&EPA 

United States 

Environmental Protection 

Agency 

Air 

Office of Air 

and Radiation 

(ANR-443) 

EPA 400-R-92-013 

November 15, 1992 

Report of the Office of Air and Radiation 

to Administrator William K. Reilly 

Implementing the 1990 Clean Air Act: 

The First Two Years 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

Honorable William K. Reilly 

Administrator 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Washington, D.C. 20460 

Re: Two-year meeting 

Dear Mr. Reilly: 

NOV 12 1992 

OFFICE OF 

AIR AND RADIATION 

Enclosed is my report to you summarizing our achievements over the last two years 

in carrying out the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

The President signed the Cl~ Air Act Amendments in November 1990. In the two 

years since then, we have made tremendous progress in carrying out the Act's requirements. 

By November 1992, the Agency had proposed or finalized 76 rules that, once implemented, 

will accomplish more than 84 percent of the 57 billion pounds of annual emissions 

reductions mandated by the 1990 amendments. 

Our .efforts have been guided by a set of implementation principles we developed 

shortly after enactment of the 1990 amendments. We have sought to achieve and maintain 

a healthy environment while supporting strong and sustainable economic growth and sound 

energy policy. We have used consensus-building approaches -- such as regulatory 

·negotiations, roundtable discussions and advisory committees -- to improve the quality of 

rules and guidelines and to expedite their issuance. 

In addition, we have used market-based approaches and innovative strategies that 

give industries and states flexibility to achieve cleaner air in the most economically efficient 

ways. By embracing new approaches, we have been able to make substantially greater 

progress than otherwise would have been possible. 

Standing back, I think we can look. with pride at the Agency's recent accomplishments 

in pursuit of cleaner air. We have: 

o Put in place a ground-breaking, market-based acid rain control program to 

protect our lakes, streams and other resources through reductions in sulfur 

dioxide emissions. 

@ Printed on Recycled Paper 
-2-

o Issued a final rule to phase out chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals that 

deplete the ozone layer. 

o Published extensive guidance to help states develop and implement plans for 

bringing urban air quality into line with federal standards by deadlines 

established in the Act. 

o Finalized or proposed 15 important rules or guidelines to reduce pollution 

from motor vehicles and fuels, and thereby reconcile the automobile and the 

environment. , 

o Laid the foundation for cutting toxic emissions from all major pollution 

sources, and proposed standards for the chemical industry that will achieve 

greater emissions reductions than any other air toxics rule to be issued. 

o Initiated innovative, voluntary programs that are spurring industry and others 

to save energy and reduce emissions that contribute to global warming. 

The attached report documents these and many other accomplishments of the Office 

of Air and Radiation since February 1989. The credit for these achievementS must go first 

and foremost to the thousands of EPA employees who devoted their energies and intellects -

- and very often, extra hours -- to hundreds of rules, guidelines, stue\ies, publications and 

other projects. 

In recognition of this fact, the report includes a unique appendix listing the top 

accomplishments of each organizational unit of the Office of Air and Radiation. Also 

included are accomplishments of regional offices, the Office of General Counsel, and many 

other EPA offices that contributed to OAR efforts. These lists were developed by the 

employees themselves. 

On behalf of OAR, I would like to thank you for guiding us through this ,critical 

period as we transform the promise of the new Clean Air Act into reality. 

Enclosure 

g 

Assistant Administr tor 

for Air & Radiatio 

..... ~ 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

FOREWORD ................................................... 1 

CHAPTER 1. IMPLEMENTING THE ACT: THE BIG PICTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 

CHAPTER 2. USING THE MARKET TO SERVE THE ENVIRONMENT: 

FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND CLEAN AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 

CHAPTER 3. REGULATORY NEGOTIATION: CONSULTING WITH INDUSTRY, 

ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS AND STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 

CHAPTER 4. ATTAINING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN URBAN AMERICA . . . . 27 

CHAPTER 5. INTRODUCING CLEANER MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS . . . . . 33 

CHAPTER 6. COMBATTING ACID RAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 

CHAPTER 7. REDUCING TOXIC AIR POLLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 

CHAPTER 8. WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD: 

PERMITS AND ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 

CHAPTER 9. A GLOBAL APPROACH: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER AND 

INTERNATIONAL AIR QUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 

CHAPTER 10. GREEN PROGRAMS: CONSERVING ENERGY AND ATTACKING 

THE GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 

CHAPTER 11. REDUCING RISKS FROM INDOOR AIR ................... . 

CHAPTER 12. INFORMING THE PUBLIC: OUTREACH EFFORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 . 

CHAPTER 13. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 

APPENDIX I. FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES ISSUED 

SINCE ENACTMENT OF THE 1990 AMENDMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 

APPENDIX II. TOP ACCOMPLISHMENTS FROM OAR ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS, 

REGIONAL OFFICES, AND OTHER SPECIFIED EPA OFFICES ... 11-1 

APPENDIX Ill. SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT 

AMENDMENTS OF 1990 ............................... 111-1 

i 

FOREWORD 

(As delivered by Assistant Administrator William G .. Rosenberg 

to the staff of the Office of Air and Radiation 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Durham, North Carolina 

November 6, 1992) 

Soon four years will have come and gone -- somehow it seems more like 

four weeks -- and another chapter will be written in the history of the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. In a mere twenty years, EPA has come to 

occupy a prominent place in the American landscape. The Agency's many 

contributions to the health and welfare of all U.S. citizens, and to the quality of 

American life, have placed us in the forefront of institutions that serve the public 

good. 

The last four years are certain to be remembered among our finest hours. 

Under Bill Reilly's stewardship, EPA has broken every record for aggressive 

environmental rulemaking and strong enforcement. As important, we have broken 

new ground with market-based and voluntary clean air initiatives -- ingeniously 

designed programs that achieve our environmental goals in concert with forces 

that insure a healthy economy. 

In the Office of Air and Radiation, I have been fortunate to have had the 

opportunity to oversee the development, enactment and implementation of the 

Clean Air Act of 1990. I am very pleased to report, since the Act became law two 

years ago this month, that EPA has proposed or finalized rules that will . 

accomplish 84 percent of the 57 billion pounds of air pollution reductions 

mandated by Congress. 

We could not have achieved this record without Bill Reilly's active 

leadership and his direct involvement in our efforts. At critical junctures, he kept 

our clean air fleet on course and at full throttle by 

:::::!:::..:. ••••••• ---

+ Negotiating a declining cap for sulfur dioxide emissions under the 

Acid Rain Program 

+ Defending the alternative fuels program in the face of controversy 

on all sides 

+ Supporting the soundness of EPA's legal and technical analysis 
+ Insisting upon unbiased, technology-forcing monitoring equipment to 

make the Allowance Trading System wark 

+ Resolving the ethanol dispute without compromising environmental 

goals 

·; 

+ Insuring that Inspection and Maintenance Testing would be an 11honest count11 

+ Supporting the Air Program with significant budget increases 

Putting these sweeping new laws in place has been a tremendously 

challenging and extremely satisfying experience. For me it began in January of 

1989, in the midst of the Congressional debate over clean air policy, a conflict that 

had raged for over a decade with little progress and scant hope for resolution. 

It was President Bush who finally broke the deadlock by supporting EPA's 

recommendations and proposing a measure that promised to both clean the air 

and promote a healthy economy. Without the President's initiative, and without 

his continued commitment, this landmark clean air legislation would never have 

had a breath of a chance. 

When he submitted his bill to Congress, the President said, 11Every 

American deserves to breathe clean air." At the White House, on November 15, 

1990, as he signed this bill into law, the President reaffirmed his commitment, 

calling the Clean Air Act of 1990 "the most significant air pollution legislation in 

our nation's history.11 

Nor would there be a Clean Air Act without the leaders in the U.S. 

Congress: Senators Mitchell, Baucus, Chafee, Dole and Simpson, and 

Congressmen Dingell, Waxman and Lent-- not to mention their excellent staffs, 

who rarely get the credit they deserve. · 

The Clean Air Bill passed in the Senate by a vote of 89-11, and in the 

House by a vote of 401-25. These numbers represent an overwhelming mandate 

from the American public, and they establish a clear national agenda· for the 

1990s. 

Perhaps most remarkably, the Clean Air Act reflected the needs and 

interests of both American industry and the environmental community. Both 

played a critical role in shaping these laws, and both have been indispensable to 

EPA's successful clean air implementation. In the past two years, industry leaders 

2 
and environmentalists have advised EPA -- in an unparalleled collaborative 

process -- in the writing of new clean air regulations. In the process, they have 

shown a willingness to compromise and, increasingly, to work with -- if not trust --

each other. · 

Not only representatives of industry and environmental groups but also 

state and local government and public health officials, labor, consumer and 

academic leaders, and many other stakeholders have actively participated in EPA's 

negotiated rulemaking process. No interested party has been excluded, and no 

constituency has gone unheard. This consensus-building process has enabled us to 

establish enforceable clean air standards, while accommodating the business plans 

of the most progressive companies and leveling the playing field for their 

competitors. 

Emerging from this remarkably successful consensus process are innovative 

measures like the Acid Rain Rule with its market-based Allowance Trading 

System, the Navajo Agreement to clean up the Grand Canyon, a coke oven air 

toxics rule, resolving 25 years of litigation, consent orders and grand jury 

investigations, and an historic;; regulatory negotiation that produced. the 

Reformulated Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels program. These measures are 

producing environmental reforms that clean the air and allow the marketplace to 

function effectively at the lowest cost to businesses and consumers. Market-based 

approaches enable us to achieve the greatest possible emissions reductions at a 

price Americans are willing to pay. 

Many of our clean air programs are also helping us to conserve our 

precious energy resources. and save billions of dollars in energy costs. Clean Air 

Act initiatives will save the U.S. economy an estimated one million barrels of oil 

per day by causing shifts to natural gas and clean coal for electric generation and 

the substitution of natural gas-based methanol and corn-based ethanol for some of 

today's gasoline products. Voluntary energy conservation programs, like EPA's 

Green Lights, are already cutting carbon dioxide emissions by two million tons 

annually and will save as much as $20 billion per year in energy costs by the end 

of the decade. · 

Speaking of costs, the President's Council of Economic Advisors originally 

estimated that these clean air measures, when fully implemented, would cost the 

American economy $25 billion annually. That comes out to 25 cents per day per 

person, a bargain by any measure for the environmental benefits derived. But our 

clean air programs will also provide economic benefits. A study recently 

conducted for EPA by the investment firm of Smith Barney projects new revenues 

3 
for the air pollution control industry of $50 billion to $70 billion by the year 2000 

and, in the same period, the creation of 20,000 to 40,000 new jobs. 

Highlights of our clean air accomplishments in the first two years of 

implementation include the following: 

The Acid Rain Rule 

Finalized on October 26, 1992, the Acid Rain Rule will cut emissions of 

sulfur dioxide -- a major contributor to acid rain -- by fifty percent. Control of 

acid rain will help restore the fish to hundreds of lakes and streams. You will see 

farther in the daytime, and see more stars at night: Thousands of acres of forests 

that have been damaged will begin to recover. Historic buildings and monuments 

will age more slowly -- and acidic particles that may threaten health will be sharply 

reduced. 

The Acid Rain Rule was the product of our Acid Rain Advisory Committee 

-- a very diverse group representing utilities, state utility and· environmental 

regulators, environmental and consumer groups, the coal and gas industry, 

pollution control manufacturers, and other interested parties. 

The Allowance Trading System 

Allowance Trading is an imaginative, market-based approach for reducing 

S02 emissions. Electric utilities are given a specific number of emission 

allowances based on historical data. One allowance gives its holder the authority 

to e1pit one ton of sulfur dioxide. A utility that cuts its S02 emissions below its 

required level can sell what's left over to another utility at the market price. 

Allowance Trading rewards utilities that exceed the tight new requirements 

of the Act by allowing them to profit from the sale of emission credits -- and 

allows utilities that buy these credits some added leeway to install new technology 

or implement conservation measures. Meanwhile, electric utility emissions will be 

cut in half. The Chicago Board of Trade plans to create a market for these 

emissions credits. What could be more enterprising, more market-based, than the 

trading of emissions futures right alongside soybeans and pork bellies! 

The Navajo Agreement 

On September 18, 1991, the President announced an historic agreement 

that will reduce-- by 90 percent-- the sulfur dioxide emissions from the Navajo 

Generating Station. For years, pollution from the Navajo power plant has 

4 
impaired visibility and obscured the magnificent vistas of the Grand Canyon. But 

amidst conflicting claims and protracted litigation, nothing was accomplished for 

nearly twenty years. But we were able to forge a compromise without litigation in 

a way that served the environment and the public interest -- and in a form that all 

parties could live with. 

Reformulated Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels 

On August 16, 1991, EPA announced a negotiated regulatory agreement on 

reformulated gasoline and oxygenated fuels, rules that will counteract the two 

major causes of air pollution in the U.S. -- automotive tailpipe emissions and 

evaporating fuel. 

In the process, we brought to the table a group of historic rivals: the oil 

industry, automobile industry, ethanol, methanol and other oxygenated fuels 

industries, environmental groups, gasoline marketers, and local, state and federal 

government agencies. Together, we negotiated the details of a reformulated gas 

and oxygenated fuels agreement. The use of reformulated gasoline -- by itself --

will reduce toxic pollutants nationwide by 15 percent. As NRDC's David Doniger 

said later, "We wanted cleaner gas and they wanted certainty and flexibility." 

Through the dynamics and the give and take of the Reg-Neg process, we were 

able to satisfy both sides and meet our clean air goals. 

And The Week That Was 

In 1992, we have kept up our rapid implementation pace. In a ten-day 

period, beginning in the last week of October, EPA announced ten major clean air 

rules, including finalized core rules of the Acid Rain program and two proposed 

rules to reduce nitrogen dioxide, another major contributor to acid rain. For the 

first time, utilities and other stationary NOx sources will cut NOx emissions by as 

much as 2 1/2 million tons annually by the year 2000. 

We also announced an agreement to reduce coke oven emissions, among 

the most toxic of all air pollutants. This agreement -- a product of another 

successful regulatory negotiation with the steel industry and unions -- will help 

preserve jobs and minimize cost impacts on the steel industry, while protecting 

citizens in surrounding areas from air pollution. This pact exceeds -- in every 

case -- the environmental goals of the new Clean Air Act, and it will cost less than 

10 percent of what the steel industry fearfully predicted during the Congressional 

debate. 

5 
We proposed the first air toxics rule for the chemical industry under the 

new Clean Air Act. The Hazardous Organic NESHAP. (HON) rule will reduce 

emissions of 110 of the 189 toxics on the inventory list, and will regulate 

production of 400 chemical substances produced by synthetic organic chemical 

manufacturers. This proposed rule, also developed through a public participation 

process, will reduce hazardous air pollutants by 1 billion pounds and volatile 

organic compounds by 2.4 billion pounds each year. 

High Tech Inspection and Maintenance 

On November 5, 1992, EPA finalized its high-tech auto inspection and 

maintenance program. High-tech I&M will do more to reduce air pollution 

nationwide than any other single measure. Improved auto testing in the most 

polluted areas will keep cars properly tuned. More sophisticated equipment will 

test the operation of cars "under load," and the separation of testing and repair 

will insure the reliability of test results. The rule also insures that these 10-minute 

emissions checks will be conducted at conveniently located test stations. 

Today, an estimated 20 percent of all vehicles on the road are creating 

more than 60 percent of the auto-related air pollution -- which is half of the 

overall air pollution we suffer. $50 billion has already been invested in automotive 

pollution control technology. If motorists repair their faulty emissions equipment -

- often something as simple as fixing a broken hose -- we can cut vehicle VOC 

emissions by 28 percent, CO by 31 percent, and NOx by 9 percent -- a tremendous 

environmental gain at a very modest cost. 

The Green Programs 

Voluntary initiatives are at the heart of our clean air program and are 

essential to our ultimate success. I am happy ·to say that our Green Programs, 

which promote energy efficiency and pollution prevention, so far have been 

stunningly successful. The Green Lights Program, which, cuts air pollution and 

saves energy through energy efficient lighting,, has been the single most successful 

initiative in our entire implementation process. To date, over 650 companies, 

state and local governments, and universities have joined the Green Lights 

program. It's an impressive list.that includes ARCO, Lockheed, Pacific Gas and 

Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Gillette, Mobil, 3M, Polaroid, Xerox, Citicorp, M.I.T., 

and the States of California and Massachusetts, just to name a few. 

Green Lights is the centerpiece of the President's action plan on global 

climate change. Also prominent on this agenda are two other EPA energy 

efficiency programs: Golden Carrot, which will market a refrigerator/freezer that 

6 
uses less electricity and no CFCs; and EPA Energy Star Computers, developed in 

cooperation with industry leaders, including IBM, Apple, Compaq, Hewlett:.. 

~ackard, NCR, and DEC. Energy Star's industry partners have agreed to 

manufacture and market energy-efficient computer equipment that shuts off 

automatically when not in use -- utilizing 30 watts instead of 200 watts· of 

electricity -- and saving energy equivalent to the output of 20 power plants by the 

end of the decade. 

Permits 

On July 21, 1992, EPA issued an operating permits rule that carries out a 

major reform of the 1990 Amendments. State permit programs will be the 

centerpiece for compliance with the entire Act. The permit system is designed to 

improve compliance with the law's requirements and provide more certainty. to 

companies about their obligations. 

Most important, as a result of these actions, the air is getting cleaner. 

Look at the results of the Air Trends Report, released last month. It 

shows continuing progress in reducing six major air pollutants over the past ten 

years. The new air quality data for 1991 reveals that 

+ 41 of the 98 areas designated under the 1990 Act as "nonattainment" for ground level ozone (smog) now meet the national air 

quality standard for ozone. 

+ 13 of the 42 areas designated nonattainment for carbon monoxide 

now meet the standard. 

These one-year improvements are due to emission. reductions, weather variations, 

and other factors. 

In the past ten years, we have managed to significantly reduce the ambient 

levels of these six major pollutants: 

+ Smog levels have· dropped eight percent. 

+ Lead levels have been cut by a dramatic 89 percent. 

+ Sulfur dioxide pollution has been reduced by 20 percent. 

+ Carbon monoxide levels have declined by 30 percent. 

7 
+ Particulate levels are down 10 percent. 

+ Nitrogen dioxide pollution has been reduced by six percent. 

These air quality improvements translate into health benefits for all U.S. 

citizens. It's a real American success story. And the Clean Air Act will assure 

that it is a continuing and even greater success story. 

Of course, much remains to be done. In 1991, 86 million Americans lived 

in areas with unhealthy air. Nearly 70 million people live in counties exceeding 

the smog standard. But as the Clean Air Act becomes an increasing reality at the 

state and local level, the air is getting cleaner. As the Trends Report shows, we 

are dramatically reducing auto emissions that befoul our cities with smog, carbon 

monoxide, and particulates. New Clean Air Act rules will enable you to drive 

behind a city bus -- and not have to choke on the black smoke belching from its 

tailpipe. 

Forests, lakes, and streams are getting cleaner. To cut acid rain, electric 

utilities are improving power plants to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide 

emissions that cause acid rain by 10 million tons nationwide -- that's 10 million 

tons each year. 

We are cutting toxic smokestack emissions from refineries, power plants, 

chemical plants -- even dry cleaners. In communities across the country, we are 

clearing the air of leaks from steel and chemical plants that can cause cancer and 

threaten our respiratory systems. 

Cars are getting cleaner-- 50 percent cleaner. Next fall, in response to the 

Clean Air Act, new cars rolling off assembly lines in Flint, Dearborn; and Sterling 

Heights will be 50 percent less polluting than today's models. 

Gasoline is getting cleaner. On November 1, 1992, oxygenated fuel 

programs in 39 cities began cutting carbon monoxide emissions by 17 percent, 

increasing the use of ethanol from Midwest grain and methanol from Southwest 

natural gas -- both replacing imported oil from the Middle East. In 1995, 

reformulated gasoline will be available that adds oxygen, cuts benzene toxics and 

lowers volatility that causes fumes to evaporate. The net result of reformulated 

gasoline will be to reduce smog-causing, toxic pollutants by 15 percent in 1995, 

and up to 25 percent in the year 2000, in our nation's dirtiest cities. 

8 
Gasoline stations are getting cleaner. Stage Two gas pump controls will 

reduce exposure to toxic gasoline vapors and save fuel that would otherwise be 

wasted through evaporation. 

The atmosphere is getting safer. CFCs, which destroy the earth's 

protective shield and threaten our health, are on the way out. Under the new 

Act, President Bush has accelerated the international timetable under the 

Montreal Protocol to phase out CFCs more quickly in the United States and halt 

production entirely by the end of 1995. And as of August, 1992, service stations 

must recycle freon when repairing auto air conditioners. 

As a direct result of these actions, Americans are benefitting, and will 

benefit for generations to come. Emphysema sufferers in Chicago, heart patients 

in Los Angeles, asthma-sufferers in Washington, D.C., especially children and the 

elderly, will all be less at risk when they step outdoors. Millions of Americans will 

experience more sunny, smog-free, summer afternoons and clear, starry nights. 

Four years ago, market-based programs, voluntary initiatives, consensusrule making, and least-cost solutions were mainly concepts, phrases we attached to 

clean air ideas and drawing-board plans we hoped would work in the real world. 

Today, four years later, all of these ideas are being realized. Well conceived and 

expertly executed, these plans are working. And our hopes are coming to fruition. 

In the months ahead, our clean air efforts will continue apace at the federal 

level, as we continue to implement statutory clean air requirements, work to 

resolve other NOx issues, improve our residual risk procedures and data on 

inventories, encourage the development of new technologies and cleaner cars, and 

develop new forums for full participation in the clean air process. We will also 

redouble our efforts to assist state and local governments in their efforts to make 

these clean air programs a reality in every city, town and neighborhood from coast 

to coast. 

Finally, the President, the Congress, environmental groups, industry, state 

and local governments -- all of our "clean air partners" -- deserve great credit for 

our successes to date. But the greatest share of credit, and the highest praise, 

rightly belongs to our own EPA staff. Without your knowledge, skill, and 

remarkable dedication, the Clean Air Act of 1990 would still be a blueprint. 

I have had the great good fortune to work hand in hand -- and often far 

into the night -- with the staff of the Office of Air and Radiation and other EPA 

offices. On a thousand occasions, you have patiently explained to me the 

subtleties and nuances of highly sophisticated clean air measures. You have 

9 
briefed me, educated me, argued with me and sometimes cursed at me. From 

Durham to Ann Arbor to Waterside Mall-- in every regional office, and at every 

level from secretary to office director -- you have given me your tremendous 

support. But more important, more than anyone, you have made this clean air 

law work for all of us and for future generations of Americans. 

* * * * * * * * 

Following the report to the Administrator on the succeeding pages is an 

informal record, a memoir in your own words, of our many shared 

accomplishments during the past four years. It is a record we can all be very 

proud of. You are quite simply the finest group of public servants I have ever 

encountered, and it has been my privilege to share your company during this 

exciting time in our lives. Thank you for your amazingly hard work, for the hardwon victories, for the many good times, and for your friendship. 

10 
CHAPTER 1 

IMPLEMENTING THE ACT: THE BIG PICTURE 

President Bush on November 15, 1990 

signed· into law a massive overhaul of the 

Clean Air Act that is designed to provide 

cleaner air for all Americans. 

Major goals of the Clean Air Act 

Amendments of 1990 are 

+ to bring urban air quality into line 

with health-based air quality standards 

by deadlines set in the Act 

+ to reduce emissions of air toxics by at 

least 75 percent.· 

+ to cut emissions of sulfur dioxide, a 

primary contributor. to acid rain, by 10 

million tons · · 

+ to · phase out production of 

chlorofluorocarbons and other 

chemicals that deplete the 

stratospheric ozone layer 

+ . to· require cleaner cars, fuels, 

factories, power plants and businesses 

In the two years since enactment, the 

Environmental Protection Agency has 

made great strides in implementing the 

landmark legislation. By the end of 

October 1992, the Agency had proposed 

or fmalized 76 rules to carry out the law. 

Once implemented, these rules . and 

guidelines will accomplish more than 84 

percent of the 57 billion pounds of annual 

emissions reductions mandated by the 1990 

Amendments. 

Past Progress Cleaning the Air 

The 1990 Amendments were passed 

to continue the progress toward cleaner air 

begun under the Clean Air Act of 1970 

and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1977. 

Between 1970 and 1991, lead 

emissions plunged 98 percent. Emissions 

of particulate matter (soot, dust and other 

particles) dropped 61 percent, carbon 

monoxide 50 percent, and sulfur oxides 27 

percent. Volatile organic compounds and 

nitrogen oxides, which combine in the 

atmosphere to form ozone, declined 38 

percent and 1 percent respectively. 

. ·But serious air pollution problems 

persist. About 86 million Americans live 

in counties where air pollution levels 

measured in 1991 exceeded the national 

air quality standard for· at least one of six 

major pollutants. Ground-level ozone, the 

prime ingredient of smog, is the most 

widespread and intractable of these 

pollution problems. Acid rain and toxic air 

pollution, also ·major problems, were not 

effectively controlled under the 1970 or 

1977 Acts. · 

The 1990 Act 

The new Clean Air Act is an effective 

and cost-effective plan for tackling these 

difficult problems, The law mandates 

pollution reductions while giving states and 

industry much flexibility on ways to achieve 

clean air gm\Is. 

Increased emphasis on· innovative, 

market-based regulatory approaches is an 

important feature of the new law. The 

acid rain control program, for example, 

allows electric utilities to buy and sell 

emissions credits. · These approaches 

provide industries with flexibility to reduce . 

pollution in the least costly ways. 

The 1990 Act provides new tools for 

bringing urban pollution levels into line 

with federal air quality standards. Cities 

violating air quality standards are given 

different deadlines for attainment 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

depending upon the severity of the 

pollution. Areas with longer deadlines 

must implement more control measures 

and demonstrate interim progress toward 

reaching the standard. 

In addition, the Act establishes a fourpronged approach for reducing motor 

vehicle pollution -- tighter emissions 

standards for new vehicles, cleaner fuels, 

improved vehicle inspection and 

maintenance programs, and clean 

transportation alternatives. These 

programs are designed to reconcile the 

automobile with the environment. 

Toxic air pollution from industrial 

plants is to be reduced through a twophased program. EPA must set best 

control technology standards for all major 

sources of air taxies within a 10-year 

period. If significant risks remain after 

control technology is installed, the Agency 

must set tighter standards to protect public 

health. 

The 1990 Act also takes aim at two 

atmospheric problems that have come into 

focus during the past decade: acid rain and 

stratospheric ozone depletion. The acid 

rain control program is designed to reduce 

annual U.S. emissions of sulfur dioxide by 

10 million tons, mostly from electric power 

plants. To protect the ozone layer, the 

Act mandates a phaseout of ozonedepleting chemicals and the establishment 

of requirements for use, recycling and 

disposal. 

To facilitate enforcement, the 1990 

Act requires industrial plants and 

businesses classed as major pollution 

sources to obtain operating permits from 

state or local air agencies. The money 

12 

needed to administer permitprograms will 

be raised through permit fees. 

Although complying with the Act will 

be costly for many industries and 

businesses, the new law also is creating 

business opportunities and economic 

benefits. For example, tens of thousands 

of workers will be needed for the 

manufacture of air pollution control 

equipment for factories and businesses. 

Investments spurred by the Act are 

positioning American businesses to 

compete worldwide in areas such as 

alternative-fueled vehicles, cleaner fuels, 

more efficient manufacturing processes, 

and pollution control equipment. 

Implementation Principles 

Implementation of the 1990 Act poses 

a tremendous challenge for the Agency. As 

President Bush stated, "Every American 

expects and deserves to breathe clean air." 

To expedite and guide this work, the 

Office of Air and Radiation adopted the 

following set of implementation principles 

shortly after enactment of the 1990 

Amendments. 

Policy 

+ E3: Achieve and maintain a healthy 

environment while supporting strong 

and sustainable economic growth and 

sound energy policy. 

+ Market-based strategies: Use marketbased approaches and other 

innovative strategies to solve 

eF.tvironmental problems creatively. 
Reductions Expected from Rules Proposed or 

Promulgated as of November 9, 1992 

(In Billions of Pounds per year) 

co 7.3 

1.7 

S02 20.3 

Total Reductions: 47.9 
Reductions Expected from Specific Rules Proposed or 

Promulgated as of November 9, 1992 

(In Billions of Pounds per year) 

Phase II RVP Rule 

Reformulated Gasoline Rule 

Onboard Diagnostics Rule 

Evaporative Controls Rule 

Tier I Tailpipe Rule 

Enhanced I&M Rule 

Equipment Leaks Rule 

Total 

Title IV NOx Rule 

Title I NOx Guidance 

1998 Heavy-Duty Engine Rule 

OnBoard Diagnostics Rule 

Tier I Tailpipe Rule 

Oxygenated Fuels Rule 

Onboard Diagnostics Rule 

Diesel Fuel Quality Rule 

Enhanced I&M Rule 

Total 

Acid Rain Rule 

Diesel Fuel Quality Rule 

Total 

Hazardous Organics (HON) 

Municipal Waste Combusters 

Early Reductions Rule 

Total 

Total Reductions: 

Does not include rules that reduce emissions less than 50 million pounds. 

2.6 

0.3 

0.3 

1.7 

0.3 

5.6 

0.3 

11.1 

4.0 

1.0 

0.5 

0.3 

1.7 

3.7 

2.4 

0.4 

0.8 

7.3 

20.0 

0.3 

20.3 

1.0 

0.5 

0.2 

1.7 

47.9 
Consensus Building 

+ Joint ventures: Recognize the 

essential role played by state and local 

governments. Foster communication 

and cooperation among all entities 

involved in implementing the 

Amendments. 

+ Negotiation: Use negotiation 

techniques to resolve critical issues 

with other interested parties, 

including other government 

organizations, industry, environmental 

groups, and academics. 

+ Federal coordination: Work closely 

with EPA Offices, other federal 

agencies, and the Congress to ensure 

a coordinated approach that will 

achieve environmental objectives as 

effectively as possible. 

Management 

+ Deadlines: Establish and meet 

commitments to effectively implement 

key provisions of the Act. 

+ Team effort: Work together, and 

attract and retain a diverse and 

talented work force. 

The new law requires EPA to issue 

more than 120 regulations by 1995, an 

average of 24 rules per year. In the two 

years since enactment, the Agency has 

issued 76 proposed air rules, of which 23 

have been finalized. Historically, the air 

office has issued five to eight major rules 

per year. 

Although its actions have been 

significant, EPA has not met all of the 

Chapter 1. Implementing the Act: The Big Picture 

Act's deadlines. In a. number of cases, 

regulations have been proposed for 

comment but not yet completed. In 

addition, as of November 15, 1992, EPA 

has submitted 11 proposed rules and 4 

final rules to the Office of Management 

and Budget and is awaiting review. The 

Agency is now in the final stages of 

negotiating a comprehensive courtapproved schedule for further regulatory 

action. 

The Agency has found implementing 

the 1990 Amendments even more 

challenging than it anticipated. Reaching 

the degree of consensus necessary to issue 

the rules and Jo lay the groundwork for 

effective implementation has proven to be 

a lengthy process. 

Achievements to Date 

This report is designed to provide a 

broad picture of EPA's actions to date 

implementing the Act. Some of the 

highlights include the following: 

Acid rain control. Core regulations 

for a market-based acid rain control 

program will protect lakes, streams and 

other resources through a 50-percent cut 

in electric utility emissions of sulfur 

dioxide. 

Ozone layer protection. Phase-out 

requirements have been put in place for 

chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals 

that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. 

State air quality planning. Extensive 

EPA guidance will help states develop and 

implement plans for bringing air quality 

into line with federal standards by 

deadlines. established in the Act. 

15 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Cleaner gasoline. National limits on 

gasoline's volatility - its tendency to 

evaporate -- already are dramatically 

reducing the release of ozone-forming 

hydrocarbons and air taxies. Under a 

proposed rule, a new generation of 

cleaner, "reformulated" gasolines will be 

required in the nine cities with the worst 

ozone pollution starting in 1995. Twelve 

states have opted to extend the program to 

additional cities. Since November 1, 1992, 

millions of motorists have been pumping 

cleaner, "oxygenated11 gasoline into cars in 

39 cities with carbon monoxide pollution; 

this fuel will reduce CO tailpipe emissions 

by 17 percent. 

Cleaner cars and trucks. Tighter 

emissions limits for cars and light trucks 

will be phased in starting with 1994 

models, cutting exhaust hydrocarbons by 30 

percent and nitrogen oxides by 60 percent 

relative to current standards. A new coldtemperature standard will reduce 

wintertime carbon monoxide emissions. 

Black smoke from diesel trucks and buses 

wili be dramatically cut by tough new 

particulate standards and by new limits on 

sulfur in diesel fuel. 

Vehicle inspection and maintenance. 

Improved, high-tech vehicle emissions 

inspection programs must be implemented 

in 1995 in cities with serious ozone or 

carbon monoxide pollution. Basic 

inspection and maintenance (I&M) programs will be required in additional areas 

of the country. These programs ensure 

that cars are tuned up and that their 

emissions systems are working properly. 

Fleet vehicles. In 22 cities, 50- to 70-

percent of certain new fleet vehicles --

such as taxis and delivery vans -- will have . 

16 

to meet tailpipe standards more stringent 

than those for conventional vehicles, 

beginning in 1998. EPA guidelines will 

provide incentives for purchase of ultraclean vehicles fueled with natural gas, 

propane, pure alcohol or electricity. 

Industry air toxics. An innovative 

"early reductions" program already is giving 

industries an· incentive to reduce toxic air 

pollution earlier than required by the Act. 

Proposed standards would cut toxic 

emissions from synthetic organic chemical 

manufacturing by 522,500 tons per year --

more than any other air toxics standard to 

be issued under the 1990 Amendments. 

Permits. A final rule establishes the 

minimum requirements for state and local 

operating permit programs. These 

programs will ensure better compliance 

with the Act and raise more than $300 

million annually for state and local air 

pollution control agencies. 

Offshore oil facilities. Oil and gas 

platforms in the ocean off most ofthe U.S. 

coast will be subject to the same air 

pollution control requirements as onshore 

facilities. 

Incinerators and landfills. Municipal 

waste incinerators must achieve a 90-

percent overall reduction in emissions of 

metals, organic chemicals and acid gases. 

Proposed standards for large s·olid waste 

landfills and 2,300 hazardous waste 

treatment, storage and disposal facilities 

would cut smog-forming and toxic air 

emissions -- as well as releases of methane, 

a greenhouse gas. 

As EPA turns out rules and guidelines 

establishing the framework for 
implementation, the challenge of cleaning 

the air moves to the states. EPA already 

is working intensively with states to see 

that clean air goals are met. 

Clean Air Act Costs 

EPA and the President's Council of 

Economic Advisors originally estimated 

that the cost of the 1990 Amendments 

would eventually reach $25 billion per year 

when fully implemented in 2005 -- about 

25 cents a day for each person living in the 

United States. 

