NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH

REFERENCE

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NBSIR 87-3515

NIST

PUBLICATIONS

Thermal Performance of Masonry

Chimneys and Fireplaces

Richard D. Peacock

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau- of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

April 1987

Sponsored in part by:

00 S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

>100 rthesda, MD 20207

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NO.ffBSIS

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NBSIR 87-3515

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF MASONRY

CHIMNEYS AND FIREPLACES

Richard D. Peacock

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Fire Research

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

April 1987

Sponsored in part by:

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

Bethesda, MD 20207

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............. .......... i

LIST OF TABLES .............................. ill

LIST OF FIGURES . ...................... iv

Abstract . . . ............. . 1

1 . INTRODUCTION .

. ........... 1

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

;

. 3 2.1 Fire Incidents Involving Wood Burning Appliances ....... 3 2.2 Clearances in Existing Codes and Standards .......... 5 2.3 Temperatures Developed in Heating Systems ........... 7 2.4 Temperatures Developed in Fireplaces ............ 10

2.5 Limiting Safe Temperatures on' Combustible Surfaces ...... 13

3. CHIMNEY AND FIREPLACE CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUMENTATION ........ 15

3.1 Masonry Construction Details ....... .... 15

3.2 Appliances .......................... 16

3.3 Instrumentation ......... . . 17

4. MASONRY CHIMNEY RELINING TECHNIQUES ................. 17

4.1 Relining Tests Conducted .............. 18

4.2 Discussion of Chimney Relining Data .............. 20

5. FIREPLACE INSERTS / CHIMNEY INTERCONNECTION ............. 22

5.1 Insert Interconnection Tests Conducted ....... 24

5.2 Effect of Insert Interconnection ............... 25

5.3 Effect of Insert Size 28

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 29

Appendix A: Summary of Reading From All Instruments In Chimney Lining

Tests 55

Test MC002 56

Test MC002 (Repeat) ............. 61

Test MC011 66

Test MC012 71

Test MC102 . 76

Test MCI 11 81

Test MC112 86

Test MC112 (Repeat) 91

Test MC211 96

Test MC212 101

Appendix B: Summary of Readings From All Instruments in Fireplace Insert

Tests 106
11

Test FI001 107

Test FI002 113

Test FI101 119

Test FI102 126

Test FI112 133

Test FI122 140

Test FI202 147

Test FI212 . . : 154

Test FI222 161
Ill

Table 1

Table 2:

Table 3:

LIST OF TABLES

Overall Maximum Temperatures Recorded During Several Tests

of Different Masonry Chimney Relinings ............ 31

Overall Maximum Temperatures Recorded During Several Tests

of Fireplace Insert / Masonry Chimney Interconnection .... 32

Average Maximum Temperatures Recorded During Several Tests

of Fireplace Insert / Masonry Chimney Interconnection . . 33
LIST OF FIGURES

IV

Figure 1: Masonry Chimney Design and Instrumentation 34

Figure 2: Masonry Fireplace Design and Instrumentation 35

Figure 3: Flue Gas Temperatures Measured During Tests of Chimney

Lining Techniques 36

Figure 4: Flue Liner Surface Temperatures Measured During Tests of

Chimney Lining Techniques 37

Figure 5: Inner Chimney Brick Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Chimney Lining Techniques • 38

Figure 6: Outer Chimney Brick Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Chimney Lining Techniques 39

Figure 7: Enclosure Surface Temperature Rises Measured During Tests of

Chimney Lining Techniques 40

Figure 8: Maximum Temperatures Measured During Tests of Chimney Lining

Techniques 41

Figure 9: Maximum Temperatures Measured During Tests of Relined

Chimneys Normalized to Temperatures Measured During Tests of

Fire Clay Lined Chimneys 42

Figure 10: Fireplace Firebrick Inner Surface Temperatures Measured

During Tests of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection

Techniques 43

Figure 11: Fireplace Middle Brick Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection

Techniques 44

Figure 12: Fireplace Outer Brick Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection

Techniques ! 45

Figure 13: Fireplace Damper Surface Temperatures Measured During Tests

of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection Techniques ... 46

Figure 14: Flue Gas Temperatures Measured During Tests of Fireplace

Insert / Chimney Interconnection Techniques 47

Figure 15: Fire Clay Flue Liner Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection

Techniques 48
V

Figure 16: Inner Chimney Brick Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection

Techniques 49

Figure 17: Outer Chimney Brick Surface Temperatures Measured During

Tests of Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection

Techniques .......................... 50

Figure 18 : Enclosure Surface Temperature Rise Measured During Tests of

Fireplace Insert / Chimney Interconnection Techniques .... 51

Figure 19: Maximum Temperatures Measured During Tests of Fireplace

Insert / Chimney Interconnection Techniques . 52

Figure 20: Maximum Temperatures Measured During Tests of Fireplace

Insert / Chimney Interconnection Techniques Normalized to

Temperatures Measured During Tests of Fireplace Without

Fireplace Insert ......... .... 53

Figure 21: Maximum Temperatures for Three Fireplace / Insert

Interconnection Techniques .................. 54
'

’
Thermal Performance of Masonry Chimneys and Fireplaces

Richard D . Peacock

Center for Fire Research

National Bureau of Standards

Abstract

A series of tests was conducted in a masonry chimney and a masonry

fireplace both constructed to current national standards in order

to evaluate the effectiveness of recent changes to the building

code requirements for residential masonry construction. Firing

rates typical of normal homeowner use and of an overfire condition

resulted in temperature levels close to recommended limits

established in nationally recognized standards for properly

constructed solid fuel heating systems. In addition, several

lining techniques for the masonry chimney and for the fireplace

chimney connected to solid fuel burning fireplace inserts showed

reductions in thermal hazard to exposed combustible construction

when compared to the masonry construction alone.

The results of these tests point out some areas where the codes

and standards could be updated to provide for safer masonry

chimneys and fireplaces.

Key Words: Chimneys; fireplaces; fire safety; fire tests; flues; heating

equipment; masonry; stoves; wood.

1 . INTRODUCTION

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) , as part of a program to

investigate fire safety risks involved with the use of solid fuel burning

appliances, have sponsored experimental research at the Center for Fire

Research at the National Bureau of Standards to identify hazards associated

with solid fuel heating. The studies were conducted to provide information to

improve safety practices for the use of the appliances, and to provide data

upon which to base further improvements in codes and standards. The overall
2

objective of CPSC in the area of solid fuel heating is to reduce the number of

house fires caused by solid fuel burning appliances and their exhaust systems.

Reports on a number of issues are available:

• Clearances needed between wood burning appliances and combustible

construction materials. 1

• Creosote buildup and burnout. 2

• Protective barriers to allow reduced clearances of appliances to

combustible walls. 3

• Safe methods of joining a chimney connector to a masonry chimney

through a combustible wall. 4

• Theoretical prediction of appliance / wall heat transfer with

arbitrary wall protection. 5

This paper presents the results of another portion of that research program.

In these tests, particular emphasis was placed on:

• determination of typical operating temperatures during operation of a

1 Peacock, R. D., Ruiz, E., and Torres - Pere ira , R., Fire Safety of Wood

Burning Appliances, Part 1: State of the Art Review and Fire Tests, Volume I and II, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 80-2140 (November 1980).

