Background Geochemistry of 

Some Rocks, Soils, Plants, 

and Vegetables in the 

Conterminous United States

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROF^SIOMAL PAPER 574-F
Background Geochemistry of 

Some Rocks, Soils, Plants, 

and Vegetables in the 

Conterminous United States

By JON J. CONNOR and HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE 

With sections on FIELD STUDIES

By RICHARD J. EBENS, JAMES A. ERDMAN, A. T. MIESCH, 

RONALD R. TIDBALL, and HARRY A. TOURTELOT

STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 574-F

Geochemical summaries for 

147 landscape units sampled 

in 25 field studies

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1975
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

V. E. McKelvey, Director

First printing 1975 

Second printing 1977

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Connor, Jon J.

Background geochemistry of some rocks, soils, plants, and vegetables in the conterminous United States.

(Statistical studies in field geochemistry)

(Geological Survey Professional Paper 574-F)

Includes bibliographical references.

Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:574-F

1. Geochemistry United States.

I. Shacklette, Hansford T., joint author. II. Ebens, Richard J. HI. Title. IV. Series. V. Series: United States Geological

Survey Professional Paper 574-F. 

QE515.C73 551.9 75-619124

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Washington, B.C. 20402 

Stock Number 024-001-02684-8
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract............................................................................................................................................... Fl

Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1

Methods of study................................................................................................................................. 2

Objectives..................................................................................................................................... 2

Collection procedures.................................................................................................................. 2

Descriptions of field studies........................................................................................................ 3

Methods of analysis ............................................................................................................................ 10

Geochemical summaries..................................................................................................................... 12

Organization and use of data...................................................................................................... 12

Concluding remarks.................................................................................................................... 16

References cited................................................................................................................................... 17

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

FIGURE 1. Map showing location of study areas where data were obtained.......................................................................................................... F4

2. Map showing vegetation-type areas in Missouri, and location of quadrangles where plants

and soils were sampled for Study Nos. 17, 20, and 24.................................................................................................................... 5

3. Graphs of T as a function of number of analyses and the geometric deviation................................................................................... 15

TABLES

Page

TABLE 1. Analytical methods used..........................................................................................................................................................................Fll

2. Elements commonly looked for, but rarely or never detected, by multi-element spectrographic

analysis, and their approximate lower limits of determination....................................................................................................... 12

3. Percentage of ash obtained by burning dry material of cultivated plants ............................................................................................. 13

4. Percentage of ash obtained by burning dry material of native plant species......................................................................................... 14

5-53. Concentration of certain elements in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plants:

5. Aluminum.................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

6. Antimony (in soils only)............................................................................................................................................................ 25

7. Arsenic..........................................................................^ 26

8. Barium........................................................................................................................................................................................ 28

9. Beryllium......... ...........................................................................................................................................................^ 33

10. Bismuth (in soils only)............................................................................................................................................................... 35

11. Boron .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 35

12. Cadmium.......................................................................................................................................................................^ 40

13. Calcium....................................................................................................................................................................................... 43

14. Carbon (carbonate)..................................................................................................................................................................... 47

15. Carbon (organic)......................................................................................................................................................................... 49

16. Cerium.................................................................... 50

17. Chromium .................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

18. Cobalt.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

HI
IV CONTENTS

TABLE 5-53. Concentration of certain elements Continued Page

19. Copper .........................................................................................................................................................~ F61

20. Fluorine............................................................................................................................................................................... 66

21. Gallium................................................................................................................................................................................ 69

22. Gold (in rocks only)............................................................................................................................................................ 71

23. Iodine................................................................................................................................................................................... 72

24. Iron.......................................................................................................^^ 73

25. Lanthanum.......................................................................................................................................................................... 78

26. Lead.............................................................................................................................................................. 82

27. Lithium......................................................................................................................................................... 87

28. Magnesium.......................................................................................................................................................................... 89

29. Manganese........................................................................................................................................................................... 94

30. Mercury...................................................................... 99

31. Molybdenum........................................................................................................................................................ 101

32. Neodymium...................................................................................................................................................................... 105

33. Nickel.............................................................. 106

34. Niobium............................................................................................................................................................................. Ill

35. Phosphorus......................................................................................................................................................................... 113

36. Potassium........................................................................................................................................... 118

37. Rubidium (in plant ash only).................................................................................................................. 123

38. Scandium......................................................................................................^ 124

39. Selenium..................................................................................................................................................... 126

40. Silicon............................................................................................................................................................................. 129

41. Silver........................................................................................................................................... 131

42. Sodium.................................................................................................................................................. 133

43. Strontium.................................................................................................................................................................. 136

44. Thorium (in soils only ).... ......................... ................................................................................................................... 141

45. Tin................................................................................................................................... 142

46. Titanium........................................................................................................................................................... 143

47. Tungsten............................................................................................................................................................................. 148

48. Uranium (in soils only)............................................................................................................................ 148

49. Vanadium................................................................................................................................... 149

50. Ytterbium............................................................................................................................................. 153

51. Yttrium................................................................................................................................................ 156

52. Zinc .................................................................... 159

53. Zirconium ....................................................................................................................................................... 164
STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

BACKGROUND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, PLANTS, 

AND VEGETABLES IN THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES

BY JON J. CONNOR, HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE, and others

ABSTRACT

Geochemical summary statistics for 18 elements in natural mateiials 

horn 117 landscape units have been compiled based on field and 

laboratory studies since 1958. Each landscape unit is briefly identified as 

to kind and location, and the expected concentration for one or more 

elements is gi\en together with factors indicating the degree of observed 

\ariation in the stuch and the degree of laboratory or "analytical" 

variation. Also listed are the observed lange and the total number of 

element analyses made in each study. The data on which these summaries 

are based have three attributes in common: They represent "large-scale" 

01 legional geochemical studies; they represent background or 

"oidinary" natural geochemical \ariation; and they were collected 

according to objective sampling designs. The summaries clearly 

demonstrate the wide diveisity to be expected in elemental properties of 

landscape units and suggest that published element abundances for 

bioacl categoiies like 1 "soil" or "carbonate rock" may be misleading.

INTRODUCTION

Increased public concern about real or suspected 

chemical deterioration of the environment, together with 

a growing awareness of the role of trace elements in health 

and nutrition, underscores the need for realistic data on 

the chemistry, particularly the trace element chemistry, of 

the natural environment. A moderately voluminous literature exists in which geochemical abundances of many 

trace elements are summarized, but it deals largely with 

rocks; less seems to be known (or at least less has been 

published) about the distribution of trace elements in soil, 

plants, and waters. Some of the standard references on 

trace element abundances in these materials are 

Goldschmidt (1954), Rankama and Sahama (1955), Mason 

(1958), and Turekian and Wedepohl (1961). More recent 

summaries include Wedepohl (1967-1973), Shacklette, 

Hamilton, Boerngen, and Bowles (1971) and Durum, 

Hem, and Heidel (1971). In addition to these, the U.S. 

Geological Survey is currently revising Clarke's (1924) 

Data of Geochemistry. The revision is being published as 

separate chapters of U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 440. Nearly a third of the projected chapters have

been published to date, including chapters summarizing 

the composition of rocks (Parker, 1967) and waters (White, 

Hem, and Waring, 1963; Livingstone, 1963). Because of its 

well-known toxicity, mercury in the environment has 

received as much or more attention than any other trace 

metal. Three general references to mercury in the 

environment are U.S. Geological Survey (1970), 

Shacklette, Boerngen, and Turner (1971), and Jenne 

(1972). General summaries of trace elements in soils and in 

plant tissue are rare, although Shacklette, Sauer, and 

Miesch (1970) gave trace element averages for a variety of 

both, including foodstuffs, in Georgia.

Much ot the extant information describing the "natural 

condition" of the geochemical environment is of 

unknown reliability. Generally, many of the data 

(particularly the older data) on which the published 

summaries are based were not collected to serve as guides 

to background geochemistry. Rather, they may have been 

collected to study such things as specific geochemical processes, or to delineate mineralized areas, or perhaps to estimate the degree of chemical pollution; in short, samples of 

natural materials tend to be collected for a variety of scientific reasons but only rarely for the purpose of describing 

the ordinary properties of the natural chemical environment.

One long-term U.S. Geological Survey effort, however, 

has for its goal precisely this purpose. For more than a 

decade now, personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey have 

been engaged in several field projects in regional geochemistry, the primary purpose of which has been to 

describe the geochemical variation of broad natural units 

in the United States. Fundamental to all these studies has 

been the conscious attempt to measure the geochemical 

variation as it occurs in nature. Some of this work has been 

published, but most of it has not. Many studies are currently underway, and we anticipate that such studies will 

continue.

Fl
F2 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

One such study merits special mention. The U.S. 

Geological Survey has recently completed a geochemical 

survey of the State of Missouri, many aspects of which are 

unique to environmental geochemistry. It not only is a 

survey of a broad, geologically diverse area, but it was 

undertaken partly in support of active, trace-element 

related epidemiologic studies sponsored by the University 

of Missouri. Moreover, we think it is the first study of its 

kind in which an attempt has been made to characterize 

rocks, waters, soils, and plants chemically by a unified 

team approach using (and in part testing) efficient and objective sampling designs. Connor and others (1972) 

described this work in a preliminary way. Details of the 

study are available in a series of limited-distribution 

progress reports (U.S. Geological Survey, 1972a-f, 1973).

The data tabulated in the present report represent the 

work of many people. Principal investigators are listed 

with a short description of each study, and authorship is 

cited for all published data. All unpublished data are preliminary. The reader is cautioned that some of the data 

summaries given here may be subject to minor revision. 

The sampling designs, data analyses, and geochemical 

summaries on which this report is based are statistical in 

nature; extended discussions of these subjects can be found 

in Miesch (1967a, b, 1972), Connor and others (1972), and 

Connor and Myers (1973).

A proper list of acknowledgments for this report would 

comprise more than 100 people including computer 

programmers, specialists in data handling, and assistants 

in the field, laboratory, and office. Unquestionably, the 

most important contributors are the chemists, spectrographers, and other laboratory personnel who catalogued, 

prepared, and measured the concentrations of up to 69 

elements in more than 8,000 samples of rocks, soils, and 

plant material over a period of more than 10 years. They 

are: Lowell Artis, Phillip Aruscavage, J.W. Baker, A.J. 

Bartel, S.D. Botts, L.A. Bradley, Floyd Brown, Mike 

Brown, J.W. Budinsky, G.T. Burrow, C.L. Burton, Alice 

Caemmerer, J.P. Cahill, E.Y. Campbell, G.W. Chloe, Don 

Cole, E.F. Cooley, N.M. Conklin, W.B. Crandell, Maurice 

DeValliere, J.I. Dinnin, P.L.D. Elmore, EJ. Fennelly, 

W.H. Ficklin, J.L. Finley, F.J. Flanagan, L.D. Forshey, 

I.C. Frost, Johnnie Gardner, J.L. Glenn, W.D. Goss, 

Frank Grimaldi, J.C. Hamilton, T.F. Harms, J.L. Harris, 

A.G. Haubert, R.G. Havens, R.H. Heidel, A.W. Helz, 

M.B. Hinkle, Claude Huffman, Jr., R.L. James, L.B. 

Jenkins, James Kelsey, Herbert Kirschenbaum, B.W. 

Lanthorn, L.M. Lee, K.W. Leong, H.H. Lipp, IrvingMay, 

B.A. McCall, R.E. McGregor, J.B. McHugh, J.D. Mensik, 

V.M. Merritt, Leung Mei, H.T. Millard, Jr., D.E. Moore, 

Roosevelt Moore, John Moreland, Wayne Mountjoy, A.T. 

Myers, H.M. Nakagawa, H.G. Neiman, W.W. Niles, D.R. 

Norton, Uteana Oda, C.S.E. Papp, L.F. Rader, R.L. 

Rahill, L.B. Riley, EJ. Rowe, J.J. Rowe, V.E. Shaw, G.D.

Shipley, Leonard Shapiro, F.O. Simon, H. Smith, M.W. 

Soil, A.L. Sutton, Jr., D. Taylor, J.A. Thomas, Barbara 

Tobin, J.E. Troxel, J.H. Turner, R.L. Turner, R.E. Van 

Loenen, G.H. VanSickle, J.S. Wahlberg, F.N. Ward, E.P. 

Welsch, Roberta Wilkie, T.L. Yager, R.J. Young, and 

R.A. Zielinski.

METHODS OF STUDY

OBJECTIVES

The summary data listed herein have three common 

characteristics and only data consistent with these attributes have been included in the tables:

1. The data represent large-scale studies, in which an 

assessment of regional geochemical effects is one of the 

objects of study. The definition of large-scale or regional is 

somewhat arbitrary, but all studies listed herein involved a 

conceptual natural unit whose geographic extension in at 

least one direction is of the order of 80 km or more.

2. The data represent background concentrations. Data 

known or suspected to reflect epigenetic mineralization, or 

pollution and other man-induced effects have been intentionally excluded. Because of intimate contact with the 

atmosphere, plants may be more susceptible to the effects 

of low-level, broad-scale chemical pollution than are soils 

and rocks. The geochemistry of cultivated soils may, of 

course, reflect agricultural practices. Nevertheless, only 

data believed to be essentially free of unusual geochemical 

effects have been summarized in these tables.

3. The data were collected according to objective 

experimental designs in an attempt to insure that 

unbiased estimates of the "natural" variation were obtained. The suit of samples underlying each summary statistic includes varietal samples in approximately the same 

proportion that these varieties occur in nature. Commonly, such objectivity has been approached through introduction of randomization procedures into selection of 

the sampling sites. Nearly all of the sample suites were 

analyzed in a randomized sequence to circumvent any 

potential effects of systematic laboratory error.

COLLECTION PROCEDURES

The samples on which these tabulations are based were 

collected according to two general kinds of sampling 

design. The more conventional design is one in which a 

single sample of the material of interest was collected at 

each of numerous sites spread rather evenly over the area of 

study. A large number of studies, however, were based on a 

second, more complicated sample design, one in which an 

effort was made to quantify the effects of "regional" 

variation and the factors underlying such variation. 

Sample collection in these latter studies was based on 

hierarchical designs in which samples were "nested" at 

various geographic scales in order to assess the proportion 

of geochemical variation exhibited at each scale.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F3

Krumbein and Slack (1956) discussed such designs and the 

requisite mathematics in detail. The particular sample 

design used for each field study is given under the description of that study in the following section.

Collection procedures in the field tended to be 

consistent from study to study. All rock samples were 

taken from outcrop as single samples of a few kilograms 

weight. They were collected from atrificial exposures as 

well as from natural outcrop. These samples were 

trimmed in the field or laboratory in an attempt to exclude 

all visible weathering rinds or surface effects. Admittedly, 

not all weathering effects are necessarily excluded thereby.

For the most part, soils were collected at or near the 

surface as single samples weighing about 1 kg. They were 

commonly taken from shallow holes dug with spade, 

geologic pick, or other metal tools. Special collection 

procedures were used in Studies 16, 18, and 19. Soils 

collected from deeper parts of the soil horizon were 

commonly taken from sides of large pits dug specifically 

for sampling. Attempts were made to take soil that had not 

been in contact with metal collecting tools. In studies 16, 

18, and 19 the samples of soil material were sieved to 

remove rock particles larger than 2 mm in diameter before 

the samples were pulverized. In the other soil studies the 

rocks were removed from the samples by hand sorting; 

therefore rock particles somewhat larger than 2 mm in 

diameter may have been pulverized with the soil material 

of some samples.

Samples of native plants were commonly collected from 

the terminal parts of branches over as much of the plant as 

practical. In deciduous woody plants, stems of the 

previous few years' growth were always collected; leaves 

were rarely collected. For conifers, leaves (needles) and 

stems were collected together. No attempt was made to 

wash or otherwise clean the collected materials prior to 

analysis. Elemental analysis of the cultivated plant 

samples was performed on the edible parts of the plant 

prepared as for eating but uncooked.

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIELD STUDIES

The locations of the individual field studies on which 

the data in this report are based are shown in figures 1 and 

2 and briefly described below by the principal 

investigators who provided the data given in tables 5-53.

STUDY NO. 1

[Granitic rocks of Precambrian age in the St. Francois Mountains, Missouri]

By RICHARD J. EBENS

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

from outcrops of granite and rhyolite of Precambrian age 

in the St. Francois Mountains of southeastern Missouri 

in the fall of 1970. Two samples were collected from each 

of 15 randomly selected sampling localities in the granites 

of the area, and a similar suite of samples was collected 

from the rhyolites of the area. Ten randomly selected

samples were split into 2 parts and the entire suite of 70 

was placed in a random sequence prior to analysis. 

Preliminary results of this study are given in U.S. 

Geological Survey (1972e, p. 13). Study conducted by 

Richard J. Ebens.

STUDY NO. 2

[Arkose of the -Fountain Formation of Permian and Pennsylvanian age in central Colorado]

By A. T. MIESCH

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

during the summer of 1966 from outcrops of arkose of the 

Fountain Formation of Pennsylvanian and Permian age 

east of the Front Range in central Colorado. Ten 

randomly located samples were collected from each of 8 

stratigraphic sections of the Fountain Formation. The 

length of the outcrop belt was divided into four approximately equal parts and two sections were randomly 

located in each part. Twenty samples were split and the 

total suite of 100 was placed in a random sequence prior to 

analysis. Study conducted by A. T. Miesch, Jon J. 

Connor, and Terry Quinlan.

STUDY NO. 3

[Sandstone, shale, and carbonate rocks of the Sauk sequence of Precambrian, Cambrian, and 

Ordovician age on the cratonic part of the Western United States]

By A. T. MIESCH

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

from outcrops of the Sauk sequence of Sloss (1963) in the 

Western United States during 1962-66. The stratigraphic 

sequence consists largely of rocks of Cambrian and Early 

Ordovician age although along the western edge of the 

study area some rocks of late Precambrian age are 

included. Throughout the study area the interval typically 

comprises a basal transgressive sandstone that is typified 

by the Prospect Mountain Quartzite, Tapeats Sandstone, 

and Flathead Sandstone, a thin overlying shale typified by 

the Bright Angel and Pioche Shales, and a thick upper 

carbonate interval typified by the Pogonip Group. Each of 

the three lithic parts of this sequence exhibits a variety of 

formational names in different places, and each lithology 

was treated as a separate problem although the same 

sampling design was used for each part. Ten major 

sampling localities approximately 400 km from each other 

were distributed over the study area. In each locality, eight 

stratigraphic sections were located in the following 

manner. Two sections were located approximately 3 km 

apart, another pair of two sections (also 3 km apart) was 

located about 15 km from the first pair; another group of 

four sections was located in a similar manner 80 km away. 

Where possible within each section, 2 samples were 

randomly located in the basal sandstone, 2 more in the 

shale interval, and 2 in the overlying carbonate rocks for a 

maximum of 6 samples per section and 48 per sampling 

locality. In addition to the 10 major sampling localities, 10 

minor localities were dispersed over the study area in an 

attempt to occupy wide gaps between the major sampling
> I 

** of westl a materials (Surficial 21 

saianxs NI cnsu 
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F5

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 ^5> fJ /ft '

£S \2 ^^$ I

- Bv

37

05U/ " flu/

50 100 MILES

Glaciated 

prairie

Unglaciated 

prairie

Oak-hickory

50 100 KILOMETRES

EXPLANATION

Oak-hickorypine forest

Cedar glade

Flood-plain 

forest

-Jij_!/HT ^!PS? ,^pw^

Location of quadrangles where 

native plants and uncultivated 

soils were sampled

Location of quadrangles where 

field crops, pasture grasses, and 

cultivated soils were sampled

FIGURE 2. Vegetation-type areas in Missouri, and location of quadrangles where plants and soils were sampled for Studies 17, 20, and 24.

Map modified from KuVhler (1964).
F6 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

localities. Each minor locality consisted of only two stratigraphic sections spaced about 3 km apart. In all, 200 

samples of sandstone, 168 samples of shale, and 196 

samples of carbonate rock were collected. The samples of 

each lithic type were split into two parts and the entire 

suite of each placed in a random sequence prior to 

analysis. Study conducted by A. T. Miesch and Jon J. 

Connor.

STUDY NO. 4

[Sandstone and carbonate rocks of the Sauk sequence of Cambrian and Ordoviiian age in

Missouri and northern Arkansas]

By JON J. CONNOR

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

from outcrops of the Sauk sequence of Sloss (1963) in 

Missouri and Arkansas in the fall of 1970. The 

stratigraphic sequence consists largely of dolomitic rocks 

of Cambrian and Early Ordovician age and involves 

numerous named formations (Howe and Koenig, 1961) of 

which the Bonneterre and Jefferson City Dolomites are 

typical. Samples of carbonate rock were collected from six 

composite stratigraphic sections radiating outward from 

the St. Francois Mountains region. Each section was subdivided into 10 parts of approximately equal thickness, 

and 2 of these were randomly selected for similar subdivision into 10 parts. Two of these latter parts (about 5 to 

10 m in thickness) were randomly selected for sampling, 

and 2 samples were randomly collected from each, for a 

total of 8 samples per section or 48 samples in all. A second 

study based on the same stratigraphic sections consisted of 

collecting 2 randomly located samples of sandstone from 

the Roubidoux Formation from each section, for a total of 

12 samples. The carbonate rock samples were analyzed 

along with other carbonate rocks from Missouri (Study 

Nos. 6, 7, and 10). Fifteen samples of the total were split 

and the entire batch randomized prior to analysis. The 

sandstone samples were analyzed along with other sandstones and chert from Missouri (Study Nos. 6 and 7). 

Fifteen samples of the total were split and the entire suite 

of samples randomized prior to analysis. Preliminary 

results of these two studies are given in U.S. Geological 

Survey (1972e, p. 13-17). Study conducted by Jon J. 

Connor and Richard J. Ebens.

STUDY NO. 5

[Sandstone, shale, and carbonate rocks of Paleozoic age in Kentucky]

By JON J. CONNOR

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

from outcrops of the following eight rock units in 

Kentucky in 1964-65: Limestone of Late Ordovician age; 

limestone of Early Mississippian age; shale, limestone, 

and sandstone of Late Mississippian age; and shale, 

limestone, and sandstone of Pennsylvanian age. These 

strata include a large number of named formations, particularly those of Mississippian age in western Kentucky 

where Chesterian rocks are well developed. Each unit was 

sampled according to the following design: The State was 

subdivided along latitude and longitude lines so that each 

part of the State underlain by rocks of Paleozoic age was 

assigned to the appropriate 1-degree "cell" (or part of a 

cell). In each cell, two 7^-minute quadrangles were 

randomly selected from all those in the cell which had 

been geologically mapped since 1960 and which are underlain in part by the particular unit to be sampled. Two 

localities of a size about 300 by 450 m were randomly 

selected from those parts of the 7^-minute quadrangles 

containing outcrops of the unit of interest and two 

samples were collected from randomly located sites in each 

locality. In all, 227 samples of carbonate rocks, 147 of 

shale, and 136 of sandstone were collected. Each sample 

was split into two parts for estimation of analytical error. 

Not all samples were submitted for analysis at the same 

time, but the samples in each submittal were placed in a 

random sequence prior to analysis. Because of their 

sideritic nature, 15 of the carbonate rock samples collected 

in this study have been placed in a separate lithic category 

in this compilation (Study No. 11). Published work based 

on parts of this study includes Connor (1969), Connor and 

Trace (1970), and Connor and Ebens (1972). Study 

conducted by Jon J. Connor.

STUDY NO. 6

[Sandstone, shale, and limestone of Pennsylvanian age in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma]

By JON J. CONNOR

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

of sandstone, shale, and limestone of Pennsylvanian age in 

Missouri, Kansas, and northwestern Oklahoma in the fall 

of 1970. Samples of each lithic type were collected from 

four composite stratigraphic sections; two are located 

about 80 km apart in northwestern Missouri and 

northeastern Kansas and the other two are located in 

northeastern Oklahoma about 80 km apart. Each section 

was subdivided into 10 parts of approximately equal 

thickness. Two of these parts which contained the 

lithology to be sampled were selected randomly and 

themselves similarly subdivided into 10 parts, of which 2 

were randomly selected. In each of these latter parts, which 

were 2-10 m thick, 2 samples of the requisite lithic type 

were taken, making a total of 32 samples each of limestone, 

sandstone, and shale. The samples of limestone, 

sandstone, and shale were analyzed along with other suites 

of carbonate rocks (Study Nos. 4, 7, and 10), sandstone, 

chert (Study Nos. 4 and 7), and shale (Study No. 7). Fifteen 

samples of each suite were split into 2 parts and each lithic 

suite was placed in a random sequence prior to analysis. 

Preliminary results of this study are in U.S. Geological 

Survey (1972e, p. 22-24), and Connor and Ebens (1972). 

Study conducted by Jon J. Connor and Richard J. Ebens.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

STUDY NO. 7 STUDY NO. 9

F7

[Carbonate rocks, shale, and chert of Mississippian age in Missouri, Oklahoma, and Arkansas]

By JON J- CONNOR

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

from outcrops of carbonate rocks of Mississippian age in 

Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, and northern Arkansas 

in the fall of 1970. The outcrop belt was divided into five 

approximately equal segments and two stratigraphic 

sections about 80 km apart were located in each segemnt. 

Each section was subdivided into 10 approximately equal 

stratigraphic parts and 2 randomly located samples of 

carbonate rock were taken from each of 2 randomly 

chosen stratigraphic parts in each section, for a total of 40 

samples. These samples were analyzed along with other 

carbonate rocks from the same general area (Study Nos. 4, 

6, and 10) and all were submitted for analysis in a 

randomized sequence. Fifteen samples of the entire suite 

were split prior to analysis to estimate analytical error. A 

geochemical study of chert and shale interbedded with 

these rocks was also undertaken. For chert, a sample 

weighing a few kilograms was collected from the same 

outcrop and approximately the same beds from which 

each pair of carbonate rock samples was collected, 

resulting in a total of 20 chert samples. For shale, 2 

samples each weighing a few kilograms were randomly 

collected from 9 of the 10 stratigraphic sections, resulting 

in a total of 18 samples. The samples of chert were 

analyzed along with other siliceous rocks (Study Nos. 4 

and 6) and samples of shale were pooled with other 

aluminous rocks (Study No. 6), and all samples in each 

lithic type were submitted for analysis in a randomized 

sequence. Also, 15 samples in each lithic suite were split 

into 2 parts for estimation of analytical error. Preliminary 

results of this study are in U.S. Geological Survey (1972e). 

Study conducted by Jon J. Connor and Richard J. Ebens.

STUDY NO. 8

[Shale of Early Mississippian age in Kentucky]

By JON J. CONNOR

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

from outcrops of shale of Early Mississippian age in 

Kentucky in the fall of 1965. As in Study No. 5, the State 

was divided into cells, each consisting of a 1-degree quadrangle. In each quadrangle, two 71/£-minute quadrangles 

were randomly selected from all those in the cell which 

had been geologically mapped since 1960 and which are 

underlain in part by shale of Early Mississippian age. Two 

stratigraphic sections were randomly located in each 

71/£-minute quadrangle and 2 randomly located samples 

were collected from each section for a total of 38 samples. 

Each was split into 2 parts and the resulting 76 samples 

were submitted to the laboratory in a randomized 

sequence. Study conducted by Jon J. Connor.

[Black shale of Devonian and Mississippian age in Kentucky]

By JON J. CONNOR

Samples weighing a few kilograms each were collected 

in Kentucky from outcrops of the Ohio, Sunbury, New 

Albany, and Chattanooga Shales, of Devonian and 

Mississippian age, in the fall of 1966. Eight randomly 

located samples were collected in each of 11 sampling 

localities distributed about 55 km apart around the outcrop belt in Kentucky. Each locality consisted of an area 

approximately the size of a 7^-minute quadrangle. 

Twenty-two of the 88 samples were split into 2 parts, and 

the entire suite of 110 samples was placed in a randomized 

sequence prior to analysis. Study conducted by Jon J. 

Connor and Harry A. Tourtelot.

STUDY NO. 10

[Limestone of the Tippecanoe sequence of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian ages in Missouri]

By JON J. CONNOR

Trimmed samples weighing a few kilograms each were 

collected from outcrops of the Tippecanoe sequence 

(Sloss, 1963) in eastern Missouri in the fall of 1970. The 

sequence in Missouri is composed predominantly of 

limestone and consists of a variety of named formations of 

Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian ages (Howe and 

Koenig, 1961). The three sampled sections are located near 

Hannibal, Festus, and Cape Girardeau. Each section was 

subdivided into 10 parts of approximately equal thickness 

and 2 randomly chosen parts in each section were sampled 

in duplicate for a total of 12 samples. These samples were 

analyzed along with other carbonate rocks from Missouri 

(Study Nos. 4, 6, and 7) and all had been submitted for 

analysis in a randomized sequence. Fifteen samples in the 

suite were split prior to analysis to estimate analytical 

error. Preliminary results of this study are contained in 

U.S. Geological Survey (1972e). Study conducted by Jon J. 

Connor and Richard J. Ebens.

STUDY NO. 11

[Sideritic rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age in Kentucky]

By JON J, CONNOR

The collection of carbonate rocks of Late Mississippian 

and Pennsylvanian ages in outcrops from eastern 

Kentucky (Study No. 5) provided a small suite of siderite or 

sideritic rocks. The rocks occur as lenses or nodules in 

shales near or above the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian 

boundary as mapped. They are probably diagenetic in 

origin and their chemical contrast to the more common 

carbonate rocks of the Paleozoic section in Kentucky 

requires that they be treated separately. Fifteen samples 

were collected, and were analyzed as part of the carbonate 

rock collection from Kentucky (Study No. 5). Study 

conducted by Jon J. Connor.
F8 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

STUDY NO. 12

[Residuum on carbonate rocks o£ Cambrian, Ordovician. and Mississippian ages in sou them 

Missouri and northern Arkansas]

By RICHARD J. EBENS

Samples weighing about 2 kg each of cherty residuum 

(terra rossa) developed on carbonate rock units were 

collected in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas in 

the spring of 1972. The seven areas sampled are underlain 

by dolomites of the (1) Bonneterre, (2) Eminence or Potosi, 

(3) Gasconade, (4) Roubidoux, and (5) Jefferson City, 

Cotter, or Powell Formations, and by limestones of (6) 

Osagean and (7) Meramecian ages. Two samples were 

collected in each of 2 randomly selected sites in each of 6 

randomly selected sampling localities in each of these 7 

areas for a total of 168 samples. Twenty-five of the samples 

were split into 2 parts and then all 193 samples were 

arranged in a randomized sequence prior to analysis. 

Preliminary results of this work were published in Ebens 

(1973) and U.S. Geological Survey (1972e, 1973).

Residuum overlying the Bonneterre, Eminence, and 

Potosi Formations tends to be elevated in barium, lead, 

and zinc, and locally contains visible barite; therefore it 

was excluded from this compilation. Study conducted by 

Richard J. Ebens.

STUDY NO. 13

[Quaternary loess in Missouri]

By JON J. CONNOR

Samples weighing about 2 kg each were collected from 

thick deposits of Quaternary loess in bluffs adjacent to the 

Mississippi and Missouri Rivers in Missouri in the fall of 

1970. The 2 river courses were divided into 6 segments, 

each about 150 km in length; 2 localities were randomly 

selected in each segment and 2 samples were randomly 

collected from a single vertical section in each locality for a 

total of 24 samples. Preliminary results of this work were 

published in Ebens (1973) and U.S. Geological Survey 

(1972e). Study conducted by JonJ. Connor and Richard J. 

Ebens.

STUDY NO. 14

[Garden soils, vegetables, native plants, and uncultivated soils in central and south-cential

Georgia]

By HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE

This study and the following one were done in June and 

July 1965 and constitute a geochemical survey of two areas 

in Georgia that exhibit contrasting rates of cardiovascular mortality in humans. The counties sampled in this 

study were Bacon, Bleckley, Burke, Dodge, Emanuel, Jeff 

Davis, Jefferson, Jenkins, and Warren, all having high 

mortality rates. Vegetables and garden soils were sampled 

in 30 sites. Stems (terminal parts of branches 20-30 cm 

long) and leaves of native plants (trees and shrubs) and 3 

soil horizons were also sampled at 30 sites. Selection of 

sampling sites, sampling methods, laboratory preparation 

and analysis of samples, and statistical treatment of the

chemical data were discussed by Shacklette, Sauer, and 

Miesch (1970) and Shacklette, Erdman, and Keith (1973). 

Study conducted by Hansford T. Shacklette, Herbert I. 

Sauer, and A. T. Miesch.

STUDY NO. 15

[Garden soils, vegetables, native plants, and uncultivated soils in northem Geoigia]

By HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE

This study was conducted as the corollary of Study No. 

14. The counties sampled were Cherokee, Fannin, 

Forsyth, Gilmer, Hall, Murray, Pickens, Towns, and 

Union, all having extremely low mortality rates. The 

sampling plan, sampling media, sample preparation, and 

analysis were the same as described for Study No. 14. Study 

conducted by Hansford T. Shacklette, Herbert I. Sauer, 

and A. T. Miesch.

STUDY NO. 16

[Agricultural soils in Missouri]

By RONALD R. TIDBALL

The study was conducted with the cooperation of the 

Missouri Agricultural Extension Service in collecting 

samples. The surface horizon (0-15 cm depth) of cultivated 

agricultural soils at 10 sites in each of the 114 counties of 

the State was sampled during 1970. Each sample is a 

composite taken over a single field prior to planting. 

Analysis was made of air-dried soil material less than 2 

mm in diameter, pulverized to -100-mesh particle size in a 

ceramic mill. Sixty of the 1,140 samples were split for 

estimation of analytical error and the entire suite of 1,200 

was submitted to the laboratory in a randomized sequence. Sampling plan, analytical results, and plotted 

maps of the distribution of element concentrations were 

reported by U.S. Geological Survey (1972b-f, 1973) and 

Tidball (1973). Study conducted by Ronald R. Tidball.

STUDY NO. 17

[Crop plants and associated soils in Missouri]

By HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE

Mature corn grains and soybean seeds, and composite 

samples of the plow zone (0-15 cm) of cultivated soils, were 

collected in Missouri in September 1970. Insofar as 

possible, samples were taken at two randomly selected sites 

within each of five randomly selected 7^-minute quadrangles in each of the Floodplain Forest, Glaciated Prairie, 

Unglaciated Prairie, and Oak-hickory Forest vegetationtype areas in Missouri (fig. 2). Samples, including 

replicates (splits), were analyzed in a sequence random 

with respect to geographical origin. Sampling plan, 

results of chemical analyses, and statistical studies of the 

data were reported by U.S. Geological Survey (1972e, 1973) 

and Shacklette, Erdman, and Keith (1973). Study 

conducted by Hansford T. Shacklette, John R. Keith, and 

James A. Erdman.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F9

STUDY NO. 18

[Soil;, and plants in Kentucky I]

By RONALD R. TIDBALL

A reconnaissance study of the chemistry of soils and 

plants in Kentucky was made in the spring of 1965. 

Channel samples of the A, B, and C soil horizons were 

collected from profiles of Red-Yellow Podzolic soils. 

Randomly selected profile sites were located according to a 

hierarchical design, as follows: Two sites within a 2l/2- 

minute quadrangle, two 2J4-minute quadrangles within a 

7^-minute quadrangle within a 15-minute quadrangle, 

and two 15-minute quadrangles within a physiographic 

province. Samples were collected from 6 of the 12 physiographic provinces (Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, and 12) as defined by 

Bailey and Winsor (1964). Samples of mature stems (terminal parts of branches, about 30 cm in length) were also 

collected from both oak and hickory trees at each of the 

sites from which soil samples were collected. Fifty of the 

288 soil samples and 30 of the 192 plant samples were split 

into 2 parts and the entire sample suite of each material 

was submitted to the laboratory in a randomized sequence. Study conducted by Ronald R. Tidball.