Now, EPA projects the annual cost to 

be at least $2 billion lower than the 

original estimates for years after 2000, with 

even greater savings in earlier years. The 

savings result from fine-tuning of cost 

estimates and from regulations that use 

market-based or other flexible approaches. 

Consider the following examples: 

+ Reformulated gasoline. More 

detailed analysis puts the cost of 

reformulated gasoline at 4.3 cents per 

gallon, versus the original estimate of 

6.2 cents. Also, the oxygen standard 

is 2 percent rather than 2.7 percent, 

the level originally analyzed. Total 

savings will be $700 million in 1995, 

and $400 million per year by 2005. 

+ Coke ovens. According to The Wall 

Street Journal (October 26, 1992), 

industry estimates of the costs of 

cutting toxic air pollution from steel 

industry coke ovens ranged as high as 

$3 billion to $5 billion during 

Congressional debate over the 1990 

Amendments. An agreement reached 

through regulatory negotiation 

envisions capital costs of $66 million 

Chapter 1. Implementing the Act: The Big Picture· 

to $510 million, depending on the 

technology the plants choose, with 

corresponding annual operating costs 

of $25 million to $84 million. The 

dramatically lower cost of the 

agreement reflects the more realistic 

cost estimates that can result from 

regulatory negotiation. In addition, 

some savings are expected from the 

negotiated use of emissions averaging. 

+ CTGs. More detailed analysis shows 

that control technology guidelines 

. (CTGs) will achieve more than twice 

the emissions reductions at the same 

cost originally projected, reducing the 

need for more costly control measures 

in areas with dirty air. Preliminary 

estimates show net cost savings from 

avoiding more expensive measures 

could reach $1 billion per year when 

the program is fully in place, relative 

to the original estimate. 

+ Air toxics. EPA believes that the use 

of emissions averaging to comply with 

toxic air pollution standards could 

reduce compliance costs significantly. 

Cost estimates have increased for 

some rules, including the trip reduction 

planning rule and the permits rule. 

However, the net result of the increases 

and decreases is a significant drop in the 

Act's estimated cost. 

17 

CHAPTER 2 

USING THE MARKET TO SERVE THE ENVIRONMENT: 

FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND CLEAN AIR 

EPA often has been accused of 

issuing inflexible command-and-control 

regulations that can become outdated 

because they require use of a particular 

pollution control technology. In response, 

the Agency increasingly has moved to 

performance standards that set a minimum 

control level -- for example, a 70-percent 

reduction in air pollutant emissions. This 

approach gives industry flexibility to decide 

the best way to achieve that level, 

considering cost and other factors. 

During the 1980s, EPA structured a 

number of air pollution programs to 

provide even more flexibility by allowing a 

company to comply with performance 

standards through averaging emissions 

from multiple emissions points, such as 

smokestacks. A few programs were 

designed to enable companies that go 

beyond minimum requirements to trade or 

sell credits to other companies that do less 

than required. For example, refiners were 

allowed to trade credits under EPA rules 

requiring a phased reduction of lead in 

gasoline. These rules cut lead emissions 

from motor vehicles by more than 96 

percent between 1982 and 1991. 

Today, under the 1990 Amendments 

to the Clean Air Act, EPA is accelerating 

the movement toward flexible rules that 

allow industry to reduce air pollution in 

the most economical way and encourage 

technology innovation. But the Agency is 

trying to couple flexibility · with 

accountability throt.Jgh adequate 

monitoring and enforcement -- to ensure 

that clean air goals are met. 

Controlling Acid Rain 

A prime example is the acid rain 

control program, which is based upon an 

innovative system of marketable pollution 

allowances. · Each electric utility plant is 

allocated a limited number of emission 

allowances. One allowance entitles the 

holder to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide. 

A utility that cuts its S02 emissions more 

than required can sell its extra allowances 

to another utility at the market price, or 

bank them for future use. 

The Act's tough requirements are 

designed to achieve a 10-million-ton 

reduction in annual sulfur dioxide 

emiSSions from the 1980 level, mostly 

through a 50-percent cut in electric utility 

emissions. The allowance system provides 

flexibility for emissions reductions to be 

achieved at the plants where controls are 

least expensive, reducing costs to utilities 

and electricity consumers. 

The system rewards. utilities that go 

beyond the Act's stringent control 

requirements by enabling them to earn 

profits from the sale of their extra 

allowances. Utilities that find controls less 

cost effective can purchase allowances to 

meet all or part of their control 

requirements. The buyers essentially are 

paying for their required emissions 

reductions to be achieved by other utilities 

that can reduce emissions more 

economically. 

19 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Exploring Other Market-Based 

Approaches 

EPA is developing a number of other 

programs with market features to minimize 

the cost of cleaning the air. 

A rule being developed by EPA will 

encourage states to adopt economic incentive programs to reduce pollution using 

such methods as marketable permits and 

emiSSions fees. Under the 1990 

Amendments, these programs are optional 

for most cities but may be mandated in 

cities with serious ozone problems that fail 

to meet deadlines for reducing pollution. 

The proposed rule may be issued as early 

as December 1992. 

One option for states outlined in the 

draft economic· incentive proposal is a 

program to allow industries emissions 

credits for buying alternative-fueled 

vetaicles or taking other steps that go 

beyond the new Act's requirements for 

motor vehicle emissions reductions. These 

credits could be used toward compliance 

with smokestack emission limits. Goals 

include stimulating development' of new 

technologies and creating incentives for 

use of natural gas vehicles. 

EPA has supplied major assistance to 

California for a local initiative called the 

Regional Clean Air Incentives Market, 

now under development. RECLAIM is 

intended to use economic incentives for 

smog and particulate control and create 

separate markets for authorizations to emit 

three pollutants: hydrocarbons, nitrogen 

oxides and sulfur oxides. 

EPA also is working on detailed 

guidance for states to iniplement "cash for 

20 

clunkers" programs offering industry credits 

for taking high-polluting cars off the road -

by buying and scrapping them, for 

example. In Los Angeles, spending $1,000 

to get a clunker off the road can eliminate 

the same amount of pollution as spending 

$3,000 to $4,000 on stationary source 

controls. The program is discussed in a 

Federal Register notice EPA issued in April 

1992 to help states interpret planning 

requirements of the 1990 Amendments. 

Building Flexibility Into Clean Air Act 

Programs 

In every title of the 1990 

Amendments, EPA is finding new 

opportunities to harness the power of the 

marketplace. Examples of other programs 

using market-based or other flexible 

regulatory approaches include the 

following: 

+ Air toxics early reductions.· A final· 

"early reductions" rule announced in 

October 1992 encourages companies 

to cut toxic emissions by 90 percent 

or more now, rather than waiting for 

EPA to issue control technology 

standards for their industries. In 

exchange, companies choosing to 

participate are given six extra years to 

comply with the standards. 

+ Control of air toxics from chemical 

manufacturing. A proposed rule 

announced in October 1992 will 

regulate toxic emissions from 

. synthetic organic chemical 

manufacturing plants. Through an 

emissions averaging system, companies 

could choose which vents and other 

emissions points to control to achieve 

the required emissions reductions in 
Chapter 2. Using the Market to Serve the Environment: Free Market Economics and Clean Air 

the most efficient way. Companies 

also would be allowed to bank credits 

from extra reductions for future use. 

+ CFC phase out. EPA regulations 

require a phase out of chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs) and other 

chemicals that are most damaging to 

the stratospheric ozone layer. During 

the phaseout, manufacturers and 

importers are allowed to buy and sell 

production rights. 

+ Reformulated and oxygenated 

gasoline. The 1990 Amendments 

require cleaner, reformulated gasoline 

in the nine cities with the worst ozone 

pollution, and oxygenated gasoline in 

39 cities with carbon monoxide 

pollution. Refiners will receive 

credits for going beyond the clean 

fuel standards. A person with credits 

can sell some gasoline not meeting 

the requirements, or trade the credits 

to another fuel seller in the same 

area. 

+ Heavy-duty engine standards. 

Emissions standards for heavy-duty 

truck and bus engines allow 

manufacturers to earn credits for 

engine families EPA certifies .as being 

cleaner than required. Under an 

averaging program begun in 1985, 

manufacturers could use credits to 

certify engine families that did not 

meet the standard. A July 1990 final 

rule extended the system to allow 

manufacturers to bank credits for use 

in future years, or to trade credits to 

other manufacturers of similar 

engines. 

+ Air pollution permit fees. The 1990 

Amendments require companies to 

obtain operating permits for all major 

sources of air pollution. State and 

local permitting agencies are to 

collect permit fees sufficient to pay 

the cost of the permit program. The 

fees will give companies an economic 

incentive to reduce the amounts of 

regulated air pollutants they emit - as 

well as generate $300 million a year 

nationwide for state and local air 

programs. 

+ Operating flexibility. The permits 

rule is designed to give manufacturers 

flexibility to change their operations 

quickly without having to obtain a 

permit revision. For example, states 

must allow permits that provide for 

alternate operating scenarios, such as 

changing from one product to 

another. Also, the state must allow 

permits to include provisions for 

emissions trading within a facility, to 

the extent provided by the underlying 

federal or state standard. 

+ Clean-fueled vehicles. EPA has 

proposed rules for clean-fueled 

vehicle programs that promote 

innovative technologies and regulatory 

flexibility through marketable credit 

systems. (See Chapter 5 on motor 

vehicles.) 

21 

CHAPTER3 

REGULATORY NEGOTIATION: CONSULTING WITH INDUSTRY, 

ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS AND STATES 

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990 called for EPA to issue more than 55 

major rules within two years. In response 

to this difficult challenge, the Office of Air 

and Radiation changed the way it does 

business. 

Traditionally, the Agency has 

developed proposed regulations, published 

them for public comment, and then tried 

to reconcile differing points of view. But 

too often, EPA's regulatory efforts have 

been delayed or even stymied by frequent 

and protracted litigation. When 

controversy produces gridlock, the 

environment suffers. 

After many years fighting in the 

courts, the Office of Air and Radiation has 

found that it often can be much more 

effective and less expensive to negotiate 

than to litigate. The air office, in carrying 

out the 1990 Amendments, has placed a 

new emphasis on . consulting with 

interested groups early in the regulatory 

process and trying to build consensus. 

Through informal diswssions or formal 

regulatory negotiations, OAR has worked 

directly with industry, environmentalists, 

state and local governments and other 

interested parties to develop proposed 

regulations. 

Formal regulatory negotia:tions have 

produced agreements on proposed rules to 

prevent toxic emissions from equipment 

leaks, · set requirements for cleaner 

"reformulated" and "oxygenated" gasolines, 

and cut toxic emissions from steel industry 

coke ovens. Informal · talks and 

consultation with advisory committees have 

produced broad agreement on rules that 

control acid rain and phase out 

chlorofluorocarbons, which deplete the 

stratospheric ozone layer. 

The air office's efforts to foster 

consensus on implementation of the Act 

include the establishment in November 

1990 of the Clean Air Act Advisory 

Committee, which includes members from 

industry, environmental groups, state and 

local governments, and academia. The 

committee, not required by law, was 

formed to advise the Agency on clean air 

policy, economic, scientific and 

enforcement issues. 

While the framework for 

implementing the 1990 Amendments is 

being developed primarily at the national 

level, most of the specific programs to 

carry it out will be crafted at the state and 

local level. EPA has been recommending 

that states and localities use collaborative 

approaches. With the assistance of the 

Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, EPA 

in 1992 published a guide called "The 

Clean Air Act of 1990:. A Primer on 

Consensus-Building." 

What is "Reg-Neg?" 

A regulatory negotiation, known as 

"reg-neg" for short, begins with the 

establishment of a formal advisory 

committee by the Agency. EPA seeks to 

invite a balanced mix of people to 

participate . and represent identified 

interests. Generally, committees consist of 

12 to 25 members. A neutral mediator 

convenes the committee and manages 

meetings. 

23 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Meetings are announced in the 

Federal Register and are open to 

observation by members of the public. 

Decisions are made by consensus, not 

majority vote. EPA participates in the 

negotiations on behalf of the government. 

If consensus is reached, the Agency 

uses the agreement as the basis for the 

proposed rule. Members of the 

negotiating committee agree to support 

the rule as proposed if there are no 

substantive changes from the consensus 

agreement. As under the conventional 

rulemaking process, the proposed rule is 

published in the Federal Register for public 

comment. 

Negotiated rules are more likely to be 

accepted by industry and other interested 

parties, reducing chances of litigation. The 

process enables the Agency to tap the 

expertise and creativity of committee 

members to come up with solutions that 

best address the concerns of all interests. 

Critical public comment may be reduced, 

cutting the time needed to finalize the 

rule. In addition, rules developed through 

negotiation may be more pragmatic and 

easier to implement. 

Accomplishments 

EPA has used regulatory negotiation 

and informal consensus-building processes 

to produce agreements on several 

regulations. 

Equipment leaks. Equipment leaks 

such as faulty valves cause significant 

emissions of air taxies and smog-forming 

volatile organic compounds from synthetic 

organic chemical manufacturing plants. 

Because the emissions escape at ground 

24 

level, their effect is estimated to be 10 to 

40 times greater than equal amounts of 

pollution from stacks. 

A standard to prevent equipment 

leaks was the first negotiated air pollution 

rule to be completed after enactment of 

the 1990 Amendments. After a year of 

negotiations, thirteen representatives of 

environmental, industry, federal, state and 

local government groups reached 

consensus with EPA in November 1990. 

A draft rule was published in March 1991. 

The rule is being formally proposed as part 

of the air taxies control standard for 

synthetic organic chemical manufacturers. 

The negotiation produced a proposal 

that relies first on incentives, rather than 

sanctions, to encourage companies to 

prevent equipment leaks. Companies that 

do better than a "base performance level" 

would be rewarded with less frequent 

inspection requirements. Companies that 

fail to attain the performance level would 

have to conduct more inspections or install 

improved technology, such as better valves. 

During the negotiations, industry was 

willing to support a more stringent base 

performance level in return for use of the 

incentive system. Sar.ctions such as fines 

still would apply if a company did not carry 

actions required under the incentive 

system. 

Reformulated and oxygenated 

gasoline. EPA also elected to use 

regulatory negotiation to develop rules 

requiring cleaner, reformulated gasoline in 

the nine cities with the worst ozone 

pollution, and oxygenated gasoline in 39 

cities with carbon monoxide pollution. 
Chapter 3. Regulatory Negotiation: Consulting with Industry, Environmental Groups and States 

The 28-member negotiating 

committee included representatives of 

domestic and foreign auto manufacturers, 

small and large oil companies, groups 

representing environmentalists, farmers 

and citizens, gasoline marketers, methanol 

and ethanol producers, state and local air 

pollutimi regulators, and the Department 

of Energy. Five months of meetings 

produced consensus in August 1991. 

The reg-neg process produced a 

proposed rule in much less ·time than 

would have been consumed by the 

traditional process, given the complex and 

highly technical issues involved. In the 

end, industry was able to obtain additional 

flexibility in the form of averaging to meet 

reformulated and oxygenated gasoline 

requirements. In return, industry agreed, 

among other things, to provisions that 

require reductions in ozone-forming 

emissions in southern cities greater than 

the minimum required by the statute. 

Coke ovens. Regulatory negotiations 

produced an agreement in October 1992 

to serve as the basis for draft proposed 

regulations to cut toxic emissions from 

steel industry coke ovens. The agreement 

goes beyond the requirements of the 1990 

Amendments yet also is designed to help 

preserve jobs and minimize costs to the 

steel industry. 

For example, the agreement would 

require flares on bypass releases of coke 

oven gases to incinerate pollutants that 

otherwise would simply escape into the 

atmosphere. Bypass releases occur, for 

example, when a compressor breaks and 

gases must be vented for safety reasons. 

Although such releases are infrequent, the 

amounts of toxic emissions resulting can be 

very large. 

The reg-neg committee, which began 

meeting in February 1992, includes 22 

parties representing EPA, state and local 

air pollution agencies, environmental and 

citizens groups, unions and steel industry 

trade associations. , 

Acid rain. · Proposed core. rules to 

carry out the acid rain control program 

were drafted initially by the Acid Rain 

Advisory Committee, which EPA 

established in August 1990 to advise the 

Agency on policy and technical issues. 

The committee includes representatives of 

utilities, environmental groups, state utility 

and environmental regulatory agencies, air 

pollution control manufacturers, the coal 

industry, mine workers, experts from 

academia, and others. 

Grand Canyon visibility. EPA in 

October 1991 issued a final rule that will 

significantly improve visibility in the Grand 

Canyon by requiring a 90 percent cut in 

sulfur dioxide emissions from the Navajo 

Generating Station, a coal-fired power 

plant in northeastern Arizona. The rule 

was based on an agreement facilitated by 

EPA among power plant owners, environmental groups, and the State of Arizona. 

· The agreement called for an annual 

limit on emissions and shutdown of some 

plant units for maintenance during the 

winter months, thereby reducing emissions 

during the time the plant contributes most 

to visibility impairment. The reiiult is more 

visibility protection for the Grand Canyon 

at a lower cost than would have resulted 

under EPA's proposed rule. 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

The agreement was remarkable 

because environmentalists and power plant 

owners began from seemingly 

irreconcilable positions. Key to the 

compromise was changing the monthly 

emissions limit in the proposed rule to an 

annual limit. With the added flexibility, 

power plant owners concluded that they 

could achieve the 90 percent reduction 

without having to install expensive backup 

scrubber units to cover those rare 

occasions when emxss10n control 

equipment broke down. 

CFC phase out. Rules to phase out . 

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and certain 

other substances that deplete the 

stratospheric ozone layer were developed 

with the assistance of the Stratospheric 

Ozone Protection Advisory Committee, 

which includes members from industry and 

environmental groups. 

Streamlined Rulemaking 

In addition to using consensusbuilding approaches, OAR has used a 

streamlined Agency rulemaking process to 

expedite implementation of the 1990 

Amendments. OAR worked with the 

Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation 

and the rest of the Agency to develop this 

process for Clean Air Act rules. The 

advantages of the new system are leading 

other EPA offices to consider adopting 

similar systems. 

Following enactment of the 1990 

Amendments, the air office concluded that 

EPA's existing internal review process was 

too slow to meet the task of issuing more 

than 55 air rules in two years. The new 

system,, implemented in 1991, was designed 

to expedite action while still providing 

26 

EPA offices an opportunity for proper 

review of draft regulations and guidelines. 

Under the new system, draft rules are 

placed into one of four categories, 

depending on the degree of controversy 

and interest among EPA offices. A 

different review process applies to rules in 

each category. The least controversial 

rules go through a streamlined process that 

involves the least cross-agency review. 

The most controversial and precedentsetting rules receive personal attention 

from the deputy administrator of EPA and 

go through substantial cross-agency review. 
CHAPTER 4 

ATTAINING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN URBAN AMERICA 

The United States has· made 

substantial progress in reducing air 

pollution since passage of the 1970 Clean 

Air Act. Much of the progress has been 

in reducing levels of six common pollutants 

for which EPA has issued health-based 

national air quality standards: lead, carbon 

monoxide, particulate matter (soot, dust 

and other particles), sulfur dioxide, 

nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone. 

Emissions data best illustrate changes 

from 1970 to 1991. The most dramatic 

drop is in lead emissions, which plunged 98 

percent. Emissions of particulate matter 

(soot, dust and other particles) dropped 61. 

percent, carbon monoxide 50 percent, and 

sulfur oxides 27 percent. Volatile organic 

compounds and nitrogen oxides, which 

combine in the atmosphere to form ozone, 

declined 38 percent and 1 percent 

respectively. 

In 1991, 41 of 98 areas designated 

under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990 as having ozone pollution problems 

came into compliance with the national air 

quality standard for ozone. In addition, 13 

of the 42 areas designated as having 

excessive carbon monoxide levels met the 

standard in 1991. Variations in weather 

patterns from year to year played a critical 

role in the improved ozone levels. EPA 

also attributes the improvements to federal 

limits on gasoline's volatility (tendency to 

evaporate) and the replacement of older 

cars with hewer, cleaner ones. 

Despite the progress, serious air 

pollution problems remain.· Consider the 

following examples: 

+ Ozone, the primary constituent of 

smog, continues to be the most 

prevalent problem; 70 million people 

live in counties where pollution levels 

in 1991 exceeded the federal air 

quality standard for· ozone. Ozone 

can. cause reduced lung function and 

other respiratory problems, and may 

lead to chronic lung diseases. Ozone· 

also damages forests and causes 

billions of dollars in crop losses 

annually. 

+ More than 21 million people live in 

counties with excessive particulate 

levels. Particulates can interfere with 

breathing, aggravate existing 

respiratory and cardiovascular disease 

and reduce visibility. 

+ More than 19 million people live in 

counties with excessive carbon 

monoxide levels. Low levels of CO 

can aggravate angina pectoris, a 

cardiovascular disease, and may 

hinder prenatal mental and physical 

development. 

States and EPA share responsibility 

for ensuring that all areas attairi federal air 

quality standards by deadlines specified in 

the 1990 Amendments, which range from 

three to 20 years. States develop an 

enforceable implementation plan for each 

non-attainment area. Each plan includes 

specific requirements to reduce pollution 

from factories, businesses and motor 

vehicle traffic. EPA's role is to issue 

guidance or regulations to guide state 

actions, and to ensure that states devise 

and carry out adequate plans. 

27 
pollutant 

co 

Lead 

N02 

Ozone 

PM-10 

802 

AnyNAAQS 

0 

Number of Persons Living in Counties with Air 

Quality Levels Above the Primary National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards in 1991 

20 40 60 80 

millions of persons 

Based on 1990 population data and 1991 air quality data. 

86.4 

100 
Chapter 4. Attaining Air Quality Standards in Urban America 

Laying the Groundwork 

The foundation for implementation of 

the new non-attainment program is the 

designation of cities and other areas with 

air pollution levels exceeding federal air 

·quality standards. In November 1991, 

EPA designated 98 areas with ozone 

pollution, 42 areas with carbon monoxide 

pollution, 71 areas with fine particle 

pollution, and 12 with lead pollution, as 

non:..attainment areas. These areas are 

subject to special control requirements that 

do not apply in clean air areas. 

The 1990 Amendments revolutionized 

the process of classifying polluted areas, 

extending coverage and control 

requirements to whole metropolitan areas 

rather than smaller geographic units. The 

new designations for ozone added 101 new 

counties with a population of 15 million to 

non-attainment status. The designations 

for carbon monoxide added 18 new 

counties with populations totaling 4 

million. 

Another major change is that nonattainment areas now are classified 

according to the severity of the pollution. 

Under the Act, control requirements --

and deadlines for attaining air quality 

standards -- vary depending upon this 

classification. 

Kansas City has become the first of 

the 98 ozone non-attainment areas 

formally redesignated by EPA as being in 

attainment. EPA approved the state's plan 

showing how Kansas City will maintain 

compliance with the ozone standard during 

the next 10 years. 

The Agency in March 1992 proposed 

rules for improved monitoring of ozone 

and its precursor pollutants. Better 

monitoring should enable states to design 

better control strategies. The Agency also 

has developed state-of-the-art computer 

models -- the regional oxidant model 

(ROM) and the urban airshed model 

(UAM) -- to estimate how emissions 

changes affect pollution levels on a 

regional and urban basis. 

Guiding the States 

In April 1992 EPA issued a 400-page 

document providing states with guidance 

on how to develop programs to reduce 

ozone and carbon monoxide pollution. 

The so-called "general preamble" describes 

how EPA preliminarily interprets state 

planning requirements in Title I of the 

1990 Amendments. Based on these 

interpretations, EPA will propose to 

approve or disapprove revisions to state 

implementation plans. The revised plans 

must show how states plan to bring nonattainment areas into compliance with 

federal air quality standards -- in most 

cases, by 2000. 

The document describes the actions 

EPA currently believes states must take to 

reduce emissions. Also included is 

guidance on requirements that apply to 

new pollution sources, sanctions that states 

face if they fail to submit and implement 

adequate plans, and the relationship 

between permits and state plans. 

A 1991 report by the National 

Research Council, Rethinking the Ozone 

Problem in Urban and Regional Air 

Pollution, found that in many areas of the 

United States, greater control of nitrogen 

29 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

oxides is needed to combat ozone 

effectively. EPA in October 1992 

announced supplemental guidance to states 

on implementing nitrogen oxides control 

requirements for factories and plants 

located in ozone non-attainment areas. 

Existing major sources of nitrogen oxides 

must install reasonably available control 

technology to reduce NOx emissions. New 

major sources of NOx must install controls 

that result in the lowest achievable 

emission rate, and must obtain offsetting 

emissions reductions from other sources. 

By 2000, these requirements are expected 

to reduce annual NOx emissions by about 

one million tons. 

Also key to the effort to combat 

ozone and carbon monoxide pollution is a 

November 1992 rule to require high-tech 

vehicle emissions inspection and 

maintenance programs in many cities 

starting in 1995. This program holds the 

potential for bigger reductions of ozoneforming emissions than any other Clean 

Air Act measure. 

The Agency has issued guidelines to 

aid state implementation of clean-fueled 

vehicle programs, and guidelines for state 

programs requiring oxygenated fuels in 39 

cities with carbon monoxide pollution. 

Standards have been proposed for cleaner, 

reformulated gasoline required in the nine 

cities with the worst ozone pollution. (For 

more on these actions, see motor vehicles 

and fuels chapter.) 

EPA also has issued guidance on 

+ best available control measures for 

fine particle pollution 

+ cost-effectiveness of controls 

30 

• emission inventories 

organic compounds 

monoxide 

for volatile 

and carbon 

National Control Requirements 

Another way EPA helps states bring 

down pollution levels is by issuing national 

pollution control requirements for new 

motor vehicles, fuels and other sources of 

air pollution. 

To reduce vehicle emissions, EPA 

recently has issued standards to limit 

gasoline's volatility, cut tailpipe emissions 

from cars and light trucks, and reduce the 

sulfur content of diesel fuel. Proposed 

rules would reduce fuel vapor evaporation 

from cars and trucks and require the onboard computers built into new motor 

vehicles to have the capability to detect 

and aid in diagnosis of emissions control 

problems. 

EPA also has targeted offshore oil 

rigs, hazardous waste facilities, solid waste 

landfills and mineral processing plants for 

air pollution controls. 

New, more stringent emissions 

standards for offshore oil facilities were 

finalized in September 1992. Some 

offshore oil facilities emit large amounts of 

ozone-forming pollutants that contribute to 

ozone pollution on shore. 

The rules for offshore facilities, which 

apply to most areas off the U.S. coast, 

seek to equalize onshore and offshore air 

pollution requirements. In three Southern 

California counties -- Los Angeles, Santa 

Barbara and Ventura -- the rule by 1994 

will cut emissions of nitrogen dioxide by 
Chapter 4. Attaining Air Quality Standards in Urban America 

more than 750 tons annually,. and volatile 

organic compounds by 620 tons annually. 

· In addition, EPA has undertaken the 

following initiatives: 

+ EPA in May 1991 proposed air 

emissions standards for large solid 

waste landfills that would · reduce 

emissions of ozone~ forming VOCs by .. 

nearly 425 million pounds per year. 

The standards will. apply to · an 

estimated 620 existing landfills and 90 

new landfills projected to be built in 

the next five years. 

+ Standards for hazardous waste 

facilities, proposed in July 1991, 

would reduce VOC emissions from 

tanks, surface impoundments and 

containers by 90 percent. An earlier. 

rule for these facilities, fimdized .in 

June 1990, requires control of VOCs 

frpm process vents and equipment 

leaks. 

+ Fine particle emissions from mineral 

processing and.. production plants 

would be reduced 8,800 tons annually 

by .1997 under a final rule issued in 

October 1992. 

31 
Trend in Highway Vehicle CO Emissions and Total Vehicle Miles Traveled 

%of 1982 

Level 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

- Hwy CO Emissions -TotaiVMT 

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~__J 

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 

CO Hwy Emissions: 45 percent decrease 

Total Miles Traveled: 36 percent increase 
CHAPTER 5 

INTRODUCING· CLEANER MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS 

Americans love their cars -- but not 

the serious urban air pollution problems 

cars help create. Cars, trucks and buses 

are responsible for more than half of the 

estimated 1,500 to 3,000 human cancers 

caused annually by a limited list of air 

toxics, and up to 90 percent of the carbon 

monoxide pollution that plagues many 

cities. 

Vehicles also are responsible for 50 

percent of hydrocarbon emissions, and 30 

percent of the nitrogen oxides .. Those two 

pollutants combine in the air to form 

ozone smog- the nation's most widespread 

and intractable pollution problem. 

Although EPA regulations already 

have cut · motor vehicle emtss1ons 

dramatically, continued progress is needed 

because of rapid growth in the total 

number of miles driven. Between 1982 

and 1991, the number of vehicle miles 

traveled increased 36 percent, and the 

figure has more than quadrupled since 

1950. 

EPA is attacking motor vehicle 

pollution by carrying out a four-part 

strategy outlined in the 1990 Amendments 

-- cleaner fuels, cleaner new vehicles, 

better maintained vehicles on the . road, 

and clean transportation alternatives. 

Cleaner Fuels 

For nearly two decades, EPA's efforts 

to cut motor vehicle. pollution focuse~ 

mainly on emission controls installed on 

the vehicle (with the notable exception of 

requirements for reducing lead in . 

gasoline). Today, the most promising way 

to make further cuts in vehicle pollution is 

a balanced attack focusing both on vehicle 

technology and fuels. That emphasis is 

reflected in the new name of EPA's 

"National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions 

Laboratory" in Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

EPA in March 1989 and June 1990 

finalized regulations to lower gasoline's 

volatility in two phases. The nationwide 

regulations dramatically reduce the release 

of gasoline vapors, which contain ozoneforming volatile organic compounds and 

toxic substances such as benzene, from 

motor· vehicles. Reducing gasoline 

volatility is one of the most effective and 

least costly. measures available to combat 

smog. 

The Agency now is taking even more 

dramatic actions to make gasoline less 

polluting. Reformulated gasoline will be 

required in the nine cities with the worst 

ozone pollution -- one-fifth of the U.S. 

gasoline market -- under a rule proposed 

in April 1992. Guidelines finalized in 

October 1992 will help states carry out 

wintertime programs requ1nng 

"oxygenated" gasoline in 39 cities with 

carbon monoxide pollution. 

Together, these "clean gasoline" 

initiatives rank among of the most 

significant pollution-reducing measures 

required by the 1990 Amendments to the 

Clean Air Act. Both proposals embody a 

ground-breaking August 1991 agreement 

among EPA and industry, state and 

environmental group representatives who 

served on a regulatory negotiation 

committee convened by the Agency. 

33 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Reformulated gasoline, required 

starting in 1995, will reduce ozone-forming 

VOC and toxic emissions by at least 15 

percent compared with baseline 1990 

gasoline. The law calls for even cleaner 

gasoline in 2000, with emissions reductions 

of at least 20 percent. 

The nine cities where reformulated 

gasoline is federally required are 

Baltimore, Chicago, Hartford, Houston, 

Los Angeles, Milwaukee, New York City, 

Philadelphia and San Diego. Twelve 

states, including many in the Northeastern 

and Mid-Atlantic regions, have opted to 

have additional cities with ozone problems 

included in the reformulated gasoline 

program. 

Oxygenated fuel programs, required in 

39 cities starting in November 1992 will 

reduce motor vehicle emissions of carbon 

monoxide by an estimated 17 percent. 

The programs also will increase use of 

ethanol, a fuel made from com, and 

MTBE, a natural-gas derivative. Both 

additives boost the oxygen content of 

gasoline, resulting in better fuel 

combustion and lower carbon monoxide 

emissions, especially in older vehicles. 

EPA's proposed guidelines allow 

gasoline suppliers for the 39 cities to meet 

minimum oxygen content standards in a 

flexible and cost-effective manner. Those 

selling fuel with higher-than-required 

oxygen content will be able to sell credits 

to other fuel sellers, enabling them to sell 

gasoline with less oxygen than required. 

Similar credit systems are proposed for 

meeting requirements in the reformulated 

gasoline rule. 

34 

Complementing EPA's clean-fuels 

efforts is a partial exemption for ethanolblended gasoline from the federal excise 

tax on gasoline; The exemption 

historically applied only to blends of 10 

percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline. 

The newly enacted Energy Policy Act of 

1992 extends the exemption to blends 

using lower percentages of ethanol, on a 

prorated basis. 

Cleaner New Vehicles 

One of EP A:s early actions to carry 

out the new Act was to propose tough new 

tailpipe emissions standards for new cars 

and light trucks, to be phased in between 

1994 and 1998. Finalized in June 1991 the 

standards will require automakers to 

reduce exhaust emissions significantly for 

the first time since 1981. 

For cars, the standards require a 30-

percent reduction in hydrocarbon 

emissions and a 60-percent cut in nitrogen 

oxide emissions, relative to current 

standards. In addition, manufacturers are 

required to make auto emissions controls 

that operate effectively for a longer period 

of time. 

EPA also has finalized a new tailpipe 

standard to reduce carbon monoxide 

emissions from cars and trucks during cold 

weather. The "cold CO" standard, once 

fully implemented, will reduce carbon 

monoxide emissions by 20 to 29 per~nt at 

20 degrees Fahrenheit-- and save 43,000 

barrels of oil a day through improved fuel 

combustion. · 

The Agency is promoting introduction 

of "clean-fuel vehicles" by aiding in 

implementation of two state-run programs 
Chapter 5. Introducing Cleaner Motor Vehicles and Fuels 

required by the 1990 Amendments. To be 

considered clean-fueled, a vehicle must 

meet tailpipe emission limits tougher than 

for conventional vehicles. These vehicles 

may run, for example, on reformulated 

gasoline, compressed natural gas, liquified 

petroleum gas, methanol or ethanol. 

One program, a pilot program for 

California, mandates production of 150,000 

clean-fuel vehicles beginning in model year 

1996, and 300,000 a year in model 1999 

and thereafter. The second program, 

required in 22 cities, requires a 50- to 70-

percent of new fleet vehicles -- such as 

taxis and delivery vans -- to be clean-fueled 

beginning as early as 1998. 

For both programs, the Agency has 

issued proposed rules that promote 

innovative technologies and regulatory 

flexibility · through marketable credit 

systems. Fleet operators and vehicle 

manufacturers that go beyond minimum 

requirements could sell credits to other 

that did not want to buy or make as many 

clean-fuel vehicles as required. 

EPA is actively encouraging fleet 

owners to buy vehicles that have inherently 

,low evaporative emissions . -- such as 

vehicles powered by methanol, ethanol, 

compressed natural gas or electricity. 

Clean-fuel vehicle standards are based on 

tailpipe emissions, but some types of fuels 

inherently have lower evaporative 

emissions than gasoline. The proposed 

rule, issued in October 1991, allows cleanfuel fleet vehicles certain exemptions from 

transportation control measures that, states 

may impose. At EPA's initiative, the rule 

would provide additional exemptions, such 

as allowing use of high-occupancy-vehicle 

carpool lanes, for inherently low emitting 

vehicles (ILEVs). 

Proposed national emissions standards 

for natural gas vehicles wee announced in 

October 1992. The standards, which are 

equivalent to those for gasoline-fueled 

vehicles, are intended to create a level 

playingfield for natural gas vehicles in the 

marketplace.. The standards limit 

emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen 

oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons. 

