[J-18-2018]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

WESTERN DISTRICT

BRIAN GALLAGHER,

Appellant

v.

GEICO INDEMNITY COMPANY,

Appellee

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

No. 35 WAP 2017

Appeal from the Order of the 

Superior Court entered January 27, 

2017 at No. 352 WDA 2016, 

affirming the Order of the Court of 

Common Pleas of Westmoreland 

County entered February 18, 2016 at 

No. 5561 of 2014.

ARGUED: April 10, 2018

OPINION

JUSTICE BAER DECIDED: JANUARY 23, 2019

This appeal requires the Court to determine whether a “household vehicle 

exclusion” contained in a motor vehicle insurance policy violates Section 1738 of the 

Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (“MVFRL”), 75 Pa.C.S. § 1738, because 

the exclusion impermissibly acts as a de facto waiver of stacked uninsured and 

underinsured motorist (“UM” and “UIM,” respectively) coverages.1 We hold that the 

household vehicle exclusion violates the MVFRL. Accordingly, we vacate the Superior 

Court’s judgment, reverse the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of 

Appellee GEICO Indemnity Company (“GEICO”), and remand to the trial court for 

further proceedings.

 

1 UM coverage applies when an insured suffers injury or damage caused by a thirdparty tortfeasor who is uninsured, whereas UIM coverage is triggered when a thirdparty tortfeaser injures or damages an insured and the tortfeasor lacks sufficient 

insurance coverage to compensate the insured in full. “Stacking” refers to the practice 

of combining the insurance coverage of individual vehicles to increase the amount of 

total coverage available to an insured.
[J-18-2018] - 2

The facts underlying this appeal are undisputed. On the morning of August 22, 

2012, Appellant Brian Gallagher (“Gallagher”) was operating his motorcycle when 

William Stouffer (“Stouffer”) failed to stop his pickup truck at a stop sign. Stouffer’s 

truck collided with Gallagher’s motorcycle, causing Gallagher to suffer severe injuries.

At the time of the accident, Gallagher had two insurance policies; notably, he 

purchased both of the policies from GEICO. One policy, which included $50,000 of 

UIM coverage, insured only Gallagher’s motorcycle (“Motorcycle Policy”). The second 

policy insured Gallagher’s two automobiles and provided for $100,000 of UIM coverage 

for each vehicle (“Automobile Policy”). Gallagher opted and paid for stacked UM and 

UIM coverage when purchasing both policies.2

Stouffer was insured by Progressive Insurance Company (“Progressive”), and 

Gallagher eventually settled his claim against Stouffer and Progressive. However, 

Stouffer’s insurance coverage was insufficient to compensate Gallagher in full. 

Consequently, Gallagher filed claims with GEICO seeking stacked UIM benefits under 

both of his GEICO policies. 

While GEICO paid Gallagher the $50,000 policy limits of UIM coverage 

available under the Motorcycle Policy, it denied his claim for stacked UIM benefits 

under the Automobile Policy. GEICO based its decision on a household vehicle 

exclusion found in an amendment to the Automobile Policy. The exclusion states as 

follows: “This coverage does not apply to bodily injury while occupying or from being 

struck by a vehicle owned or leased by you or a relative that is not insured for 

Underinsured Motorists Coverage under this policy.” GEICO’s Motion for Summary 

 

2 The Motorcycle Policy provided $50,000 of UIM coverage, and pursuant to the 

Automobile Policy, each automobile had $100,000 of UIM coverage per person with a 

cap of $300,000 per occurrence. Thus, when stacked, Gallagher’s policy limits under 

these facts would be $250,000. 
[J-18-2018] - 3

Judgment, 4/2/2015, Exhibit D, at Automobile Policy Amendment (UIM 

Coverage/Pennsylvania/Stacked). Because Gallagher suffered bodily injury while 

occupying his motorcycle, which was not insured under the Automobile Policy, GEICO 

took the position that the household vehicle exclusion precluded Gallagher from 

receiving stacked UIM coverage pursuant to that policy.