STUDY NO. 19

[Soils and plants in Kentucky II]

By RONALD R. TIDBALL

This study used a sampling design based on the results of 

Study No. 18. Sampling was performed in the spring of 

1967. Channel samples of the A horizon of representative 

profiles of Red-Yellow Podzolic soils were collected in 

Kentucky according to the following design. Eighteen 30- 

minute quadrangles were selected for sampling across 

southern Kentucky from long 84° to 88° W., and from lat 

36° to 37° N. A random selection of sites was made as 

follows: Six 7%-minute quadrangles selected within each 

30-minute quadrangle, one 2H-minute quadrangle within 

each 7/4-minute quadrangle, and one site sampled within 

each 2%-minute quadrangle. Samples of mature stems 

(terminal parts of branches about 30 cm in length) were 

also collected from both oak and hickory trees at each site 

where soil was sampled. Thirty samples each of soil and 

plant material were split into 2 parts and the resulting 

sample suites of 138 soils and 276 plants were submitted to 

the laboratory in randomized sequence. Study conducted 

by Ronald R. Tidball.

STUDY NO. 20

[Native vegetation and uncultivated soils in Missouri]

By JAMES A. ERDMAN

This study was made in September and October 1970. 

The sampling plan was based on a hierarchical design in 

which the conceptual units at the top level were potential 

vegetation types as defined by Kuchler (1964), with modifications (U.S. Geological Survey, 1972a, p. 18). The stratified sampling plan required the selection of 5 sites in

each of 10 randomly selected 71/£-minute quadrangles 

within each of the 6 vegetation-type areas in Missouri (fig. 

2). Plant sampling was based on (a) ubiquitous (smooth 

sumac) or widespread (buckbrush) species in all vegetation-type areas, and (b) species characteristic of each vegetation type. Stems (terminal parts of branches) 10-30 cm in 

length of these species were collected at as many sites as 

possible, were dried and pulverized, and part of each 

sample was burned to ash for chemical analysis. The B 

horizon of uncultivated soil was sampled at each site, 

dried, pulverized, and analyzed. Fifty of the 950 plant 

samples and 30 of the 300 soil samples were split into 2 

parts, and the resulting sample suites of 1,000 plants and 

330 soils were analyzed in a sequence random with respect 

to geographic origin. Descriptions of the sampling plan, 

results of chemical analyses, plotted maps of the distribution of element concentrations, and statistical studies of 

the data were reported by U.S. Geological Survey (1972a-f, 

1973), Erdman and Shacklette (1973), and Ebens and 

others (1973). Study conducted by James A. Erdman, 

Hansford T. Shacklette, and John R. Keith.

STUDY NO. 21

[Surfkial materials in the conterminous United States]

By HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE

As many as 1,000 samples of soils or other surficial 

materials, taken at a depth of approximately 20 cm from 

locations about 80 km apart on routes of travel across the 

United States were analyzed for 43 elements. Samples were 

collected during 1958-70 by personnel of the U.S. 

Geological Survey. The sampling program was designed 

to give estimates of the range of element abundance in surficial materials that were unaltered or very little altered 

from their natural condition. Even though most samples 

were collected in the vicinity of roads, the data for lead in 

this study are included in this report, because an independent study by Connor, Erdman, Sims, and Ebens (1970) 

had suggested that lead accumulation in subsurface soil 20 

to 30 m laterally from the road surface could not be demonstrated by the analytical methods used. Results of this 

study were reported by Shacklette, Hamilton, Boerngen, 

and Bowles (1971), Shacklette, Boerngen, and Turner 

(1971), Shacklette, Boerngen, Cahill, and Rahill (1973), 

and Shacklette, Boerngen, and Keith (1974). Study 

conducted by Hansford T. Shacklette and Josephine G. 

Boerngen.

STUDY NO. 22

[Surficial materials, Longmont, Colorado, area]

By HARRY A. TOURTELOT

As a pilot study preparatory to investigating the 

geochemistry of the Front Range Urban Corridor (extending from Fort Collins south to Fountain, Colorado), 168 

samples of surficial materials, 4 in each of 42 localities 

arranged in a grid pattern over twelve 71/£-minute quad-
F10 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

i angles, were collected and analyzed. These quadrangles 

were centered on Longmont and spanned the Corridor, 

from within the mountains eastward onto the plains. The 

surficial materials were collected during November 1971 

through February 1972 and were sampled to a depth of 15 

cm. They ranged from well-developed agricultural soils to 

unconsolidated sediments and rock disintegration products. Samples, including 60 replicates (splits), were 

analyzed in a sequence random with respect to geographical origin. Preliminary results of this study were reported 

by Tourtelot (1973). Study conducted by Harry A. 

Tourtelot.

STUDY NO. 23

[Garden vegetables and field corn in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa]

By HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE

A variety of vegetables and field corn was collected in 

September 1961, from up to 27 sampling sites in home and 

institutional gardens and commercial plantings, principally *' i Wisconsin. One home garden in Iowa and a cornfield in Minnesota, both near the Wisconsin boundary, 

were also sampled. For brevity, these collections are listed 

in the summary tables as being from Wisconsin only. The 

selection of gardens to sample was based on availability of 

the desired kinds of vegetables in a garden, the facility of 

obtaining permission to sample, and the time available. 

Large gardens at the county hospitals of Dane, Grant, 

Iowa, and Richland Counties, and a commercial truck 

farm in Racine County, were sampled; other sites were 

family gardens. Corn was sampled in fields in which the 

grains were mature at the time of the study. The vegetable 

samples were prepared as for table use (but without cooking), and the mature grains of corn were removed from the 

cob. The samples were dried, pulverized, and burned to 

ash, and the ash was analyzed by semiquantitative spectrographic and other methods. See also Shacklette, 

Erdman, and Keith (1973). Study conducted by Hansford 

T. Shacklette.

STUDY NO. 24

[Cedar in Missouri]

By JAMES A. ERDMAN

Red cedar was sampled in August and September of 1969 

at two randomly selected sites within each of five 

randomly selected 7^-minute quadrangles within each 

vegetation-type area of Missouri (fig. 2). The terminal 

20-30 cm part of branches, including both stems and 

leaves, was collected and the samples were analyzed by 

spectrographic and other methods, as reported by U.S. 

Geological Survey (1972b), in a random sequence 

unknown to the analyst. Application of these data to a 

contamination study was reported by Ebens, Erdman, 

Feder, Case, and Selby (1973). Study conducted by James 

A. Erdman, Hansford T. Shacklette, and John R. Keith.

STUDY NO. 25

[Surface soils and sagebrush, Wyoming and Montana]

By JON J. CONNOR

Forty-eight samples of soil and sagebrush were collected 

in May 1973 from the Powder River Basin according to a 

hierarchical design. The basin was divided into 12 parts, 

each approximately 70 km on a side. Two townships were 

selected randomly from each part; a total of three sections 

were selected randomly in the two townships, and a total 

of four sampling sites were selected in the three sections. At 

each site a sample of the top 2 cm of undisturbed soil and 

a sample of the terminal stems and leaves of a living sagebrush were collected. Selected samples of each material 

were split into two parts and the samples in each resulting 

suite were analyzed in a randomized sequence. A few preliminary results of this study were given by Anderson, 

Keith, and Connor (1974). Study conducted by Jon J. 

Connor, John R. Keith, and Barbara M. Anderson.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

A wide variety of analytical methods was used to 

generate the data underlying the tabulations in this report. 

In the earlier studies, the common metals in rocks and soils 

were generally determined by rapid spectrophotometric 

techniques (Shapiro and Brannock, 1962), or atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods (Shapiro, 1967). 

More recently, and particularly for studies in Missouri, 

many of these metals were analyzed by rapid X-ray 

fluorescence techniques. Trace-metal analysis in all work 

has relied heavily on both a semiquantitative emission 

spectrographic procedure slightly modified from that 

described by Myers, Havens, and Dunton, and a directreading emission spectrographic technique (Havens and 

Myers, 1973). Elements in plant ash not measured 

spectrographically were measured by atomic absorption, 

colorimetric, selective-ion electrode, or other special 

methods as listed in table 1. All analytical work was 

performed in laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

The analytical technique used for each entry in the 

summary tables 5-53 is identified by the appropriate 

number listed in table 1.

Forty-eight elements are listed in the summary tables. 

Of these, about 10 were detected in only a relatively few 

samples of only a few studies. Approximate limits of 

determination for a variety of elements commonly looked 

for in spectrographic work but seldom or never detected 

are listed in table 2.

For various reasons, 24 of the 92 naturally occurring 

elements were never analyzed for in any of these studies. 

They are the six noble gases (helium, neon, argon, 

krypton, xenon, and radon), nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, 

chlorine, bromine, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, 

cesium, promethium, osmium, iridium, polonium, 

astatine, francium, radium, actinium, and protactinium.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES Fl 1

TABLE 1. Analytical methods used 

[Number in the first column identifies the method used for determining chemical data reported in tables 5-53. Leaders (...) indicate no data available]

No. Name of method Materials analyzed, and elements commonly reported Principal references Remarks

1 Six-step emission Geologic materials, soils, and plant ash: Ag, B, Ba, Be, Ce, Co, Myers, Havens, Concentrations reported as midspectro graphic. Cr, Cu, Ga, Fe, La, Mn, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, and Dunton, points of six geometric classes 

Y, Yb, and Zr. Geologic materials and soils only: Nb. Geologic 1961 per order of magnitude, 

materials and plant ash only: Ca. Soils only: Bi and Sb. Soils 

and plant ash only: Al and W. Plant ash only: Mg.

2 Direct-reading Geologic materials, soils, and plant ash: B, Ba, Be, Cr, Cu, La, Havens and Concentrations reported as actual 

emission spec- Mn, Mo, Pb, and Y. Geologic materials only: FeandZn. Geologic Myers, 1973 values, rather than as classes of 

trographic. materials and soils only: Co, Ga, Nb, Ni, Sc, Sr, V, and Zr. Geo- values, 

logic materials and plant ash only: Ti. Plant ash only: Ag.

3 Atomic absorp- Geologic materials, soils, and plant ash: Cd, Li, Mg, Na, and Zn. Ward, Nakagawa, Second reference describes methtion, flame Geologic materials only: Ag. Plant ash only: Ca, Co, Fe, K, and Harms, and ods for Cd and Li only. 

Rb. Van Sickle,

1969;Shacklette, 

Boerngen, Cahill, 

andRahill,1973.

4 Atomic absorp- Geologic materials, soils, and dry plants: Hg .................................. Vaughn and Unpublished modification used

tion, flameless. McCarthy, 1964. for dry plants.

5 X-ray fluores- Geologic materials and soils only: Al, Ca, Fe, K, P, Se, and Si....... Liebhofsky,

cence Pfeiffer,

Winslow, and 

Zemany, 1960.

6 Colorimetric......... Geologic materials, soils, and dry plants: As. Soils and plant ash Ward, Lakin, Use for Pb, Cu, and Zn discononly: Cu, P, Pb, and Zn. Plant ash only: Si. Canney, tinued in 1967.

and others, 1963.

7 Catalytic............... Dry plants only: I.............................................................................. Cuthbert and Oxygen combustion-eerie sulfate

Ward, 1964. method.

8 Neutron activa- Geologic materials only: Au. Geologic materials and soils only: Rowe and Used in conjunction with fire

tion I. Soils only: Th and U. Simon, 1968 assay for Au.

9 Selective-ion Geologic materials, soils, and dry plants: F ..................................... Ingram, 1970 ....

electrode

10 Gasometric........... Geologic materials and soils only: Carbonate C .............................. Scott, 1950 ........

11 Calculated............Geologic materials and soils only: Organic C.................................. ........ Total C minus carbonate C.

12 Flame emission Soils only: Na. Soils and plant ash only: K...................................... Shapiro and Use discontinued in 1967.

(photometric). Brannock.1962.

13 EDTA titration....Soils and plant ash only: Ca and Mg ............................................... ....... do ............. Use discontinued in 1967.

14 2-3 diamino- Dry plants only: Se....................................................................... ........ Unpublished method.

naphthalene.....

15 Gravimetric......... Dry plants only: Ash.......................................................................... Ward, Lakin, Aliquots of dry plants weighed,

Canney, and burned to ash, and the ash 

others, 1963. weighed and calculated as percentage of dry weight.

16 "Rapid rock" ..... Geologic materials only: Carbonate C and Mn. Geologic materials Shapiro, J967; All elements determined in 

and soils only: Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Si, and Tri. Shapiro and aliquots of a single solution of

Brannock, 1962. the sample.
F12 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 2. Elements commonly looked for, but rarely or never detected, 

by multi-element spectrographic analysis, and their approximate 

lower limits of determination in parts per million

[Values apply to analyses by the semiquantitative spectrographic 

method, except values in parentheses, which apply to analyses by 

the quantitative (direct-reading) spectrographic method. Leaders 

( ) in a figure column indicate that the element is commonly detected in the sample material listed in the column heading]

Material analyzed

Element Rocks and 

soils

Plant ash

Antimony .....................

Arsenic..........................

Bismuth........................

Cadmium .....................

Cerium .........................

Dysprosium..................

Erbium.........................

Europium2 ....................

Gadolinium..................

Gallium........................

Germanium..................

Gold.............................

Hafnium.......................

Holmium .....................

Indium .........................

Lithium........................

Lutetium ......................

Neodymium .................

Niobium.......................

Palladium.....................

Platinum ......................

Praseodymium .............

Rhenium......................

Samarium.....................

Silver............................

Scandium .....................

Tantalum .....................

Tellurium.....................

Terbium .......................

Thallium......................

Thorium.......................

Thulium.......................

Tin...............................

Tungsten......................

Uranium.......................

Zinc...............................

150 (300)

1,000

10 (10)

20 (70)

150

'50

50

100

'50

 

10 (50)

20

100

'20

10 (10)

50

'30

2 70

10

1 (5)

30

2 100

30 (70)

'100

 5 (2)

 

200

2,000

'300

50 (50)

200

J20

10 (20)

100 (300)

500

200 (300)

300

2,000

20

50

300

UOO

100

200

400

5

20

50

200

'50

20

100

'70

2 70

20

2

70

2 200

70

>200

.5

5

500

5,000

1700

500

500

'50

15

300

1,000

 

'Looked for if yttrium is greater than 50 ppm. 

'Looked for if lanthanum or cerium is found.

The total elemental variation observed in a specific 

study always includes variation due to laboratory 

("analytical") procedures as well as variation due to 

natural effects. The inclusion of hidden and randomly 

sequenced sample splits in many of the laboratory 

submittals provided data for the estimation of total 

laboratory variance from the equation:

E(x1t -x2i)2

S 2 = (1)

where Sa2 represents the error variance, X lt and X2 

represent the concentrations (or their logarithms) of an 

element in the two splits of the zth sample and n is the 

number of samples split. Where an error was not formally 

defined, it resides in the estimate of total variability and 

remains unknowable.

GEOCHEMICAL SUMMARIES 

ORGANIZATION AND USE OF DATA

The geochemical summaries tabulated herein are 

alphabetically arranged by the English spelling of each 

element. Summaries for each element are presented, as 

appropriate, for each of four broad environmental 

categories rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, 

soils, and plants. Listed within each category are the 

summary results for one or more individual studies. 

Studies on rocks and unconsolidated geologic deposits are 

grouped by gross lithologic character. Soils are subdivided into those under active cultivation and those not 

under active cultivation when sampled; within each 

group, soil studies are listed by horizon or depth. In 

Studies 10 and 22, soils from both cultivated and 

uncultivated sites were included without differentiation. 

Plants are grouped as cultivated or native species and are 

listed within either group by their common names; 

scientific names and plant parts sampled are given in 

tables 3 and 4. For cultivated plants, entries in the 

summary tables are given for analysis of the plant as 

commonly prepared for eating but prior to cooking. All 

entries in the summary tables are given a general location, 

commonly the State.

Each entry in each table is identified by a study number, 

with which the user may find a brief description of the 

work in the section entitled "Descriptions of Field 

Studies," and a number identifying the analytical method 

used (from table 1). Also given are the following: a ratio, 

which indicates the number of samples in which the 

element was determined in relation to the total number 

analyzed; the mean, which estimates the most probable 

concentration to be expected in the analyzed material; the 

deviation, a factor which indicates the degree of variability observed; the error, a factor which indicates the reproducibility of the analytical method; and finally, the 

range of concentrations observed in the study.

Geometric and arithmetic means, standard deviations, 

standard errors, and observed ranges are given in units of 

percent, parts per million (ppm), or parts per billion 

(ppb). A part per million is 10~4 percent and a part per 

billion is 10 ~7 percent. Geometric deviations and geometric errors are factors.

The mean for each entry in the summary tables is 

commonly give to two significant figures. It is 

conventional in geochemical summaries to. give an 

arithmetic average for the mean, and a few such entries
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F13

TABLE 3. Percentage of ash obtained by burning dry material of cultivated plants

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text. Plant parts designated as S, stems; L, leaves; 

F, fruits; SD, seeds; G, grains; R, roots; T, tubers; and B, bulbs. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, geometric deviation. 

Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in figure column indicate no data available]

Common and scientific name,

and collection locality

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.);

Wisconsin..............................................

Bean, lima (Phaseolus limensis Macfad.);

Georgia .................................................

Bean, snap (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); Georgia

Beet, red (Beta vulgaris L.); Wisconsin.......

Blackeyed pea (Vigna sinensis Endl.);

Georgia .................................................

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.);

Georgia .................................................

Wisconsin..............................................

Carrot (Daucus carota var. saliva DC.);

Wisconsin..............................................

Corn (Zea mays L.);

Georgia .................................................

Missouri

Floodplain Forest ..........................

Glaciated Prairie............................

Unglaciated Prairie........................

Oak-hickory Forest........................

Wisconsin .............................................

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.); Wisconsin

Onion (Allium cepa L.); Wisconsin............

Pepper, sweet (Capsicum frutescens var.

grossum Bailey); Wisconsin..............

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.); Wisconsin

Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.);

Georgia .................................................

Soybean (Glycine max Merr.); Missouri

Floodplain Forest..........................

Glaciated Prairie............................

Unglaciated Prairie .......................

Oak-hickory Forest........................

Study

No.

23

14

15

14

15

23

14

15

14

15

23

23

14

15

17

17

17

17

23

23

23

23

23

14

15

17

17

17

17

Plant

part

S

SD

SD

F

F

R

SD

SD

L

L

L

R

G

G

G

G

G

G

G

F

B

F

T

F

F

SD

SD

SD

SD

Mean

(percent)

8.2

5.5

6.7

8.4

6.8

9.5

5.9

5.2

19

21

9.4

9.8

4.4

3.7

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.8

11

4.8 ^

7.0

5.0

11

9.8

5.1

5.5

5.3

5.2

Deviation

1.17

1.13

1.18

1.34

1.14

1.64

1.26

1.09

1.41

1.16

1.19

1.38

1.47

1.55

1.17

1.23

1.19

1.19

1.14

1.25

1.11

1.08

1.31

1.40

1.20

1.10

1.06

1.06

1.07

Error

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.09

1.09

1.09

1.09

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.09

1.09

1.09

1.09

Observed

range

(percent)

6.3-10

4.4- 7.2

5.4-10

4.8-15

5.3- 8.9

5.5-14

4.2-12

4.7- 5.8

9.6-35

15 -29

7.0-13

5.3-15

2.3- 9.0

2.0- 7.8

1.4- 2.2

1.0- 2.1

1.3- 2.1

1.2- 2.0

1.3- 6.3

8.3-14

4.3- 5.5

6.5- 7.8

3.8- 8.5

4.6-20

4.9-13

4.3- 5.8

4.9- 6.0

4.8- 5.8

4.6- 5.8

here do so; an example is aluminum in cultivated surface 

horizon soils of Missouri (table 5, Study No. 16). However, 

the tendency for elements in natural materials, 

particularly trace elements, to exhibit positively skewed 

frequency distributions, suggests that the geometric mean 

is the more proper measure of central tendency. The 

geometric mean is the antilog of the arithmetic mean of 

the logarithmic values and, for lognormal distributions, 

the geometric mean is the mode.

A common problem in trace-element summaries is the 

necessity to summarize data which contain non-numeric 

concentration values such as "trace" or "less than" some 

specified limit. Such data are said to be censored, and, 

under such circumstances, the mean has been computed 

using special procedures described by Cohen (1959) and 

applied to geochemical problems by Miesch (1967b). 

These procedures involve an adjustment of the summary 

statistics computed for the non-censored part of the data. 

For some entries, censoring is so severe that such

adjustment is unreliable or even impossible. Under these 

circumstances, the median of the distribution is given as 

the mean, or the mean is simply listed as "less than" some 

limiting lower value.

The use of special procedures to quantify estimates of 

the central tendency where part of the data is censored 

sometimes leads to estimates of the mean at levels below 

the limit of detection. For example, aluminum in dolomite of the Sauk sequence in Missouri and Arkansas (table 5, Study No. 4) is estimated to have a mean of 0.30 percent although the lowest measured concentration in 48 

samples was 0.53 percent. This feature of the data analysis 

obviously permits a greater utilization of data which may 

be initially viewed as rather limited because of analytical 

constraints.

For those rare entries where the arithmetic average is 

given for the mean, it is also thought to reflect an unbiased 

estimate of elemental abundance. Where the geometric 

mean is given, the abundance may be estimated from the
F14 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 4. Percentage of ash obtained by burning dry material of native plant species

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text. Plant parts designated as S, stems; 1., leaves; 

and SI,, stems and leaves combined. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed 

to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in figure column indicate no data available]

C/minnon and scientific name, 

and collection locality

Stud} 

No.

Plant 

part

Mean 

(per< cut)

De\ iation

Observed

range 

(percent)

Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.);

Georgia................................................. 14 S 2.0 1.71 0.19-5.2

15 S 2.3 1.30 1.3 - 5.4

14 L 5.4 1.22 2.9 - 7.6

15 L 6.5 1.21 4.8 - 9.6 

Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.);

Georgia................................................. 14 S 2.4 1.26 1.5-4.4

15 S 2.8 1.21 2.0 - 4.1

14 L 4.3 1.25 2.5 - 6.6

15 L 5.9 1.18 4.8 - 9.1 

Buckbush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 

Moench); Missouri

Glaciated Prairie............................ 20 S 6.0 1.16 1.10 4.6-8.5

Unglaciated Prairie....................... 20 S 5.9 1.27 1.10 3.8-8.8

Cedar Glade................................... 20 S 5.1 1.15 1.10 4.5-6.8

Oak-hickory Forest........................ 20 S 6.3 1.17 1.10 5.5 - 8.0

Oak-hickory-pine Forest................ 20 S 5.6 1.14 1.10 4.5-6.3

Cedar (Juniperus virginiana L.); Missouri

Cedar Glade................................... 20 SL 6.0 1.16 4.6 - 8.5

Glaciated Prairie............................ 24 SL 5.9 1-27 1.10 3.8 - 8.8

Unglaciated Prairie....................... 24 SL 5.1 1.15 1.10 4.5-6.8

Cedar Glade................................... 24 SL 5.9 1.09 1.10 5.3 - 6.8

Oak-hickory-Forest........................ 24 SL 6.3 1.17 1.10 5.5 - 8.0

Oak-hickory-pine Forest................ 24 SL 5.6 1.14 1.10 4.5-6.3

Hickory, pignut (Carya glabra (Mill.)

Sweet); Kentucky................................... 18 S 4.5 1.33 1.10 2.0 - 7.3

19 S 5.3 1.28 1.05 2.8 -11 

Hickory, shagbark (Carya ovata (Mill.)

Koch); Kentucky................................... 18 S 4.2 1.32 1.10 2.5-7.5

19 S 5.0 1.30 1.05 2.9 - 8.0 

Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest........................ 20 S 5.3 1.29 1.10 3.6 - 9.0

Oak-hickory-pine Forest................ 20 S 5.1 1.77 1.10 4.1-6.1

Oak, black (Quercus velutina Lam.); Kentucky...................................................... 18 S 3.6 1.25 1.05 2.4 - 6.2

19 S 3.9 1.20 1.05 2.5 - 5.8 

Oak, post (Quercus stellata Wang.); Missouri........................................................ 20 S 4.2 1.31 1.10 2.5 - 8.4

Oak, red (Quercus rubra L.); Kentucky...... 18 S 3.6 1.28 1.05 2.0-4.9

19 S 3.7 1.32 1.05 2.5 - 6.6 

Oak, white (Quercus alba L.)

Kentucky............................................... 18 S 3.3 1.24 1.05 2.0 - 4.5

19 S 3.5 1.20 1.05 2.2 - 5.5 

Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest........................ 20 S 3.6 1.28 1.10 2.4-7-6

Oak-hickory-pine Forest................ 20 S 3.4 1.14 1.10 2.4 - 4.7

Oak, willow (Quercus phellos L.); Missouri

Floodplain Forest.......................... 20 S 2.4

Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.);

Georgia................................................. 14 S 3.1 1.23 2.2-5.4

15 S 3.0 1.18 2.2 - 4.3

14 L 6.0 1.27 3.4 - 9.5

15 L 7.3 1.27 5.2 -13 

Pine, shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.);

Missouri................................................ 20 SL 2.7 1.23 1.10 1.7 - 4.2

Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.); 

Powder River Basin, Wyoming and 

Montana......................................... 25 SL 5.8 1.19 3.3 - 8.8

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees);

Georgia................................................. 14 S 1.9 1.31 1.2-3.7

15 S 1.9 1.26 1.1 - 3.6 

14 L 4.7 1.21 3.3 - 5.9 

14 L 5.7 1.13 4.6 - 6.8 

Sumac, smooth (Rhus glabra L.); Missouri

Floodplain Forest.......................... 20 S 3.5 1.19 1.10 2.7-5.2

Glaciated Prairie............................ 20 S 4.2 1.19 1.10 2.8-6.7

Unglaciated Prairie....................... 20 S 3.8 1.18 1.10 2.1-5.4

Cedar Glade................................... 20 S 3.6 1.18 1.10 2.5-4.8

Oak-hickory Forest........................ 20 S 3.6 1.18 1.10 2.7 - 4.9

Oak-hickory-pine Forest................ 20 S 3.4 1.18 1.10 2.1-5.6

1.29 1.10 1.4 - 4.2
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F15

TABLE 4. Percentage of ash obtained by burning dry material of native plant species Continued

Observed

Common and scientific name,

and col le< lion totality

Sumac, winged (Rhus copallina L.); Georgia

Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.); 

Georgia .................................................

Missouri 

Floodolain Forest..........................

Study

No.

14 

15

14

15

14 

15

14

15

20

Plant

part

s 

s

L

L

S 

S

L

L

S

Mean Devia-

(perce-nt) lion

3.6 

3.8

4.6

4.8

4.8 

4.1

5.6

5.6

.22 

.24

.20

.32

.32 

.37

.15

.21

4.6 1.43

En or range

(percent)

 2.5 

 2.5

 2.8

 2.7

 3.1 

 2.6

 4.0

 4.3

1.10 2.0

- 5.4 

- 6.1

- 6.2

- 9.6

- 7.7 

- 9.0

- 7.2

- 8.2

-12

following relation:

t = TM, (2)

where t estimates the abundance (as Sichel's t, see Miesch, 

1967b), M is the geometric mean, andr is an adjustment 

factor and is read from figure 3. For example, aluminum 

in the sandstones of the Sauk sequence, Western United 

States (table 5, Study No. 3), is estimated to have a 

geometric mean of 0.77 percent and a geometric deviation 

of 2.49. These statistics are based on 400 analyses. 1 Reading from figure 3, where D=2.49 and n=400, T is estimated 

to be 1.5 and t (abundance) from equation (2) is estimated 

as 1.16 percent aluminum.

Finally, most of the element concentrations in plant 

tissue were summarized on an ash weight basis. The user 

who wishes to convert the mean element concentration in 

ash to a dry weight basis may apply the following formula:

MD =(M/4 xMP )/100, (3)

where MD approximates the mean in dry weight, MA is 

the mean in ash weight, and MP is the mean of the percent 

ash measured in that study (from tables 3 or 4). For 

example, asparagus stems collected in Wisconsin (table 5, 

Study No. 23) exhibit a mean aluminum concentration in 

ash of 0.40 percent, and a mean ash content (from table 3) 

of 8.2 percent. Based on equation (3) the approximate 

expected concentration of aluminum in dry weight is 

0.033 percent.

Equally as important as the mean in background 

geochemical studies, however, is the magnitude of the 

scatter to be expected about the mean. A useful measure 

of this scatter in lognormal distributions is the geometric 

deviation, a factor which may be used to estimate the range 

of variation expected for any element in any unit. The 

geometric deviation is the antilog of the standard 

deviation of the logarithmic values. About 68 percent of 

the samples in a randomly selected suite should fall within

'In this particular study, the 400 analyses are of only 200 samples and, therefore, are not 

independent. However, the curves on figure 3 show that use of n=400 or n=200 gives essentially 

the same value of T .

T 4

FIGURE 3.- -Graphs of T as a function of number of analyses, n, and the 

geometric deviation, D (from Miesch, 1967b).

the limits, M/D and M-D , where M stands for the 

geometric mean and D stands for geometric deviation. 

About 95 percent should fall between M/D2 and M-D. 2 , 

and about 99.7 percent between M/D3 and M-D 3 . For 

example, aluminum in granites of Precambrian age in 

Missouri (table 5, Study No. 1) has a geometric mean of 6.7 

percent and a geometric deviation of 1.06. Thus, the most 

likely concentration for aluminum in a suite of randomly 

selected granite samples collected in outcrop in the St. 

Francois Mountains of southeastern Missouri is 6.7 

percent; in addition, about 68 percent of the collected 

samples, if analyzed by emission spectrographic techniques in the U. S. Geological Survey laboratories, should 

range from about 6.3 (M/D) to about 7.1 (M-D) percent 

aluminum. About 95 percent will fall between 6.0(M/D 2 )
F16 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

and 7.5 (M-D 2) percent aluminum, and more than 99 

percent between 5.6 (M/D 3 ) and 8.0 (M-D 3 ).

The deviation in censored data has been computed 

using procedures described by Cohen (1959) and Miesch 

(1967b). A number of entries in the tables of this report give 

no estimate of variability because of insufficient data. 

Nevertheless, for some of these entries, a rough estimate of 

the upper limit of the 68 and 95 percent ranges may be 

obtained. About 16 percent of the samples in a randomly 

collected suite are expected to fall above the 68-percent 

range, and about 2.5 percent should fall above the 95- 

percent range. Thus, where element concentrations are 

censored on the low side and no geometric deviation is 

listed, detection ratios of 0.16 and 0.025 indicate that the 

limit of determination approximates the upper end of the 

68- and 95-percent concentration ranges, respectively, for 

that element in that material. For example, aluminum in 

chert of Mississippian age in Missouri, Oklahoma, and 

Arkansas (table 5, Study No. 7) was detected at a 

concentration of 0.53 percent in only 5 percent (1 of 20) of 

the samples analyzed. This suggests that the limit of 

analytical determination (0.53 percent) lies somewhere 

between the upper end of the 68-percent range and the 

upper end of the 95-percent range, and probably very close 

to the latter.

As already stated, the deviation listed for each study 

includes variation arising from laboratory procedures as 

well as variation arising from nature. Where the sampling 

design so permits, an estimate of that part of the total 

observed variation due solely to laboratory effects is given 

as the error, and an estimate of the variation attributed 

solely to natural effects may be computed from:

Dn =antilog \(logl>)2-(log£)2 , (4)

where Dn estimates the geometric deviation corrected for 

laboratory effects, and D and £ are the geometric deviation 

and geometric error, respectively, taken from the summary 

tables. For entries consisting of the arithmetic mean, the 

standard deviation and the standard error, variation due to 

natural effects is estimated as:

(5)

where Dn estimates the standard deviation corrected for 

laboratory effects, and D and E are the standard deviation 

and the standard error, respectively.

For example, Dn for aluminum in the Missouri granites 

(table 5, Study No. 1) is estimated from equation (4) to be 

1.04, and the expected approximate 68, 95, and 99.7 

percent ranges corrected for analytical variation are 

6.4-7.0, 6.2-7.2, and 6.0-7.5 percent aluminum, 

respectively. Dn for aluminum in surface horizons of 

cultivated soils of Missouri (table 5, Study No. 16) is 

estimated from equation (5) as 1.14, and the expected

approximate 68, 95, and 99.7 percent ranges corrected for 

analytical variation are 3.0-5.2, 1.8-6.4, and 0.7-7.5 

percent aluminum, respectively.

For some entries, the listed error is larger than the listed 

deviation and Dn cannot be calculated. This occurs 

because the deviation and the error are themselves only 

estimates and are each subject to errors inherent in 

estimation. Where variation due to laboratory procedures 

forms a large part of the total observed variation, the 

estimate of the error may exceed the estimate of the total 

variability. In these circumstances, the only conclusion to 

be drawn is that the material under study is relatively 

uniform in composition and further attempts to examine 

its natural variability must be based on laboratory 

procedures more precise than those used here.

All entries lacking an estimate of the error must be used 

judiciously. Little can be said about the natural variation 

of these materials without some assumptions as to the 

magnitude of the laboratory effects that might be present.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The summary statistics in this report are not those 

conventionally used and an attempt has been made to 

permit the user to estimate a "reasonable range" of 

concentrations, using the estimated deviation. The data 

given in the summary tables (tables 5-53) are meant to 

provide a realistic guide to expected elemental 

concentrations in a variety of common environmental 

materials under "ordinary" or natural conditions.

The reader contemplating use of these data should bear 

in mind several points. Because the data were analyzed by a 

variety of analytical methods over a long period of time, 

there may well be analytical bias from entry to entry, but 

no work has been done to measure any such potential bias. 

Also, although the summary data for each entry are meant 

to reflect something of the natural geochemical character 

of that entry, a collection of entries in any given category 

must not be viewed as representative of that category as a 

whole. The entries are heavily weighted to specific areas of 

the country. For this reason, comparisons among major 

categories should be made cautiously. In addition, all data 

in these tables are based on total element content, 

regardless of the forms in which the element may occur in 

nature.

However, one comparison in these data that is of great 

interest to environmental geochemistry is the marked 

difference in average concentration for a host of elements 

measured in both vegetables and native plant material. 

Expected concentrations of barium, calcium, lead, 

manganese, sodium, strontium, titanium, and yttrium are 

clearly higher in native trees and shrubs than in garden 

foodstuffs prepared for eating. These differences 

undoubtedly reflect the contrast in plant parts (terminal 

stems versus roots, leaves, and seeds), but some of the
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F17

difference may well reflect a tendency for perennial plants 

to "build up" concentrations over the years (Shacklette, 

Sauer, and Miesch, 1970, p. 25).

Another aspect to keep in mind when using these 

summaries is that the long agricultural and industrial 

history of this country may well have altered the "natural" 

background for some elements in some materials. The 

widespread atmospheric effects attendant upon 

combustion of leaded gasoline, for example, conceivably 

may alter the element content of plant tissue collected far 

from any pollution sources. Likewise, agricultural 

practices may affect trace elements in vegetables, but there 

seems to be no alternative to collecting vegetables as they 

are grown and terming their element burdens 

"background." The summary data on lead are probably 

most suspect in this sense.