EPA is close to issuing final standards 

for improving the control of evaporation 

of gasoline vapors from cars and trucks, 

which occur while vehicles are . parked or 

running. Evaporative emissions account 

for more than half of passenger car 

emissions of volatile organic compounds, 

contributing to ozone and toxic pollution. 

EPA has received more complaints 

about the black billows of smoke from 

urban buses than any other motor vehicle 

pollution problem. - Diesel particulate 

pollution will be substantially .cut by an 

EPA rule, finalized in 1991, that requires 

an 80 percent reduction of sulfur in diesel 

fuel by October 1993. To go along with 

the requirement for cleaner fuel, the 

Agency has proposed new controls on 

urban buses. Proposed standards for 

model years 1993 and 1994 would cut 

diesel particulate emissions 95 percent 

from uncontrolled levels. 

Better M~intained Vehicles on the 

Road 

To ensure that tough emissions 

standards effectively cut emissions, the 

1990 Amendments require vehicle 

emissions inspection programs in more 

35 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

areas of the country -- 181, up ·from 125 

programs in effect today. These programs 

test motorists' cars and trucks to ensure 

that they are properly tuned and that their 

emissions control systems are working. 

Under a final rule EPA announced in 

November 1992, many cities with serious 

ozone or carbon monoxide pollution 

problems will soon have high-tech vehicle 

emissions inspection and maintenance 

programs. These high-tech, or "enhanced," 

programs are expected to be three times 

more effective than current inspection 

programs in reducing emissions from 

improperly maintained cars. The program 

also will be more convenient for car 

owners, because inspections could be done 

once every two years rather than annually, 

the usual frequency under current 

programs. 

This program holds the potential for 

bigger reductions of ozone-forming 

emissions than any other Clean Air Act 

measure. The importance of reducing 

emissions from vehicles already in use is 

illustrated by the fact that an estimated 20 

percent of all vehicles on the road are 

creating more than 60 percent of vehicle 

emiSSions. I&M programs can reduce 

vehicle emissions dramatically-- 28 percent 

for VOCs, 31 percent for carbon 

monoxide, and 9 percent for NOx -- at a 

cost far less than that of alternative 

pollution control measures. 

The new I&M rule requires enhanced 

programs to have separate "test only" 

inspection stations, which have proved 

much more effective than "test and repair" 

centers where vehicles are often tested and 

repaired at the same location. Jobs in the 

auto repair industry are expected to 

36 

increase by 3,800 to 11,600 as a result of 

the rule. While fewer testing jobs will be 

needed in some areas, additional repair 

jobs will more than offset the losses. 

EPA separately has proposed 

requiring all new cars and light trucks to 

utilize their on-board computers to 

monitor the performance of emission 

control systems, starting with the 1994 

model year. A dashboard signal would 

alert the driver to problems. Codes stored 

in the computer's memory bank would 

help mechanics in diagnosing and making 

repairs. 

The net cost of the equipment, 

accounting for improved repair and fuel 

economy over the vehicle's life, would be 

$40 for new cars and $30 for new trucks. 

Clean Transportation Alternatives 

EPA and the Department of 

Transportation are bridling a working 

partnership as they coordinate 

implementation of the Clean Air Act and 

the Intermodal Surface Transportation 

Efficiency Act of 1992. 

That partnership has produced 

guidance to help cities and states promote 

alternatives to the single-commuter car. 

EPA in May 1992 published guidance on 

transportation control measures such as 

carpooling, high occupancy vehicle lanes 

and mass transit. Another guideline, to be 

published soon, explains options for 

employer programs to reduce the number 

of trips driven. 

EPA and DOT also are working 

cooperatively on revised regulations to 

help transportation planners properly 
Chapter 5. Introducing Cleaner Motor Vehicles and Fuels 

consider air quality and to ensure that 

transportation plans are in conformity with 

state air pollution control plans. 

After coordinating with EPA, DOT in 

October 1992 issued guidance on the 

spending of funds earmarked under ISTEA 

for transportation projects or programs 

that will contribute to attainment of 

·federal air quality standards, particularly 

the ozone and carbon monoxide standards. 

ISTEA authorizes $6 billion for fiscal years 

1992 through 1997 for such purposes 

under the Congestion Mitigation and Air 

Quality Improvement Program. 

37 
Utility S02 Emissions 

30 ~------------------------------------~ 

.............. 

((') 

c 

0 

+-' 

25 

0 20 

((') 

c 

0 

·-

-

615 

((') 

c 

0 

·-((') 

((') ·E 1o 

w 

oc-.1 

(/) 

5 

0 

1980 

No Acid Rain Program 

Acid Rain Program 

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 

Year 
After more than a decade of battles 

between environmentalists and industry, 

President Bush proposed and Congress 

passed legislation to control acid rain as 

part of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990. 

Acid rain -- the common term for acid 

deposition -- is created when sulfur dioxide 

and nitrogen oxides given off by fossil fuel 

combustion react in the atmosphere to 

form sulfuric and nitric acids. The 

pollutants return to .earth in the form of 

rain, snow, fog, dry particles or gases. 

Acid deposition has acidified lakes in 

regions such as the Adirondack Mountains 

of New York, the Upper Peninsula of 

Michigan, and southern New England. A 

1988 EPA survey found that acid 

deposition is the main reason that 4,455 

kilometers of streams in the mid-Atlantic 

and Southeastern states are acidic. Acidic 

clouds have contributed to the decline of 

high-elevation red spruce in the 

Appalachians. 

Pollutants associated with acid rain --

including sulfur dioxide, sulfates and acid 

aerosols -- can impair breathing and 

increase the incidence of respiratory 

diseases, and may contribute to chronic 

illnesses. EPA is studying whether these 

effects occur at pollution levels currently 

found in the United States. Visibility is 

impaired throughout the country and in 

many national parks by fine particle 

pollution, much of which is fanned from 

acid rain precursor pollutants. · 

The 1990 Amendments call for annual 

sulfur dioxide emissions in the United 

CHAPTER 6 

COMBATTING ACID RAIN 

States to be cut 10 million tons from the 

1980 level, mainly through a 50-percent 

cut in emissions from fossil-fuel-burning 

power plants. The program i1,1cludes an 

innovative system of marketable emissions 

allowances that gives the utility industry 

flexibility to reduce emissions in the least 

costly way. 

In addition, utilities must meet 

requirements for controlling nitrogen oxide 

emissions that -- in conjunction with other 

provisions of the Act -- are intended to 

reduce NOx emissions by approximately 

two million. tons from the 1980 level. 

Additional NOx reductions are required 

from motor vehicles and from industrial 

plants in ozone non-attainment areas. 

EPA has made great strides toward 

full implementation of the acid rain 

control program. In October 1992 the 

Agency announced a package of final rules 

implementirig the key elemet:tts of the 

sulfur dioxide reduction program. Nearly 

simultaneously, a proposed rule to 

accomplish the NOx reductions was 

unveiled. 

In 1990, the program's cost to utilities 

was estimated at $3 billion to $3.9 ·billion 

a year upon· full implementation in 2005. 

Without the allowance trading system, that 

·estimate would be $1 billion higher. EPA 

now believes the cost is likely to be 

considerably less due to an improved 

outlook for scrubber efficiency, cheap lowsulfur coal, improved energy efficiency and 

low-cost clean coal technology use. 

The cost of the S02 reductions will 

raise consumer electricity rates after the 

39 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

year 2000 by 0.5 percent to 1.2 percent, on 

a national average basis. The NOx rule is 

expected to cause a 0.1 percent increase in 

the national average electricity rate. 

The S02 Program 

The package of S02 rules includes 

regulations governing the allowance 

trading system, penalties for exceeding 

emiSSions limits, continuous emission 

monitoring requirements, and permit 

requirements. 

The S02 reduction will be achieved in 

two phases. By 1995, the 110 large plants 

that are the most heavily polluting must 

reduce emissions. Most of these are coalfired plants. 

In 2000, when the second phase 

begins, the 110 large dirty plants must 

further reduce emissions, and limits are 

imposed on 800 smaller plants and cleaner 

plants. A permanent annual cap of less 

than 9 million tons is placed on overall 

utility S02 emissions to prevent the total 

from rising again as electricity production 

increases. 

Utilities are granted great flexibility 

on ways to reduce emissions. The options 

include switching from high-sulfur coal to 

low-sulfur coal or natural gas, installing 

flue-gas scrubbers or other technologies, 

shifting some electricity production from 

dirtier plants to cleaner ones, and 

encouraging more efficient electricity use 

by customers. Strategies will be spelled 

out in permits containing Clean Air Act 

requirements for each utility generating 

unit 

40 

The 1990 Amendments, a compromise 

among many interests, provide a two-year 

extension of the Phase I deadline and 

extra allowances as incentives for use of 

scrubbers to reduce job losses in highsulfur coal mining areas. Extra allowances 

also are provided for reducing emissions 

through conservation or renewable energy 

sources. A four-year extension of the 

Phase II deadline is available for plants 

that comply by replacing boilers with clean 

coal repowering technologies. 

The S02 program is built on an 

innovative system of marketable emissions 

allowances. This approach, a centerpiece 

of the clean air bill proposed by President 

Bush in 1989, was adopted as part of the 

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

An allowance entitles the holder to 

emit one ton of S02. EPA grants each 

utility generating unit a number of 

allowances corresponding to its S02 

emissions limit. Utilities that can control 

emissions most cost effectively -- often 

those with big, high-emitting coal-fired 

plants -- can reduce emissions more than 

required and sell their extra allowances. 

Utilities that find reducing emissions more 

costly can purchase additional allowances 

to meet all or part of their control 

requirements. In this way, the system 

provides the industry with flexibility to 

achieve the overall S02 reduction in the 

most cost-effective manner. 

Actions taken during 1992 show that 

the market for allowances is developing. 

The first allowance sales were announced 

in May 1992 by Wisconsin Power and 

Light. The Chicago Board of Trade has 

announced its intention to develop a 

"futures" market in allowances. 
To stimulate the allowance market, 

the 1990 Amendments set aside a small 

number of allowances that EPA will 

distribute through annual auctions and 

direct sales. EPA finalized rules governing 

auctions and sales in December 1991. 

In September 1992, EPA delegated 

administration of the auctions and sales to 

the Chicago Board of Trade. Anyone can 

buy allowances and profit if the price of 

allowances rises over time. 

Key to the entire program is the 

ability of EPA and states to monitor 

emissions reductions accurately. As 

required by the 1990 Amendments, EPA 

rules require utilities to use highly accurate 

systems for continuous emissiOns 

monitoring of S021 as well as other 

pollutants including NOx. Results must be 

reported every three months. This ensures 

that plants comply with their emission 

limits and allows verification that 

allowances being offered for sale have not 

been used and are actually, available. 

The Agency took care to ensure that 

the monitoring data will not be biased high 

or low, to ensure that allowances are a 

standard commodity and that the program 

achieves its environmental goals. 

When a plant's emissions exceed its 

allowances, the utility will be subject to a 

tough financial penalty - $2,000 for every 

ton of excess emissions. This gives utilities 

a strong incentive to ensure their own 

compliance. 

The NOx Program 

Also aimed at reducing acid rain is a 

proposed rule to control nitrogen oxides 

Chapter 6. Combatting Acid Rain 

from the electric utility industry. EPA 

estimates that the proposal would cut 

annual utility NOx emissions by 1.5 million 

to 2 million tons from the level projected 

for the year 2000 without the rule. 

The proposal represents the first time 

EPA has sought to control NOx from 

existing plants or factories. Previous rules 

have required controls on motor vehicles 

imd new industrial plants. (For more on 

NOx controls and issues, see chapters on 

attaining air quality standards and future 

issues.) 

The proposed NOx emissions limits 

apply to about 800 coal-fired utility boilers. 

The plants must comply with NOx limits on 

their deadlines for meeting S02 limits, 

which may range from 1995 to the end of 

2003. These limits are for tangentiallyfired boilers and dry-bottom wall-fired 

boilers. Separate emission limits for other 

types of coal-fired boilers are to be set by 

January 1997. 

The proposed rule would allow 

utilities to comply through averaging 

annual emission rates of generating units 

at one or more power plants. The 

averaging system will enable utilities to 

reduce emissions in the most cost-effective 

way. 

Further NOx reductions will result 

from provisions of the 1990 Act that 

tighten emissions standards for cars and 

trucks and require NOx reductions in areas 

with ozone pollution. 

41 
Air Toxics ~~~-----------------------------------

> Chemical processes & uses 

> Chemical manufacturers 

> Coke oven batteries 

> Fuels, gasoline 

> Smelters, utilities 

• 2.4 billion pounds emitted 

• 1500-3000 cancer deaths 

• Reproductive, birth defects, 

and other serious health effects 

• Secondary exposure via water, soil, etc. 

> Small·sources like degreasers, electroplaters 

(OSWER) 
Millions of tons of hazardous air 

pollutants are emitted each year by motor 

vehicles, major industrial plants, and 

smaller "area sources" such as 

electroplating operations, gas stations, and 

dry cleaners. 

A subset of toxic air pollutants 

evaluated by EPA may cause 1,500 to 

3,000 U.S. cancer deaths each year. Air 

taxies also cause a variety of a non-cancer 

health problems such as birth defects and 

damage to the brain or other parts of the 

nervous system. 

Another concern is ecosystem 

damage, direct and indirect. For example, 

the deposition of taxies from the 

atmosphere is a major source of toxic 

contamination in the Great Lakes. Great 

Lakes states have issued health advisories 

warning people not to eat certain sport 

fish because they contain elevated levels of 

mercury and other taxies. 

To combat the threat of air taxies, the 

1990 Amendments require EPA over a 10-

year period to issue "maximum achievable 

control technology" (MACT) standards 

covering all major industrial sources of 

toxic air pollution. Industries must comply 

within three years after a standard is 

issued. If significant risks remain after 

MACT controls are installed, tighter 

standards to protect public health and the 

environment are required. 

Additional provisions require controls 

on area sources, measures to prevent 

accidental release of air taxies, and 

measures to protect the Great Lakes. , 

CHAPTER 7 

REDUCING TOXIC AIR POLLUTION 

Encouraging Early Cuts in Toxic 

Emissions 

EPA initiated innovative new 

programs to encourage companies to cut 

emissions of toxic air pollutants even 

before enactment of the 1990 

Amendments. 

At the ·invitation of EPA 

Administrator William Reilly, nine major 

petrochemical manufacturers voluntarily 

agreed in August 1989 to reduce emissions 

of air taxies through changes in processing 

and substituting different materials at 40 

chemical plants in 14 states. The 

reductions at the plants, which posed 

relatively high estimated risks, will total 

almost 83 percent when fully implemented 

by December 1993. . Another EPA initiative - the 33/50 

project, launched in February 1991 - asks 

companies to cut voluntarily releases of 17 

high-priority toxic chemicals to the air, 

water and soil. The Office of Pollution 

Prevention and Taxies, which administers 

the 33/50 program, has worked closely with 

the Office of Air and Radiation to 

coordinate the program with toxic and 

other air pollution programs. As of midOctober 1992, 966 companies had pledged 

to reduce their releases of the 17 

chemicals by 347 million pounds. 

In · the regulatory arena, EPA in 

October 1992 announced a final rule to 

implement an innovative "early reductions" 

program to give industries an incentive to 

reduce toxic air emissions earlier than 

required by the Clean Air Act. Under this 

optional program included in the 1990 

·43 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Amendments, a company would reduce a 

plant's emissions of certain toxic pollutants 

by 90 percent or 95 percent before EPA 

proposes a MACf regulation for that type 

of industrial facility. In exchange, the 

plant would be given six extra years to 

comply with the MACf standard. 

To date, 34 companies have made 

commitments to make early reductions at 

49 plants. If all those commitments are 

carried out, the resulting reductions in 

toxic air pollutant emissions will total 33 

million pounds by January 1, 1994. 

Controlling Major Pollution Sources 

Recently issued national standards will 

reduce toxic air pollution from several 

industries: 

+ The Agency in February 1991 issued 

new standards for large municipal 

waste incinerators that require a 90-

percent overall reduction in pollutant 

emissions by 1994. The standards 

require flue-gas scrubbers at new and 

existing incinerators to limit emissions 

of metals such as lead and cadmium, 

organic chemicals such as dioxins and 

furans, acid gases such as sulfur 

dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. 

+ EPA in May 1991 proposed standards 

and guidelines for states to use in 

controlling air pollution from large 

solid waste landfills. More than 

three-fourths of the 255,000 metric 

tons of non-methane organic 

compounds emitted annually from 

landfills -- such as benzene and vinyl 

chloride -- would be controlled. 

44 

+ The Agency proposed air emissions 

standards in July 1991 for 2,300 

hazardous waste treatment, storage 

and disposal facilities. The standards 

would reduce aggregate cancer risks 

posed by air toxics from those 

facilities by an estimated 94 percent. 

Meanwhile, EPA has worked to lay 

the foundation for requiring MACf 

control technology on all major sources of 

toxic pollution. These efforts led in July 

1992 to promulgation of an initial list of 

174 industrial categories potentially subject 

to MACT standards, which will be issued 

industry by industry. The list includes 

eight categories of small "area sources" of 

toxic emissions, four of which involve 

commercial dry cleaning or chromium 

electroplating. 

A proposed 10-year schedule for 

issuing MACT standards was announced in 

September 1992. The draft schedule calls 

for the first standards to be issued for 

synthetic organic chemical manufacturing 

plants, industrial dry cleaners and 

commercial dry cleaners, and steel industry 

coke ovens. 

Control technology standards for 

some 3,700 industrial and large commercial 

dry cleaners were proposed in November 

1991. Air emissions of perchloroethylene, 

the most widely used solvent in dry 

cleaning, would pe cut at least 13 percent 

by 1996. 

Much of the Agency's early effort to 

implement the air toxics program has 

focused on setting a MACT standard for 

the synthetic organic chemical 

manufacturing industry. This regulation will 

reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions 
from the industry by 80 percent, or 

522,500 tons per year -- more than any 

other air taxies regulation to be issued 

under the 1990 Amendments. Emissions 

of volatile organic compounds, which react 

to form ozone, will be reduced by nearly 

1.1 million tons per year. 

The proposed rule, announced in 

October 1992, would control emissions of 

149 hazardous pollutants from 

approximately 370 chemical manufacturing 

facilities nationwide. Included are 

requirements to reduce emissions from 

equipment leaks; these requirements were 

the first negotiated by consensus under the 

1990 Amendments. Also reflected in the 

proposal are dozens of discussions the 

Agency held with the chemical industry, 

states and the Office of Management and 

Budget. 

Also in October 1992, EPA 

announced that regulatory negotiations 

among industry, states, unions and 

environmentalists had produced an 

agreement on regulations to reduce toxic 

emissions from steel industry coke ovens. 

The agreement goes beyond Clean Air Act 

requirements to protect citizens from toxic 

pollutants while helping to preserve jobs 

and minimize costs to the steel industry. A 

proposed rule embodying the agreement 

will be issued in the near future .. 

Smaller, "Area Sources" 

As EPA issues standards for each 

category of major sources of air toxies, the 

Agency will simultaneously evaluate 

whether that industry has numerous small 

sources of air taxies that warrant 

regulation. Already, the Agency's urban 

area source program has underway a 

Chapter 7. Reducing Toxic Air Pollution 

$1 million study to identify the 30 

pollutants from area sources that pose the 

greatest health risks in urban areas. The 

law requires EPA to ensure that 90 

percent of the emissions of these 

pollutants are covered by MACf standards 

or less stringent "generally achievable 

control technology" standards. 

Motor Vehicle Taxies 

EPA is undertaking major efforts to 

combat toxic air pollution from motor 

vehicles. ·The Agency has finalized 

regulations dramatically lowering gasoline's 

"volatility," or tendency to evaporate. 

Gasoline vapors contain toxic substances 

such as benzene. 

Standards for reformulated gasoline, 

proposed in April 1992, will reduce toxic 

emissions at least 15 percent by 1995 and 

at least 20 percent by 2000, relative to 

baseline 1990 gasoline. Reformulated 

gasoline will be required in the nine cities 

with the worst ozone pollution, and many 

Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states have 

requested to be included in the program. 

Reductions in toxic emissions also are 

expected from clean-fuel vehicle programs, 

new evaporative emissions standards 

proposed for cars and trucks, and other 

motor vehicle regulations. (See Chapter 

5.) 

Accidental Releases 

The 1990 Act requires EPA to issue 

regulations for prevention and detection of 

accidental releases of air taxies, and for 

response by facility owners or operators. 

The regulations must require facilities 

where an extremely hazardous substance is 

45-
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

present in more than a threshold quantity 

to prepare and implement a risk 

management plan. The Chemical 

Emergency Preparedness and Prevention 

Office (CEPPO) has lead responsibility for 

implementing these requirements. 

EPA expects shortly to propose a rule 

listing extremely hazardous substances and 

specifying threshold quantities for 

determining which facilities must file risk 

management plans. A proposed rule 

establishing requirements for these plans 

has been submitted to the Office of 

Management and Budget for review. 

The Agency already has issued 

guidance for determining when EPA can 

use authority granted by the 1990 

Amendments to issue administrative orders 

to halt an imminent or substantial 

endangerment to health, welfare or the 

environment. 

46 
CHAPTER 8 

WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD: 

The 1990 Amendments gave EPA 

new tools to carry out and enforce the 

Clean Air Act's requirements: a 

comprehensive permit system and stronger 

enforcement powers. 

For the first time under federal law, 

all industrial plants and businesses classified as major pollution sources must obtain 

operating permits. The permit system, to 

be administered by state and local air 

agencies, will facilitate enforcement efforts 

by states and EPA Permit fees will 

provide a new source of revenue for state 

and local air programs. 

The 1990 . Amendments also 

strengthened EPA's power to enforce the 

Act. The. range of civil and criminal 

sanctions availablewas broadened, and in 

many cases sanctions were increased. A 

key provision granted EPA new authority 

to assess administrative civil penalties of 

· up to $25,000 per day of violation, 

generally up to $200,000 in a particular 

case. 

Effective compliance monitoring and 

enforcement are essential to ensure that 

market-based and other flexible regulatory 

systems achieve their environmental goals. 

The Permits Rule 

EPA in July 1992 issued a final rule 

setting minimum requirements for state air 

pollution permit programs. Permit 

programs are the means for translating the 

Act's requirements into reality - including 

those for combatting urban air pollution, 

PERMITS AND ENFORCEMENT 

acid rain, toxic air pollution, and ozonelayer depletion. 

· Th~ rule effectuates the requirement 

that all major air pollution sources to 

obtain operating permits. Each facility's 

permit is to contain all of its Clean Air Act 

requirements~ The ·definition. of "major . 

source" varies depending on the pollutant 

, emitted and the severity of pollution in 

·geographic . areas exceeding a federal air 

quality standard. 

For the first time on the federal level, 

the program will collect the Act's 

requirements for an industrial plant into a 

single document and provide for . periodic 

monitoring and reporting on compliance. 

The company will have a road map 

explaining what it must do, and regulators 

and the public will have the data necessary 

to check compliance. This combination 

should increase compliance rates and yield 

cost-effective emissions reductions. 

State programs. By November 1993, 

state air pollution agencies must submit to 

EPA permit programs with minimum 

elements specified by the Act and EP Ns 

regulations. · EPA is given one year to 

approve or disapprove . the programs. 

. State and local· agencies are free to make 

their programs more stringent than 

m~ndated by the regulations. 

"?ermit programs must include permit 

fees sufficient to 'cover their costs. 

Permitting authorities will develop their 

own fee structures, subject to EPA 

approval. EPA estimates that these fees 

will generate more than $300 million a 

47 
TITLE V PERMITS 

Sources Required to Obtain Permits 

(Estimated # 34,000) 

Major Sources by Emission Limits Major Sources by Industry Sector 

<100TPY62% 

=or >100 TPY 27% 

Manufacturing 75% 

Toxic Sources 11% 

(Not Otherwise Major) 

Sources Potentially Subject to Permits 

(Estimated # 350,000) 

Nonmajor Air Toxic Sources by Source Category 

Gas Marketing Stg I 55% 

Other 3% 

Trade 5% 

Services 6% 

Mining 7% 

Utilities 7% 

Hospital Sterilizers 2% 

Dry Cleaners 7% 

Solvent Cleaners 33% 

TPY- Tons per Year 
Chapter B. Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Permits and Enforcement 

year nationwide for state and local air 

programs. 

Although prior to the 1990 

Amendments the Clean Air Act did not 

require operating permits, approximately 

35 states required such permits for some 

air pollution sources. EPA's rules are 

designed to build on existing programs and 

allow states to meet the minimum 

requirements in a variety of ways. 

Minimizing burdens. The permits 

rule is designed to minimize burdens on 

the private sector. Within certain limits, 

manufacturers are given flexibility to 

change their operations quickly to meet 

market demands, without first going 

through a time-consuming permit revision 

process. 

States are given the option of 

exempting small pollution sources from 

permit requirements until EPA determines 

whether small sources should be included. 

In addition, states are allowed to issue 

"general permits" covering numerous 

similar small sources, greatly reducing 

administrative burdens on small businesses. 

In February 1992, EPA issued 

guidance to help states establish programs 

for giving small businesses technical and 

environmental compliance assistance. 

These programs will help small businesses 

identify applicable Clean Air Act 

requirements and will provide them with 

information on compliance methods. 

Enforcing the Act 

EPA has issued rules to carry out new 

enforcement powers granted by the 1990 

Act while taking violators to court to 

demonstrate the Agency's determination to 

enforce clean air rules. 

An administrative hearing rule and 

rules for imposing administrative penalties 

were finalized in 1992. Draft proposed 

regulations were submitted to the Office of 

Management and Budget on citizen suits 

and on monetary awards for people who 

provide information leading to a criminal 

conviction or civil penalty under the Clean 

Air ·Act. Also in draft form is an 

enhanced monitoring and compliance 

certification rule designed to enable states 

and EPA to better assess sources' 

compliance over time. 

EPA in March 1991 developed a 

"compliance monitoring strategy1

' and an 

"inspection target model" to help states 

target the most environmentally significant 

pollution sources for inspections. 

In fiscal 1991, EPA referred 86 Clean 

Air Act cases to the Department of Justice 

for formal enforcement actions. This was 

part of a record-setting total of 474 civil 

judicial and criminal cases referred by EPA 

to the Justice Department that year. 

Figures for fiscal1992 are not yet released. 

EPA in May 1992 announced the 

filing of 52 Clean Air Act enforcement 

actions using its new authority to levy 

administrative penalties. The cases, filed 

in 26 states and Puerto Rico, involve a 

wide variety of regulations. Penalties 

totaled more than $4 million. In all, 100 

administrative complaints were filed in 

fiscal 1992. 

Other Clean Air Act enforcement 

highlights from 1991 and 1992 include the 

following: 

49 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

+ Several companies agreed to pay 

$1.825 million for violations of the 

hazardous air pollutant standard for 

arsenic emiSSions from glass 

manufacturing plants. The penalty is 

one of the largest ever for a 

hazardous air pollutant violation 

under the Clean Air Act. 

+ One of the highest civil penalties ever 

imposed under a Clean Air Act 

consent decree was announced by 

EPA in December 1991. An electric 

utility agreed to pay a $1.31 million 

fme. 

+ Clean Air Act violations were part of 

several multi-media enforcement 

initiatives taken by the Agency during 

1991 and 1992. Some of those 

initiatives targeted pollution from 

lead, benzene, and industries such as 

pulp and paper and primary metals. 

+ In 1990, EPA brought the first 

lawsuits to enforce U.S. rules 

implementing the Montreal Protocol 

on Substances that Deplete the 

Stratospheric Ozone Layer. 

Motor vehicle manufacturers also 

have been the target of EPA enforcement 

efforts. In recent years, many major 

automakers have recalled groups of 

vehicles that were failing to meet tailpipe 

emissions standards in customer use. 

From January 1989 through 

September 1992, manufacturers issued 146 

recalls to rectifY emissions problems· with 

nearly 12.5 million vehicles. About 75 

percent of the8e vehiCles were recalled 

after EP A;s emissions testing program 

discovered the problem. The test were 

50 

recalled after manufacturers discovered 

compliance probletns themselves, without 

EPA involvement. EPA believes that 

manufacturers are willing to conduct 

voluntary recalls partly became of the 

Agency's active enforcement program. 
CHAPTER 9 

A GLOBAL APPROACH: PROTECTING 

THE OZONE LAYER AND INTERNATIONAL AIR QUALITY 

One of EPA's most urgent missions is 

to protect the natural ozone layer in the 

tipper atmosphere, which ·shields the 

Earth's surface from damaging ultraviolet 

radiation. 

Studies during the second half of the 

1980s documented a springtime ozone 

"hole" over Antarctica and significant 

ozone losses around the globe. In April 

1991, scientists with the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration 

announced that the ozone layer was being 

depleted twice as quickly as previously 

thought, and that 4 percent to 5 percent of 

the ozone layer over the United States had 

been destroyed during the previous 

decade. 

EPA estimated that the accelerated 

ozone depletion over the United States 

could lead to 200,000 additional skin 

cancer deaths over the next 50 years and 

an increase in the annual incidence of skin 

cancer from 500,000 to 800,000 cases. 

Ozone depletion also is expected to result 

in suppression of the human immune 

system ·and damage to crops and aquatic 

life. 

Evidence is strong that ozone 

depletion is being caused by release to the 

atmosphere of chemicals such as 

chlorof)uorocarbons (used in refrigerators, 

air conditioners, and foam blowers and as 

cleaning solvents), halons ·(used in fire 

extinguishers), carbon tetrachloride and 

methyl chloroform. · 

,. To reduce the threat; the· 1990 

Amendments to the ·clean Air Act require 

EPA to phase out ozone-depleting 

chemicals, place restrictions on use and 

disposal of those chemicals, . and promote 

development of safe substitutes. 

Other EPA efforts to protect 

international air quality are reflected in 

recent agreements with Canada and 

Mexico. 

Phasing O.ut Ozone-Depleting 

Chemicals 

EPA in July 1992 issued a final rule 

phasing out production and imports of the 

most damaging ozone-depleting chemicals. 

The rule carries out requirements of the 

1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and 

fulfills the commitment made by the 

United States when it ratified the June 

1990 Amendments to the Montreal 

Protocol on Substances that Deplete The 

Ozone Layer. 

The phase-out schedule requires 

production and imports of 

chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon 

tetrachloride to cease by 2000. The phaseout deadline for methyl chloroform is 

2002. 

·Even as EPA worked on the rule, 

new scientific evidence suggested that the 

ozone layer was being depleted even more 

quickly than previously believed. In 

February 1992; President Bush committed 

to accelerate the phase.:.out schedule from 

2000 to the end of 1995, four years earlier 

than mandated by domestic · law or· the 

Montreal Protocol. EPA has submitted to 

OMB ·a ·proposed rule to carry out this 

51 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

commitment. Countries that are parties to 

the protocol will meet in November 1992 

to decide on a similar phase-out worldwide. 

Safe Alternatives 

While acting to phase out ozonedepleting chemicals, EPA has been 

promoting movement to safe alternative 

products and technologies. 

Primarily with EPA funding, 

University of Maryland researchers have 

completed demonstration models of 

refrigerators that use significantly less 

electricity than current models, which use 

ozone-depleting CFC-12. These 

refrigerators use a mixture of CFCsubstitute refrigerants in a modified 

refrigerator design. 

In cooperation with other nations and 

industry, the Agency has helped, identify 

testing needed to assess the safety of 

potential alternatives to CFCs. EPA also 

cosponsored major international 

conferences on alternative products and 

technologies in 1990, 1991 and 1992. 

Recycling, Use Restrictions and 

labeling 

Another focus of Agency efforts has 

been to prevent the release of ozonedepleting chemicals from the products in 

which they are used. 

The refrigerant in motor vehicle air 

conditioners constitutes the largest use of 

CFCs in the United States, accounting for 

more than 21 percent of total use. EPA in 

July 1992 issued a final rule requiring 

service stations to recycle CFCs removed 

52 

during serncmg of motor vehicle air 

conditioners. Venting the ozone-depleting 

chemicals to the atmosphere -- a practice 

often followed in the past -- is. banned. 

The rule requires certification of 

service technicians and recycling 

equipment at service stations, and restricts 

the retail sale of small containers of auto 

air conditioning refrigerant. 

Also under the 1990 Amendments, 

EPA is taking action to discourage use of 

ozone-depleters. Labeling requirements 

for products using ozone-depleting 

chemicals were proposed in May 1992. A 

rule banning the non-essential use of 

ozone-depleting chemicals in certain 

consumer and industrial products was 

proposed in January 1992. The ban would 

apply, for example, to noise horns (which 

are used for boating, sporting events and 

alarm systems), flexible and packaging 

foam, and cleaning fluids for electronic 

and photographic equipment. 

New International Accords 

The United States has concluded 

bilateral environmental agreements with 

Canada and Mexico during the past two 

years. 

The United States and Canada in 

March 1991 reached a historic agreement 

to reduce acid rain and other air pollution 

that crosses the countries' common border. 

The Office of Air and Radiation played an 

important role in the negotiations. 

Key proVISions of the United 

States/Canada Air Quality Agreement 

commit both countries to reduce emissions 

of the two principal acid-rain-causing 
Chapter 9. A Global Approach: Protecting the Ozone Layer and lnternationai.Air Quality 

pollutants, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen 

oxides. The U.S. commitments generally 

track requirements of the 1990 

Amendments to the Clean Air Act. 

EPA and its Mexican counterpart, 

SEDUE, in February 1992 announced a 

plan for tackling the most serious 

environmental problems in the U.S.-

Mexico border area through improved 

enforcement and other . initiatives. To 

decrease air pollution, the plan includes 

measures to improve traffic circulation in 

the border· area and increase vehicle 

emissions inspection programs in Mexico. 

The plan also calls for expanded air 

pollution monitoring and preparation of 

emissions inventories in large cities along 

the border. 

53 

CHAPTER 10 

GREEN PROGRAMS: CONSERVING ENERGY AND 

AITACKING THE GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM 

Another international air pollution 

concern is the coQtribution of air pollution 

to global ·warming. Combustion of fossil 

fuels and other human activities . have 

increased atmospheric concentrations of 

carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse 

gases." These gases allow the sun's light 

energy to penetrate the atmosphere but 

trap heat radiated from the Earth's 

surface. 

Scientists differ on the rate of global 

warming and its likely effects. However, 

some have forecast rising sea levels, beach 

erosion, saltwater contamination of coastal 

ground water supplies, inundation of lowlying agricultural regions and populous 

coastal areas, ecosystem shifts and 

extinction of species. 

EPA is undertaking innovative, 

voluntary energy conservation programs 

that save money while reducing air 

pollution and emissions of greenhouse 

gases. These programs are described in an 

October 1992 brochure titled The Climate 

Is Right For Action, which invites 

businesses and· local governments to 

participate. 

Green Lights 

Heading the list is the Green Lights 

Program, which encourages companies and 

others to install voluntarily energy-efficient 

lighting. 