In November of 2014, Gallagher filed a complaint naming GEICO as the 

defendant. Gallagher claimed that, because he purchased stacked UIM coverage as 

part of the Automobile Policy, GEICO is required to provide that coverage. GEICO 

responded by filing an answer with new matter, wherein it contended that stacked UIM 

coverage was unavailable to Gallagher due to the Automobile Policy’s household 

vehicle exclusion. 

In reply, Gallagher pointed out that GEICO placed his motorcycle and 

automobiles on separate policies and, thus, had full knowledge of all of his vehicles. 

He further stated that, because he opted and paid for stacked UM/UIM coverage,

GEICO charged him a higher premium on both policies. According to Gallagher, by 

denying him stacked UIM coverage based upon the household vehicle exclusion, 

GEICO was depriving him of the stacked UIM coverage for which he paid. Gallagher 

highlighted that GEICO was well aware that he had not waived stacked coverage on 

either of his policies and that he had paid increased premiums for that coverage; yet, 

GEICO refused to honor his claim for stacked UIM coverage, rendering that coverage 

illusory.

In April of 2015, GEICO filed a motion for summary judgment and a brief in 

support of that motion wherein GEICO renewed its argument that the Automobile 

Policy’s household vehicle exclusion precluded Gallagher from receiving stacked UIM 

coverage under that policy. In support of its argument, GEICO observed that “[t]he 
[J-18-2018] - 4

appellate courts have previously enforced the identical household vehicle exclusion in 

Government Employees Ins. Co. v. Ayers, 955 A.2d 1025 (Pa. Super. 2008), aff’d 18 

A.3d 1093 (Pa. 2011).”3 Motion for Summary Judgment, 4/2/2015, at ¶10.

Gallagher filed a response to the motion for summary judgment and a brief in 

support thereof. Gallagher acknowledged that, in Ayers, the Superior Court ruled that 

a household vehicle exclusion contained in a motor vehicle insurance policy did not 

violate Section 1738 of the MVFRL, which states, inter alia, that stacked UM and UIM 

coverages are the default coverages for all insureds and that an insurer must provide 

an insured with a statutorily prescribed waiver form, which the named insured must 

sign if he decides to decline UM and UIM coverages.

4

 Gallagher, however, pointed 

 

3

In Ayers, the Superior Court concluded that a household vehicle exclusion did not 

violate Section 1738 of the MVFRL. Ayers, 955 A.2d 1025. This Court granted 

allowance of appeal; however, we ultimately affirmed the Superior Court’s judgment in 

a per curiam order because the Court was evenly split as to the result. Gov’t 

Employees Ins. Co. v. Ayers, 18 A.3d 1093 (Pa. 2011); see Creamer v. Twelve 

Common Pleas Judges, 281 A.2d 57, 58 (Pa. 1971) (explaining that “when an appellate 

court is equally divided, the judgment, order or decree of the court below will be 

affirmed”). Thus, this Court’s decision in Ayers does not raise concerns regarding stare 

decisis because it does not constitute binding precedent.

4 Section 1738 of the MVFRL provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

(a) Limit for each vehicle.--When more than one vehicle is insured 

under one or more policies providing uninsured or underinsured motorist 

coverage, the stated limit for uninsured or underinsured coverage shall 

apply separately to each vehicle so insured. The limits of coverages 

available under this subchapter for an insured shall be the sum of the 

limits for each motor vehicle as to which the injured person is an insured.

(b) Waiver.--Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a), a named 

insured may waive coverage providing stacking of uninsured or 

underinsured coverages in which case the limits of coverage available 

under the policy for an insured shall be the stated limits for the motor 

vehicle as to which the injured person is an insured.

(c) More than one vehicle.--Each named insured purchasing uninsured 

or underinsured motorist coverage for more than one vehicle under a 
[J-18-2018] - 5

 

policy shall be provided the opportunity to waive the stacked limits of 

coverage and instead purchase coverage as described in subsection (b). 

The premiums for an insured who exercises such waiver shall be 

reduced to reflect the different cost of such coverage.