Finally, the use of the summary statistics assumes some 

specific features about expected frequency distributions of 

elements in mature. To the extent that such assumptions 

are not valid, predictions of the expected concentration 

and expected range will be in error. In particular, entries 

exhibiting large deviations (near 5.0 or greater) may reflect 

unusual distributions. The most commonly encountered 

problem is probably that of the presence of multiple 

modes in the distribution.

Perhaps the greatest use of these data will be to point up 

the large compositional diversity to be expected routinely 

in ordinary materials. Even though a large part of the 

studies used in this compilation was undertaken in only 

four States (Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Wisconsin), 

the data on sedimentary rocks, soils, native plants, and 

vegetables clearly illustrate this diversity. The following 

summary tabulates the ratio of the highest mean to the 

lowest mean for six elements in the seven common 

materials reported on in this paper:

Element ratios

Material

Rocks, sandstone.......... 4.5 7.0 21 10 8.0 7.3

shale.......................... 2.3 10 2.5 6.5 2.5 2.2

carbonate.................. 29 14 240 20 5.3 9.9

Soils, uncultivated....... 13 3.9 2.0" 7.5 41 42

cultivated.................. 8.6 3.8 9.1 18 36 28

Plant ash, vegetable..... 30 11 5.1 8.4 2.3 63

native species............ 41 5.4 11 30 7.9 17

The greatest contrast in the above summary is reflected 

in a ratio of 240 for the element iron in carbonate rocks. 

This extreme reflects the difference between iron-rich 

siderite (Study No. 11) and iron-poor limestone and 

dolomite, but other trace elements, like copper and 

manganese, are still seen to be highly variable within each 

of the three common sedimentary rock types. Expected 

differences within the two soil categories and the two

kinds of vegetation also can be extreme, as for potassium 

or strontium in soils and barium or strontium in plant 

ash. The differences reflected in the above ratios include 

the effects of laboratory procedures, but the pitfalls of 

assigning some single average concentration to an entire 

category of material (such as "carbonate rocks" or "soil"), 

as tends to be common in published tables of element 

abundances, are quite apparent.

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F18 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

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Rowe, J. J., and Simon, F. O., 1968, The determination of gold in

geologic materials by neutron-activation analysis using fire assay

for radio-chemical separations: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 599, 4 p. 

Scott, W. W., 1950, Standard methods of chemical analysis, volume 1

[5th ed.]: New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1234 p. 

Shacklette, H. T., Boerngen, J. G., Cahill, J. P., and Rahill, R. L.,

1973, Lithium in surficial materials of the conterminous United

States and partial data on cadmium: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 673,

8 p. 

Shacklette, H. T., Boerngen, J. G., and Keith, J. R., 1974, Selenium,

fluorine, and arsenic in surficial materials of the conterminous

United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 692, 14 p. 

Shacklette, H. T., Boerngen, J. G., and Turner, R. L., 1971, Mercury

in the environment Surficial materials of the conterminous

United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Circ. 644, 5 p. 

Shacklette, H. T., Erdman, J. A., and Keith, J. R., 1973, Trace elements

in unprocessed plant foodstuffs, in Savage, E. P., ed., 2d Conf.

on Environmental Chemicals human and animal health, Aug.

1973 Proc.: Fort Collins, Colorado State Univ., 232 p. 

Shacklette, H. T., Hamilton, J. C., Boerngen, J. G., and Bowles, J.

M., 1971, Elemental composition of surficial materials in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 574-D, 71 p. 

Shacklette, H. T., Sauer, H. I., and Miesch, A. T., 1970, Geochemical

environments and cardiovascular mortality rates in Georgia: U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 574-C, 39 p.

Shapiro, Leonard, 1967, Rapid analysis of rocks and minerals by a

single-solution method, in Geological Survey research 1967: U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 575-B, p. B187-B191.

Shapiro, Leonard, and Brannock, W. W., 1962, Rapid analysis of silicate, carbonate, and phosphate rocks: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.

1144-A, 56 p. 

Sloss, L. L., 1963, Sequences in the cratonic interior of North America:

Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 74, p. 93-114. 

Swann, D. H., and Willman, H. B., 1961, Megagroups in Illinois:

Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 45, p. 471-483. 

Tidball, R. R., 1973, Distribution of elements in agricultural soils of

Missouri: Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Programs, v. 5, no. 4, p.

358-359. 

Tourtelot, H. A., 1973, Regional geochemical investigations, Front

Range Urban Corridor, Colorado: Geol. Soc. America Abs. with

Programs, v. 5, no. 6, p. 520-521.

Turekian, K. K., and Wedepohl, K. H., 1961, Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust: Geol. Soc. America

Bull., v. 72, p. 175-192. 

U.S. Geological Survey, 1970, Mercury in the environment: U.S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 713, 67 p. 

____1972a, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

first six-month period (July-December, 1969): U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 49 p. 

____1972b, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

second six-month period (January-June, 1970): U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 60 p. 

____1972c, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

third six-month period (July-December, 1970): U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 33 p. 

____1972d, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

fourth six-month period (January-June, 1971): U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 63 p. 

____1972e, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

fifth six-month period (July-December, 1971): U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 145 p. 

____1972f, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

sixth six-month period (January-June, 1972): U.S. Geol. Survey

open-file rept., 86 p. 

.1973, Geochemical survey of Missouri, plans and progress for

seventh six-month period (June-December, 1972): U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 59 p.

Vaughn, W. W., and McCarthy, J. H., Jr., 1964, An instrumental technique for the determination of submicrogram concentrations of 

mercury in soils, rocks, and gas, in Geological Survey research 

1964: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 501-D, p. D123-D127 [1965].

Ward, F. N., Lakin, H. W., Canney, F. C., and others, 1963, Analytical 

methods used in geochemical exploration by the U.S. Geological 

Survey: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1152, 100 p.

Ward, F. N., Nakagawa, H. M., Harms, T. F., and VanSickle, G. H., 

1969, Atomic-absorption methods of analysis useful in geochemical 

exploration: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1289, 45 p.

Wedepohl, K. H., ed., 1969-1973, Handbook of geochemistry: Berlin, 

Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969, v. 1, no. 1; 1969-73, 

v. 2. nos. 1-3.

White, D. E., Hem, J. D., and Waring, G. A., 1963, Chemical composition of subsurface waters, chap. F in Fleischer, Michael, ed., Data 

of geochemistry [6th ed.]: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 440-F, 

p. F1-F67.
TABLES 5-53

Tables giving concentration of elements in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plants

GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES F21

TABLE 5. Aluminum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described In text; method of analysis (In 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders (--) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Granite

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

analysis (percent) tion

ROCKS

 i t*\ ?n>in A ? i _OA i .DA. £

Observed 

range 

(percent)

- * - 7.0

Rhyolite

Precambrian; MissouriSandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesRoubidoux Formation; Missouri - 

Pope Megagroup;i Kentucky---- - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky- -- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, 

and Oklahoma 

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas- - - .....

1 (5)

3 (16)

4 (5)

5 (16)

5 (16)

7 (5)

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States* 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasUpper Ordovician; Kentucky - 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri - 

Lover Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky-- 

Mississippiaa; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas- - - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvaniaa; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - - 

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky3 (16)

4 (5)

5 (16)

10 (5)

5 (16)

5 (16)

7 (5)

5 (16)

6 (5)

11 (16)

30:30

400:400

6:12

120:120

1:20

386:392

16:48

80:80

3:12

111:112

139:152

9:40 

80:80

16:32

30:30

6.6

.77

1.6 

2.5

3.0

<.53

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky-- > 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas-- . - -..-- ...

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

3 (16) 

8 (16) 

5 (16)

7 (5) 

5 (16)

A fi\

336:336 

76:76 

142:142

18:18 

152:152

19. -*9

7.7 

5.4 

7.9

4.4 

9.2

A *

.45 

.30 

.84 

<.53 

.62 

.23

.17 

2.0

.44

2.8

1.10

2.49

1.04 5.3

75

78

2.12

2.30

1.61

1.49

1.29

1.64

1.40

1.24

3.62

2.19

2.08

3.10

5.39

3.52

2.56

2.50

1.83

1.29

1.14

1.34

1.33

1.14

1.17

1.05

1.12

1.59

1.22

1.24

1.76

2.72

1.22

1.22

.058 

<.53 

.24 

.53

.53

<.53

1.32

2.0

3.3

1.6 

2.4

1.05 5.3

<.021 

<.53 

.13 

<.53 

<.0053 

<.0053

<.53 

.079

1.22 <.53

.44

7.9

8.2 

1.1 

5.6 

8.3

6.9

.53

15.2

9.2

13

10

17

- 11

7.2 

2.1 

3.8 

1.6 

3.0 

5.1

2.1 

4.8

3.2

6.1

Of Swann and Willman (1961). ALUMINUM
F22 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 5. Aluminum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio Mean Deviaanalysis (percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and

Powell Formations; Missouri - 

Loess

- 12 (5)

- 12 (5)

- 12 (5)

- 12 (5)

- 12 (5)

- 13 (5)

24:24 

24:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

7.9 

6.6

8.0 

9.9 

10

5.2

1.33 

1.56

1.24 

1.20 

1.27

1.10

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

4.5 

2.1

5.0 

7.6 

5.1

4.2

- 14 

- 11

- 13 

- 15 

- 13

- 5.8

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia - 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- - .- - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

\JJ

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

_ ifi m

30:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

i i Lf\ i i An

0.9 

4.6

4.0 

4.8 

3.4 

3.9

4.0 

5.2 

3.8 

3.8

4.2 

4.7 

3.8 

3.9

*£_1

1.88 

1.70

1.21 

1.16 

1.32 

1.30

1.25 

1.08 

1.29 

1.23

1.25 

1.11 

1.24 

1.33

*1 .10

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

*_ *£

0.2 

1.5

3.1 

3.7 

2.0 

2.2

2.9 

4.7 

2.4 

2.6

3.0 

3.8 

2.8 

2.2

1 .1

- 5 

- 7

- 5.2 

- 6.1 

- 4.8 

- 5.0

- 5.6 

- 5.8 

- 4.9 

- 5.0

- 6.9 

- 5.7 

- 5.5 

- 5.7

7.Q

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana

A horizon; Georgia 

A horizon; Kentucky

B horizon; Georgia

B horizon; Kentucky

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest

 14 (i)

15 (1)

y !8 (16)

19 (16)

 14 (i)

15 (1)

y 18 (16)

i

29:30 

30:30 

96:96

108:108 

 in. "in JW Jw

30:30

96:96 

sn.sn

O.J

1.1

4.4

3

0

3.2 

1.1

5.7

.7

A S

1.39

00

97

27

1.28

1.86

2.00

1.30

1.29

1.25

1.02

1.03

1.02

1.13

.3

.7

2.0

1.6

.3

.7

2.8

2.6

- 10

7

6.5

14

5

7

11

7.9

ALUMINUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 5. Aluminum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F23

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

Observed

Ratio Mean

(percent)

Deviation

Error range

(percent)

SOILS Continued

Uncultivated Continued

B horizon; Missouri Continued

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade > 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

C horizon; Kentucky - 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United StatesB horizon; Western United States - 

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin . .. .-.

Bean, lima; Georgia - - 

Bean, snap; Georgia- - 

Beet, red; Wisconsin--- - 

Cabbage; Georgia 

Cabbage; Wisconsin 

Carrot; Wisconsin - -- 

Corn; Georgia - ----.

Corn; Missouri

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie - 

Oak-hickory Forest* --- 

Corn; Wisconsin - - ..-. .

Cucumber; Wisconsin -- 

Onion; Wisconsin -- 

Potato; Wisconsin - 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest- - 

-- 20 (5)

-- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

-- 20 (5)

-- 14 (1)

- 18 (16)

" 22 (5)

- 21 (1)

-- 21 (1)

PLANT

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

J.5 (1)

- 15 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- " (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 17 (1)

 " 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

30:30

96:96

168:168

285:307

399:484

ASH

5:5

30:30

15:15

30:30

30:30

3:3

29:29

4:4

30:30

11:11

8:8

29:29

30:30

10:10

10:10

10:10

27:27

4:4

7:7

10:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

6.5

4.7

3.2

2.7

2.1

1.7

6.1

5.7

3.3

5.4

0.40

.03

.14

.09

.15

.15

.06

.05

.4

.11

.15

.07

.07

.02

.02

.02

.1

.17

.15

.1

.04

.05

.04

.06

1.21

1.34

1.42

1.47

1.63

2.61

1.39

1.29

2.70

2.02

1.55

2.43

3.11

2.18

2.28

2.07

2.03

1.64

2.45

2.22

2.04

2.03

1.99

1.99

1.99

1.98

1.57

3.16

2.40

1.69

2.20

1.29

1.51

2.00

1.13

1.13

1.13

1.13

1.13

_.

1.02

1.03

..

 

--

..

*» »

--

« «

1.75

1.75

1.75

-.

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

5.7

2.1

1.6

1.1

.5

.3

2.5

1.3

.7

.5

0.3

.01

.03

.015

.02

.07

.015

.03

.05

.03

.07

.015

.015

.005

.005

.005

.03

.03

.07

.07

.005

.03

.02

.01

- 9.0

- 9.0

- 5.8

- 5.3

- 5.8

7

- 12

- 7.6

- >10

- >10

- 0.7

.2

3

.5

.7

.3

.2

.7

- 1.5

.7

.7

.2

.3

.05

.05

.07

.15

.3

.7

.3

.07

.07

.07

.1

ALUMINUM
F24 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 5. Aluminum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH Continued

Cultivated plants Continued

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 0.07 2.96 0.015 - 0.2

15 (1) 30:30 .04 2.60 .007 - .15

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .15 2.64 .01 - 1

15 (1) 30:30 .24 2.26 .02 - .7 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .23 1.90 « .1 - 1.5

15 (1) 30:30 .29 1.94 ~ .05 - 1

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .52 1.69 .15 - 1

15 (1) 30:30 .63 1.41 .3 - 1.5

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .91 2.12 -- .1-2

15 (1) 30:30 1.1 1.58 -- .5-3

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 1.3 1.35 1.61 .7 - 2

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 1.4 1.44 1.61 .5-5

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 1.0 1.46 1.61 .5-2

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 1.2 1.33 1.61 .7-2

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 1.0 1.40 1.61 .5-2

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 .41 2.07 1.61 .15 - 10

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 .75 1.75 -- .2 - 1.5

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 .71 1.46 .5 - 1.5

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 .35 1.60 .2 - .7

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 .47 1.61 ,- .2-1

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 .32 1.89 .15 - .7

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 .72 1.70 1.18 .2-7 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 .73 1.58 1.18 .2-2 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 .29 2.27 1.61 .07 - .5 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 .36 1.76 1.61 .1-1

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .14 1.67 .07 - .7

15 (1) 30:30 .17 1.63 .07 - .5

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .19 2.44 .01 - 1.5

15 (1) 30:30 .37 1.92 .07 - 1

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 .24 1.55 1.34 .1 - .7 

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 .26 1.87 1.61 .07 - 1 

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 .27 1.74 1.34 .15 - 1.0 

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 .27 1.50 1.34 .10 - 1.4 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 .19 1.62 1.61 .07 - .5 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 .19 1.57 1.61 .1-1 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 .24 1.90 1.61 .07 - 1.5 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia - 14 (1) 30:30 .17 2.07 .02 - .7

15 (1) 30:30 .24 1.93 -- .05 - .7

ALUMINUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 5. Aluminum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F25

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No* and

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species --Continued

Pine, short leaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri--- - -

Sassafras, stems; Georgia---- - 

Sassafras, leaves; GeorgiaSumac, winged, stems; Georgia-- -

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia --

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - -- -

Glaciated Prairie -.- .

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade----- - 

Oak-hickory Forest - - - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest-- -- - 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia -

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia - 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri

20 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

20 (1)

49:49

17:17

27:27

17:17

27:27

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

48:48

50:50

49:49

49:49

50:50

49:49

28:28

27:27

28:28

27:27

47:47

3.9

.39

.37

.43

.63

.19

.23

.26

.51

.11

.13

.11

.10

.12

.13

.20

.37

.62

.85

.18

1.65

2.42

2.67

2.26

2.04

1.73

1.90

1.86

2.12

2.55

2.09

2.29

1.92

2.11

1.99

1.48

1.77

1.54

1.77

1.85

1.61

--

1.61

1.61

1.61

1.61

1.61

1.61

1.61

1.5

.05

.05

.15

.15

.07

.07

.1

.15

.02

.01

.02

.02

.02

.02

.1

.15

.2

.1

.05

- 10

- 2

- 2

- 2

- 2

.7

1

1.5

- 2

- 1

.5

- 1.5

.5

.7

.7

.5

- 1.5

- 1.5

- 2

.5

TABLE 6. Antimony in soils

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate ao data available]

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio 

__________ analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

Cultivated and uncultivated

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 1:362 <150 <150 - 500

ALUMINUM, ANTIMONY
F26 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 7. Arsenic in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppra)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri - 

Rhyolite

Sandstone

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas -.-, ... 

Shale 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, 

and Oklahoma - - - ......

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasTippecanoe sequence; Missouri- - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, 

and Oklahoma --. 

1 (6) 

1 (6)

4 (6) 

6 (6)

7 (6)

7 (6) 

6 (6)

4 (6) 

10 (6)

7 (6) 

6 (6)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa) 

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas--

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri- -

Loess 

Missouri .--- . .... ..

12 (6) 

12 (6)

12 (6) 

12 (6) 

12 (6)

13 (6)

29:30 

28:30

7:12 

29:32

7:20

18:18 

32:32

28:48 

3:12

17:40 

27:32

GEOLOGIC

24:24 

24:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

2.9 

4.7

1.1

4.3

6.4 

9.0

1.2 

.74

.83 

2.5

DEPOSITS

18 

15

19 

21 

21

8.3

2.11 

4.01

1.57 

2.51

2.22 

2.11

2.62 

1.53

2.58 

2.95

1.36 

1.88

1.74 

1.38 

1.37

1.38

1.12 

1.12

1.62 

1.62

1.21 

1.21

1.26 

1.26

1.26 

1.26

1.19 

1.19

1.19 

1.19 

1.19

<1 - 19 

<1 - 300

<1 - 2.7 

<1 - 25

<1 - 4.3

1.7 - 18 

1.4 - 27

<1 - 17 

<1 - 1.5

<1 - 6.3 

<1 - 39

11 - 31 

3.7 - 42

7.9 - 61 

12 - 33 

8.7 - 34

3 - 13

ARSENIC
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 7. Arsenic in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

F27

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Flood plain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie- .- 

Oak-hickory Forest-- « -. 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Flood plain Forest--- - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie-- 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie - - - 

Unglaciated Prairie- -- 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Surface horizon; Missouri- - 

Uncultivated 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated PrairieOak-hickory Forest 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - - 

B horizon; Eastern United StatesB horizon; Western United States-- 

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 <6)

- 17 (6)

- 17 (6)

- 16 (6)

- 20 (6)

- 20 (6)

- 20 (6)

- 20 (6)

- 20 (6)

- 20 (6)

OO /f.\

- zz (6)

- 21 (6)

- 21 (6)

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

1,140:1,140

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50

168:168

413:420 

489:490

5.5 

10 

10 

8.8

5.9 

12 

11 

7.1

6.4 

12 

9.3 

8.5

8.7

7.5 

13 

12 

8.4 

8.0 

6.7

5.4

5.4 

6.1

1.68 

1.32 

1.47 

1.23

1.70 

1.31 

1.52 

1.38

2.25 

1.63 

1.41 

1.22

1.46

2.03 

1.27 

1.55 

1.73 

1.83 

1.67

2.20

2.24 

1.82

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10

1.10 

1.10 

1.10 

1.10

1.16

1.21 

1.21 

1.21 

1.21 

1.21 

1.21

1.36

1.8 

7.0 

4.8 

6.1

2.7 

7.6 

5.5 

4.1

1.6 

7.1 

5.1

6.4

2.5

2.4 

7.2 

3.4 

2.6 

2.4 

2.7

1.2

<.2 

<.2

- 9.1 

- 14 

- 15

- 14

- 15 

- 17 

- 24 

- 12

- 36 

- 27 

- 14 

- 13

- 72 ,

- 170 

- 20 

- 38 

- 22 

- 28 

- 44

- 24

- 73 

- 97

DRY PLANTS

Native species 

Buckbush; Oak-hickory Forest, 

Missouri- - 

Sumac, smooth; Glaciated Prairie, 

Missouri -- 

- 20 (6)

- 20 (6)

1:14 

1:9

0.25 

<.25

O.25 

<.25

- 0.25 

- 1.5

ARSENIC
F28 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 8. Barium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado

1 .(1)

1 (1)

2 (2)

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesRoubidoux Formation; Missouri

3 (2)

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 5 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, 

and Oklahoma

4 (1)

(2) 

(2)

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas

6 (1)

7 (1)

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesSauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasUpper Ordovician; Kentucky - 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky- - 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma ------- ..... .

- 9 (2)

3 (2)

4 (1)

5 (1)

10 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

6 (1)

30:30 

30:30 

80:80

397:399

12:12 

120:120 

152:152

32:32

20:20

88:88

198:392

48:48

80:80

10:12

112:112

152:152

80:80

32:32

550

640

540

100

38

100

140

170

23

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesUpper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas -- -

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

3 (2)

8

/O\ {* )

5 (2)

7 (1)

5 (2) 

f. ti\

336:336 

76:76

142 142

1 Q. 1 Q

JUfc . ±Jt*

V)*V>

510 

onn

250

220

410

L-\t\

510

26

9.2

65

5.6

54

29

160

44

2.57

1.98

2.10

2.97

1.92

1.87

2.13

2.17

1.52

1.86

1.68

1.46

2.15

1.53

1.48

1.79

7.40

3.48

3.12

5.04

2.59

32

99

3.01

1.07

1.07

1.17

1.25

1.24

1.26

1.20

1.24

1.24

1.12

1.26

1.11

1.26

1.14

1.24

1.30

1.71

1.30

1.24

1.34

1.24

1.30

50

200

90

10 - 

10 - 

30 -

50 -

10 -

60 -

80 -

110 -

70 - 

90 -

200 -

<30 -

1 -

10 -

<1 -

10 -

5 -

30 -

10 -

2,000

2,000

6,700

7,500

100

340

1,700

700

50

3,900

1,000

1,500

700

970

700

150 - 4,200

1,400

100

3,000

70

300

300

500

500

Of Swann and Willman (1961). 

BARIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 8. Barium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F29

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis_______

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS-"Cont inued

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 11 (1) 30:30 160 1.50 70 - 300

UNCGNSOLOATED GEOLOGIC

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri ---

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and

Powell Formations; Missouri and

On Osagean rocks: Missouri « 

Loess

Missouri « 

 12 (1)

 12 (1)

12 (1)

 12 (1)

12 (1)

 13 (1)

24:24

24:24

24:24

24:24

24:24

24:24

DEPOSITS

140

170

190

150

170

840

1.30

1.38

1.37

1.39

1.24

1.30

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

--

70 -

70 -

100 -

100 -

100 -

500 -

200

300

500

300

300

1,000

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest . -

Glaciated Prairie « . 

Unglaciated Prairie- -- - 

Oak-hickory Forest-- - -

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest .. . 

Glaciated Prairie « . 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie « 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Surface horizon; Missouri -

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana . 

A horizon; Georgia. - - .-

A horizon; Kentucky -- - 

14 (1)

15 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

17 (1)

16 (1)

25 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

19 (2)

30:30

30:30

8:8

10:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

10:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

1,140:1,140

48:48

30:30

30:30

96:96

108:108

63

250

800

810

600

700

630

700

650

640

700

780

670

590

580

740

100

290

296

350

1.42

1.52

1.20

1.28

1.39

1.26

1.26

1.26

1.28

1.51

1.18

1.33

1.46

1.58

1.46

1.36

1.73

1.85

1.46

1.47

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

1.14

J» »^O

1.29

--

1.09

1.04

30 -

100 -

700 -

500 -

300 -

500 -

500 -

500 -

500 -

300 -

500 -

500 -

300 -

300 -

100 -

500 -

50 -

70 -

90 -

110 -

150

500

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,500

3,000

500

1,500

520

740

BARIUM
F30 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 8. Barium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(pom)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

,30 

.30 

.30 

.30 

.30

1.86

2.14

2.67

2.73

50

30

110

300

200

200

100

100

70

50

70

80

Uncult iva ted Cont inued

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 86 1.68

15 (1) 30:30 270 2.00

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 300 1.41 1.09

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 50:50 660 1.43 1

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 560 1.46 1

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 490 1.58 1

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 250 1.61 1

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 390 1.78 1

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 50:50 340 1.96 1.30

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 94 1.83

15 (1) 30:30 290 1.77

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 250 1.54 1.09

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 168:168 550 1.71 1.26

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 371:371 300 2.19 -- 15

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 492:492 560 1.80 70

____________________________________PLANT ASH___________________________

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin - -- 23 (1) 5:5 290

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 100

15 (1) 15:15 190

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 170

Beet, red; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 360 1.34

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (1) 29:29 130 2.06

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 320 2.95

15 (1) 30:30 450 1.67

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (1) 11:11 160 1.69

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (1) 8:8 320 2.56

Corn; Georgia 14 (1) 29:29 54 2.37

15 (1) 30:30 47 2.12 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:8 21 2.55 1.26

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 15 1.88 1.26

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 16 1.92 1.26

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 21 2.82 1.26

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (1) 27:27 32 2.10

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 140 2.00

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (1) 7:7 200 1.62

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 62 1.67

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (1) 10:10 120 2.79

100

50

20

70

300

70

30

200

50

50

10

10

5

7

5

5

10

50

100

30

30

300

700

690

5,000

1,000

1,000

700

1,000

1,500

500

700

640

150 - 1,500

1,000

5,000

700

300

200

300

500

500

500

1,500

300

1,000

300

200

100

50

50

70

150

200

500

100

700

BARIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 8. Barium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F31

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Cu11 ivated plant s Continued 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 440 2.33 1.26 100 - 1,500

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 220 2.43 1.26 30 - 500

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 290 2.18 1.26 70 - 700

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 230 1.82 1.26 150 - 1,000

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 60 2.43 7 - 300

15 (1) 30:30 38 1.80 15 - 150 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 3,600 2.93 300 - 10,000

15 (1) 30:30 3,000 3.12 300 - 15,000

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2,400 2.50 ~ 50 7,000

15 (1) 30:30 2,100 2.80 -- 200 - 10,000

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 7,200 2.18 200 - 15,000

15 (1) 30:30 9,800 1.67 1,500 - 20,000

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2,800 2.54 -- 50 - 7,000

15 (1) 30:30 4,100 1.73 1,000 - 10,000

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 2,700 1.52 1.49 1,000 - 5,000

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 2,500 1.48 1.49 1,000 - 7,000

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 1,200 1.84 1.49 300 - 7,000

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 3,800 1.63 1.49 1,500 - 10,000

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 4,500 1.87 1.49 2,000 - 30,000

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 320 2.50 1.49 100 - 7,000

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 2,000 1.63 1,000 - 5,000

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 2,900 2.09 700 - 7,000

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 370 2.50 200 - 3,000

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 3,800 2.04 1,500 - 10,000

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 4,100 1.44 3,000 - 7,000

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 11,000 1.40 1.14 7,000 - 20,000

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 9,300 1.65 1.14 2,000 - 20,000 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 7,700 2.38 1.49 500 - 20,000

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 3,500 2.82 -- 50 - 15,000

15 (1) 30:30 3,600 2.17 -- 300 - 10,000

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,400 2.73 -- 70 - 5,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,300 2.02 300 - 7,000

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 3,500 1.56 1.21 1,500 - 7,000

19 (2) 21:22 4,300 2.03 1.06 840 - >10,000

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 660 2.31 1.49 100 - 5,000

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 4,700 1.70 1.21 500 - 10,000

19 (2) 8:8 5,300 1.75 1.06 1,700 - 10,000

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 5,500 1.43 1.21 2,000 - 15,000

19 (2) 73:75 5,500 1.63 1.06 890 - >10,000

BARIUM
F32 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 8. Barium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 4,200 1.58 1.49 1,000 - 10,000 

Oak-hickory-pine Porest 20 (1) 49:49 5,000 1.44 1.49 3,000 - 15,000 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 2,700 1.57 1.49 1,000 - 5,000 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2,500 2.29 150 - 10,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,900 2.40 500 - 20,000

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 970 2.09 70 - 3,000

15 (1) 30:30 710 2.57 -- 30 - 7,000 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 1,100 1.79 1.49 300 - 5,000 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 3,000 2.26 700 - 10,000

15 (1) 27:27 2,600 2.37 500 - 10,000

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 800 1.99 300 - 3,000

15 (1) 27:27 710 1.76 300 - 2,000

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 4,500 1.97 700 - 15,000

15 (1) 30:30 3,200 2.60 300 - 10,000

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,900 1.84 700 - 7,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,300 2.42 300 - 7,000

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 48:48 3,500 1.84 1.49 1,500 - 10,000

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 2,600 1.60 1.49 700 - 7,000

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 49:49 2,600 1.78 1.49 700 - 10,000

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 270 2.35 1.49 70 - 3,000

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 3,400 2.33 1.49 200 - 10,000

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 4,500 2.00 1.49 1,000 - 50,000

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 2,500 1.99 700 - 7,000

15 (1) 27:27 2,800 2.03 1,000 - 10,000

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 1,400 1.99 300 - 5,000

15 (1) 27:27 1,300 2.39 300 - 7,000

Sweetgum, Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 47:47 2,000 1.61 1.49 500 - 5,000

BARIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 9. Beryllium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F33

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

ana lys i s_______

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation.

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambriaa; Missouri 1 (1) 29:30 2.0 1.48 1.20

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (1) 25:30 1.5 1.54 1.20

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 38:400 <1 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

and Oklahoma 6 (1) 14:32 .80 1.77

Shale

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (2) 1:142 <5 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 12:18 1.1 1.64 1.27 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 5 (2) 2:152 <5 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

and Oklahoma 6 (1) 31:32 1.7 1.44 1.27

Limestone and dolomite

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 5 (1) 1:80 <5 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (1) 1:152 <2 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (1) 4:80 <2 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

and Oklahoma 6 (1) 1:32 <1

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 11 (1) 13:30 1.7 1.29

___________________________UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS____________

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 15:24 <1 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 12:24 <1 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 19:24 1.0 1.19 1.16 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 15:24 1.1 1.30 1.16 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 22:24 1.7 1.23 1.16

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 18:24 .95 1.22

<5

<5

<5

<2 

<2

<2

<L

3

3

12

1.5

- 5

- 3

- 5

- 3

- 5

- 2

- 10

- 1

- 3

- 1.5

BERYLLIUM
F34 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 9. Beryllium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)___tion__________

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 15 (1) 2:30 <1.5 <1.5 - 5

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 4:10 1.2 1.26 <1.5 - 1.5 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 3:10 1.1 1.31 <1.5 - 1.5 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 2:10 <1.5 <1.5 - 1.5

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 1:10 <1.5 -- <1.5 - 1.5 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 4:10 1.2 1.26 <1.5 - 1.5 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 2:8 1.0 1.34 <1.5 - 1.5 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 1:9 <1.5 -- <1.5 - 1.5

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 3:10 1.1 1.31 -- <1.5 - 1.5 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 1:10 <1.5 <1.5 - 1.5 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 1:10 <1.5 <1.5 - 1.5

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 520:1,140 .8 1.43 1.16 <1 - 2

Uncultivated

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 <1 -- -- <1 - 1.5

15 (1) 1:30 <1 <1 - 1.5 

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 10:96 <2 <2 - 2

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 13:96 <2 <2 - 3

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 33:50 .99 1.46 <1 - 2

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 46:50 1.2 1.29 <1 - 2

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:50 1.3 1.27 <1 - 2

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 27:50 .88 1.47 <1 - 1.5

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 20:50 .76 1.42 -- <1 - 1.5

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 21:50 .77 1.47 -- <1 - 1.5

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 <1 <1 - 1.5

15 (1) 1:30 <1 -- <1 - 1.5

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 18:96 <2 <2 - 3

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 115:168 1.4 1.52 1.16 <1.5 - 7

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 121:371 .6 2.53 <1 - 7 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 166:492 .6 2.47 <1 - 7

____________________________________PLANT ASH__________________________________

Native species

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 19 (2) 11:88 <4 -- <4 - 6 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 11:40 .64 4.47 <2 - 7

19 (2) 2:20 <4 -- <4 - 6 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 3:19 <2 -- <2 - 2 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 4:7 2.0 2.18 <2 - 7

BERYLLIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 9. Beryllium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F35

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean

(ppm)

Devia- Error

tion

Observed

range

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Oak, black; Kentucky ....... 19 (2 )

....... 18 (1)

....... 19 (2 )

2:22 

1:27 

9:73

<4 

<2

<4

<4 

<2 

<4

- 5 

- 2 

- 5

TABLE 10. Bismuth in soils

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio Mean

analysis__________(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range

(PPM)

Cultivated and uncultivated

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 2:492 <10 <10 - 15

TABLE 11. Boron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; MissouriArkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado1 (1) 5:30

1 (1) 6:30

2 (2) 22:80

<20

<20

<20 - 20

<20 - 30

3.2 3.46 <7 - 68 

BERYLLIUM, BISMJTH, BORON
F36 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 11. Boron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS Con t inued

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). 