Since the program was launched in 

January 1991, more than 650 companies, 

state and local governments, and 

universities have joined. These include 

Southern California Edison, Nynex, 3M, 

Pohi.roid, Xerox, Chevron and Mobil, 12 

states including California and 

Massachusetts, and M.I.T., Columbia, 

Indiana and Tufts Universities. 

The area covered by the program ~-

2.9 billion square feet -- is much greate: ~· 

than the combined square footage of all 

commercial real estate in ·Los Angeles, 

Chicago, Dallas, Detroit and New York. 

As of September 1992, EPA 

estimated that the program was cutting 

emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide 

and nitrogen oxide by more than 8.5 

million metric tons a year and cutting 

participants' electric bills by $917 million a 

year. 

Other Green Programs 

More recently launched are two other 

promising · voluntary · programs: Golden 

Carret Super Efficient Refrigerators and 

Energy Star Computers. 

The Golden Carrot program aiins for 

appliance manufacturers to develop and 

market a CFC-free refrigerator-freezer 

that is 30 percent to 50 percent more 

energy efficient than the 1993 Department 

of Energy standard. The incentive is $30 

million to be awarded in a utilitysponsored contest to the manufacturer that 

can produce the most cost..:effective units 

at the earliest tim~. . The program is a 

collaborative effort involving EPA, utilities, 

environmental groups, state agencies and 

appliance manufacturers. · 

55 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Under the EPA Energy Star 

Computers Program, eight leading 

computer manufacturers agreed in June to 

introduce and promote energy-efficient 

personal computers that enter a low-power 

state when not in use. These companies, 

and others that join the program, will be 

able to label and advertise qualifying 

computers using the EPA Energy Star 

logo. 

The energy savings and air pollution 

avoided could be huge because computers 

are not in active use most of the time they 

are turned on. Moreover, 30 percent to 

40 percent of the nation's 30-35 million 

personal computers are left running at 

night and on weekends. 

EPA is working on similar programs 

for industrial motors and commercial 

building heating and cooling. 

In September 1992, EPA and the Pew 

Charitable Trusts jointly committed more 

than $584,000 to help state public utility 

commissions pursue energy conservation 

measures. The Regulatory Assistance 

Project will provide training and technical 

support to commissions on "least cost 

integrated resource planning" for electric 

utilities. The idea is to consider electricity 

conservation measures and renewable 

energy options, as well as construction of 

new conventional power plants, in longrange planning. 

Complementary Actions 

A number of Clean Air Act 

regulations and programs will help reduce 

emissions of greenhouse gases. These 

include the following: 

56 

+ a proposed regulation that will reduce 

escape of methane gas from solid 

waste landfills 

+ Clean Air Act programs to reduce 

ozone pollution and nitrogen oxides 

emissions 

+ electric utility conservation incentives 

in the acid rain control program 
CHAPTER 11 

REDUCING RISKS FROM INDOOR AIR 

Most people are aware that outdoor 

air pollution can damage their health but 

may not know that indoor air pollution can 

also have significant harmful effects. EPA 

studies indicate that indoor levels of many 

pollutants may be 2-5 times higher, and · 

occasionally more than 100 times higher, 

than outdoor levels. Indoor pollutants are 

of particular concern because most people' 

spend as much as 90 percent of their time 

indoors. 

The two indoor pollutants posing the 

greatest risks are second-hand tobacco 

smoke and radon. Radon, a naturally 

occurring radioactive gas, is second only to 

smoking as a cause of lung cancer in the 

United States, resulting in an estimated 

7,000 to 30,000 deaths annually. 

Othe~ indoor pollutants of concern 

include asbestos from building materials; 

volatile organic compounds from 

household products like paints, pressed 

wood. furniture, ·cleaners and solvents; 

combustiop. gases from kerosene heaters 

and unvented or improperly functioning 

gas and wood stoves; biological 

contaminants from wet building materials 

or unhygienic indoor conditions; and lead 

from old le.ad-based paint. 

Exposure to. indoor aii pollutants is 

believed to have increased. over the past 

several decades. The reasons include 

construction of more tightly sealed 

buildings, reductions in ventilation rates to 

save energy, use of synthetic building 

materials and furnishings, and use of 

chemically formulated personal care 

products, pesticides and household 

cleaners. 

Comparative risk studies by EPA 

consistently have ranked indoor air 

pollution among the top five 

environmental risks to public health. EPA, 

in cooperation with other federal agencies 

and the private sector, ·has begun a 

concerted effort to better understand 

indoor air pollution and to reduce people's 

· exposure in offices, homes, schools and 

other indoor environments. 

Many EPA offices are active on 

indoor air issues; The Office of Air and 

Radiation helps coordinate these efforts, 

as well as operating the Radon Action 

Program and developing information to 

provide guidance to a wide range of 

audiences. The following discussion 

highlights OAR's indoor air activities. 

Advancing the Science 

. OAR is conducting studies to assess 

indoor air conditions · in the nation's 

existing buildings. Another set of studies 

now underway is designed to evaluate the 

effectiveness and costs of key indoor air 

pollution control options for typical 

building structures. 

EPA is preparing a ·report on the risk 

of lung cancer. and other respiratory 

disorders· . associated with exposure to 

environmental tobacco smoke. The 

executive committee of EPA's Science 

Advisory Board bas approved the report, 

. which . is under review by the EPA 

· Admin,istrator. · 

57 
Total Organics in a New Office Building 

......... 

M 

E 

.......... 

0') 

:::s 

.......... 

z 

0 

1- -

<C 

a: 

1-

z 

w 

0 

z 

0· 

0 

1400 

1200 

1000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

o. 

July September December 

.Indoor 

~Outdoor 

Source: EPA 10 Bldg Study · 
Educating the Public and Governmental Officials 

Many indoor air problems can be 

easily prevented or fiXed once the problem 

is recognized. EPA believes that providing 

easy access to information about indoor air 

pollution sources and solutions will help 

lower people's exposure to indoor 

pollutants that may jeopardize their health. 

One major part of the public 

information effort is OAR's Indoor Air 

Quality Information Clearinghouse in 

Washington, D.C., which the public can 

call by toll-free number. Opened in 

October 1992, the clearinghouse offers 

citations and abstracts on more than 2,000 

books, reports, newsletters and journal 

articles; an inventory of federal 

publications; and information on more 

than 150 government and nongovernmental organizations in the indoor 

air quality field. 

OAR has published information on 

ways to reduce, exposure to indoor air 

pollutants through improving the way 

buildings are designed and operated. 

Noteworthy publications include the 

following: 

+ Building Air Quality: A Guide for 

Building Owners and Facility Managers 

-- results of a cooperative effort by 

. EPA and the National Institute for 

Occupational Health and Safety -- is 

designed to help building owners and 

managers prevent "sick building 

syndrome" and other healththreatening indoor a:ir pollution 

problems in public and commercial 

buildings. 

Chapter 11 .. Reducing. Risks From Indoor Air 

+ .· Th~ Insid(f Story: A Guide to Indoor 

Air Quality is intended to help people 

identify and correct potential indoor 

air quality problems in their own 

homes. 

OAR is developing additional 

guidance for school facility managers, new 

home builders, and architects and d~sign . 

engineers to acquaint them with current 

information on how to prevent or fix 

indoor air quality problems. 

A training course has been developed 

to help building owners reduce indoor air 

risks. OAR also has developed an instructional course on indoor air pollution and a 

self-paced course to help state and local 

officials address indoor air problems. · 

Encouraging Voluntary Action by 

Industry 

EPA recently completed a year-long 

"dialogue" with the carpet floor covering 

industries, unions, public interest groups, 

and other federal agencies to explore ways 

of reducing the emission of volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs) from new carpet, 

carpet cushion material and adhesives. 

As a result of this voluntary process, 

the carpet industry agreed to test new 

materials for total VOC emissions and is 

exploring ways of lowering emissions of 

VOCs from carpet products. The industry, 

in cooperation with other dialogue 

participants, also has undertaken an 

extensive consumer education.program on 

the way carpet products affect indoor air 

quality .. 

The carpet dialogue, which was led by 

the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and 

59 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

Toxic Substances and participated in by 

OAR, is expected to lead to similar 

discussions with other industry groups. 

Protecting People From Radon 

Radon gas, produced by the decay of 

uranium in rock and soil, can collect in 

buildings by seeping through foundation 

cracks and around drainage pipes and 

sump pumps. 

In 1988, EPA and the Surgeon 

General recommended that homes be 

tested for radon. That same year, 

Congress enacted the Indoor · Radon 

Abatement Act, giving EPA authority for 

radon training, state grants, and other 

important efforts. The Act also 

established a national goal of achieving 

indoor levels of radon that are no greater 

than outdoor levels. 

Since then, the Radon Action 

Program has made significant progress in 

reducing the public's health risks from 

radon: 

Radon risk assessment. The Radon 

Program has worked closely with the 

National Academy of Sciences, the EPA 

Science Advisory Board, and other 

scientific organizations to refine 

understanding of radon health risks, 

including the incidence of lung cancer. 

EPA's National Residential Survey, 

completed in 1990, indicates that 

approximately 6 percent. of U.S. hotnes 

have radon levels above the Agency action 

level of 4 pCi/L. The National School 

Survey, completed in 1992, found 2.7 

percent of school rooms with short-term 

radon levels above 4 pCi/L. · 

60 

Outreach. Since 1988, EPA has 

developed an extensive network of 

national public health, real estate, building, 

and consumer organizations to increase 

public awareness of radon and to motivate 

informed testing and mitigation. These 

cooperative partners have invested over 

$100 million in their commitment to radon 

risk reduction. . The American Lung 

Association, the Consumer Federation of 

America, the National and American 

Medical Associations, the National 

Association of Counties, the National 

Association of Home Bt.Jilders, and many 

others have educated their members and 

developed active, innovative programs to 

address radon. 

EPA has completed key public 

guidance documents, the revised Citizen's 

Guide to Radon, the Consumer's Guide to 

Radon Reduction, . and draft model 

standards for radon-resistant new 

construction. EPA's four university-based 

Regional Radon Training Centers ensure 

that the latest .information on radon 

measurement and mitigation is available to 

federal, state and local officials, and to the 

private sector. 

State programs. Since 1990, EPA has 

provided over $30 million in grants to 

states ·to assist the development of 

effective state radon programs. States 

have assessed the extent of their radon 

problem, educated their citizens, and 

worked with local governments and public 

health organizations to increase radon risk 

reduction. 

Quality assurance. EPA recently has 

launched two proficiency programs to 

assess the ability of industry to provide 

reliable testing and mitigation services to 
the public. The radon contractor 

evaluation program, begun in 1990, has 

listed more than 1,000 national and local 

contractors capable of designing and 

installing systems to reduce elevated levels 

of radon in buildings and homes. In 1991, 

EPA added the operator proficiency 

program, which evaluates the knowledge of 

individuals who test for radon. That 

program has performed more than 350 

evaluations. 

Environmental results. Public 

awareness of radon is now over 60 

percent, approximately 9 percent of homes 

have been tested, and hundreds of 

thousands have been fixed. In addition, 

hundreds of thousands of new homes have 

been built with radon resistant features. 

These results compare well to the results 

of similar voluntary public health and 

safety programs, such as seat belt and 

drunk driving campaigns. 

Chapter 11. Reducing Risks From Indoor Air 

61 

CHAPTER 12 

INFORMING THE PUBLIC: OUTREACH EFFORTS 

The Clean Air Act Amendments 

include a mind-numbing array of complex, 

interwoven provisions that affect American 

business, the American public, and state 

and local governments. One of the great 

challenges for the Office of Air and 

Radiation has been to reach out to all 

affected parties and explain the 

requirements of the new Amendments. 

To this end, the air office has 

developed a number of innovative 

outreach programs and products. These 

include telephone hotlines, interactive 

computer bulletin boards, public service 

announcements,nationalvideoconferences, 

brochures, reports, and videos. 

For example, in July 1992 EPA 

released a Guide to the Clean Air Act for 

Small Business. This sector of society will 

be broadly affected by many aspects of the 

Act, and many small businesses have 

limited resources available for gaining an 

understanding of the complexities of the 

regulatory process. 

In November 1990 the agency held a 

four-hour national interactive 

videoconference to help small business 

understand the implications of the new 

Amendments. This was in addition to an 

annual national four -hour videoconference 

EPA held on the status of the 

Amendments in conjunction with the Air 

and Waste Management Association and 

the American Bar Association. 

EPA has established a toll-free 800 

number to help small businesses, citizens, 

and others understand the various 

provisions related to stratospheric ozone 

depletion. Other hotlines provide 

information on subjects such as acid rain 

and control technologies. The agency 

operates a computer bulletin· board that 

allows anyone in the United States or in 

the entire world to have immediate access 

to a variety of clean-air related information, including text of various 

documents, recently signed rules, model 

permits, emission factors, and policy 

guidance. 

EPA has developed and distributed a 

series of learning tools that can be used to 

understand the complexities of the new 

Amendments. These include detailed and 

general summaries of the Amendments, 

brochures, citizen guides, slide 

presentations, and a number of public 

service announcements. The 

announcements cover a wide variety of 

subjects, including ways to reduce smog, 

hazards associated with woodsmoke, and 

alternatives to leaf burning. According to 

a survey by the American Lung 

Association, EPA public service 

· announcements on smog have been shown 

in 254 markets in 49 states to aL ·'imated 

audience of ovet 250 million people. 

Finally, EPA is working with its 

regional offices to develop a strategy to 

help ensure that consensus-building and 

outreach efforts continue at the state and 

local levels as Clean Air Act programs are 

implemented over the next several years. 

63 

The Office of Air and Radiation has 

started to address a number of issues that 

will be important to future implementation 

of the Clean Air Act. These include the 

following: 

Cooperation and regulatory 

negotiation. OAR is convinced of the 

need to make maximum use of consensusbuilding approaches ranging from 

roundtable discussions to formal regulatory 

negotiations. OAR should assess its initial 

efforts using these approaches to see what 

lessons have been learned, and to 

determine the most effective way to use 

various consensus-building methods. 

State programs. States play a critical 

role in implementing much of the Act. 

For example, states develop plans for 

bringing urban air quality into line with 

national standards, and run permit 

programs to translate the Act's mandates 

into specific pollution reduction 

requirements. EPA has worked hard on 

building a partnership with the states, but 

needs to reinforce those efforts and 

determine how best to help states carry 

out their difficult tasks under the Act. 

Benefits analysis. Cost-benefit 

analysis is a pervasive, useful tool for 

compiling and comparing the consequences 

of policy alternatives. However, the 

human health and ecological benefits of 

pollution control are extraordinarily 

difficult to estimate in quantitative terms. 

As a result, quantitative cost-benefit 

analyses of environmental policies often 

underrepresent potential benefits relative 

to costs. EPA must continue to improve 

its ability to estimate. the benefits of 

environmental protection. 

CHAPTER 13 

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 

Business opportunities. EPA is 

making important advances in 

understanding and communicating the 

relationships between economic growth 

and environmental protection. In the case 

of clean air, the Smith-Barney study 

"Business Opportunities," conducted in 

August 1992, demonstrated that 

expenditures on clean air produce 

economic opportunities and technology 

innovation in the air pollution control 

industry, in addition to ecological and 

health benefits. 

EPA's extensive data base of clean air 

projects convincingly shows that the Clean 

Air Act has produced identifiable 

economic development and jobs in all 

areas of the country. This growth has 

come in industries such as pollution 

control equipment manufacturing, fuel 

additive manufacturing, and automotive 

repair. EPA also is . conducting a 

"threatened plant" study to understand 

better · adverse impacts that may be 

occurring and to learn how to minimize 

them. 

Market-based approaches. EPA 

should continue to pursue clean air goals 

through use of economic incentives 

whenever possible. Economic incentives 

provide industry with flexibility and 

opportunities to save money, and also 

encourage technical innovations that are 

needed to meet air quality goals at 

reasonable cost. 

The Agency should develop systems 

to ensure . that market-based programs 

provide environmental results that are 

equivalent or better than traditional 

regulatory approaches. These programs 

65 
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years 

also must provide industry with flexibility 

on ways to comply. Greater flexibility will 

be possible as better monitoring schemes 

and better emissions inventories are 

developed. These tools enable regulators 

to ensure that environmental progress is 

made when innovative techniques are used 

to comply. 

Budget and management. 

Implementing the Clean Air Act is a 

mammoth undertaking that -- among other 

things -- involves regulating tens of 

thousands of plants and businesses spread 

across the country, working with the 50 

states, and regulating motor vehicles and 

fuels. 

It is critical that EPA have the 

personnel and resources to work through 

the issues thoroughly and write clear rules 

and guidelines. If EPA does not do its job 

well, industries are left with many 

uncertainties - uncertainties that force 

those industries to incur significant added 

costs. 

Tremendous strides already have been 

made toward providing state and EPA air 

programs with additional funding to carry 

out the 1990 Amendments. The permit 

program provides new revenues for state 

and local air programs. Funding for OAR 

has increased significantly during the past 

two years. 

Energy. The Clean Air Act and 

national energy policy are closely 

intertwined. For example, the use of 

alternative fuels and clean fuels can 

displace significant amounts of imported 

oil. EPA's green programs are aimed 

primarily at making energy use more 

efficient. Energy consumption also is 

66 

directly affected by transportation control 

measures such· ~as high-occupancy vehicle 

carpool lanes. Transportation planning 

decisions, such as construction . of new 

roads, have important implications for air 

quality. 

EPA and other federal and state 

agencies must ~oordinate implementation 

of the Clean Air Act with implementation 

of the new Energy Policy Act of 1992 and 

the Intermodal Surface Transportation 

Efficiency Actof 1991. 

Nitrogen oxides. Emerging evidence 

is focusing greater attention on the 

importance of controlling NOx, which 

contributes to formation of ozone 

pollution ·and acid rain, and also to 

eutrophication of estuarine waters. . 

Before the passage of the 1990 

Amendments, emissions of nitrogen oxides 

had received scant attention at the 

national level. Only Los Angeles violated 

the national air quality standard for 

nitrogen dioxide. 

The new law toughens motor vehicle 

tailpipe standards for NOx, and requires 

new and existing industrial plants in ozone 

non-attainment areas to control NOx. 

Also, the acid rain control program 

requires coal-fired utility power plants to 

meet NOx emissions standards. 

However, NOx reductions mandated 

by the 1990 Act may not be sufficient to 

reduce regional ozone levels in the 

Northern or Southeastern United States, 

nor address the contribution of NOx to 

nutrient loadings in the Chesapeake Bay 

and other estuaries. The Agency must 

identify and promote the most cost-
effective approaches for minimizing ozone 

effects and related environmental damage 

associated with NOx emissions. 

A 1991 report by the National 

Research Council, Rethinking the Ozone 

Problem in Urban and Regional Air 

Pollution, found that in many areas of the 

United States, greater control of nitrogen 

oxides is needed to combat ozone 

effectively. EPA analyses using the 

regional oxidant model support the same 

conclusion. In many cases, the council 

report s.ays, NOx controls may be more 

effective in reducing ozone levels than 

aggressive controls on volatile organic 

compounds. Cost-effective strategies for 

many areas may entail rethinking overall 

control strategies. The council report also 

suggests that research is needed to 

improve understanding of ozone formation 

and to evaluate the impacts of Clean Air 

Act control strategies as they are 

implemented. 

Review of air quality standards. 

Another critical set of science and policy 

issues concerns the re-evaluation of the 

ozone and fine particulate air quality 

standards. Both of these standards will be 

revisited in the coming years, and in both 

cases significant new data will need to be 

considered. 

Risk and air to:xics. The 1990 

Amendments establish a two-phased 

program to reduce toxic air pollution. In · 

the first phase, maximum achievable 

control technology is required on plants 

that are major sources of air taxies. After 

MACT controls are installed, EPA is to 

assess remaining health and environmental 

risks and, if certain criteria are met, issue 

more stringent "residual risk" standards. 

Chapter 13. Looking to the Future 

Underway are several reviews of the 

way EPA measures risks from air taxies. 

For example, the National Academy of 

Sciences is studying EPA's methodology 

for assessing cancer risks from hazardous 

air pollutants, and will be suggesting 

improvements. It is important for EPA to 

determine how to incorporate the results 

of these assessments into the residual risk 

phase of the air taxies program. 

Emissions inventories and data. 

Sound emissions inventories are essential 

to states' efforts to develop and implement 

effective strategies for cleaning the air. 

Good inventories also are needed to 

support effective market-based emissions 

averaging, banking and trading programs. 

EPA must see that states carry out rt?liable 

emtsstons inventories, and must put 

priority on obtaining good emissions data 

for its own programs. 

Federal implementation plans. Court 

decisions may require EPA to develop and 

implement federal implementation plans to 

achieve cleaner air in several metropolitan 

areas, including Los Angeles. This effort 

could require tremendous use of OAR 

resources and require dramatic 

restructuring of current air programs. 

OAR needs to find a way to ensure that 

work on federal implementation plans does 

not undercut other air program efforts by 

draining away resources. 

67 

APPENDIX I 

FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES ISSUED 

SINCE ENACTMENT OF THE 1990 AMENDMENTS 

Following is a list of proposed and final air program rules and guidance published in 

the Federal Register since enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Other 

significant air program Federal Register notices also are included. 

Notice 

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements 

(Notice of Final Rule) 

Standards for Emissions from Natural Gas-Fueled and 

Liquified Petroleum Gas-Fueled Motor Vehicles and 

Motor Vehicle Engines, and Certification Procedures for 

Aftermarket Conversion Hardware (Notice of Proposed 

Rule) 

Technical Guidance Documents for Particulate Matter 

(Notice announcing availability of three technical 

guidance documents for control of PM-10 emissions 

from fugitive dust, residential wood, and prescribed 

burning) 

State Implementation Plans for Nonattainment Areas for 

Sulfur Dioxide (Notice announcing findings of failure to 

submit required SIPs) 

Air Quality; Revision to Definition of Volatile Organic 

Compounds (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

Oxygenated Fuels Labeling Regulations Under Section 

211(m) of the CAA as Amended (Notice of Final 

Rulemaking) 

Regulation of Fuel & Fuel Additives; Administrator's 

Finding That No Control or Prohibition on Maximum 

Oxygen Content of a Winter Oxygenated Gasoline 

Program is Necessary Under Section 211(c)(4)(A) of the 

CAA as Amended (Notice of Proposed Finding) 

Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs 

and Guidelines on Establishment of Control Periods 

Under Section 211(m) of the CAA as Amended (Notice 

of Availability of Guidance Documents) 

Date Published 

November 5, 1992 

November 5, 1992 

November 3, 1992 

October 27, 1992 

October 26, 1992 

October 20, 1992 

October 20, 1992 

October 20, 1992 

I-1 
Notice 

Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Standards for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of application for 

extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to the 

Dallas/Fort Worth area in the State of Texas) 

Clean Air Act; Acid Rain Provisions (Notice of 

delegation of administration of auctions & sales under 

section 416 of the CAA from the Administrator of EPA 

to the Chicago Board of Trade) 

Approval & Promulgation of Implementation Plans; 

Appendix M, Addition of Method for Measurement of 

Opacity Emissions From Stationary Sources (Notice of 

Proposed Rule & Notice of Public Hearing) 

Ambient Air Quality Surveillance Regulations (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

Fuels & Fuel Additives; (Notice of Waiver Application 

from Lubrizol Corporation for Diesel Additive Labeled 

EZ..ADDtm) 

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential 

Business Information (Notice) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants for Source Categories: Perchloroethylene 

Emissions from Dry Cleaning Facilities (Notice of 

Availability of New Information) 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; 

Calcines & Dryers in Mineral Industries (Notice of Final 

Rule) 

Criteria for Exercising Discretionary Sanctions Under 

Title I of the Clean Air Act (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Draft Schedule for the Promulgation of 

Emission Standards (Notice of Availability) 

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential 

Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info 

to Subcontractor) 

Designations of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes 

(Notice of Proposed Rule) 

I-2 

Date Published 

Oc~ober 8, 1992 

October 7, 1992 

October 7, 1992 

October 6, 1992 

October 5, 1992 

October 5, 1992 

October 1, 1992 

September 28, 1992 

September, 28, 1992 

September 24, 1992 

September 23, 1992 

· September 22, 1991 
Notice · 

Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal 

Facilities Organic Air Emission Standards for· Tanks, 

Surface Impoundments, and Containers (Notice of Data 

Availability) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants (Notice of Proposed Rule to Stay the 

Effectiveness of Subpart I of 40CFR60 as it is applied to 

Facilities Other Than Commercial Nuclear Power 

Reactors Licensed by NRC) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Compliance Extensions for Early Reductions 

(Notice of Complete Enforceable Commitments 

Received Through 7 /31/92) 

Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations (Notice of 

Final Rule) 

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential 

Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info 

to Subcontractor) 

Notice of Decision Regarding Waiver Preemption for 

California's Methanol Vehicle Regulations 

Notice of Decision Regarding Waiver Preemption for 

California's Amendment to its Warranty Statute & 

Regulations 

Transportation and Air Quality Planning Guidelines 

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential 

Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info 

to Subcontractor) 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone 

(Proposed Decision Not to Revise) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Compliance Extensions Early Reductions 

(Notice of Complete Enforceable Commitments 

Received) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Final Rule 

(Implements the 1992 and later requirements of section 

604 -- the phaseout of Class I ozone depleting 

substances -- as well as the related provisions 

of sections 603, 607 and 616) 

Date Published 

September 18, 1992 

September 18, 1992 

September 17, 1992 

· September 4, 1992 

September 1; 1992 

August 25, 1992 

August 25, 1992 

August 18, 1992 

August 10, 1992 

August 10, 1992 

August 3, 1992 

July 30, 1992 

I-3 
Notice 

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements for 

State Implementation Plans (Notice of Availability of 

Regulatory Text, Location of Public Hearing Site & 

Correction of Proposed Rule) 

Operating Permit Program (Notice of Final Rule) 

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal 

of Implementation Plans; Approval & Promulgation of 

Implementation Plans; and Standards of Performance for 

New Stationary Sources (WEPCO) (Notice of Final 

Rule) 

California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control 

Standards; Opportunity for Written Comments on 

Additional Information Submitted to the Public Docket 

of the Low-Emission Vehicle Stds Waiver Request 

Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content Petition for Exemption 

(Notice of Final Decision) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and 

New Motor Vehicle Engines; Interim Regulations for 

Cold Temperature Carbon Monoxide Emissions from 

1994 and Later Model Year Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty 

Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks (Notice of Final Rule) 

Draft Lead and Particulate Matter Addendum to the 

General Preamble for Title I of the CAA Amendments 

of 1990 and Staff Work Products Providing Technical 

Guidance for PM-10 Best Available Control Measures 

(Notice announcing availability of documents and of 

public meeting) 

Initial List of Categories of Source under Section 

112(c)(l) of the CAA Amendments 

Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content; Petition for Exemption from 

American Samoa (Notice of Final Decision) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Standards and · 

Requirements for Servicing of Motor Vehicle Air 

Conditioners (Notice of Final Rule) 

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements for 

State Implementation Plans (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

I-4 

Date Published 

July 28, 1992 

July 21, 1992 

July 21, 1992 

July 21, 1992 

July 20, 1992 

July 17, 1992 

July·16, 1992 

July 16, 1992 

July 15, 1992 

July 14, 1992 

July 13, 1992 
Notice 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; 

Appendix A Reference Methods; Amendments to 

Method 24 for the Determination of Volatile Matter 

Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and 

Weight Solids of Source Coatings (Notice of Final Rule) 

Acid Rain Allowance Allocations and Reserves (Notice 

of Proposed Rule) 

Acid Rain Provisions (Notice of Availability; Final 

Version of the National Allowance Data Base (NADBV 

2.1) and Accompanying Technical Support Documents) 

Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Fees for: LightDuty Vehicles and Trucks; Heavy-Duty Vehicles & 

Engines; and Motorcycles (Notice of Final Rule) 

California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control 

Standards; Waiver of Federal Preemption, Decision 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; 

Appendix A Test Method 26 (Final Rule; Correcting 

Amendment) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives Standards for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for 

Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to the 

District of Columbia) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; National Emission Standards for Radon 

Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks (Notice of Final 

Rule) 

Control of Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New 

Motor Vehicle Engines; Nonconformance Penalties for 

Heavy-Duty Engines & Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Including 

Heavy Light-Duty Trucks (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

Final Documents; Information Regarding the 

Formulation and Emission Reduction Potential of 

Transportation Control Measures (Notice ofAvailability) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives Standards for 

Reformulation and Conventional Gasoline (Proposed 

Rule; Relocation and Rescheduling of Public Hearing 

and Extension of Comment Period) 

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants 

Benzene Waste Operations (Correction to Proposal) 

Date Published 

July 10, 1992 

July 7, 1992 

July 7, 1992 

July 7, 1992 

June 11, 1992 

June 10, 1992 

June 5, 1992 

June 3, 1992 

May 29, 1992 

May 29, 1992 

May 28, 1992 

May 20, 1992 

1-5 
Notice 

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants; 

Compliance Extensions for Early Reductions (Notice of 

Complete Enforceable Commitments Received) 

Approval of Colorado's Petition to Relax the Federal 

Reid Vapor Pressure Volatility Stds for Colorado in 

1992 and 1993 (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

Colorado Petition to Relax Colorado Reid Vapor 

Pressure Volatility Stds (Temporary Direct Final Rule) 

State Implementation Plans for Nonattainment Areas for· 

Particulate Matter (Notice Announcing Findings of · 

Failure to Submit Required State Implementation Plans) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for 

Highway Diesel Fuel Quality-Sulfur Content; and 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles & 

New Motor Vehicle Engines: Standards for Oxides of 

Nitrogen Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines, & 

Correction of Type 2-D Diesel Test Fuel Specification 

for Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks & HeavyDuty Engines (Notice of Final Rule) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Labeling of Products 

using Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (Notice of Proposed 

Rule) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles & 

New Motor Vehicle Engines; Regulations for Light-Duty 

Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks 1994 & 1995 Model 

Year Durability Testing Procedures & 1994 and Later 

Model Year Allowable Maintenance (Notice of 

Proposed Rule) 

State Implementation Plans; General Preamble for the 

Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act · 

Amendments of 1990; Supplemental (Appendices to the 

Proposed General Preamble published 4/16/92) 

Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Standards and 

Requirements Regarding the Servicing of Motor Vehicle 

Air Conditioners & Restrictions on the Sale of Small 

Containers of Class I or Class II Substances Purs1,1ant to 

Section 609 of the CAA as Amended (Supplemental 

Proposed Rule) 

I-6 

Date Published 

May 15,1992 

May 12, 1992 

May 12, 1992 

May 8, 1992 

. May 7, 1992 

May 4, 1992 

April 30, 1992 

April ~8, 1992 

April 22, 1992, 
Notice 

Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Waivers under 

Section 211(m)(3)(C) of the Clean Air Act as Amended 

(Notice of Availability of Guidelines) 

State Implementations Plans; General Preamble for the 

Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act 

Amendments of 1990 

Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives; St&ndards for 

Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (Notice of 

Proposed Rule) 

Fuel and Fuel Additives Registration; Health !$~:­

Emission Effects Testing Protocol (Notice of Proposed 

Rule) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles & 

New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs 

for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and 

Heavy-Duty Vehicles; (Final Agency Action Pursuant to 

Section 202( a)( 6) of the Clean Air Act Regarding 

On board Control of Refueling Emissions) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles & 

New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs 

for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and 

Heavy-Duty Vehicles; (Notice notifies readers that 

because of EPA's final action involved in part the 

decision not to issue the rule initially proposed, that 

action is printed in the proposed rule section of the 

Federal Register) · · 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives; Standards for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for· 

Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to New 

Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland) 

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential 

Business Information (Notice of Intended Transfer of 

Confidential Business Information to O;mtractors) 

Section 187 Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Forecasting 

and Tracking Guidance (Notice of Availability) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Standards for · 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for 

Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to New 

York) 

Date Published· 

April 17, 1992 

April 16, .1992 

April 16, 1992 

April 15, 1992 

April 15, 1992 

April 15, 1992 

March 27, 1992 

March 19, 1992 

March 5, 1992. 

I-7 
Notice 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of Final 

Rule -- Stays the effectiveness of subpart FF of 

40CFR61 until final action is taken on clarifying 

amendments to subpart FF) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of 

Proposed Rule -- Amendments to subpart FF designed 

to clarify provisions of the rule that have been widely 

misunderstood by affected sources) 

Ambient Air Quality Surveillance; Enhanced Ozone 

Monitoring Regs (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

Small Business Stationary Source; Technical & 

Environmental Compliance Assistance Prograrn (Notice 

of Availability of Final Guidelines for Implementation of 

Section 507 of CAA as Amended) 

Supplemental Notice of Proposed Guidelines for 

Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs under Section 

211(m) of the CAA as Amended 

Supplemental Notice of Proposed Guidance on 

Establishment of Control Periods under Section 211(m) 

of the CAA as Amended 

Rules of Practice Governing the Administrative 

Assessment of Civil Penalties (Notice of Final Rule) 

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal 

of Implementation Plans; Approval and Promulgation of 

Implementation Plans (Notice of Final Rule) 

Acid Rain Program; Change in Public Comment Period 

for the Core Rules 

Fuel and Fuel Additives; Ethyl Corporation Waiver 

Application (EPA denied Ethyl's request for waiver for 

HITEC3000) 

Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Significant New 

Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program (Request for Data 

and Advance Notice of Proposed Rule) 

I-8 

Date Published 

March 5, 1992 

March 5, 1992 

March 4, 1992 

February 5, 1992 

February 5, 1992 

February 5, 1992 

February 4, 1992 

February 3, 1992 

January 30, 1992 

January 22, 1992 

January 16, 1992 
Notice 

Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Ban Nonessential 

Products Releasing Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances 

& Require the Elimination of Emissions from Products 

Using Class I Substances under Sections 610 .& 608 of 

the CAA, as Amended (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries 

Pursuant to Section 112 of CAA, as Amended 

(Establishment of Advisory Committee and Notice of 

Open Meeting) 

California State Motor Vehicles Pollution Control 

Standards (Notice of Opportunity for Public Hearings 

and Public Comment Period) 

Final Ruling on Petition Submitted by the Governor of 

the Virgin Islands Pursuant to Section 324( a)(1) of the 

Clean Air Act 

Final Report on the "Nonroad Engine and Vehicle 

Emission Study" (Notice of Availability) 

NESHAPS for Radionuclides; Subpart T as applied to 

NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites 

(Final Rule to Stay the Effectiveness of 40 CFR Part 

61) 

NESHAPS for Radionuclides; Subpart T as applied to 

NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites 

(Proposal to Rescind 40 CFR Part 61) 

Health and Environmental Standards for Uranium and 

Thorium Mill Tailings (ANPRM pursuant to the 

UMTRCA of '78 to amend its general environmental 

regs pertaining to Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites 

at 40 CFR Part 192, Subpart D) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; 1991 Production and 

Consumption Restrictions of Ozone-Depleting 

Chemicals Required by Section 604 of the CAA 

Amendments of 1990 (Direct Final Amendment to the 

Temporary Final Rule) 

Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Stds for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for 

Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to 

Connecticut, New Hampshire & Virginia) 

Date Published 

January 16, 1992 

January 15, 1992 

January 9, 1992 

January 6, 1992 

January 6, 1991 

December 31, 1991 

December 31, 1991 

December 31, 1991 

December 30, 1991 

December 23, 1991 

I-9' 
Notice 

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants; 

Polonium-210 Emissions from Elemental Phosphorus 

Plants (Notice of Final Rule) 

Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of State 

Implementation Plans: Method 202 for Measurement of 

Condensible Particulate Emissions from Stationary 

Sources (Notice of Final Rule) 

Notice of EPA Request for Delegation Proposals to 

Administrator the Auctions & Direct Sale Under Section 

416 of the CAA Amendments of 1990, and Request for 

Public Comment 

Auctions, Direct Sales, & Independent Power Producers 

Written Guarantee Regulations (Notice of Final Rule) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles & 

New Motor Vehicle Engines: Evaporative Emissions 

Regs for Gasoline and Methanol-Fueled Light-Duty . 

Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks & Heavy-Duty Vehicles 

(Notice of Public Workshop and Report Availability) 

Control Techniques Guideline Document: Reactor 

Processes and Distillation Operations in the Synthetic 

Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (Release of 

Draft Control Techniques Guideline (CTG) for Public 

Review) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Stds for 

Gasoline Volatility Phase II; and Control of Air 

Pollution from New Motor Vehicle Engines: Stds for 

Particulate Emissions from 1991 & 1992 Urban Buses 

(Notice of Final Rule) 

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants 

Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of Proposal Rule to 

Stay Effectiveness of Subpart FF of 40 CFR Part 61) 

Stds of Performance for New Stationary Sources; 

Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaners; Proposed Rule; 

Withdrawal 

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants for 

Source Categories: Perchloroethylene Emissions from 

Dry Cleaning Facilities (Notice of Proposed Rulernaking 

& Notice of Public Hearing) 

Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

I-10 

Date Published 

December 19, 1991 

December 17, 1991 

December 17, 1991 

December 17, 1991 

December 17, 1991 

December 12, 1991 

December 12, 1991 

December 9, 1991 . 

December 9, 1991 

December 9, 1991 

December 5, 1991 
Notice 

Acid Rain Program: Permits, Allowance System, 

Continuous Emissions Monitoring, and Excell Emissions 

(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Reclassification of Moderate PM-10 Nonattainment 

Areas to Serious Areas (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content; Petition for Exemption for 

American Samoa (Notice of Proposed Decision) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives (NotiCe of 

Application for Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline 

Program to Massachusetts & Pennsylvania) 

Contractor Access to Confidential Business Information 

California State Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Pollution 

Control Standards; Authorization of State Standards; 

California Primary Use Determination (Notice of an 

Opportunity to Submit Written Comments) 

State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria 

(Technical Correction) 

NAAQS Attainment, Nonattainment, and Unclassified 

Area Designations and Classifications (Notice of Final 

Rulemaking) 

Revise Gas Guzzler Tax Statement on Fuel Economy 

Label (Direct Final Rule) 

Draft Documents; Information Regarding the 

Formulation and Emission Reduction Potential of 

Transportation Control Measures (Notice of Availability) 

NESHAPs for Radionuclides; Subpart T as Applied to 

NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites 

(Proposal to Stay the Effectiveness of 40 CFR Part 61) 

Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality 

Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Denial of Petition 

for Reconsideration; Disapproval of Compliance Date 

Extension for Automobile Surface Coating (Notice of 

Denial of Petition for 

Reconsideration) 

State Implementations for Nonattainment Areas for 

Ozone (Notice of Finding of Failure to Submit a 

Required SIP and Proposed Rule) 

Date Published 

December 3, 1991 . 

November 21, 1991 

November 18, 1991 

November 15, 1991 

November 14, 1991 

November 8, 1991 

November 8, 1991 

November 6, 1991 

October 28, 1991 

October 28, 1991 

October 25, 1991 

October 23, 1991 

, October 22, 1991 

I-11 
Notice 

Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends 

(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone Phaseout of the 

Production and Consumption of Class I Substances that 

Deplete the Ozone Layer (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking Correction) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone 1991 Limits on 

Production and Consumption of Ozone-Depleting 

Chemicals in Section 604 (Notice of Direct Final 

Amendment to the Temporary Final Rule) 

Requirements for Clean Fuel Fleet Credit Programs, 

Transportation Control Measures Exemptions, and for 

Federal Fleets (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plant: 

Revision of the Visibility FIP for Arizona (Notice of 

Final Rulemaking) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone Phaseout of the 

Production and Consumption of Class I Substances that 

Deplete the Ozone Layer (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Air Programs; Credit Program for California Pilot Test 

Program; (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and 

New Motor Vehicle Engines: Particulate Emission 

Regulations for '93 Model Year Buses, Particulate 

Emission Regs for '94 & Later Model Year Urban 

Buses, RetrofitJRebuild Requirements for '93 & Earlier · 

Model Year Urban Buses; and Oxides of Nitrogen 

Emission Regs for 1998 and Later Model Year HeavyDuty Engines (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Air Pollution Control; New Motor Vehicles and 

Engines: On-Board Diagnostic Systems on 1994 and 

Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light Duty 

Trucks; (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Amendment to Benzene Rule for Coke ByProduct Recovery Plants (Notice of Final Rulemak:ing) 

Asbestos NESHAP Training Requirements for On-Site 

Representative (Notice of Guidance) 

I-12 

Date Published 

October 18, 1991 

October 8, 1991 

October 8, 1991 

October 3, 1991 

October 3, 1991 

September 30, 1991 

September 25, 1991 

September 24, 1991 

September 24, 1991 

September 19, 1991 

September 12, 1991 
Notice 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Polonium 210 Emissions from Elemental 

Phosphorus Plants (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for 

Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to 

Maine) 

Stratospheric Ozone Protection Advisory Committee; 

Renewal 

Waiver of Preemption to California for Nonroad Engine 

and Vehicle Standards (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

California State Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Pollution 

Control Standards; Authorization of State Standards; 

(Proposed Decision of the Administrator; Opportunity 

for Public Hearing) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Servicing of Motor 

Vehicle Air Conditioners (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Draft 1991 Transportation-Air Quality Planning 

Guidelines (Notice of Availability) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and 

New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs 

for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles & Trucks and 

Heavy-Duty Vehicles (Notice of Public Hearing and 

Report Availability) 

Procedures Document for Establishing Emissions from 

Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Notice of Draft 

Document Availability; Request for Public Comment 

Air Pollution Control; Motor Vehicle Emission Factors 

(Notice of Availability of Revised Highway Motor 

Vehicle Emission Factor Model (MOBILE4.1) 

State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria 

(Notice of Final Rulemaking) 

Fuel Economy Retrofit Devise Evaluation for the 

Platinum Gasaver (Notice of Fuel Economy Retrofit 

Device Evaluation) 

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; 

Revision of the Visibility PIP for Arizona (Supplemental 

Notice Requesting Comment) 

Date Published 

September 11, 1991 

September 10, 1991 

September 9, 1991 

September 6, 1991 

September 6, 1991 

September 4, 1991 

September 4, 1991 

September 3, 1991 

August 27, 1991 

August 26, 1991 

August 26, 1991 

August 16, 1991 

August 13, 1991 

I-13 
Notice 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for 

Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to 

Rhode Island 

Designations and Classifications for Initial PM-10 

Nonattainment Areas (Notice correcting EPA's 

announcement of the designations and classifications for 

the initial PM-10 (particulate matter nominally 10 

microns of smaller in diameter) nonattainment areas) 

Proposed Rule to Rescind 40 CFR Part 61 Subpart I for 

Nuclear Power Reactors (Radionuclide NESHAP) 

Final Rule to Stay Subpart I of 40 CFR Part 61 as it 

Applies to Nuclear Power Reactors (Radionuclide 

NESHAP) 

Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends 

Sold in Calendar Year 1991; Northeastern Arizona 

(Notice of Final Rulemaking) 

Fuels and Fuel Additives; MMT Waiver Application 

Rules of Practice Governing the Administrative 

Assessment of Civil Penalties Under the Clean Air Act 

(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Organic Air Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste 

Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF): 

Tanks, Surface Impoundments, and Containers (Notice 

of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Regulations for Registration of Lead Substitute Gasoline 

Additives to Reduce Valve Seat Wear (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

National Allowance Data Base, Version 2.0; Acid Rain 

Provisions (Notice of Availability) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for 

Highway Diesel Fuel Quality-Sulfur Content; and 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and 

New Motor Vehicle Engines: Standards for Oxides of 

Nitrogen Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines , 

(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

I-14 

Date Published 

August 13, 1991 

August 8, 1991 

August 5, 1991 

August 5, 1991 

August 2, 1991 

August 1, 1991 

July 22, 1991 

July 22, 1991 

July 19, 1991 

July 19, 1991 

July 17, 1991 
Notice 

Oxygenated Fuels Labeling Regulations Under Section 

211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

Guidance on Establishment of Control Periods Under 

Section 211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended 

(Notice of Proposed Guidance) 

Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs · 

Under Section 211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended 

(Notice of Proposed Guidelines) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Standards for 

Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Proposed Rule) 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone (Temporary Final 

Rule; Correction) · 

Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis 

of Pollutants; Identification and Listing of Hazardous 

Waste; Test Methods (Notice of Proposed Rule and 

Request for Comments) 

Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Program Fees 

for: Light-Duty Vehicles; Light-Duty Trucks; HeavyDuty Vehicles and Engines; and Motorcycles (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaldng) 

Fossil Fuel-Fired Utility Steam Generating Units; Acid 

Rain Provisions (Notice of AvailabilitY) 

Preliminary Draft List of Categories and Subcategories 

Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (Notice of 

Availability and Request for Information) 

Applicability of New Source Review and New Source 

Performan·ce Standards at Electric Utility Sources 

(WEPCO) (Notice of Proposed Rulemaldng) 

General Preamble for Title I of the CAA Amendments· 

(Draft Document Available & Public Meeting) 

NESHAP Compliance Extensions for Early Reduction of 

Hazardous Air Pollutants (Notice of Proposed· · 

Rulemaking) 

Waiver of Federal Preemption for Amendments to 

California's Regs that Establish Stds & Certification . 

Procedures for Methanol-Fueled Vehicles & Engines & 

Heavy-Duty Engines Fueled by Compressed· Natural Gas · 

of Liquid Petroleum Gas 

Date Published. 

July 91 1991 

July 9, 1991 

July 9, 1991 

July 9, 1991 

July 8, 1991 

July 3, 1991 . 

July·t, 1991 

June 25, 1991 

June 21, 1991 

June 14, 1991 

June 13, 1991 

June 13,)991 

. ' 

.. June 11, 1991 

I-15 
Notice 

National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory 

Committee Request for Suggestions for List. of 

Candidates 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and 

New Motor Vehicle Engines: Gaseous and Particulate 

Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year 

Light-Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks (Notice of 

Final Rulemaking) 

Revision of Phase I Volatility Regs for Gasoline; 

Northeastern Arizona (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

NSPS Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Definition of 

Substantially Similar (Advanced Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Regulations of Fuels & Fuel Additives Stds for Gasoline 

Volatility (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Urban Bus Particulate Matter Std for Model Years 1991 

to 1992 (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria 

(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Auctions, Direct Sales & Independent Power Producers 

Written Guarantee Regs (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

NESHAP Radon Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks 

(Notice of Compliance Waiver) 

Operating Permit Program (Notice or Proposed Rule; 

Notice of Opportunity for Public Hearing) 

Volatility Regs for Gasoline & Alcohol Blends Sold in 

Calendar Year 1991; State of Texas (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Stay of Subpart I of CFR Part 61 Radionuclide 

Emissions {Final Rule) 

Preparation, Adoption, & Submittal of SIPS; PM-10, 

Sulfur Dioxide, & Lead Nonattainment & Unclassifiable 

Area Designations (Information Notice) 

Control of Air Pollution Motor Vehicle Engines; 

Federal Certification Test Results for 1991 Model Year 

I-16 

Date Published 

June 7, 1991 

June 5. 1991 

May 30, 1991 

May 30, 1991 

May 30, 1991 

May 29, 1991 

May 29, 1991 

May 24, 1991 

May 23, 1991 

May 22, 1991 

May 10, 1991 

May 6, 1991 

April 24, 1991 

April 22, 1991 

April 15, 1991 
Notice 

Request for Information Concerning Heavy-Duty Engine 

Rebuild (Notice, Request for Information) 

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives (Direct Final 

Rule) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants; Amendment to Benzene Rule for Coke ByProduct Recovery Plants (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal 

of Implementation Plans; Approval and Promulgation of 

Implementation Plans (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Air Quality: Revision to EPA Policy Concerning Ozone 

Control Strategies and Volatile Organic Compound 

Reactivity (Notice of Revised EPA Policy Statement) 

Notice Announcing Designation and Classifications for 

Initial PM-10 Nonattainment Areas 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants -- NRC-Licensed Facilities (Advance Notice 

of Proposed Rulemaking) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants -- NRC-Licensed Facilities (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants-- NRC-Licensed Facilities (Order 

Temporarily Staying Effective Date) 

Notice of Availability of Guidance and Submittal Fonris 

for Elections under Sections 405( d)(3), 405( d)( 4), and 

405(g)(2) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 

Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone; Regulations to 

Implement the 1991 Limits on the Production and 

Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals Required 

by Section 604 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990 (Temporary Final Rule) 

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and 

New Motor Vehicle Engines: Gaseous and Particulate 

Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year 

Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks .(Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking) 

Date Published 

April 4, 1991 

April 4, 1991 

April 1, 1991 

March 18, 1991 

March 18, 1991 

March 15, 1991 

March 13, 1991 

March 13, l991 

March 13, 1991 

March 12, 1991 

March 6, 1991 

March 7, 1991 

1-17 
Notice 

New Source Performance Standards: Standards of 

Performance for Polypropylene, Polyethylene, 

Polystyrene, and Poly( ethylene Terephthalate) 

Manufacturing Industry (Final rule; Correction) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants Announcement of Negotiated Regulation for 

Equipment Leaks (Notice of Agreement on Negotiated 

Regulation) 

Fuel Economy Test Procedures: Alternative-Fueled 

Economy Labeling Requirements (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Notice of Fifth Conference on Air Quality Modeling 

Disclosure of Emission Date Claimed as Confidential 

Under Section 110 and 114(c) of the Clean Air Act 

(Notice of Policy on Public Release of Certain Emission 

Data Submitted Under Sections 110 and 114(c) of the 

Clean Air Act) 

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants: NRC-Licensed Facilities (Notice of Proposed 

Rule) 

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal 

of Implementation Plans -- Augmentation of Guidelines 

on Air Quality Models (Notice of Proposed 

Rulemaking) 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources 

Addition of Methods for Measurement of 

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Polychlorinated 

Dibenzofurans, and Hydrogen Chloride Emissions from 

Stationary Sources (Notice of Final Rulemaking) 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources 

Addition of Performance Specification 4A to Appendix 

Band Revision of Procedure 1 of Appendix F (Notice 

of Final Rulemaking) 

Emission Guidelines: Municipal Waste Combustors 

(Final Emission Guidelines) 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources:. 

Municipal Waste Combustors (Notice of I:inal 

Rulemaking) · 

I-18 

Date Published 

March 5, 1991 

March 4, 1991 

March 1, 1991 

February 25, 1991 

February 21, 1991 

February 15, 1991 

February 13, 1991 

February 13, 1991 

February 11, 1991 

February 11, 1991 

Fe,bruary 11; 1991 
Notice 

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans 

Revision of the Visibility FIP for Arizona (Notice of 

Proposed Rulemaking and Announcement of Public 

Hearing) 

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources 

Amendments to Subpart J (Petroleum Refineries) and 

Addition of Performance Specification 7 to Appendix B 

(Final Rule; Correction) · 

Revised Interpretive Rule; Regulation of Fuels and Fuel 

Additives; Definition of "Substantially Similar" (Notice of 

Final Rulemaking) 

Performance Warranty Regulations and the Voluntary 

· After market Part Certification Program: Supplemental 

Proposed Alternative Test Procedure (Supplemental 

Notice of Proposed Rulemaking) 

Notice Listing Ozone-Depleting Substances (Initial Lists) 

Fuels and Fuel Additives; Waiver Application (Notice) 

Amendments to Standards of Performance for New 

Stationary Sources; Reporting Requirements (Final 

Rule) 

Standards of performance for New Stationary Sources; 

Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, and 

Poly( ethylene terephthalate) Manufacturing Industry 

(Final Rule) 

Date Published 

February 8, 1991 

February 4, 1991 

February 1, 1991 

January 30, 1991 

January 1, 1991 

December 20, 1990 

December 13, 1990 

December 11, 1990 

1-19 

APPENDIX II 

EPA STAFF ACCOMPLISHMENTS: 

CLEANING THE AIR AND REDUCING RISKS 

The Office of Air and Radiation, in cooperation with other EPA offices, has performed 

thousands of valuable tasks between February 1989 and November 1992. The credit for these 

achievements must go first and foremost to the thousands of EPA employees who devoted 

their energies and intellects -- and, vecy often, extra hours -- tq hundreds of rules, guidelines, 

studies, publications, and other projects. In recognition of this fact, this appendix lists the top 

accomplishments of each organizational unit of OAR Also included are accomplishments of 

regional offices, the Office of General Counsel, and many other EPA offices that contributed 

to OAR efforts. These lists were developed by the employees themselves. 

William G. Rosenberg 

Assistant Administrator 

for Air & Radiation 

II-1 

CONTENTS 

EPA OFFICES REPORTING ACCOMPLISHMENTS (Chart Only) .... ; . . . . . . . . . . 11-4 

OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION (Chart Only) ...................... · ...... 11-5 

OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING.AND STANDARDS ............... 11-6 

OFFICE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS ... ; ..................... 11-29 

OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES ..................... ; ... ~ . . . . . . 11-34 

OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-52 

OFFICE OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS ............... 11-53 

OFFICE OF RADIATION AND INDOOR AIR ........................ 11-54 

OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-59 

OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS ...... ; . . . . . . . . . 11-62 

OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT ................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-64 

OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION AND CONSUMER AFFAIRS ..... 11-66 

OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL RELATIONS ......... 11-69 

REGION I ............. · .......................... ; ................ 11-72 

REGION II .........•............................................ 11-73 

REGION Ill ...................................................... 11-74 

REGION IV ...................... · .............. · .................. 11-75 

REGION V ...................................................... 11-76 

REGION VI ................................ : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-77 

REGION VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-78 

REGION .VIII ................. ,. ................................... 11-79 

REGION IX ............ · ........ :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-80 

REGION X ............ ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-81 

II-3 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Administrator 

I I I 

Associate Administrator Associate Administrator Associate Administrator Assistant 

for Regional for Communications, for Congressional Administrator 

Operations & Education & and Legislative for 

State/Local Relations Public Affairs Affairs Enforcement 

I I I 

Assistant 

General Administrator Regional Other 

Counsel for Offices Offices 

Air and Radiation 
Office of Air 

and Radiation 

Office of Program Office of Policy 

Management Analysis & Review 

Operations 

I I I I 

Office of Office of Air Office of Office of 

Radiation and Quality Planning Mobile Sources Atmospheric 

Indoor Air and Standards Programs 

Radiation Emission Manufacturers Global 

- - Standards - Oper<:~tions - Change 

Studies Division Division Division Division 

Criteria and Air Quality Field Stratospheric 

1- Standards - Management - Operations and - Protection 

Division Division Support Division Division 

Radon Technicc:ll Engineering Acid Rain 

- - Support - Operations - Division 

Division Division Division 

Indoor Air Stationary Source Certification 

1- '--- Compliance - - Division Division 

Division 

Office of Radiation Regulatory 

r- and Indoor Air '- Programs and 

(Las Vegas Facility) Technology 

Regulc:ition National Air and 

'- Radiation · Deyl'!lopment and 

Environmental Lab sypport Pivi~i81l t~ .... --......... ,. ... ,.,.,,_- ""'"'"'"'"' "'*""'''"''"-"'~"'"'/ 

'. '" •' ,,, ' 

~~mi~~siqn P!~nnrn~· . anq ~r?!tfi!9!e:s 

D ... 

.. l¥!§19n . ,•' ······"'•···:··..,,.,_, ... ,,,.,>< 
Washington Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Operations 

(Washington, DC) Planning and Standards· Management Staff 

I 

I I 

Emission Standards Air Quality 

Division Management Division 

H Standards Development Branch I H Ambient Standards Branch I 

S1andards Preparation Section Regulatory Strategies Section 

Regulations Preparati?n Sectiori S1andards Development Section 

Regulations D"evelopment Section Economio Analysis Section 

Cost & Economio Impact. Section 

Hozone/CO Programs Branch I .. , H Engineering and Rule Development Section 

Pollutant Assessment Branch I Program Oversight and Implementation Section 

Program Integration & Health Section Strategies and Policy Section 

Program Analysis & Technology Section 

HS021Particulate Matter Programs Branch I Program Implementation & Review Section 

H Industrial Studies Branch I 

S1andards Support Section 

S1andards Documentation ~action 

y Chemicals and Petroleum Branch I 

Chemical Manufacturing Section 

Chemical Application Section 

Petroloom Section 

Program Development Section 

Policy and Guidance Section 

Implementation and Re~ulatory. Section 

H Perm~s Programs Branch 

Operating Permits Policy Section 

New Source Review Section 

Permits Support Section 

H Regional Operations Branch 

Regional Activities Section 

Regional Management Section 

-1 Air Pollution Training Branch 

Traming Development Section 

Training Delivery Section 

a Unless otherwise indicated, all organizational units are located in North Carolina 

b All organizational units that compose this division are located in Virgmia 

I 

I 

I 

I I 

Technical Support Stationary Source 

Division Compliance Divisionb 

-1 Source Receptor Analysis Branch I H Compliance Monttoring Branch 

Model Appl.ioation Section Federal Program Section 

Techniques Evaluation Section Policy & Guidance Section 

Modeling Support Section Compliance Analysis Section 

-l Monitoring and Reports Branch I Technical Support Branch 

Data Analysis Section Regional Programs Section 

Monitoring Section Organic Chemicals Section 

-l National Air Data Branch _I 

lnorganio Chemicals Section· 

AIRS Section 

Operations & Maintenance Section 

H Emission Measurement Branch I 

Manufacturing & Combustion Testing Section 

Chemicals & Petroleum Testing Section 

Compliance and Implementation Testing Section 

Emission Inventory Branch I 

Emission Factor & Methodologies Section 

Inventory Guidance & Evaluation.Section 

I 

I 
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS 

Emissions Standards Division 

+ Developed and put into operation a strategic plan to achieve the requirements and 

goals of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This comprehensive 

hazardous air pollutant program includes developing emission standards and 

conducting health and risk assessments, engineering and economic analyses on 

control strategies, and studies on key problems such as air taxies deposition into 

U.S. waters and urban air taxies levels. 

+ Provided special engineering and economic expertise for the development of 

Federal rules for new and existing stationary sources of six major pollutants, 

including the precursors of smog. The program also includes (1) developing 

control techniques guidelines and alternative control technology documents for 

State and local air pollution agencies to use in crafting their air pollution reduction 

strategies and plans, and (2) assisting state and local agencies. and industry in 

identifying best available control technologies. 

+ Provided specialized technical expertise in the areas of engineering, toxicology, 

dispersion and exposure modeling, economics, and health and risk assessment in 

developing innovative, cost effective pollution reduction approaches including 

pollution prevention, assisting small businesses in complying with Clean Air Act 

requirements, and helping the general public to understand global and local air 

pollution problems. 

Chemicals and Petroleum Branch 

+ Provided experienced and specialized engineering support to several major 

programs for reducing volatile organic compounds. These programs include the 

development of Federal rules under RCRA and the Clean Air Act, the 

preparation of detailed guidance documents for states to use in developing their 

rules, and case-by-case technical assistance to other governmental organizations 

and citizens who needed control technology information. 

" . + Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and 

identifying control technology options for the development of federal standards for 

toxic organic air emissions. In the process, the branch has developed information 

.that it has shared with other government agencies and the public which has been 

used by them to understand toxic emissions and to develop control strategies. 

+ :· Instituted se,veral programs which are integrated.with other offices and which 

emphasize multi-media considerations. These include the development of air rules 

under RCRA, the preparation of guidance documents on the air aspects of 

Superfund implementation, the development of an air-water integrated rule for 

pulp and paper, participation and lead roles on three regulatory clusters, and 

participation in several source reduction/pollution prevention targeted projects. 

II-7 
Chemical Manufacturing Section 

+ Conducted the "Nine CEOs' Voluntary Emission Reduction Program". This was 

the first voluntary emission reduction effort and demonstrated the concepts used in 

the "33/50" and "Hazardous Air Pollutants Early Reduction" programs. 1990. 

through 1992. 

+ Published list of major and area source categories emitting hazardous air pollutants 

required under Section 112. July 16, 1992. 

+ Promulgated New Source Performance Standards for air oxidation processes and 

distillation operations in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing ipdustry. 

June 29, 1990. 

Petroleum Section 

+ Published proposed rule to control and monitor air emissions hazardous waste 

treatment, storage and disposal facilities under the Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act. July 22, 1991. 

+ Developed an integrated rulemaking for hazardous air pollutants in the pulp and 

paper industry. August 1992. 

+ Developed guidance for the control of emissions of volatile organic compoq.nds 

from gasoline service stations (Stage II) ~nd conducted training courses for EPA 

Regional and State and local air pollution agency personnel at several different 

sites. 1991 through 1992. · 

Chemical Application Section 

+ fmv:ig~p ~xp~rt witnesses who assisted the Department of Justice in collecting 

qv@r ~g. millioQ in penalties. 1990 through 1992. 

+ Initiated development of five m~mum achievable control technology (MACf) 

standards for hazardous air pollutants under Section 112 and seven control 

techniques guidelines and standarpg for architectural and industrial coatings under 

Section 183. 1990 through 1992. 

+ Developed a method for directly measuriqg the efficiency with which ~ hooq or 

other capture device collects the volatife organic emissions froPI an industrifll 

process, a critical measurement for determining compliance with many flir 

regulations. Publishe!i a report to help States and industry use the 1lletflqd: ''The 

Measurement Solution: Psing a. Temporary Total Enclosure for Capture Effi.Piency 

Testing" EPA 450/4-91-Q20. A,prjl 1991. 

II-8 
Pollutant Assessment Branch 

+ Provided policy and technical expertise for developing a comprehensive strategy 

for implementing programs to address the U.S. hazardous air pollution problem. 

These efforts include studies on urban air taxies and air toxic deposition in the 

·Great Lakes and other U.S. waters, and the development of the components of 

the regulatory agenda for the· development of emission standards fot hazardous air 

pollutants. 

+ Involved State and local air pollution agencies in all activities of the Emission 

Standards Division, especially those related to the hazardous air pollution 

provisions of the Clean Air Act. Sponsored highly successful workshops on risk 

assessment and state and local air taxies program implementation. Consulted 

extensively with state and local programs in the dev~lopment of guidance under 

112(g) [Modifications 1 and 112(1) [State Program Approval]. Worked with state 

and local air pollution agencies on transition issues and the identification of 

necessary implementation activities. 

+ Actively advanced and participated in the development of EPA policies to address 

risk asse5sment/management issues. This effort has included detailed interaction 

with the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Risk Assessment of 

Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAPRA), the development of improved tools for risk 

assessment, the coordination of the efforts of Federal and State risk assessment 

and management experts,. and the collection and dissemination of the latest work 

on risk assessment occurring at all levels of government. 

Program Analysis & Technology Section 

. + Completed and t~ansmitted a report describing EPA's risk ~ssessment methods, 

past and present applications, and current issues to the National Academy of 

Sciences to assist the academy in its study of Agency risk methods. March 1992. 

+ Improved significantly EPA exposure modeling capabilities for air pollution 

emissions from industrial sources by adding a feature that allows better· 

characterization of uncertainties associated with risk estimates. August 1992. 

+ Published tiered approach (level of modeling/monitoring increases as level of 

available data increases) for conducting risk assessments. February 1992. · 

Program Implementation & Review Section 

+ Developed and published the list of major and area source categories to be 

regulated under Section 112. This publication represented the culmination of 

many man-years of technical effort and negotiations: The list that was published 

will serve as the blueprint for the toxics program for the next 20 years. July 16, 1992. I • . . . 
+ Worked on the development of a draft schedule for promulgation of emission 

standards for the source categories listed under Section 112. This schedule will 

establish the dates by which all of the listed categopes will be regulated. Extensive 

technical effort on the development of a hazard-based prioritization system 

supported this publication. 1992. , 

+ Worked on the development of guidance for the implementation of Section 112(1) 

covering State programs for hazardous air pollutants. Extensive outreach and 

negotiation with State and local air taxies programs has been the hallmark of this 

project. In addition, through the Clean Air Act advisory committee, industry and 

environmental groups have also been consulted on the development of this rule. 

1992 

Program Integration & Health Section 

+ Worked very hard in 1992 to coordinate and integrate Section 112 implementation 

activities with State and local agencies and Regional Offices. With respect to 

State and local agencies, our greatest achievement was the Hazardous Air 

Pollutants Implementation Workshop which we developed, managed and 

conducted. Other achievements include monthly conference calls wi.th the 

STAPPNALAPCO (state and local air regulators) air taxies committee and with 

Regional Office staff. · 

+ Undertook extensive outreach and consensus building activities with interested 

parties such as the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee on the development of 

guidance for the implementation of Section 112(g), Modifications. Developed a 

draft regulation which includes a hazard ranking of the 189 chemicals. 1991 

through 1992. 

+ Completed the development of a strategy for preparing the Report to Congress on 

deposition of hazardous air pollutants in the Great Lakes and other U.S. waters 

due in November 1993. Conflicting priorities among many diverse programs at the 

Federal, State and local level had t.o be considered and incorporated in the 

development of the strategy. An authors meeting will be taking place in 

November to write the first draft. September 1992. · 

Standards Development Branch 

+ Provided experienced regulatory and specialized engineering support to the 

development of technology standards for air taxies emissions from major sources 

such as chemical manufacturing plants, coke ovens and dry cleaners .. In developing 

such standards, worked closely with state and local air pollution agencies, industry 

and environmental groups to address numerous complex technical issues and 

develop standards which are protective of the environment and cost effective. 

+ Provided experienced regulatory support to the development of key EPA policies 

relating to the implementation of Title ill of the 1990 Amendments, Presidential 

Executive Orders, and key legislation that affect federal regulatory development. 

II-10 
These policies .address legislation such as the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the 

PapeiWork Reduction Act, as well as Executive Order12291, which requires cost 

and benefit analyses to support major regulations. 

+ Provided experienced and specialized cost engineering and economic support to 

the development of air pollution emission standards for stationary sources. This 

effort includes the development of detailed cost and economic impact analyses for 

all control strategies under consideration. Also provided technical support and 

guidance to State and local agencies in assist them in developing and performing 

their own analyses of cost anc~ economic impacts of air pollution control 

alternatives. 

Standards Preparation Section 

+ Published proposed rule setting MACT and generally achievable control · 

technology (GACT) standards for perchloroethylene emissions from drycleaning 

facilities. December 9, 1991. 

+ Developed proposed rule setting MACT standard for synthetic. organic chemical 

manufacturing industry (the HON) for OMB review (December 24, 1991) and for 

proposal in the Federal Register. October 1992. 

+ Developed hazardous air pollutants emissions averaging policy for MACT 

standards. October 1992. 

Regulations Preparatipn Section. 

+ Provided regulatory support for proposed rule to control and monitor air emissions 

hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities under the Resource 

Conservation and Recovery Act. July 22, 1991. 

+ Developed proposed rule containing general provisions for all Federal standards 

regulating sources of hazardous air pollutants. January 1992. 

+ · Developed proposed NESHAP for coke oven emissions through regulatory 

negotiations. Committee signing scheduled for October 28, 1992. 

Regulations Development Section 

+ Published final rule limiti.lg emissions' of particulate matter, carbon dioxide, 

dioxins, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and nitrogen oxides emissions from new 

and existing municipal waste combustors burning more than 250 tons/day of waste. 

February 11, 1991. 

+ De-Veloped regulatory package which would propose revisions to the above rules 

based on the use of maximum achievable control technology (MACT) and to 

propose new rules limiting the above emissions from new and existing municipal 

waste combustors burning less than 250 tons/day of waste. July 1992. 

II-11 
+ Published Notice of Additional Information soliciting public review of new 

information gathered since proposal concerning recently developed technology for 

controlling perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning facilities and requesting 

public comment on how this new information should be used in developing final 

rules limiting perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning facilities. October 

1992. 

Cost & Economic Impact Section 

+ Implemented innovative approaches for estimating economic impacts and selecting 

cost effective regulatory options for the Hazardous Organic NESHAP (National 

Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants). January 1991. 

+ Completed a draft report to Congress on alternative economic incentive regulatory 

strategies for consumer and commercial products. This report may form the basis 

for consumer and commercial product regulations under Section 183( e). 

September 1992. 

+ Completed an innovative study involving an integrated market and financial 

analysis to address the difficult question of the impact of the Dry Cleaning MACT 

standard on the many small dry cleaning businesses. May 1991. 

Industrial Studies Branch 

+ Provided experienced and specialized engineering support to several major 

programs for reducing particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide, and oxides of . 

nitrogen. These programs include the development of the Clean Air Act rules, the 

preparation of alternative control technology documents for states to use in 

developing their rules, and case-by-case technical assistance to State and local 

agencies for reducing particulate emissions. 

+ Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and 

identifying control technology options for the development of national air taxies 

standards for combustion units, smelting operations, and other industrial processes. 

The branch has developed technical information that it has shared with other 

government agencies and countries to assist them in understanding and developing 

control strategies for these air taxies sources. 

+ Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and 

identifying control technology options for the· development of Federal standards 

for air pollution emissions from solid waste combustion. This work has included 

complex analyses of alternative control strategies and their impact on emissions. 

The branch has shared this work with State and local agencies and environmental 

protection agencies in other countries to assist them in addressing t~is growing 

industry. 

II-12 
Standards Documentation Section 

+ Published proposed and final rule establishing standards of performance· for small 

industrial-commercial-institutional steam generating units. June 9, 1989, and 

September 12, 1990. 

+ Published and made available.for.public use a medical waste incinerator (MWI) 

operator training course in March 1989; ihitia,ted and participated with the ASME 

in developing an MWI operator certification program which was completed in 

September 1992. 

+ Published and made available for public use the ~olld:wing technical reports and/or 

documents relating to medical waste incinerators: 

Operation and Maintenance of Hospital Waste Incinerators (March 1989) 

Medical Waste Incinerators: Background Infomiation for Proposed 

Standards and Guidelines (September 30, 1991) 

Industry Profile Report For New and Existing Facilities 

Process Description Report for New and Existing Facilities 

Model Plant Description and Cost Report for New and Existing Facilities 

Control Technology Performance Reportfor New and Existing Facilities 

Environmental Impacts Report for New and Existing Facilities 

Standards Support Section 

+ Provided technical and engineering support for final rule limiting emissions of 

particulate matter, carbon dioxide, dioxins, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and 

nitrogen oxides emissions from new and existing municipal waste combustors 

burning more than 250 tons/day of waste. February 11, 1991. 