2 Peacock, R. D., Intensity and Duration of Chimney Fires in Several

Chimneys, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 83-2771 (December 1983).

3 Loftus , J. J., and Peacock, R. D., Clearances and Methods of Protection for Wall and Ceiling Surfaces Exposed to Radiant Heating Appliances,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSTN 1205 (December 1984).

4 Loftus , J. J., and Peacock, R. D., Evaluation of Thimble - Chimney

Connector (Wall-Pass Through) Systems for Solid Fuel Burning Appliances,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSIR 84-2969 (November 1984).

5 Peacock, Richard D., STOVE: A Predictive Model for Heat Transfer from

Solid-Fuel Appliances, Nat. Bur. Stand (U. S.), NBSIR 86-3300 (May 1986).
3

masonry chimney and a masonry fireplace constructed to the requirements

of NFPA 211-1984, 6

® masonry chimney relining techniques, and

• techniques for interconnection of fireplace inserts to masonry fireplace

chimneys

.

This paper describes the results of this research and provides recommendations

for updating the codes to improve the safety of masonry chimneys and

fireplaces, particularly in the areas of relining and interconnection.

2. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

2.1 Fire Incidents Involving Wood Burning Appliances

Recent statistics on fires and injuries related to wood burning appliances are

alarming

7 • 8 • 9

6 NFPA 211, Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents and Solid Fuel Burning

Appliances, 1984, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts

(1984).

7 Kale, D. Fires in Woodbuming Appliances, U.S. Consumer Product Safety

Commission (December 1982)

.

3 Harwood, B. and Kale. D., Fires Involving Fireplaces, Chimneys and

Related Appliances, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (September 1982).

9 Harwood, B. and Kluge, P. , Hazards Associated with the Use of Wood or Coal-Burning Stoves or Free-Standing Fireplaces, U.S. Consumer Product Safety

Commission (February 1980)

.
Year Fires

Percent Change

from Previous Year Deaths

Property

Damage

(unadj us ted)

1978 66,800 290 $134 million

1979 70,700 +6% 210 $178 million

1980 112,000 +58% 350 $245 million

1981 130,100 +16% 290 $265 million

1982 139,800 +7% 250 $257 million

1983 140,600 +0 . 6% 280 $296 million

1984 125,600 -11% 140 $257 million

Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

This marked increase in fires is attributed to the growing number of

installations and expanded use of wood burning stoves in homes throughout the

United States and the fact that most homes are made of combustible

construction. Clearly, accidental fires from wood burning systems are an

important problem.

An analysis by the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission of national

statistics collected in 1983 by the U.S. Fire Administration attribute 140,600

residential fires to solid fuel burning equipment, and report 280 deaths and

2550 injuries due to these fires. These fires accounted for over 65 percent

of all residential heating equipment fires. Fire incidence from the use of

solid fuel burning equipment rose from 66,800 to 130,100 between 1978 to 1981.

This trend slowed from 1981 to 1982 to slightly less than a 7 percent

increase. The frequency of fire incidence stabilized between 1982 and 1983

(increasing during this time less than 1 percent) and actually decreased in

1984 (dropping nearly 11 percent) . Positive actions by the Center for Fire

Research (CFR) at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and others are
5

believed responsible for improving the safety of these appliances and, thus,

reversing an increasing fire incidence rate. New technical information to

supplant out-of-date research, along with code changes based upon the

research, have provided a new and safer set of installation and operation

guidelines to reduce the fire risk of solid fuel heating.

2.2 Clearances In Existing Codes and Standards

Minimum acceptable clearances to combustible materials for the

installation of chimney, chimney connectors, and appliances are specified in

the various model building codes and recommended practices manuals. Reference

1 is typical of the specifications found in the codes. For simplicity, a

single, hopefully conservative clearance is given for each type of appliance

installed without protection. No allowance is made for the size, heat output,

heat transfer characteristics or other features unique to individual models.

Similarly, only a few, specific methods of protection are recommended to allow

reduction of these clearances.

Typically, 0.91 ra of clearance is specified between radiant heaters and

unprotected combustible construction. For residential solid fuel chimneys, 51

mm of clearance is required. Chimney connectors for solid fuel burning

residential appliances require a clearance of at least 0.46 m from combustible

materials. However, as with appliances, these clearances may be reduced by

the use of appropriate protection applied either to the appliance or to the

combustible surface.
6

Several experimental studies have been carried out to determine minimum

acceptable clearances to combustible materials. Voigt, 10 in a 1933

publication, recommends a minimum clearance of 0.30 m for chimney connectors

0.23 m in diameter. A more extensive study, performed by Underwriters

Laboratories in 1943, 11 presents minimum safe clearances for both unprotected

surfaces and surfaces protected by various methods. Distances at which a

maximum temperature rise of 50° C above room temperature is reached are

presented as a function of the temperature of the exposed face of a heat

producing appliance. The relative protection afforded by various materials

used as heat barriers between the appliance and combustible surfaces is also

examined. Lawson, Fox, and Webster12 and Lawson and Simms 13 have studied the

heating of wall panels and wood by radiation. With experimentation and

theoretical predictions, they present safe clearances between flue pipes and

wall surfaces as a function of the pipe diameter and the pipe surface temperature. To maintain a maximum wall temperature of 100° C, a 0.15 m diameter pipe

should not exceed 350°C in surface temperature at a clearance of 0.46 m.

12

Loftus and Peacock3 present the results of a study on clearances and methods

of protection for wall and ceiling surfaces exposed to radiant heating appli10 Voigt, G. Q. , Fire Hazard of Domestic Heating Installations,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBS Research Paper RP596 (September 1933).

11 Neale, J. A., Clearances and Insulation of Heating Appliances, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., UL Bulletin of Research No. 27 (February 1943).

12 Lawson. D. I., Fox, L. L. , and Webster, C. T., The Heating of Panels

by Flue Pipes, Fire Research Special Report No. 1, Fire Protection Association, London, England (March 1952)

13 Lawson, D. I. , and Simms, D. L. , The Ignition of Wood by Radiation,

British Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 3 , 288-292 (September 1952).
ances with surface temperatures from 300 to 450° C. A number of methods to

reduce temperatures on combustible wall and ceiling surfaces to acceptable

levels were recommended.

These experimental studies established limits for two important parameters: appliance surface temperatures and clearances from combustibles for

unprotected and protected surfaces. The maximum established limit for

appliance surface temperatures for the appliances studied ranged from 300 to

450 s C, whereas the average limit for appliance surface temperatures was

between 200 and 250° C. Minimum safe wall clearances for unprotected surfaces

ranged from 0.31 to 0.91 m.

2.3 Temperatures Developed in Heating Systems

Tests made with prefabricated porcelain-enameled metal chimneys for

solid or liquid fuel furnaces 14,15 established a limiting temperature rise of

190° C on the outer surface of the chimney for a flue gas temperature of

537° C. With this limitation, wood framing spaced 51 mm or more away from the

chimney was considered safe. Satisfactory insulation of the chimneys to

reduce the outer surface temperatures to acceptable levels was obtained with

asbestos paper plies totalling about 45 mm in thickness. In the same study,

14 Shoub , H. , Survey of Literature on the Safety of Residential Chimneys

and Fireplaces, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBS Misc. Pub. 252 (December 1963).