(d) Forms.--

(1) The named insured shall be informed that he may exercise the waiver 

of the stacked limits of uninsured motorist coverage by signing the 

following written rejection form:

UNINSURED COVERAGE LIMITS

By signing this waiver, I am rejecting stacked limits of uninsured motorist 

coverage under the policy for myself and members of my household 

under which the limits of coverage available would be the sum of limits 

for each motor vehicle insured under the policy. Instead, the limits of 

coverage that I am purchasing shall be reduced to the limits stated in the 

policy. I knowingly and voluntarily reject the stacked limits of coverage. I 

understand that my premiums will be reduced if I reject this coverage.

* * *

(2) The named insured shall be informed that he may exercise the waiver 

of the stacked limits of underinsured motorist coverage by signing the 

following written rejection form:

UNDERINSURED COVERAGE LIMITS

By signing this waiver, I am rejecting stacked limits of underinsured 

motorist coverage under the policy for myself and members of my 

household under which the limits of coverage available would be the sum 

of limits for each motor vehicle insured under the policy. Instead, the 

limits of coverage that I am purchasing shall be reduced to the limits 

stated in the policy. I knowingly and voluntarily reject the stacked limits 

of coverage. I understand that my premiums will be reduced if I reject this 

coverage.

* * *

(e) Signature and date.--The forms described in subsection (d) must be 

signed by the first named insured and dated to be valid. Any rejection 

form that does not comply with this section is void.

75 Pa.C.S. § 1738.
[J-18-2018] - 6

out that this Court evenly split on the issue. Gallagher essentially maintained that the 

Superior Court wrongly decided Ayers and that GEICO should be required to provide 

him with stacked UIM coverage under his Automobile Policy because: (1) he 

purchased stacked coverage; (2) he never signed a stacking-waiver form; and (3) 

GEICO impermissibly included a household vehicle exclusion in the policy to act as a 

waiver of UIM coverage.

On February 18, 2016, the trial court issued an order granting GEICO’s motion 

for summary judgment, citing to the Superior Court’s decision in Ayers. Gallagher 

timely filed a notice of appeal and subsequently argued to the Superior Court that the 

trial court erred by granting GEICO’s motion for summary judgment. A three-judge 

panel of the Superior Court affirmed the trial court’s order in a non-precedential 

memorandum. Gallagher v. GEICO Indem. Co., 352 WDA 2016 (Pa. Super. filed 

January 27, 2017). In so doing, the Superior Court concluded that it was bound by its 

opinion in Ayers and by Erie Insurance Exchange v. Baker, 972 A.2d 507 (Pa. 2009)

(plurality), wherein a plurality of this Court concluded that a household vehicle 

exclusion was valid and enforceable to preclude UIM coverage.5 

 

5 Like Ayers, supra, this Court’s decision in Baker does not raise concerns regarding 

stare decisis because, as a plurality opinion, it does not constitute binding precedent. 

See Pitt Ohio Express v. W.C.A.B. (Wolff), 912 A.2d 206, 208 (Pa. 2006) (“Reliance 

on [General Electric Company v. W.C.A.B. (Myers), 849 A.2d 1166 (Pa. 2004)

(plurality),] is problematic, as it was a plurality decision and is not binding precedent.”). 

To be clear, the issue before the Court in Baker was whether a household vehicle 

exclusion violated Subsection 1738 of MVFRL, rendering the exclusion invalid and 

unenforceable. See Baker, 972 A.2d at 509 (explaining that this Court granted 

allowance of appeal to consider “[w]hether Section 1738(a) of the [MVFRL] precludes 

application of the so-called ‘household exclusion’ to prevent inter-policy stacking of 

UIM benefits when there has been no valid stacking waiver by the insured[]”). Three 

Justices authored opinions addressing this issue, and each opinion offered different 

rationales. No single opinion garnered sufficient votes to constitute a binding, majority 

opinion. Thus, contrary to the Dissent’s assertions, we are not disregarding any 

precedential impact of Baker because no position became law of the case. Dissenting 

Opinion at 4 n.3. 
[J-18-2018] - 7

Notably, however, the three-judge panel of the Superior Court was comprised 

of Judges Dubow, Moulton, and Musmanno. While Judge Moulton authored the court’s 

lead memorandum, Judge Musmanno, who dissented in Ayers, filed a Concurring 

Statement. In that statement, Judge Musmanno reluctantly concurred with the result, 

pointing out that, in his dissent in Ayers, he stated, inter alia, that it was his “judgment 

that the application of the household [vehicle] exclusion where an insured had not 

waived and received an attendant reduction in premiums acts as an unknowing waiver 

of stacking coverage that deprives an insured of the benefits for which he or she paid.” 