+ Completed major portions of the Report to Congress on 'Volatile Organic 

Compound Emissions from Consumer and Commercial Products" required under 

ozone nonattainment provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

Statutory deadline is November 15, 1993. August 1992. 

+ Completed an engineering evaluation of the Jewell design Thompson non-:recovery 

coke oven technology as required under Section 112( d). October 1992. 

Stationary Source Compliance Division 

+ Developed and coordinated all Clean Air Act Title Vn rulemakings including: the 

monetary award program; citizen suits; field citation; administrative penalty; 

contractor listing; and enhanced monitoring rules. · · 

+ Coordinated sever~}, national enforcement initiatives including: a compliance 

investigation of the wood panel industry which resulted in enforcement action 

against the Louisiana Pacific Company for numerous PSD and SIP violations; a 

II-13 
lead enforcement initiative which targeted the major .lead sources; and the 1992 

administrative penalty order case initiative which implemented the new 

administrative penalty authority by filing 52 cases and a total of 100 by the end of 

the fiscal year. 

+ Developed outreach, training, guidance and policy documents to enhance 

compliance with the Act which included: establishment of a training center at 

Rutgers University Demonstration Center and a program using the California Air 

Resources Board for state training; development of a hazardous waste incineration 

training course using video conferencing; development of 23 plant specific 

inspection manuals for CFC sources; and implemented new significant 

violator/timely and appropriate enforcement guidance. 

Technical Support Branch 

+ Developed training manuals and courses for: 23 plant specific CFC sources; 

hazardous waste incineration procedures; and draft training course documents for 

radionuclide NESHAPs requirements. 

+ Initiated the application of the revised SV ff &A guidance; reviewed and reduced 

the reporting requirements for Regional input; and evaluated the MOARS reports 

for national program status. 

+ Developed and maintained integration of the asbestos NESHAP program with the 

OPPT AHERA program. 

Inorganic Chemicals Section 

+ Developed and maintained integration of the asbestos NESHAP program with the 

OPPT AHERA program. 

+ Provided the compliance coordination in development and maintenance of the 

Lead Strategy as part of the Agency's Lead Cluster Initiative. 

+ Coordinated the Compliance Rule Effectiveness program successfully completing 

14 Rule Effectiveness studies with an additional13 in process. 

Organic Chemicals Section 

+ Set up and maintained technical coordinator workgroups with the Regional Offices 

for VOC (volatile organic compounds), Air Taxies and Radionuclides Compliance 

to enhance communications and to identify and resolve implementation issues 

related to the Clean Air Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

+ Identified, conducted and completed 27 "Technical Agenda" projects, which 

provided technical support, policy guidance and training in inspection techniques 

to Regional, State and local compliance agencies in the areas of VOCs, air taxies 

and radionuclides. 

II-14 
+ Developed 23 CFC plant-specific inspection manuals and an inspector training 

course to assist in the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on depletion of 

the ozone layer. 

Regional Programs Section 

+ Issued guidance on the "Timely and Appropriate Enforcement Response to 

Significant Air Pollution Violators which established a new standard for federal 

overfilling, revised the definition of sv, and lengthened the timeline for addressing 

SVs. 

+ Conducted reviews of Regional Office air compliance and enforcement programs 

which established baseline for evaluating progress and program effectiveness in the 

future. 

+ Initiated pilot program for Air Compliance Planning and Oversight Guidance to 

give each state more freedom to establish program goals and commitments. suitable 

to the unique circumstances of a state. 

Compliance Monitoring Branch 

+ Developed and coordinated all Clean Air Act Title VII rulemakings including: the 

monetary awards program; citizen suit; field citation; administrative penalty; 

contractor listing; and enhanced monitoring rules. 

+ Assisted in the development of the Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Protection 

Program rules. · 

+ Created and enhanced two air compliance databases for tracking enforcement and 

inspection activities, the AIRS Facility Subsystem for stationary sources and ACTS 

for asbestos demolition and renovation projects. 

Policy & Guidance Section 

+ Published final rule providing Clean Air Act Administrative Hearing Regulations, 

February 4, 1992. 

+ Coordinated the Clean Air Act Administrative Penalty Program which resulted in 

the filing of 100 administrative complaints for fiscal year 1992. Alsocoordinated 

the 1992 Clean Air Act Administrative Case Initiative resulting in the filing of 52 

cases on May 20, 1992, with a total of over $4 million in pled penalties. 

+ Submitted to OMB in February, 1992 the draft proposal package for the monetary 

awards program and in April, 1992 the draft proposal package for the citizen suit 

regulations. 

II-15 
Compliance Analysis Section 

+ Created a new, all encompassing air database, the AIRS Facility Subsystem, by 

merging existing compliance and emission databases. April 1990. 

+ Developed the Compliance Monitoring Strategy and the Inspection Target Model 

in order for States to maximize their enforcement resources by targeting the most 

environmentally significant sources for inspections. March 1991. 

+ Developed a draft Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance Certification Rule as 

required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to gain a better assessment of 

compliance over time by sources. January 1992. 

Federal Program Section 

+ Developed compliance monitoring strategies for regulations which require recycling 

of stratospheric ozone depleting chemicals. 1992. 

+ Fully implemented the wood stove emission certification program. July, 1992. 

+ Brought the first enforcement actions for violations of the Montreal Protocol on 

Substances that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer. i990. 

Air Quality Management Division 

+ Developed and issued rules required by the Clean Air Act and the 1990 Act 

Amendments, including rules to protect visibility in the Grand Canyon, 

requirements for State operating permit programs, designations and classifications 

of nonattainment areas for all pollutants and areas of the country, and rules for 

economic incentive programs. 

+ Provided guidance and assistance to ensure effective implementation of the 1990 

Amendments, including the General Preamble and NOx addendum to guide States 

in developing SIP's; holding a number of workshops on the final operating permit 

rules and on the new source review program; development of model operating 

permits, VOC rules, and SIP control strategies; issuing best available control 

measures (BACM) technical guidance documents; implementing a targeted 

program for reducing lead concentrations around major point sources; and issuing 

the small business assistance program guidance. 

+ Provided management, oversight, and training to Regions and States through the 

Regional Memorandum of Agreements, the Regional air pollution training 

conference in Greensboro, North Carolina, expansion of the network of air 

pollution technical training centers, and installation of training satellite downlinks 

in 60 State and local agencies. 

II-16 
Ambient Standards Branch 

+ Conducted cost, economic, and benefits analyses to support the development of 

the 1990 Amendments and major regulatory actions (e.g., operating permits, 

NESHAPS, and outer continental shelf rules). 

+ Developed and supported economic incentive and other innovative strategies by 

conducting a national workshop on innovative regulatory strategies, developing 

EPA's economic incentive rules and support of the RECLAIM program in the 

South Coast Basin of California. · · · 

+ Supported visibility protection efforts by assisting .in the establishment of the 

Grand Capyon Commission and providing scientific and economic analyses for the 

impact assessments of the Navajo Generating Station. 

Standards Pf!Jvelopment Section 

· + SJ..!.pported visibility protection efforts by assisting in the establishment of the 

Grand Canyon Commission and providing technical support for the visibility impact 

assessment of the Navajo Generating Station. 1990-1992. 

+ Contributed programmatic and technical expertise to the development of the 

EPA's integrated lead strategy. February 1991. 

+ Prepared exposure assessments and information on the direct health effects of 

sulfur dioxide, acidic aerpsols, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide for the Integrated 

Assessment Report of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. 1989-

1991. 

Economic Analysis Section 

+ Prepared an integrated assessment of the benefits associated with the 1990 

Amendments to the Clean Air Act 

+ Issued key analyses in support of the final rules for Operating Permits and .Air 

Pollution from Outer Continental Shelf Sources, including the Regulatory Impact 

Analysis, Regulatory Flexibility Screening, and Information Collection Request 

Analysis. June, August 1992. 

+ Issued Regulatory Impact Analyses in support of the inclusion of S02 controls in 

the Federal Implementation Plan for the Nava.jo Generating Station. February 

1990, January 1991. 

Regulatory Strategi~s Section 

• Conducted nationa.l workshop on innovative regulatory strat~g~~ for air pollution 

control, focu~iQg on econqmfc incentives. Janua.ry 15-17, 1992.. · 
+ Developed framework for approvable economic incentive programs and drafted 

rules and guidance package targeted for proposal by year-end. September 1992. 

+ Provided policy and technical input to the South Coast Air Quality Management 

Districes effort to develop a Regional Clean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM) 

in California and to other States developing market-based programs for air 

pollution control, through EPA grants. Ongoing. 

Permits Programs Branch 

Operating Permits Policy Section 

+ Published final rule setting minimum requirements for State air pollution operating 

permit programs. July 21, 1992. 

+ Completed three national workshops, co-sponsored with the State' and Territorial 

Air Pollution Program Administrators and Association of Local Air Pollution 

Control Officials on the requirements for approvable operating permits programs. 

August-October, 1992. 

+ Initiated model permits program designed to provide example permits for State 

and local agency use for over 60 source categories. January 1992 ( contfnuing 

project). 

New Source Review Section 

+ Published final Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) rules for new 

source review applicability for utilities undertaking environmentally-beneficial 

pollution control projects. July 21, 1992. 

+ Completed five national workshops, co-sponsored with the Air and Waste 

Management Association, on the new source review permitting process. ·April 

1992. 

+ As part of the United States/Canadian air quality agreement, conducted two 

workshops with Canadians to explain the U.S. prevention of significant 

deterioration program. May-September 1992. 

Air Pollution Training Branch 

+ Developed and implemented training curricula and training centers for major CAA 

activities involving operating permits and inspector training. · 

+ Continued delivery of technical training to over 6000 students and improved 

delivery capability by se~ting up a satellite network with 40 presentations scheduled 

in FY 93. · , 

ll-18 
+ Developed new training evaluation procedures and a study to evaluate computer 

technologies to improve source inspection and permitting activities. 

Training Development Section 

+ Developed and implemented permit training curriculum for employees of State and 

local agencies. 

+ Developed evaluation procedures for distance learning and improved evaluation 

procedures for self~study and short course presentations. 

+ Initiated pilot study to evaluate the capabilities of computer technologies to 

improve source inspection and permitting activities. 

Training Delivery Section 

+ Set up national system for delivery of training via satellite and scheduled 40 

presentations for delivery in the coming year. 

+ Provided technical training through classroom presentations, self-study programs, 

and satellite delivery to more. than 6,000 students. 

+ Implemented a comprehensive inspector training program which provides intensive 

training through three levels, i.e., basic, intermediate, and advanced and established 

two similar centers for permit training. 

Sulfur Dioxide/Particulate Matter Programs Branch 

+ Directed activities to meet CAA deadlines, including nonattainment designations, 

submission of PM., tO SIP's, issuance of letters starting the time-clock for sanctions, 

reclassification of areas to "serious," and BACM techniCal guidance. 

+ Provided implementation guidance and assistance inCluding input· to the General 

Preamble, model permits, example control strategies, and guidance for serious PM10 areas. 

+ Directed implementation of targeted lead strategy focusing on identifying and 

correcting air quality problems around major point sources. 

Program Development Section 

+ Innovated monitoring techniques for PM-10 and lead to produce more timely and 

efficient air quality assessments (similar development underway for S02), 

+ Conceived the basis for strategic targeting of lead, PM-10 and S02 air quality 

problems based on their probable exposure risks to the population. 

11-19 
+ Improved understanding of nontraditional SO"!Jrces of PM-10 and th~ir potential 

controls, coordinated with Departments of Transportation and Agriculture. [Best 

Available Control Measures and Fugitive Dust control guidance documents] 

Polley and Guidance Section 

+ Produced major portions of 1990 CAAA for Titles I (related to PM-10, S02 and 

lead) and IV (acid rain), and provided critical support to related legislative 

activities. 

+ Established the most comprehensive program guidance in over a decade to meet 

the new requirements of Title I for S02, PM-10 and Lead. [General Preamble for 

Title I] 

+ Assisted Regional Offices, States, and affected industries with national models for 

key program elements (permits, regulatory packages for SIP's, example control 

strategies, control techniques for stati:mary and area sources). 

Implementation and Regulatory Section 

+ Directed an unprecedented effort across several OAR and Regional Office units 

to resolve lead air quality problems in a targeted fashion; approach has been cited 

as a model for other programs to emulate. [OAR component of EPA Lead 

Strategy] 

+ Timely promulgation of nonattainment designations; coordinated a national effort 

for timely submission of PM-10 SIP's, and secured nationally consistent actions 

where SIP's were not completed within CAA deadliq.es. 

+ D~veloped a cooperative process with States to re&olve regulatory S02 ~Sl!es 

threatening the success of key programs. 

Ozone/Carbon Monoxid~ Progr~m$ Branch 

+ Published final General Preambl~ on preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide 

State implementatioq plans (April 16, 1992); prepared draft supplement to the 

General Preambl~ rel~tipg to oxicJ.~ qf nitrpgen (November 1992). 

+ Issued national desigQ.fltions and classifications of ~ll nonattainrpent area~ for 

ozone and carbon monoxipe in r~ponse ~o th~ Clean Air Act Am:~m:lrn~.n~ of 

1990. (11/6/91) . 

+ Provided implementatiqn gqi4ance apq ~ssi§t~m::~ hwlm:Jlpg model p~rmit~ and 

RACT rules, REq:..AJM supp()fl, and assis~aq~~ iq ~ev~lpping Fll?s in C~Ufpmia. 
Strategies and Policy Section 

+ Published final General Preamble on preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide 

State implementation plans (April 16, 1992); prepared draft supplement to the 

General Preamble rdating to oxides of nitrogen. (November 1992). 

+ Prepared draft and final technical g4idance on preparation of ozone and carbon 

monoxide State implementation plans. (July-November 1992). 

+ Initiated the OAQPS Environmeqtal Education Program. (October 1992). 

Engineering and Ruff) Development ~ection 

+ Coordinated OAQPS involvement in proposing and promulgating rules controlling 

emissions from outer continental shelf sources. September 4, 1992. 

+ Issued a set of model rules and permits for States to use in dev~loping and revising 

rules for volatile organic emissions. 

+ Developed a computerized system of all guidance for States and industries to use 

in controlling volatile organic emissions from stationary sources. 

Program Oversight and Implementation Section 

+ Issued national designations and classifications of all nonattainment areas for 

ozone and carbon monoxide in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990. November 6, 1991. 

+ Promoted and provided extensive support for innovative control strategies and 

market based economic· incentives programs such as the South Coast regional clean 

air market. 

+ Redesignated Kansas City, Kansas and Kansas City, Missouri from nonattainment 

to attainment of the ozone national ambient air ·qqa}ity standard; and redesignated 

Atlanta, Georgia and Providence, Rhode Island from nonattainment to attainment 

of the carbon monoxide national ambient air quality standard. June-September 

1992. 

Regional Operations· Branch 

+ Provided guidance and oversight of Regional activities through implementation of 

the Memorandum of Agreement process, preparation of the air portion of the 

Agency's Program Specific Guidance, and manag~ment of the level of effort 

contracts for the Regions. 

+ Issued in January 1992 the section 507 Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP) 

guidelines and accompanying documents: the SBAP SIP Approval Checklist (May 

1992), Guidelines for Regional Office Implementation of the Federal Compliance 

ll-21 
Assistance Program (October 1992), Guidelines for Contractor Execution of the 

Small Business Assistance Program (October 1992), and A Guide for Small 

Businesses (September 1992). 

+ Held the annual Regional Office/OAQPS Air Program Training Workshop in 

Charlotte, NC (July 13-17, 1992), bringing together Regional and Headquarters 

staffs to present and have interchange on developing and recently issued air 

program regulations and policy. Almost 400 people attended. 

Regional Management Section 

+ Developed and implemented the Memorandum of Agreement process between 

OAR and Regional Offices to provide management focus on the implementation 

of the Clean Air Act. 

+ Prepared Program Specific Guidance for use by the Regions and State and local 

agencies to assist in implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 

requirements. (Issued June 19, 1992) · 

+ Prepared a computerized work assignment managers' (W AM) training manual that 

is accessible through the Air Quality Management Division's computer bulletin 

board system. This manual allows individuals to learn more about the 

requirements of contracts management and processing work assignments. System 

also contains a "news flash" section that allows us to keep the Regions informed as 

to the latest information regarding contracts, new requirements, availability of 

contractors, etc. 

Regional Activities Section 

+ Issued in January 1992 the section507 Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP) 

guidelines and accompanying documents: the SBAP SIP Approval Checklist (May 

1992), Guidelines for Regional Office Implementation of the Federal Compliance 

Assistance Program (October 1992), Guidelines for Contractor Execution of the 

Small Business Assistance Program (October 1992), and A Guide for Small 

Businesses (September 1992). 

+ Completed initial round of SIP Processing Program Reviews in the ten Regional 

Offices. Goal was to ensure that Regions are properly implementing their new 

SIP processing authority granted under SIP Reform. Results showed excellent 

application of Headquarters guidance on processing SIP's. 

+ Held the annual Regional Office/OAQPS Air Program Training Workshop in 

Charlotte, NC (July 13-17, 1992). The purpose is to bring together Regional and 

Headquarters staffs to present and have interchange on developing and recently 

issued air program regulations and policy. Almost 400 people attend. 

TI-22 
Technical Support Division 

+ Enhanced outreach effort concerning the availability of air quality, emissions, and 

other air pollution related information to the public through the Air Quality Atlas, 

the Airs Graphics system, early release of the 1991 Trends Report and 

maintenance/expansion of the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network (an 

electronic bulletin board system). September 1992. 

+ Established the Emission Inventory Branch and focussed its attention on successful 

implementation of 0 3/CO SIP emissions inventory requirements as mandated by 

the Clean Air Act amendments with 1992 designated as "EPA Year of the 

Emissions Inventory". September 1992. 

+ Conducted an ongoing program of Regional model applications to assess the 

relative significance of VOC and NOX control strategies for ozone concentrations 

in the eastern U.S. which served as the technical basis for deliberations of the 

Ozone Transport Commission and for formulation of Agency policy on NOx 

control requirements. May 1992. 

Emission Inventory Branch 

+ Established the OAQPS Emission Inventory Branch with its focus on the 0 3/CO 

SIP Emission Inventory requirements as mandated by the CAAA of 1990 and 

designated "1992 -EPA Year of the Emission Inventory," to help achieve 

recognition of the new priority and importance of the emission inventory programs. 

September 1991. 

+ Established a process for submittal and quality review of Inventory· Preparation 

Plans (IPPs) as well as draft 0 3/CO SIP ·Emission Inventories and achieved 100% 

submittal of IPPs and about 70% submittal of the required emission inventories. 

September 1992. · 

+ Initiated activities of OAQPS, AREAL, and AEERL to pool resources for the 

development and scoping of air toxic emission inventory requirements for support 

of Urban Area Source Program and the Great Waters Program and other air toxic 

programs requiring emission information. January 1991. 

Emission Factor & Methodologies Section 

+ Published and distributed results of review/update of Compilation of Air Pollutant 

Emission Factors, AP-42, its supplements, and related data bases/reports as 

required by Section 130 of the Clean Air Act through a Compact Disc format. 

May 1992. 

+ Established an active and cooperative source testing program with industry and 

other EPA entities to develop data for improved emission factors. May 1991. 

II-23 
+ Undertook and substantially completed a major effort to revise all of AP.:.42 in 

support of the ozone, PM-10, lead, taxies and global warming programs with 

results printed in AP-42. October 1992. 

Inventory Guidance & Evaluation Section 

+ Issued necessary guidance for preparation of 1990 base year emission inventories 

needed for preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide emission inventories and 

for the Emission Statement Program. July 1992. 

+ Established guidance for EPA review and acceptance of 1990 base year emission 

inventories and implemented review process. January 1992. · 

+ Issued National Emission Trends Report for periods 1940-1990 and 1990-1991. 

October 1992. 

Emission Measurement Branch 

+ Developed and expanded the Emission Measurement Technical Information 

Center (EMTIC) to advance the nationwide use of sound air emission testing 

methods and procedures and to facilitate technical communications via workshops, 

training videos, quarterly maHouts, the monthly newsletter Stacknotes, and. an 

electronic bulletin board system including frequent updates of the Test Methods 

Storage and Retrieval System (TSAR) computerized information system. October 

1992. 

+ Developed Method 301 for the validation of air emission test data especially for 

circumstances when no reference method exists or when industry or air polh.J.tion . 

control agencies have candidate alternative methods such as for utilization in the 

Title lli Early Emission Reduction Program. October 1992. 

+ Developed, refined, validated, or proposed over 20 air emission test methods and 

conducted over 100 tests in support of emission factor and air emission regulations 

development for Title I, Title ill, Title IV, Title V and Title VII programs. 

October 1992. 

Chemicals & Petroleum Testing Section 

+ Developed, refined, validated, or proposed toxic air emission test methods and 

conducted highly complex tests targeted for 12 hazardous air pollutants at 8 paper 

and pulp mills in support of the integrated air emission and water effluent 

regulations. October 1992. 

+ Developed and refined numerous criteria pollutant air emission test methods for 

support of the State Implementation Plans RACT fJX-ups and the new source 

performance standards including VOC from coatings, condensible particulate 

matter, capture efficiency, and most recently revised continuous opacity monitor 

specifications. October 1992. 

II-24 
+ Developed air emission test Methods 25D, 304, and 305 in support of the RCRA 

treatment, storage, and disposal facilities regulation and the CAAA Title III 

Hazardous Organic NESHAP which will regulate over 120 toxic pollutants emitted 

from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry facilities. October 1992. 

Compliance and Implementation Testing Section 

+ Developed the emission and parameter monitoring reference document for the 

Title VII Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance Certification regulations package 

which will affect all major pollutants and major sources for all of the Title I and 

Title III programs. September 1992. 

+ Developed numerous technical documents, data calculation spreadsheets, quality 

assurance procedures, test method cost models, site-specific test plan preparation 

guidelines, and test reporting format guidelines to improve the quality of emission 

data nationwide. September 1992. 

+ Developed and validated toxic. emission methods for 8 toxic pollutants and 

developed Method 303 for the quantification and certification of coke oven leak 

observations in support of the regulatory negotiations for the Title III Coke Oven 

regulations. October 1992. 

Manufacturing & Combustion Testing Section 

+ Developed extractive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques 

for the measurement of stack emission to demonstrate that FTIR techniques are 

capable of qua~tifying numerous toxics from various source categories and will be 

a highly valuable additional tool for measuring the many toxics for which other 

means are not available or are very expensive or time-consuming. September 

1992. 

+ Developed, refined, validated, proposed, or promulgated several emission test 

methods (for mercury, lead, cadmium, chlorine, bromine, dioxin,---) and conducted 

several tests in support of the Municipal Waste Combustor regulations I and II/III. 

October 1992. 

+ Developed preliminary criteria for air emission sampling accreditation and actively 

participated in and promoted the activities of the Environmental Monitoring 

Management Council in Agency-wide efforts of analytical laboratory accreditation 

and methods integration. October 1992. 

Monitoring and Reports Branch 

+ Served as Deputy Team Leader of the Persian Gulf Risk Evaluation Team. April 

1991. 

+ Directed the development of the Persian Gulf Regitmal Air Monitoring Plan 

which was endorsed by 22 nations. April 1991. 

II-25 
+ Accompanied the Administrator on a Presidential Fact Finding Mission on the 

environmental impact of the Kuwaiti oil fires. May 1991. 

Data Analysis Section 

+ Annually published the National Air Quality and Emission Trends Reports. 

October 1992. 

+ Published the ozone design values which are the basis for the serious, severe and 

extreme nonattainment areas for ozone and the design values for CO and PM-10. 

October 1992. 

+ Initiated the Clean Air Indicators Project to track environmental indicators 

associated with the implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act. April 1991. 

Monitoring Section 

+ Proposed the enhanced ozone monitoring regulations requiring the monitoring of 

volatile organic compounds, carbonyls, ozone, nitrogen oxides and meteorological 

variables. March 1992. 

+ Rebuilt the monitoring equipment infrastructure by obtaining 5 million dollars to 

replace aging equipment. October 1991. 

+ Developed the Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center (AMTIC) to . 

facilitate the exchange of ambient monitoring technology, guidance and regulatory 

information among State, local and foreign governments. September 1991. 

National Air Data Branch 

+ Greatly expanded the functional capabilities of the Aerometric Information 

Retrieval System (AIRS) while successfully maintaining the software for 

continuous data entry and retrievals of all air quality, emissions, and compliance 

data submitted to EPA by the States. August 1992. 

+ Significantly increased the number of people and organizations using AIRS for 

both data entry, retrievals, and analysis, including a number of international 

programs (e.g., U.S.-Canada, U.S.-Mexico, World Health Organization) who are, or 

soon will be using the AIRS software in their respective air management 

programs. September 1992. 

+ Completed major AIRS user-friendliness projects including PC/mainframe 

interfaces, help screens, software, troubleshooting service, and new analytical 

capabilities such as graphics. September 1992 

ll-26 
AIRS Section 

+ Developed a new subsystem in AIRS (the Area and Mobile Source Subsystem) 

, · .. that stores and retrieves State implementation plan (SIP) emission inventory data 

· for area and mobile sources required to be reported under Title I of the Clean Air 

Act Amendments. July 1992. 

+ Enhanced ande'Xpanded the AIRS Facility Subsystem to (1) store and retrieve the 

SIP point sautee emission inventory data· required to be reported under Title I of 

the Clean Air Act Amendments, and (2) allow the updating of multiple years of 

emission inventory data. August 1992. 

+ Maintained production version AIRS software for continuous updating of air 

quality, emissions, and compliance data into the national data base. August 1992. 

Operations & Maintenance Section 

+ Completed two new user-friendly software products: the AIRS Graphics on the 

IBM mainframe and AIRS Executive on the PC that provide all AIRS users with 

excellent graphics capabilities and management summary information from the data 

stored in AIRS. September 1992. 

+ Compiled detailed and comprehensive user requirements for the Title V Operating 

Permits program that addressed tracking of permit, notification of affected State 

agencies, and tracking of permit fees through interviewing and conducting 

workshops with attendees from EPA, State, and local agencies. July 1992. 

+ Initiated extensive AIRS user-friendliness projects (i.e., help screens, and 

interactive access to codes) to simplify State data-entry capabilities. January 1992. 

Source Receptor Analysis Branch 

+ Applied a comprehensive Regional-scale ozone model to determine the relative 

effectiveness of VOC and NOX control strategies across the eastern U.S. which 

served as a substantial technical basis for deliberations of the Ozone Transport 

Commission. May 1992. 

+ Developed a sound statistical system for removing meteorological influences from 

ozone trends and identifying adjusted design values as a measure of the true 

effectiveness of control measures for ozone precursor pollutants. November 1991. 

+ Established a written basis for considering the uncertainty of mathematical model 

estimates in air pollution control programs under a joint review by 

managers/modelers representing both EPA and State agencies. April 1992. 

II-27 
Model Application Section 

+ Published comprehensive documentation and guidance on use of complex 

photochemical grid models in ozone attainment demonstrations as required by the 

Clean Air Act. July 1991. 

+ Developed a highly sophisticated mathematical modeling approach to simulate the 

effectiveness of control strategies for ozone over multistate areas and published 

results of the ROMNET study for the northeastern U.S. June 1991. 

+ Published innovative modeling procedures for assessing risks due to stationary 

sources of hazardous air pollutants in "A Tiered Modeling Approach to Assessing 

the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants." March 1992. 

Modeling Support Section 

+ Implemented a comprehensive 64 line electronic bulletin board system to support 

technology transfer to State and local air pollution control agencies as well as 

environmentalists throughout the world. October 1991. 

+ Implemented on the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Technology 

Transfer Network the BACT/RACT/LAER Information System containing air 

permits from local, State and Regional air pollution control agencies. September 

1992. 

+ Implemented the Clean Air Act Bulletin Board providing fast and efficient 

electronic access to information on regulatory requirements, rules, policy/guidance 

documents, related to the Clean Air Act Amendments. May 1991. 

Techniques Evaluation Section 

+ Finalized revisions to Guideline on Air Quality Models and sent to the Office of 

Management and Budget, for review prior to final promulgation. August 1992. 

+ Completed and provided the public with a revised computer code for the widely 

used Industrial Source Complex Model. March 1992. 

+ Established a Memorandum of Understanding between EPA, the Forest Service, 

the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service to identify air quality 

modeling techniques for assessing long-range transport impacts of new sources on 

Class I areas. November 1991. 

11-28 
Global Change 

Division 

rlrechnology & Substitutes Branch 

..._ Energy Productivity & Pollution 

Prevention Branch 

H Green Lights Branch 

--j Methane and Climate Branch 

a Organization structure presented reflects a proposed office 

reorganizalion currently in Green Border Review. 

Office of 

Atmospheric Programs a 

Stratospheric 

Protection 

Division 

rl Technology Transfer Branch I 

rl Analysis & Review Branch I 

Program Implementation Branch. I 

Regulation Development & Operation Section 

Program Outreach Section 

Program 

Management 

Staff 

Acid R!lin 

Division 

--1 Market lnn9vations Branch I 

Allowance Market Sec~on 

Energy Efficiency Section 

rl Source Assessment Branch I 

Continuous Emissions Monitoring S action 

T echnolcgy and lniormation Systems Section 

y Permits & Evaluation Branch I 

Permits Section 

Evaluation and lntarnalional Section 
OFFICE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS 

Global Change Division 

Methane and Climate Branch 

+ Started projects. in former Soviet states to quantify opportunities for controlling 

natural gas emissions despite political uncertainty and unrest. Engaged private 

sector 

support for the effort. 

+ Developed projects in China, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, and Czechoslovakia that 

secured over $13 million of World Bank and other aid funds for developing 

countries (including initiating key demonstrations) to control methane emissions 

from coal mining. Completed agreement with China to consider methane in coal 

quotas. July 1992. 

+ Continued progress on four reports to Congress on (1) Anthropogenic Methane 

Emissions in the United States, (2) Options for Reducing Methane Emissions from 

Anthropogenic Sources in the United States, (3) Options for Reducing Methane 

Emissions Internationally, and ( 4) Current and Future Methane Emissions from 

Natural Sources. Ongoing 1992. 

Green Lights Branch 

+ Initiated Green Lights Program to encourage companies to install energy efficient · 

lighting. Successfully recruited over 600 members, or almost 3% of all commercial 

and industrial space. 

+ Developed a Green Lights implementation assistance program that has produced 

software and surveying tools for lighting upgrades, and have trained over 830 

people to use the system. Developed a hotline and marketing and implementation 

staff that delivers over 16,000 pieces of information per month, utilizing 

sophisticated tele-marketing systems to track all prospective partners. 

+ Collaborated with NBC and our Green Lights allies and partners to produce and 

broadcast a television show supporting Green Lights. Secured well over $2.3 

million worth of PSA advertising and ally advertising for the Green Lights 

program. 

Energy Productivity & Pollution Prevention Branch 

+ Launched the Energy Star program for computers, with 35% of the industry 

joining on first day. June 1992. 

+ Announced the Golden Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerator Program. Program 

will give rise to an efficient CFC free refrigerator that is 30-50% more energy 

II-30 
efficient than the 1993 DOE standard. The mechanism to get this refrigerator to 

market is a utility sponsored contest in which $30 million is awarded to the 

manufacturer that can produce the most cost effective units at the earliest time. 

July 1992. 

+ Developed and supported plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through 

profitable voluntary programs. Provided analysis forming the basis for the State 

Department document entitled U.S. Views on Global Climate Change. April 1992. 

Technology & Substitutes Branch 

+ Demonstrated new CFC-free technology for residential refrigerators that has the 

potential for energy savings of 8-16 percent over current refrigerator models. 

When in full use this technology could save Americans between $1 billion and $2 

billion per year on their electricity bills. February 1992. 

+ Designed and funded development of a compressor based on a linear motor that is 

20 percent more energy efficient than the most efficient compressor in the world; 

Savings could exceed $14 billion if the technology is successfully commercialized. 

+ Published report entitled Experimental Testing of R-22 Replacement Refrigerants 

in a Split System Residential Air Conditioner. Report demonstrated that R-32 

mixtures can replace R-22 in heat pumps and air conditioners without energy 

efficiency penalty and with probable efficiency gain. September 1992. · 

Stratospheric Protection Division 

+ Published final rule to phase out the production of Class I substances by the year 

2000, establishing an allowance program to allocate production (also drafted 

proposal to accelerate Class I phaseout by 1995). July 1992. 

+ Published final rule to require recycling of refrigerants from motor vel;licles, and to 

require that recovery technicians and recovery equipment be certified. July 1992. 

+ Made significant progress in negotiations with Montreal Protocol Parties to phase 

out Class I substances, to examine accelerated phase outs of both Class I and II 

substances, and to explore viable destruction technologies for these substances. 

Ongoing~ 

Acid Rain Division 

+ Developed the Acid Rain Core Rules through a collabor~tive process facilitated by 

the Acid Rain Advisory Committee, which consisted of representatives from the 

regulated community, environmental groups, and academia. Ongoing, 1991-1992. 

II-31 
+ Promulgated the Acid Rain Core Rules: Allowance System, General Provisions 

and Permits, Continuous Emission Monitoring, Excess Emissions, and · 

Administrative Appeals. October, 1992. 

+ Developed major implementation and outreach program involving Regions, States, 

and the regulated community. 

Permits & Evaluation Branch 

Permits Section 

+ Published final rule establishing requirements utilities must meet in order to obtain 

a permit in the Acid Rain Program. October, 1992. 

+ Produced simple and clear permit application forms for utilities tp use in applying 

for a permit under the Acid Rain Program. October 1992. 

+ Co-developed, with Regional offices, a streamlined approach for issuing permits to 

utilities participating in the Acid Rain Program. November 1992. 

Evaluation and International Section 

+ Played key role in successful negotiation of US-Canada Air Quality Agreement, 

signed by President Bush and Prime Minister Mulroney. March 1991. 

+ Developed 'IRAC Database which contains compliance information for over 250 

Phase I units under Acid Rain Control Program. Ongoing 1992. 

+ Published first progress report under the US-Canada Air Quality Agreement. June 

1992. 

Source Assessment Branch 

Technology and Information Systems Section & Continuous Emissions Monitoring 

Section 

+ Published final core Acid Rain Rule, ~tablishing a precedent-setting market-based 

regulatory approach and setting new standards for the continuous monitoring of 

the pollutants which are major contributors to acid rain. 

+ Completed a major eleven-week field study that will serve as a benchmark for 

insuring accurate monitoring of S02 and NOx emissions from coal-fired utilities 

over the next decade. October 1992. 
Market Innovations Branch 

Allowance Market Section 

+ Published proposed rule setting the requirements for the tracking and transfer of 

sulfur dioxide emissions allowances under the Acid Rain Program. December 3, 

1991. 