15 Prefabricated Metal Chimneys, National Bureau of Standards, Fire

Research Section, unpublished reports to the Federal Public Housing Authority

(1941-1945).
some asbestos cement pipe coverings were also found to reduce heat

transmission to the extent required for safety of nearby combustibles.

To establish performance requirements for lightweight prefabricated

chimneys, tests were conducted with lined and unlined masonry chimneys having

102 ram thick walls. 16,17 Hazardous conditions on wood framing spaced 51 mm

away from the chimney were noted when the continuous flue gas temperature of

the unlined chimney reached 482° C and that of the lined chimney reached

592° C. However, these hazardous conditions were not reached in the lined

chimney tests until after 13 hours. In order to study operating conditions

with typical fuels, a number of firing tests 18 were conducted with wood and

soft coal fuels in heating appliances known to give high flue gas

temperatures. With a coal- fired, jacketed type heater, gas temperatures

ranging from 648' to 704° C were measured for an hour or more in the flue at- the

ceiling level above the heater.

Lawson, Fox, and Webster 12 measured surface temperature of flue pipes in

a variety of flue systems using solid fuels -- mostly coal and coke -- and

found temperatures of about 150° C under "normal" conditions and temperatures

as high as 815°C for overfire conditions.

16 Thulman, R. K. , Temperatures Developed in Chimneys for Low Cost

Houses, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech. News. Bull. 328 (August 1944).

17 Thulman, R. K. , Performance of Masonry Chimneys for Houses, Housing

and Home Finance Agency (U. S.), Housing Research Paper No. 13 (November 1952).

13 Fox.

,

L. L.

,

and Whittaker, D. , Some Measurements of Temperatures of

Metal Flues of Domestic Heating Appliances, Journal of the Institution of

Heating and Ventilation Engineers, Vol. 23 . 183-192 (August 1955).
9

Fox and Whittaker18 report temperatures on metal flues of several

heating appliances operated over a range likely to be encountered in normal

use. Maximum flue pipe surface temperatures ranged from 704 to 815°C at the

appliance flue outlet, 360 to 510° C at a distance of 0.91 m from the appliance

flue outlet, and 287 to 326°C at a distance of 1.8 m from the appliance flue

outlet

.

Shoub 14 concluded that combustible materials will ignite if maintained

in continued contact with a masonry chimney that has a wall 120 mm thick and a

flue gas temperature of 400° C.

In tests for the Department of Energy, 1 temperatures ranging from 297 to

436°C during normal operation and 377 to 693°C during overfire conditions were

noted on the surfaces of several wood burning appliances when tested by

prescribed test methods. 19 A total of 11 different short term tests, ranging

from 1.9 to 25.6 hours duration, were conducted to establish normal firing

conditions in wood burning appliances. 20 The data from these tests show

spikes occurring at the beginning and end of tests and, apparently, whenever

the door to the stove was opened. These sharp increases in temperature were

attributed to a "high fire" in the morning and to the rapid increase in active

flaming when the door was opened for refueling the fire. The average

temperature rise during normal burning ranged from 177 to 218 °C on the stove

19 Standard for Room Heaters, Solid Fuel Type - - UL 1482, First Edition,

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, IL (August 1979).

20 Loftus , J. J., Evaluation Tests on Metal Factory- Bull t Insulated

Chimneys Used for Venting Solid Fuel Burning Appliances,

Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), letter report to the U. S. Consumer Product Safety

Commission (April 1985) .
10

surface ; that of the flue gases rose from 140 to 269° C; that of the inner

chimney wall surface rose 119 to 241 °C; and that of the outer chimney wall

surface rise was 14 to 48°C.

2.4 Temperatures Developed in Fireplaces

Although more than 40 years old, the U. S. Department of Agriculture

publication on fireplace and chimneys21 still provides excellent guidelines on

the proper construction of fireplaces and chimneys. Topics covered include

design, construction, testing, and cleaning of chimneys and fireplaces. Many

parts of current codes covering masonry construction can be traced to this

publication. Some limitations, however, arising from the age of the

publication are apparent. No discussion' of chimney lining is included since

recommendations for chimney lining stem from more recent research. 22 A more

recent update of the USDA publication is available. 23

Underwriters' Laboratories 24,25 investigated temperatures developed on masonry

21 Fireplaces and Chimneys, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers

Bulletin No. 1888 (1941).

22 Mitchell, N. D., Fire Hazard Tests With Masonry Chimneys, NFPA No.

Q 43-7, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Massachusetts (October 1949)

.

23 Biggs, A. A., Fireplaces and Chimneys, U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Farmers Bulletin No. 1889 (September 1963).

24 Fact-Finding Report on Masonry Fireplace, File USNC24, Contract to

the Federal Housing Administration, Underwriters' Laboratories, Northbrook,

Illinois (June 1962).
11

fireplace surfaces and on combustible and non -combustible materials in contact

with or closely adjacent to masonry fireplaces and chimneys constructed

according to the requirements in building codes in 1962. Several different

tests were conducted in the fireplace: 1) brand fire tests in which specially

constructed wood brands were added to the fire at 7.5 minute intervals for 4

hours, 2) charcoal fire tests in which charcoal briquettes were added every

7.5 minutes for 4 hours or 12 hours, and 3) log fire tests in which seasoned

and split oak logs were added at a rate of 4.5 to 12 kg/hr for a 12 hour

period. Some of the maximum temperatures recorded are shown below.

Maximum Temperatures Recorded During Fireplace Tests24,25

Fuel Firing

Rate

(kg/hrl

Combustible Enclosure

In Contact With Brick

(°C)

Combustible Enclosure

With Air Space

(°C)

Brands 14.5 178 160

Charcoal 12.7 246 « . 8.8 218 132

4.5 138 82

Logs 11.8 196

9.1 141 85

4.5 118 74

An air space clearance of just 20 mm between the outer brick surface to a

combustible enclosure was shown to reduce temperatures significantly compared

to combustibles in contact with the brick surface.

25 Fact-Finding Report on Masonry Fireplace, File USNC24, Contract to

the Federal Housing Administration, Underwriters' Laboratories, Northbrook,

Illinois (October 1962)

.
12

In more recent tests for the U.S. Department of Energy, a number of

experiments were conducted to study the thermal performance of factory-built

and masonry fireplaces with and without fireplace inserts installed. 26,27 A

summary of maximum temperatures from some of the more than 30 tests is shown

below.

Maximum Temperatures During Tests of Masonry Fireplaces and Inserts

Log Tests Brand Tests

Location Without With Without With

Insert Insert Insert Insert

(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

Enclosure 63 52 79

Masonry 148 499 88

Damper 188 422 297

Chimney 118 153 330

For the brand fire tests, specially constructed wood brands were added to the

fire every 7.5 minutes for approximately 16 hours. During the brand fire

tests, temperatures on the masonry of the fireplace were lower with an insert

than without. Conversely, temperatures on the chimney were higher with the

insert. Since no data were presented for the log tests without an insert, no

comparison could be made.

