73-195

CRITERIA FOR COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE

AGENCIES FOR MANUFACTURED BUILDING

One and Two Family Dwelling Systems and Components

J. 0. Bryson, A. A. Camacho, B. M. Vogel

Project LEAP

Office of Building Standards and Codes Services

Center for Building Technology, lAT

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

April 1973

Preliminary Report

This report is to be superseded by a future publication which will receive general distribution and should be cited as a reference.

Please consult the NBS Office of Technical Information and

Publications to obtain the paper citation.

Prepared for National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

WATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts, Director
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL 2

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY APPROACH 6

1.3 STUDY OF CURRENT COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE FUNCTIONS 7

1 .4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ' 8

2.0 THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE FUNCTION 12

2.1 INTRODUCTION 12

2.2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE PROGRAM 13

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE PROGRAM 14

2.3.1 ORGANIZATION 14

2.3.2 INSPECTION PROCEDURES 16

2.3.3 INSPECTION DOCUMENTS 18

2.3.4 INSPECTION FORMS AND REPORTS 20

2.3.5 DEFICIENT CONSTRUCTION 22

2.3.6 INSPECTION FREQUENCY 22

3.0 REQUIREMENTS AND CRITERIA FOR THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE AGENCY

3.1 INTRODUCTION 26

3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENT AND CRITERIA 28

3.3 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT AND CRITERIA 29

3.3.1 MANAGER 29

3.3.2 INSPECTOR SUPERVISOR 30

3.3.3 INSPECTOR 34

1
4.0 IDENTIFICATION OF FURTHER RESEARCH 36

4.1 INTRODUCTION 37

4.2 INSPECTION SAMPLING FREQUENCY 38

4.3 CORRECTING DISCREPANCIES 38

4.4 TRANSPORTATION AND INSTALLATION PHASE 40

APPENDIX A - BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE COMPLIANCE CONTROL PROGRAM 42

1. ORGANIZATION 42

2. IDENTIFICATION OF UNITS AND RECORD KEEPING

ACTIVITIES 43

:] 3. FABRICATION TASKS DESCRIPTIONS 44

4. PURCHASING, CONTROL AND STORAGE OF MATERIAL AND

EQUIPMENT 44

5. CONTROL OF FABRICATION DRAWINGS 45

6. PRODUCTION VERIFICATION MEASUREMENTS 46

' 7. DEFICIENT CONSTRUCTION 46

APPENDIX B - THIS IS LEAP . 48

APPENDIX C - TYPICAL INSPECTOR CHECKLIST .66

1. GENERAL 66

2. ORGANIZATION 66

3. WOOD STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CHECKLIST 74

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ABSTRACT

Criteria are proposed by which participating institutions may

be judged for their capability to perform the Compliance Assurance

Function in the evaluation and regulation of manufactured one and

two family dwellings and components, including mobile homes. The

criteria are intended as guidelines for objective examination of

applicant, public or private, institutions who desire to serve as

designees of a state government to conduct and supervise the Compliance Assurance Program for manufactured building units or components. Based on a study of the state-of-the-art and current

model enabling legislation, a description of the required compliance

assurance activities is provided as a basis for proposing a level

of capability acceptable to the states. Appendices describe proposed

institutional mechanisms and provide supporting information and forms.

Adoption of the proposed criteria, in a national standard developed

by the ASTM E32 Committee, could provide the states with a basis for

informal reciprocity of institutional accreditations and of buildingevaluation findings.

iii

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

1.1 GENERAL

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY APPROACH

1.3 STUDY OF CURRENT COMPLIANCE

ASSURANCE FUNCTIONS

1.4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1
1.1 GENERAL

Building technology is changing rapidly; one manifestation of

this is the increased industrialized production of a wide range of

complex construction components and assemblies. Factory produced

building systems often involve innovative processes not specifically

described in the applicable building code and for which traditional

field experience provides little guidance for the building official.

Moreover, they may also be fabricated beyond the legal jurisdiction

of the installation site. As a result, the local building official's

technical evaluation of manufactured buildings for code compliance may

be difficult, and may entail trips to distant factories for prototype

examination and periodic production line inspections.

The National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards

(NCSBCS), formed in 1967 to consider problems of building regulation,

has suggested that the states may utilize the services and facilities

of qualified public or private institutions to provide building analyses,

testing and inspections. To aid the several states in implementing such

a process, a Department of Commerce Special Working Group^ , initiated by

the Office of Building Standards and Codes Services, CBT. _develoDed model

legislation under the title of Model Manufactured Building Act and the

related (but separate) Rules and Regulations.

IdoC Special Working Group No. 1 was composed of representatives from

National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards, National

Association of Building Manufacturers, Building Officials and Code

Administrators International, Inc., International Conference of Building

Officials, Southern Building Code Congress, U.S. Department of Commerce,

and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

-2-
To facilitate an appropriate degree of intra - and inter-state

reciprocity regarding building system evaluations made through use of

either public or private institutions, the states may wish to utilize

an accreditation program for such institutions. For the purpose of this

accreditation, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) was asked by NCSBCS

to develop criteria by which participating institutions may be judged for

their capability to perform identified building-evaluation functions,

and further, to develop procedures for an examining agency to use in

determining if the criteria are met. To this end, NBS instituted a

research project identified as the Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation

Program (LEAP). The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has

been asked by NCSBCS to develop consensus standards for examining such

institutions based on the Project LEAP findings.

For accreditation purposes. Project LEAP has divided the buildingevaluation services, that may be performed by accredited agencies, into

three distinct functions; analysis, testing and compliance assurance.

These functional terms are defined below. Additionally, for the purposes

of this report, the term Agency designates the accredited or approved

status of a public or private institution to act asan agent of the

state in the regulation of manufactured building, (e.g. Compliance

Assurance Agency performs the Compliance Assurance Function for the state.)

(1) Analysis is the process that includes analytical

examination and review of design and test documents

using professional judgment and experience, to

determine whether a proposed manufactured building

or component conforms to applicable codes and

standards.

3
The Analysis Function is the same as the Evaluation

function defined in the Model Manufactured Building Act*

and has also been referred to by ASTM E32 as Engineering Analysis and Systems Analysis.

(2) Testing is the process whereby the engineering properties

claimed for manufactured buildings or components are

validated by using appropriate standard test methods

or other approved physical simulations based on recognized

engineering principles.

(3) Compliance Assurance is the process of evaluation of the

manufacturer's compliance control program in conjunction

with full-time or periodic monitoring, surveillance or

audit implemented to provide objective evidence that

manufactured buildings or components conform to the

approved design drawings and specifications.

Compliance Assurance relates to the Inspection Agency

function as defined in the Model Manufactured Building

Act, and has also been variously referred to as Quality

Analysis and Quality Control. A Compliance Assurance

Manual is prepared and the program is implemented through

the Compliance Assurance function and approved under the

Analysis Function of the Act.

The Compliance Control Program is a manufacturer's

system, including directly related quality and process

controls, for assuring compliance with applicable codes

4
and standards. A Compliance Control Document is prepared and the program implemented by the manufacturer

and reviewed under the Compliance Assurance Function.

The Compliance Control Document is incorporated into

the Compliance Assurance Manual.

In approaching this study, it was necessary to establish the

criteria for the Compliance Assurance Function in relationship to

the expected services to be performed, as identified by a study of

the state-of-the-art and by the Model Manufactured Building Act and

its related Rules and Regulations. Therefore, a comprehensive description of the services to be rendered by a model Compliance Assurance Agency is included in the report as a basis for defining an

acceptable level of performance. The report is presented in four

parts:

1. Introduction

2. Compliance Assurance Function

3. Requirements and Criteria for the Compliance Assurance Agency

4. Identification of Further Research

Part I serves as an introduction supplying background for the

document. Part 2 identifies the activities and functions of a Compliance Assurance Agency. Based on the identified activities and functions,

Part 3 details the requirements and criteria for applicants proposing

to serve as Compliance Assurance Agencies. Part 4 identifies those

areas that need further study.

5
I An overview of a proposed institutional mechanism for accreditations and for reciprocity of building-evaluations is presented in

Appendix B, "This is LEAP". Other appendices provide suggested

inspector checklist and the typical compliance control activities

of a manufacturer.

This report on the Compliance Assurance Function is one of a

series prepared for NCSBCS by Project LEAP, Center for Building

Technology* Institute for Applied Technology, NBS. The report is

based partly on a study performed for NBS by John C. Dunlap under

NBS contract No. 2-35941. The conclusions and recommendations included here are not necessarily those of the contractor.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY APPROACH

The objective of this report, prepared for the National Conference

of States on Building Codes and Standards (NCSBCS) by the Center for

Building Technology, National Bureau of Standards, is to develop the

criteria for determining an organization's capability to perform the

ompliance ssurance Function in the regulation of manufactured

building. The Compliance Assurance Function, in general terms, is

the activity that monitors the manufacturer's Compliance Control

Program so as to assure that the manufactured building has been manufactured in accordance with the previously approved plans and specifications

by the Analysis Agency, and therefore, is in compliance with those codes

and standards.

To identify the requirements and develop the criteria for determining

the characteristics of an organization to carry out any activity s that

activity itself must first be analyzed and understood. From such an

6
understanding, it becomes possible to derive the organization's

necessary characteristics. The study approach utilized in the

development of this document included:

(1) A study of current Compliance Assurance Function

activities

(2) Identification of appropriate activities, requirements

and criteria of the Compliance Assurance Agency.

1.3 STUDY OF CURRENT COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE FUNCTIONS

A study of industrialized housing producers, NBS contract No.

2-35491^, revealed that the type of inspection and construction

control program most widely in use contains two levels of inspection

effort: that provided by the employees of the manufacturer on a

continual basis, and that provided by an agency independent of the

manufacturer. The stated objective of these two levels of inspection

is the production of manufactured buildings that are in accordance

with applicable codes and standards.