BORON

Sandstone

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (1) 6:12 18 1.78 1.40 <2Q - 50 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 5 (2) 57:120 18 1.70 1.42 <20 - 54 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (2) 86:152 20 1.72 1.54 <2Q - 90 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 26:32 36 2.00 1.40 <20 - 70

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 18:20 39 1.80 1.40 <20 - 70

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 216:336 43 2.41 1.15 <30 - 220 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 8 (2) 60:76 66 2.06 <33 - 150 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (2) 130:142 68 1.61 <30 - 170 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 18:18 64 1.73 1.73 20 - 150 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (2) 149:152 56 1.39 1.20 <30 - 160 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 32:32 72 1.34 1.73 50 - 150

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (2) 87:88 110 1.28 1.09 <30 - 190

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 16:392 <46 <46 - 130 

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 5 (1) 25:80 31 1.58 <50 - 100 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 10 (1) 1:12 <20 <20 - 20 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (1) 32:112 29 1.66 <50 - 100 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (1) 15:152 <50 <50 - 100 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 2:40 <20 <20 - 300 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (1) 18:80 <50 <50 - 100 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 1:32 <20 -- <20 - 20

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 11 (1) 3:30 <50 <50 - 50

-__________________________ UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS___________________________

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 8:24 22 1.09 1.05 <20 - 20 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 8:24 22 1.09 1.05 <20 - 20 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 16:24 21 1.05 1.05 <20 - 20 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 2:24 <20 -- <20 - 20 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 5:24 <20 -- -- <20 - 30
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 11. Boron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F37

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

Mo. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UHCOHSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS--Continued

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 35 1.46 -- 30 - 70

___________________;______SOILS__________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 15:30 25 1.91 <30 - 100

15 (1) 17:30 31 2.47 -- <30 - 150

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 9:10 25 1.53 1.51 <20 - 50 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 29 1.52 1.51 20 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 41 1.39 1.51 20 - 50

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:10 21 1.46 1.51 <20 - 50 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 29 1.52 1.51 20 - 50 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 31 1.53 1.51 20 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 8:9 27 1.54 1.51 <20 - 50

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 7:10 21 1.56 1.51 <20 - 50 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 9:10 28 1.60 1.51 <20 - 50 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 36 1.47 1.51 20 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 26 1.46 1.51 20 - 50

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,113:1,140 31 1.34 1.46 <20 - 700

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 44:48 29 1.54 1.23 <20 - 70

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 10:30 18 2.55 <30 - 100

15 (1) 13:30 22 3.08 <30 - 150

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 87:96 45 1.46 <20 - 78

19 (2) 107:108 63 1.26 1.16 <30 - 90

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 10:30 20 1.85 <30 - 50

15 (1) 14:30 25 2.87 <30 - 150

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 89:96 39 1.49 <20 - 130

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 46:50 29 1.44 1.31 <20 - 50

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 49:50 33 1.38 1.31 <20 - 70

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 35 1.40 1.31 20 - 70

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 43:50 27 1.48 1.31 <20 - 50

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:50 39 1.41 1.31 <20 - 70

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:50 32 1.43 1.31 <20 - 50

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 9:30 18 2.03 <30 - 70

15 (1) 12:30 20 2.94 <30 - 200

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 79:96 34 1.72 <20 - 140

BORON
F38 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 11. Boron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States 

-- 22 (1)

" 21 (1)

- 21 (1)

70:168

295:371 

303:492

<20

32 

22

1.92 

2.09

<20 -

<10 - 

<10 -

70

150 

300

PUNT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, snap; Georgia > - - 

Beet, red; Wisconsin 

Blackeyed pea; Georgia-- - 

Cabbage; Georgia - - 

Cabbage; Wisconsin - 

Carrot; Wisconsin - - - 

Corn; Georgia - 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 

Glaciated PrairieOak-hickory Forest - 

Corn; Wisconsin - -- 

Onion; Wisconsin- - ---- 

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 

Potato; Wisconsin - 

Soybean; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie - - 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

-- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

£.3 \1J 

U(l\\*-/

15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 23 (1)

" 23 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 CD

" 17 (1)

« 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

" 23 (1)

" 23 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

" 17 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

5:5 

30:30 

15:15 

30:30 

30:30

1:3 

29:29

4:4

27:28 

25:30 

11:11

7:8 

26:29 

22:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

19:27 

7:7 

4:4 

6:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

27:30 

24:30

30:30 

30:30 

30:30 

30:30

540 

94 

70 

160 

140

44 

220 

140

83 

53 

110

62 

56 

37

62 

68 

59 

68

37 

120 

64 

37

170 

220 

210 

240

56

38

360 

340 

290 

230

1.73 

1.54 

1.75 

1.53 

1.30

1.96 

1.54 

1.22

1.72 

2.29 

1.29

1.80 

1.78 

2.25

1.29 

1.29 

1.19 

1.35

1.76 

1.51 

1.18 

2.27

1.34 

1.26 

1.44 

1.36

1.73 

1.88

1.75 

1.48 

1.43 

1.27

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

200 - 1, 

50 - 

20 - 

70 - 

70 -

<30 - 

70 - 

100 -

<30 - 

<30 - 

70 -

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 -

50 - 

50 - 

50 - 

50 -

<30 - 

70 - 

50 - 

<30 -

100 - 

150 - 

100 - 

150 -

<20 - 

<20 -

50 - 1, 

150 - 

70 - 

150 -

000 

300 

200 

300 

200

70 

500 

150

300 

300 

150

100 

150 

150

100 

100 

70 

100

100 

200 

70 

100

200 

300 

300 

300

150 

70

000 

700 

500 

300

BORON
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 11. Boron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F39

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PUNT ASH--Continued

Native species--Continued

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 430 1.57

15 (1) 30:30 360 1.40

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 600 1.75

15 (1) 30:30 410 1.50

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 180 1.37 1.31

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 170 1.29 1.31

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 180 1.35 1.31

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 170 1.35 1.31

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 180 1.29 1.31

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 160 1.33 1.31

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 210 1.53

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 220 1.26

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 210 1.14

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 210 1.30

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 220 1.31

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 370 1.72 1.81

19 (2) 88:88 160 1.26 1.24

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 410 1.47 1.81

19 (2) 20:20 170 1.27 1.24 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 190 1.48 1.31

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 190 1.11 1.31

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 370 1.36

15 (1) 30:30 350 1.34

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 420 1.73

15 (1) 30:30 360 1.67

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 410 1.33 1.26

19 (2) 22:22 140 1.29 1.24

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 180 1.41 1.31

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 500 1.34 1.26

19 (2) 8:8 180 1.34 1.24

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 420 1.41 1.26

19 (2) 75:75 140 1.37 1.24 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 190 1.47 1.31

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 190 1.26 1.31 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 220 1.34 1.31

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 320 1.53

15 (1) 30:30 220 1.71

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 450 1.66

15 (1) 30:30 360 1.80 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 230 1.34 1.31

100

150

70

200

100

100

70

100

100

100

100

150

200

150

150

15

97

200

100

100

150

300

200

50

100

200

75

70

300

140

200

90

100

100

100

150

50

70

70

700

700

1,500

700

300

300

300

300

300

300

500

300

300

300

300

700

290

700

270

500

200

700

500

700

1,000

500

190

300

1,000

330

700

500

500

300

4500

700

700

1,000

700

100 - 500 

BORON
F40 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 11. Boron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PUNT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Sassafras, stems; Georgia-- 

Sassafras, leaves; GeorgiaSumac, winged, stems; Georgia 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplaia Forest - ...... 

Glaciated Prairie- « 

Unglaciated Prairie- - 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

Sveetgum, stems; Georgia 

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia - - 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

20 (1)

17:17 

27:27 

17:17 

27:27

30:30 

30:30 

30:30 

30:30

48:48 

50:50 

49:49 

49:49 

50:50 

49:49

28:28 

27:27 

28:28 

27:27

47:47

320 

250 

300 

150

300 

230 

320 

250

230 

230 

230 

220 

200 

210

260 

190 

400 

280 

160

1.70 

1.64 

1.51 

1.46

1.48 

1.67 

1.54 

1.84

1.31 

1.44 

1.33 

1.37 

1.26 

1.38

1.38 

1.39 

1.51 

1.48 

1.47

 » »

 K "»

1.31 

1.31 

1.31 

1.31 

1.31 

1.31

1.31

70 - 

70 - 

150 - 

70 -

150 - 

50 - 

150 - 

100 -

150 - 

150 - 

150 - 

100 - 

100 - 

100 -

150 - 

100 - 

200 - 

150 - 

50 -

700 

500 

700 

300

500 

500 

700 

700

500 

500 

500 

500 

300 

500

500 

300 

700 

500 

300

TABLE 12. Cadmium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)___tion______

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Shale

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas .... 

Limestone and dolomite

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas- - -

7 (3)

7 (3)

2:18

1:40

<1

<1

- 5

- 1

BORON, CADMIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 12. Cadmium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F41

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia - Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS Cont inued

Limestone and dolomite Continued 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri -

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas--

On Osagean rocks; MissouriOn Meramecian rocks; Missouri- ---

12 (3) 

12 (3)

12 (3) 

12 (3) 

12 (3)

2:24 <1 

2:24 <1

1:24 <1 

4:24 <1 

6:24 .42 3.40

<1 - 4

<1 - 1.5

<1 - 1

<1 - 3 

<1 - 6

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Oak-hickory

Forest, Missouri- - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie - .---- - 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - -- 

Surface horizon; Missouri - 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado- - 

B horizon; Eastern United StatesB horizon; Western United States 

17 (3)

17 (3) 

17 (3)

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3)

16 (3)

22 (3)

21 (3) 

21 (3)

1:10 <1

1:10 <1 

1:8 <1

1:10 <1 

1:10 <1 

1:10 <1

12:1,140 <1

10:168 <1

2:420 <1 

9:492 <1

<1 - 1.5

<1 - 1.0 

<1 - 2.5

<1 - 1.0

<1 - 4.5 

<1 - 2.5

<1 - 11

<1 - 4

<1 - 1 

<1 - 10

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants 

Corn; Missouri

Unglaciated Prairie 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3)

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3)

17 f\\

6:8 0.37 1.72 1.42 

9:10 .62 2.34 1.42 

9:10 .40 1.49 1.42 

9:10 .64 3.5fr 1.42

10:10 2.3 2.33 1.42 

10:10 .60 2.04 1.42 

8:8 .80 1.53 1.42

Q.Q fift 1_<n 1.A2

<0.2 - 4.4 

<.2 - 8.2 

<.2 - 4.0 

<.2 - 5.2

.7 - 7.0 

.3 - 1.6 

.4 - 1.2 

.2 - 1.7

CADMIUM
F42 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 12. Cadmium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation.

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 47:47 12 1.91 1.21 2.8 - 50 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 48:48 14 2.08 1.21 3.2 - 60 

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 6.2 1.43 1.21 3.6 - 15 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 49:49 12 1.69 1.21 3.4 - 36 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 41:41 10 1.86 1.21 2.8 - 40

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 1.5 1.52 1.21 .050 - 3.4

Glaciated Prairie 24 (3) 9:9 3.2 1.92 1.5 - 9.8

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (3) 10:10 5.0 1.70 - 1.4 - 8.4

Cedar Glade 24 (3) 10:10 .95 1.60 .5 - 2.6

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (3) 10:10 2.6 2.64 .6 - 12

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (3) 4:4 1.4 1.36 -- 1.0 - 2.0

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 19:19 18 1.80 1.21 3.2 - 40 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 7:7 20 1.60 1.21 9.4 - 33

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (3) 50:50 2.3 1.51 1.21 1.2 - 10

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 50:50 4.1 1.39 1.21 2.0 - 7.6 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 49:49 3.9 1.44 1.21 1.6 - 10

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (3) 46:46 8.3 1.85 1.21 2.7 - 60

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (3) 49:49 14 1.61 1.21 4 - 38

Sagebrush; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 25 (3) 48:48 5.2 1.92 1.3 - 30

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (3) 48:48 4.4 2.09 1.21 1.2 - 28 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 50:50 3.1 1.88 1.21 1.2 - 60 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 49:49 4.2 1.83 1.21 1.2 - 12 

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 49:49 1.7 1.48 1.21 .8 - 5.6 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 50:50 2.8 1.63 1.21 1.0 - 11 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 49:49 2.2 1.60 1.21 .8 - 7.8

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (3) 47:47 6.0 2.00 1.21 1.4 - 21

CADMIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 13. Calcium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F43

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Observed 

Error range 

(percent)

ROCKS

Granite

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri -

Sandstone 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesPennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas-- 

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesPennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Siderite

1 

1

3 

5

5

7

3

8 

5 

5

6 

11

(5) 

(5)

(16) 

(16) 

(16)

(5)

(16) 

(16) 

(16) 

(16)

(5) 

(16)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri- -

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas--

On Osagean rocks; Missouri -

Loess

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(5)

30 

23

392 

112 

146

15

332 

74 

133 

139

32 

30

:30 

:30

:400 

:120 

:152

:20

:336 

:76 

:142 

:152

:32 

:30

GEOLOGIC

23

24

24 

24 

24

24

:24 

:24

:24 

:24 

:24

:24

0.41 

.22

.22 

.13 

.094

.42

.97 

.80 

.49 

.13

1.1 

4.1

DEPOSITS

0.059 

.041

.086 

.031 

.11

.88

2 

3

5 

7

4

8

4 

6 

6 

3

4 

2

4 

3

2 

4 

2

2

.25 

.33

.70 

.59

.45

.55

.34 

.83 

.98 

.71

.15 

.23

.11 

.36

.15 

.76 

.75

.22

1.02 

1.02

1.90 

2.69 

2.09

1.32 

1.89

3.20 

1.05

1.07 

1.07

1.07 

1.07 

1.07

0.07 

<.07

<.014 - 

<.0072 - 

<.0072 -

<.07

<.014 - 

<.0072 - 

<.0072 - 

<.0072 -

.14 - 

1.4

<0.002 . 

.005 -

.015 - 

.002 - 

.015 -

.29

1 

1

14 

15 

12

9

29 

14 

16

4

13 

30

5 

3

1 

1 

1

4

.2 

.3

.3 

.0

.5 

.5 

.5

.2

Of Swann and Willman (1961).

CALCIUM
F44 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 13. Calcium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - . 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

- 14 (13) 

15 (13)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5) 

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5) 

- 17 (5)

- IK f^ i

30:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

i TI A.I iAn

0.08 

.17

.48 

.57 

.39 

.44

.47 

.58 

.38 

.51

.48 

.66 

.47 

.44

 * *

2.16 

2.19

1.38 

1.30 

2.43 

2.30

1.49 

1.33 

1.76 

2.18

1.46 

1.38 

2.34 

1.55

9.m

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1 .19

0.02 

.03

.35 

.40 

.14 

.16

.22 

.42 

.17 

.31

.21 

.48 

.14 

.21

<_O7

- 0.5 

- 1

.83 

.89 

- 3.1 

- 2.0

.81 

.97 

- 1.0 

- 3.9

.89 

- 1.2 

- 4.1 

.86

i.fi

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana- - 

A horizon; Georgia ' 

A horizon; Kentucky - -- 

B horizon; Georgia-- - 

B horizon; Kentucky 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest . .

Glaciated Prairie . --

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade- - 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -

C horizon; Georgia- >- -- -

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - --

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States- 

 25 V) 

 14 (13)

15 (13)

 18 (16)

19 (16)

 14 (13)

15 (13)

 18 (16)

 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

 20 (5)

 14 (13)

15 (13)

- 22 (5)

 21 (13)

 21 (13)

48:48 

23:30

29:30

91:96

105:108

21:30

30:30

91:96

50:50

50:50

49:50

49:50

46:50

28:50

23:30

30:30

167:168

363:370

491:491

.oZ 

.12

.31

.14

.26

.10

.33

.12

.42

.38

.24

1.7

.15

.065

.12

.35

.9

.32

1.8

3.18 

1.80

1.44

3.23

2.60

1.51

1.37

3.02

1.76

1.36

1.79

4.52

2.80

2.44

1.81

1.28

2.37

2.87

2.93

l.ZU

1.56

1.83

..

1.56

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.04

--

"** 

.05 

<.01

<.oi

<.01

<.035

<.01

.2

<.01

.07

.21

<.07

<.07

<.07

<.07

<.01

.2

<.01

<.01

.01

7

.4

.65

- 3.4

- 1.1

.25

.6

- 1.2

- 1.5

.86

.57

- 30

- 8.6

.57

.35

.5

- 25

- 16

- 40

CALCIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 13. Calcium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F45

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, lima; Georgia - 

Bean, snap; Georgia -

Beet, red; Wisconsin - 

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 

Cabbage; Georgia- -

Cabbage; WisconsinCorn; Georgia- . .....

Corn; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie- ... -. .

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Corn; Wisconsin - - .

Onion; Wisconsin -- 

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 

Potato; Wisconsin- . .---.

Soybean; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie-- -.

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Tomato; Georgia- ........

Native species

Blackgum, stems; GeorgiaBlackgum, leaves; Georgia 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie- - - .

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade - 

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- - 

 14

15

- 14

15

 23

- 14

15

. 14

15

. 23

- 14

15

. 17

. 17

. 17

 17

- 23

. 23

- 23

. 23

 17

. 17

. 17

 17

- 14

15

- 14

15

. 14

15

. 14

15

 14

15

- 20

 20

. 20

. 20

. 20

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(1)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(1)

(13)

(13)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

30:30

15:15

30:30

30:30

3:3

29:29

4:4

28:28

30:30

3:11

29:29

30:30

8:8

10:10

10:10

10:10

27:27

5:7

4:4

10:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

47:47

48:48

50:50

49:49

41:41

3

3

5

6

1

6

4

16

20

>10

1

1

6

2

5

5

6

5

1

1

26

25

23

21

25

26

17

16

15

15

18

15

15

.7

.3

.5

.8

.6

.7

.8

.7

.30

.31

.29

.32

.70

.6

.7

.81

.0

.0

.2

.6

.7

.5

1.32

1.63

1.39

1.31

1.74

1.31

1.29

1.38

1.19

1.44

1.51

1.33

1.27

1.29

1.22

1.99

2.11

2.19

1.63

1.14

1.16

1.12

1.11

1.44

1.27

1.17

1.23

1.16

1.20

1.14

1.14

1.21

1.26

1.11

1.12

1.15

1.22

1.27

..

--

..

--

--

--

..

1.09

1.09

1.09

1.09

.-

--

1.09

1.09

1.09

1.09

..

..

..

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

2

1

2

3

1

3

3

5

13

5

3

1

4

3

5

4

17

17

16

14

20

19

11

7

12

12

13

9

6

.1

.9

.4

.8

.0

.6

.7

.5

.8

.8

.2

.18

.20

.24

.3

.5

.2

.4

.0

.6

.8

.8

.8

.2

.8

- 8

- 8

- 12

- 10

- 3

- 12

- 6

- 23

- 26

- >10

- 3

- 3

-

-

-

-

- 5

- >10

- 5

- 3

- 6

- 5

- 7

6

- 4

- 2

- 33

- 34

- 34

- 28

- 32

- 33

- 24

- 25

- 19

- 20

- 26

- 24

- 23

.3

.6

.0

.7

.6

.4

.44

.42

.42

.42

.4

.8

.4

.4

.6

.1

CALCIUM
F46 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 13. Calcium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

PUNT ASH Continued

1.10

Native species Continued 

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 31 1.09

Glaciated Prairie 24 (3) 9:9 25 1.08

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (3) 10:10 25 1.10

Cedar Glade 24 (3) 10:10 31 1.04

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (3) 10:10 26 1.13

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (3) 6:6 28 1.11

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (3) 60:60 30 1.11

19 (3) 88:88 31 1.08

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (3) 40:40 28 1.12

19 (3) 20:20 31 1.11 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 19:19 34 1.07 1.10

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 7:7 35 1.04 1.10

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (13) 30:30 24 1.19

15 (13) 30:30 25 1.20

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (13) 30:30 17 1.21

15 (13) 30:30 16 1.26

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (3) 25:25 29 1.09

19 (3) 22:22 30 1.06

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (3) 50:50 32 1.11

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (3) 27:27 30 1.09

19 (3) 9:9 29 1.10

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (3) 48:48 28 1.12

19 (3) 76:76 28 1.08

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 50:50 33 1.08

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 49:49 34 1.06

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (3) 46:46 28 1.12 1.10 21

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (13) 30:30 23 1.24

15 (13) 30:30 20 1.28

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (13) 30:30 15 1.55

15 (13) 30:30 16 1.30 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (3) 49:49 13 1.31

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (13) 17:17 21 1.35

15 (13) 27:27 19 1.37

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (13) 17:17 19 1.25

15 (13) 27:27 15 1.27

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (13) 30:30 25 1.27

15 (13) 30:30 24 1.27

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (13) 30:30 19 1.21

15 (13) 30:30 18 1.22

24

23

21

29

23

23

1.04 19

1.05 24

1.04 21

1.05 21

30

34

16

13

11

9

21

27

23

26

25

19

23

26

30

1.06

1.05

1.10

1.06

1.05

1.06

1.05

1.10

1.10

1.10

13

12

2.3

9.7

6.4 

8.3 

9.1

11

7.9

12

9.8

12

13

- 36

- 29

- 30

- 33

- 33

- 30

- 34

- 37

- 34

- 37

- 40

- 37

- 31

- 32

- 24

- 24

- 37

- 34

- 38

- 36

- 33

- 33

- 36

- 38

- 37

- 35

- 33

- 28

- 25

- 25

- 23

- 28

- 26

- 26

- 25

- 34

- 35

- 26

- 26

CALCIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 13. Calcium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F47

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

PUNT ASH Continued

Native species Continued 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 20

Oak-hickory Forest .- --- - 20

15

15 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20

(3) 48:48 24 

(3) 50:50 26 

(3) 49:49 26 

(3) 49:49 29 

(3) 50:50 24 

(3) 49:49 27

(13) 28:28 26 

(13) 27:27 23 

(13) 28:28 19 

(13) 27:27 16 

(3) 47:47 27

1.20 1.10 15 - 34 

1.14 1.10 19 - 31 

1.14 1.10 17 - 33 

1.12 1.10 21 - 37 

1.20 1.10 12 - 31 

1.11 1.10 19 - 32

1.17 16 - 32 

1.31 12 - 35 

1.16 11 - 23 

1.23 9.3 - 23 

1.14 1.10 20 - 36

TABLE 14. Carbon (carbonate) in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (la 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders ( ) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Samples, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(percent)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS

Sandstone

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky - -- 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky > 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - 

Shale

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky -- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma . . ...... .

5 (16)

5 (16)

6 (10)

5 (16)

6 (10)

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (10)

22:120 O.014 

12:152 <.014

24:32

41:152 

31:32

28:28

.01

<.014 

.16

.060

O.014 - 

<.014 -

5.07

4.16

4.9 

3.6

<.01 - 9.4

<.014 - .44

1.41 <.01 - 4.3

.005 - 5.1

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). CALCIUM, CARBON (CARBONATE)
F48 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 14. Carbon (carbonate) in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils Continued

Study

No. and Observed

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error range

____________________________analysis________(percent) tion__________(percent)

________________________________ROCKS Continued_____________________________

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 11 (16) 30:30 *7.1 *1.96 2.8 - 11

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Loess 

Missouri - 

- 13 (10) 22:24 0.088 5.80 O.01 - 2.3

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie - - 

Oak-hickory ForestPlow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Surface horizon; MissouriUncultivated 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Oak-hickory-pine ForestCultivated and uncultivated

-17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 17 (10)

- 16 (10)

- 20 (10)

- 20 (10)

- 20 (10)

- 20 (10)

- 20 (10)

- 22 (10)

2:8 O.01 

4:10 .0075 4.28 

4:10 <.01 

4:10 <.01

2:10 <.01 

2:10 <.01 

3:8 <.01 

4:9 <.01

4:10 <.01 

3:10 <.01 

3:10 <.01

946:1,140 .028 2.85

45:50 .046 3.06 

44:50 .055 2.95 

42:50 .046 3.34 

44:50 .054 4.14 

45:50 .055 3.11

90:168 .01 8.90

<0.01 - .14 

<.01 - .06 

<.01 - .75 

<.01 - .50

<.01 - .06 

<.01 - .05 

<.01 - .15 

<.01 - .93

<.01 - .18 

<.01 - .05 

<.01 - .06

2.31 <.01 - 2.9

2.73 <.01 - .51 

2.73 <.01 - .29 

2.73 <.01 - .25 

2.73 <.01 - 4.7 

2.73 <.01 - .34

1.71 <.01 - 6.4

CARBON (CARBONATE)
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 15. Carbon (organic) in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils

F49

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS

Sandstone

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Shale 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasMi s sis sippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas 

Pennsylvaaian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma4 (11) 

6 (11)

7 (11)

7 (11) 

6 (11)

9 (11)

4 (11) 

10 (11)

7 (11) 

6 (11)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Loess

13 (11)

11:12 

32:32

20:20

16:18 

27:32

88:88

24:48 

12:12

34:40 

19:32

GEOLOGIC

24:24

0.30 

.35

.44

.27 

.32

10

.11 

.28

.22 

.10

DEPOSITS

0.13

3.13 

2.07

2.26

3.89 

2.57

1.58

2.58 

2.55

2.31 

2.77

1.62

1.93 

1.93

1.93

1.71 

1.71

1.15

2.38 

2.38

2.38 

2.38

<0.1 - 4.5 

.1 - 1.4

.2 - 1.4

<.l - 7.2 

<.l - 1

1.7 - 21

<.l - .60 

.1 - 1.6

<.l - 1 

<.l - .11

0.1 - 0.3

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest-- - ..

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest « 

Glaciated Prairie- - - -- 

Unglaciated Prairie 

17 (11) 

17 (11) 

17 (11) 

17 (11)

17 (11) 

17 (11) 

17 (11) 

17 (11)

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

0.91 

1.7 

1.4 

1.4

.93 

1.6 

1.6 

1.1

1.32 

1.26 

1.33 

1.56

1.57 

1.32 

1.48 

1.60

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

0.6 - 1.3 

1.1 - 2.2 

1.0 - 2.0 

.8 - 2.8

.4 - 1.7 

.9 - 2.2 

1.0 - 3.1 

.4 - 1.8

CARBON (ORGANIC)
F50 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 15. Carbon (organic) in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils Continued

Study 

No. and 

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean 

analysis (percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

SOILS --Continued

Cultivated Continued 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Surface horizon; MissouriUncultivated 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - --. 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oqk-hickory-pine Forest 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado- 

 - 17 (11)

 17 (11)

 17 (11)

. 16 (11)

. 20 (11)

. 20 (11)

. 20 (11)

. 20 (11)

. 20 (11)

. 20 (11)

...... 99 f11\

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

1,140:1,140

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50

168:168

1.1 

2.2 

1.7 

1.5

1.3

.89 

.83 

.98 

2.8 

.96 

.70

1.1

1.69 

1.22 

1.29 

1.60

1.53

2.09 

1.69 

1.48 

1.64 

1.69 

1.81

2.43

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

1.11

1.34 

1.34 

1.34 

1.34 

1.34 

1.34

1.02

0.5 - 

1.6 - 

1.1 - 

.7 -

.08 -

.1 - 

.2 - 

.5 - 

.7 - 

.4 - 

.2 -

.4 -

3.1 

3.0 

2.7 

3.2

5.2

4.0 

2.4 

1.9 

5.9 

3.8 

2.9

1.5

TABLE 16. Cerium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study Ho. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis ___

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)___tion_______

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri1 (1) 20:30 

1 (1) 23:30

Sandstone

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 10:32

150

150

<150

<150 - 150

<150 - 150

<150 - 300

CARBON (ORGANIC), CERIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 16. Cerium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F51

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS Cont inued

Shale 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky ' - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Limestone and dolomite

7 

5

6 

5

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

2: 

6:

9: 

1:

18 

35

32 

80

<100 

<150

<100 

<500

<100 

<150

<100 

<500

- 100 

- 150

- 150 

- 500

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas--

Loess 

Missouri . --, 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(1)

U) 

(1) 

(1)

(1)

1:

1: 

5: 

1:

2:

24

24 

24 

24

24

<150

<150 

<150 

<150

<100

<150

<150 

<150 

<150

<100

- 200

- 200 

- 300 

- 200

- 100

SOILS

Cultivated

Surface horizon; Missouri- - 

Uncultivated

A horizon; Georgia - - 

B horizon; Georgia-- . .-

B horizon; Missouri 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

C horizon; Georgia- - 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

14 

16

14 

15

14 

15

20 

20 

20 

20 

20

14 

15

22 

21

91

CD 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

CD 

(1) 

CD 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1)

(1) 

S1\

5:

435:

6: 

5:

4: 

6:

11: 

16: 

5: 

6: 

2:

6: 

3:

15: 

65:

7A.

30 

1,140

30 

30

30 

30

50 

50 

50 

50 

50

30 

30

168

322

A&<;

<150 

120 1.27

<150 

79 1.58

50 2.19 

58 2.43

97 1.36 

110 1.34 

<150 

78 1.45 

<150

76 1.76 

58 1.81

<200 

78 1.70

7A 1 6A

<150 

<150

<150 

<150

<150 

<150

<150 

<150 

<150 

<150 

<150

<150 

<150

<200

<150 

<-isn

- 500 

- 300

- 500 

- 200

- 300 

- 500

- 150 

- 200 

- 200 

- 150 

- 150

- 200 

- 200

- 700

- 300 

- -*nn

CERIUM
F52 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 16. Cerium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio 

__________________________analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)___tion_______

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PUNT ASH

Cultivated plants 

Tomato; Georgia- (1)

Native species

Hickory, shagbark; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1)

1:30

4:6

<150

350 1.69

<150 - 300

<150 - 700

TABLE 17. Chromium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Granite

Rhyolite

Arkose

Study 

No. and 

method 

analysi

- 1 (1)

- 1 (1)

 2 f>\

of Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

s (ppm) tion

ROCKS

12:30 <1

U

f\f\ O*l *5 O£. :30 .83 3.86

ftn.ftn is 1.S2 i 17

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

<1 - 15

1 - 87

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesRoubidoux Formation; Missouri 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky -- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -- -- 

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky - - 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas- - . -.._. 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky-- 

3 (2)

4 (1)

5 (2)

5 (2)

3 (2)

8 (2)

5 (2)

(1)

(2)

398:400

10:12 

120:120 

152:152

336:336

76:76 

142:142

18:18 

152:152

6.5

2.0

39

26

75

62

96

130

88

09

47

00

06

2.25

1.76

1.43

1.30

2.28

1.35

1.33

1.33

1.75

1.36

1.33

1.11

1.18

1.10

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). 

CERIUM, CHROMIUM

15

26

34

50

35

130

7

210

210

5 - 100

260

130

160

700

230
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 17. Chromium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F53

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(PPB>)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS Continued

Sha le Cont inued 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesSauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasUpper Ordovician; Kentucky 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky - 

6

9

3 

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7 

5

6 

11

(1)

(2)

(2) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Roubidoux Formation; MissouriOn Jefferson City, Cotter and P owe 11 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas--

Loess

Missouri . ... .

12 

12

12 

12

13

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1)

32 

88

308 

48 

80 

11 

112 

152

38 

80

32 

30

:32 

:88

:392 

:48 

:80

:152

:40

:80

:32 

:30

GEOLOGIC

24 

24

24 

24

24

:24 

:24

:24 

:24

:24

95 

84

11 

3.6 

11 

2.7 

19 

17

9.4 

29

16 

21

DEPOSITS

57

54

70 

95

70

1 

1

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1

3 

1

2 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1

.26 

.38

.87 

.09 

.82 

.60 

.33 

.82

.27 

.78

.09 

.76

.39

.54

.26

.27

.16

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1

1

1 

1

1 

1

.18 

.06

.16 

.29 

.39 

.29 

.33 

.37

.29 

.33

.29

.18 

.18

.18 

.18

70 - 

46 -

<5 -

1 - 

2 -

5 - 

2 -

10 - 

7 -

10 -

30 - 

20 -

50 - 

70 -

50 -

150 

190

150 

20 

30 

15 

150 

70

70 

70

70 

70

100 

100

100 

150

100

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 

14 

14

17 

17 

17

17

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

ti\

30 

30

8 

10 

10 

in

:30 

:30

:8 

 in

15

48

43 

70 

63

66

2 

1

1

1 

1 

1

.00 

.62

.56 

.18 

.18 

.2A

1 

1 

1 

i

.13 

.13 

.13

_T*

7 - 

15 -

20 - 

50 - 

50 -

so -

150 

150

70 

100 

70 

ion

CHROMIUM
F54 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 17. Chromium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Contiaued

Cultivated--Continued

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Ploodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 40 1.77 1.13 15 - 100 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 63 1.18 1.13 50 - 70 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 67 1.13 1.13 50 - 70 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 65 1.16 1.13 50 - 70

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 39 1.54 1.13 20 - 70 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 63 1.18 1.13 50 - 70 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 59 1.19 1.13 50 - 70 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 70 1.26 1.13 50 - 100

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,140:1,140 54 1.44 1.27 10 - 150

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 48:48 45 1.49 1.28 20 - 100

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 11 1.99 3 - 100

15 (1) 30:30 41 1.79 30 - 100

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 60 1.31 1.07 26 - 140

19 (2) 108:108 60 1.29 1.15 29 - 140

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 11 1.81 3-50

15 (1) 30:30 44 1.63 15 - 150

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 76 1.30 1.07 37 - 170

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 50:50 38 1.80 1.24 7 - 70

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 66 1.15 1.24 50 - 100

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 65 1.23 1.24 30 - 100

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 42 1.51 1.24 20 - 70

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 43 1.45 1.24 20 - 100

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 50:50 30 1.67 1.24 10 - 70

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 16 2.08 3-50

15 (1) 30:30 47 1.56 10 - 100

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 78 1.45 1.07 20 - 170

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 168:168 31 2.07 1.26 7 - 84

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 371:371 36 2.52 1 - 100 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 492:492 38 2.16 3 - 1,500

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; WisconsinBean, lima; Georgia--

23 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

5:5

4:30

6:15

6.6

.42 

<2

1.15

3.53

5 - 

<2 - 

<2 -

7

7

50

CHROMIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 17. Chromium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F55

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Cultivated plants Continued

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (1) 12:29 <2

15 (1) 1:4 <2

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 20:28 2.2 1.66

15 (1) 26:30 5.7 2.61

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (1) 3:11 <2

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (1) 2:8 <2

Corn; Georgia 14 (1) 9:29 <2

15 (1) 10:30 1.4 1.83

Corn; Flood plain Forest 17 (1) 2:8 <2

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (1) 11:27 1.5 2.24

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (1) 2:4 1.8 1.11

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (1) 3:7 1.6 2.20

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 4.2 1.52

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (1) 5:10 1.7 3.73

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 19:30 2.4 2.54

15 (1) 5:30 <2

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 29:30 5.0 1.69

15 (1) 28:30 6.1 1.99

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 28:30 3.7 1.83

15 (1) 28:30 5.1 1.92

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 7.8 2.37

15 (1) 30:30 7.9 1.70

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 29:30 6.4 2.13

15 (1) 30:30 10 2.00

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 20

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 22

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 14

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 21

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 19

Cedar, Missouri

Cedar Glade 20(1) 50:50 7.5 1.76

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 15 1.62

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 12 1.73

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 5.9 1.93

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 9.8 1.81

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 6.3 2.36

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 7.0 1.86

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 8.1 1.72

19 (2) 15:20 11 1.32 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 17:19 2.9 1.83 1.51

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 6:7 2.9 1.92 1.51

1.52

1.49

1.38

1.57

1.72

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

.52 

.52 

.26

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2

<2

<2

3

<2 

<2 

<2

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2

2

3 

<2

3

7

10

7

10

7

3

5

5

3

5

2

2

2

<2 

<2

30

2

7

30

15

10

5

5

5

7

2

5

7

10

15

5

15

15

30

15

100

15

70

50

50

50

30

70

50

30

30

30

15

20

20

50

30

21

10

7

CHROMIUM
F56 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 17. Chromium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(pom)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species Continued

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 27:30 3.9 2.15

15 (1) 29:30 4.6 1.77

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 28:30 4.1 1.67

15 (1) 30:30 6.0 1.80

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 7.9 1.51 1.66

19 (2) 4:22 <10

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 49:50 4.9 1.97 1.51

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 7.6 1.95 1.66

19 (2) 2:8 <11

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 9.6 2.00 1.66

19 (2) 24:75 <7 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 46:50 3.5 1.85 1.51

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 47:49 3.6 2.00 1.51 

Oak, willow; Flood plain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 6.0 1.90 1.51

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 28:30 4.0 1.81

15 (1) 27:30 5.1 2.57

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 27:30 3.4 1.79

15 (1) 29:30 5.0 2.02 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 13 1.60 1.51

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 16:17 10 1.99

15 (1) 27:27 10 2.47

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 7.6 1.78

15 (1) 27:27 13 1.90

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia- - 14 (1) 30:30 5.2 1.67

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia -- 14 (1) 30:30 5.2 1.67

15 (1) 27:30 4.0 2.07 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 37:48 4.7 2.86

Glaciated Prairie 20 (I) 40:50 3.2 1.83

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 36:49 3.3 1.98

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 31:49 2.2 2.05

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 40:50 2.7 1.95

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 43:49 3.1 1.87

Sweet gum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 4.5 1.60

15 (1) 27:27 5.9 1.73

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 5.6 1.62

15 (1) 27:27 9.1 2.19

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 47:47 3.9 1.84 1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

1.51

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2

5 -

<2 

3

3 

<7

<2 

<2

2

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2

5 

<2

2

3

3

2

2

<2

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2 

<2

2

3

2

2

2

70

10

15

20

20

28

20

50

11

70

60

15

70

20

15

50

10

20

30

30

70

30

30

20

15

20

150

20

30

15

15

20

15

30

20

100

15

CHROMIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 18. Cobalt in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F57

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri --

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri-- - 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado 

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United State sRoubidoux Formation; Missouri - 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Peansylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - - 

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky --

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas -- - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma- - - --- 

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesSauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasUpper Ordovician; Kentucky - 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri - -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky -----

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky -- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma « - 

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky-' 

1 (1)

1 (1)

2 (2)

3 (2)

4 (1)

5 (2)

5 (2)

6 (1)

3 (2)

8 (2)

5 (2)

7 (1)

5 (2)

6 (1)

9 (2)

3 (2)

4 (1)

5 (1)

10 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

7 (1)

5 (1)

6 (1)

11 (1)

8:30

5:30

6:80

281:400

1:12

43:120

85:152

29:32

275:336

60:76

112:142

18:18

100:152

32:32

52:88

4:392

4:48

12:80

1:12

19:112

8:152

2:40

54:80

12:32

14:30

<3

<3

<1

1.6

<3

1.9

2.4

7.4

13

9.5

11

4.8

9.0

12

8.1

<20

<3

3.3

<3

3.6

<7

<3

7.1

1.3

5.5

--

2.76

--

2.87

2.98

2.71

1.69

1.67

1.83

1.91

2.17

1.67

3.31

1.63

1.59

1.61

3.34

1.90

--

--

--

1.59

1.34

1.33

1.27

1.17

--

1.26

1.31

1.26

1.20

1.20

 

<3 -

<3 -

<1 -

<1 -

<3 -

<3 -

<2 -

<3 -

<8 -

<8 -

<8 -

2 -

<8 -

2 -

<8 -

<20 -

<3 -

<7 -

<3 -

<7 -

<7 -

<3 -

<7 -

<3 -

<7 -

7

5

9

20

3

14

15

15

65

30

51

15

71

20

57

23

5

10

3

10

10

5

30

7

15

Of Swann and Willman (1961). COBALT
F58 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 18. Cobalt in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 19:24 7.7 2.14 1.17 <3 - 50 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 17:24 5.9 1.52 1.17 <3 - 15 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 20:24 6.3 1.70 1.17 <3 - 20 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 14:24 5.6 2.10 1.17 <3 - 20 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 21:24 6.7 1.87 1.17 <3 - 30

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 9.8 1.29 7-15

______________________________________SOILS_______________________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 4:30 1.3 2.68 -- <5 - 10

15 (1) 28:30 9.9 1.68 -- <5 - 30

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 6:8 5.2 1.51 1.20 <5 - 10 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 8.1 1.28 1.20 5 - 10 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 9.7 1.81 1.20 5 - 30 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 8.7 1.41 1.20 5 - 15

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:10 5.6 1.44 1.20 <5 - 10 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 10 1.42 1.20 5 - 15 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 7:8 10 2.31 1.20 <5 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 7.7 1.42 1.20 5 - 15

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) lOjlO 6.0 1.42 1.20 5 - 15 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 8.7 1.46 1.20 5 - 20 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 8.5 1.53 1.20 5 - 15 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 8.8 1.48 1.20 5 - 15

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,139:1,140 10 1.50 1.27 <3 - 30

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 46:48 6.2 1.36 1.09 <3 - 10 

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 6:30 1.5 3.08 <5 - 10

15 (1) 28:30 9.8 1.74 <5 - 30

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 10 1.45 1.09 4 - 27

19 (2) 104:108 10 1.73 1.18 <3 - 33

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 4:30 1.0 3.19 <5 - 10

15 (1) 29:30 10 1.81 <5 - 30

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 8.4 1.39 1.09 2 - 17

COBALT
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 18. Cobalt in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F59

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS - -Cant inued

Uncultivated Continued 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 

Unglaciated Prairie- « 

Cedar Glade . 