26 Terpstra, W. R. , Jorgenson, M. L. , and Dosedlo, L. J., Investigation

of Fire Hazards of Fireplace Inserts in Factory- Built and Masonry Fireplaces,

Contract to the Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), NBSGCR- 82 - 368 (August 1981).

“ 7 Maxwell, T. T., Dyer, D. F. , Maples, G., and Burch, T., An

Investigation of Creosoting and. Fireplace' Inserts, Contract to Nat. Bur.

Stand. (U.S.), NBSGCR 81-365 (December 1981).
13

2.5 Limiting Safe Temperatures on Combustible Surfaces

Listings of heat producing appliances and methods for setting clearances

between appliances and combustible surfaces are based upon Underwriters

Laboratories tests. 19 They have recommended the following limiting safe

temperatures for heat producing appliances:

• maximum temperature rise of 65° C above room temperature on exposed

surfaces ; and

• maximum temperature rise of 50 °C above room temperature on unexposed

surfaces, such as beneath the appliance, floor protector, or wall

mounted protective device.

These recommendations are based upon the fact that while the ignition

temperature of wood products is generally quoted to be on the order of

200° C,

2

3

wood that is exposed to constant heating over a period of time may

undergo a chemical change resulting in a much lowered ignition temperature and

increased potential for self - ignition.

Mitchell29 found the prolonged exposure of wood fiberboard exposed to

28 Schaffer, E. L. , Smoldering Initiation in Cellulosics Under Prolonged

Heating, Fire Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, 22-28 (February 1980).

29 Mitchell, N. D., New Light on Self - Ignition, NFPA Quarterly, Vol. 45 . No. 2, 165-172 (October, 1951).
14

temperatures as low as 109°C that resulted in ignition. MacLeanJ

0

* 3

1

reports

charring of wood samples at temperatures as low as 93° C. He concludes that

wood should not be exposed to temperatures appreciably higher than 66 °C for

long periods. McGuire32 suggests that the maximum safe temperature on the

surface of a combustible material adjacent to a constant heat source is 100°C.

Clearly, the ignition of wood at moderately elevated temperatures is a

complex reaction in which the time of exposure is an important

parameter. 33,34 While exact limits recommended in the literature vary due to

exposure time and details of the tests conducted, the numerous documented

fires involving the ignition of wood members near low pressure steam pipes 35

suggest an upper temperature limit for wood exposed to long-term low-level

heating should not be appreciably higher than 100° C.

30 Maclean, J. D., Effect of Heat on Properties and Serviceability of

Wood: Experiments on Thin Wood Specimens, Forest Products Laboratory Report

No. R1471 , Madison, WI (1945).

31 Maclean, J. D., Rate of Disintegration of Wood Under Different

Heating Conditions, American Wood- Preservers Association (1951).

32 McGuire, J. H. , Limiting Safe Temperature of Combustible Materials,

Fire Technology, Vol 5,, No. 3 (August 1969).

33 Ignition and Charring Temperatures of Wood, Forest Products

Laboratory Report No. 1464, Madison, WI (January 1958).

34 Shelton, J. W. , Wood Heat Safety, Garden Way Publishing, Charlotte,

VT (September 1979).

35 Matson, A. F., Dufori , R. E., and Breen, J. F. , Performance of Type B Gas Vents for Gas -Fired Appliances, Part II, Survey of Available Information

on Ignition of Wood Exposed to Moderately Elevated Temperatures, Underwriters

Laboratories, Inc., UL Bulletin of Research No. 51, Northbrook, IL (May 1959).
15

Nearby combustible materials other than wall and ceiling surfaces, such

as chairs or draperies, must also be kept a sufficient distance from hot

surfaces to prevent ignition. The testing standards and model codes apply

with the same requirements to .all combustibles. Thus, the 0.91 m clearance

requirements in NFPA 211 and maximum temperature rise requirements in the

Underwriters Laboratories testing standards apply equally well to other

combustibles as well. Similarly, a temperature limit of 100°C is more than

adequate to protect most combustibles used in furnishings.

3. CHIMNEY AND FIREPLACE CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUMENTATION

3.1 Masonry Construction Details

The chimneys and fireplace were constructed to conform to the requirements in

NFPA 211 -1984. 6 For the current studies, the construction, shown in figures 1

and 2, can be summarized as follows:

1. The fireplace and the chimneys (for the free standing chimney and for

the fireplace) were constructed of solid masonry units, 102 mm in

thickness, laid with full, push-filled, head and bed, mortar joints.

For the free standing chimney, the chimney height was 4.5 m. The overall

height of the fireplace and chimney system was 4.8 m.

2. The chimney was lined with fire clay flue lining (ASTM C315 or equivalent), 16 mm in thickness. The flue liner was installed with

refractory mortar (ASTM C105, medium duty), with close fitting joints

left smooth on the inside.

3. The flue lining was separated from the chimney wall by a 25 mm air

space. The air space was not filled and only enough mortar was used to

make a good joint and hold the liners in position.
4.

16

The flue lining started at a point 0.76 m below the chimney connector

entrance and extended the entire length of the chimney to a level 51 mm above the splay or wash at the top of the chimney.

5. Minimum clearances to combustibles surrounding the chimney were

maintained at. 51 mm surrounding the lower 2.4 m of the chimney. Minimum

clearances to combustibles surrounding the fireplace were maintained at

51 mm at the front and sides of the fireplace and 102 mm at the back of

the fireplace.

6. The fireplace was constructed of solid masonry units with a low duty

firebrick firebox lining to a nominal thickness of 0.2 m. The firebox

measured 1.04 m wide by 0.58 m deep by 0.91 m high.

3.2 Appliances

For the masonry chimney study, a listed solid fuel burning appliance was

connected to the chimney through a 0.19 m single wall chimney connector sized

to fit the flue outlet ‘of the appliance. The stove measured 0.60 x 0.60 x

0.50 m and could accommodate logs 0.4 m in length. The fire chamber's back

wall and bottom had a fire brick lining. The stove was vented at its top

through a 0.15 m opening and had a sheet steel heat shield attached to its

back side. Clearance to the floor was 0.26 ra. The door front was glass with

a porcelain accent frame.

For the fireplace insert study, two different inserts were selected. Both

fireplace inserts were of box- in-box construction with a firebrick lined sheet

steel firebox encased in a sheet steel outer cabinet with fan-forced air

circulation between the two walls. The two inserts differed mainly in firebox

size with Insert #1 measuring 0.48 m wide by 0.43 m deep by 0.58 m high and

with Insert #2 measuring 0.64 x 0.36 x 0.58 m.
17

3 «, 3 Instrumentation

Temperatures were monitored on appliance surfaces, fireplace and chimney

surfaces, on the face of combustible surfaces adjacent to the fireplace and

chimneys, and in the flue gas. Instrumentation locations are shown in figures

1 and 2. In the chimneys, thermocouples were placed in the flue gas, on the

inside wall of the chimney, on the outside wall of the chimney, and at four

locations on the enclosure approximately every 0.3 m for the entire height of

each chimney. In the firebox of the fireplace, thermocouples were placed on

the inner brick surface, on the outer surface of the inner course of bricks,

on the outer surface of the fireplace, and at numerous locations on the

enclosure. In addition, temperatures were monitored in the throat of the

fireplace near the fireplace damper and on the brick surface near the

fireplace mantel. Data was collected continuously over the period of the test

to allow characterization of the temperature environment of the chimneys over

the entire period of the test, typically for at least a 24 hour period.