While the manufacturer is responsible for controlling the product quality, for offering for acceptance only those units that conform

to applicable codes and standards^ and for providing and maintaining

substantiating evidence of this conformance, it is the responsibility

of the Compliance Assurance Agency, to provide surveillance or

monitoring of the manufacturer's Compliance Control Program in order

Report by John C. Dunlap titled, "Inspection and Construction Control

of Industrialized Housing."

7
to obtain objective evidence of the mode of construction utilized

in order to determine whether or not that construction is in

accordance with the approved plans.

1.4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

The following terms wherever used or referred to in this document

shall have the following meanings, unless a different meaning is

clearly indicated by the context.

ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION - An inspection to ascertain that a

particular building component or material conforms to the

drawings and specifications or specified visual and performance requirements.

ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY - "Administrative Agency" means

(Name of Agency) , which is charged with

the administration of a State Manufactured Building Act.

AGENCY - Designates the accredited or approved status of an

institution to act as an agent of the state in the regulation

of manufactured building, (e.g. Compliance Assurance Agency

performs the Compliance Assurance function.

)

ANALYSIS - Is the approval process which includes analytical

examination and review of design and test documents using

professional judgment and experience, to determine whether

a proposed manufactured building or component is in conformity

with applicable codes and standards.

Note: Analysis relates to the Evaluation Agency Function as

8
defined in the Model Manufactured Building Act, and

has also been variously referred to as Engineering

Analysis and Systems Analysis.

COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE - Is the process of evaluation of the

manufacturer's Compliance Control program, in conjunction

with monitoring, surveillance or audit, implemented to provide objective evidence that manufactured buidlings or components conform to the approved design drawings and specifications.

Note: 1. Compliance Assurance relates to the Inspection

Agency function as defined in the Model Manufactured Building Act, and has also been

variously referred to as Quality Analysis and

Quality Control . The Compliance Assurance Document

(Manual) is prepared and the program implemented

by the Compliance Assurance Function and approved

by the Analysis Function under the Model Manufactured Building Act. .

2. Compliance Control Program is the manufacturer's

system including directly related quality and

process controls, for assuring compliance with

applicable codes and standards. After the Compliance Control Manual is prepared and the program

implemented by the manufacturer, and approved under

the Compliance Assurance Function.

9
3. Agency designates the accredited or approved

status of an institution to act as an agent of

the state in the regulation of manufactured

building. (e»g^ Compliance Assurance Agency

performs the Compliance Assurance Function.)

CRITERIA - Limits establishing the minimum satisfactory

embodiment of requirements.

ENGINEER - One who has general knowledge of the basic

principles, theories and practice in a given field of

engineering such as may be acquired through completion

of a full engineering curriculum leading to a Bachelor's

degree from an accredited college or university or through

training equivalent in type, scope and thoroughness.

INSPECTION - The process of measuring, examining or otherwise

comparing the manufactured building or component with specified requirements.

INSTITUTION - Any candidate organization, government or private

profit-making or non profit-making, for accreditation in any or

all of the building evaluation functions of testing, analysis,

and compliance assurance.

REQUIREMENTS - Knowledge, skill or judgment needed to perform

the Compliance Assurance tasks.

TESTING - Is the process used to validate the engineering

properties claimed for manufactured building or components,

by using appropriate standard test methods or other approved

physical simulations based on recognized engineering principles.

10
PART 2 THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE FUNCTION

CONTENTS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 BASIC FACTORS OF THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE PROGRAM

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE PROGRAM

2.3.1 ORGANIZATION

2.3.2 INSPECTION PROCEDURES

2.3.3 INSPECTION DOCUMENTS

2.3.4 INSPECTION FORMS AND REPORTS

2.3.5 DEFICIENT CONSTRUCTION

2.3.6 INSPECTION FREQUENCY

n
PART 2 THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE FUNCTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Compliance Assurance Agency Is responsible for the development of a compliance assurance program which, when put into affect,

will assure that the manufactured buildings, as they are completed

at the site of manufacture, will be in compliance with the approved

building system documents. An understanding of the elements of the

manufacturer's Compliance Control Program is essential for identifying

the activities of the Compliance Assurance Agency. While a complete

description of these elements is contained in the Appendix A, it is

necessary to identify them at this point as a basis for establishing

an acceptable level of criteria for the Compliance Assurance Agency.

The Compliance Control Program must provide for the following

elements:

1. An organization identifying one person responsible for

the overall administration and functioning of the program.

2. A method of identifying the units produced and the inspections made on each unit.

3. The development of fabrication task descriptions identifying the items to be checked at the various stages of

manufacturers.

4. The development and use of material lists and descriptions

to assure that only approved materials and equipment are

purchased and used.

12
5. Development of a method for the control and storage of

materials and equipment to be Incorporated in the manufacture of each unit.

6. A method for controlling the use of fabrication drawings to

assure that only approved drawings are used in the construction.

7. Development of methods for making product verification

measurements.

8. Procedures for corrective actions for deficient construction

and materials.

In order to fully understand the magnitude of the tasks and

requirements that are the responsibility of the Compliance Assurance

Agency it is necessary to describe the elements of a viable compliance

assurance program. Once these elements are set fourth. Part 3 of this

document will identify the specific requirements and criteria needed

for a model candidate agency to have in order for it to have the

capability to perform those identified elements of a viable compliance

assurance program.

2.2 BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE PROGRAM

The typical Compliance Assurance program has two basic elements

that must be considered in structuring the program. The first is that

the inspection provided by the compliance assurance inspector is on a

periodic basis, determined by the manufacturing rate and the demonstrated

efficiency of the manufacturer's compliance control Program. Secondly,

13
the individual employed as a compliance assurance inspector is

responsible for the inspection of all aspects of the construction

of the industrialized housing unit, and in addition, these inspectors

are not required to possess a significant degree of technical expertise.

(See Section 3.2.3 for detailed requirements and criteria.)

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE PROGRAM

The following are the characteristics a compliance assurance

program should possess to accomplish its intended purpose.

2.3.1 ORGANIZATION

The administrative element of a compliance assurance program

should be structured so the decisions that the Individual inspector makes

are limited. This can best be done by providing detailed administrative procedures to be followed by the inspector, including inspection

scheduling, the completion and submission of inspection reports and the

extent of inspection to be provided under varying conditions. Inspection scheduling should be performed at the program management level,

so that inspection dates for a specific producer can be varied, and

at least in some instances, be on an unannounced basis. The scheduling

program shall demonstrate provisions for covering the responsibilities

of inspectors who become unavailable due to illness, vacation, etc.

Where an agency inspects more than one manufacturing facil ity, inspectors maybe assigned on a relatively infrequent^ but regular basis

to inspect the production at a facility normally inspected by another

compliance assurance inspector.

14

I
The administrative element should develop and maintain a system

of reporting forms and a method for their maintenance, including a

formalized method for the review and analysis of inspection reports

and the compilation and comparison of inspection statistics. To

facilitate the direction of inspection effort, procedures should be

established whereby inspection reports shall be submitted within a

specified and limited period following the inspection, and are reviewed by the program management as soon as possible following their

receipt.

The administrative program should include established procedures

to be followed when deficiencies are found in the operations of either

the Compliance Assurance or Compliance Control Programs. These procedures shall provide for remedial and preventive action to be taken

immediately when such discrepancies are found, including the correction

or refinement of inspection documents, the upgrading of inspector capabilities, or the increase in inspection effort, and where necessary,

preventing the movement of improperly constructed units from the production facility.

The Compliance Assurance Program should include a person responsible

for the immediate supervision of the compliance assurance inspectors.

The specific requirements and criteria for the inspector supervisor

are detailed in Part 3 of this document. In summary, this person should

possess a high level of technical expertise with regard to the types of

construction involved, including knowledge of the governing codes and

standards pertinent to construction materials, equipment and methods.

15
He should be fully knowl edgabl e regarding the documents pertaining

to each type of unit inspected by the people he supervises, the

production testing procedures, and the program administrative procedures. The activities of the inspector supervisor are discussed

in subsequent sections.

2.3.2 INSPECTION PROCEDURES

The inspection procedures should be structured to provide the

inspector with detailed directions regarding the performance of the

inspection functions, and to specifically establish the extent of

inspection effort to be applied. The inspection documents prepared

by the Compliance Assurance Agency's inspector supervisor should

include an inspection checklist* detailing the items to be inspected

at each step in the fabrication process. This list should be keyed to

the sources of the information the inspector is to follow in determining whether the construction complies with the approved documents.

With respect to the degree of inspection, the procedures should establish the number of items to be inspected to determine that a particular

system in an individual unit is properly constructed. Both the detail

and degree of inspection shall be reflected by the inspection report

forms.

*See Appendix C for a typical checklist.

16
Because the Compliance Assurance Program does not necessarily

include the inspection of each unit produced, one of the primary

functions of the compliance assurance inspections is to ensure that

the Compliance Control Program operated by the manufacturer's employees

is effective. To accomplish this end, as part of his regular inspection

activities, the inspection procedures should require the inspector to

sample inspect systems previously signed-off by the manufacturer's

employees under the procedures of the Compliance Control Program as

being properly constructed. He should also observe the production

verification measurements as performed by the employees responsible

for that function.

The activities of the inspectors should be monitored on a regular

basis by the compliance assurance inspection supervisor. This inspection should include an independent verification inspection by the

supervisor of items previously checked by the inspector, utilizing

the inspection forms and procedures used by that inspector. The

completed forms should be forwarded to Compliance Assurance Agency

headquarters for review and assessment by the management, wfitch

should also review the operation and records produced by the Compliance

Control Program.

The review of the manufacturer's Compliance Control Program by both

the compliance assurance inspector, and the inspector supervisor

during the monitoring inspection, should include the review of the compliance control records to determine that such records are being kept

for each unit produced by checking them against the listing of serial

17
numbers of the units produced since his last inspection, and a sunmation

of the deficiencies found through the compliance control procedures as

reflected by the inspection records, and the remedial actions taken.

The compliance control review should include the checking of the control

and review of fabrication or shop drawings, the use and correctness of

the fabrication task descriptions, and should verify that the compliance

control records are being completed as the unit systems are being constructed and tested rather than after the actual fact and based on

opinion rather than observation.