Gallagher v. GEICO Indem. Co., 352 WDA 2016 (Pa. Super. filed January 27, 2017) 

(Musmanno, J., concurring statement) (quoting Ayers, 955 A.2d at 1030 (Musmanno, 

J. dissenting)). Judge Musmanno continued to adhere to this position and urged this 

Court to review the matter. Judges Dubow and Moulton joined Judge Musmanno’s 

Concurring Statement.

Gallagher then filed a petition for allowance of appeal, which this Court granted 

to address the following issues, as stated by Gallagher:

(1) Whether the “household vehicle exclusion” violates Section 1738 of 

the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (MVFRL) 

where GEICO issued all household policies and unilaterally decided to 

issue two separate policies, when the insured desired stacking, elected 

stacking, paid additional premiums for stacking and never knowingly 

waived stacking of underinsured motorist benefits?

(2) Whether the “household vehicle exclusion” impermissibly narrows or 

conflicts with the statutory mandates of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle 

Financial Responsibility Law and the evidence of record is that GEICO 

was fully aware of the risks of insuring a motorcycle in the same 

household as other family vehicles but unilaterally decided to write a 

separate motorcycle policy?

Gallagher v. GEICO Indem. Co., 170 A.3d 974 (Pa. 2017).

According to Gallagher, GEICO’s household vehicle exclusion “impermissibly 

narrows and conflicts with the mandates of the MVFRL.” Gallagher’s Brief at 23. 
[J-18-2018] - 8

Gallagher argues that the inclusion of the exclusion stripped him of the stacked 

coverage to which he was entitled under the MVFRL because he did not waive stacked 

UIM coverage. In this regard, Gallagher contends that he “paid for phantom stacked 

UIM coverage” because, in reality, the household vehicle exclusion ensures that the 

Automobile Policy’s UIM coverage could never be stacked with the coverage available 

under the Motorcycle Policy. Id. at 14. He further maintains that the household vehicle 

exclusion is invalid because it prevents his receipt of stacked UIM coverage in the 

absence of a MVFRL-compliant stacking waiver. Gallagher essentially claims that the 

household vehicle exclusion acts as a disguised waiver of stacking, which does not 

otherwise comply with the MVFRL’s statutory waiver requirements mandating stacking 

absent a detailed, plain-language waiver.

GEICO, on the other hand, believes that Gallagher’s reliance on Section 1738’s

waiver-of-stacking rubric is misplaced. GEICO contends that Section 1738 governs

stacking of UM/UIM coverage limits only in policies that provide such coverage in the 

first instance. According to GEICO, Gallagher’s Automobile Policy does not include 

UIM coverage for his motorcycle, per the unambiguous limitation expressed in the 

household vehicle exclusion. In other words, GEICO takes the position that household 

vehicle exclusions permissibly limit the scope of UM/UIM coverage without running 

afoul of Section 1738, which governs an insured’s choice to accept or reject stacked 

coverage.

We begin our analysis by summarizing the general principles of law that govern 

this matter. First, this appeal comes to the Court by way of an order granting summary 

judgment. “When a party seeks summary judgment, a court shall enter judgment 

whenever there is no genuine issue of any material fact as to a necessary element of 

the cause of action or defense that could be established by additional discovery.” 
[J-18-2018] - 9

Swords v. Harleysville Ins. Companies, 883 A.2d 562, 566 (Pa. 2005) (citing Fine v. 