4. MASONRY CHIMNEY RELINING TECHNIQUES

Several different alternate lining systems for masonry chimneys were

investigated to compare the effectiveness of commercially available lining

materials for masonry chimneys with that of traditional fire clay flue

linings. One sample of each alternative chimney liner type was used to line a
18

masonry chimney. The tests used to evaluate present code specified materials

were applied to chimneys with alternative liners. The effectiveness of these

chimneys in venting modern wood burning appliances during normal and overfire

use was studied to determine if they provided adequate protection for adjacent

combustible construction materials and if they would contain the flue gases

without structural failure.

4.1 Relining Testa Conducted

Three different configurations of chimney linings were studied -- a

traditional fire clay flue lining, a stainless steel relining, and a poured

masonry relining system. It was hoped, with these choices, a representative

sample of lining systems would be covered. Each relining system was used in a

professionally constructed masonry chimney built to the requirements of

NFPA 211-1984 and installed as recommended by the manufacturer. With a listed

wood burning appliance, three different tests were run in each conf iguration-

- (1) a brand fire test modeled after the requirements of UL 1482, Standard

for Room Heaters -- Solid Fuel Type, 19 (2) an overfire test where oak cordwood

was used as a fuel and fired at the highest firing rate allowed by the

appliance connected to the chimney, and (3) a normal firing test where oak

cordwood was used as a fuel and fired at firing rates more typical of

homeowner use. For the brand tests, specially constructed brands were added

at 7.5 minute intervals after ignition. The brands were prepared with strips

of dry douglas fir finished to 19 x 19 mm, spaced 25 mm on center, and laid in

two layers sized to have an area equal to 1/3 of the hearth area of the
appliance. For Che log tests, seasoned oak cordwood is added at regular

intervals to maintain the fire in the insert. For all tests but the normal

19

firing tests, the fueling door of the appliance was closed and any combustion

air inlets were fully opened. Two different firing rates were used during the

tests, a normal firing rate and an overfire. The normal firing tests were

conducted in order to simulate "typical" operations a homeowner might use

throughout the day, with the following fuel burning activity was used for the

wood burning stove: (a) every morning, for 1/2 hour, the damper was set at

the wide open position; (b) for the rest of an eight hour working day, the

damper was open to medium position; and (c) for overnight use, the damper was

set at the low position. For each overfire test, seasoned oak cordwood was

used as a fuel and added to the stove as necessary to maintain as high a

temperature- in the flue gas at the base of the chimney as possible.

No attempt was made in this limited study to determine the long term

durability of the various relining techniques investigated. After allowing

the masonry systems to fully cure, testing was limited to several 24 hour

tests for each of the relining techniques.

With the above considerations, the following tests were conducted:
20

Test Lining

System

Fuel

Used

Firing

Rate

MC002 Fire Clay Logs Normal

MC011 Fire Clay Brands

MC012 Fire Clay Logs Overfire

MC102 Flexible Stainless Logs Normal

MC111 Flexible Stainless Brands

MC112 Flexible Stainless Logs Overfire

MC211 Poured Masonry Brands

MC212 Poured Masonry Logs Overfire

4.2 Discussion of Chimney Relining Data

Figures 3 through 7 present some of the data from the masonry relining tests.

Table 1 and figure 8 show the maximum temperatures (or temperature rise for

enclosures) in the flue gas and on the surfaces of the flue liner, inner

brick, outer brick, and enclosure.

From figure 8 and table 1, it is apparent that the chimney relining systems

tested (a stainless steel lining and a poured masonry lining) improve the

thermal performance of the chimney system by reducing temperatures on

combustible surfaces compared to a code specified fire clay flue lining. Both

the stainless steel lining system, and the poured masonry lining system showed

reduced temperatures on the chimney exterior and enclosure surfaces during

both normal and overfire conditions. From the log fire tests presented in

figure 8, it is apparent that regardless of the flue gas temperature measured,

the enclosure temperature is lower for the alternate lining systems than for
21

che conventional fire clay liners. For the brand fire tests, the effect is

not so clear and probably within experimental error. While flue gas

temperatures measured during tests of the stainless steel relining or the

poured masonry relining are in some cases higher and in some cases lower than

similar measurements during tests of the fire clay lining, temperature levels

on the combustible enclosure were nearly always lower for the alternate lining

systems. For the log tests, the enclosure surface temperature rise was 119,

50, and 20 °C for the fire clay, stainless steel, and poured masonry lining

systems respectively. For the brand fire tests, they were 48, 46, and 44 "G

for the three systems, quite similar levels (probably within experimental

error) even though flue gas temperatures for the stainless steel and poured

masonry lining systems’ were significantly higher than for the fire clay flue

lining. Understandably, the poured masonry system, with its higher mass,

exhibited the lower temperature levels on surrounding - combustibles

.

Figure 9 shows temperatures measured during the tests of the relined chimneys

normalized by the temperatures for the fire clay lined chimney. With this

normalization, the following properties hold:

Normalized temperature > 1.0: Temperature levels for the alternate

lining system are higher than for the fire

clay lining.

Normalized temperature =» 1.0: Temperature levels for the alternate

lining system are equal to the fire clay

lining

.

Normalized temperature < 1.0: Temperature levels for the alternate

lining system are lower than for the fire

clay lining.
22

In all cases , the thermal protection afforded by the alternate lining systems

(as exhibited by a reduction in temperature on the alternate lining system

compared to the fire clay lined chimney) is at least as good as the fire clay

lined chimney system.

From these tests, both the stainless steel and the poured masonry lining

systems are appropriate alternatives for the traditional fire clay flue lining

in residential chimneys from a thermal performance standpoint. Of course, no

attempt was made to study the long term durability of any of the three

alternatives explored. The reader is referred to the literature for

information on the durability of solid fuel heating systems. Day3

presents a

literature review of durability designed to indicate where information related

to product durability in wood- fueled heating appliances might be found. More

than 70 references are cited in the review from a wide range of books and

periodicals

5. FIREPLACE INSERTS / CHIMNEY INTERCONNECTION

One of the key issues in the installation of fireplace inserts into masonry

fireplaces is the technique used for interconnection between the insert and

the fireplace / chimney system. Currently, NFPA 211-1984 has the following

requirements for connection of solid- fuel burning appliances to masonry

fireplaces

~ 6 Day, B., Wood Stove Durability: A Literature Review, Western Solar

Utilization Network, WSUN-27, Portland Oregon (August 1980).
23

• There has to be a connection which extends from the appliance to the

flue liner.

« The cross sectional area of the flue has to be no more than 3 times the cross sectional area of the flue collar of the appliance.

• If the appliance vents directly through the chimney wall above the smoke

chamber, there shall be a noncombustible seal below the entry point of

the connector.

• The installation shall be such that the chimney can be inspected and

cleaned.

• Means shall be provided to prevent dilution of combustion products in

the chimney flue with air from the habitable space.