The engineers employed or retained by the Compliance Assurance

Agency should monitor the construction control programs in at least

a representative number of production facilities. The extent of this

review should be sufficient to determine both the structure of the

Compliance Control and that the Compliance Assurance Program provides

for the production of manufactured building units in compliance with

the governing laws.

2.3.3 INSPECTION DOCUMENTS

The documents furnished the compliance assurance inspector are of

two basic types: those that have been approved by the Analysis Agency

and delineate the construction as it should be accomplished (approval

documents), and those that serve to direct the activities of the inspector in determining that the actual construction complies with the

approved drawings. These latter documents are also a part of the

approval documents.

18
The approval documents typically include the plans and specifications, and the Compliance Assurance Documents (Manual). In the

preparation and evaluation of these documents, full cognizance must be

taken of the capabilities and knowledge of the inspector. The information

as presented by such documents as typically prepared for on-site construction is not sufficient. This is particularly true with respect

to information contained in the governing codes or standards that pertains to installation procedures or tolerances, and is not repeated on

the drawings or in the specifications. The volume of such information

is not great with respect to a specific building system, and the cost

of its inclusion in these documents is more than offset by the reduced

inspection costs that result from the use of one individual to inspect

all aspects of the construction.

The compliance assurance inspector should not utilize the shop

drawings prepared by the manufacturer as a source of information to

determine the correctness of the construction since inspections should

be made on the basis of the information contained In the approval

documents.

A key element in the Compliance Assurance Program is the inspection checklist. This document should be organized with a section for

each station in the manufacturing -process, with a listing of each

specific item to be inspected at that station. The listing of inspection items shall be keyed, as specifically as practicable, to the

information in the approval documents that depitts the construction

of that item. The inspection checklist should treat the storage and

19
control of matertafs prior to thetr incorporation Into the construction,

in this same detail . The inspection checklist, in conjunction with

the inspection procedures, should serve to control both the detail and

degree of the compliance assurance activities.

2.3.4 INSPECTION FORMS AND REPORTS

Inspection forms utilized by the compliance assurance inspector

should contain an entry of the manufacturer's serial number for the

building unit that incorporated the element or system being inspected,

the date of inspection, and a reference as to whether the element had

been signed-off through the Compliance Control Program prior to his

inspection. The inspection form should follow the organization of the

inspection checklist and be keyed to it. The format of this form

should be such that improperly constructed items or deficient materials

or components may be succinctly and clearly identified. The use of a

numbering system for inspection items 1n structuring the inspection list,

and the coordinated us of this system in identifying discrepancies can

facilitate both the inspector's activities and the treatment and use of

this information in compil ing data useful in directing the inspection

effort. The inspection form should be the control in the inspection process. Units should not be permitted to be removed from the manufacturer's

plant until this form has been completed and indicated the unit is properly

constructed. The original inspection form, and the description of the

actions taken to correct all discrepancies noted on the form should remain

as permanent records, with copies retained by both the manufacturer and the

Compliance Assurance Agency.

20
The inspection system should include a method of identifying

deficient construction to the fabrication personnel so that improper

construction is not covered up by subsequent fabricating activities.

A workable method to accomplish this is the use of colored tags that

may be attached to the deficient item. (If similar tags are used in

the Compliance Control Program, they should be of a different color,)

These tags should be serialized so that their numbers may be entered

on the inspection form coincident with the discrepancy notation. The

tag should remain until the deficiency is properly corrected. In the

other instances, because the compliance assurance inspector is not

continually in the plant, the person responsible for signing-off the

particular item under the procedures of the Compliance Control Program

should be permitted to remove the tag following the approved remedial

action, and should note the action 9n the compl iance. control record for

that unit.

The compliance assurance inspector should file a report on his

inspection as soon as practicable following the inspection. This

effort can be facilitated through the use of standardized reporting

procedures and forms. This report should include the individual inspection reports completed during the inspection, an accounting of the

total units produced by the manufacturer in the interval between

inspections and the point to which they were shipped and a report on

the functioning of the Compliance Control Program.

21
2.3.5 DEFICIENT CONSTRUCTION

With the exception of items that may be easily replaced or repaired,

procedures should be established for the treatment of deficient construction. Although it may not be possible to specifically cover all the

cases that may occur, well defined guidelines should be established

limiting the type of repair or rework permitted to that which will result

in the production of construction as delineated by the approval documents.

The procedures to be followed with respect to deficient construction

should set specific requirements, within defined limits, for the investigation of units produced prior to the discovery of the deficiency by the

compliance assurance inspector. This back-tracking procedure should

include reliance on such items as the certification date, and in the case

of deficient material or components, material storage and control records.

These procedures should establish conditions under which the

Compliance Assurance Agency management must be consulted to

determine actions to be taken with respect to deficient construction.

Examples of such conditions would be where rework would result in possible damage to regulated materials, or would result in alternate construction to that approved; or the deficiency involves a substantial number

of building units.

2.3.6 INSPECTION FREQUENCY

As noted in Appendix A on the Compliance Control Program, this program, operated by the manufacturer, should include the review of every

unit produced. But If this program can be demonstrated to Be operating

22
effectively, it is reasonable that the inspections by the Compliance

Assurance Agency be on a periodic basis.*

The practice of some agencies, which may serve as a general guide,

is to require the inspector to inspect 100% of the first ten units produced by a manufacturer coming on the program. If these inspections

indicate that the Compliance Control Program functions effectively,

the Compliance Assurance Agency inspection frequency is reduced to

25% of the units constructed with the interval between inspections

two weeks maximum. Otherwise, the inspection frequency must remain

at 100% until the Compliance Control Program is demostrated to be

effective. The occurrence of substantial deficiencies where the independent inspection effort has been reduced is cause for return to

full inspection.**

Regardless of the reduced inspection frequency adopted for a

Compliance Assurance Program, the conditions requiring the increase of

the inspection effort shall be formally established. The conditions

warranting such action are those where a compliance assurance inspector

discovers units that have been signed-off under the Compliance Control

Program and contain deficiencies that are hazards to life safety; the

compliance control effort has permitted the production of a significant

number of units containing lesser deficiencies, or the records required

*See Part IV for a discussion on the need for further study of

inspection frequency.

**The recommendations in this paragraph reflect current state-of-the-art

as reported by project consultants.

23
as part of the Compliance Control Program are not being properly

completed or maintained

The same general approach should be taken with respect to the

monitoring inspections provided by the compliance assurance inspector

supervisor. With regard to a properly functioning Compliance Assurance

Program, the inspector supervisor should perform a complete monitoring

inspection in at least one plant producing each type of construction

inspected by an individual inspector, at least once every three months.

This frequency should be increased under the same conditions cited in

the previous paragraph, and in addition, for those cases where a new

inspector is employed or an inspector is assigned duties pertaining

to a type of construction he had not qualified for previously.

24
Part 3 REQUIREMENTS AND CRITERIA

FOR THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE AGENCY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENT AND CRITERIA

3.3 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT AND CRITERIA

3.3.1 MANAGER

3.3.2 SUPERVISOR

3.3.3 INSPECTOR

25
PART 3 REQUIREMENTS AND CRITERIA FOR THE COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE AGENCY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The basic organizational structure for candidate Compliance

Assurance Agencies should provide a setting whereby qualified in-plant

compliance assurance inspectors are adequately supervised in their

day-to-day duties and are supported by authoritative technical and

administrative expertise. These organizational relationships are depicted by the chart of a typical organization (See Figure 1). The

degree to which this typical structure is applicable to a particular

agency, however, must be commensurated with the size and scope of

operations of the agency.

The studies forming the background to this report indicate that

agencies performing compliance assurance functions must have strong

program management and administrative and technical procedures for the

in-plant compliance assurance inspector. These procedures were dej^

scribed in Part 2 of this document. In this part, the requirements

and criteria for the persofinel involved in the optimal operation of

the Compliance Assurance Program are presented.

26
REPRESENTATIVE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE AGENCY

AGENCY MANAGEMENT

INSPECTOR

SUPERVISOR

NON-TECHNICAL

SUPPORT PERSONNEL

IN-PLANT

COMPLIANCE

ASSURANCE

INSPECTORS

Figure 1

27
GENERAL REQUIREMENT AND CRITERIA

Requirement - Provide physical , admtnistrattve and financial

framework for successfully managing the Compliance

Assurance Function.

Criteria - A. Facilities - Provide adequate facilities to

house and support technical personnel, including

1. Conference space for use of entire evaluation team and meetings with applicants

2. Space and facilities for plan checking

3. Equipment for calculations and for

checking of calculations

4. A complete technical library

5. Equipment for typing reports and

correspondence

6. Storage facilities for correspondence

and reports

B. Support Staff - Provide adequate secretarial,

administrative and managerial staff to support

the activities of technical personnel

C. Information - Provide effective methods for

keeping the professional staff technologically

current

D. Financial Capability - Demonstrate the availability of adequate financial resources to

support the required facilities, staff and

activities

28
E. Conflict of Interest - Provide positive evidence of a

total absence of potential financial conflict of interest

3.3 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENT AND CRITERIA

3.3.1 MANAGER

Requirements

The Compliance Assurance Agency manager must:

1. Be capable of formulating and structuring the

inspection program.

2. Be capable of reviewing ongoing compliance

assurance activities for adequacy.

3. Be capable of identifying technical problems of

most difficult nature for resolution by the

Analysis Agency.

4. Be knowledgable in technical requirements of

codes and standards.

5. Have knowledge of administrative procedures.

6. Have knowledge of inspection procedures.

7. Have knowledge of the Analysis Agency review procedures .

8. Have knowledge of responsibilities and functions

of individual inspectors and supervisors.

Criteria

A. Education

Bachelor's degree in Engineering or equivalent in training.

29
Experience

1. Five years in building construction of which 2 years

shall be in manufactured building and in addition

2. Two years experience in building design.

3.3.2 SUPERVISOR

Task -1. Training of inspectors.