+ Published a proposed rule for allocating Phase I and II sulfur dioxide emission 

allowances to electric utility units affected under theAcid Rain Program. July 7, 

1992. 

+ Published· final rule and delegated, to the Chicago Board of Trade, the 

administrative functions for the auction and direct sale of sulfur dioxide emissions 

allowances under the Acid Rain Program. December 17, 1992; September 25, 

1992. 

Energy Efficiency Section 

+ Published proposed rule establishing the Conservation and Renewable Energy 

Reserve allowance incentive program. 

+ Developed the Conservation Verification Protocols to assist utilities and public 

utility commissions on regulatory policies for acid rain compliance and allowance 

trading. 

+ Provided technical assistan~:;e to public utility commissions on regulatory policies 

for acid rain compliance and allowance trading. 

11-33 
Internal 

Operations 

Staff 

Manufacturers 

Operations 

Division 

H Manufacturers Programs Branch I 

Selective Enforcement Auditing Section 

Imports Section 

H Technical Support Branch I 

Testing and Technology Section 

Surveillance Seollon 

Y Recall Branch I 

Recall Section 

W<iuvers Section 

Office of 

Mobile Sources· 

a Unless otherwise indicated. all organizational units on this page are located in Washington. DC. 

Program 

Management 

Office 

External 

Affairs 

Staff 

Field Operations 

and Support 

Division 

H Investigations and Enforcement Branch 

Eastern Field Office I 

Eastern Field Office II 

Western Field Office (Denver, CO) 

I 

Y Field Operations & Compliance Policy Branch I 

Regional/State/Local Coordination Section 

Data Management and Analysis Section 

Plans and Programs Section 

Fuels Secllon 
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory 

Office of 

Mobile Sources b 

(continued) 

Engineering Certification 

Operations Division Division 

-i Technical Analysis Branch I -1 Program Development & Analysis Branch I 

Quality Control · Director for Technology 

Correlation & Engineering Serv1ces Regulatory Programs 1-- Development --1 Engineering & Technical Resources Branch I 

Labora!c!Y Projects and Technology Staff I Compliance Programs Branch 

---1 Laboratory Engineering Branch I I I 

Regulation Calibration & Maintenance 

Emissions Planning 

Systems Development Development and and Strategies 

Facility Se!Vices Support Division Division 

Laboratcry Automation n Engine & Vehicle Regulations Branch ~ Emission Control strategies Branch I --1 Testing Programs Branch I .· --1 Fuel Studies and Standards Branch 

Transportation Section 

Heavy Duty Engine Testing JIM Section 

Vehicle Acquisllion Special Projects Section 

Vehicle Testing -1 Special Regulatory Projects Branch -i Technical Support Branch 

Fuels and Chemical Analysis Branch I I - Technology Evaluation & Testing 

Support Branch · Pollutant Assessment Section 

State Support & Regulatory Analysis Section 

Engineering Section 

Air Quality Analysis Branch I 

bAll orgamzat•onal units on this page are in Ann Arbor. MI. 

Model Development Section 

Testing and Data Management Section 
OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES 

Manufacturers Operations Division 

+ Formulated and coordinated the enforcement policies included in the various 

Mobile Source rulemakings associated with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990. 

+ Completed third year of innovative voluntary market-based, averaging, banking and 

trading emission credit program for heavy-duty motor veh~cle engine 

manufacturers. · 

+ Established programs to measure and enforce in-use motor vehicle emission 

compliance at high altitude and emission compliance of heavy-duty engines. 

Recall Branch 

+ Obtained recall of over two million vehicles in FY 92 to correct high emissions. 

+ Developed proposed regulatory language required by section 209( e) of the 

amended Clean Air Act (authorization of California non-road standards). 

+ Developed EPA'S response to California's request for a waiver of federal 

preemption pertaining to the California Low Emission Vehicle Program. 

Recall Section 

+ Tested 42 engine families in FY 92 to determine compliance of in-use vehicles 

with emission standards. 

+ Completed first phase of study of heavy duty engine rebuilding practices as 

required by amended Clean Air Act. 

+ Completed EPA'S first heavy-duty engine recall test program. 

Waivers Section 

+ Implemented Agency's order of recall of noncomplying 1988 model year Isuzu 

vehicles. 

+ Coordinated development of enforcement strategies included in the various Mobile 

Source rulemakings required by amended Clean Air Act. 

+ Completed EPA'S waivers of federal preemption· pertaining to California's 

proposed Motor Vehicle Warranty Program, 1993 Vehicle Emission Standards, and 

Gray Market Vehicle Program. 

II-36 
Technical Support Branch 

+ Trained the division in principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) and 

assisted Branches in initiating pilot projects which apply the tools of TQM to 

improve operational efficiency. 

+ Implemented a Heavy-Duty Engine Recall Program which involved letting an 

engine procurement contract and working with the Engineering Operations 

Division to institute thorough equipment checks and set rigorous procedures in 

place to ensure the defensibility of emission results. 

+ Completed more Recall investigations than at any other time in the past ten years 

by improving efficiency within the section and using SEE personnel. 

Testing and Technology Section 

+ Developed High Altitude In-Use Vehicle Testing Program jointly with the State of 

Colorado to ascertain compliance of motor vehicles at high altitudes. 

+ Developed advanced testing capabilities for the Motor Vehicle Recall Program 

which enhances the ability to determine reasons for vehicle failures. 

+ Implemented a Heavy-Duty Engine Recall Program which involved letting an 

engine procurement contract and working with the Engineering Operations 

Division to institute thorough equipment checks and set rigorous procedures in 

place to ensure the defensibility of emission results. 

Surveillance Section 

+ Developed capabilities to monitor Heavy-Duty Engine selection and testing for 

both the Recall and Selective Enforcement Auditing programs. 

+ Expanded use of computers and electronic communication resulting in better 

tracking of vehicles in the program and improved data transmissions with the 

contractor and other sections within the division. 

+ Completed more Recall investigations than at any other time in the past ten years 

by improving efficiency within the section and using SEE personnel. 

Manufacturers Programs Branch 

+ Settled the first civil penalty case for violations ofthe new Federal regulations 

governing imported nonconforming motor vehicles under the Clean Air Act against 

William D. Rogers d/b/a/ Village Imports. A consent decree was entered in 

Federal district court on September 15, 1992. 

II-37 
+ Settled a civil penalty case against Mack Trucks Inc., (Mack) on April 8, 1992, in 

the amount of $323,872.00 for selling 177 new diesel engines used in heavy-duty 

trucks that did not meet Federal emission requirements under the Clean Air Act. · 

+ Completed third year of innovative market-based, voluntary averaging, banking and 

trading emission credit program for heavy-duty motor vehicle engine 

manufacturers. 

Selective Enforcement Auditing Section 

+ Shifted enforcement assembly-line emission testing emphasis from light-duty motor 

vehicles and trucks to heavy-duty engines which resulted in four heavy-duty audit 

failures and manufacturer certificate suspensions since 1989. 

+ Developed and drafted proposed non-road engine emission enforcement program 

as directed by the amended Clean Air Act and met with nOI;t-road engine 

manufacturers across country to explain current and future regulatory Federal 

emission requirements. 

+ Audited heavy-duty engine manufacturers' participation in the averaging, banking 

and trading emission credit program and met with manufacturers to clarify areas of 

confusion and inequity. 

Imports Section 

+ Conducted interagency coordination meetings and/or training sessions on federal 

emission requirements governing imported motor vehicles with the Department of 

Defense, Department of the Treasury (Customs), and General Services 

Administration and Department of State. 

+ Inspected all Independent Commercial Importers that modify nonconforming 

motor vehicles imported into the United States which led to several enforcement 

actions to seek civil penalties under the Clean Air Act. 

+ Conducted worldwide survey of the availability of unleaded gasoline to determine 

whether catalysts installed in U.S. version motor vehicles driven overseas are 

exposed to leaded gasoline. 

Field Operations and Support Division 

Field Operations & Compliance Policy Branch 

Regional/State/Local Coordination Section 

+ Published proposed (July 1991), supplemental (February 1992) and final (October 

1992) guidance and regulations for implementation and oversight of state 

II-38 
oxygenated fuel programs for the control of carbon monoxide pollution in 39 

metropolitan areas. 

+ Published draft (June 1991) and final (December 1991) guidance for the 

enforcement of vehicle refueling vapor control (Stage II) programs to control the 

release of vapors that cause ozone (smog) development and prevent human 

exposure to other harmful emission from gasoline. Notice of availability was 

published in April of 1992 in the General Preamble to Title I. 

+ Coordinated implementation efforts for the oxygenated fuels and Stage II 

programs by preparing additional policy and guidance documents, other 

implementation support material, reviewing and commenting on regulations, 

coordinating training workshops and other support efforts. 

Data Management and Analysis Section 

+ Developed computer system for states to use in implementing the new wintertime 

oxygenated fuels programs required under the CAA. Sept. 15, 1992. 

+ Wrote analysis of effects of oxygen in gasoline on ambient nitrogen oxide 

concentrations, for oxygenated fuels program. July 14, 1992. 

+ Installed and configured a 60-user local area network to met office automation and 

data management needs of CAA programs. April 1992. 

Plans and Programs Section 

+ Conducted the 1992 Tampering Survey in 10 cities with the remote sensor being 

used in 6 or the 10 cities. 

+ Initiated public information efforts to educate the public about revisions i:,-., the 

Clean Air Act. 

+ Responded to approximately 4700 telephone calls and correspondence from state 

governments, regional offices, individuals and vehicle repair facilities regarding 

emissions control tampering and warranty issues. 

Fuels Section 

+ Denied, after extensive review, a request by the Ethyl Corporation to allow the use 

of the manganese-based additive MMT in unleaded gasoline. (January 22, 1992, 57 

FR 2535) 

+ Expanded the allowable use of aliphatic alcohols and ethers in unleaded gasoline 

from 2.0 to 2.7 weight percent. (February 11, 1991, 56 FR 5352) 

+ Revised the fuel volatility regulations at 40 CFR 80 to allow for more modem 

testing methods for the measurement of Reid Vapor Pressure. 

II-39 
Investigations and Enforcement Branch 

+ Enforced the new volatility regulations throughout the nation by taking over 

10,000 samples and issuing numerous notices of violation. 

+ Developed, for upcoming publication in the Federal Register, enforcement portions 

of the reformulated gas and anti-dumping regulations. 

+ Issued 260 notices of violation with proposed penalties of over $3.6 million for 

violations of the fuels and tampering provisions of the Clean Air Act. 

Eastern Field Office I 

+ Settled first case under the defeat device provision of the Amended Clean Air Act. 

July 9, 1992. 

+ Agreed to a $600,000 settlement in a lead phasedown case against the Farmers 

Union Central Exchange (CENEX). September 28, 1992. 

+ Issued Question and Answer policy document on the implementation and 

enforcement of the gasoline volatility regulations. May 1, 1992. 

Eastern Field Office II 

+ Settled a major lead phasedown case against ARCO for $500,000. 

+ Issued new Tampering and Defeat Device Penalty Policy which incorporates 

changes in liability and penalty amounts as per the Clean Air Act Amendments. 

+ Completed in a timely fashion a new RFP and supported the Contracts Office in 

the issuance of a new three year inspection contract to address the current and 

upcoming requirements of the Clean Air Act through FY 1995. 

Western Field Office 

+ Settled three major lead phasedown cases: Pennzoil/Linmar Seagull (over 

$500,000), Joe Jewell (over $150,000), and Total Petroleum (over $75,000). 

+ Developed guidance for implementing the new administrative litigation process for 

mobile source cases, as authorized by Section 205 of the amended Clean Air Act. 

+ Developed, in cooperation with the Office of Enforcement, delegations regarding 

enforcement authority under the Clean Air Act, and administrative litigation 

procedures and policies. 

II-40 
Certification Division 

Assistant Director's Staff 

+ Coordinated public/industry outreach efforts for the nonroad study. MarchNovember, 1991. 

+ Organized a June 1992 CRDA meeting to solicit nonroad advanced emissions 

reduction technology proposals. Over 50 companies attended representing 

nonroad industry, states, public universities and private research organizations. 

+ Initiated CRDA negotiations with the National Consortium for Emissions 

Reductions in Lawn Care. Press conference held on August 7; .1992 to announce 

its formation and plans to evaluate the environmental benefits of electric mowers. 

Administrator William Reilly welcomed the formation of the Consortium and 

pledged EPA's commitment to negotiate a CRDA in a timely manner. 

Associate Director's Staff 

+ Published final rule establishing cold ambient temperature emission standards and 

compliance procedures for passenger cars and light-duty trucks effective beginning 

with the 1994 model year. July 17, 1992 

+ Published NPRM requiring vehicles to be equipped with on board diagnostic 

equipment capable of detecting problems likely to cause significant increase in 

emissions. September 24, 1991. 

+ Conducted first industry-wide workshop aimed at organizing efforts and pursing 

specific actions to improve vehicle maintenance and repair. August 7 and 8, 1992 .. 

Special Projects Staff 

+ Completed and published Section 213A CAA report, Nonroad Engine and Vehicle 

Study. November 1991. 

+ Completed large-scale assessment of actual driving behavior in Spokane, WA., 

Baltimore, MD, and Atlanta, GA October 1992. 

Certification Support Staff 

+ Published both the proposal and final rule implementing model year 1994 and later 

light-duty tailpipe emission standards ("Tier 1" rulemaking). March 7, 1991 

(NPRM); June 5, 1991 (FRM). 

+ Transmitted to the Office of Management and· Budget the proposal for the 

Certification Short Test. January 3, 1992. 

II-41 
+ Published the proposed rule and transmitted to the Office of Management and 

Budget the final rule revising light-duty vehicle emissions durability program 

requirements. April 30, 1992 (NPRM); October 13, 1992 (FRM transmittal). 

Compliance Programs Branch 

+ Published final rule for Tier I exhaust emissions standards applicable to 1994 and 

later model year light-duty vehicles and trucks. June 5, 1991. 

+ Published final rule for, and implemented, the collection of fees for mobile source 

emissions certification and enforcement programs. July 6, 1992. 

+ Certified over 700 engine families, processed over 1,000 fuel economy labels, and 

confirmed 32 CAFE calculations during FY 92. 

Program Development & Analysis Branch 

+ Achieved workgroup closure on proposed rule for controlling NOx emissions from 

nonroad engines larger than 50 hp. October 1992. 

+ Implemented testing program to investigate effectiveness of various light-duty 

vehicle Certification Short Test procedures under consideration. December 1991 

through November 1992. 

+ Fostered and encouraged a cooperative, consensus building relationship with 

manufacturers of nonroad engines and equipment. 

Engineering & Technical Resources Branch 

+ Achieved workgroup closure on proposed rule for controlling NOx emissions from 

nonroad engines larger than 50 hp. October 1992. 

+ Published the Regulatory Support Document for the NPRM proposing regulations 

specifying On Board Diagnostic requirements. September 1991. 

+ Developed and patented an OBD catalyst failure detection system; filed February, 

1991, Ser.# 07/660654. 

Testing Support Team 

+ Processed and analyzed approximately 300 emission tests per year in support of 

Clean Air Act mandated regulations such as Cold CO emission, On Board 

Diagnostics, and the Federal Test Procedure Study. ·· 

+ Reduced the processing burden of applications for Emission Certification of 

vehicles and engines by Independent Commercial Importers by approximately 50 

percent during the 1991 and 1992 model years. 

ll-42 
Engineering Operations Division 

+ Met all customer needs for emission and fuel economy testing of motor vehicles 

and analyses of fuels and fuel additives. 

+ Constructed two major facilities for future testing and began installation of new 

dynamometers. 

+ Entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the major 

domestic auto companies and the State of California to expand the technology of 

emission measurements system. This was the first such agreement for OMS. 

Testing Programs Branch 

+ Exceeded federal test procedure equivalents (FTPE) target by performing 

3222 emissions tests on vehicle models at a very acceptable valid rate of 86.7 

percent. 

+ Initiated rebuilt heavy duty engine testing to an approximate level of 581 FTPE's. 

+ Supported other programs such as CNG (compressed natural gas) Challenge, 

aftermarket PROM program, revised federal test procedure (FTP), Certification 

Short Test, etc. 

Vehicle Testing 

+ Due to the high variability of the VNORM values in the REPCA data (data on 

the variability of vehicle emissions testing equipment), we developed a control 

charting strategy for the VMIX numbers. On a daily basis, data for each constant 

volume sampler (CVS) is collected, control charted, and analyzed by the test crew. 

This practice has paid twofold benefits in that the VMIX analysis, coupled with 

Tom Schrodt's TGI analysis, has resulted in a decrease in CVS drift/variability and 

the exercise has· introduced control chart theory and practice to the test crew. 

+ Developed and instituted Technical Training classes for the technicians.. This 

training allowed us to expand the responsibility and expertise of the test crew in 

order to meet the new testing requirements mandated in the Clean Air Act. 

Included in this technical program is statistical process control (SPC) training, 

which has allowed the test team to provide a more active role in the REPCA 

quality control program. 

+ Vehicle Testing accomplished a great deal in the area of Test Procedure updates 

and developments. One of the major projects completed was a major revision of . 

The Laboratory Computer System (LCS) Test Analysis Program (TAP) Flag 

Directory. This is a reference document that provides a guide for addressing TAP 

flag messages encountered by test operators. The TAP Flag.Directory was revised 

to reflect modifications to the TAP software, and has been updated in general. 

II-43 
error messages, changing background concentration limits, and disabling 

unnecessary warning and notice flags. 

Vehicle Acquisition 

+ Provided 364 In-Use Vehicles for testing which resulted in 1388 FTPE's which 

exceeded the in-use FTPE target by 152 FTPE's. 

+ Initiated and implemented a new In-Use Vehicle Procurement Contract at a 

negotiated cost of almost $10 million for five years. It is NVFEL's first Award Fee 

Contract. 

+ Established as a Work Assignment Manager to the Heavy Duty Engine Contract 

to increase efficiencies in direction and communications between the Divisions and 

the contractor. 

Heavy Duty Engine Testing 

+ Initiated in-use testing program for on-highway heavy duty engines to ensure 

compliance with applicable emission standards. 

+ Initiated the writing of heavy duty engine test procedures that will be read world 

wide. 

+ Established a work assignment manager for more efficient use of the heavy duty 

contractor. 

Fuels and Chemical Analysis Branch 

+ Developed superior method allowing for analysis of oxygenated compounds in 

gasoline in support of the oxy fuels federal guidance to states. 

+ Analyzed 2400 gasoline samples in support of the Agency's fuel enforcement 

program. 

+ Continued efforts to complete development of several new methods in support of 

the Reformulated Gasoline Rule. 

Laboratory Engineering Branch 

Calibration & Maintenance 

+ Maintained quality test equipment and sustained a low equipment void rate to 

provide for laboratory test operations. 

+ Prepared test equipment for specialized test programs such as CNG, FFV and 

Revised FTP. 

II-44 
+ Relocated test equipment to maintain current test capabilities while 

accommodating building construction activities. 

Facility Services 

+ Acquired (soon to be installed) next generation of electric dynamometers to 

replace existing hydrokinetic dynamometers to meet the challenges, expectations, 

and requirements of the CAAA. 

+ Managed the on-site effort. to construct a $3.5 million cold weather (Cold CO) 

emissions test facility and an expanded west soak area. · 

+ Managed an extremely diverse group of work efforts to support the building in the 

machine shop area, the shipping and receiving and supply area and in the area of 

facility related projects. 

Laboratory Automation 

+ Maintained a quality laboratory computer, networking and support services 

infrastructure. 

+ Formally engaged in efforts to downsize minicomputer and mainframe computer 

systems to microcomputer technology. 

+ Developed and implemented usage of new computerized analysis and report tools 

to support all vehicle testing programs. 

Systems Development 

+ Developed and coordinated the acceptance testing for the new electric chassis 

dynamometers md consulted with the industry and other OMS groups on the 

implementation procedures and plans. · 

+ Provided extensive review and technical consultation on the construction of the 

new OMS Cold Test Facility, the implementation of the Cold CO regulations, and 

the performance testing of the CTF systems. 

+ Prepared specifications to procure new sampling equipment, special test facilities, 

and automated data systems for revised evaporative testing and alternative fuels 

management. Prepared a comprehensive 3-year plan for equipping the laboratory 

to meet the needs of the CAAA. 

Technical Analysis Branch 

+ Improved vehicle test procedures by providing laboratory information to regulation 

. development groups. 

+ Lead OMS's activities in providing assistance to Taiwan EPA 

II-45 
+ Emphasized human resources development by training and professional 

development activities. 

Quality Control 

+ Monitored, reported, and facilitated the improvement of BOD's quality 

improvement efforts. 

+ Emphasized TQM style process improvement in EOD documentation methods. 

+ Moved toward a paperless information management system for procedure 

documentation. 

Laboratory Projects 

+ Represented OMS on the Environmental Research Consortium's Low Level 

Emission Measurement Panel to develop new technology emission test equipment. 

+ Continued a study to measure the variability of emission test equipment during 

Federal Test Procedure testing. 

+ Developed a technique for estimating and reported the number of diurnal 

enclosures (SHED's) needed to conduct. the proposed Federal evaporative 

emission test. 

Correlation & Engineering Services 

+ Provided engineering and measurement systems support for Revised FrP testing. 

+ Provided timely and comprehensive analysis of the comparison of manufacturer 

and EPA certification test data, a major component of the role that NVFEL plays 

in 11leveling the playing field11 of manufacturer self-certification testing. 

+ Implemented statistical process control (SPC) of laboratory diagnostics helping to 

improve measurement precision by up to 65%. 

Director for Regulatory Programs and Technology 

+ NGV Challenge -- EP Ns contribution to the international student competition of 

alternative fuel technology was to perform the emissions and fuel economy testing 

at NVFEL. This was handled successfully by IDG leading to another noteworthy 

competition and the major sponsors, DOE, GM, and SAE, expressed their 

gratitude. 

+ Thermal Energy Storage -- Saving wasted heat and using it for improving emissions 

and fuel economy is a desirable goal. IDG searched out and acquired an example 

of thermal energy storage and in a cooperative program with VW and Schatx 
Thermo Engineering, conducted a series of tests using a flexible-fueled vehicle to 

quantifY the emissions and fuel economy benefits of this new technology. 

+ Two-Stroke Cycle Engine -- In a cooperative program with the Orbital Engine 

Company and Ford, TDG conducted a test program to quantifY the emissions and 

fuel economy of two prototype vehicles equipped with direct injection two-stroke 

cycle engines. Our testing was the first· reported outside the industry for this 

technology. 

Regulation Development and Support Division 

Engine & Vehicle Regulations Branch 

+ Proposed OEM vehicle, conversion and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) 

standards for compressed natural gas and other gaseous-fueled vehicles. 

September 1992. 

+ Reached agreement with California Air Resources Board regarding a compromise 

evaporative emission test procedurewhich addresses consistency concerns raised by 

industry. August 1992. 

+ Proposed retrofit and rebuild program that achieves emission reductions from inuse urban buses at lowest possible cost. July 1992. 

Fuel Studies and Standards Branch 

+ Published a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking reflecting the reg neg 

agreement reached in 1991 on the mandated reformulated gasoline program. This 

notice contained the Simple Model for predicting the emissions performance of 

reformulated gasolines, the Phase I (1995-99) emission performance standards, and 

the anti-dumping program to maintain emissions performance outside of the 

reformulated gasoline areas. Apri116, 1992. 

+ Developed, with the Department of Energy and Agriculture and the White. House, 

a plan for a substantial role for ethanol in the reformulated gasoline program 

which did not trade off the environmental benefits of the program. The President 

announced this program at a special press conference on October 2, 1992 at the 

White House. 

+ Proposed an Emission Credits Trading Program for the mandated California Pilot 

Program. The final rule completed Agency and OMB review in FY92 and will be 

published in early 1993. · 

II-47 
Technology Evaluation & Testing Support Branch 

+ Completed certification testing of Chrysler Corporation's first flexible fuel vehicle 

(FFV). April 1992. 

+ Coordinated all testing of 24 U.S. and Canadian student natural gas vehicle designs 

as part of the 1992 Natural Gas Vehicle Challenge program. May 1992. 

+ Developed test procedures for non-road engines and completed baseline testing on 

small non-road diesels. September 1992. 

+ Completed initial testing of emissions and fuel economy effects of high percentage 

gasoline/ethanol blends (10-40% ethanol). September 1992. 

Special Regulatory Projects·Branch 

+ Published proposed rule on health effects and emission testing as a requirement 

for fuel and fuel additive registration. April 15, 1992. 

+ Published final rule for the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program establishing a credit 

program, exemptions from transportation control measures, and new program to 

encourage the production and purchase of very clean vehicles. (Announcement 

scheduled for October 19, 1992) 

+ Achieved internal Agency concurrence for the notice of proposed rulemaking for 

the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program covering heavy-duty emission standards, converted 

vehicles, and other provisions. (Closure meeting October 14.) 

+ Published final decision document not to require onboard recovery of fuel 

refueling emissions, thus opening the way for implementation of Stage II controls 

in affected non-attainment areas. April15, 1992. · 

Emission Planning and Strategies Division 

Technical Support Branch 

+ Issued guidance on how to prepare mobile source emission inventories including 

motor vehicles and non-road engines. Procedures for Emission Inventory 

Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources. July 13, 1992. 

+ Supported new inspection maintenance proposed rulemaking for new high tech 

I/M programs and published an evaluation of remote sensing devices for 1/M. 

Evaluation of a Remote Sensing Device at a Centralized liM Lane. Society of 

Automotive Engineers Paper 922315. October 1992. 

+ Compiled draft report on air taxies emissions from motor vehicles. Motor VehicleRelated Air Taxies Study. July 1992. 

II-48 
State Support & Regulatory Analysis Section 

+ Published guidance on how to forecast and track vehicle miles traveled (VMT), 

Federal Register Notice. Section 187 VMT Forecastingand Tracking Guidance. 

March 19, 1992. 

+ Issued guidance on how to prepare mobile source emission inventories. 

Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, July 

13, 1992. 

+ Initiated review of mobile source sections of draft 1990 SIP base year emission 

inventory submittals. These sections include highway vehicles, nonroad engines 

and vehicles, locomotives, aircraft, and vessels. Final inventories are due 

November 15, 1992. 

Engineering Section 

+ Developed technical guidance, equipment specifications, and quality control 

recommendations for the new high-tech Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) 

programs (i.e., transient dynamometer test and evaporative system checks). A 

draft technical report was available when the Notice of Proposed Rule Making 

(NPRM) was published on July 13, 1992. Provided various analyses relative to 

repairs and alternative test procedures for the Technical Support Document 

required for the rulemaking process. July 1992. 

+ Initiated a series of industry standards for a common diagnostic plug, 

communication language, trouble codes, and tools which were adopted by the 

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in 1992. Improved methods to identify 

malfunctioning oxygen sensors and catalysts are currently in-progress. Fabricated 

components for inexpensive repair-grade high-tech emissions test equipment. June 

1992. 

+ Published a report on the second test program conducted by the section comparing 

remote sensing technology to existing I/M procedures (October 21, 1992, SAE No. 

922315). Completed a third evaluation of remote sensing on September 30, 1992, 

which was the second program by the section that compared remote sensing to the 

high-tech I/M program. September/October 1992. 

Pollutant Assessment Section 

+ Developed a motor vehicle exposure model, titled HAPEMMS, that calculates 

national annual average exposure to vehicle pollutants as a function of g/mile 

emission factors. Annual average exposure information is required to perform 

cancer risk assessments. Report: Application of the HAZARDOUS Air Pollutant 

Exposure Model to Mobile Source Pollutants, January 1992. 

+ Developed the methodology and prepared nonroad equipment emission inventories 

for 33 ozone and/or carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, as input for SIP 

II-49 
inventories. Inventories were derived at both the county and areawide level and 

reflect the updated CO and ozone nonattainment boundaries. The inventories 

contain information for 79 equipment types within each of three engine types. 

Draft report - Methodology to Calculate Nonroad Emission Inventories at the 

county and sub-county level. July 1992. 

+ Prepared first version of the motor vehicle-related air toxics report required· by the 

Clean Air Act. This 600-plus page report contains the latest information on health 

effects, emission factors, exposure, and cancer risk for motor vehicle air toxics. 

July 1992. 

Emission Control Strategies Branch 

+ Published final rule setting performance standards for enhanced vehicle inspection 

programs. November 6, 1992. 

+ Published guidelines for transportation/air quality planning and transportation 

control measure information. Spring/Summer 1992. 

+ Developed procedures for inventorying emissions from aircraft and locomotives. 

Summer 1991. 

Transportation Section 

+ Published guidelines for transportation/air quality planning and transportation 

control measure information. Spring/Summer 1992. 

1/M Section 

+ Published final rule setting performance standards for enhanced vehicle inspection 

programs. November 6, 1992. 

Special Projects Section 

+ Developed procedures for inventorying emissions from aircraft and locomotives. 

Summer 1991. 

Air Quality Analysis Branch 

+ Released the draft version of the MOBILES emission factor model for use in 

development of emission inventories for State Implementation Plans. August 28, 

1992. 

+ Set up an IM240 demonstration site in a Phoenix Inspection and Maintenance 

(IIM) lane for the North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference 

(NAMVECC), and successfully illustrated that the high-tech test is feasible for I/M 

programs. May 1992. 

II-50 
+ Performed 583 reformulated fuels tests on 40 vehicles to provide information on 

effects of different fuel properties on automobile emissions. December 1991 

through September 1992. · 

Model Development Section 

+ Released the draft version of the MOBILES emission factor model for use in 

development of emission inventories for State Implementation Plans. August 28, 

1992. 

+ Rewrote and expanded the Tech 5 emission model used to estimate Inspection and 

Maintenance Program emission benefits to include NOx emissions and IM240 

transient testing procedures. March 1992. 

+ Developed a methodology tb use IM240 transient testing results from testing at 

Inspection and Maintenance program sites to estimate in-use vehicle emission 

factors. July 1992. 

Testing and Data Management Section 

+ Performed analyses supporting the Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) rule which 

improves our ability to identify high-tech cars and trucks that need repairs. 

November 1991 and September 1992. 

+ Set up an IM240 demonstration site in a Phoenix I/M lanefor the North American 

Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference (NAMVECC), and successfully 

illustrated that the high-tech test is feasible for 1/M programs. May 1992. 

+ Performed 583 reformulated fuels tests on 40 vehicles to provide information on 

effects of different fuel properties on automobile emissions. December 1991 

through September 1992. 

II-51 
OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND REVIEW 

+ Played a key role in EPA's efforts to obtain Administration support and 

Congressional approval of the new Clean Air Act. OP AR staff participated in 

virtually all of the White House/EPA and Congressional/Administration meetings 

leading to passage of the Act. 

+ Led the effort to document the benefits and costs of the 1990 Clean Air Act 

(including business and export opportunities and new jobs) and sponsored the very 

successful Clean Air Act Marketplace Conference. 

+ Assisted the other OAR offices in developing and securing support for key 

regulations and programs (e.g., permits, continuous emissions monitoring for 

powerplants, and the innovative Regional Clean Air Incentives Market 

(RECLAIM) in Southern California). Represented OAR on EPA's Steering 

Committee and developed and taught course on regulatory development to OAR 

staff. 

+ Coordinated international activities for OAR and served as head of delegation for 

several Long-Range Transport of Air Pollution (LRTAP) negotiations. 

+ Led OAR participation in important agency-wide efforts such as the petroleum 

refmery cluster, environmental equity task force, and the Deputy Administrator's 

Regulatory Improvement Initiative. 

II-52 
OFFICE OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS 

National Programs Staff 

• Provided staff support for the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, who advise 

senior OAR and Agency policy makers on major issues affecting implementation 

of the Clean Air Act. The Committee issued three publications: "A Primer on 

Consensus Building," "An Introductory Guide to Smart Implementation," and "A 

Guide to Public Financing Options." November 1990- Present. 

• Established a new consensus-building, consultative process for allocating state air 

grant funds to EPA regional offices. Since the signing of the Clean Air Act, EPA 

has increased the amount of state grants by 76 percent to $175 million. February 

1990 - Present. 

• Organized annual reviews by the Deputy Assistant Administrator and an OAR 

management team for the ten regional offices to assess implementation of air and 

radiation programs and assist in resolving program issues. 1991 - Present 

Resource Management Staff 

• Established an OAR Resource Management Council with representatives from 

each OAR program to help ensure effective internal resource use, provide 

guidance on external resource management issues, and respond to OMB, 

Congressional and Agency budget directives. 

Budget and Planning Staff 

• Managed development of budget request leading to a 93 percent budget increase 

for implementation of the Clean Air Act. The OAR budget data system, which 

provides for detailed tracking of Clean Air Act programs and Agency themes and 

initiatives, has served as a model for other Agency offices. 1991 - Present. 

• Coordinated development of a new OAR-regional management process that 

includes: identification of national and regional priorities, negotiation of 

Memoranda of Agreement (MOAs), and reporting of implementation progress. 

The MOAs, which are signed by the Assistant Administrator and Regional 

Administrators, include an agreed upon set of activities that implement the 

nati9nal and regional priorities. The MOA process has also served as a model for 

other agency offices. 1991 -Present. 

• Developed and coordinated improved systems for tracking implementation progress 

under the Clean Air Act, including the Office of Air and Radiation Management 

System (OARMS) and an MOA Reporting System for tracking regional progress 

in meeting MOA commitments. The budget and Planning Staff also prepared the 

second two-year "Implementation Strategy for the Clean Air Act Amendments of 

1990." 1991 - Present. 

II-53 
Office of Radiation Program 

and Indoor Air Management 

Office 

I I I I 

Radiation Criteria and Radon Indoor Air 

Studies Standards 

Division Division Division Division 

-i Radiation Studies Branch I Waste Standards & Risk - Mitigation Prevention & Quality -j Analysis Branch 

:--- I Assessment Branch Assurance Branch 

-1 Radiation Assessment Branch I Waste Standards Seclfon ConlrOI Technology Sec lion Implementation Branch I 

Remedial Guidance Section Risk Assessment SecUon Quality Assurance Section 

Remedial T eehnolo9y Section H Policy & Emergency Response Branch -l Policy & Public Information Branch 

Policy and Public Information Seo~on Policy Section 

Emergency Response Section Public Information Seclfon 

Ll Air Standards & Economics Branch ---{ Problem Assessment Branch 

NESHAPS Development Section Survey and Data Analysis Section 

lmplementatron and Technical Support Section Measurement and Characterization Section 

I 

Las Vegas National Air and . 

Radiation Environmental 

Facility Laboratory 

-1 Field Studies Branch I --j Monitoring & Analytical Services Branch I 

-1 Evaluation Branch I --j Environmental Studies Branch· I 

--j Natural Radiation Assessment Branch I 

--j Technical Support Branch I 
OFFICE OF RADIATION AND INDOOR AIR 

Criteria and Standards Division 

+ Issued NESHAPs for radionuclides on October 31) 1989. 

+ Published guidance to states on actions to protect the public from radiological 

accidents and emergency in November 1991. 

+ Surveyed the radiation risks from a.ir emissions from NRC-licensees in the spring 

of 1992 and estimated that over 99 percent were less than the acceptable level of 

10 mrem/yr. 