Research in this part of the program was intended to study the thermal effects

of various methods of installing fireplace inserts into a code specified

masonry fireplace. For each of two fireplace inserts, three different

configurations were studied: (1) positioning the insert on the fireplace'

hearth and covering the fireplace opening with a closure panel; (2) using a

direct connection from the flue gas outlet on the insert to the bottom of the

chimney flue liner (the chimney base); and (3) using a direct connection from

the flue gas outlet on the insert to the top of the chimney flue liner (the

chimney top) . The intention of the research was to provide information on the

safest methods for installation of a fireplace insert into a masonry

fireplace

.
24

5 . 1 Insert Interconnection Tests Conducted

Both fireplace inserts were of box- in-box construction with a firebrick lined

sheet steel firebox encased in a sheet steel outer cabinet with fan- forced air

circulation between the two walls. The two inserts differed mainly in firebox

size with Insert #1 measuring 0.48 m long by 0.43 m wide by 0.58 m high and

Insert #2 measuring 0.64 x 0.36 x 0.58 m. For those configurations requiring

a direct connection, custom made stainless steel sheet metal was fabricated to

provide a transition from the flue outlet of the insert (usually a rectangular

opening) to a commercially available 0.2 m diameter flexible stainless chimney

liner. The flexible liner was carried through the smoke chamber of the

fireplace to either the chimney base or the top of the chimney, depending upon

the test being run.

t

Similar to the chimney relining study, two different fueling techniques were

used during the test series -- wood brands constructed to the requirements of

UL 1482 and seasoned oak cordwood. For the brand tests, specially

constructed, oven-dry douglas fir brands were added at 7.5 minute intervals

after ignition. For the log tests, seasoned oak cordwood was added at regular

intervals to maintain as hot a fire as possible in the insert. For all tests,

the fueling door of the inserts was closed and any combustion air inlets were

fully opened.

With the above combinations, the following series of tests was conducted:
25

Test Insert Connection Fuel

FI001 none none Brands

FI 00 2 none none Logs

FXX01 #1 none Brands

FI102 #1 none Logs

FXX12 #1 to chimney base Logs

FXX22 #1 to chimney top Logs

FX202 #2 none Logs

FX2X2 #2 to chimney base Logs

FI222 #2 to chimney top Logs

5.2 Effect of Insert Interconnection

Test results comparing the three different interconnection techniques are

shown in figures 10 through 18. For the comparisons, measurements presented

include

• firebrick surface temperature (of the surface facing the fire),

• brick surface temperature between brick courses in the fireplace and on

the inner brick surface facing the flue liner in the chimney,

• outer brick surface temperature on the fireplace and on the chimney,

• fireplace damper surface temperature,

• flue gas temperature in the chimney,

• flue liner surface temperature (on the outer face of the flue liner) , and

• combustible enclosure surface temperature.
26

Tables 2 and 3 present some of the results of the tests. Table 2 and figure

19 present maximum temperatures (temperature rise for the enclosure) over the

entire test period for the nine experiments. Table 3 presents an average of

the maximum temperatures over the test period for the insert and damper

surfaces, as well as the flue gas. Average maximum enclosure surface

temperature rise is also presented in table 3.

For both inserts, the highest temperatures on the firebrick surfaces were

noted without a connection to the chimney, a logical result since the flue

gases of the inserts exhaust directly into the firebox when no connection is

present. Closer to the chimney, similar results are noted in the damper area.

As the connection is continued up the chimney from no connection to connection

to the chimney base, and to the chimney top, comparable results are noted in

the damper area with temperatures dropping from 221°C to 133°C for insert #1

and from 381°C to 274°C for insert #2 (table 2). Finally, on surfaces

farthest removed from the firebox, the enclosure surfaces, the results are

smaller in magnitude. Conversely, chimney surface temperatures rise as the

connection is moved up the chimney. On the inner brick surfaces of the

chimney, lower temperatures are noted for the tests with no connection than

with a connection to the chimney base or chimney top.

Figure 20 shows temperatures in the flue gas and on fireplace and chimney

surfaces normalized to temperatures measured without an insert in the

fireplace. With this normalization, the following properties hold:
27

Normalized temperature > 1.0: Temperature levels for the fireplace with

an insert are higher than without an

insert.

Normalized temperature * 1.0: Temperature levels for the fireplace with

an insert are equal to those without an insert

.

Normalized temperature < 1.0: Temperature levels for the fireplace with

an insert are lower than without an insert

.

Temperatures on surfaces near the firebox are seen to be nearly always lower

with an insert while temperatures in the chimney are sometimes 2 to 3 times

higher with an insert. Again, this shows the heat concentrating higher in the

chimney due to the interconnection of the insert directly to the chimney.

Finally, figure 21. shows only temperatures in the flue gas and on the

combustible * enclosure for the three fireplace / insert interconnection

techniques. From the flue gas measurements, it can be seen that as the

connection is carried further up the chimney, the maximum flue gas temperature

increases. The enclosure surface temperature measurements do not show the

same trend. This may be because the enclosure surface temperatures are at

such a low level and are naturally more variable when normalized, since a

small change in either temperature used in the normalization will result in a

(relatively) larger change in the normalized temperature than would be noticed

in the flue gas readings

.
28

5.3 Effect of Insert Size

Since only two inserts were tested in the program, definitive answers on the

effect of insert size on the thermal performance of the fireplace / insert

systems cannot be made. However, some trends are evident from the data

presented in table 1. Not surprisingly, temperature levels were generally

higher for the larger appliance, insert #2. In all comparisons, temperatures

on the firebrick surface (in the fireplace near the insert) were higher for

insert #2 than for insert #1. Even with similar flue gas temperatures in

tests FI112 and FI212, temperature levels were nearly 100°C higher on the

firebrick surface for insert #2. Comparable results can be observed on the

interior and exterior brick surfaces on the fireplace and on the chimney.

For both inserts however, the temperature rise on the enclosure surface was

within established limits. For the larger insert, temperature rise was lower

as the lining was carried up to the top of the chimney. The same result was

not noted for insert #1. Again, this may be because the temperature levels on

the enclosure surfaces are inherently more variable than measurements at other

locations, being directly exposed to the surroundings. Without multiple tests

to ascertain whether the effect is consistent or merely a result of the test

variability, the significance of the difference cannot be determined.

As with the masonry chimney lining techniques, the fireplace insert / chimney

interconnection technique can have a significant effect upon the temperatures

measured in and around the masonry. However, for the fireplace and insert

combination, the resulting impact on safety is not so clear. Lowering the
29

temperature in the firebox region results in lower temperatures on

combustibles around the firebox. However, since the heat must be dissipated

somewhere, higher temperatures develop in the chimney. The impact on safety

from this re-distribution of heat in the fireplace and chimney system depends

upon the design of the system. If the chimney is over-designed relative to

the fireplace (from a thermal performance standpoint) , safety is enhanced.

Conversely, if the fireplace provides better thermal protection than the

chimney, the safety of the overall system would be degraded. With roughly

equal margins of safety in the fireplace and chimney, little impact on safety

would be noticed. Without the thermal performance issue providing a clear

direction for the codes, other issues such as ease of cleaning of a fireplace

with an insert may be more important.