Checcio, 870 A.2d 850, 857 (Pa. 2005)). “A motion for summary judgment is based 

on an evidentiary record that entitles the moving party to a judgment as a matter of 

law.” Id. “In considering the merits of a motion for summary judgment, a court views 

the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as to the 

existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be resolved against the moving 

party.” Id. at 566-67. “Finally, the court may grant summary judgment only when the 

right to such a judgment is clear and free from doubt. An appellate court may reverse 

the granting of a motion for summary judgment if there has been an error of law or an 

abuse of discretion.” Id. at 567 (citation omitted). Whether the household vehicle 

exclusion violates the MVFRL presents the Court with a question of law. Accordingly, 

our standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary. Id.

To answer this question of law, we must examine the interplay between 

provisions of the MVFRL and the Automobile Policy. To the extent that such a task 

requires us to interpret the MVFRL, we are guided by the Statutory Construction Act, 

1 Pa.C.S. §§ 1501-1991. Pursuant to the Statutory Construction Act, the object of all 

statutory construction is to ascertain and effectuate the General Assembly’s intention. 

1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(a). When the words of a statute are clear and free from ambiguity, 

the letter of the statute is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit. 

1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b). 

To the extent that this appeal involves the interpretation of the Automobile 

Policy, we must apply general principles of contract interpretation, as, at base, an 

insurance policy is nothing more than a contract between an insurer and an insured. 

401 Fourth St., Inc. v. Inv’rs Ins. Grp., 879 A.2d 166, 171 (Pa. 2005). In so doing, we 

must “ascertain the intent of the parties as manifested by the terms used in the written 
[J-18-2018] - 10

insurance policy.” Id. Just as in statutory construction, “[w]hen the language of the 

policy is clear and unambiguous, a court is required to give effect to that language.” 

Id. Importantly, however, provisions of insurance contracts are invalid and 

unenforceable if they conflict with statutory mandates because contracts cannot alter 

existing laws. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Colbert, 813 A.2d 747, 751 (Pa. 

2002).

Turning first to the MVFRL, Subsection 1738(a) unambiguously states that the 

limits of coverage for each vehicle owned by an insured “shall be the sum of the limits 

for each motor vehicle as to which the injured person is an insured.” 75 Pa.C.S. § 

1738(a). This provision specifically applies “[w]hen more than one vehicle is insured 

under one or more policies” providing for UM/UIM coverage. Id. In other words, 

stacked UM/UIM coverage is the default coverage available to every insured and 

provides stacked coverage on all vehicles and all policies. 

Under the MVFRL, insureds can choose to waive stacked coverage. Id. at 

§ 1738(b). If an insured decides to waive stacked coverage, then the insured’s 

premiums must be reduced to reflect the different cost of coverage. Id. at § 1738(c). 

Importantly, the MVFRL makes clear that to effectuate a waiver of UM/UIM coverage, 

an insurer must provide the insured with a statutorily-prescribed waiver form, which the 

named insured must sign if he wishes to reject the default provision of stacked 

coverage. Id. at § 1738(d). This waiver provision has the salutary effect of providing 

insureds with detailed notice and knowledge of their rights to UM/UIM coverage absent 

such formal waiver.

Here, it is undisputed that: (1) Stouffer, the tortfeasor who caused the accident, 

was underinsured; (2) Gallagher did not sign the statutorily-prescribed UIM stacking 

waiver form for either of his GEICO policies; and (3) he would have received the UIM 
[J-18-2018] - 11

coverage that he bought and paid for under both of his GEICO policies pursuant to 

Subsection 1738(a) of the MVFRL, save for the “household vehicle exclusion” found in 

an amendment to the Automobile Policy for which no explicit, formal acknowledgement 

was provided. As noted above, this exclusion provides as follows: “This coverage 

does not apply to bodily injury while occupying or from being struck by a vehicle owned 

or leased by you or a relative that is not insured for Underinsured Motorists Coverage 

under this policy.” GEICO’s Motion for Summary Judgment, 4/2/2015, Exhibit D, at 

Automobile Policy Amendment (UIM Coverage/Pennsylvania/Stacked). 