Radiation Studies Division 

Radiation Assessment Branch 

Remedial Guidance Section 

+ Developed, for Superfund, Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals for 

Radioactive Contaminants. December 1991. 

+ . Established an ongoing radioactive material cleanup program with the Department 

of Energy for Technical Cooperation in the areas of: Criteria and Guidance 

Development, Site-Specific Assessments, Environmental Monitoring and Quality 

Assurance/Control, Technology Development Support for Clean-up/Waste 

Minimization, Training. 

+ Established cooperative program with the Department of Defense to facilitate 

cleanup of radioactive contamination at active military installations and those 

preparing for clos\}re. 

Remedial Technology Section 

+ Initiated, in cooperation with the office of Administration and Resource 

Management, a comprehensive program to protect the Safety and Health of EPA 

employees who deal with radioactive materials. May 22, 1991. 

+ Successfully tested a pilot plant· designed to treat· radioactive soil from the 

Montclair, NJ Superfund site. September 30, 1992. 

Radiation Studies Branch 

+ Developed and published two public outreach documents: 

Questipns and Answers About Electromagnetic Fields [Working Draft], 

August 1992 

II-55 
Electromagnetic Fields In Your Environment [Draft], September 1992 

+ Supported (in part by grant) the publication of the SCIENCE magazine article 

entitled: "Containing Costs of the EMF Problem," by Keith Florig. July 1992. 

+ Published for presentation at the 85th Annual Air and Waste Management 

Association meeting the paper entitled: "Personal24-Hour Magnetic Field 

Exposures. Lynne Gillette and Doreen Hill. June 1992. 

Las Vegas Facility 

+ Completed and began distributing CAP88-PC, version 1.0, a software package to 

determine dose from radionuclide emissions to air from Department of Energy 

(DOE) facilities. Over 600 copies of CAP88-PC were distributed to scientists in 

State agencies, DOE facilities, industry and academic institutions in 1992. 

+ Verified dose calculations for Los Alamos Mason Physics Facility (LAMPP), as 

part of NESAHPS audit of Los Alamos National Laboratory at request of EPA 

region 6. 

+ Assessed Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site for dose and risk resulting from carbon-14 

emissions from proposed geological repository for high-level nuclear waste. 

+ Performed a collaborative laboratory study with the International Atomic Energy 

Agency (IAEA) to test integrating radon detectors under severe environmental 

conditions. The results of the study will be used to select measurement devices for 

the IAEA "Radon in the Human Environment" worldwide indoor radon study. 

+ Performed the National Ambient Radon (NAR) Study as mandated by Title III of 

the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, Section 303 (3). Results of the study were 

published and presented at the 1991 International Symposium on Radon and 

Radon Reduction Technology. 

+ Established a Radon Instrument Evaluation Program that to date has performed 

over 100 instrument evaluations. The program qualifies measurement devices and 

instruments for participation in the National Radon Measurement Proficiency 

Program (RMP). 

National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory _, 

+ Established a Technical Support Center (TSC) at the National Air and Radiation 

Environmental Laboratory to provide technology-based assistance to Superfund 

cleanup sites. March 1992. 

II-56 
+ Completed phase one in establishing a mixed waste analytical capability, including 

personnel identification, design of laboratory space requirements, and purchase of 

key instrumentation. September 1992. 

+ Began functioning as a collaborating center for the World Health Organization's 

Global Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network, an international monitoring 

initiative begun in response to Chernobyl. April 1992. 

Radon Division 

+ Established national coalition of public health, consumer protection, building and 

real estate organizations to reduce the public health risks of radon. The Radon 

Division has brought together organizations as diverse as the National Association 

of Counties, the American Lung Association, the Ad Council, and the National 

Association of Homebuilders to raise public awareness of radon to nearly 70 

percent and reduce public health risks from radon. Already, nearly 10 percent of 

American homes have been tested, hundreds of thousands have been fixed, and 

well over a hundred thousand new homes have been built with radon resistant 

features. 

+ Ensured quality radon testing and mitigation services for the American public. 

The Radon Division's revamped measurement device proficiency program (1990) 

and new proficiency programs for individual testing and mitigation contractors 

(1991), coupled with the new Citizen's Guide to Radon (1992), have provided 

citizens with sound advice and services to address radon problems. 

+ Refined EPA's radon health risk assessment and established national estimates of 

the extent of radon problems in homes and schools. The Radon Division 

completed national surveys of radon levels in homes (1991) and schools (1992) 

and, in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences and the Science 

Advisory Board, revised its national radon risk estimate to 7,000 to 30,000 annual 

lung cancer deaths attributable to residential radon exposures (1991). 

Indoor Air Division* 

Analysis Branch 

+ Developed a policy strategy brochure on EPA's Indoor Air Pollution program 

describing the Agency's multifaceted approach to reducing citizen's exposure to 

indoor pollutants. September 1992. 

+ Completed and distributed the architect's primer, Designing for Good Indoor Air 

Quality. November 1991. 

* The Indoor Air Division was part of the Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air 

Programs (now the Office of Atmospheric Programs) when these activities were conducted. 

11-57 
+ Developed the Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program to 

investigate and study indoor air quality in office buildings. As of October 1992, 

the BASE survey was at Office of Management and Budget awaiting clearance. 

Implementation Branch 

+ Completed and distributed an indoor air quality 'guide Building Air Quality: A 

Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers. The guide was issued jointly by 

EPA and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, February 

1992. 

+ Developed orientation course for building owners and managers to acquaint them 

with the Building Air Quality Guide. Delivered course nationwide in cooperation 

with the Building Owners and Managers Association. Ongoing 1992. 

+ Provided "Orientation to Indoor Air Quality" course to 1200 state and local 

environmental and public health officials nationwide. Ongoing 1992. 

II-58 
I 

International 

Activities 

Division 

I 

Management & 

Administration 

Division 

I 

Air and 

Radiation 

Office of 

General Counsel 

I 

Cross-Media 

I 

Contracts, 

Analysis and Information, and 

Division Review Division General Law Division 

H National Standards Branch 

H Acid Rain/Radiation Branch 

H State Implementation Plans Branch 

- Mobile Sources/Stratospheric 

Ozone Branch 

I 

Pesticides & 

Toxic Substances 

Division 

I 

Grants, Claims and Solid Waste & 

Intergovernmental Emergency Response 

Division Division 

I 

Inspector 

General 

Division 

I 

Water 

Division 
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL 

Air and Radiation Division 

+ Principal legal advisors to the Agency's air and radiation programs and others 

concerned with the implementation of the Clean Air Act. 

+ Principal drafters, under policy guidance of OAR, of President's proposed 

amendments to the Act that were ultimately enacted, with changes, as the Clean 

Air Act Amendments of 1990. 

+ Principally responsible, with the Department of Justice, for the defense of 

litigation under the Clean Air Act and other statutes affecting Air and Radiation 

programs. 

+ As part of that responsibility, have successfully settled numerous lawsuits brought 

against the Agency alleging failure to comply with statutory deadlines to 

promulgate a number of rules. 

National Standards Branch 

+ Provided extensive legal support to OAR in the development of the operating 

permit program regulations. This extraordinarily complex and important regulation 

is expected to supply the framework for the implementation of the various 

programs affecting stationary sources under the Clean Air Act amendments. Many 

of the controversial issues involve novel questions of legal interpretation. 

Currently working with the Department of Justice to orchestrate a defense of the 

rule against a wide ranging series of challenges in court. 

+ Assisted OAR with proposed regulations for the organic chemicals industry (the 

Hazardous Organics NESHAP or HON). Helped OAR devise a legal strategy that 

would a11ow for the use of a broad bubble approach for compliance with emissions 

standards for the organic chemicals manufacturing industry. The bubble approach 

is associated with considerable cost savings, and is expected to become the 

template for subsequent MACT standards issued under the air taxies program. 

+ Provided legal support on an ongoing basis to assist OAR in the implementation 

of Clean Air Act air taxies programs. For example, played a key role in the early 

reductions rule, which provides incentives for industry to reduce emissions of air 

toxics well before the required MACT standards go in place. Also heavily involved 

in all the rulemakings being undertaken in the air taxies area. Exploring with 

OAR ways to integrate the air taxies program with the permits program. 

+ Played a major role in developing strategies for settling lawsuits based on EPA's 

failure to meet statutory deadlines for review of the ozone NAAQS and the S02 

NAAQS. 

II-60 
Acid Rain/Radiation Branch 

+ Provided extensive counseling services to Acid Rain Advisory Committee, which 

was instrumental in laying foundation for acid rain program, and provided in-depth 

assistance in drafting acid rain rules and negotiating with Administration during 

interagency review. 

+ Worked closely with air program staff to develop guidance documents 

implementing revised new source review provisions of 1990 Amendments, and was 

instrumental in negotiating "WEPCO" rule within the Administration. 

State Implementation Plans Branch 

+ Teamed up with OAR staff to produce the Title I General Preamble, the first 

comprehensive guidance for States and the public on how to implement the State 

Implementation Plan (SIP) provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. 

Took an active role in creating interpretations of the Title I provisions that 

maximize the States' flexibility while still advancing the goals of the new statute. 

Instrumental in negotiating the provision of the General Preamble within the 

Administration. 

Mobile Sources/Stratospheric Ozone Branch 

+ Played a key role in the reformulated gasoline regulatory negotiation. These 

exceedingly complex negotiations led to an agreement signed by all the relevant 

interests, including environmental groups and industry, that achieved the sought-for 

environmental gains of the program at the lowest cost, and included innovative 

trading and averaging provisions for that purpose. 

+ Helped develop the CFC phaseout rules. The provisions of these rules needed to 

be developed in large part by OGC, in part because of difficult legal problems in 

reconciling the requirements of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act with 

the requirements of the Montreal Protocol. OGC's contribution assured that the 

rules were issued on time to provide the needed guidance to the regulated 

community. 

11-61 
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I( 
OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS 

+ Assisted in the design of a comprehensive legislative strategy to reauthorize the 

Clean Air Act in a fashion consistent with the Administration's prerogatives. 

Aided in the formation of the Administration's initial Clean Air proposal by 

determining congressional sentiment on a variety of policy options. Recruited 

congressional cosponsors for the Administration's Clean Air proposal to Congress. 

(February 1989 - July 1989). . 

+ Established bipartisan consensus-building relationships in the Congress during 

Clean Air Act reauthorization to help shape effective and balanced regulatory 

policy. Coordinated the exchange of communication between the Agency and 

Capitol Hill. Closely monitored and documented congressional activity throughout 

reauthorization. (July 1989- November 1990). 

+ Communicate the Clean Air Act implementation to members of Congress and 

their staff in a manner which enhances support for the Administration. Assist in 

the preparation of Agency witnesses who go before Congress to testify in oversight 

and investigative hearings. Provide Clean Air Act briefings and implementation 

documents to the Congress on a routine basis. (November 1990- present). 

II-63 
Office of Office of Compliance 

Enforcement Analysis and 

Program Operations 

I I I I 

Office of Office of Office of National Office of 

Civil Federal Criminal Enforcement Federal Facilities Investigations Enforcement Activities EnfQrcement Center Enforcement 

Pesticides & Toxic Special Programs Criminal Planning and Enforcement 

- Substances - and Analysis r- Operations - Management 1- and Compliance 

Enforcement Division Division Division Division Division 

Air Enforcement Federal Agency Engineering Laboratory Program 

... ..... Liaison - Operations - Services ..... Operations Division 

Division Division Division Division 

l Northern Branch I Operations -

Lj Southem and Westem Branch I ·Division 

Water 

!- Enforcement 

Division 

Superfund 

i- Enforcement 

Division 

RCRA :...... 

Division 
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT 

Air Enforcement Division 

Northern Branch 

+ Coordinated August 22, 1989 Asbestos Enforcement Initiative in which seven 

Regions filed 13 civil actions simultaneously against 34 named defendants at over 

100 different sites nationwide alleging violations of the Clean Air Act's asbestos 

NESHAP pertaining to demolition and renovation operations. This critical area 

requires a strong enforcement effort if the Agency is to ensure acceptable levels of 

compliance. 

+ Played significant role in the drafting of title VII of the Clean Air Act 

Amendments of the 1990, the provisions which enhanced the Agency's 

enforcement authorities. 

+ Supplied a number of CAA cases to the August 5, 1992 cross-media Benzene 

Initiative prosecution and settlement of which "'ill result in significant reductions 

of the amount of this hazardous chemical emitted to the air. Two of these cases 

have already been settled, resulting in penalties of $1.3 million. 

Southern and Western Branches 

+ Pursued and settled as lead enforcement office seven actions against importers of 

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Five actions were filed simultaneously as part of the 

June 29, 1990 CFC importer enforcement initiative. These efforts recovered 

almost $400,000 in penalties and forced the violators to cure the potential 

environmental harm from illegal importation of more than 230,000 kilograms of 

ozone-depleting chemicals. 

+ Won an important ruling in federal district court that contractors who operate 

federal facilities can be held liable for their violations of the Clean Air Act. 

Following the January 3, 1991 ruling, a defense contractor paid a penalty of 

$350,000 to settle EPA's action alleging CAA violations at a fighter plane 

manufacturing facility. The contractor had enjoyed no economic benefit from its 

noncompliance because the Air Force was responsible for all costs of installing 

control equipment. 

+ Coordinated nationwide filing of 52 Clean Air Act administrative penalty cases 

seeking more than $4 million in penalties for a variety of violations. Filed on May 

20, 1992 in 26 States and Puerto Rico, the cases marked the first use of new 

administrative enforcement authority granted by the new Clean Air Act. 

Administrative penalty actions, with their streamlined litigation procedures, allow 

EPA to expend moderate resources on middle-range but important cases, and to 

reserve more resources for judicial litigation in larger, more complex cases. 

II-65 
I 

Communications 

Planning 

Division 

I 

Press 

Relations 

Division 

Office of Communication, 

Education, and 

Public Affairs 

I 

Multi-Media Public Liaison 

Division Division 

I 

Editorial 

Services 

Division 

I 

Environmental 

Education 

Division 
OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC 

AFFAIRS 

Communications Planning Division 

+ Directed production of a publication on air pollution issues for a lay audience to 

inform them and convince them that they can make a significant contribution to 

the solution of air pollution problems. November 1992. 

Public Liaison Division 

+ Informed affected members of the public about OAR regulations and other 

announcements. Made sure that they received copies of the regulations and 

background information in a timely fashion. Responded to public inquiries. 

Ongoing. 

+ Conducted targeted outreach effort on the drycleaner NESHAP through 

appropriate trade press and trade associations, including facilitating translation into 

appropriate languages. November, 1991. 

+ Created linkage between EPA and the American Automobile Association, leading 

to partnerships on many OAR mobile source issues. Acted as a catalyst for 

continued cooperation. Ongoing. 

+ Provided ongoing support, recommendations, and marketing to advance OAR's 

voluntary initiatives (e.g., "Green Lights" and "Energy Star" computers). Ongoing. 

Press Relations Division 

+ Helped OAR reach targeted audiences through the daily and trade press, 

magazines, television, radio, and other media channels with major OAR 

announcements. Ongoing. 

Editorial Services Division 

+ Reviewed, edited, and helped with graphics, layout, and production of numerous 

OAR publications. Ongoing. 

+ Featured several major air issues in "EPA Insight", the EPA employee newsletter. 

August, 1992. 

MultimMedia Division 

+ Reviewed and provided communications advice on radio and TV public service 

announcements and videotapes. Ongoing. 

II-67 
+ Coordinated production of nine ABC radio spots with interviews of top OAR 

personnel on various air issues. July and August, 1992. 

II-68 

OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL 

RELATIONS 

+ Informed state and local governments, associations and D.C. state officials about 

OAR regulations and major announcements. Helped them reach these targeted 

audiences through constituent briefings, by facilitating meetings with 

intergovernmental representatives and by arranging OAR representation at 

association meetings. Ongoing. 

+ Reviewed and edited numerous OAR publications. For example, twelve booklets, 

five leaflets, three fact sheets and syveral TV, radio and videotape PSAs. Ongoing. 

+ Reviewed and provided communications advice on the regional and 

intergovernmental aspects of most OAR communications strategies. Ongoing. 

II-70 
Oceana 

0 ~ """' I>~ 

"'"" 

{) IX 

HI 

GU 

EPA REGIONS 

TX 

.;..-'' 

· .. ~· 

~ 
REGION I .... BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 

Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division 

+ Active, intra-DiVis~oh CFC outreach efforts included ovet 30 presentations at 

workshops across New Ehglafid to ifidrlstry gtoup~, state and rtitihlcipal officials 

and citizen groups; ihailitig of Region I - develdped fufdhtiatibii packet to several 

hundred groups, companies and ih?ividuals requesting CFC information;, outreach 

strategy under preparation Wil1 iridtide two major CFC conferences ih :FY93. 

FY92. 

+ Region gteat1y improved feHH:itiiishifj~ With state arid fedetai ttaiispottatiori officials 

by holding meetings in five states to discuss eonforniitY. subtfiittals, .cbndilctifig 

three wotkslibps on mobile sour& ptogr!uns and, trid~eling to trldte tha~ '100 state 

and federal liighway and environhtental staff, atitl htildirig. riieetiligs ih tliree states 

to discuss appropriate uses and documentation for CMA.(J funds. FY92. 

• Working with the Region, states made stfbstaiiHai ptb~t~s iii tttibtmhg :RAct 

regUlations fdt VbC .soiifces, a~d iri subriiiHittg dhift Base ye~r ~ffiissiofis 

inventories betw~en May and August of 19~2. 

+ The launching of kegion I compliance monitorit1g ehfotterrient initiatives resulted 

in nine administrative orders and two administrative p~na~ty ofd~ts targeted at 

NSPS commercial boilers, sewage sludge inciner~t~rs, NES:B:AP benzene facilities; 

IIiUniciJ?ai wlli;te cdmbustbrs, ptilp drltl paiJet fgtfiiHeS i:tntl irii!n!~elfatlleotis riieiai 

parts operations. March 1992. 

+ Joint conference with MIT brought together corporate and utility company , 

executives, academia; states and erlVirmii:lterital gr~ups, Adininistratdr Reilly and 

Governor Weld to kickoff ENERGI (EPA North East Regidn Green Initiatives) 

highlighting market-based, voluntary energy efficiency inyitidittg Gteert Lights, 

Golden Cai:rot Super Efficierlt Reliigerafcir Program ~Hid Eriefgy Stiu tonipui:er 

Program, and generated commii:tnents to these iniHati~es. May 1992. 

ll-72 
REGION II .... NEW YORK, NEW YORK 

Air and Waste Management Division 

+ Undertook an initiative under the Air Toxics Early Reduction Program, involving 

the largest chlorofluorocarbon producer in the country and another facility, that 

resulted in the planned reduction of 1.5 million pounds in air toxics emissions. 

(August, 1992) 

+ Completed a report on a project that evaluated air quality and health risks in the 

Staten Island, New York and northern New Jersey areas. (September 30, 1992) 

+ Took enforcement action against a major steel facility for improper removal of 

thousands of square feet of asbestos that resulted in the largest penalty ever 

assessed against an asbestos source to date ($6.9 million). (January, 1992) 

+ Undertook a pollution prevention initiative that resulted in actual emissions 

reductions of 10-90% at ten facilities and a commitment by five facilities to achieve 

50-90% emissions reductions by 1995. (July, 1991) 

+ Took enforcement action against six of the largest bakeries in the Region, 

resulting in anticipated penalty collections of over $1 million.and reduction of 

volatile organic compounds in excess of thousands of tons. (September, 1991) 

+ Recruited 84 participants in the Green. Lights program, including 7 of the Region's 

13 electric utilities, 10 Fottune 500 compatries, 8 colleges, and one Territorial 

govetilment. ** (September 30, 1992) 

II-73 
REGION Ill -- PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 

Air, Radiation and Taxies Division 

+ Performed thousands of hours of outreach initiatives under the Clean Air Act 

Amendments. 

+ Provided written comments on over 110 draft and proposed state regulations and 

testified at more than twenty public hearings. As a result, Region III anticipates 

completion of upwards of 90 percent of the submittals due November 14, 1992 by 

the end of calendar year 1992. 

+ Strongly supported the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management 

Association (MARAMA) -- which encompasses the contiguous state air agencies 

from New Jersey to North Carolina. The Region attends all meetings striving to 

provide for consistent, cost-effective implementation of the Act. 

+ In FY92, settled eight civil judicial referrals resulting in over $17,000,000 in civil 

penalties, and over $32,000,000 in injunctive relief. These cases comprised the 

largest, third largest and ninth largest civil penalty cases in the history of the Clean 

Air Act. 

+ Obtained the largest penalties EPA had received for violations of the arsenic and 

benzene standards under the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutant Regulations. 

II-74 
REGION IV ...... ATLANTA, GEORGIA 

Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division 

+ Served as major coordinator and active participant with EPA Headquarters, 

universities, and industry in the conduct of the Southern Oxidant Study including 

the conduct of an extensive field study conducted in the Atlanta area during the 

summer of 1992 for assessing the formation of tropospheric ozone. As a part of 

the summer study, Regional Office staff collected over 200 air samples in the 

Atlanta area during the summer of 1992 for accessing the formation of 

tropospheric ozone. As a part of the summer study, Regional Office staff 

c91lected over 200 air samples in the Atlanta nonattainment area and pro"ided 

coordination assistance from July 20, through August31, 1992. Information and 

· data from the study will substantially aid in determining ozone formation and 

transport patterns facilitating the development of effective control strategies 

addressing key issues raised by the National Academy of Sciences report 

concerning the attainment of the ozone standards. 

+ Instituted a Section 112(r) implementation workgroup aimed at developing a best 

approach for implementing the "prevention of accidental releases" provision in the 

Region. Through participation in the workgroup, the Region has opened-up 

multiple lines of communication with governmental agencies such as OSHA, State 

Emergency Management Agencies, State Emergency Response Commissions, and 

Local Emergency Planning Committees that would not normally exist. This 

process has also facilitated intra-regional communication between Air staff, SARA 

Title ITI staff, and Title V permits program staff, as well as OSWER and OAQPS 

staff. 

+ Identified three major Department of Energy facilities as non-compliers with the 

NESHAP-radionuclide regulations and successfully negotiated federal facility 

compliance agreements that will bring these facilities into compliance b~ 

September 1993. 

+ Established extensive program in cooperation with the State of Florida for the 

monitoring of ambient air quality and emissions from the burning of massive levels 

of debris resulting from Hurricane Andrew. 

ll-75 
REGION V -- CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 

Air and Radiation Division 

+ Developed a Federal Implementation Plan to reduce ozone air pollution in the 

four-state Lake Michigan nonattainment area (June 29, 1990). This effort 

encouraged the states to enter into a voluntary association, the Lake Michigan Air 

Directors Consortium, to conduct a $13 million study of the problem and to 

develop needed control strategies. 

+ Created a new and integrated multimedia approach to addressing the problem of 

air toxics deposition into the Great Lakes. The new framework has been endorsed 

by the Deputy Administrator and the Great Lakes Advisory Committee. The 

framework provides for the first time a mechanism for the ultimate control of this 

significant environmental problem. July 1992. 

II-76 
REGION VI .... DALLAS, TEXAS 

Air, Pesticides and Toxics Division 

+ State funding in air pollution programs increased in Region 6 from $16,935,128 in 

FY 89 to approximately $26,250,806 in FY 92. This resulted in an overall increase 

of $9.3 million or 55 percent. 

+ Region 6 has be~n successful in reviewing and acting upon State implementation 

plan (SIP) revisions to correct the State of Texas and Louisiana stationary source 

VOC regulations. The final notice for Texas rule corrections was published on 

September 13, 1992. The proposed approval notice for Louisiana was published 

September 30, 1992. · 

+ Region 6 successfully worked with the State of Texas and Houston industries 

toward resolving whether the Houston area should be designated nonattainment 

for S02• The state and industries have agreed to perform a modeling analysis 

incorporating enforceable S02 limitations to demonstrate that the Houston area 

will not violate the NAAQS for S02. The Region will support not designating the 

area nonattainment if the demonstration is successful. This solution will result in 

an expected reduction in the Houston S02 emission inventory of greater than 

100,000 tons/year. 

+ ·Since June 1990, Tul~a has implemented an "Ozone Alert" program in an effort to 

~msure ozone levels do not exceed the National Ambient Air Qwdity Standards. 

The program includes use of a computer model in association with the National 

Weather Service which helps predict conditions suitable for ozone exceedance;. 

voluntary programs by local refineries to supply gasoline with a lower Rei<! Vapor 

Pressure; free bus rides on ozone alert days; voluntary improvement in employer 

trip reduction programs using free bus ride vo'!lcbers, parking sqbsiqjes for 

carpoolers, etc. Also, the indian Nations CouncU of GovenimeJitS (INCOG) has 

organized a pilot emissions trading program called MERIT to encourage action to 

reduce mobHe and stationary source emissions. 

+ Region 6 States obtained enabling legislation for implementation of the Operating 

Permit Program during their legislative sessions in late 1991 and early 1992. Such 

legislation is the first step to approval of the State Operating Permit Programs. 

+ As a result of an aggressive outreach program, Region 6 has received tbe most 

applications nationwide to participate in the air taXies early reductions program; 28 

sollrces from 17 facilitie!). The potenthd hazardous air polllltant emissions 

reductions from these applications total greater than 20,000,000 po1.1nd$ per year. 

II-77 
REGION VII -- KANSAS CITY, KANSAS 

Air and Toxics Division 

+ The number of exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

declined from 843 in 1975 to 11 in 1991 for the four states in Region VII. (The 

totals do reflect a change in the particulate standard from TSP to PM10.) 

+ Region VII developed a strategy for attainment and maintenance of the ozone 

standard in Kansas City. This strategy evolved through a consensus-building effort 

in the local community and resulted in EPA approval of the area's maintenance 

plan and redesignation to attainment in 1992. 

+ As part of the agency's multimedia lead initiative, Region VII filed a complaint 

and lodged a consent decree on June 28, 1991, against Gates Energy Products, 

Warrensburg, Missouri. The consent decree contained commitments to reduce 

lead-oxide waste, cut back 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions, conduct multimedia 

management and compliance audits in Regions IV and VII, and pay $200,999 in 

civil penalties. 

+ On May 20, 1992 Region VII participated in the national administrative cluster by 

filing five administrative complaints which were 10 percent of the total filed 

complaints. 

+ Subsequent to passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments, Region VII established 

a legislative team in 1991 to review the states' enabling legislation. Both Missouri 

and Nebraska passed the necessary legislation in 1992; Iowa and Kansas introduced 

acceptable legislation but the bills were not given final approval. 

+ Missouri developed and submitted the Doe Run Herculaneum lead state 

implementation plan (SIP) in response to the Region's SIP call. EPA gave final 

limited approval to the SIP revision in 1992. 

ll-78 
REGION VIII -- DENVER, COLORADO 

Air, Radiation and Toxics Division 

+ Completed a major State Implementation Plan (SIP) for Salt Lake and Utah 

Counties that is designed to achieve healthful ambient air levels for small particles 

(PM10). A unique EP NState cooperative agreement was instrum~ntal in beating 

court ordered deadlines. The SIP calls for investments of over $300 million for air 

quality control hardware. 

+ Participated with new Denver International Airport in "Pollution Prevention by 

Design" project to assure minimum air quality impact of the new $3 billion airport 

through: use of natural gas vehicles, stage II gasoline vapor recovery, energy 

efficiency terminal design and lighting, low NOx boilers, and evaluation of existing 

rail lines for mass transit. 

+ Solved visibility and health-related air quality problems in Crested Butte, Colorado 

through a unique industry/government cooperative program that changed over 90 

percent of high polluting older stoves to EPA-approved, low-emission stoves. 

+ Continued and improved the first oxygenated fuels program in the nation in 

Denver, Colorado. Minimum oxygen content was raised from 1.5 percent to 2.5 

percent. State evaluations show a 15 percent cut in carbon monoxide emissions. 

+ Denver carbon monoxide (CO) levels improved dramatically. From 1989 to 1991, 

measured high levels were cut by 39 percent and the number of days when the 

standard was violated. 

+ Cited two power plants owned by the Public Service Company of Colorado with 

violations of the New Source Performance Standards. In the resulting consent 

decree, the Company agreed to pay $740,000 in penalties and to replace .outdated 

control equipment. 

11-79 
REGION IX •• SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 

Air and Toxics Division 

+ Completed the final outer continental shelf rule, which was signed on September 

4, 1992. The region is beginning the implementation phase of the program. 

+ Provided an extraordinary amount of support to the South Coast Air Quality 

Management District, to help develop RECLAIM. Participated in work groups 

and conference calls, attended numerous meetings and attempted to guide South 

Coast so that the RECWM regulations that are adopted are federally 

approvable. 

+ Began enforcement initiative that resulted in lawsuits against Apache Nitrogen and 

Arizona Power Co-op, which are two violators of applicable NSPS. 

+ On July 1, 1992, the Ninth Circuit court of Appeals ordered EPA to promulgate 

an ozone/carbon monoxide FIP for the South Coast area. Tied by settlement 

agreement are ozone FIPs for Ventura and Sacramento. The Ninth Circuit denied 

a request for reconsideration but granted a motion to stay the mandate until an 

appeal is filed with the US Supreme Court and final disposition is made. 

+ Brought together air quality representatives from seven states and four Federal 

agencies to set up the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport com111ission as required 

under Section 169B of the CAA. The Commission held its first meeting on 

November 13, 1991. 
REGION X-- SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 

Air and Toxics Division 

+ Region 10 issued the first three administrative complaints in the nation, and by 

year-end had issued 17 administrative complaints. We also negotiated the first 

settlement in the country that contained the progressive Supplemental 

Environmental Project (SEP) provision. · 

+ State Implementation Plans efforts resulted in the submittal of 16 PM-10 SIPs by 

the CAAA deadline (out of a total of 18 due) and its expeditious processing of 

those submittals resulted in the first three SIPs forwarcl.ed by l:PIY Region to 

headquarters for final approval. Subsequently, a fourth SIP has been forwarded 

for headquarters review. · 

+ Lower ambient impacts (somethnes dramatically lower) being recorded in most of 

the Region's PM-10 nonattaiQ.ment areas as compared to those measured in the 

1980s. Many of the control measures reflected in the SIP submittals have already 

been implemented, resulting in substantial air quality improvements, and in some 

instances, measured attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 

+ The carbon monoxide/ozone SIP program projects a certain and full 

implementation of oxygenated fuels programs in three of our states in the coming 

winter and the submittal of most C0/03 SIPs (13 are due) by the CAAA deadline. 

II-81 

APPENDIX Ill 

SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION 

OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 

At the request of EPA Administrator William K Reilly, the Office of Air and 

Radiation published a strategy for implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, 

shortly after the law was enacted. An updated version was published in July 1992. The 

strategy document contains a chart showing OAR's schedule for carrying out the law 

through December 1993, as well as those actions already completed. 

The chart is reprinted below with changes to bring it up to date. For each entry, 

the chart shows the following information: 

+ whether or not the action has been completed, and if so, when 

. + the Agency's current target date for completion of planned actions 

+ the statutory deadline for the action, if one exists 

. EPA has proposed or finalized 7() rules and has taken many other actions to carry 

out the 1990 Amendments, as the chart indicates. However, the Agency has missed a 

number of the deadlines in the 1990 Amendments. (For a discussion, see Chapter 1.) 

The information provided in the chart shows which statutory deadlines have been missed. 

The chart contains· most but not all significant actions needed to carry out the 

1990 amendments through December 1993. The chart does not include, for example, 

some of the requirements implemented by EPA offices other than the Office of Air and 

Radiation, such as the Office of Research and Development. Target dates for future 

actions are subject to change based on new risk ass~sments, court decisions, changes in 

available resources and other factors. · 

ID-1 
Statogy 

Targot . 

. . . TilliJ. .... ~!('"'' . •.•. ·.· •• \i./ •. ' .c ·-- .. • .... ······· Date ' .·····.······ ... / c .. ,'·''\ . Dec-90 Title 1- Nonattainment Issue "Getting Started" letter to Governors Y 

States submit requesUjustification for 5% y Dee-M 

classification adjustments 

Jan-91 Publish two-year implementation strategy y 

Title I - Nonattainment Publish notice of initi!U PM-10 moderate y 

nonattainment areas 

Initiate additio11ill Ptyi-10, S02, lead ci€uiigriiltion y 

process 

Title VI - CFC's Listing of depleting substances y Jan-91 

Feb I - Nonattajnment Act on SOJii classification adjustment requests y Feb-91 

Mar-91 Title I - Nonattalnment States submit nonattainment area designations y Mar-91 

Title Ill-Air Toxlcs Propose early reductions rulemaking y 

Title VI - CFCs Direct final1991 proguction limits y 

Apr-91 Title I - Nonattajnment States submit PM-10 area11 unable to attain by H1!14 y 

States respond to list of PM-10, S02, Lead y 

nonattainment areas 

Title V- Permits Propose State permit regulations y 

May-91 Title 1- Nonattainment states deadline for RACT corrections Partial May-91 

NotifY States of Intent to modifY suggested boundaries y May-91 

Title II - Mobile Sources Finalize gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure regulations y May-91 

Finalize Tier l car and truck tltandards y May-91 

Propose reformulated gasoline requirements y 

Propose clean fuels fleet and CA pilot credit programs y 

Propose l!rban bus regulations y 

Propose emission control diagnostics rule y 

Title IV-Acid Rain Propose regulations for auctions and sales y 

Jun-91 Title I - Nonattalnment Propose PM-10 area reclassifications y Jun-91 

Title Ill -Air Toxics Publish draft list of source categories y 

Propose list of high risk pollut<mts, 1'!0/95°/0 early y 

reductions guidanpe 

Jul-91 Title I - NonattainmEmt Finalize ozone, CO, PM-10, and lead nonattainment y Jul-{11 

boundaries 

Title II - Mobile Sources Propose lead substitute gasoline additives y 

Title VII - Enforcement Propose administrative penalties rules of practice y 

Sept-91 Title VI- CFC's Propose CFC phase-out regulations y 

Propose mobile air conditioning recycling regulations y 

Oct-91 Title I - Nonattainment Publish VOC and CO emission inventory guidance y 

Title II -Mobile Sources Publish study on non-road engines y Nov-91 

Nov-91 Title I - Nonattainment Publish guidance on control cost-effectiveness y Nov-91 

states submit PM-10 SIRs Partial Nov-91 

Publish air quality and emissions trends report y 

Establish Grand Canyon visibility transport commission y Nov-91 

Title Ill-Air Toxics Propose MACT for dry cleaners (per court order) y 

Dec-91 Title I - Nonattainment Propose outer continental shelf rule y 

Title IV-Acid Rain Finalize regulations for auctions and sales y Nov-91 

I Propose allowance trading system y 

I Propose acid rain permit program y 

1 Propose continuous emission monitor requirements y 

Propose excess emissions rules y 

Propose conservation and renewable incentives y 

III-2 
III-3 
III-4 
Nov-92 

Nov-92 

Jul-93 

Oct-93 Title I - Nonattainmant 

III-5