6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A series of tests was conducted in a masonry chimney and a masonry fireplace

constructed to current national standards In order to evaluate the

effectiveness of recent changes in the building code requirements for

residential masonry construction. Firing rates typical of normal homeowner

use and of an overfire condition resulted in temperature levels close to

limits recommended by Underwriters Laboratories for properly constructed solid

fuel heating systems. In addition, several lining techniques for the masonry

chimney and for the fireplace chimney connected to solid fuel burning

fireplace inserts showed significant reductions in thermal hazard to exposed

combustible construction nearby the masonry surfaces.
30

Current codes addressing masonry construction allow alternate lining systems

with some limitations. The provisions in NFPA 211s are typical:

"When masonry chimneys are relined, the liner shall be listed or of approved material that will resist corrosion, softening, or cracking from flue gases at temperatures appropriate to the class

of chimney service. Listed liner systems shall be installed in

accordance with the listing."

This paper has investigated two alternate lining systems for residential

chimney use. Both showed reductions in temperature levels compared to a

traditional fire clay lined chimney.

In a study of fireplace insert / chimney interconnection, three different

techniques used to install fireplace . inserts in masonry fireplaces were

studied. While the interconnection technique had an effect upon temperature

levels in the fireplace and chimney, safety was not clearly impacted with any

of the systems. A more important issue affecting usability of the appliance

along with safety may be the ease with which the insert and chimney system can

be cleaned. It is in this area that the technique used for interconnection

may have a significant impact.

No attempt was made in this study to address the durability of the systems

investigated as alternative chimney linings or for fireplace insert / chimney

interconnection. The reader is referred to other studies, available in the

literature covering the durability of wood heating systems 36

.
Table 1

Overall

Maximum

Temperatures

Recorded

During

Several

Tests

of

Different

Masonry

Chimney

31

<0

5-1 <M 3 aj

oi o o co rd dl x-s. O S-i CJ cn cn oo os

m so in

O 'O’ •O’

C 3 © r^>

m <r fd cn 'S' 'S in 'O

m

cd cn

a)o U M C0

a? o di ./•s d o so OS

m in •a* p-» in Os 3 M 3 © moo o CN 00 s© s© os Os O CQ w w i—C p—4 i—4 CN

43o U ^ CO <0 o dt C -H !-i cj • s©

m as

O

m i—4n -S <f OS

C 5-4 3 o as <f

m i—4 cn rd <50 so

mm

i—i q3 cn rd i—t fd on fd fd i—1

a)o

5-4 cO

a) a) dj 4 3 C u CJ O' cfl 00 <rj •s

O p—

m f". r—4 *r-} 3 0 m m cn i-'* 1 fd n n in so

Id

J cn 'w'

m cn

m <t 1 enm CN CN

0)3 oi CJ as so c"-

m

m

m so p^, id CO © fd CN CN m CN 00 ©s os pf' d O w in ^o- m e© SO m in 'ff m

a> CO « 03

5-1 5d 5=1 5-4 00 rd •d fTM) •d °d °d c cO cO di cO dt di dt

•d a) s e 5-4 e 5-4 5-4 5-1

5-1u J-i )-i

a )-i (0 0 CD •d CO O 0 > O > > >

id a; 2 2 O 2 0 0 O

01 01 03 T3 T3 T3

1*4 oi oi

C 01 01

C 01 03C 03

03 00 00 c0 00 00 CO ac 00 <0 00 3 OOd o O !-i O O 5-i O

Id t—» (—3 03 fj

d 03

d

d 03d

03 >s >s 01 01 03 03 00 !0 cO cO cO 0} 01 cn 03 c r—4 H f—4

r=-4

O 01 <0O > On

•f—l 00

uu o cj rd fd rd 5-4 5-4 c C c c c 3 c C 4-3

•r"4 o o 03 ai •d ®d •d fd 0 O 03 C 5j d 5-1 5-1 cO CO CO <0 03 03 03

a) •d *d *d •H •u •u 5J

U <0 CO 03 4-> QS d d (d Cs-i cn M cn cn 2 2 rd

4J

<0 CO H 033. O 03 5J QcS —) 1—i CN 04 H CN CN 1—1

CN CN r—1

CN 03

4-3

OO -d r—i O fd fd r~) r—4 rH 03

03 o o o o 1—4 f—)

f—4r—4 CN CN 4J

<u CJ cj cj CJ cj cj CO CJ CJ CJ

O

H 2 2 2 2: 2 2 2 2 S S 2 fd

Enclosure

surface

temperature

is

expressed

as

rise

above

ambient

temperature.

Instrument

malfunction

prevented

data

collection

on

flue

liner

surface

for

this

test.
32

C 3 W CO

jJ U

3 -C 3 O U CO

G M

C JZ 3 H u to

3 C M

3

Cm J CO

co a)

CO co

co cm

«f N n N

«-» r* -4* m h n ^

(*) H CN) H

•-H rv CM CO

co cnj m (O

in CM CO CM

3) »T CM CO H O (O o co fO rs co

O rH O CO

CO O CO

in co -j- co

05 co CD

r-t CO O m co co

CO H 4

G VI 7) 1/1 13 ao ao ao u o o o

IQ J J J

V) l/) l/l 10 <50 30 o o o

</i a

(0 o ® ® £Q H

G G

o o o o Z Z *-• £-.

ui a. u o

D B h

G

o o o z h &-«

rH CM CM CM

U« C*4 U* Cxi

CMOHMCM CM

CM CM CM
33

Table 3: Average Maximum Temperatures Recorded During Several Tests of

Fireplace Insert / Masonry Chimney Interconnection1

Test Insert Flue Damper Enclosure

Surface Gas Surface Surface

FI001 . .2 232, 187 9 FI002 _ „2 165 134 11

FX101 406 440 261 18

FX102 383 212 122 13

FI112 423 472 119 10

FX122 . 389 460 75 8

FI202 436 378 236 19

FI212 424 459 163 13

FI222 486 613 148 12

Notes to Table 3.

1: All temperatures are in ®C. For enclosure surfaces, temperature rise

above ambient is presented.

2 : No insert for this test.
34

Thermocouples

located every

0.6m (24 in.) in

flue gas and

every 0.3m

(12 in.) on flue

liner, inner brick

surface, outer

brick surface,

and enclosure

Total chimney

height: 4.2m

(165 in.)

Single course

common brick

102mm (4 in.)

nominal wall

thickness

13mm (1/2 in.)

plywood enclosure

with 25mm (1 in.)

clearance to masonry

0.15 (6 in.) thimble

for connection to

appliance

25mm (1 in.) typical

air space clearance

Fire clay flue liner

16mm (5/8 in.) thick,

0.6m (24 in.) in length

per section starting

0.86 (34 in.) from

chimney base.