2. Assess and develop checklists from the following

aspects of the Manufacturer's Compliance Control

^ ... , Document relative to the product's code compliance:

A. Integrity of Raw Material Supply - Verification

of methods for acceptance or rejection of

. ^ ^ incoming materials for damage and compliance

with purchase documents.

B. Integrity of Raw Material Storage and Handling -

Verification that equipment and facilities for

storage and handling of raw materials has been

provided for. Storage facilities should provide

weatherproof space for materials that may be

damaged by weather and materials whose moisture

content must be controlled.

C. Assembly/Fabrication - Checking of fabrication

or assembly sequence for appropriateness of

inspection locations. Develop checkl ist for

30
Inspector's use, flagging items of importance,

such as fabrication check, materials approved

and the like (see Appendix C for exairple) . Verification that systems are not covered prior

to any required test or inspection. The system

should be reviewed for the appropriate means

of replacing or repairing unacceptable materials

to control damage or disassembly of previously

accepted portions.

D. Product Storage and Handling - The method of

storage and handling accepted products prior to

shipment must be reviewed for adequacy. The

method of weatherproofing units to be stored

outside, the means of transporting the units

from the assembly area to the storage area, and

the ongoing means of rechecking the product's

integrity during storage must be checked.

Using:

A. Approved Design and Shop (fabrication)

Drawings - The design drawings are part of the

product description documents approved by the

Analysis Agency.

B. Specifications and Manufacturer's Literature -

Specifications other thah those approved with

the product description documents and other

manufacturer's literature may also be used.

^1
C. Inspection ^kx:mmts - Jim ftispectlon docmsents detail

the nianufacturer's inspection tasks to be perfonned at

various asseiid}1y and subassaiibly points.

D. Verification Measurements - The verification neasureients

to be perforined on various building materials and systems and

their appropriateness.

E. Plant and Manufacturing Process Layout Drawings.

Requirements:

A. Understanding of Materials in Proposed System > Basic knowledge of design and construction techniques utilizing basic

structural materials (i.e. wood, steel, concrete and plastics).

B. Understanding of Production Techniques Applicable to Specific

Submission - Knowledge of construction assembly and fabrication.

C. Ability to Read and Interpret Drawings and Other Documents -

Understanding of engineering design drawings, specification

and other inspection documents. Ability to

evaluate such documents and drawings for sufficiency.

D. Applicability of Production Verification Measurements - Review

of production verification measurements proposed for appropriateness as well as "frequency and other parameters.

32
E. Lbiderstanding of Quality Assurance Theory -

General appreciation and understanding of quality

assurance methods and concepts and an understanding

of their application to the specific compliance

control process proposed.

F. Ability to Anticipate Modes of Failure - The

process design perception providing the evaluation

with an understanding of where materials and products

undergoing a process may fail, and leading to the

understanding of need for preventive measures,

monitoring or inspection.

Criteria:

A. Education: a B'achel or' s degree or equivalent in

training in Engineering with expertise in structural,

electrical, mechanical and plumbing systems for buildings.

B . Experience

1. Two years construction or factory production

experience with the various raw materials

proposed.

2. Two years of building design.

C. Ability - Adequate performance on an examination

related to the requirements.

33
D. Training Capability: To develop and execute an effective

training program so >as to prepare the inspectors in the use of checklists based on basic structural material (wood, steel.'

concrete and plastics), and the preparation, control, and filing

of reports as required in the approved Compliance Assurance

documents.

3.3.3 INSPECTORS

Task - Perform the in-plant monitoring of the manufacturer's

Conpliance Control program using the inspection

checklist developed by the supervisor. (See

Appendix C for a typical inspector checklist.)

Requirements -

1. Personal Characteristics - The inspector

must possess the personal characteristics

of tact and a sense of authority.

2. Technical Characteristics - The ability to

follow detailed instructions

and checklists that provide the criteria

for construction, including both material

and fabrication requirements

.

Criteria -

A. Education: The inspector must possess the

mathematical and communicative skills equivalent

to those acquired through a high school education.

34
B. Experience: Two years in building constcaction.

C. Orientation and Training: The inspector shall undergo

a period of orientation and training for each specific

structural material (wood, steel, concrete and

plastic) of the manufactured building units for which

he performs the inspection function. This training

must be under the continuous direction of a supervisor fully qualified under this criteria: to perform

the inspection of the types of construction and

fabrication processes involved.

35
Part 4 IDENTIFICATION OF FURTHER RESEARCH

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

INSPECTION SAMPLING FREQUENCY

CORRECTING DISCREPANCIES

TRANSPORTATION AND INSTALLATION PHASE

36
Part 4 IDENTIFICATION OF FURTHER RESEARCH

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The current study of the Compliance Assurance Function has brought

attention to areas related to the regulation of manufactured building

which would benefit from further study and research or from the development of additional model rules and regulations . Sane of these areas

are common to other building-evaluation functions as well-'-. The following

list is limited to concerns related only to compliance assurance and

is not intended to be exhaustive.

See NBS LEAP document. "Criteria and Methodology for Examination of Analysis Agencies for Manufactured Building," NBS Report No, NBSIR 73-186

37
4.2 INSPECTION SAMPLING FREQUENCY

Quality control sampling plans and tables exist for statistical

treatment of inspection programs for high volume production items

.

High reliability quality control programs also exist for low volume,

high value products such as manned spacecraft. Most of these programs

were developed to meet the specific needs of Department of Defense

or NASA.

While the basic principles of statistical quality control are also

applicable to manufactured building, the programs embodying these

principles may need to be tempered by the legal responsibilities of

the states and the political necessity for highly visible bases for

reciprocity of compliance assurance programs. IVhat is needed is an

objective study to apply state-of-the-art knowledge of statistical

quality control to the problems of assuring compliance of manufactured

building, in parallel with or followed by development of model rules

and regulations to provide a basis for reciprocity. Sampling plans

presently required by states appear to be arbitrary, but the experiences derived from their use should provide a point of depature for

work by a model rules group.

4.3 CORRECTING DISCREPANCIES

In a manufacturing process involving significant production volume

or a high level time-utility value of the product, it is necessary

to provide timely resolution of discrepancies that are identified

38
by the Compliance Control Program. In the case of the proposed manufacturer's Compliance Control Program and the states Compliance Assurance Program for regulation of manufactured building, provision should

be made for timely resolution of one-time problems (production "botches")

and for needed design or process changes.

One possible approach would be to adopt a modified version of the

Materials Review Board (MRB) method used successfully by the Department

of Defense (DOD) to assure quality while minimizing interference with

production. In this approach, DOD invites the manufacturer to propose

name(s) of qualified employees to serve as liaison engineers for

resolution of discrepancies identified by inspection. Upon receipt,

the list of name(s) is reviewed by DOD to verify proper qualifications.

Approved individuals are provided a certificate or letter granting

them the authority to taJke "MRB" action.

Such an approved MRB engineer is brought into the picture by

inspection when a major discrepancy is identified which could affect .

the basic integrity of the structure or could adversely affect the

safe performance of a subsystem which is not easily removed or repaired. The engineering drawing or sketch which he prepares to describe

a remedy serves three functions: a production order, an inspection procedure, and a record of "change notices". Where a permanent

design or process change is needed, a copy of the change notice also

serves as a request that the design department institute the needed

permanent change.

39
As applied to the regulation of manufactured building, MRB authority would be given to an appropriately qualified engineer vdio was either

a full-time employee of the manufacturer, or serving the manufacturer

as a contractor or consultant, based in the local area. One of the

several problems that this aj^roadi could resolve is the case where

a Conpliance Assurance Agency inspector hangs a major discrepancy tag

on the building or component. The inspector need not be technically

competent to resolve the discrepancy and he probably is not present in

the plant to approve the corrective action. The MRB engineer is given

authority by all parties involved to take corrective action and to

specify the inspection measures required to assure that the specified

correction has been effected. _ Where permanent design or process changes of

a "crisis" nature are involved, the MRB engineer would be authorized

to institute the needed changes as a temporary measure, with a copy of

the change notice going to the manufacturer's design department for

design approval and then to the Analysis Agency for regulatory

approval. Copies would also be provided to the Compliance Assurance

Agency.

The proposed MRB approach or other method of timely resolution of

major discrepancies needs to be developed in the form of model rules

and regulations.

4.4 TRANSPORTATION AND INSTALLATION PHASE

The proposed building evaluation system developed by Project LEAP

is intended to cover both manufactured buildings and components. Thus

I

I

40
a wide range of possibilities exist regarding the extent of responsibility of the manufacturer to design and to oversee the system for

transporting and installing his product at the ultimate building

site. Such responsibility is often fragmented in current marketing

and distribution practice, so that effective regulating and delegattng

responsibilities may sometimes be difficult. Since the responstfirl fty stops at

the local jurisdiction of the building site, feedback of information

by the local code enforcement officer should be sought where available.

However, in many rural jurisdications there is no building inspection

function at the local or county level.

In this document, the in-plant phase of the Compliance Assurance

Function has been emphasized. Further work needs to be done to develop

an institutional mechanism to assure compliance during the transportation and installation phase, or to clearly disclaim responsibility in

specific areas, in localities where citizens have chosen not to support

code enforcement activities . Where local code enforcement is in

effect, it represents the best source available for infomation on the

effectiveness of transportation packaging design and installation

methods

.

41
APPENDIX A

BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE OM^LIANCE CONTROL PROGRAM

The Compliance Control Program operated by the manufacturer must be

structured so each unit produced is reviewed for conpliance with the

documents approved by the Analysis Agency ; the procedures and responsibilities for the repair or discarding of deficient construction are well

defined and records are kept of the inspection activities performed on

each unit produced. Following are the basic characteristics that the

Compliance Control Program' should possess in order to accon5)lish this.

1. ORGANIZATION. The principil responsibility for the administration

and functioning of the Compliance Control Program should be assigned to a

person at the management level of the manufacturer's organization, although

this may not be that person's only nor primary responsibility. This will

ensure that considerations pertinent to the Compliance Control Proqram will be

communicated to the company's decision making level.