Cultivated and uncultivated

B horizon; Western United States -

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

18 (2)

22 (1)

21 (1) 

21 (1)

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

49:50 

50:50

7:30 

11:30 

95:96

109:168

286:371 

445:492

8.3 

11 

14 

9.5 

10 

9.5

1.9 

11 

7.6

5

7 

8

1.72 

1.55 

1.83 

1.48 

1.71 

1.89

2.60 

1.64 

1.61

1.66

2.55 

2.01

1.29 

1.29 

1.29 

1.29 

1.29 

1.29

1.09 

1.15

MMft

3 - 

3 - 

3 

5 - 

<3 - 

3 -

<5 - 

<5 - 

<2 -

<5 -

<3 - 

<3 -

30 

30 

50 

30 

30 

50

10 

30 

37

10

70 

50

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, lima; Georgia--- - 

B lackeyed pea; Georgia- - 

Cabbage; Georgia- -- -- 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - -

Unglaciated Prairie .-..- 

Oak-hickory Forest--- 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest --- - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Tomato; Georgia --. . , 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia - - 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia- -

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia ....

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1)

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3)

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

1:29 

5:15 

6:30 

15:30

1:29 

1:30

3:8 

5:10 

3:7 

2:10

7:10 

8:10 

6:8 

8:9 

1:30

5:30 

9:30

28:30 

27:30 

27:30 

27:30

<7 

4.6 

2.4 

6.2

<7 

<7

<1 

1.0 

.50 

<1

1.0 

2.0 

2.1 

2.1 

<7

<7 

3.7

120 

190 

290 

400

1.63 

2.79 

3.31

4.06

2.97 

3.75 

2.39

2.39

3.54 

6.14 

5.83 

7.67

1.24

1.24 

1.24 

1.24

<7 - 

<7 - 

<7 - 

<7 -

<7 - 

<7 -

<1 - 

<1 - 

<1 - 

<1 -

<1 - 

<1 - 

<1 - 

<1 - 

<7 -

<7 - 

<7 -

<7 - 1 

<7 - 1 

<7 - 5 

<7 - 10

10 

10 

15 

70

10 

10

1 

9 

5 

2

6 

8 

13 

12 

7

100 

20

,500 

,500 

,000 

,000

COBALT
F60 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 18. Cobalt in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppa)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 47:47 4.0 1.43 1.41 2 - 8 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 47:48 4.8 1.76 1.41 <1 - 18 

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 4.4 1.42 1.41 2 - 12 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 49:49 4.7 1.68 1.41 2 - 20 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 41:41 5.4 1.91 1.41 2 - 30

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 45:50 1.2 1.48 -- <1 - 4 

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 7:9 6.5 1.90 <5 - 15 

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 3:10 2.1 3.68 <5 - 15 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 2:10 1.9 2.43 <5 - 7 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (i) 1:6 <5 -- <5 - 10

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 58:64 18 2.47 1.24 <7 - 150

19 (2) 72:88 23 1.70 1.09 <15 - 110

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 38:40 21 ~ 2.55 1.24 <7 - 150

19 (2) 14:20 21 2.08 1.09 <15 - 100 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 18:19 5.9 2.07 1.41 <1 - 16

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 7:7 7.4 1.93 1.41 2 - 16

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 <7 -- <7 - 10

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 19:25 8.1 1.71 1.20 <7 - 20

19 (2) 7:22 11 2.07 1.09 <15 - 37

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (3) 30:50 .95 1.97 1.41 <1 - 4

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 18:28 7.7 2.20 1.20 <7 - 50

19 (2) 2:8 <15 « -- <15 - 15

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 22:49 5.7 2.02 1.20 <7 - 70

19 (2) 11:75 <7 <7 - 37

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 45:50 2.0 2.09 1.41 <1 - 9 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 47:49 2.7 2.20 1.41 <1 - 12

Oak, willow; Flood plain Forest,

Missouri 20 (3) 44:46 .95 1.97 1.41 <1 - 12

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 5:30 <7 -- -- <7 - 1,000

15 (1) 7:30 2.2 3.63 <7 - 30

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <7 -- <7 - 2,000

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (3) 49:49 9.7 1.75 1.41 2 - 30

Sagebrush; Powder River Basin;

Wyoming and Montana 25 (3) 43:43 2.0 1.74 1 - 6

Sassafras stems; Georgia 15 (1) 1:27 <7 <7 - 15

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (3) 23:48 .75 2.80 1.41 <1 - 7 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 18:50 .65 1.88 1.41 <1 - 3 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 23:49 .78 2.10 1.41 <1 - 4 

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 16:49 .71 1.42 1.41 <1 - 2 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 35:50 1.1 1.75 1.41 <1 - 3 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 30:49 .97 2.17 1.41 <1 - 7

COBALT
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 18. Cobalt in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F61

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species--Continued 

Sveetgum, stems; GeorgiaSveetgum, leaves; Georgia14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

6:28 

3:27 

2:28

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (3) 37:47

2.0 

2.5 

<7 

1.5

3.72

1.92

2.36 1.41

<7 - 

<7 - 

<7 -

30

10

7

11

TABLE 19. Copper in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analys is_________

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (1) 28:30 2.2 1.98

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (1) 20:30 1.6 2.18

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado 2 (2) 80:80 8.1 1.70

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 380:400 5.0 

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (1) 8:12 1.2 

Pope Megagroup;i Kentucky 5 (2) 120:120 8.0 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (2) 152:152 7.7 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 32:32 8.4

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 12:20 1.1

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 305:336 14 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 8 (2) 73:76 14 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (2) 137:142 16 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 6 (1) 18:18 13 2.83

2.76

2.14

1.75

1.59

2.52

2.02

2.75

2.04

1.94

1.18

1.18

1.36

1.79

1.23

1.30

1.27

1.23

1.23

1.12

1.23

3 - 

1

1.5 -

<1

<3 

<3

10

7

26

210

5

47

27

30

98

55

60

100

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). COBALT, COPPER
F62 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 19. Copper in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS--Continued

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (2)

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas- 4 (1) 

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 5 (1) 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri - 10 (1) 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky - >- 5 (1) 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky- 5 (1) 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky -- 5 (1) 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1)

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky -- . 11 (1)

88:88

302:392

39:48

78:80

6:12

108:112

120:152

20:40 

80:80

32:32

30:30

130

2.3 

2.0 

5.3

.84 

4.0 

2.6

,85

12

3.5

12

1.62

4.33

2.53

1.78

3.51

09

90

04

77

2.14

1.92

1.06

60

30

36

30

56

47

1.30

1.26

1.30

25

<2 

<1 

<2 

<2

2 

1.5

400

94

20

20

5

70

15

7

50

15

50

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri- 12 (1) 24:24 36 1.81 1.18 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 21 2.04 1.18 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 22 1.48 1.18 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 18 1.30 1.18 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 17 1.36 1.18

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 18 1.31

15

7

10

15

10

10

100

150

50

30

30

30

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia*

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri 

Floodplain ForestGlaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated PrairieOak-hickory Forest - - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri 

Floodplain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Oak-hickory Forest--- 

15 (6)

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

30:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

9.9

39

11

18

14

19

12

19

14

16

1.85

2.01

82

41

33

1.51

53

13

34

.14 

,14 

.14 

.14

,14 

,14 

.14

1.33 1.14

2

15

3

10

10

10

5

15

10

10

50

700

20

30

20

50

20

20

20

20

COPPER
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 19. Copper in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F63

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(pom)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Cu11 iva ted Cont inued

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri 

Floodplain Forest « 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

12

18

16

16

Surface horizon; Missouri- 16 (1) 1,140:1,140 13

1.54

1.16

1.23

1.25

1.55 1.28

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

7

15

10

10

30

20

20

20

150

Wyoming and Montana 

A horizon; Georgia 

B horizon; Georgia - - 

B horizon; Kentucky « 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie - --

Unglaciated Prairie - - 

Cedar Glade .-. ....

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

C horizon; Georgia 

C horizon; Kentucky 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; ColoradoB horizon; Eastern United States -

B horizon; Western United Statas 

Cultivated plants

Asparagus ; Wisconsin- - - - - 

Bean, lima; Georgia--- - 

Bean, snap; Georgia-- - 

Beet, red; Wisconsin 

Blackeyed pea; Georgia - 

 25 (1) 

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 18 (2)

19 (2)

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 18 (2)

-- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 18 (2)

~ 22 (1)

- 21 (6)

-- 21 (6)

« 23 (6)

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 23 (6)

- 14 (6)

48:48 

30:30

30:30

96:96

108:108

30:30

30:30

96:96

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

30:30

30:30

96:96

168:168

361:371

492:492

PLANT ASH

5:5

30:30

15:15

30:30

30:30

3:3

29:29

14 

8.7

26

13

12

8.8

29

20

15

23

18

17

13

12

11

33

19

13

14

21

93

93

94

85

110

73

96

1.63 

1.77

1.72

1.40

1.32

1.77

1.80

1.51

1.99

1.66

1.63

1.94

1.99

1.88

2.04

1.88

1.63

2.17

2.54

2.00

1.34

1.29

1.34

1.47

1.40

1.74

1.37

1.15

--

1.05

1.10

..

--

1.05

1.54

1.54

1.54

1.54

1.54

1.54

1.05

1.31

-.

 

--

--

--

3 

3

15

7

6

3

15

8

3

10

7

7

3

5

3

10

5

3

<1

2

70

70

70

30

70

40

70

30 

50

- 100

42

26

50

100

- 100

- 100

70

50

- 100

70

70

50

- 100

- 300

- 100

- 150

- 300

150

- 150

- 150

- 200

- 300

- 120

- 150

COPPER
F64 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 19. Copper in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Cultivated plants--Continued

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (6) 28:28 22 1.57 10 - 70

15 (6) 30:30 21 2.04 10 - 300

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (6) 11:11 29 2.03 20 - 150

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (6) 8:8 110 1.43 -- 20 - 120

Corn; Georgia 14 (6) 29:29 100 1.35 70 - 150

15 (6) 30:30 94 1.37 50 - 150

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:8 70 1.30 1.25 50 - 100

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 69 1.49 1.25 30 - 100

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 94 1.35 1.25 70 - 150

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 81 1.42 1.25 50 - 150

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (6) 27:27 150 1.37 60 - 220

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (6) 4:4 77 1.38 60 - 120

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (6) 7:7 96 1.62 40 - 150

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (6) 4:4 98 1.26 80 - 120

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (6) 10:10 94 1.57 -- 40 - 150 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 170 1.26 1.25 100 - 200

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 180 1.26 1.25 100 - 200

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 210 1.30 1.25 150 - 300

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 230 1.30 1.25 150 - 300

Tomato; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 79 1.48 30 - 150

15 (6) 30:30 86 1.71 50 - 500

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 170 1.60 70 - 500

15 (6) 30:30 180 1.52 ~ 100 - 7.000

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 77 1.50 30 300

15 (6) 30:30 69 1.39 30 - 150

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 240 1.88 20 - 700

15 (6) 30:30 270 1.80 70 - 700

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 130 1.90 70 2,000

15 (6) 30:30 100 1.37 50 200

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 190 1.61 1.36 100 - 1,500

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 200 1.46 1.36 100 - 700

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 160 1.32 1.36 100 - 300

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 180 1.45 1.36 100 - 700

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 160 1.40 1.36 100 - 500

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 50 1.63 1.36 20 - 200

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 110 1.35 70 - 150

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 97 1.32 70 - 150

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 59 1.27 50 - 100

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 66 1.71 -- 30 - 150

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 79 1.33 50 - 100

COPPER
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 19. Copper in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F65

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

1.27

1.51

1.86

1.45

Native species Continued

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 110 1.54 1.17

19 (2) 88:88 98 1.49 1.10

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 130 1.52 1.17

19 (2) 20:20 96 1.33 1.10 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 90 1.53 1.36

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 100 1.25 1.36

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 150

15 (6) 30:30 150

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 140

15 (6) 30:30 150

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 120 1.68 1.23

19 (2) 22:22 99 1.21 1.10

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 130 1.49 1.36

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 120 1.33 1.23

19 (2) 8:8 95 1.31 1.10

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 130 1.31 1.23

19 (2) 75:75 120 1.20 1.10

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 130 1.57 1.36

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 140 1.34 1.36

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 200 1.61 1.36

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 29:30 230 2.00

15 (6) 30:30 250 1.59

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 70 1.52

15 (6) 30:30 64 1.49 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 160

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 160

15 (6) 27:27 170

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 140

15 (6) 27:27 120

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 160 1.56

15 (6) 30:30 160 1.49

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 86 1.47

15 (6) 30:30 84 1.44

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 48:48 110 1.40 1,

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 110 1.41 1.

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 49:49 100 1.46 1,

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 86 1.58 1.

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 89 1.43 1.

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 97 1.51 1.36

1.44

2.63

1.34

2.21

1.34

1.36

36

36

36

36

36

50

46

50

55

50

70

100

70

20

70

70

61

50

70

60

70

60

50

70

70

100

20

20

50

20

100

50

70

70

70

30

50

50

50

30

30

50

50

- 500

- 500

- 500

- 160

- 200

- 150

- 300

- 500

- 300 

300

- 500

- 150

- 500

- 200

- 120

- 200

- 180

- 300

- 200

700

- 2,000 

700

- 150

- 100

- 500

- 1,500

- 300

- 1,500

- 200

- 500

- 300

- 150

- 200

- 200

- 200

- 150 

300

- 200

- 300

COPPER
F66 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 19. Copper in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

Ho. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species Continued 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 <6)

15 (6)

 14 (6) 

15 (6) 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1)

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia28:28 

27:27 

28:28 

27:27 

47:47

130

150

130

130

130

2.20

1.46

1.92

1.42

1.90 1.36

30

50

70

70

20

- 3,000

- 300

- 2,000 

200 

700

TABLE 20. Fluorine in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion________

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (9) 28:30 390

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (9) 29:30 350

Sandstone

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (9) 6:12 

Pennsylvania^ Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (9) 29:32

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (9) 6:20 <10

Shale

Pennsylvania^ Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (9) 32:32 700

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas- 4 (9) 45:48 89 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 10 (9) 10:12 67 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (9) 27:40 38 

Pennsylvania^ Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (9) 29:32 100

3.59 3.48 <10 - 1,400

2.87 3.48 <10 - 1,400

9.8 4.83 1.34 <10 - 90

120 4.07 1.34 <10 - 920

<10 - 50

1.66

3.03

5.77

6.01

3.46

2.28 300 - 1,400

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

<10 

<10

340

620

830

450

COPPER, FLUORINE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 20. Fluorine in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

F67

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

loom)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (9) 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (9) 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (9) 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri--- -- 12 (9) 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri - 12 (9)

Loess

Missouri- 13 (9)

24; 24 

24:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

820

770

1,000

700

770

290

82

09

40

48

1.42

1.47

1.26

1.26

330

100

1.26 500

1.26 360

1.26 390

150

5,900

2,800

1,800

1,900

1,800

460

SOILS

110

240

120

70

70

220

100

110

60

140

140

100

2.43

2.43

2.43

2.43

2.43

2.43

30

190

110

40

50

10

590

2,020

520

330

420

890

540

640

580

780

2,310

530

Cultivated

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (9) 8:8 210 1.82 1.86 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (9) 10:10 440 1.95 1.86 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (9) 10:10 220 1.57 1.86 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (9) 10:10 200 1.56 1.86

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (9) 10:10 160 1.89 1.86 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (9) 10:10 360 1.43 1.86 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (9) 8:8 220 1.63 1.86 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (9) 9:9 250 1.76 1.86

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (9) 10:10 170 1.93 1.86 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (9) 10:10 290 1.60 1.86 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (9) 10:10 290 2.32 1.86 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (9) 10:10 240 1.73 1.86

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (9) 1,140:1,140 270 2.22

Uncultivated

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (9) 50:50 250 2.21 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (9) 50:50 480 1.54 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (9) 50:50 360 1.71 

Cedar Glade 20 (9) 50:50 410 2.18 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (9) 50:50 190 2.40 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (9) 50:50 160 2.66

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (9) 168:168 420 2.21

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (9) 374:420 120 4.38 <10 - 3,680 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (9) 479:491 250 2.66 <LO 1,900

1.86 10 - 6,400

1,900

1,100

950

480

1,800

1,000

1.33 40 - 2,840

FLUORINE
F68 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 20. Fluorine in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No* and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(pom)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(pptn)

DRY PLANTS

5:10 

5:10 

6:8 

3:9

Cultivated plants

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (9) 1:8 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (9) 1:1C 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (9) 1:1C 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (9) 2:1C

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (9) 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (9) 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (9) 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (9)

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (9) 11:11 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (9) 3:3 

Cedar Glade 20 (9) 5:5 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (9) 13:13 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (9) 7:7

Cedar; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (9) 11:11

Hickory, shagbark; Oak-hickory

Forest, Missouri 20 (9) 3:4

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (9) 6:6

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (9) 10:12 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (9) 10:11

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest, 

Missouri 20 (9) 9:11

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (9) 4:4

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (9) 7:9 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (9) 5:8 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (9) 9:11 

Cedar Glade 20 (9) 10:11 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (9) 5:9 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (9) 5:8

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (9) 11:14

<0.5

.43 1.12

.46 

.47 

.49

1.6 

1.4 

1.1 

1.4 

1.3

1.6

.78 

1.1

.5 

.71

.77 

.84

.5

.5

.5

.76

.5

.5

.66

1.86

1.07

1.04

1.49

2.56

1.79

1.64

1.45

1.58

1.54

1.69

1.49

1.72

1.41

1.67

1.58

0.5 -

.5 

.5 

.5

.5 -

.5 -

FLUORINE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 21. Gallium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F69

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri -- - 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri --- 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado - 

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesPope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky - ----- -

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma-- ---- - 

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky -- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas--- - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma- - - - - -

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky -

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesSauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky -- -

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri - -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky -----

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - -

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas-- -- - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky -

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - - -

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky - 

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

RO

1 (1)

1 (1)

2 (2)

3 (2)

5 (2)

5 (2)

6 (1)

3 (2)

8 (2)

5 (2)

7 (1)

5 (2)

6 (1)

9 (2)

3 (2)

4 (1)

5 (1)

10 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

7 (1)

5 (1)

6 (1)

11 (1)

Ratio

CKS

30:30

30:30

69:80

108:400

13:120

70:152

29:32

306:336

62:76

138:142

18:18

144:152

32:32

87:88

35:392

2:48

12:80

1:12

19:112

11:152

2:40

52:80

8:32

28:30

Mean

(ppm)

29

28

7.6

<2

1.5

3.8

10

24

15

22

16

26

30

22

<10

<5

5.4

<5

5.6

<10

<5

10

2.2

13

Deviation

1.11

1.20

1.87

2.91

2.86

2.06

1.65

1.66

1.38

1.81

1.54

1.45

1.25

1.49

1.50

--

1.71

2.34

1.66

Error

1.14

1.14

1.33

--

1.08

1.22

1.05

1.13

1.14

1.11

1.14

1.11

--

1.34

- 

 

Observed

range

(ODD)

20 - 30

15 - 30

<3 - 23

<2 - 25

<8 - 13

<5 - 21

<5 - 30

<10 - 48

<10 - 30

<10 - 36

7-50

<11 - 60

15 - 50

<15 - 33

<10 - 20

<5 - 7

<10 - 15

<5 - 7

<10 - 15

<10 - 20

<5 - 7

<10 - 20

<5 - 10

<10 - 50

Of Swann and Willman (1961). GALLIUM
F70 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 21. Gallium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(pom)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 20 1.49 1.19 10 - 50 

On Roubldoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 23:24 16 1.67 1.19 <5 - 30 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 24:24 21 1.39 1.19 10 - SO 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 26 1.33 1.19 20 - 50 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 26 1.39 1.19 15 - 50

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 16 1.15 15 - 20

____________________________________SOILS_____________________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 8:30 <L.5 -- -- <1.5 - 10

15 (1) 30:30 20 1.78 3 T 50

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:8 12 1.23 1.19 10 - 15 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 15 1.21 1.19 10 - 20 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 11 1.35 1.19 7-15 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 12 1.37 1.19 7-20

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 12 1.36 1.19 7-20 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 16 1.15 1.19 15 - 20 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 11 1.28 1.19 7-15 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 11 1.22 1.19 10 - 15

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 12 1.23 1.19 10 - 15 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 15 1.18 1.19 10 - 20 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 11 1.28 1.19 7-15 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 12 1.24 1.19 10 - 15

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,111:1,140 11 1.49 1.22 <5 - 30

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 48:48 12 1.31 1.13 7-20

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 10:30 15 3.57 <1.5 - 30

15 (1) 29:30 17 2.32 <1.5 - 50

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 83:96 7.5 1.53 1.10 <5 - 21

19 (2) 68:108 11 1.31 1.15 <10 - 23

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 10:30 1.9 2.31 <L.5 - 7

15 (1) 30:30 21 1.96 3-50

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 94:96 15 1.57 1.10 <5 - 42

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 50:50 12 1.53 1.29 5-30

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 19 1.40 1.29 7 - 30

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 14 1.51 1.29 5-30

GALLIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 21. Gallium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F71

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Cont inued

Uncultivated--Continued

B horizon; Missouri--Continued

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 47:50 11 1.64 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 48:50 8.4 1.54 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 37:50 5.9 1.92

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 19:30 3.7 2.21

15 (1) 30:30 29 1.85

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 93:96 15 1.67

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 168:168 17 1.52

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 301:370 10 2.53 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 483:492 18 1.71

___________________________________PLANT ASH_____________

Native species

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 15 (1) 2:30 <5 

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia . 15 (i) 2:30 <5 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 11:47 2.8 1.54 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 9:48 2.4 1.73 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 9:49 2.7 1.51 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 5:41 1.5 2.24

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 15 (1) 1:30 <5

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 15 (1) 1:27 <5

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 15 (1) 1:30 <5

1.29

1.29

1.29

1.10

1.17

<5 

<5 

<5

5 

<5

<3 

<3

<5 

<5

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5

<5

20

20

20

15

70

46

- 30

- 70

- 70

100

200

7

7

7

10

5

5

5

TABLE 22. Gold in rocks

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppb)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppb)

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado- 2 (8) 80:80 0.26 2.14 2.11 0.06 - 1.6

GALLIUM, GOLD
F72 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 23. Iodine in unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders ( ) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Loess

Missouri- 13 (8) 24:24 1.2 1.83 1.09 0.20 - 4.7

SOILS

Cultivated

Surface horizon; Missouri* 16 (8) 114:114 *4.3 *1.65 *0.46 1.2 - 11

DRY PLANTS

Cultivated plants

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (7) 8:8 5.4 1.16 1.12 4 - 6 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (7) 10:10 5.7 1.17 1.12 5 - 7 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (7) 10:10 5.3 1.22 1.12 4 - 7 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (7) 10:10 4.6 1.24 1.12 3 - 6

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (7) 10:10 13 1.14 1.12 10 - 16 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (7) 10:10 13 1.14 1.12 10 - 16 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (7) 8:8 12 1.15 1.12 10 - 14 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (7) 9:9 13 1.15 1.12 10 - 16

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (7) 11:11 4.7 1.11 -- 4-5 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (7) 7:7 5.4 1.10 -- 5-6 

Cedar Glade 20 (7) 8:8 4.7 1.16 4-6 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (7) 16:16 5.1 1.13 4-6 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (7) 10:10 4.6 1.16 4-5

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (7) 11:11 5.0 1.18 -- 4-6 

Glaciated Prairie 24 (7) 9:9 5.4 1.29 4-10 

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (7) 10:10 4.4 1.12 4-5 

Cedar Glade 24 (7) 10:10 4.5 1.12 4-5 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (7) 10:10 4.4 1.12 4-5 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (7) 6:6 4.3 1.23 3-5

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (7) 64:64 3.2 1.29 1.31 2 - 5 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (7) 40:40 3.2 1.28 1.31 2 - 5 

Hickory, shagbark; Oak-hickory

Forest, Missouri 20 (7) 4:4 4.2 1.12 4-5

IODINE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 23. Iodine in unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

F73

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

DRY PLANTS--Continued

Native species Continued

Oak, black; Kentucky--- - « 

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri-- 

Oak, red; Kentucky - 

Oak, white; Kentucky 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

Oak, villov; Floodplain Forest, 

Missouri- - - - 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine 

Forest, Missouri - 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest' - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade ------ 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

18 (7)

20 (7)

18 (7)

18 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

20 (7)

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (7)

25:25

8:8

28:28

49:49

12:12 

11:11

12:12 

4:4

9:9

9:9

11:11

11:11

9:9

8:8

14:14

2.8 

4.2 

3.1 

3.3

4.6 

4.6

4.6 

4.9

4.8 

4.6 

4.6 

4.3 

4.6

4.0

4.1

1.39

1.19

1.26

1.33

1.22

1.12

1.15

1.18

.10 

.16 

.18 

.18 

.12 

.24

1.29

1.29

1.29

1.20

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 6

- 5

- 6

- 6

- 5

- 6

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 5

- 6

TABLE 24. Iron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders (--) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri1 (5) 30:30 1.7 1.60 1.03 0.84 - 3.5

1 (5) 30:30 1.9 1.27 1.03 1.2 3.1

IODINE, IRON
F74 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 24. Iron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS --Continued

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado 

Sandstone

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri - 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas 

Shale

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- . . 

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United States - 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas ---

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

OklahomaSiderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky - 

2

4 

5

5

6

7

8 

5

7 

5

6 

9

3 

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7 

5

6 

11

(2)

(5) 

(2) 

(2)

(5)

(5)

(2) 

(2)

(5) 

(2)

(5) 

(2)

(2) 

(5) 

(1) 

(5) 

(1) 

(1)

(5) 

(1)

(5) 

(16)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri > 12

10

(5) 

fi\

80:80

7:12 

120:120 

152:152

32:32

10:20

76:76 

142:142

18:18 

152:152

32:32 

88:88

387:392 

46:48 

78:80 

10:12 

112:112 

152:152

30:40 

80:80

32:32 

30:30

GEOLOGIC

24:24 

?/. . */.

0.63

.090 

.96 

1.0

1.9

.081

3.5 

4.2

1.8

4.5

3.8 

3.3

.63 

.17 

.90 

.11 

.54 

.37

.15 

2.1

.96 

*26

DEPOSITS

4.3

i *

2

3 

2 

3

2

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2

3 

1

2 

*9

1 

i

.50

.26 

.43 

.20

.06

.96

.95 

.72

.58 

.93

.50 

.74

.77 

.44 

.95 

.79 

.38 

.56

.71 

.84

.49 

.36

.30 

An

1

1 

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 

1

1 

i

.12

.15 

.09 

.14

.15

.15

.03 

.28

.03 

.36

.81 

.04

.04

.04 

.04

.02 

nt

0.03 -

<.070 - 

.090 - 

.080 -

.56 -

<.070 -

.75 - 

.80 -

.77 - 

.45 -

.91 - 

.83 -

<.05 - 

<.070 - 

.2 

<.070 - 

.05 - 

.05 -

<.070 - 

.5

.21 - 

8.0

2.5 

11

4

5 

9

7

8 

10

3 

10

8 

10 

5

3 

3

1 

10

3 

39

7

«;

.3

.42 

.5 

.9

.7

.21 

.6 

.4 

.4

.6 

.27

.56

.4 

.7

.0

Q

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (5) 24:24 3.9 1.25 1.02 2.1

1 Of Swann and Willraan (1961). 

IRON

5.7
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 24. Iron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F75

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS Continued

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa) Continued

On Osagean rocks; Missouri - 10 /CA

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri - 

Loess

\£f M««.«M«4»4 ____ __

- 12 (5)

- 13 (5)

24:24 

24:24

24:24

5.3 

5.7

2.4

1.30 

1.34

1.11

1.02 

1.02

3.3

2.7

2.1

- 8.0 

- 11

- 3.1

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - ----- 

Glaciated Prairie - -

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - - -

Unglaciated Prairie--- -----------

Oak-hickory Forest - -- 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie - .....

Oak-hickory Forest 

- 15 (1)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5) 

- ifi f^\

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

i i Lft i i An

2.0

1.4 

2.4 

2.3 

2.1

1.4 

2.8 

2.5 

1.9

1.6 

2.3 

2.0 

2.2

* > i

1.54

1.80 

1.28 

1.32 

1.14

1.96 

1.13 

1.42 

1.12

1.96 

1.20 

1.28 

1.23

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

1

.4 

1.6 

1.6 

1.7

.3 

2.2 

1.7 

1.6

.4 

2.0 

1.3 

1.5

_AQ

- 5

- 3.1 

- 3.3 

- 3.8 

- 2.6

- 4.6 

- 3.1 

- 5.1 

- 2.3

- 4.6 

- 3.4 

- 2.8 

- 2.9

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 

A horizon; GeorgiaA horizon; Kentucky -- - 

B horizon; Georgia 

B horizon; Kentucky --- 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Cedar Glade - 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest-- 

- 25 (1) 

 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 18 (16)

19 (16)

...... 14 (!)

15 (1)

- 18 (16)

...... 20 (5)

...... 20 (5)

...... 20 (5)

...... 20 (5)

- - 20 (5)

...... 20 (5)

48:48 

30:30

30:30

96:96

108:108

30:30

30:30

96:96

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

1.9 1.58 1.26

.47

2.1

2.1

2.1

.48

2.6

4.2

2.1

3.5

3.5

1.9

1.9

1.5

2.27

1.68

1.62

1.54

2.04

1.74

1.55

1.69

1.26

1.53

1.43

1.43

1.51

--

1.06

1.27

..

--

1.06

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

.1

.5

.47

.77

.15

.7

.62

.7

1.8

1.4

.8

.8

.7

.7 - 10

3

5

6

13

2

7

9.7

9.4 

5.1 

12.3 

3.8 

5.3 

3.9

IRON
F76 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 24. Iron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study

Mo. and

method of

analysis

Ratio Mean

(percent)

DeviationError

Observed

range

(percent)

SOILS - -Cont inued

Uncult ivated - -Cont inued

C horizon; GeorgiaC horizon; Kentucky - - 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States 

- 15 (1)

- 18 (16)

 - 22 (5)

 - 21 (1)

-- 21 (1)

30:30

96:96

168:168

369:370

490:491

3.0

4.3

2.0

1.5

2.0

1.59

1.63

1.61

2.76

1.90

1.06

1.04

--

 

1 - 5

.60 - 11

.6-5

.01 - >10

.15 - >10

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 

Bean, lima; Georgia -- 

-

Bean, snap; Georgia 

Beet, red; Wisconsin ----- .

B lackeyed pea; Georgia - 

Cabbage; Georgia 

Cabbage; Wisconsin - 

Carrot; Wisconsin 

Corn; Georgia - 

Corn; Missouri

Flood plain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie - - 

Oak-hickory Forest - - - 

Corn; Wisconsin- - - - 

Cucumber; Wisconsin - 

Onion; Wisconsin - - - 

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 

Potato; Wisconsin--- - 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie - - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Tomato; Georgia 

-- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

-- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 23 (1)

-- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

" 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

-- 17 (1)

" 17 (1)

" 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

"- 23 (1)

" 23 (1)

" 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

" 23 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

5:5

30:30

15:15

30:30

30:30

4:4

29:29

4:4

28:28

30:30

11:11

8:8

29:29

30:30

8:8

10:10

10:10

10:10

27:27

4:4

7:7

4:4

10:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

30:30

30:30

0.27

.11

.16

.099

.14

.063

.11

.11

.071

.19

.076

.060

.086

.099

.17

.13

.16

.13

.13

.077

.094

.16

.063

.10

.12

.13

.13

.078

.053

1.60

1.27

2.15

1.36

1.96

1.21

1.43

1.55

1.46

2.13

2.16

2.15

1.57

1.65

1.67

1.28

1.13

1.30

1.45

1.20

1.83

1.15

1.56

1.14

1.24

1.23

1.28

2.21

1.56

--

--

--

--

-.