Stainless steel relining

placed inside fire clay

liner, poured masonry

replaced fire clay liner

• Thermocouple locations

0.2x0. 2m (9x9 in.)

cleanout and

inspection door

Figure 1: Masonry Chimney Design and Instrumentation
35

Thermocouples

located every

0.6m (24 in.) on flue gas

and every

0.3m (12 in.) on flue liner,

inner brick, outer brick,

and enclosure

Fire clay flue

liner 16mm

(5/8 in.) thick,

0.6m (24 in.) on length per section

25mm (1 in.) typical clearance

13mm (1/2 in.) plywood

enclosure

51mm (2 in.) typical

clearance

to masonry

Mantel 51x25Qm

(2x10 in) -

Firebrick

Steel

support

Fire brick

Common

brick

Chimney built with single course of common

brick, 102mm

(4 in.) nominal

in thickness

Damper

assembly

Common

brick

Mortar fill

® Thermocouple locations Fireplace built with double course of brick, firebrick,

inside, common brick outside

Figure 2: Masonry Fireplace Design and Instrumentation
MC002

36

: i i i

CN <s| ^ — CN

O — — 04 04 o a u o o

o o o o O

o ID o ID

o ID CM

(o) 3amva3d«3i

Figure

3:

Flue

Gas

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Chimney

Lining
ycooa

UC012

MCI02

i

— e** o u u

O O O O

to

^

(3) 3aniya3d«3i

Figure

4:

Flue

Liner

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Chimney

Lining

Techniques
300

38

O-o--- CN CN cm i— CVI C3 O — — OJ CN O U O O O CJ

(0) ]tMlVd]dN31

Figure

5:

Inner

Chimney

Brick

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

Chimney

Lining

Techniques
200

(o) 3iini Vd3dn3i o

03 4J

030) H

UOc

•tH3Q

•Q0) 3

03

CT3 <3 s

030) S-i 3

JJ

«0

S-l 3as

<3 H3O

ce 4-13

CO

0333 o

cQ

>>3csuS-3 3

•u3OO3U3

&0

•*4

Chimney

Lining

Techniq
100

40

cm csi evi — cni o — O — — — O O — — CM Ol

<_3 C_3 C_? CJ t_> C_3

(D) 3aniVH3dW3i

Figure

7:

Enclosure

Surface

Temperature

Rises

Measured

During

Test

Chimney

Lining

Techniques
Brands

Logs

41

OoCD o

to o om

OJ

OJo

2E

^“•3

*se=1 o

Figure

8;

Maximum

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Chimney

Lining

Techniques
42

cno

o

>4 O c_

oj cz

c_ a

Z3 cn a ro CL

a c_ cn

aj CZ TO

c_ a cz

03 cn ro a ro c_ azm

1

cnCD

cn O

c

n

_J

aj

i—-1 cz > t

- r—» 03

ro 03

4-J -UJ CO cn

cn TO

CZ

ro

cn c_

cn CD

aj r—< cz rH

• rH 03 ro OJ

-u> -UJ cn cn

Figure

9:

Maximum

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Relined

Chimneys

Normalized

to

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fire

Clay

Lined

Chimneys
800

43

I

I

cm cm ^ cm cm & ® evj & •“ cm O «» *- W W «M

O

CD

3dfUYd3dW31

o

<N

tn

'ataaxs^ UJ

Figure

10

Fireplace

Firebrick

Inner

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
100

44

w cv n

^

O o «— CM O — C4 o - - - {SI CN CM

(0) 3dniYit3dl13i

Figure

11:

Fireplace

Middle

Brick

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
45

i

!

i

i

i

tv «*»* CM & «—

ui © m o

o* m 04

(0) 3!MlVa3dH31

Figure

12:

Fireplace

Outer

Brick

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
009

46

CM CJ <M C*^

N M

CO

<4-4 O

O o

CN

(o) 3anivd3d«]i

Figure

13:

Fireplace

Damper

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
1000

47

& G

e*4 w

CNI & — €SJI »— ffN* €N«

IL& -. fci Am , L^C' t »4« . 8‘ il l

r^ to cm

\

(D) 3!MiV!)3dN3i

Figure

14:

Flue

Gas

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
009

48

^ evt cnj cvi cvj c>j esi o O -- CM o — o — — — e** oj cx

Ln

(D) 3iMiY!i]dH31

Figure

15:

Fire

Clay

Flue

Liner

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
400

49

I

l

c^i » ^ VC ® a®cne> =©=» c-ehjb C*^£ ^N|

jie* n jLjW*-. f^/m ^z#rg l»A—- tiA» liAgj

o o o o

o o o

Kf CM T“

Figure

16:

Inner

Chimney

Brick

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
300

50

<NI Csl ^ ^

C3 O — CM « — 04 O — — — C>4 CM CM

CM

(o) 3amva3d«3i

Figure

17:

Outer

Chimney

Brick

Surface

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
FI0G2 FI

102 F1

121

51

^ & «=

«*»= «S| €»^

o m o m o

o h* m <n

4=1O

Id) 3iiniYi)]di|i]i

Figure

18:

Enclosure

Surface

Temperature

Rise

Measured

During

Tests

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
Fireplace

Insert

/

Fireplace

Interconnection

52

Figure

19:

Maximum

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

Chimney

Interconnection

Techniques
Normalized

To

Fireplace

Alone

53

^ n cva ^ o

Figure

20:

Maximum

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Insert

/

Chimney

Interconnec

tion

Techniques

Normalized

to

Temperatures

Measured

During

Tests

of

Fireplace

Without

Fire

pi

ace

Insert
54

cn

QJ

cj

03 t—

C_) ajc:a

CJ

c_

cu

aj

aj

c_

CMO

Figure

21:

Maximum

Temperatures

for

Three

Fireplace /

Insert

Interconnection

Techniques
55

Appendix A: Summary of Reading From All Instruments In Chimney Lining Tests

57

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MC002

58

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59

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MC

002

60

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OUTSIDE

MASONRY

CHIMNEY

62

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MC002

(REPEAT)

63 oQ

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MC002

(REPEAT)

64

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FORM NBS-IMA (REV 11-84)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

REPORT NO. SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 87-3515

Publ ication Date April 1587

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Thermal Performance of Masonry Chimneys and Fireplaces

5. author(S) Richard D . Peacock

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than MBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No.

NATIONAL BUREAU OP STANDARDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

GAITHERSBURG, MO 20899

8 . Type of Report & Period Covered F inal

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP)

U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission

Bethesda, MD 20207

io. supplementary notes

^ Document describes a computer program: SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant in formation. If document includes a si gn i fi can t bi bl io graphy or literature survey, mention it here)

A series .of tests was conducted in a masonry chimney and a masonry

fireplace both constructed to current national standards in order to

evaluate the effectiveness of recent changes to the building code

requirements for residential masonry construction. Firing rates

typical of normal homeowner use and of an overfire condition resulted

in temperature levels close to recommended limits established in

nationally recognized standards for properly constructed solid fuel

heating systems. In addition, several lining techniques for the

masonry chimney and for the fireplace chimney connected to solid fuel

burning fireplace inserts showed reductions in thermal hazard to

exposed combustible construction when compared to the masonry

construction alone.

The results of these tests point out some areas where the codes and

standards could be updated to provide for safer masonry chimneys and

fireplaces

.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) Chimneys; fireplaces; fire safety; fire tests; flues; heating equipment;

masonry; stoves; wood.

13. availability

XX Unl imi ted For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

, Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, ~ 20402.

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

175

DC

15. Price

IX- Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield. VA 22161 $18.95

USCOMM-OC 33 6004