A specific employee should be assigned the responsibility for "signing

off" the construction performed at each step of the fabrication process,

indicating it is in compliance. This sign-off must be accomplished prior

to the incorporation of the element into the structure of the unit. The

sign-off procedure should include the review of both materials and workmanship. The person assigned this responsibility should not be a person directly

An
involved m tne tabricatjon process. However, in eitner case,

it must be substsPxtiated that this person had the knowledqe and capability

to determine that the inspected element is properly constructed.

2. INDEKTIFICATION OF UNITS AND RECORDS KEEPING ACTIVITIES. Each unit

produced should be assigned an individual serial number and this number

should be permanently attached to the unit in a uniform, accessable location at the early stages of construction.

Inspection forms should be developed to provide for tlie signing "

off of' the separate elements by the people assigned this responsibility.

These forms should bear the serial nuiriber of the unit inspected and the

date of inspection, and should travel with it throughout the fabrication

process. The required detail of the form will var>'' with the complexity

of the type of construction involved. In general, it sliould provide a

level of detail that precludes the necessary use of a separate check -

list, as such lists are often disregarded. Tlie form should include provisions for noting the occurence of deficient construction, clearly identl

fied on the form, in a manner tliat precludes the signing- off of the aspect

of construction incorporating the deficient elements; and for the noting

of action taken to correct the deficiency. The listing of the deficiency

and the noting of corrective action should remain as permanent parts of

the records of the unit., Similar forms should be developed for any required production testing. '

Following the completion of the fabrication of the unit and the

con^liance control functions pertaining to it, the records should be

forwarded to the person with the primary responsibility for the Compliance Control Program for review and final sign-off, and then permanently filed m a manner t'lat facilitates their identification and

retrieval.

-43-
3. FABRICATION TASKS DESCRIPTIONS. Hie production of conpliant construction is totally dependent on the activities of the people perfonning the individual fabrication tasks. Detailed descriptions of

each task should be provided to the person performing the task. These descrip

tions should be in terms that the people enployed to do the work can

be expected to be familiar with. The descriptions should contain sketches

as necessary and should specifically list the materials to be used in

fabricating the element, including the means of identi:fying these

materials. Where the proper performance of a material depends oh controlling moisture content, temperature, time of application, or similar

conditions, this should be included. Specific information should be

provided on fabrication tolerances, as well as how to determine the

element meets these tolerances.

A fomi should be provided whereby the siq)ervisor of a person involved in the fabrication processes makes an entry certifying this

person has been furnished the description of the task he is to perform

and is fully qualified to perform it, before he may do so without

continuous supervision. The date of this certification should be included,

so that the work of any individual may be identified with the units he

works on. The conpleted form should be kept as a peimanent record.

4. PURCHASING, CONTROL AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT. Administrative procedures should be developed whereby a properly qualified person

reviews purchase orders prior to their issuance, to ensure that materials

and equipment to be incorporated into the regulated aspects of the construction are those indicated in the approved documents. This process

can be facilitated by the development and use of material lists and descriptions, prepared directly from these documents and indicating the
standard specification, listing agency approval, etc, the item must be

identified as conforming with. Where alternate materials or equipment

are approved for use, they should be included on this list.

Formalized instructions should be prepared directing how each

purchased item is to be stored, including the degree of weather protection to be furnished. Included should be directions on the support

of the item, the protection from mechanical damage, and the control of

the temperature, humidity or exposure to sunlight, where these conditions

could adversely affect the performance of the item. Information should

be included regarding the procedures to be followed with respect to

materials that have been damaged, such as the necessity to regrade Or

test materials that have been exposed to excessive moisture.

5. CONTROL OF FABRICATION DRAWINGS. Subsequent to the approval of the

documents by the Analysis Agency as substantiating the adequacy of the

units to be constructed, it is common practice for the manufacturer to

prepare fabrication or shop drawings. The purpose of these drawings

is to make maximum use of the materials and effort used to construct

the units, by delineating detailed layout schemes to be followed by the

fabricators. A specific individual in the manufacturer's organization

should be assigned the responsibility for formally reviewing all such

drawings for compliance with the approved drawings. This person should

be knowledgable with respect to the information he is reviewing. It may

be necessary to assign different individuals the responsibilities for

reviewing the different building systems, i.e. structural, electrical,

mechanical, and plumbing. It is desirable that such a review be performed by a person other than the one preparing the shop drawings.

However it should be noted that the only drawings to be used in the verification of the construction for compliance are those approved by the

-45-
Analysis Agency,

6. PRODUCTION VERIFICATION MEASUREMENTS. A specific employee should be

assigned the responsibility for each type of production verification

measurement to be performed. This responsibility should not be delegated except to a designated alternate. Detailed instructions

should be prepared describing each step in the measuring process, the

recording of results, the method of determining compliance, including

permissible tolerances and the frequency of measurement. These instructions should include the identification of the equipment to be

used, and where applicable, the means to be used in determining it is

properly calibrated. Equipment requiring calibration should be identified by serial number, and records kept of the date it was last calibrated and that when it is required to be calibrated. The person re*^

sonsible for the verification measurements should also be responsible

for signing-off on the verification measurement. As previously noted,

the report form should be sufficiently detailed to serve as a checklist.

7. DEFICIENT CONSTRUCTION . Formalized compliance control procedures

should be established for the actions to be taken with respect to construction or materials found to be deficient. As this construction

control program in many cases will be operated by the people involved

in the production process, it should not require any duplication of

administrative effort. However, it is extremely important that procedures are established to ensure that deficiencies in materials or

workmanship are caught and corrected, and further, that information

regarding the type and incidence of deficiencies and the corrective

actions are communicated to the Compliance Control Program manager.

-46-
There must be a method of physically identifying deficiencies by

attaching a piece of flagging or a tag to the item or element in

question. It suggested this identification be removed by the person

responsible for signing off that element of the construction only

when the deficiency has been corrected. The inspection form accompanying the unit should contain a notation of all but minor

deficiencies that are readily corrected, to provide the means of

communicating the effectiveness of the Compliance Control Program

to the Compliance Assurance Agency.

-47-
APPENDIX B

THIS IS LEAP*

Revised April , 1973

Administrative Agency

State of

*Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation Program

-48-
building, (e.g., Analysis Agency performs the

Analysis Function.)

A program, hereafter referred to as LEAP (Laboratory Evaluation

and Accreditation Program), has been instituted under the rules and

regulations of the Manufactured Building Act. Under this program,

interested institutions may apply for accreditation to provide

services and facilities covering any or all of the three buildingevaluation functions.

WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?

FOR THE BUILDING-EVALUATION INSTITUTIONS — Accreditation by the

State Administrative Agency means that the work of the building-evaluation

institution will be accepted by the Administrative Agency whether or not the

manufacturer or the institution itself is located within the borders of

this state.

FOR THE MANUFACTURER — The LEAP Project is designed to assure

equitable evaluation of manufactured building, products or techniques,

including those of an innovative nature.

FOR THE CITIZEN — The LEAP Project is one of the key elements

needed to assure that building components, fabricated and assembled

through an industrialized process, will be subjected to inspections

equivalent to those given to on-site constructions.

FOR THE STATE — The LEAP Project enables the Administrative

Agency to summon the best combination of government and privatelyowned technical resources to the task of evaluating the design of

proposed manufactured building systems or components and of certifying

-51-
APPENDIX B

THIS IS LEAP*

Revised April , 1973

Administrative Agency

State of

Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation Program

-48-
building, (e.g.. Analysis Agency performs the

Analysis Function.)

A program, hereafter referred to as LEAP (Laboratory Evaluation

and Accreditation Program), has been instituted under the rules and

regulations of the Manufactured Building Act. Under this program,

interested institutions may apply for accreditation to provide

services and facilities covering any or all of the three buildingevaluation functions.

WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?

FOR THE BUILDING-EVALUATION INSTITUTIONS — Accreditation by the

State Administrative Agency means that the work of the building-evaluation

institution will be accepted by the Administrative Agency whether or not the

manufacturer or the institution itself is located within the borders of

this state.

FOR THE MANUFACTURER — The LEAP Project is designed to assure

equitable evaluation of manufactured building, products or techniques,

including those of an innovative nature.

FOR THE CITIZEN -- The LEAP Project is one of the key elements

needed to assure that building components, fabricated and assembled

through an industrialized process, will be subjected to inspections

equivalent to those given to on-site constructions.

FOR THE STATE — The LEAP Project enables the Administrative

Agency to summon the best combination of government and privatelyowned technical resources to the task of evaluating the design of

proposed manufactured building systems or components and of certifying

-51-
conformance of production units with approved building system documentation by providing follow-up, compliance monitoring services.

The LEAP Project also opens the door for government building-evaluation

departments to request accreditation by the Administrative Agency. The

credibility established by accreditation is intended to be the basis

for interstate reciprocity of manufactured building certification

programs, thus making possible the economics of large scale production.

-52-
INSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATION

The accreditation "teams" lineup and relationships are

illustrated in Figure 1. A summary of the functions and responsibilities of each member of the team follows.

STATE

MANUFACTURED

BUILDING ACT

Authority for the LEAP Project stems from the State Manufactured

Building Act. Basic elements of the Rules and Regulations promulgated

under the authority of this act include:

o Objectives and scope

o Establishment of a State Administrative Agency

o Authority to designate accredited Analysis, Testing

and Compliance Assurance Agencies and recognize those

of other states,

o Adoption of nationally recognized consensus building

standards(s)

.

o Establishment of an Appeals Procedure.

ADMINISTRATIVE

AGENCY

The State Administrative Agency is charged in pai^t with

statutory responsibility for approving building-evaluation institutions. Functions of the Administrative Agency or it's

designee include:

-53-
Z ' o5 z > tQ < ^ p < z a < u<

APP BO
• Answers requests for institutional accreditation. • Initiates the processing of an accreditation request

by employing a designated examining agency, utilizing

nationally recognized standard criteria and methodology. • Investigates non-technical aspects of an applicant's

operations, such as finance, corporate relationships,

credit, insurance, business reputation, objectivity

and independence. • Accepts a report from the examining agency covering the

applicant's capability to do the required work. • Grants or denies initial accreditation based on results

of it's own investigation of the institution operations

and the examination of technical capability. • Withdraws accreditation, for cause, based on follow-up

reports on agency operations or technical performance,

or the results of the regular, periodic re-examinations

specified in the Rules and Regulations for the Manufactured

Building Act.