--

1.23

1.23

1.23

1.23

_-

--

1.23

1.23

1.23

1.23

0.15 - 0.

.07 -

.07 - 1

.07 -

.03 -

.05 -

.03 -

.07 -

.03 -

.03 -

.03 -

.02 -

.05 -

.03 -

.1 -

.1

.15 -

.1

.05 -

.07 -

.03 -

.15 -

.03 -

.1 -

.1 -

.1 -

.1 -

.02 - 1.

.02 -

5

15

2

7

07

15

2

3

7

3

2

5

3

5

2

2

2

3

1

2

2

15

15

15

15

2

5

2

IRON
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 24. Iron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F77

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

Mo. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 0.15 1.81 -- 0.07 - 0.7

15 (1) 30:30 .19 2.52 -- .01 - 1.5

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .14 1.75 .07 - 1.5

15 (1) 30:30 .21 1.63 .1 - .7

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .14 1.69 .07 - .5

15 (1) 30:30 .19 2.33 -- .015 - 1.0

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .18 1.84 .07 - 1.5

15 (1) 30:30 .26 2.47 .03 - 2.0

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 .76 1.74 1.45 .05 - 2

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 .93 1.64 1.45 .3-5

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 .56 1.44 1.45 .3-1

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 .69 1.58 1.45 .3-2

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 .56 1.96 1.45 .05 - 1.5

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 .28 1.66 1.45 .1-1

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 .72 1.58 -- .03 - 1.5

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 .59 1.77 .3 - 1.5

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 .28 1.43 -- .2 - .5

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 .35 1.71 -- .2 - .7

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 .24 1.60 -- .15 - .5

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (3) 60:60 .12 1.46 1.23 .06 - .39

19 (3) 88:88 .12 1.44 1.07 .05 - .31

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (3) 40:40 .12 1.54 1.23 .06 - .27

19 (3) 20:20 .15 1.44 1.07 .09 - .34 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 .13 1.67 1.45 .05 - .3

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 .16 1.57 1.45 .1 - .3

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .094 1.47 .05 - .3

15 (1) 30:30 .14 1.59 .07 - .3

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .17 1.96 .1 - 1.5

15 (1) 30:30 .28 1.89 .1 - 1.0

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (3) 25:25 .13 1.66 1.24 .06 - .38

19 (3) 22:22 .10 1.32 1.07 .06 - .16

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 .19 1.57 1.45 .07 - .5

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (3) 27:27 .12 1.50 1.24 .08 - .52

19 (3) 9:9 .09 1.33 1.07 .06 - .13

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (3) 47:47 .14 1.47 1.24 .06 - .35

19 (3) 76:76 .12 1.41 1.07 .06 - .34

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 .14 1.88 1.45 .01 - .3

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 .16 1.43 1.45 .07 - .5

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 .25 1.59 1.45 .1 - .7

IRON
F78 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 24. Iron in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collect loot locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH-Continued

Native species Continued

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 0.10 1.46

15 (1) 30:30 .15 2.34

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .13 1.56

15 (1) 30:30 .19 2.18

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 .52 1.59 1.45

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 .19 2.27

15 (1) 27:27 .25 3.21

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 .22 2.35

15 (1) 27:27 .35 2.24

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .12 1.66

15 (1) 30:30 .16 1.92

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 .15 1.91

15 (1) 30:30 .29 2.25

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 48:48 .11 1.98 1.45

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 .13 1.52 1.45

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 49:49 .13 1.74 1.45

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 .10 1.68 1.45

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 .11 1.89 1.45

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 .12 1.66 1.45

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 .081 1.48

15 (1) 27:27 .11 2.00

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 .15 2.06

15 (1) 27:27 .19 1.89

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 47:47 .13 1.68 1.45

0.07

.015

.07

.03

.2

.05

.03

.1

.1

.07 

.07 

.07 

.07

.005

.05

.05

.05

.005

.05

.03 

.03 

.07 

.07 

.02

.3

1.5

1.5

2

1.5

1.5

.7 

1

1.5 

1.5

.5 

.5 

.5 

.5 

.3 

.5

.2 

.7

2

1.5 

.3

TABLE 25. Lanthanum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analys is

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri- 1 CD 29:30 54 1.49 1.18 <30 - 100

IRON, LANTHANUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 25. Lanthanum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F79

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS - -Cont inued

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri - 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado 

Sandstone 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesPope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - 

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - - 

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky -

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky ------- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas- - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky ----------- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma* - 

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky -

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - . 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky- - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky -

1 (1) 

2 (2)

3 (2) 

5 (2) 

5 (2)

6 (1)

7 (1)

3 (2) 

8 (2) 

5 (2)

7 (1) 

5 (2)

6 (1) 

9 (2)

3 (2) 

5 (1)

7 (1) 

5 (1)

6 (1) 

U (1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 

19 fi\

29:30 

67:80

127:400 

1:120 

9:152

26:32

1:20

153:336 

4:76 

21:142

14:18 

40:152

32:32 

3:88

12:392 

5:112

11:40 

6:80

5:32 

3:30

GEOLOGIC

3:24

9.9A

59 1.55 1.18 

21 1.92 1.46

6 3.16 1.24 

<50 

<50

36 1.88 1.14

<30

67 1.33 1.14 

<70 

29 1.85

30 

41 1.67

49 1.37 1.19 

<70

<60 

<70

<30 

<70

24 1.20

<70

DEPOSITS

<30 ^ *n

<30 - 

<10 -

<10 - 

<50 - 

<50 -

<30 -

<30 -

<10 - 

<70 - 

<70 -

<30 - 

<70 -

30 - 

<70 -

<60 - 

<70 -

<30 - 

<70 -

<30 - 

<70 -

<30 - 

^in -

150 

100

140 

54 

60

100

30

150 

90 

110

150 

140

70 

98

66 

300

30 

150

70

70

100 

*n

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 2:24 <30 <30 - 70

Of Swarm and Willman (1961). LANTHANUM
F80 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 25. Lanthanum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS Continued

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)--Continued

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 17:24 63 2.45 <30 - 1,000 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 18:24 50 <30 - 500

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 42 1.33 30 - 70

____________________________________SOILS_____________________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 11:30 18 2.86 <30 - 150

15 (1) 18:30 33 2.14 -- <30 - 200

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 9:10 49 1.09 1.18 <50 - 50 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 7:10 45 1.18 1.18 <50 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 7:10 45 1.18 1.18 <50 - 50

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 3:10 33 1.39 1.18 <50 - 50 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 5:10 40 1.28 1.18 <50 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 6:9 44 1.20 1.18 <50 - 50

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 2:10 28 1.48 1.18 <50 - 50 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 6:10 43 1.23 1.18 <50 - 50 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:10 47 1.14 1.18 <50 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 5:10 40 1.42 1.18 <50 - 70

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,136:1,140 41 1.39 1.26 <30 - 150

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 38:48 30 <30 - 70

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 16:30 26 2.40 <30 - 200

15 (1) 20:30 34 1.73 <30 - 100

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 85:96 39 1.26 -- <30 - 81

19 (2) 35:108 43 1.51 1.05 <50 - 75

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 14:30 26 2.40 -- <30 - 100

15 (1) 22:30 34 1.73 <30 - 200

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 84:96 39 1.29 <30 - 84

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 45:50 32 1.23 1.22 <30 - 50

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 39 1.35 1.22 30 - 50

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 45 1.37 1.22 30 - 70

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 45:50 33 1.36 1.22 <30 - 70

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 46:50 35 1.37 1.22 <30 - 70

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 40:50 30 1.31 1.22 <30 - 70

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 17:30 30 2.03 -- <30 - 100

15 (1) 20:30 32 1.64 <30 - 100

LANTHANUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 25. Lanthanum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F81

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Cont inued

Uncultivated Continued

C horizon; Kentucky 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States---

__ 1 Q f)\

 10 {£)

" 22 (1)

- 21 (1)

- 21 (1)

81:96

86:168

226:370 

345:492

41

40

33 

35

1.35

1.59 1.41

1.90 

1.81

<30 -

<50 -

<30 - 

<30 -

80

200

200 

200

PLANT ASH

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia - 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 

Buckbush; Missouri

Oak-hickory ForestOak-hickory-pine Forest------ 

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory-pine - 

Oak, black; Kentucky 

Oak, red; Kentucky 

Oak, white; Kentucky 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia- - 

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia- - 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia > - 

" 15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

-- 20 (1)

 - 20 (1)

- 18 (1) 

19 (2) 

.- ' is lo tt\ (2) 

19 (2)

- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 18 (1) 

19 (2)

- 18 (1)

- 19 (2)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

-- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

" 15 (1)

10:30 

4:30 

11:30

5:49 

8:41

59:64 

85:88 

37:40 

17:20

16:19 

7:7 

1:25 

1:22

1:28 

2:73

4:30 

5:30 

5:30 

12:30

9:30 

5:30 

13:30

4:28 

11:27 

11:27

14 

<30 

17

34 

43

200 

270 

180 

190

110 

270 

<30 

<100

<30 

<130

<30 

<30 

<30 

22

<30 

<30 

24

<30 

22 

22

5.14 

4.73

1.48 

1.39

3.82 1.25 

1.82 1.03 

3.62 1.25 

1.66 1.03

1.70 

2.20

3.03

4.59

3.04 

3.23

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 -

<70 - 

<70 -

<70 - 2, 

<100 - 1, 

<70 - 1, 

<120 -

<70 - 

100 - 

<30 - 

<100 -

<30 - 

<130 -

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 -

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 -

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 -

300 

200 

200

70 

70

000 

000 

000 

420

300 

700 

100 

240

300 

310

300 

150 

300 

100

150 

300 

200

150 

150 

100

LANTHANUM
F82 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 26. Lead in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders ( ) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

Observed

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error range

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri' -

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado -----

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - 

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and ArkansasShale

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - 

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Sauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasUpper Ordovician; Kentucky --------

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri ------

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky ------

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky ------

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 

1 CD

1 CD

2 (2)

3 (2)

5 (2)

5 (2)

6 (1)

7 (1)

3 (2)

8 (2)

5 (2)

7 (1)

5 (2)

6 (1)

9 (2)

3 (2)

4 (1)

5 (1)

10 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

7 (1)

30:30

30:30

72:80

321:400

27:120

78:152

29:32

2:20

107:336

30:76

89:142

13:18

119:152

30:32

63:88

49:392

8:48

41:80

2:12

34:112

27:152

5:40

21

18

10

5

<7

6

17

<10

<3

16

21

11

24

17

23

<20

<10

18

4.0

<20

14

<10

1.50

1.50

2.12

2.54

1.87

2.01

--

--

1.50

1.76

1.58

1.37

1.92

1.67

--

--

1.14

2.06

1.26

--

1.50

1.50

1.58

1.60

1.50

1.22

--

--

1.34

1.37

1.34

1.37

--

1.14

1.35

 

10 -

10 -

<3 -

<3 -

<7 -

<7 -

<10 -

<10 -

<3 - 1,

<20 -

<20 -

<10 -

<20 -

<10 -

<20 -

<20 -

<10 -

<20 -

<10 -

<20 -

<20 -

<10 - 7,

70

70

35

680

190

25

150

10

300

42

150

30

53

100

110

540

150

30

15

50

30

000

1 Of Swarm and Willman (1961). 

LEAD
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 26. Lead in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F83

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS - -Cont inued

Limestone and dolomite Continued

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - - -- 

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 

5 (1) 

6 (1)

11 (1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri -

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 

Loess

Missouri - - 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

12 (1) 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

13 (1)

58:80 

9:32

19:30

<20 

4.2

19

3.13 

1.24

1.35

<20 - 

<10 -

<20 -

200 

70

30

GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

24:24 

23:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

29 

22

22 

24 

26

15

1.89 

2.05

1.59 

1.59 

1.49

1.30

1.23 

1.23

1.23 

1.23 

1.23

1.23

15 -

<10 -

15 - 

15 - 

15 -

10 -

150 

150

50 

100 

70

20

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; GeorgiaPlow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Oak-hickory Forest 

14 (6) 

15 (6)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

1A f\\ 1

4:30 

28:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

T»n.i i "»n

2.6 

26

18 

20 

23 

27

18 

25 

31 

25

18 

25 

22 

25

on

2.77 

2.31

1.16 

1.29 

1.28 

1.91

1.15 

1.41 

1.82 

1.48

1.16 

1.63 

1.33 

1.41

i *«

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25

i 9?

<10 - 

<10 -

15 - 

15 - 

15 - 

15 -

15 - 

15 - 

15 - 

15 -

15 - 

15 - 

15 - 

15 -

in -

15 

300

20 

30 

30 

150

20 

30 

100 

50

20 

30 

30 

50

7O

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana - 25 (1) 48:48 17 1.24 1.22 10 - 30

LEAD
F84 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 26. Lead in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analys is

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Uncultivated Continued

A horizon; Georgia 14 (6) 7:30 2.8 4.24 -- <10 - 70

15 (6) 27:30 21 1.83 <10 - 70

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 93:96 14 1.51 1.21 <7 - 96

19 (2) 102:108 17 1.33 1.20 <10 - 30

B horizon; Georgia 14 (6) 3:30 <10 -- <10 - 15

15 (6) 25:30 17 1.68 <10 - 50

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 88:96 12 1.60 1.21 <7 - 33

B horizon; Missouri

Ploodplain Forest 20 (1) 49:50 19 1.56 1.23 <10 - 100

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 19 1.31 1.23 15 - 50

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 24 1.50 1.23 15 - 70

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 25 1.52 1.23 10 - 70

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 23 1.50 1.23 15 - 100

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:50 18 1.64 1.23 <10 - 200

C horizon; Georgia 14 (6) 6:30 2.6 4.12 « <10 - 30

15 (6) 26:30 17 1.58 <10 - 30

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 85:96 *15 *6.1 *1.21 <7 - 37

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 168:168 28 1.62 1.25 15 - 150

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 291:371 14 1.96 -- <7 - 300

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 440:492 18 1.93 <7 - 700

______________________________________PLANT ASH____________________________________

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 23 (6) 5:5 87 2.79 ~ 25 - 300

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (6) 1:30 <10 -- <10 - 50

15 (6) 1:15 <10 -- <10 - 50

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (6) 2:30 <10 -- -- <10 - 70

15 (6) 2:30 <10 -- <10 - 30

Beet, red; Wisconsin 23 (6) 2:3 <LO -- -- <10 - 25

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (6) 4:29 <10 -- -- <10 - 70

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (6) 1:28 <10 -- -- <10 - 20

15 (6) 1:30 <10 -- <10 - 20

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (6) 3:8 <10 -- -- <10 - 25

Corn; Georgia 14 (6) 6:29 7.1 3.11 -- <10 - 70

15 (6) 1:30 <10 « <10 - 70 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 1:8 <20 -- -- <20 - 50

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 1:10 <20 -- <20 - 30

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (6) 10:27 <10 -- -- <10 - 150

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (6) 2:7 <10 -- -- <10 - 25

Potato; Wisconsin -- 23 (6) 7:10 <10 -- -- <10 - 50

Tomato; Georgia 14 (6) 8:30 <10 -- -- <10 - 300

LEAD
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 26. Lead in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F85

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 210 2.71 -- 30 - 1,000

15 (6) 29:30 270 4.64 -- <10 - 2,000

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 23:30 33 4.65 <10 - 700

15 (6) 29:30 58 2.40 -- <10 - 500

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 29:30 250 2.88 -- <10 - 1,000

15 (6) 30:30 480 2.34 70 - 3,000

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 29:30 57 2.01 <10 - 2,000

15 (6) 30:30 96 2.56 10 - 1,000

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 200 1.76 1.59 50 - 500

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 210 1.91 1.59 70 - 1,000

Cedar Glade 7 20 (1) 50:50 300 1.85 1.59 100 - 2,000

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 260 1.88 1.59 70 - 1,000

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 420 1.84 1.59 150 - 1,500

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 100 2.06 1.59 30 - 1,500

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 86 1.54 50 - 200

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 91 1.42 70 - 150

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 70 1.26 ~ 50 - 100

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 120 3.25 -- 50 - 1,500

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 64 2.16 -- 20 - 200

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 210 1.61 1.19 100 - 700

19 (2) 88:88 260 1.51 1.32 120 - 940

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 170 1.57 1.19 70 - 500

19 (2) 20:20 220 1.65 1.32 88 - 510 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 100 1.66 1.59 30 - 200

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 190 1.65 1.59 100 - 300

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 29:30 120 2.59 <10 - 700

15 (6) 30:30 230 3.13 30 - 2,000

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 26:30 41 2.92 -- <10 - 300

15 (6) 30:30 100 2.21 30 - 700

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 150 1.63 1.12 70 - 500

19 (2) 22:22 140 1.46 1.32 63 - 240

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 80 1.87 1.59 30 - 700

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 120 1.34 1.12 70 - 200

19 (2) 8:8 150 1.52 1.32 90 - 260

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 150 1.92 1.12 10 - 700

19 (2) 75:75 180 1.49 1.32 50 - 440

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 100 1.85 1.59 30 - 500

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 140 1.72 1.59 50 - 1,000

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 120 1.85 1.59 30 - 500

LEAD
F86 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 26. Lead in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species--Continued

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 29:30 110

15 (6) 29:30 150

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia-- 14 (6) 22:30 24

15 (6) 29:30 68 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 250

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 210

15 (6) 25:27 140

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 83

15 (6) 27:27 95

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia----- 14 (6) 27:30 110

15 (6) 29:30 110

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia - 14 (6) 29:30 67

15 (6) 30:30 120

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 34:48 26

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 42:50 32

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 38:49 28

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 43:49 42

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 37:50 30

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 46:49 61

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia- 14 (6) 27:28 120

15 (6) 26:27 110

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia -- 14 (6) 25:28 45

15 (6) 27:27 91

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 45:47 65

2.90

3.85

4.13

2.59

1.70

2.37

4.91

1.66

2.28

3.91

3.09

2.29

2.25

2.28

1.82

2.11

2.17

2.36

2.23

2.86

3.31

2.47

2.07

2.09

1.59

59

59

59

59

59

1.59

<LO 

<LO

100

30

30

30

30 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

1.59

<LO -

20 -

<20 -

700

1,500

700

500

1,500

700

1,000

200

500

1,500

700

500

700

200

100

150

300

150

300

700

700

200

300

300

LEAD
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 27. Lithium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F87

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described In text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri -- 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri ---- 

Sandstone

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - -

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas- * 

Shale 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas 

Pennsylvanian; Kansas, Missouri, and 

Oklahoma - 

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas --- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

1 (3) 

1 (3)

4 (3) 

6 (3)

7 (3)

7 (3) 

6 (3)

4 (3) 

10 (3)

7 (3) 

6 (3)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri-- 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; MissouriOn Meramecian rocks; Missouri -

Loess 

Missouri- - - - 

12 (3) 

12 (3)

12 (3) 

12 (3) 

12 (3)

13 (3)

13:30 

16:30

3:12 

31:32

6:20

18:18 

32:32

5:48 

3:12

5:40 

11:32

GEOLOGIC

24:24 

24:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

<5

5.2

2.1 

17

2.8

25 

79

1.1 

<5

.78 

2.6

DEPOSITS

44 

34

46 

38 

44

23

2.19

2.47 1.26 

2.30 1.26

2.01 1.26

1.84 1.13 

1.48 1.03

2.67

3.87 

2.93

1.35 1.06 

1.71 1.06

1.40 1.06 

1.49 1.06 

1.46 1.06

1.24

<5 

<5

<5 

<5 -

<5

11 

36 -

<5 

<5

<5 

<5

24 

9

24 - 

18 

19 -

17

31 

14

9 

53

7

110 

120

9 

18

18 

21

76 

62

71 

68 

70

34

LITHIUM
F88 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 27. Lithium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 8:8 15 1.32 1.03 9-22 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 22 1.22 1.03 18 - 34 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 18 1.22 1.03 12 - 25 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 10:10 19 1.17 1.03 16 - 26

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 10:10 15 1.42 1.03 8-24 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 24 1.12 1.03 20 - 30 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 8:8 20 1.20 1.03 16 - 27 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 9:9 18 1.17 1.03 13 - 22

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 10:10 16 1.49 1.03 8-39 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 21 1.12 1.03 18 - 26 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 20 1.16 1.03 16 - 24 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 10:10 20 1.21 1.03 16 - 28

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (3) 1,140:1,140 22 1.28 1.05 7-47

Uncultivated

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (3) 50:50 20 1.63 1.06 7-49 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 50:50 32 1.21 1.06 21 - 58 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 50:50 29 1.33 1.06 16 - 66 

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 23 1.55 1.06 7 - 120 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 50:50 18 1.33 1.06 10 - 31 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 50:50 15 1.41 1.06 6-31

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (3) 168:168 22 1.87 1.06 7-88

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (3) 336:360 17 2.10 -- <5 136 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (3) 447:447 23 1.62 6 - 130

PLANT ASH

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest- - 

Oak-hickory-pine ForestCedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade -- 

20 (3)

20 (3)

20 (3)

20 (3)

20 (3)

20 (3)

42:47 

41:46 

31:47 

34:46 

26:39

5:49

5.3 

5.2 

4.0 

4.5 

4.0

<4

1.37

1.38

1.43

<4 

<4 

<4 

<4 

<4

<4

12

10

8

10

12

Lrranm
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 27. Lithium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F89

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

Oak, black; Kentucky 

Oak, red; Kentucky - 

Oak, white; Kentucky - 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri - 

Sagebrush; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana - 

i ft

19

1 o

19

- 20

-- 20

1 Q

19

i H

19

1 o

19

on

-- 25

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

61

68

39

15

10

4

23

19

27

8

48

72

19

48

:64

:88

:40

:20

:19

:7

:25

:22

:28

:9

:49

:76

 48 . 'to

:48

11

6

14

6

4

4

15

8

12

8

15

14

<4

9

.4

.1

.0

.6

.4

.3

.4

1.95

2.06

2.30

1.68

1.52

2.63

2.07

2.00

2.11

1.86

1.82

1.82

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.84

.68

.84

.54

--

.71

.68

.71

.68

.71

.68

* 

<4.6

<4.6

<4.6

<4.6

<4

<4

<£.6

<4.6

<4.6

<4.6

<4.6

<4.6

<4

2.0

- 60

- 42

- 130

- 14

- 12

8

- 84

- 37

- 60

- 23

- 65

- 46

- 10

- 48

TABLE 28. Magnesium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Observed 

Error range 

(percent)

ROCKS

Granite

Rhyolite

" 1 (3) 

.. i fi\

30:30 

 »n. 7n

0.092 

nio

2.65 

9 as

1.07 0.012 - .45 

i .ft? .now) - .Aft

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (16) 367:400 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky - 5 (16) 119:120

.17 3.17 2.36 <.03 - 4.3 

.13 3.69 1.58 <.0060 - 1.7

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). LITHIUM, MAGNESIUM
F90 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 28. Magnesium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS --Continued

Sand stone --Continued

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United State sLower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas --

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- - - - - 

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky-- ----------

5 (16) 

6 (3)

3 (16) 

8 (16) 

5 (16)

7 (3) 

5 (16)

6 (3) 

11 (16)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri-- 

On Roubidoux Formation; MissouriOn Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Meramecian rocks; MissouriLoess

12 (3) 

12 (3)

12 (3) 

12 (3) 

12 (3)

12 (3)

147:152 

32:32

336:336 

76:76 

142:142

18:18 

152:152

32:32 

30:30

0.091 

.21

1.0 

1.1 

1.0

1.6 

.61

.95 

1.6

3.62 

4.29

2.25 

1.90 

1.61

2.62 

1.83

1.45 

1.46

1.69 

1.54

1.27

1.22 

1.16

1.22

<0.0060 

.024

.024 

.30 

.42

.43 

.090

.28 

.66

- 0.84 

- 3.8

- 9.8 

- 4.2 

- 4.6

- 6.8 

- 1.4

- 1.8 

- 3.3

GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

24:24 

24:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

0.50 

.43

.60 

.40 

.43

.63

1.92 

2.13

1.47 

1.41 

1.30

1.83

1.04 

1.04

1.04 

1.04 

1.04

0.19 

.11

.28 

.23 

.24

.31

- 5.5 

- 4.0

- 1.7 

.75 

.59

2.1

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

14 (13) 

15 (13)

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3)

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3) 

17 (3)

17 (3)

1 7 f1\

30:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

in. in

0.027 

.24

.27 

.36 

.21 

.26

.26 

.38 

.22 

.23

.25 *«;

1.84 

1.95

1.82 

1.36 

1.38 

1.56

1.81 

1.18 

1.37 

1.47

1.91

1 -*A

1.09 

1.09 

1.09 

1.09

1.09 

1.09 

1.09 

1.09

1.09 

i no

0.01 

.07

.10 

.25 

.13 

.11

.11 

.31 

.14 

.11

.08

9A

- 0.1 

1

.65 

.59 

.34 

.52

.74 

.51 

.36 

.31

.81

71

MAGNESIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 28. Magnesium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F91

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(percent)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed

range 

(percent)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated--Continued

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri Continued 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3)

10:10 

10:10

0.25 

.27

Surface horizon; Missouri- 16 (3) 1,140:1,140 .26

1.43

1.60

1.65

1.09

1.09

1.10

0.14 

.11

.05

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

0.42 

.51

2.8

Wyoming and Montana 

A horizon; Georgia - 

A horizon; KentuckyB horizon; Georgia --

B horizon; Kentucky - 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- -

C horizon; Georgia 

C horizon; Kentucky - 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States 

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 

Bean, lima; Georgia -

Bean, snap; Georgia- - - - 

Beet, red; WisconsinB lac keyed pea; Georgia 

Cabbage; Georgia - -

 25 (3) 

- 14 (13)

15 (13)

 18 (16)

19 (16)

 14 (13)

15 (13)

 18 (16)

- 20 (3)

 20 (3)

- 20 (3)

 20 (3)

- 20 (3)

 20 (3)

- 14 (13)

15 (13)

 18 (16)

- 22 (3)

-- 21 (13)

-- 21 (13)

 23 (13)

- 14 (13)

15 (13)

- 14 (13)

15 (13)

 23 (13)

- 14 (13)

15 (13)

- 14 (13)

15 (13)

48:48 

30:30

30:30

96:96

108:108

30:30

30:30

96:96

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

30:30

30:30

96:96

168:168

358:358

491:492

PLANT ASH

5:5

30:30

15:15

30:30

30:30

3:3

29:29

4:4

28:28

30:30

.50 

.026

.25

.19

.18

.025

.29

.35

.31

.54

.35

.84

.18

.11

.041

.37

.34

.4

.23

.78

5.7

3.4

2.8

3.6

4.3

2.6

5.0

5.2

2.7

2.2

1.71 

2.48

2.19

1.57

1.37

2.17

2.16

1.49

1.80

1.38

1.57

3.06

2.25

1.67

3.05

2.09

1.89

2.21

3.39

2.21

1.41

1.53

1.15

1.42

1.49

1.26

1.62

1.49

1.90

1.68

1.17

1.08

1.22

1.08

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.08

1.22

--

 

--

--

--

--

.15 

.01

.03

.05

.08

.01

.03

.07

.14

.23

.14

.07

.04

.04

.005

.1

.01

.1

.005

.5

3

1.5

2

1.5

2

2

2

3

.5

.7

Z

.3

.7

.6

.73

.2

.7

.9

- 1.1

- 1.0

.78

7.5

- 4.8

.58

.5

- 2

- 2

1.9

- 5

- >10

7

7

- 3

7

- 12

- 3

- 12

7

7

7

MAGNESIUM
F92 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 28. Magnesium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed 

raoge 

(percent)

PLANT ASH --Continued

Cultivated plants Continued

Cabbage; Wisconsin - 

Carrot; Wisconsin - 

Corn; Georgia 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -----

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Corn; Wisconsin 

Cucumber; Wisconsin - 

Onion; Wisconsin - 

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 

Potato; Wisconsin 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie-- - - -

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Tomato; Georgia - - 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia----- -- 

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia - 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade - 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

- 23

- 23

- 14

15

 17

 17

 17

. 17

- 23

- 23

- 23

 23

 23

- 17

- 17

. 17

- 17

- 14

15

. 14

15

- 14

15

. 14

15

- 14

15

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

. 24

 24

 24

- 24

. 24

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

11:

8:

29:

30:

8:

10:

10:

10:

12:

4:

7:

4:

10:

10:

10:

8:

9:

30:

30:

26:

30:

21:

24:

29:

27:

6:

12:

47:

48:

50:

49:

41:

50:

9:

10:

10:

10:

6:

11

8

29

30

8

10

10

10

27

4

7

4

10

10

10

8

9

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

47

48

50

49

41

50

9

10

10

10

6

2

2

3

4

6

6

6

5

13

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

1

1

4

4

6

6

5

5

>10

8

3

3

4

3

3

3

4

4

6

4

3

.3

.1

.7

.0

.2

.3

.5

.9

.7

.7

.5

.2

.5

.0

.2

.6

.7

.5

.8

.0

.8

.7

.7

.9

.9

.5

.8

.7

.6

.4

.0

.7

.6

.1

.7

.9

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.27

.80

.66

.41

.19

.18

.15

.19

.20

.22

.40

.26

.56

.43

.24

.35

.40

.41

.38

.73

.49

.73

.26

.45

.33

--

.27

.56

.51

.55

.65

.59

.81

.51

.46

.19

.42

.70

--

--

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

--

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

--

--

--

--

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

--

--

1.5

1

1

2

5

5

5

5

3

2

2

2

1

1

2

2

2

.7

.7

1.5

1.5

1.5

5

2

3

2

5

1.5

2

2

1

1.5

.7

3

2

5

3

2

- 3

- 5

- 12

7

7

7

7

7

- >10

- 3

- 5

- 3

- 5

3

- 5

- 5

- 5

3

3

- >10

7

- >10

- >10

- >10

- >10

- >10

- ^o

7

7

- 10

7

7

7

- 10

7

7

- 7

7

MAGNESIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 28. Magnesium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F93

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- 

( percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky - 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest --- 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -.--.

Maple, red, stems; Georgia - 

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia---- -- 

Oak, black; Kentucky -- 

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 

Oak, red; Kentucky- - - 

Oak, white; Kentucky- ---- - 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory ForestOak-hickory-pine Forest 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri - - - 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia-- 

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia - 

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated PrairieCedar Glade---- 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - -- 

-- 18

19

- 18

19

- 20

- 20

 - 14

15

- 14

15

 - 18

19

- 20

- 18

19

 - 18

19

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 14

15

 - 14

15

- 20

- 14

15

-- 14

15

- 14

15

-- 14

15

-- 20

- 20

 - 20

- 20

 - 20

-- 20

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(1)

(1)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(3)

(3)

(1)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13

(U

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(13)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

60:

88:

40:

20:

19:

7:

30:

30:

30:

30:

25:

22:

50:

27:

9:

47:

76:

50:

49:

46:

27:

30:

18:

28:

49:

17:

27:

25:

25:

30:

30:

27:

30:

48:

50:

49:

49:

50:

49:

60

88

40

20

19

7

30

30

30

30

25

22

50

27

9

47

76

50

49

46

29

30

30

30

49

17

27

27

27

30

30

30

30

48

50

49

49

50

49

2.7

1.8

3.0

1.6

2.5

2.2

2.5

2.3

5.1

4.9

2.4

1.7

3.1

2.2

1.7

2.0

1.6

1.8

1.6

3.4

5.3

4.4

7.3

5.5

3.5

3.2

3.0

4.7

4.7

2.9

2.3

5.2

3.6

2.9

2.2

2.3

2.2

2.0

2.0

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.15

.50

.77

.45

.11

.63

.50

.50

.56

.45

.00

.34

.02

.78

.37

.90

.27

.86

.50

.54

.43

.37

.67

.43

.40

.69

.61

.46

.46

.53

.41

.55

.49

.48

.54

.40

.69

.43

.50

1.37

1.05

1.37

1.05

1.34

1.34

--

1.96

1.05

1.34

1.96

1.05

1.96

1.05

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

--

--

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

1.34

0.72

.4

1.1

.66

.5

1

1

1

2

2

1.1

.98

.7

1.1

1.0

.84

.92

.5

.7

1.5

3

3

3

3

1.5

.7

1

3

3

1.5

1.5

2

1.5

1.5

1.0

1.5

.7

.7

1.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

22

3.5

24

3.4

10

5

6

7

10

7

11

2.9

7

13

2.4

12

2.6

7

7

7

>10

10 >io

>10

5

7

7 >io

>10

7

7

>10

7

7

7

5

7

5

5

MAGNESIUM
F94 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 28. Magnesium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Study 

No . and 

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

analysis (percent) tion

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species- -Continued

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (13) 28:28 2.6 1.46 

15 (13) 27:27 3.1 1.63 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 47:47 2.7 1.85 1.34

TABLE 29. Manganese in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures, 

figure column indicate no data available]

Study 

No. and 

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

analysis (ppm) tion

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (1) 30:30 290 2.18 1.23 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (1) 30:30 320 2.46 1.23 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado 2 (2) 80:80 210 2.92 1.54

Sand stone 

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (16) 265:400 120 3.52 1.79

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (1) 12:12 29 3.42 2.25 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 5 (2) 120:120 87 4.41 1.11

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (2) 152:152 89 4.26 1.22 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 32:32 300 4.60 2.25

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 20:20 49 4.38 2.25

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (16) 303:336 420 2.19 2.35 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 8 (2) 76:76 190 1.79

Observed 

range 

(percent)

1.5 - 7 

1 - 7 

.7-7

of analysis (in 

the element was 

mean. Deviation, 

Leaders ( ) in

Observed 

range 

______ (PP"a>

70 - 1,500 

70 - 1,500 

18 - 1,700

<77 - 10,000 

2 - 150 

9 - 2,300 

5 - 1,700

7 - 3,000

.5 - 200

<155 - 6,600 

77 - 1,600

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). 

MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 29. Manganese in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F95

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS - -Cont inued

Shale Continued

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky ------ 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas-- - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United States - 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky -

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky ----- -

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky--- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky « 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - --

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 

5

7 

5

6 

9

3 

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7 

5

6 

11

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(2) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas --

On Osagean rocks; Missouri- - -----

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri ----- 

Loess

\gj rtrt-»«. M £

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1)

142:

18: 

152:

32:

88:

392: 

48: 

80: 

12: 

112: 

152:

40: 

80:

32: 

30:

142

18 

152

32 

88

392 

48 

80 

12 

112 

152

40 

80

32 

30

GEOLOGIC

24: 

24:

24: 

24: 

24:

24:

24 

24

24 

24 

24

24

130

140 

180

170 

65

320 

83 

520 

110 

160 

140

160 

910

830 

1,700

DEPOSITS

95 

79

91 

110 

150

510

2.

2. 

3.

1. 

2.

3. 

3. 

1. 

2. 

2. 

2.

2. 

1.

2. 

1.

2. 

1.

2. 

2. 

2.

1.