This policy provision, buried in an amendment, is inconsistent with the 

unambiguous requirements Section 1738 of the MVFRL under the facts of this case

insomuch as it acts as a de facto waiver of stacked UIM coverage provided for in the 

MVFRL, despite the indisputable reality that Gallagher did not sign the statutorilyprescribed UIM coverage waiver form. Instead, Gallagher decided to purchase 

stacked UM/UIM coverage under both of his policies, and he paid GEICO premiums 

commensurate with that decision. He simply never chose to waive formally stacking 

as is plainly required by the MVFRL.

One of the insurance industries’ age-old rubrics in this area of the law is that an 

insured should receive the coverage for which he has paid. Here, GEICO argues 

against this maxim by invoking the household vehicle exclusion to deprive Gallagher 

of the stacked UIM coverage that he purchased. This action violates the clear 

mandates of the waiver provisions of Section 1738. Indeed, contrary to Section 1738’s 

explicit requirement that an insurer must receive an insured’s written 

acknowledgement that he knowingly decided to waive UM/UIM coverage, the 

household vehicle exclusion strips an insured of default UM/UIM coverage without 

requiring an insurer to demonstrate, at a bare minimum, that the insured was even 
[J-18-2018] - 12

aware that the exclusion was part of the insurance policy. This practice runs contrary 

to the MVFRL and renders the household vehicle exclusion invalid and unenforceable. 

See Colbert, supra. In fact, this case is a prime example of why household vehicle 

exclusions should not and cannot operate as a pretext to avoid stacking. 

Often in these cases, an insurer contends that it should not have to provide 

stacked coverage when an insured purchases UM/UIM coverage on his motorcycle in 

Policy A, and then purchases UM/UIM coverage on passenger cars in Policy B. The 

obvious argument is that the insurer of the passenger cars is unaware of the potentiality 

of stacking between the car policy and the motorcycle policy. Here, however, GEICO 

was aware of this reality, as it sold both of the policies to Gallagher and collected 

premiums for stacked coverage from him. To the extent that GEICO’s premium would 

be higher on an automobile policy because of stacking with a motorcycle policy, all 

GEICO has to do is quote and collect a higher premium. There simply is no reason 

that insurers cannot comply with the Legislature’s explicit directive to offer stacked 

UM/UIM coverage on multiple insurance policies absent a knowing Section 1738 

waiver and still be fairly compensated for coverages offered and purchased.6

For all of these reasons, we hold that the household vehicle exclusion violates 

the MVFRL; therefore, these exclusions are unenforceable as a matter of law.7, 8 

 

6 We recognize that this decision may disrupt the insurance industry’s current 

practices; however, we are confident that the industry can and will employ its 

considerable resources to minimize the impact of our holding. For example, when 

multiple policies or insurers are involved, an insurer can require disclosure of all 

household vehicles and policies as part of its application process.

7

 Additionally, the Legislature is free to alter the MVFRL to allow this type of exclusion; 

however, given the MVFRL’s conspicuous silence regarding the household vehicle 

exclusion, we are bound to follow the plain language of Section 1738.

8 As in every case, we are deciding the discrete issue before the Court and holding 

that the household vehicle exclusion is unenforceable because it violates the MVFRL. 
[J-18-2018] - 13

Accordingly, we vacate the Superior Court’s judgment, reverse the trial court’s order 

granting GEICO’s motion for summary judgment, and remand the matter to the trial 

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.9

Justices Todd, Donohue, Dougherty and Mundy join the opinion.

Justice Wecht files a dissenting opinion.

Chief Justice Saylor notes his dissent.

 

Unlike the Dissent, we offer no opinion or comment on the enforceability of any other 

exclusion to UM or UIM coverage or to coverage in general, including exclusions 

relating to racing and other inherently dangerous activities. Dissenting Opinion 5-6. If, 

at some later date, the Court is presented with issues regarding the validity of other 

UM or UIM exclusions, then we will address them at that time. Our focus here is 

narrow, regardless of the Dissent’s lament to the contrary.

9 Gallagher did not file a motion for summary judgment. Therefore, at this procedural 

juncture, he is not entitled to entry of summary judgment in his favor. See Bensalem 

Twp. Sch. Dist. v. Com., 544 A.2d 1318 (Pa. 1988) (explaining that only a moving party 

is entitled to entry of summary judgment).