Information gathered by the Administrative Agency or it's

designee, and by the examining agency, is considered proprietary

and will be handled as provided by the rules and regulations.

-55-
INSTITUTION . EXAMINING

AGENCY

The Institution Examtning Agency (lEA) is designated by

the Administrative Agency to determine the capability of applicant

institutions to perform tests, analyses or monitor compliance

control programs conducted under the Rules and Regulations. The

agency is composed of examiners skilled in the respective building

system disciplines.

The standard for examining institutions^ provides the

criteria and methodology for lEA's examination of an applicant

building-evaluation institution. Cost of the examination is

borne by the applicant. The examination itself is composed of

three parts: • Review of advance information on technical resources

furnished by the applicant upon request of lEA. • On-site examination of administrative procedures and

technical resources including procedures for conducting

required tests, analyses or compliance assurance tasks.

. • Submission of a report of findings by the lEA to the

Administrative Agency or it's designee.

While the examining agency operates at the convenience of

the state, the agency is staffed and supervised by an independent.

T Development of the standards to be used by the examining agency

was begun in August 1972 by ASTM Committee E-32.

-56-
nationallyrecognized organization and functions neither as an

arm of state government nor as a commercial or public analysis,

testing or Compliance Assurance Agency (See "Institutions" below).

INSTITUTIONS

ANALYSIS AGENCY

TESTING AGENCY

COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE AGENCY

The term "Institution" is used here to describe organizations

applying for accreditation to serve as agents of the state in performing any one or a combination of the three building-evaluation

functions. Applicants may include public or private, profit or

non-profit institutions. Organization and functions of the statp and

the building system producer, are briefly sunmarized in "Interagency

Relationships" below. These relationships are defined in greater

2

detail in the standard criteria and methodology.

An institution having the appropriate competence may apply for

accreditation in any or all three of the above building-evaluation

functions. However, the institution will be examined for competence

using separate criteria for each of the functional areas requested.

Continuation of the accredited status of an agency is contingent on

successful re-examinations, which are periodically conducted in

accordance with the Rules and Regulations for the Manufactured

Building Act.

^ Ibid.

-57-
Test Agencies only are specifically accredited in one or more

of the following building-system diciplines. The Analysis Agency

is accredited only if it has access to all of the building-system

diciplines. Accreditation by building-system discipline is considered to be unnecessary for the Compliance Assurance Agency. • Electrical • Fire Safety • Mechanical (HVAC) • Plumbing • Structural

CRITERIA FOR

EXAMINING

(STANDARD)

METHOD OF

EXAMINING —

(STANDARD)

The standards used in the examination of institutions provide

the criteria and procedures used by the lEA in examining the capability of a particular applicant. lEA examines the applicant's

stated capability to analyze, test, or provide compliance assurance

services with reference to nationally accepted building standards

adopted under the Rules and Regulations. As discussed under "Institutions," the standard provides that a qualified applicant may apply

for state accreditation to perform services covering any one or all

three of the building-evaluation functions.

-58-
APPEALS

BOARD

If the institution believes that improper interpretation or

application of the Rules and Regulations by the Administrative

Agency or it's designee has caused the denial of accreditation

or the withdrawal of previous accreditation, the institution has

recourse. The Rules and Regulations include an appeals procedure

and the establishment of an objective appeals board.

RECIPROCITY OF BUILDING EVALUATIONS

The previous section describes how interested government or

private institutions may become accredited to act as agents of

the State Administrative Agency. If the Administrative Agency

finds that the standards for the fabrication and evaluation of

manufactured buildings or building components prescribed by statute

or rules and regulations of another State, or other governmental

agency, meet the objectives of the Manufactured Building Act, the

Rules and Regulations provide that the Administrative Agency shall

accept manufactured buildings or building components which have

been certified by such other State or governmental agency, and shall

assure that the appropriate label is attached thereto. Reciprocity

is extended by the Administrative Agency by:

(1) Notifying the requesting manufacturers;

(2) Notifying the Administrative Agency of the other

jurisdiction;

-59-
(3) Publishing a notice of the grant of reciprocity in

3

(4) Giving notice to all local enforcement agencies in

this State.

Figure 2 illustrates the process of reciprocal certification

of building evaluations. The manufacturer submits a request for

approval to the Administrative Agency of State "A" (Step 1). Depending on workload and organizational accredited arrangement,

the Administrative Agency assigns the work to its own accredited

government Analysis Agency or to an independant, accredited

Analysis Agency (Step 2). The state will also select accredited

Compliance Assurance and Test Agencies to participate in appropriate phases of the building-evaluation process.

The assigned Analysis Agency then carries the project through

to approval. Submittal of documents and communications takes place

directly between the manufacturer and the Analysis Agency (Step 3).

Approved sets of documentation are sent to the manufacturer and to

the Administrative Agency of State "A" (Step 4).

Subsequently, the manufacturer from a jurisdiction to which

reciprocity has been extended may submit to the Administrative

Agency of this state evidence that his building system and

Insert name of journal designated by State for publication of

legal notices.

J -60-
-61-
pHance assurance program have been approved by such state or

governmental agency. The Administrative Agency then verifies

the approval and notifies the manufacturer in writing of such

verification and that properly labeled buildings or building

components of his manufacture will be accepted.

INTERAGENCY RELATIONSHIPS

A system has been described of recognizing the capability

and work of building-evaluation institutions and of achieving

reciprocity of building evaluations among the states. One

manner in which these agencies might work together to approve

and certify a particular building system is illustrated in

Figure 3. After the work has been assigned by the Administrative

Agency, the scope of effort is defined in a meeting between the

manufacturer and the Analysis Agency. The subsequent submittal

of required building system documentation and all related communications take place directly between the Analysis Agency

project manager and the manufacturer until the project is

approved, is abandoned or is under appeal (Step 1).

If it is not possible to approve the building system through

analytical means alone, a Testing Agency may be required to

perform supporting tests. The resulting test reports then become part of the submittal documentation. (Step 2 - optional.)

In order to grant full approval of a proposed building

system, the Analysis Agency must approve three documents; the

-62-
a.

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-63-
Product Description, Compliance Assurance and Installation Documents

Submittal of these documents may be made at one time or in phases,

at the discretion of the manufacturer.

Preparation and submission of the Product Description and

Installation Documents are the responsibilities of the manufacturer.

To assure completeness as well as effective implementation during

the production phase, the Compliance Assurance Agency designated by

the Administrative Agency reviews the manufacturer's Compliance Control Document for preliminary approval. (Step 3.) The approved

Compliance Control Document is then incorporated by reference as

part of the Compliance Assurance Manual, which is submitted to the

Analysis Agency for overall approval.

When the building system is approved and goes into production

(Step 4), the Compliance Assurance Agency continously monitors the

effectiveness of the manufacturer's Compliance Control Program and

may be designated to control the product certification labels issued

by the Administrative Agency (Step 5).^

If, after production commences, significant tests are necessary

which (a) require the issuance of a full test report and (b) are

necessary to demonstrate equivalency of substitute materials or

processes or the correction of a defective process, such work is

performed by the Testing Agency at the request of the Compliance

Assurance Agency or Analysis Agency.

"^Details regarding the monitoring of the transportation function

are not included in this brochure.

-64-
The local code enforcement jurisdiction provides inspection

services during the Installation (Step 6) and Final Inspection

Activities (Step 7), and issues the Occupancy Permit (,Step 8).

By buil ding-in a high degree of flexibility for the method

of application, the type of process suggested in Figure 3 can

accommodate a broad scope of products ranging from wall panels

to complete buildings, whether prescriptive or innovative in

nature, while providing the necessary assurance of compliance

with applicable codes and standards.

NEED MORE INFORMATION?

If you want additional information or you desire to apply

for accreditation, contact:

Administrative Agency

State of

Phone

-65-
APPENDIX C

TYPICAL INSPECTOR CHECKLIST

1 . General

The information contained in this appendix has been based on the

data obtained by John C. Dun! op through the surveys of cooperating

manufacturers. In some instances, it has been extrapolated to

apply to more general cases.

As a means of illustrating the functions of an inspector of

manufactured building and the interdependency of the inspector's

qualifications, the documents prepared to delineate the construction

of the units and the procedures established for the inspection of a

particular system^ the following approach has been taken.

As shown by the tabulated information in subsequent sections

of this appendix, the typical individual fabrication tasks associated

with the construction of a specific manufactured building system

have been listed. Coordinated with these listings are entries in

sections of the tabulation indicating the sources of approved information available to the inspector to determine the intent of the

approval of the applicable regulatory agency, and the means available

to him to determine that the accomplished construction complies with

this intent. Following is a discussion of the organization of a typical checklist that is presented for wood structural systems. Similar

checklists should be prepared for metals, concrete and plastic structural systems, if the Compliance Assurance Agency inspects them.

2. Organization

The following information applies to the checklist shown in Section

3 of this appendix:

66
An "X" in a particular column indicate'S that the information is

applicable to the inspection task associated with listed fabrication task or material. The similar entry of a number or letter

or combination thereof should refer to information contained in a

tabulation following the listing of fabrication tasks for that specific

system, under the heading of the column in which it occurs. Where

such an entry in the data is accompanied by an asterisk, i.e. *A,

it is suggested that the standard be noted and referenced on the

drawings with respect to the item involved, to serve as a means of

identification of the actual item which must bear this standard

number on its label, etc. However, standards so designated are

not necessarily recommended for inclusion in the inspection document.

A. Source of Intent . Sources of intent includes all the information

that is relied upon to delineate the construction of a manufactured

building. Usually, this information is in the form of documents that

have been evaluated and approved by the Analysis Agency. A discussion

of these documents follows.