50

05 

11

97 

02

20 

04 

80 

62 

75 

41

05 

63

37 

69

23 

96

30

34 

47

69

1.18

1.48

1.18 

1.09

1.27 

1.29 

1.55 

1.29 

1.50 

1.34

1.29 

1.41

1.29

1.23 

1.23

1.23 

1.23 

1.23

19

20 

12

30 

27

11 

15 

50 

30 

10 

15

15 

200

200 

500

30 

30

30 

20 

30

150

- 4 

1

- 4 

- 2 

- 1

- 1 

- 1

- 3 

7

3

- 1

- 1 

1

,600

300 

,000

500 

780

,500 

,000 

,500 

300 

,500 

,000

700 

,000

,000 

,000

,500 

500

500 

700 

,000

,000

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia - ------ 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

14 

15

17

1 7

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

fi\

30: 

30:

8: 

in.

30 

30

8 

in

99 

410

460 

«;on

2. 

1.

2. 

i

14 

84

32

77

1.28

1 9«

20 

150

100 

 >nn

- 2

1 

i

700 

,000

,000 

«;nn

MANGANESE
F96 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 29. Manganese in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated Continued 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri- -Continued

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Flood plain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest- - -- 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest- - -

- */ ^.i./

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1) 

- i& fi\

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

i i/.n.i i/.n

530 

530

350 

500 

590 

650

350 

580 

600 

490

7Art

1.94 

1.41

2.31 

2.20 

1.89 

2.09

2.02 

1.89 

1.33 

1.50

i RI

1.28 

1.28

1.28 

1.28 

1.28 

1.28

1.28 

1.28 

1.28 

1.28

i ^n

150 

300

70 

150 

300 

200

100 

200 

300 

300

15

- 1,500 

700

- 1,500 

- 1,500 

- 1,500 

1,500

- 1,500 

- 1,500 

700 

1,000

-* nnn

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 

A horizon; Georgia-- 

A horizon; KentuckyB horizon; GeorgiaB horizon; KentuckyB horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar GladeOak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine ForestC horizon; Georgia-- 

C horizon; KentuckyCultivated and uncultivated 

Surface horizon; ColoradoB horizon; Eastern United StatesB horizon; Western United States25 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

19 (2)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

22 (1)

21 (1)

21 (1)

48:48

168:168

369:370 

491:491

250

30:30

30:30

96:96

103:108

30:30

30:30

96:96

49:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

30:30

30:30

96:96

130

320

400

600

85

280

170

710

430

780

1,100

730

660

61

220

140

210

290

390

1.63

1.86

1.64

2.17

1.90

.03 

.95 

.91

.72 

.25 

.29 

.57

2.16

2.09

1.87

1.76

2.47

1.59

3.65

1.94

70

1.06

1.45

__

1.06

1.41

1.41

1.41

1.41

1.41

1.41

__

--

1.06

1.21

__

--

50

100

46

<150

20

100

39

100

70

150

500

70

150

20

50

19

100

<2

30

1,000

700

700

1,800

2,200

700

1,500

620

>20,000 

2,000 

7,000 

5,000 

3,000 

2,000

300

700

2,000

700

7,000

5,000

MANGANESE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 29. Manganese in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F97

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 23 (1) 5:5 470 1.78

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 320 1.68

15 (1) 15:15 350 1.61

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 370 1.88

15 (1) 30:30 340 1.70

Beet, red; Wisconsin 23 (1) 3:3 250 1.88

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (1) 29:29 810 1.64

15 (1) 4:4 480 1.42

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 450 2.40

15 (1) 30:30 400 2.26

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (1) 11:11 220 1.71

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (1) 8:8 96 2.00

Corn; Georgia 14 (1) 29:29 350 1.64

15 (1) 30:30 230 1.87 

Corn; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 260 1.40

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 320 1.31

Oak-hickory Forest - 17 (1) 10:10 290 1.14

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (1) 27:27 290 1.48

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 110 1.55

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (1) 7:7 220 2.05

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 200 1.98

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (1) 10:10 HO 1.55 

Soybean; Missouri

Ploodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 400 1.57

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 320 1.31

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 310 1.42

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 360 1.29

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 170 1.94

15 (1) 30:30 100 1.49

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 5,700 2.46

15 (1) 30:30 5,600 2.27

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 5,700 2.44

15 (1) 30:30 3,700 2.07

Blackgum, stems; Georgia-- .14 (1) 30:30 8,400

15 (1) 30:30 9,500

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia " 14 (1) 30:30 9,300

15 (1) 30:30 9,600 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 4,900 2.03

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 5,100 1.88

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 6,300 1.61

2.69

1.86

2.53

2.11

200

150

200

150

150

150

300

300

70

100

150

20

15

100

1.16 200

1.16 200

1.16 200

150

70

100

100

50

1.16 200

1.16 200

1.16 200

1.16 300

70

50

300

 1,000 

150 

500

150

500

500

-- 1,000

1.38 500

1.38 1,000

1.38 2,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

1,000

500

2,000

700

2,000

1,500

700

150

1,000

700

500

500

300

700

200

700

500

150

1,000

500

500

500

500

300

20,000

30,000

15,000

15,000

30,000

20,000

20,000

30,000

15,000

15,000

20,000

MANGANESE
F98 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 29. Manganese in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

2.21

2.21

.40

.85

.92

1.38

2. 

1. 

1. 

1.53

Native species Continued

Buckbush; Missouri Continued

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 10,000 1.62 1.38 3,000

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 10,000 1.55 1.38 5,000 

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 1,700

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 4,800

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 5,300

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 1,600

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 5,700

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 6,700

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 8,800 1.61

19 (2) 88:88 7,300 1.86

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 10,000 1.85

19 (2) 20:20 7,500 1.95 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 8,300 1.89

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 12,000 1.42

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 6,800 1.80

15 (1) 30:30 6,800 1.92

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 8,200 2.63

15 (1) 30:30 6,700 2.37

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 13,000 2.05

19 (2) 22:22 9,000 2.08

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 3,200 2.36

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 13,000 1.71

19 (2) 8:8 8,900 2.54

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 13,000 1.60

19 (2) 75:75 11,000 1.75

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 12,000 1.74

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 13,000 1.57

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 7,200 1.99

15 (1) 30:30 6,200 1.86

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 8,900 2.35

15 (1) 30:30 8,000 1.97 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 14,000 1.59

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 2,100 2.07

15 (1) 27:27 3,300 2.14

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 2,700 2.19

15 (1) 27:27 4,300 1.89

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2,800 2.14

15 (1) 30:30 2,000 2.26

300

1,500

700

700

2,000

5,000

1.21 2,000

1.11 1,900

1.21 1,500

1.11 2,300

1.38 2,000

1.38 7,000

 1,000

 1,500 

150 

500

1.21 1,000

1.11 1,500

1.38 500

1.21 5,000

1.11 3,500

1.21 5,000

1.11 3,700

1.38 1,000

1.38 5,000

 1,000

 - 1,500 

500

 1,500

1.38 3,000

500

700

700

 1,500

700

300

20,000

30,000

30,000

15,000

15,000

7,000

15,000

15,000

30,000

27,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

20,000

15,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

30,000

32,000

20,000

50,000

37,000

50,000

38,000

30,000

30,000

20,000

20,000

30,000

20,000

30,000

7,000

10,000

15,000

10,000

15,000

10,000

MANGANESE
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 29. Manganese in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F99

Study 

No . and 

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Observed 

Error range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH- -Continued

Native species Continued 

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georg

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -------- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest -- 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia -

OWCC UgUlUy Xccl VC S 9 VjtSwi >-J 1*9

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest,

 1.CI JB*T

15

 20

--------- on

 20

 20

......__.. on

 20

- 14

15 

 14

15 

Missouri 20

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

30: 

30:

48: 

50: 

49: 

49: 

50: 

49:

28: 

27: 

28: 

27: 

47:

30 

30

48 

50 

49 

49 

50 

49

28 

27 

28 

27 

47

1,400 

970

760 

550 

640 

470 

690 

770

4,100 

6,800 

9,600 

13,000 

6,300

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

1

1 

1 

1 

2

.62 

.85

.74 

.68 

.62 

.62 

.60 

.58

.99 

.74 

.90 

.67 

.11

1

1 

1 

1 

1

1

1

.38 

.38 

.38 

.38 

.38 

.38

.38

500 

300

300 

200 

300 

200 

150 

200

700 

1,500 

1,500 

5,000 

1,000

- 5,000 

- 5,000

- 2,000 

- 1,500 

- 2,000 

- 1,500 

- 2,000 

- 2,000

- 15,000 

- 20,000 

- 30,000 

- 30,000 

- 30,000

TABLE 30. Mercury in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppb)___tion ___

Observed 

range 

(ppb)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; MissouriSandstone

Roubidoux Formation; MissouriPennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma- - - 

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - - 

1 (4)

1 (4)

4 (4)

7 (4)

26:30

23:30

6:12

18:20

14

15

1.71 1.47

1.82 1.47

7.9 2.82 1.35

.6 2.40 1.35

700

740

50

150

17 2.28 1.35 <10 - 60 

MANGANESE, MERCURY
F100 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 30. Mercury in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ODD)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed

range

(bob)

ROCKS --Continued

Shale

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 6 (4)

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (4)

30:32 

84:88

45

340

2.60

3.37

1.44

2.18

<10 - 190 

<40 - 1,500

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - - -

4 

10

7 

6

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4)

47: 

11:

38: 

30:

48 

12

40 

32

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri-- -

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and P owe 11 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri -

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 

Loess 

Missouri - -

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4) 

(4)

(4)

24: 

20:

24: 

24: 

24:

23:

24 

24

24 

24 

24

24

28 

22

30 

30

DEPOSITS

68 

35

40 

53 

48

35

2 

2

2 

2

1 

2

1 

1 

2

1

.05 

.57

.37 

.96

.63

.85

.79 

.94 

.13

.79

1 

1

1 

1

1

1

1 

1

1

.34 

.34

.34 

.34

.30 

.30

.30 

.30 

.39

<10 - 

<10 -

<10 - 

<10 -

20 - 

<10 -

20 - 

10 - 

10 -

<10 -

110 

100

130 

170

170 

290

120 

150 

140

80

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie -

Unglaciated PrairieOak-hickory Forest--- - - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- - 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -- - - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie---- - 

Oak-hickory Forest- - - 

17 

17 

17 

17

17 

17 

17 

17

17 

17 

17 

17

1 £

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4)

(4) 

(4) 

(4) 

(4)

f&\

8: 

10: 

10: 

10:

10: 

10: 

8: 

9:

10: 

10: 

10: 

10:

1 19A.

8 

10 

10 

10

10 

10 

8 

9

10 

10 

10 

10

1 1AO

37 

51 

42 

38

42 

51 

46 

30

53 

69 

38 

57

10

1 

1

1 

1

2

1 

1 

2

2 

1 

1 

1

i

.93 

.81 

.70 

.56

.00 

.89 

.72 

.29

.16 

.51 

.21 

.68

an

1 

1

1 

1

1

1 

1

1

1 

1 

1 

1

i

.41 

.41 

.41 

.41

.41 

.41 

.41 

.41

.41 

.41 

.41 

.41

si

10 - 

30 - 

20 - 

20 -

10 - 

10 - 

20 - 

10 -

20 - 

40 - 

30 - 

30 -

<rm -

90 

210 

140 

70

100 

110 

130 

70

260 

120 

50 

140

«nn

MERCURY
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 30. Mercury in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

F101

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppb)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppb)

SOILS-Continued

Uncultivated

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest-------

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade -- 

Oak-hickory Forest -- 

Oak-hickory-pine ForestCultivated and uncultivated 

Surface horizon; ColoradoB horizon; Eastern United StatesB horizon; Western United States20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

22 (4)

21 (4)

21 (4)

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50

153:168

420:420 

491:492

57

68

46

160

55

45

35

96

55

,07 

,70 

,76 

,39 

,91

2.05

3.84

2.53

2.46

82

82

82

82

82

82

1.66

20

30

10

30

10

10

500

260

310

1,500

260

500

<10 - 420

10 - 3,400 

<10 - 4,600

DRY PLANTS

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Cedar; Cedar Glade, Missouri-- 

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri-- 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine 

Forest, Missouri 

20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

20 (4)

23

29

28

25

3:25

<25 

<25 

<25 

<25

<25

<25 -

<25 -

<25 -

<25 -

<25 -

50

50

25

25

25

TABLE 31. Molybdenum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis__________

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)____tlon__________

Observed 

range

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri1 (1) 12:30 <3 

1 (1) 5:30 <3

<3 - 15

<3 - 3 

MERCURY, MOLYBDENUM
F102 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 31. Molybdenum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

No. and Observed

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error range 

______________________________ analysis __________ (ppmj ____ tion _____________ (ppm)

_________________________________ ROCKS Continued ________________________________

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 49:400 <4 -- <4 - 30 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (1) 4:32 <3 <3 - 30

Shale

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 6:18 <3 -- -- <3 - 10

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (2) 82:88 72 2.16 1.12 <22 - 290

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas- 4 (1) 7:48 .79 2.98 -- <3 - 7 

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 5 (1) 2:80 <7 <7 - 15 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (1) 2:112 <7 -- <7 - 30 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (1) 12:152 <7 -- <7 - 20 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (1) 3:40 <3 -- -- <3 - 7 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (1) 6:80 <7 -- -- <7 - 20 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

and Oklahoma 6 (1) 3:32 <3 -- <3 - 3

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 11 (1) 19:30 7.2 1.68 <7 - 20

____________________________ UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS ___________________________

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri - 12 (1) 1:24 <3 -- -- <3 - 3 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 1:24 <3 -- -- <3 - 3 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and P owe 11

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 6:24 <3 <3 - 3 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 2:24 <3 -- -- <3 - 3 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 2:24 <3 -- -- <3 - 7

_ _____________________________________ SOILS _______________________________________

Cultivated

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 16:1,140 <3 -- -- <3 - 15

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 3:48 <3 -- <3 - 20

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 2:96 <8 -- <8 - 86 

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 3:96 <8 -- -- <8 - 170

MOLYBDENUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 31. Molybdenum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F103

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation.

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Uncultivated Continued 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 1:50 <3 -- <3 - 10 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 4:50 <3 -- <3 - 7 

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 3:50 <3 -- <3 - 5 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 2:50 <3 -- <3 - 30 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 1:50 <3 <3 - 7

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 4:96 <8 -- <8 - 170

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 7:168 <3 <3 - 7

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 32:371 <3 -- <3 - 7 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 48:492 <3 <3 - 7

______________________________________PLANT ASH____________________________________

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:6 9.9 1.45 -- <5 - 15 

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (1) 20:30 9.5 4.88 <5 - 150

15 (1) 8:15 5.1 3.29 -- <5 - 20 

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (1) 15:30 4.7 5.29 -- <5 - 50

15 (1) 11:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 30

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (1) 8:29 <5 -- <5 - 70

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 7:28 <5 -- -- <5 - 30

15 (1) 6:30 <5 -- <5 - 20

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (1) 10:11 15 1.51 <5 - 30

Corn; Georgia 14 (1) 10:29 2.5 3.69 <5 - 15

15 (1) 1:30 <5 -- <5 - 20 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:8 18 1.66 1.35 7-30

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 9:10 11 1.83 1.35 <5 - 20

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 7:10 7.9 2.72 1.35 <5 - 30

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 8:10 11 2.19 1.35 <5 - 30

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (1) 22:27 16 1.94 -- <5 - 70

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:7 10 1.88 -- <5 - 20

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (1) 3:4 10 1.37 -- <5 - 15

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (1) 2:10 6.6 1.32 <5 - 10 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 7:10 10 3.77 1.35 <5 - 70

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:10 17 3.95 1.35 <5 - 70

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 6:8 9.4 3.16 1.35 <5 - 50

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 20 2.04 1.35 5-70

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <5 -- <5 - 30

MOLYBDENUM
F104 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 31. Molybdenum in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

:30 

:30 

:30 

:30

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 1

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia - - 14 (1) 1

Blackgum, stems; Georgia - 14 (1) 1

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 1 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 11:47

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 34:50

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 7:49

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 9:41 

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 22:50

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 4:9

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 4:10

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 8:10

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 3:10

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 4:6

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 5

19 (2) 1

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky- 18 (1) 4

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 1

15 (1) 1

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 1 

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1)

19 (2)

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 2:28

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 3:49

19 (2) 1:72

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 2:30

15 (1) 2:30

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia-- 14 (1) 1:30

Sassafras, stems; Georgia- -- 14 (1) 3:17

15 (1) 6:27

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia - 15 (1) 1:27

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia- 14 (1) 1:30

15 (1) 1:30

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 2:30

15 (1) 1:30

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 6:48

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 7:50

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 3:49

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 21:49

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 3:50

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 4:49

:64 

:88 

:40

1:30 

1:30 

1:30 

6:25 

1:22

<5

<5 

<5 

<5

2.0 

6.5 

1.4 

1.6

3.4 

2.2 

2.0 

7.6 

1.3 

5.3

.76 1.82

<30 

<3

<5 

<5 

<5

<30

<3

<3

<30

<5 

<5 

<5

1.6 

<5

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5

.91 

.76

<5 

3.3

<5

<5

.48 

.68 

.49 

.12

2.43

4.59

3.45

2.39

4.35

2.68

3.87

3.38

4.27

2.80

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<3 

<3 

<3 

<3 

<3

<30 

<3

<5 

<5 

<5 

<3 

<30

<3

<3

<30

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

10

20

10

15

20

30

10

15

30

15

15

30

10

15

300

39

200

10

7

20

100

90

70

20

120

20

15

20

20

50

7

20

7

15

15

15

20

5

30

20

70

MOLYBDENUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 32. Neodymium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F105

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri --------

- 1 (1)

- 1 (1)

25:30 

28:30

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC

Loess

- 13 (1) 5:24

75 1.33 1.17 

77 1.31 1.17

DEPOSITS

<50

<70 - 

<70 -

<50 -

150 

150

70

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia- - -- 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Oak-hickory Forest - ---

Surface horizon; Missouri 

Uncultivated

A horizon; Georgia - 

B horizon; Georgia 

B horizon; Missouri 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 16 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 22 (1)

3:30 

2:30

1:10 

1:10

739:1,140

4:30 

2:30

2:30 

6:30

27:50 

30:50

65:168

<70 

<70

<70 

<70

63 1.17

9.2 4.85 

<70

<70 

28 2.33

60 1.21 

61 1.18

47 1.73

<70 - 

<70 -

<70 - 

<70 -

<70 -

<70 - 

<70 -

<70 - 

<70 -

<70 - 

<70 -

<70 -

150 

300

70 

70

150

300 

150

150 

150

70 

70

300

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

NEODYMIUM
F106 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 32. Neodynium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH --Continued

Native species

Black cherry, leaves, Georgia--- 

Hickory, shagbark; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia - - 

Persimmon, leaves; GeorgiaSumac, winged, stems; Georgia- - 

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia-- 

- 14 

15

 20 

 14

- 14

 14

- 14

- 14 

15

 14

- 14 

15

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

1 

1

3 

1 

1 

2

1 

2

3

3 

1 

3

:30 

:30

:7 

:30 

:30 

:30

:30 

:30 

:30

:28

:28 

:27

<70 

<70

<150 

<70 

<70 

<70

<70 

<70 

<70

<70 

<70 

<70

<70 

<70

<150 

<70 

<70 

<70

<70 

<70 

<70

<70 

<70 

<70

- 150 

- 200

- 150 

- 150 

- 700 

- 300

- 300 

- 300 

- 300

- 200 

- 150 

- 200

TABLE 33. Nickel in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri*

Rhyolite

Precambrian; MissouriArkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado1 (1) 

1 CD

1:30

1:30

30:80

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 258:400

<5

<5

1.2 

3.0

5.46

2.64 1.45

<5 -

<5 -

<2 -

<2 -

24

48

NEODYMIUM, NICKEL
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 33. Nickel in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F107

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS - -Cent inued

Sandstone Continued

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri - 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - --- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky-- 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky -- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky----- - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -- ---- - 

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United States - 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri -- 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky --

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 

4 

5 

5

7

3 

8 

5

7 

5

9

3 

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7 

5

6 

11

(1) 

(2) 

(2)

(2) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(2) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; MissouriOn Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri -

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri -

12 

12

12 

12 

12

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

1 

116 

147

29

330 

76 

142

18 

149

88

236 

2 

38 

1 

76 

52

11 

72

17 

26

:12 

:120 

:152

:32

:336 

:76 

:142

:152

:88

:392 

:48 

:80 

:12 

:112 

:152

:40 

:80

:32 

:30

GEOLOGIC

24 

24

24 

24 

24

:24 

:24

:24 

:24 

:24

<5

11

9.4

26 

43 

39

21 

30

38 

110

6.4 

<5 

7.6 

<5

11

6.4

2.3 

16

4.3 

13

DEPOSITS

24 

17

20 

23 

29

1 

1

1

1 

1 

1

2 

1

1 

2

1 

1

2 

1

2 

1

2 

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.96 

.93

.62

.70 

.81 

.45

.34 

.71

.50 

.04

.99 

.67

.03

.95

.43 

.90

.24 

.69

.72 

.87

.47 

.46 

.73

1 

1

1

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.30 

.31

.44

.07

.22 

.15

.22 

.09

.23 

.32

.37 

.30

.09 

.31

.09

.32 

.32

.32 

.32 

.32

<5 -

<3 - 

<3 -

<7 - 

17 - 

13 -

10 - 

10 - 

13 -

<7 - 

<5 -

<5 - 

<10 - 

<10 -

<5 - 

<5 -

15 - 

10 -

15 - 

10 - 

15 -

5 

39 

31

150

7

74 

270 

85

100 

83

70 

420

41 

7 

20 

5 

70 

50

15 

100

15 

50

150 

150

50 

50 

100

Of Swann and Willman (1961). NICKEL
F108 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 33. Nickel in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS --Continued

Loess

- 13 (1) 24:24 22 1.03 -- 15 - 30

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia-- - 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - -- 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie -- 

Oak-hickory Forest- -- 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -- 

Glaciated Prairie 

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1) 

_ ifi fi\ i

11:30 

30:30

6:8 

10:10 

9:10 

9:10

9:10 

10:10 

6:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

9:10 

9:10

T*I .1 iAr

1.8 

18

8.4 

14 

10 

11

9.8 

16 

8.4 

11

10 

14 

9.7 

13

» 1/L

4.02 

1.70

2.36 

1.51 

1.96 

2.16

1.67 

1.40 

2.44 

1.80

1.53 

1.23 

1.77 

2.01

1 S<J

1.23 

1.23 

1.23 

1.23

1.23 

1.23 

1.23 

1.23

1.23 

1.23 

1.23 

1.23

1 9A

<3 -

5 -

<5 - 

7 - 

<5 - 

<5 -

<5 -

10 - 

<5 - 

5 -

5 - 

10 - 

<5 - 

<5 -

20 

50

20 

30 

20 

30

15 

30 

20 

30

15 

20 

20 

30

70

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana - 

A horizon; Georgia-- 

A horizon; Kentucky

B horizon; Georgia 

B horizon; Kentucky--- 

B horizon; Missouri 

Floodplain Forest-- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated PrairieCedar Glade 

Oak-hickory ForestOak -hickory -pine ForestC horizon; Georgia-- 

C horizon; Kentucky25 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

19 (2)

15 (1)

18 (2)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

46:48

8:30

29:30

96:96

108:108

29:30 

96:96

50:50 

50:50 

49:50 

49:50 

47:50 

47:50

18:30 

30:30 

96:96

13

<3

14

13

13

17

20

18

23

20

23

12

8.8

4.4

21

20

1.60

2.10

1.34

1.49

1.95

1.42

,65 

.49 

.88 

.31 

.82 

.75

.30 

.65

1.66

1.23

1.03

1.09

1.03

1.26

1.26

1.26

1.26

1.26

1.26

1.03

<5 -

<3 -

<3 -

6 -

5 -

<3 - 

9 -

7 - 

15 - 

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 -

<3 - 

3 - 

6 -

30

50

70

31

40

50

47

50

70

70

300

50

30

20

50

110

NICKEL
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 33. Nickel in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F109

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No . and

method of

analysis

Observed

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

DeviationError range

fopm)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States -

B horizon; Western United States 

" 22 (1)

- 21 (1)

- 21 (1)

126:168

317:371

482:492

7.9

13

16

2.32

2.60

2.03

1.28

--

 

<5 -

<3 -

<3 -

30

700

700

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 

Bean, lima; Georgia - 

Bean, snap; Georgia 

Beet, red; Wisconsin 

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 

Cabbage; Georgia 

Cabbage; WisconsinCarrot; WisconsinCorn; Georgia - -- - 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie-- 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Corn; Wisconsin - - 

Cucumber; Wisconsin- - 

Onion; Wisconsin 

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin--- -- 

Potato; Wisconsin 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest-- - --- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest---- - 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

 - 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 15 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

-- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

" 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

" 17 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 17 (1)

 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

 - 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

3:6

30:30

15:15

28:30

28:30

2:3

29:29

3:4

5:30

9:11

5:8

14:29

16:30

7:8

10:10

10:10

10:10

24:27

3:4

4:7

4:4

8:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

22:30

21:30

30:30

29:30

29:30

29:30

5.8

19

21

15

17

10

18

17

3

12

6.5

2.7

5.8

12

23

32

28

14

16

6.2

29

12

130

94

110

87

6.2

5.8

14

16

31

60

2.00

1.93

2.17

2.27

2.37

2.22

1.60

2.74

1.87

2.04

1.64

3.22

1.51

1.95

2.04

1.73

2.03

1.94

2.88

1.77

2.76

1.92

2.62

1.50

1.50

1.71

2.94

3.02

1.65

2.24

2.24

2.91

--

--

1.52

1.52

1.52

1.52

-.

--

--

1.52

1.52

1.52

1.52

-.

--

--

-_

--

<5 -

7 -

7 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

7 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

5 -

20 -

7 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

5 -

<5 -

30 -

50 -

70 -

50 -

<5 -

<5 -

7 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

15

70

70

100

70

20

50

30

30

30

15

30

15

30

70

70

50

50

50

15

70

30

500

200

200

200

50

50

30

70

150

500

NICKEL
F110 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 33. Nickel in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analys is

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species Continued

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 29:30 62 3.31 <5 - 1,300

15 (1) 29:30 120 3.20 <5 - 700

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 12 1.51 1.36 7 - 30 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 12 1.49 1.36 5 - 20 

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 7.5 1.45 1.36 5 - 30 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 11 1.49 1.36 5 - 30 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 12 1.62 1.36 5 - 50

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 41:50 5.6 2.89 1.36 <2 - 70 

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 62 1.47 -- 30 - 100 

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 82 1.65 -- 50 - 200 

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 9:10 7 -- -- <7 - 50 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 37 2.03 -- 10 - 100 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 33 1.23 30 - 50

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 100 1.91 1.36 30 - 500

19 (2) 88:88 92 1.92 1.16 20 - 380

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 95 1.89 1.36 30 - 300

19 (2) 20:20 78 1.94 1.16 30 - 260 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 60 2.42 1.36 10 - 200

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 70 2.13 1.36 15 - 150

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 25:30 7.5 2.26 -- <5 - 30

15 (1) 27:30 8.6 2.22 -- <5 - 50

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 18:30 4.0 3.15 <5 - 30

15 (1) 20:30 5.0 3.13 -- <5 - 50

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 33 1.86 1.22 7 - 70

19 (2) 22:22 25 2.04 1.16 12 - 200

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 49:50 8.6 1.71 1.36 <2 - 30

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 28 1.86 1.22 10 - 150

19 (2) 8:8 19 1.91 1.16 8 - 62

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 28 1.85 1.22 10 - 200

19 (2) 75:75 24 1.55 1.16 10 - 87 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 21 1.80 1.36 5 - 70 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 20 1.63 1.36 7 - 70 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 130 1.77 1.36 30 - 300 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 27 1.88 -- 5 - 100

15 (1) 30:30 43 2.20 10 - 150

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 18 2.25 -- 7 - 300

15 (1) 30:30 19 1.87 7-70 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 50 1.82 1.36 15 - 200

NICKEL
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 33. Nickel in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Fill

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Sassafras, stems; Georgia - 

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia - 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain ForestGlaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie --

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Oak -hickory -pine Forest 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 

Sweet gum, leaves; Georgia- --

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

20 (1)

17:17

27:27

17:17

27:27

25:30

23:30

19:30

21:30

46:48

48:50

47:49

13:49

36:50

35:49

27:28

27:27

28:28

27:27

47:47

12

14

14

18

7.4

7.9

4.2

5.5

17

11

11

.81

4.0

3.9

12

30

29

63

50

1.55

1.72

1.70

1.80

2.36

3.23

3.15

3.06

2.51

2.15

1.93

3.56

2.82

2.68

1.93

2.34

2.07

2.11

1.93

« « 

--

_-

--

--

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

--

1.36

7 -

7 -

7 -

7 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<2 -

<2 -

<2 -

<2 -

<2 -

<2 -

<5 -

7 -

7 -

15 -

10 -

30

50

50

50

30

100

70

50

100

50

30

10

30

30

30

150

150

300

150

TABLE 34. Niobium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis________

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)____tion_________

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri1 (1) 26:30 11 

1 (1) 28:30 12

1.31 1.15

1.29 1.15

<10 - 20 

<10 - 20

NICKEL, NIOBIUM
F112 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 34. Niobium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Sandstone 

Sauk sequence; Western United States - 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky ---

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- -- - - -- 

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - -- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -- - -

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

ROCKS -

3 (2) 

5 (2) 

5 (2)

6 (1)

3 (2) 

5 (2)

7 (1) 

5 (2)

6 (1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Roubidoux Formation; MissouriOn Osagean rocks; Missouri --- - 

Loess

12 (1) 

12 (1)

13 (1)

Ratio

-Cont inued

21:400 

4:120 

16:152

18:32

16:336 

1:142

3:18 

4:152

11:32

GEOLOGIC

1:24 

1:24

4:24

Mean 

(ppm)

<20 

<20 

<20

8.8

<30 

<30

<30 

7.7

DEPOSITS

<10 

<10

<io

Deviation

1.35 

1.25

Error

1.26

--

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

<10 -

<30 - 

<30 -

<30 - 

<10 -

<10 - 

<10 -

<10 -

62 

40 

28

15

42 

30

10 

43

10

10 

10

10

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia --------- 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- - --- -- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri 

Floodplain Forest 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie --

Oak-hickory Forest -

14 (1) 

15 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

1A t1\

20:25 

20:25

3:8 

4:10 

8:10

2:10 

3:10 

6:8 

8:9

4:10 

5:10 

8:10 

6:10

 *7«;.i i£.n

13 

16

7.9 

8.0 

9.5

6.6 

7.4 

9.4 

9.8

8.0 

8.5 

9.5 

8.9

7 9

1.34 

1.52

1.24 

1.23 

1.10

1.33 

1.27 

1.11 

1.07

1.23 

1.19 

1.10 

1.16

i *«

1.18 

1.18 

1.18

1.18 

1.18 

1.18 

1.18

1.18 

1.18 

1.18 

1.18

1.11

<10 - 

<10 -

<10 - 

<10 - 

<10 -

<10 - 

<10 - 

<10 - 

<10 -

<10 - 

<10 - 

<10 -

<1O -

20 

30

10 

10 

10

10 

10 

10 

10

10 

10 

10 

10

is

1 Of Swarm and Willman (1961).

NIOBIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 34. Niobium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, and soils Continued

F113

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS--Centinued

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 26:48 8.7 1.18 <10 - 10

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 26:30 12 1.33 <10 - 20

15 (1) 25:30 16 1.43 <10 - 30

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 77:96 12 1.33 -- <10 - 28

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 27:30 13 1.34 -- <10 - 20

15 (1) 28:30 18 1.43 <10 - 30

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 78:96 12 1.27 <10 - 21

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 7:50 5.8 1.38 <10 - 10

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 19:50 7.9 1.24 <10 - 10

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 22:50 8.1 1.26 ~ <10 - 15

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 1:50 <10 -- <10 - 10

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 22:50 8.0 1.38 -- <10 - 15

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 21:50 7.9 1.36 -- <10 - 15

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 24:30 13 1.51 -- <10 - 30

15 (1) 29:30 19 1.40 -- <10 - 50

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 56:96 10 1.31 « <10 - 22

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 57:168 6.7 1.48 -- <10 - 20

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 264:328 13 1.54 <7 - 20 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 339:492 11 1.74 <7 - 100

TABLE 35. Phosphorus in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri- 1 (5) 19:30 0.030 2.75 1.55 O.017 - 0.17

NIOBIUM, PHOSPHORUS
F114 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 35. Phosphorus in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS Cont inued

Rhyolite

Precambrian; MissouriSandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesRoubidoux Formation; Missouri 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; KentuckyPennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - 

1 (5) 22:30 0.024 2.77

3 (16) 393:400

4 (5) 5:12

5 (16 106:120

5 (16) 145:152

6 (5) 30:32 .057 2.24

1.55 O.017 - 0.17

096

010

017

024

2.49

2.22

2.96

2.58

2.15

1.47

1.24

1.90

<.0087 -

<.013 -

<.0044 -

<.0044 -

.96

.035

.14

.13

1.47 <.013 - .17

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky -------

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - -

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - -- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

3

5

7

5 

&

(16)

(16)

(16)

(5)

(16) 

t*\

335:

74:

iHV .

.

IfJiL .

 » >.

336

76

142

1 Q

lo

152 

 »">

.069 

.027

.035

.030 

.048

n&i

2

2

2

2

1 

i

.24

.15 

.02

.95 

.97

RQ

1

1

1 

1

.50

.47

»H A7/

99

<.013 

<.0044

<.0044

<.013

.0087

.m?

- 4.5 

- .24

- .25

- 1.6

. i R

- .17

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (16) 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas- 4 (5) 

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 5 (16) 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 10 (5) 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (16) 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (16) 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas - ----- 7 (5) 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - - 5 (16) 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

and Oklahoma --- 6 (5)

Siderite 

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky - 11 (16)

310:392 

12:48 

76:80 

4:12 

75:112 

92:152

17:40 

74:80

24:32

29:30

.015 

.0044 

.064 

<.013 

.0090 

.0061

.0092

.045

.034

.18

5.55

4.21

2.98

4.47

3.45

6.35

3.53

3.69

2.94

1.73

2.03

1.90

2.65

2.50

2.03

2.13

2.03

<.0044

<.013

<.0044

<.013

<.0044

<.0044

<.013 

<.0044

.70

.044

.29

.22

.79

.087

.30 

1.4

<.013 - .31

<.0044 - .70

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (5) 9:24 0.019 1.35 -- O.022 - 0.033 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (5) 7:24 .017 1.42 <.022 - .031 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas-- 12 (5) 4:24 .011 1.78 <.022 - .036 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (5) 16:24 .027 1.79 -- <.022 - .075 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (5) 13:24 .024 2.67 -- <.022 - .13

Loess

Missouri 13 (5) 24:24 .061 1.55 .030 - .13

Of Swann and Willman (1961).