Drawings and Specifications . These are the drawings and specifications

evaluated and approved by the Administrative Agency or by the Analysis Agency

to whom it has delegated this authority. To ensure that the inspector's

activities remain independent from those of the manufacturer's personnel,

the use of shop drawings for inspection functions by the compliance

assurance inspector should not be permitted. The approved drawings

and specifications must make full provision for the level of expertise

required of the inspectors. These documents must depict all regulated

aspects of the construction completely. There should be no reliance

on knowledge of standard practice, or the use of vocabulary or terminology beyond that an inspector can be expected to assimilate in the

67
brief training period, unless definitions are provided. Where the

documents refer to a standard that is to followed in performing a

fabrication task, the reference should be by specific section of

the standard, and a copy included or the provision quoted in the

approved documents.

Standards Referenced By the Drawings and Specifications . A review

of the inspection tasks listed indicated there are certain sections

of specific standards that must be made available to the inspector,

to provide the information necessary to ensure an element of construction is correct. This information should be included on the

drawings, or copies of the applicable sections should be included

in the Compliance Assurance Manual.

Codes and Standards Referenced by Codes . There are sections of the

governing codes and standards referenced by these codes that contain

information that particularly is important to the proper performance

of a specific fabrication task or the proper quality of a construction

material or component, with respect to the types of building units

surveyed. Copies or quotations of the applicable sections of these

standards should be included in the documents furnished the inspector,

except as noted.

In many instances, the inspector determined the adequacy of

construction materials by means of the certification by the manufacturer that the material meets a standard identified on the product label or container. In these cases, the inspector does not

require a copy of the standard, but it is important that the standard

be noted on the drawings or specifications. The references to such

standards are designated with an asterisk. As an example of such

68
a case, nails of various qualities may be obtained. It is important

that the inspection documents inform the inspector that only those .

nails meeting the cited Federal Specification are acceptable. The

determination of the compliance of nails by the inspector is then

made by visual inspection of the label on the container, certification, or test report to see that it states that the nails meet the

requirements of this specification. However, the inspector does

not require a copy of the specification.

Compliance Assurance Manual . In addition to providing a listing of

the specific items to be checked by the inspector and the frequency

of inspections, the approved Compliance Assurance Manual provides

the inspector with information necessary to the performance of his

duties . and which is not included on the drawings or in the specifications. The notations in this column with respect to specific

tasks or materials indicate that it is recommended that detailed

information pertinent to that item be included in the Compliance

Assurance Manual. In some instances, this can be accomplished

by including or quoting the standard also noted with respect to

that item, or including a copy of an applicable listing agency approval

describing an approved product or its installation. Regarding

materials, the Compliance Assurance Manual is relied upon to provide

the information the inspector needs to determine the required condition of materials or components, where such a determination would

require more than a simple judgment by the inspector. With respect

to fabrication, the Manual should contain the directions pertinent to

the proper performance of construction tasks that require particular

control, such as the control of temperature, pressure and humidity

or functions dependent on time an specific directions for taking and

69
treating samples.

Listing Agency Approvals . A notation has been made in

this column with respect to those materials or tasks where

it is recommended a copy of the listing agency approval,

specifically describing the product or its installation,

be included in the documents provided the inspector. The

information contained in these approvals or listing forms

is considered essential to the proper application of the

product. As in the case of the standards referenced

previously, these approvals are offered as examples. Other

or additional listing approvals may be applicable under

varying conditions .

' '

.

B. Determination of Compliance . The items and methods

available to the inspector to use to determine that the

materials acquired or the fabrication tasks completed

comply with approved Compliance Control Manual have been

listed under Determination of Compliance. A discussion of

each of these follows.

Listing Agency Label . Particularly with respect to materials or equipment, the inspector may determine compliance

on the basis of the item bearing the certification or label

70
of a designated agency, as specifically called for by

the approved documents . Examples of this would be lumber

or plywood bearing the trade and grade marking of a

specified grading agency, electrical equipment labeled

by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. or other approved

agency, etc.

Manufacturer's Label . A listing agency labeling required

by the documents may indicate only that the item is adequate

for use or possesses the characteristics indicated by the

manufacturer's label or data plate. The inspector must

then rely on both labels to provide the information that

the item complies with the intent of the approved documents . In other instances, specifically cited by the documents,

the inspector may rely on the manufacturer ]s label or

directions for the information indicating the properties,

proper methods of or limitations of use of .a product . This

would include information pertaining to the storage, age,

and application of adhesives; substantiating that nails

meet the require specification; etc.

Test Reports . The approved documents may require that the

inspector receive and review production reports of the results of

71
testing of materials or fabricated products prior to their use in

the elements incorporating them. It is assumed these reports are

of the format that permits determination of the acceptability of

the item primarily on a pass or fail basis, rather than requiring

an analysis of the results. Reports of this nature are those

from the testing of glued joints on composite Idmber, plywood

assemblies, etc.

Visual Inspection . The notations in this column are with reference

to those fabrication tasks where the compliance is determined primarily

by the inspector looking at the item to see that it has been constructed,

or exhibits the properties, required by the approval documents. This

includes the reading of labels to determine whether they specify

if the item meets a particular standard, the observation of fabricated

joints, etc.

Physical Verification . Where the determination of compliance requires

that the inspector observe a measurement, an entry has been made in

this column. The entires are keyed to a listing of the type of activity

required following the fabrication task list. Also noted is the general

type of equipment required to perform the activity.

Inspector Knowledge . Entries in this column indicate the inspector

must possess technical knowledge beyond that obtained through the

training and orientation period that is an element of the Compliance

Assurance Program. Because of the structure of this program as discussed in this document, few if any entires have been made in this

column.

72
Inspector Judgment . There are instances where specific directions

are not available with respect to a fabrication task or material. In

these instances, the inspector's judgment is necessary to determine

compliance. This generally applies to situations involving tolerances, or the condition of materials that have deteriorated.

Sampling by Inspector . As an indicator of the complexity of the

inspection tasks, entries have been made with respect to those

items or tasks that require production sampling. These are tabulated

following the listing of fabrication tasks.

73
3. WOOD STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CHECKLIST

The structural system for which inspection

tasks are described in the following table is a panelized

system, but typical of conventional framed wood structures,

adapted to factory construction. The data presented here

are equally applicable to non-panelized wood units . The

floor system utilizes stressed skin wood panels with

plywood sheathing glued to lumber joists, designed to

span between foundation footings . Wall systems are studs

framed with plates and covered with sheathing (structural

or non-structural depending on the location in the structure) . Panels are fabricated with openings framed for doors and

windows . The roof system is of conventional wood construction, structural plywood diaphragm and moisture barrier nailed to rafters with a composition board ceiling

and composition shingle roofing. The panels are fabricated with electric, plumbing, heating, ventilating, and

air conditioning elements installed at the factory. It

is not possible to inspect most of these items at the

site, as they are covered. Typically the wood frame

system would be nailed. However, other means of connection

are feasible and are indicated in the table

,

Few standards are necessary for the inspection

of non-structural items . Non-structural items will generally

be (described in the specifications and tolerances and

74
information pertinent to acceptable condition in the

compliance assurance manual. The check for compliance

with condition, and in most cases with tolerance, requirement.- is dependent on the inspector's judgment.

The primary sources of information regarding

intent, for both materials and fabrication, are the drawings and specifications . With respect to structural

materials, wood construction is extensively covered by

standards (usually referenced by codes) . The typical

sources of standards for wood construction are the National

Design Specifications, Federal Specifications, and Standards

of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) . When

properly described in specifications or compliance assurance

manuals these standards will provide adequate background

for the inspector . Listing agency approvals constitute an

additional source of intent.'

In confirming materials used, in many instances,

the inspector relies on visual observations of manufacturers

labels, stamps, or marks to determine compliance. No

special skills are required.

•In confirming fabrication methods, the inspector

places heavy reliance on visual inspection and simple

measurements. Measurements required are fairly

limited in number and involve primarily dimensional checks . Minor amounts of lumber and plywood moisture tests are
required. No special skills, instruments, or sophisticated apparatus

are required. In addition, glue and joint tests maybe required to be

performed for scarfed plywood joints and stressed skin joint connections.

The inspector may be expected to perform the necessary sampling for

those tests. Sampling requires skills with special coring saws and

other sampling devices.

76
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSING

Wood Structural System

MATERIALS Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

^

Standards

Referenced

bv

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

Mann

al

Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

A. Structural Frame" Members

beams, stringers, studs,

etc .

1

1

1

1 . Species X X X

1

2 . Size X 1

3 . Grade X X X

4 . Tol erances AA X 1

5 . Condition VA

VX X 2

B. Structural sheathing:

1 . Type and grade

a . Plywood X (1) X X X

b . F iberboard X (2) X X X

c . Proprietary types X X 1 X X

1

2 . Size X X X 1

j 3 . Condition X 1

i X X 3 X

4 . Tolerances !

i AB X 1

i

j

C . Connectors I

!

1. Nails X *AC X X

1

a. Size X

1

X X X 1
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

Wood Structural System

MATERIALS (Con't.)

Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

^

Standards

Referenced

bv

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

M^nii

al

Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

X X X

i

! X

t

AD

a. , Size ' ? X X X 1

1^ Tvnp/cTT?irlp X X X

c ConclitioTt X

X *AC 2 X X

' a. , S i z e X X X X 1

Vi Tvnp/CTTJiHf^ X X X

c . Condition X X

4. Miscellaneous

fas t eners

a . Typ e

X 3 X X X

2^^ / WaF 1 Ct- X1 J.IhoaTd CL X \J. r1\^ J- -Litt;J X 1 X X X

X 4 X X X

b Size : X X 1

c . Condition

i

1

1

! X

1

78-
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

Wood Structural System

MATERIALS (Con't.)

Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

^

Standards

Referenced

bv

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

Mann

a1

Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

5 . Adhes i ve

s

j a . Type

1 11 StTHCtUTal X *AE X X

1

2) Non -s true tural X 5 X X

b , Age X X X

c. Condition X X

D Non - s t rue tn r a 1 el e^tnpnt'?

1, Moisture barrier

a Tvne and PTadp X *AF X X

: b Cnnd i t i nn X X

2. Insulation

3 Tvnp and crTfldp X X X X

1

i b . Size X X !

c . Condition X X

j

1 X

3 Exterior wall sidinp !

1

X X X

1

1

b . Size X i

1 X X 1

c . Condition

1

1

X

79 .

X

!

1

X
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

Wood Structural System

MATERIALS (Con't.)

Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

%

Standards

Referenced

by

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

Manual Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

H- . KO OI 1 Ilg 1

a . Type and grade X X X X

1 b . Condition X X X

0 • JJUUI o diXU. WXXICJUWo

a .Type and grade X X X

b Si ze X X X 1

c Condition X X

6 . Ceiling and interior

wall panels

a . Type and grade X X X

b . Size X X 1

C . LiU HQ J. t XU 11 X X X

7 . Weather flashing

a . Type X X X j

1

i b . Material X X X

1

c . Si ze X X 1

d . Mas tic X X X

e . Conditions X X X

8. Miscellaneous items:

trim, screens, vents,

etc . .

,

a . Type and grade X

1 -80

X X
Wood Structural System

MATERIALS (Con't.)

b. Size

c. Condition

£. Storage of Materials

SOURCES OF INTENT

o

•Hm

•HO

•H

Q

o

U ed

(3 U

0) 'H

€ ^

CO Q

-d o

u u

-d >>|

•p 'd

(J

ci

-d M-t o o

0)u

3

<

o

• H iH

fH nl

>

o

u

u<

DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

u

a

OA <

OA

9)

3

U

(Au

o u

•H

I/)

-es

-

OO

-d

O

00 d

3

•-5

(Ho

+-» (J

I/)

o

00

C3.

-81
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSING

Wood Structural System

FABRICATION Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

5

Standards

Referenced

bv

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

Mann

al

Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

of

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

A. Framing Members: Beams

rafters, joists, studs

blocking, bracing, etc.

1

!

1 . Measure and cut X 1 YA

2 . Drill and notch X Al X X 1

3 . Layout

^ a . Dimens ions X X X

b . Location and

orientation

X X 1

c . Laps and splices X X 1

4 . Connections

a. Nails '

1) Size • < X X X

2) Number X X

i

3) Location and

Installation

X AG X 1 X

b . Bolts and screws

1 1) Size ; X 1 X X

i 1

2) Number X

1

! X

1

j 3) Location and

Installation

X AH X X

1 1

1 4) Washers AJ X

-82

X 1
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

Wood Structural System

FABRICATION (CoAt.)

Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

^

Standards

Referenced

by

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

Mann

a1

Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

c . S tapl es

-

1

1

i

1) Size X X X 1

1

1

2) Number VA

VX

3) Location and

Installation

X X 1

d. Miscellaneous

fasteners

1) Trussplates X 3 X 1

2) Wallboard chips X 1 X 1

3) Joist Hangers X 4 X 1

B. Composite Wood-plywood

Structural members

1 . Nail or stapled

See A4 above

X

i 2 . Glued X 3 X X X

1 X

a. Application X 1 b . Pressure X

i

c . Curing 1

1

! X

C. Structural Sheathing:

Plywood, Fiberboard,

Proprietory types

83 _

i

1

1
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

Wood Structural System

FABRICATION (Con't.)

o

•Hm

•H

L)

(Uo*

I

I/)

Q

X toO

(U -H

<U -H

ft

CO

+-> M

c/3 Q

t3 OU

>>l

Xlo

c;

CD

1/5 in

O CD U OS

u

t/l <

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03 H 1 r-( Oj ft D

e c O rt U 2

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O

ft

ft

u<

130

0)

03

o

0)

03

0) M

O

03

M-l

03

P

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ft

OS

o

•H

•(-> U

CDft

iAd

033w

•H>

to -

ft

•

bO T3

a>

1—1:so

O

P

o

0)ftc

c

<uS

U

O

P

L)

(Uft

o

•po

ft

t/l

ftB

03 CO

1. Measuring and cutting

2 . Layout

a. Dimensions

b . Location and

orientation

c. Laps and splices

3 . Connections

a. Nails or staples

1) Size

2) Location ^ spacing

b . Miscellaneous

fas teners

1) Size

2) Location ^ spacing

D. Non-structural installations

1 . Moisture barrier

a . Placement

b . Attachment

X

X

X

X

X
Wood Structural System

FABRICATION (Con't.)

SOURCES OF INTENT

o o

•H t3 -h

a> +j O nj o C o

•Hm

•Ho m o

0) <D (U &.

CO

1

I/) 'Ti (/) bO

fi. 03 p: •H

IS c: ;s cU nj W Q

(U 13 O

U U

03 P 13

CO (Uo

0)

t/i f-l (U <D 'd "-H O <U

03-

0)O

P!

03U

<

0)O

c

03 •H . iH 03 & 3

O 01 u

03>

o

}-.

o

<uDC <

a.

•H

•M

tn

DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

03

o<

0)

03

0)u

+-> (J

03 m

03

+-» !hO

0)

•(-»

(/) 0) H

o

03o

H

0)00

T3

(L> t—

I

iso

p;

f-i oM

U

0)P.

(/) p;

p;6

O

+JU

0)

Pl.

t/5 PJ

u

oo

P!

fte

03 CO

2 . Insulation

a. Placement

b . Attachment

1) Type, location and

spacing

3. Exterior wall siding

a. Placement

b . Attachment

1) Type, location and

spacing

4 . Ceiling and interior

wall panels

a. Location

b . Placement

c . Attachment

1) Type, location and

spacing

5 . Roofing

a . Layout

b . Attachment

1) Nailed

2) Adhesive

c . F inishing and

covering

85
SOURCES OF INTENT DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE

Wood Structural System

FABRICATION (Con't.)

Drawings

-Specifications

Standards

Referenced

by

Drawings

-Specifications

Codes

§

Standards

Referenced

bv

Codes

Compliance

Assurance

Mann

3

Listing

Agency

Approval

Listing

Agency

Label

Manufacturer's

Label

Test

Reports

Visual

Inspection

Physical

Measurement

Inspector

Knowledge

Inspector

Judgment

Sampling

by

Inspector

6 . Weather flashings

i

1

a. Location X X

!

b . Attachment

1) Type and spacing X X 1 c. Mastic application X X X

7 . Doors and windows

a. Size and location X X 1

b . Attachment X X'

8. Miscellaneous items:

trim, screens, vents

etc .

a. Size and location X X 1

b . Attachment X X

E. Lifting and transporting X 1

1

1

X X

1

1

i

!

1 X

F . Storage

!

.!

1

X

36 .

X

i

!

1

1

X
NOTES REFERENCED FROM TABLE: WOOD STRUCTURAL • SYSTEM

Standards Referenced by Drawings and Specifications :

1 - U.S. Product Standard PS 1-66,

2 - ASTM Designations C208 and D2277.

3 - Quality Control and Trademarking Requirements

Covering the Fabrication of Plywood Components - Product Fabrication Service, Inc., and Plywood

Fabrication Specification SS-8.

Codes and Standards Referenced by Codes : '

AA - Grading Rules for Western Lumber (1970), Western

Wood Products Assoc., Section 752.

AB - Plywood Product Standard Handbook (1970) , American

Plywood Association, page 40

,

AC - Federal Specification FF-N-105A (1964).

'AD - National Design Specifications (NDS) (1962), National

Forest Products Assoc. (NFPA) , Section 600 -C.

AE - Federal Specification MMM-A-125, Type II.

AF - Federal Specification UU-B790 or U.L., Inc., Standard

Specification 55-A (1968) . AG - NDS (1962), NFPA, Section 800-G.

AH - NDS (1962), NFPA, Sections 600-H, 700-H, 700-1,

800-G, 800-H, 802-H, 802-1, 802-M.

^ AJ - NDS (1962), NFPA, Section 600-1

it ii i: ii *

Al - UBC (1970), Section 2518 (d) 3.

Listing Agency Approval :

1 - * Research Recommendation No.

2. - * Research Recommendation No.

3 - * Research Recommendation No.

4 - * Research Recommendation No.

5 - * Research Recommendation No.

*Insert name of applicable Building Code Organization

.87
Physical Measurement:

1 - Measurement with pocket tape or scale.

2 - Measurement of lumber moisture content - Electrical

resistance type moisture meter.

3 - Measurement o£ plywood moisture content - Oven,

scales, thermometer, timepiece, core saw.

88-
FORM NBS-114A (1-71) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov't M«fasi<»

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA NBSIR 73-195

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

CRITERIA FOR COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE AGENCIES FOR

MANUFACTURED BUILDING

One and Two Family Dwelling Systems and Components

5. Publication Date

6. PctfocmiiS|[ Oigd&ization Ood^

7. AUTHOR(S)

J. 0. Bryson, A. A. Camacho, B. M. Voqel

8. Performing Orgpoization

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4DUJJ.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address Project LEAP

(Laboratory Evaluation and Accreditation Program)

Center for Building Technology, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Preliminary

14. %>onsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Criteria are proposed "by vhich participating institutions may te Judged

for their capability to perform the Compliance Assurance Function in the evaluation and regulation of manufactured one and tvo family dwellings and components,

including mobile homes. The criteria are intended as guidelines for objective

examination of applicant, public or private, institutions vho desire to serve as designees of a state government to conduct and supervise the Compliance Assurance

Program for manufactured building units or components. Based on a study of the

state-of-the-art and current model enabling legislation, a description of the

required compliance assurance activities is provided as a basis for proposing

a level of capability acceptable to the states. Appendices describe proposed

institutional mechanisms and provide supporting information and forms. Adoption

of the proposed criteria, in a national standard developed by the ASTM E32

Committee, could provide the states with a basis for informal reciprocity of

institutional accreditations and of building-evaluation findings.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Factory inspection; manufactured

building; regulatory compliance assurance.

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

1 1 UNLIMITED.

UNCL ASSIFIED

93

Pn FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-OC 66244-P7I