PHOSPHORUS
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 35. Phosphorus in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F115

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No . and

method of

analysis

Observed

Ratio Mean

(percent)

DeviationError range

(percent)

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia -----

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest ----- -

Glaciated Prairie -

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest -

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie - - -

Unglaciated Prairie-- - 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Surface horizon; Missouri 

Uncultivated

A horizon; GeorgiaA horizon; Kentucky 

B horizon; Georgia - - 

~~

B horizon; Kentucky 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie -

Unglaciated Prairie - ------

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -

C horizon; Georgia- - 

C horizon; Kentucky 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - - 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States 

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

 17 (5)

 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

- 17 (5)

 17 (5)

- 16 (5) 1

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 18 (16)

19 (16)

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 18 (16)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 20 (5)

- 14 (6)

15 (6)

- 18 (16)

- 22 (5)

- 21 (6)

- 21 (6)

30:30

30:30

8:8

9:10

8:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

7:8

7:9

10:10

10:10

9:10

8:10

,130:1,140

30:30

30:30

96:96

108:108

27:30

30:30

96:96

49:50

44:50

47:50

50:50

40:50

42:50

26:30

30:30

96:96

166:168

367:371

489:491

0.017

.043

.074

.063

.041

.059

.078

.066

.048

.041

.067

.067

.038

.050

.059

.0065

.020

.03

.025

.0038

.014

.03

.068

.033

.038

.083

.033

.030

.0035

.014

.02

.10

.018

.032

2.10

1.73

1.64

1.66

2.04

1.87

1.57

1.60

1.59

1.80

1.52

1.53

1.52

1.98

1.61

1.86

2.09

1.47

1.40

1.90

2.08

1.53

1.86

1.58

1.56

1.73

1.88

1.67

2.28

2.14

1.69

1.87

3.03

2.33

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.63

1.30

1.12

1.16

1.12

1.48

1.48

1.48

1.48

1.48

1.48

1.12

1.17

"" 

0.004 - 0

.012 -

.038 -

<.022 -

<.022 -

.023 -

.041 -

.024 -

<.022 -

<.022 -

.031 -

.038 -

<.022 -

<.022 -

<.01 -

.002 -

.002 -

.013 -

.009 -

<.002 -

.002 -

.009 -

<.017 -

<.017 -

<.017 -

.022 -

<.017 -

<.017 -

<.002 -

.002 -

.009 -

<.020 -

<.002 -

<.002 -

.09

.09

.15

.11

.15

.12

.17

.14

.092

.083

.14

.14

.074

.10

.61

.03

.09

.13

.061

.012

.044

.140

.44

.065

.079

.22

.12

.096

.030

.060

.205

.50

.60

.45

PHOSPHORUS
F116 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 35. Phosphorus in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 23 (6) 6:6 1.7 1.33 -- 1.0 - 2.0

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 6.7 1.25 -- 4.8 - 9.0

15 (6) 15:15 4.7 1.28 3.6 - 6.0

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 4.9 1.30 -- 1.8 - 9.0

15 (6) 30:30 5.2 1.25 3.6 - 7.5

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (6) 29:29 7.0 1.30 3.6 - 9.0

15 (6) 4:4 7.8 1.21 -- 6.0 - 9.0

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (6) 28:28 2.1 1.63 -- .90 - 6.0

15 (6) 30:30 1.2 1.38 -- .60 - 2.4

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (6) 11:11 2.2 1.42 1.5 - 5.0

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (6) 8:8 2.4 1.46 -- 1.5 - 5.0

Corn; Georgia 14 (6) 29:29 11 1.19 9.0 - 18

15 (6) 30:30 10 1.26 6.0 - 15 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (6) 8:8 22 1.16 1.12 18 - 24

Glaciated Prairie 17 (6) 10:10 21 1.16 1.12 18 - 24

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (6) 10:10 20 1.16 1.12 18 - 24

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (6) 10:10 21 1.16 1.12 18 - 24

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (6) 4:4 2.2 1.22 -- 2.0 - 3.0

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (6) 7:7 3.7 1.31 3.0 - 5.0

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (6) 4:4 1.9 1.15 1.5 - 2.0

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (6) 10:10 2.2 1.26 1.5 - 3.0 

Soybean; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (6) 10:10 9.1 1.43 1.12 6.0 - 12

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (6) 8:8 10 1.38 1.12 6.0 - 12

Tomato; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 4.9 1.30 -- 2.4 - 6.0

15 (6) 30:30 5.2 1.25 -- 1.8 - 3.6

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 2.1 1.60 .60 - 3.6

15 (6) 30:30 2.3 1.48 1.2 - 4.8

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 2.0 1.48 .90 - 4.8

15 (6) 30:30 1.9 1.36 1.2 - 3.6

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1.3 1.37 -- .60 - 2.4

15 (6) 30:30 1.2 1.21 .60 - 1.8

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1.7 1.33 -- 1.2 - 2.4

15 (6) 30:30 1.6 1.28 1.2 - 2.4

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (6) 47:47 2.6 1.30 1.18 1.8 - 4.8

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (6) 48:48 2.4 1.40 1.18 .60 - 4.8

Cedar Glade 20 (6) 50:50 1.7 1.28 1.18 1.2 - 3.6

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (6) 49:49 2.1 1.27 1.18 1.2 - 3.6

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (6) 41:41 1.8 1.32 1.18 1.2 - 3.6

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (6) 50:50 1.3 1.25 1.18 .6 - 1.8

Glaciated Prairie 24 (6) 9:9 2.3 1.33 1.7 - 3.6

PHOSPHORUS
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 35. Phosphorus in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F117

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species--Continued 

Cedar; Missouri Continued

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (6) 10:10 2.3 1.29 1.8 - 3.6 

Cedar Glade 24 (6) 10:10 1.4 1.30 .80 - 2.0 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (6) 10:10 1.9 1.31 1.2 - 2.4 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (6) 6:6 1.9 1.28 -- 1.6 - 3.2

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (6) 64:64 .76 1.43 1.17 .04 - 1.8

19 (6) 88:88 1.2 1.34 1.09 .47 - 2.4

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (6) 40:40 .84 1.44 1.17 .44 - 1.8

19 (6) 20:20 1.2 1.21 1.09 .76 - 1.6 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (6) 19:19 .83 1.43 1.18 .60 - 1.2

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (6) 7:7 .98 1.45 1.18 .60 - 1.2

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1.4 1.51 .60 - 3.6

15 (6) 30:30 1.6 1.44 .90 - 3.0

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1.8 1.30 -- 1.2 - 3.0

15 (6) 30:30 2.1 1.26 -- 1.5 - 3.6

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (6) 25:25 .88 1.41 1.16 .44 - 1.8

19 (6) 22:22 1.1 1.33 1.09 .51 - 2.5

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (6) 50:50 .94 1.44 1.18 .60 - 1.8

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (6) 28:28 .85 1.47 1.16 .60 - 1.8

19 (6) 9:9 .89 1.48 1.09 .56 - 1.9

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (6) 49:49 1.2 1.41 1.16 .60 - 2.4

19 (6) 77:77 1.2 1.30 1.09 .62 - 2.7 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (6) 50:50 1.3 1.42 1.18 .60 - 3.2 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (6) 49:49 1.1 1.35 1.18 .60 - 1.8 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (6) 46:46 2.1 1.32 1.18 1.2 - 3.6 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1.5 1.60 .60 - 4.8

15 (6) 30:30 2.0 1.51 1.2 - 4.8

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1.4 1.28 .90 - 2.4

15 (6) 30:30 1.6 1.36 .90 - 3.0 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (6) 49:49 2.3 1.24 1.18 1.8 - 3.6 

Sagebrush; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 25 (6) 48:48 3.1 1.34 .8 - 4.8 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 2.0 1.31 -- 1.2 - 3.6

15 (6) 27:27 2.5 1.36 1.2 - 4.8

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 2.3 1.30 -- 1.8 - 4.8

15 (6) 27:27 2.2 1.28 1.2 - 3.6

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia -- 14 (6) 28:28 .71 1.76 -- .30 - 2.4

15 (6) 27:27 1.2 1.66 .48 - 2.4

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 28:28 1.4 1.42 -- .90 - 3.6

15 (6) 27:27 1.9 1.33 1.2 - 3.0

PHOSPHORUS
F118 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 35. Phosphorus in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Study 

No. and 

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH --Continued

Native species Continued 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Unglaciated Prairie ------ 

Cedar Glade 

Oak -hickory -pine Forest 

Sweetgum, stems; GeorgiaSweetgum, leaves; Georgia 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest,

 20

 20

*%f\

 20

 20

 14

15 

 14

15 

Missouri 20

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6)

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6) 

(6)

48 

50 

49 

49 

50 

49

28 

27 

28 

27 

47

S48 

:50 

:49 

:49 

:50 

:49

:28 

:27 

:28 

:27 

:47

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.3 

.2 

.7 

.2 

.8 

.4

.71 

.2 

.4 

.9 

.96

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

.27 

.20 

.24 

.45 

.30 

.34

.76 

.66 

.42 

.33 

.63

1.18 

1.18 

1.18 

1.18 

1.18 

1.18

1.18

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

.60 

1.2 

.6

.30 

.48 

.90 

1.2 

.30

- 3.6 

- 3.6 

- 3.6 

- 2.4 

- 3.6 

- 2.4

- 2.4 

- 2.4 

- 3.6 

- 3.0 

- 2.6

TABLE 36. Potassium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1.. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders (--) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and Observed 

method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error range 

analysis (percent) tion (percent)

ROCKS

Granite

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri- - 

Sandstone 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky- -

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -- --

1 6£ Swann and Willman (1961). 

PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM

1 

1

3

4 

5 

5

6

(5) 30:30 

(5) 30:30

(16) 385:400 

(5) 7:12 

(16) 117:120 

(16) 148:152

(5) 31:32

4.3 1.11 1.01 3.2 

4.8 1.35 1.01 2.2

.32 4.67 1.86 <.0083 - 

.083 2.99 1.01 <.083 - 

.30 3.02 1.79 <.0083 - 

.51 3.55 2.16 <.0083 -

.66 2.81 1.01 <.083 -

5.1 

8.1

4.5 

.42 

1.2 

2.4

2.0
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 36. Potassium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F119

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS - -Cont inued

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

ana Arisansas --------- ------------

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesSauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky- 

/

3 

8 

5

7 

5

6

3

4 

5 

10 

5 

5 

5

6 

11

V)

(16) 

(16) 

(16)

(5) 

(16)

(5)

(16) 

(5) 

(16) 

(5) 

(16) 

(16) 

(16)

(5) 

(16)

z:

336: 

76: 

142:

18: 

152:

32:

383: 

39: 

80: 

8: 

109: 

145: 

80:

28: 

30:

zu

336 

76 

142

18 

152

32

392 

48 

80 

12 

112 

152 

80

32 

30

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas --

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 

Loess

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

(5)

24: 

24:

24: 

24: 

24:

24:

24 

24

24 

24 

24

24

VW

5 

1 

2

2 

2

2

.UOJ

.4 

.8 

.3

.2 

.3

.7

.32 

.20 

.40 

.12 

.30 

.17 

.56

.16 

.64

1 

1 

1

1 

1

1

3 

3 

2 

3 

3 

3 

2

2 

1

.54 

.59 

.40

.56 

.59

.29

.69 

.57 

.05 

.41 

.02 

.21 

.49

.52 

.69

1.23

1.03 

1.13

1.03

1.66 

1.11 

1.28 

1.11 

2.34 

2.78 

1.32

1.11

VW.UOJ

.91 

.42 

1.0

.91 

.33

1.5

<.017 

<.083 

.083 

<.083 

<.0083 

<.0083 

.025

<.083 

.22

U. A/ 

- 11

- 3.5 

- 5.1

- 3.5 

- 4.0

- 3.7

- 4.2 

- 1.6 

- 1.7 

- 1.4 

- 1.4 

- 2.1 

- 1.6

- 1.0

- 1.4

DEPOSITS

1 

1

1 

1

1

.0 

.1

.7 

.91 

.1

.9

1 

2

1 

1 

1

1

.47 

.10

.57 

.57 

.36

.13

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

0.46 

.19

.65 

.37 

.53

1.2

- 1.8 

- 3.0

- 4.7 

- 1.8 

- 2.2

- 2.2

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

14 

15

17 

17

1 7

(12) 

(12)

(5)

(5) 

fi\

30: 

30:

8: 

10: 

in.

30 

30

8 

10 

in

0

1 

1 

i

.041 

.92

.7 

.7 j

2 

1

1 

1 

i

.30 

.91

.15 

.12

Al

1.01 

1.01 

i m

0.01 

.16

1.4 

1.4 

_*n

- 0.4 

- 2.6

- 2.1 

- 2.0

- 17

POTASSIUM
F120 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 36. Potassium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

SOILS-- Continued

Cultivated- -Continued 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri- -Continue

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie -- 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak -hickory Forest- - - - 

- 17

- 17 

- 17

- 17 

- 17

- 17 

- 17

- 17

- 1A

id 

(5)

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

t*\

10:

10: 

10: 

8: 

9:

10: 

10: 

10: 

10:

i i/in.

10

10 

10 

8 

9

10 

10 

10 

10

1 IZtf

1

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

) *i

.5

.7 

.6 

.2

.5

.7 

.6 

.3

.5

L

1

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

*

.43

.09 

.08 

.41 

.30

.10 

.13 

.34 

.40

.4.0

1.01

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01

*.n?

0.86

1.4 

1.5 

.68 

1.1

1.4 

1.5 

.66 

.83

.11

- 2.2

- 1.8 

- 1.7 

- 1.7 

- 2.2

- 1.8 

- 2.0 

- 1.7 

- 2.1

- 1.7

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

A

A

B

B

B

C

C

Wyoming and Montana 

horizon; Georgia 

horizon; Kentuckyhorizon; Georgia --- -

horizon; Kentucky 

horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie --

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade - --

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

horizon; Georgia-- --- -

horizon; Kentucky - -

... 25 

... 14

15

 18

19

... 14

15

 18

 20

 20

 20

 20

-- 20

 20

 14

15

-- 18

(5) 

(12)

(12)

(16)

(16)

(12)

(12)

(16)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(12)

(12)

(16)

48: 

30:

30:

96:

108:

30:

30:

96:

50:

50:

50:

50:

50:

50:

30:

30:

96:

48 

30

30

96

108

30

30

96

50

50

50

50

50

50

30

30

96

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.6 

.073

.2

.0

.0

.079

.1

.2

.8

.5

.3

.7

.1

.86

.089

.2

.1

1.25 

2.85

1.98

1.55

1.42

2.84

1.99

1.70

1.14

1.28

1.45

1.50

1.61

1.96

2.83

1.97

1.68

1.16

1.14

1.14

.-

1.14

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.14

2 

.02

.17

.20

.39

.02

.18

.07

1.2

.75

.58

.50

.42

.17

.02

.18

.080

- :> 

- 1.0

- 3.7

- 2.1

- 2.0

- 1.4

- 2.5

- 3.2

- 2.2

- 2.5

- 3.1

- 3.5

- 2.1

- 4.4

- 1.6

- 2.8

- 4.3

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; ColoradoB

B

horizon; Eastern United States 

horizon; Western United States 

 22

 21

-- 21

(5)

(12)

(12)

168:

370:

491:

168

370

491

2

1

.9

.74

.7

1.40

3.56

1.60

1.01

-.

 

.5

.005

.19

- 4.9

- 3.7

- 6.3

POTASSIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 36. Potassium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F121

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- 

(percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, lima; Georgia 

Bean, snap; Georgia --- -

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 

Cabbage; Georgia - 

Corn; Georgia 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest -

Tomato; Georgia- - - 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia - 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia- -- 

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia - 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest--- 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade - 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie - 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest -- - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

- 14

15

- 14

15

. 14

15

- 14

15

. 14

15

- 17

- 17

. 17

. 17

 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

. 14

15

- 14

15

. 14

15

- 14

15

- 14

15

- 20

. 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 24

. 24

 24

. 24

 24

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(12)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

30

15

30

30

29

4

28

30

29

30

8

10

10

10

10

10

8

9

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

47

48

50

49

41

50

9

10

10

10

6

:30

:15

:30

:30

:29

:4

:28

:30

:29

:30

:8

:10

:10

:10

:10

:10

:8

:9

:30

:30

:30

:30

:30

:30

:30

:30

:30

:30

:47

:48

:50

:49

:41

:50

:9

:10

:10

:10

:6

35

34

33

33

31

33

21

18

35

36

29

30

31

31

41

40

39

41

38

40

12

14

14

17

11

11

16

19

16

16

15

15

15

6.3

8.9

11

6.8

9.8

9.1

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

05

08

10

08

09

05

33

24

09

07

09

07

05

06

06

06

03

06

07

08

45

51

37

27

30

31

23

25

15

16

16

21

24

26

31

39

20

32

37

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

--

--

--

--

..

--

--

.05

.05

.05

.05

.05

.05

.05

.05

--

--

--

--

--

--

.16

.16

.16

.16

.16

.16

--

30

28

23

28

27

31

9.2

12

26

31

24

26

30

30

38

37

38

38

30

34

6.0

4.2

5.6

11

6.2

5.8

11

10

12

11

9.6

9.2

8.6

3.6

5.0

6.0

5.0

6.0

6.4

- 39

- 38

- 37

- 39

- 36

- 34

- 33

- 27

- 39

- 40

- 32

- 33

- 35

- 35

- 45

- 46

- 40

- 45

- 42

- 51

- 28

- 26

- 27

- 28

- 16

- 21

- 23

- 28

- 20

- 20

- 18

- 22

- 22

- 10

- 14

- 15

- 8.0

- 14

- 16

POTASSIUM
F122 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 36. Potassium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

Ratio Mean

(percent)

DeviationError

Observed

range

(percent)

PLANT ASH --Continued

Native species --Continued

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky ----------

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky - 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- - 

Maple, red, stems; Georgia-- 

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia -

Oak, black; Kentucky - 

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri -

Oak, red; Kentucky 

Oak, white; Kentucky - - 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

Oak, willow; Flood plain Forest,

Missouri - - 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, MissouriSassafras, stems; Georgia 

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia - 

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia - 

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest ----_.

Glaciated Prairie- -- 

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Cedar Glade-- ---- 

Oak-hickory Forest-- -- -- 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- -- 

- 18 (3)

19 (3)

-- 18 (3)

19 (3)

- 20 (3)

-- 20 (3)

-- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 18 (3)

19 (3)

-- 20 (3)

- 18 (3)

19 (3)

-- 18 (3)

19 (3)

- 20 (3)

 20 (3)

 - 20 (3)

- 14 (12)

15 (12)

-- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 20 (3)

- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 14 (12)

15 (12)

- 20 (3)

-- 20 (3)

- 20 (3)

 - 20 (3)

- 20 (3)

 - 20 (3)

64:64

88:88

40:40

20:20

19:19

7:7

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

25:25

22:22

50:50

28:28

9:9

49:49

76:76

50:50

49:49

46:46

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

49:49

17:17

27:27

17:17

27:27

30:30

30:30

30:30

30:30

48:48

50:50

49:49

49:49

50:50

49:49

5.9

6.0

6.7

6.3

3.4

2.9

11

12

12

15

7.5

7.9

4.4

6.7

7.3

8.4

9.1

5.1

4.9

7.8

16

19

21

23

11

19

20

19

23

14

16

19

21

13

13

13

10

13

12

1.44

1.34

1.45

1.35

1.31

1.21

1.51

1.44

1.26

1.31

1.28

1.23

1.38

1.27

1.60

1.32

1.27

1.29

1.22

1.37

1.31

1.25

1.24

1.19

1.35

1.28

1.33

1.27

1.22

1.53

1.41

1.29

1.25

1.34

1.26

1.24

1.32

1.20

1.22

1.07

1.13

1.07

1.13

1.16

1.16

--

--

1.08

1.13

1.16

1.08

1.13

1.08

1.13

1.16

1.16

1.16

--

1.16

--

--

-.

1.16

1.16

1.16

1.16

1.16

1.16

3.3

2.7

3.0

4.2

2.4

2.2

5.6

5.8

5.6

8.6

4.1

5.5

2.0

4.5

3.0

4.9

4.4

3.0

3.0

4.4

7.8

15

14

15

5.6

13

13

12

14

5.2

7.6

10

12

5.6

8.0

8.6

3.8

9.2

7.4

- 17

- 12

- 16

- 16

- 5.4

- 4.0

- 26

- 32

- 17

- 24

- 13

- 12

- 11

- 11

- 14

- 15

- 15

- 9.6

- 6.9

- 14

- 30

- 29

- 31

- 32

- 20

- 32

- 34

- 29

- 32

- 30

- 34

- 29

- 31

- 22

- 20

- 22

- 16

- 19

- 19

POTASSIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 36. Potassium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F123

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No . and

method of

analysis

Ratio Mean

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(percent)

PLANT ASH --Continued

Native species --Continued

Sweetgum,

Sweet gum,

Sweetgum;

stems; Georgia - 

leaves; Georgia- -

Floodplain Forest, Missouri

14 (12)

15 (12)

14 (12)

15 (12)

20 (3)

28:28

27:27

28:28

27:27

47:47

6.1

11

10

14

4.1

1

2

1

1

1

.89

.10

.31

.28

.59

2

1

7

9

1.16 1

.4

.3

.0

.6

.2

- 26

- 28

- 23

- 21

- 12

TABLE 37. Rubidium in plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Study 

No. and 

Sample, and collection locality method of 

analysis

Native 

Hicta

Hicta

Oak,

Oak,

Oak,

species

jry, pignut; Kentucky 

iry, shagbark; Kentucky 

black; Kentucky--- 

white; Kentucky 

___- 1 H

19

_____ 1 Q

19

_ __ 1 Q

19

19

_ I Q

19

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

(3)

Ratio

64:64

88:88

40:40

20:20

25:25

22:22

28:28

9:9

49:49

76:76

Mean 

(ppm)

56

56

51

55

72

94

74

87

93

110

Deviation

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.61

.62

.68

.70

.72

.39

.62

.42

.55

.65

Error

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.17

.11

.17

.11

.42

.11

.42

.11

.42

.11

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

18

18

18

18

37

55

37

64

37

37

- 155

- 170

- 192

- 110

- 210

- 190

- 260

- 160

- 230

- 400

POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM
F124 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 38. Scandium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado - 

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - -

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas-- - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - -

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - - - 

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite

Upper Ordovician; KentuckyLower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas --- 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - 

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky -

1 (1)

1 (1)

2 (2)

3 (2)

5 (2)

5 (2)

6 (1)

3 (2)

8 (2)

5 (2)

7 (1)

5 (2)

6 (1)

9 (2)

5 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

7 (1)

5 (1)

6 (1)

11 (1)

18:30

24:30

16:80

237:400

19:120

93:152

26:32

331:336

74:76

141:142

17:18

152:152

32:32

88:88

3:80

22:112

5:152

3:40

49:80

4:32

15:30

5.3

6.5

1.7

3.2

2.1

5.0

7.2

18

15

17

8.2

18

15

15

<10

6.1

<10

<5

9.0

<5

8.4

2.39

1.99

1.95

1.76

2.68

1.92

2.12

1.26

1.26

1.19

1.60

1.21

1.26

1.15

--

1.45

1.45

--

1.80

1.28

1.28

--

1.24

1.16

1.29

--

1.07

--

1.21

1.09

1.21

1.08

--

1.14

--

--

<5 - 15

<5 - 15

<3 - 9

<3 - 25

<8 - 14

<5 - 16

<5 - 15

<10 - 28

<10 - 22

<10 - 22

<10 - 20

10 - 26

10 - 20

10 - 21

<10 - 10

<10 - 15

<10 - 15

<5 - 7

<10 - 30

<5 - 7

<10 - 20

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). 

SCANDIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 38. Scandium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F125

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 9.1 1.32 1.12 5 - 15 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 22:24 7.8 1.44 1.12 <5 - 15 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powe11

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas-- 12 (1) 24:24 9.2 1.34 1.12 5-15 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 15 1.29 1.12 7-20 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 12 1.40 1.12 7 - 20

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 9.0 1.18 -- 7-10

__________________________________SOILS___________________________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 8:30 2.8 1.65 -- <5 - 7

15 (1) 30:30 9.0 1.35 -- 5-15

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 7:8 5.2 1.24 1.09 <5 - 7 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 8.1 1.20 1.09 7-10 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 9:10 6.3 1.25 1.09 <5 - 7 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:10 6.3 1.33 1.09 <5 - 10

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:10 5.1 1.31 1.09 <5 - 7 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 8.4 1.21 1.09 7-10 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 6.7 1.25 1.09 5-10 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 6.5 1.16 1.09 5-7

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:10 5.1 1.31 1.09 <5 - 7 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 7.3 1.12 1.09 7-10 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 6.3 1.18 1.09 5-7 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 6.3 1.26 1.09 5-10

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,092:1,140 7.6 1.34 1.16 <5 - 15

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 44:48 7.3 1.43 1.16 <5 - 15

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 8:30 2.1 2.64 -- <5 - 15

15 (1) 29:30 8.6 1.47 -- <5 - 15

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 10 1.21 1.06 7-17

19 (2) 47:108 4.9 2.22 1.05 <5 - 15

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 9:30 2.6 2.06 -- <5 - 15 

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 13 1.24 1.06 7-22 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 42:50 7.1 1.58 1.23 <5 - 15 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 12 1.34 1.23 7-15

SCANDIUM
F126 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 38. Scandium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Uncultivated Continued

B horizon; Missouri Continued

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 10 1.33 1.23 7-20 

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 43:50 6.8 1.59 1.23 <5 - 20 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 37:50 5.4 1.49 1.23 <5 - 10 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 30:50 4.7 1.78 1.23 <5 - 15

C horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 20:30 5.0 1.67 -- <5 - 15

15 (1) 30:30 11 1.43 5-20

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 13 1.30 1.06 7-20

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 123:168 5.9 1.79 1.3 <5 - 15

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 282:371 7.0 1.85 <5 - 30 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 437:492 9.0 1.74 -- <5 - 50

____________________________________PLANT ASH__________________________________

Native species

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 15 (1) 1:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 10 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 15 (1) 1:27 <5 -- <5 - 10 

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 1:17 <5 <5 - 10 

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 10

TABLE 39. Selenium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis_______

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm)____tion_______

Observed 

range

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri1 (5) 18:30 0.12 1.64 1.73 <0.1 - 0.4

1 (5) 15:30 .11 1.76 1.73 <.l - .4

SCANDIUM, SELENIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 39. Selenium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

F127

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS --Continued

Sandstone

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri----- - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas,

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - - 

Shale 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas- -- -

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasTippecanoe sequence; Missouri - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

4 

6

7

7 

6

4 

10

7 

6

(5) 

(5)

(5)

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5)

6:12 

19:32

12:20

18:18 

29:32

35:48 

9:12

32:40 

29:32

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri --

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 

Loess 

Missouri - 

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

(5)

23:24 

20:24

20:24 

21:24 

24:24

19:24

0.086 

.11

.11

.64 

.46

.18 

.16

.19 

.31

DEPOSITS

0.29 

.22

.25 

.40 

.38

.17

2 

2

1

3 

3

2 

1

2 

2

1 

2

2 

2 

1

2

.06 

.80

.76

.47 

.63

.21 

.97

.28 

.69

.69 

.12

.00 

.43 

.74

.02

1 

1

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.67 

.67

.67

.73 

.73

.96 

.96

.96 

.96

.72 

.72

.72 

.72 

.72

<0.1 - 0.2 

<.l - 1.7

<.l - .3

.2 - 9 

<.l - 12

<.l - .8 

<.l - .3

<.l - 1 

<.l - 7.4

<0.1 - 0.7 

<.l - .8

<.l - .5 

<.l - 1.9

.2 - 1.4

<.l - .4

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Flood plain Forest-- - 

Glaciated Prairie- - 

Oak-hickory Forest-- - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- --- - - 

Glaciated Prairie 

17 

17 

17 

17

17 

17 

17

1 7

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

f*\

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8

Q.Q

.31 

.67 

.52 

.31

.33 

.74 

.67

. ti

1 

1 

1

1

1 

1 

1 

i

.51 

.67 

.48 

.43

.67 

.71 

.56 

. «

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

i

.25 

.25 

.25 

.25

.25 

.25 

.25

.7S

.2 - 0.6 

.3 - 1.5 

.3 - 1.1 

.2 - .6

.1 - .6 

.4 - 1.4 

.3 - 1.2

_? - -L.

SELENIUM
F128 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 39. Selenium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

Study

Sample, and collection locality

No,. and

method of

Observed

Ratio

analysis

Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error range

(ppm)

SOILS - -Cont inued

Cultivated Continued

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest* - - ------

Glaciated Prairie - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Surface horizon; Missouri 

Uncultivated

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest ----------------

Glaciated Prairie ------------

Unglaciated Prairie - -----

Cedar Glade - - -

Oak-hickory Forest - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States 

Cultivated plants

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- -

Glaciated Prairie-- 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest --- 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain ForestGlaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie --

Oak-hickory Forest 

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie - - 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak -hickory -pine Forest 

Cedar; Cedar Glade, Missouri-- 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest - -- --

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 16

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 22

- 21

- 21

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

(5)

DRY

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

(14)

10:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

925:1,140

42:50

49:50

50:50

46:50

48:50

46:50

143:168

390:420

413:492

PLANTS

8:8

10:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

10:10

8:8

9:9

47:47

46:46

49:49

46:46

39:39

50:50

19:19

7:7

0.28

.62

.47

.38

.28

.31

.73

.67

.31

.31

.27

.23

.39

.25

0.062

.072

.047

.040

.17

.098

.097

.077

.043

.038

.023

.032

.031

.021

.022

.027

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.65

.68

.39

.43

.54

.78

.11

.64

.10

.90

.01

.88

.17

.53

.41

.61

.88

.96

.68

.83

.28

.94

.45

.49

.33

.47

.47

.36

.52

.45

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.25

.25

.25

.25

.67

.52

.52

.52

.52

.52

.52

.60

~ "

.09

.09

.09

.09

.09

.09

.09

.09

.22

.22

.22

.22

.22

.22

.22

.22

0.1 -

.3 -

.3 -

.2 -

<.l -

<.l -

<.l -

.2 -

<.l -

<.l -

<.l -

<.l -

<.l -

<.l -

0.01 -

.02 -

.02 -

.02 -

.06 -

.04 -

.04 -

.04 -

.02 -

.02 -

.02 -

.02 -

.02 -

.01 -

.02 -

.02 -

0

1

2

2

3

3

1

1

1

1

1

4

0

1

.7

.5

.8

.6

.7

.4

.4

.1

.4

.0

.0

.4

.4

.3

.2

.4

.15

.50

.25

.25

.35

.40

.08

.08

.04

.08

.06

.04

.04

.04

SELENIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 39. Selenium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and dry plants Continued

F129

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

DRY PLANTS Continued

Native species Continued

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest -

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

W-l fm AJ-U. « t

Pine, shortleaf; Oak -hickory -pine

Sagebrush; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain ForestGlaciated Prairie-- 

Unglaciated Prairie - - 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri

20 (14)

20 (14) 

20 (14)

20 (14) 

20 (14) 

25 (14)

20 (14) 

20 (14) 

20 (14) 

20 (14)

46:49

48:50 

48:49

45:45 

49:49 

48:48

47:48 

49:50 

39:49 

47:47

0.020

.018 

.019

.032 

.062 

.42

.027 

.022 

.013 

.065

1.56

1.43 

1.43

2.02 

1.71 

2.47

1.98 

1.83 

1.67 

2.36

1.22

1.22 

1.22

1.22 

1.22

1.22 

1.22 

1.22 

1.22

<0.01 - 0

.01 - 

.02 - 

.08 - 4

.01 -

.04

.04 

.04

.3 

.2 

.8

.25 

.10 

.04

.4

TABLE 40. Silicon in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders (--) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean Devia- Error 

analysis (percent) tion

ROCKS

Granite

Observed

range 

(percent)

11 - 17

Rhyolite

Precambrian; MissouriShale 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky -

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

3 (16) 

8 (16) 

5 (16)

7 f*\

336:336 

76:76 

142:142

ift. i a

*27 

*31 

*29

91

*5.89

*4.27

*4.54

1.40

*1.29 5.3 - 39

20 - 39

17 - 39

1.02 13 - 37

SELENIUM, SILICON
F130 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 40. Silicon in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

ROCKS - -Cont inued

Shale --Continued

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma-- - 

Limestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesSauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky - 

5 

6

3

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7 

5

6 

11

(16) 

(5)

(16) 

(5) 

(16) 

(5) 

(16) 

(16)

(5) 

(16)

(5) 

(16)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and P owe 11 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas --

On Osagean rocks; Missouri - --

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri - -

Loess 

Missouri - 

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

(5)

152: 

32:

388: 

40: 

80: 

9: 

112: 

152:

28: 

80:

32: 

30:

152 

32

392 

48 

80 

12 

112 

152

40 

80

32 

30

GEOLOGIC

24: 

24:

24: 

24: 

24:

24:

24 

24

24 

24 

24

24

*30 

27

2 

1 

3 

1 

8 

2

1 

7

2

6

.3

.6 

.4 

.0 

.0 

.7

.1 

.2

.9 

.8

*4 

1

4 

3 

2 

4 

2 

2

4 

2

2 

1

.30 

.15

.24 

.44 

.56 

.53 

.35 

.58

.53 

.41

.98 

.95

*0.51 

1.02

1.47 

1.07 

1.09 

1.07 

1.04 

1.11

1.07 

1.08

1.07

23 

19

<.056 

<.47 

.56 

<.47 

1.2 

.45

<.47 

.70

.47 

1.6

- 42 

- 37

- 24 

- 31 

- 15 

- 12 

- 30 

- 26

- 24 

- 21

- 17 

- 26

DEPOSITS

29 

31

30 

26 

25

34

1 

1

1 

1 

1

1

.21 

.21

.09 

.17 

.19

.05

1.03 

1.03

1.03 

1.03 

1.03

15 

18

24 

21 

19

30

- 36 

- 43

- 36 

- 34 

- 36

- 36

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -- - --

Unglaciated Prairie - 

Oak-hickory Forest----- - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -- - - 

Glaciated Prairie------- 

17 

17 

17 

17

17 

17 

17

1 7

(5) 

(5) 

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

(5)

(5) 

fi\

8: 

10: 

10: 

10:

10: 

10:

8: 

a.

8 

10 

10 

10

10 

10

8 

a

*38 

*35 

*37 

*38

*37 

*35 

*37

*ift

*3 

*1 

*2 

*2

*2 

* 

*2

-iK>

.09 

.64 

.35 

.23

.94 

.83 

.29 

10

31 

32 

35 

35

33 

33 

36 

 » »

- 42 

- 37 

- 42 

- 41

- 42 

- 36 

- 41

_ A1

SILICON
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 40. Silicon in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F131

Study 

No. and 

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Observed 

Error range 

(percent)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated Continued

Surface horizon; Missouri - 

Uncultivated

A horizon; Kentucky 

B horizon; Kentucky - 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie - 

Cedar Glade - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -- - 

C horizon; Kentucky - 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - 

 -- 16 (5)

 18 (16) 

19 (16)

. 18 (16)

 -- 20 (5)

 - 20 (5)

 -- 20 (5)

 - 20 (5)

 - 20 (5)

 - 20 (5)

- 18 (16)

 - 22 (5)

1,140:1,140

96:96 

108:108

96:96

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50

96:96 

168:168

*35

*38 

39

*35

*36 

*32 

*34 

*29 

*39 

*41

*34 

33

*2.77

*2.24 

1.04

*2.93

*3.60 

*2.36 

*3.18 

*8.14 

*3.47 

*2.65

*3.87 

1.16

*1.32 23

*.40 28 

1.01 31

*.40 26

27 

27 

26 

7 

22 

33

*.40 25 

1.02 10

- 43

- 41 

- 42

- 41

- 42 

- 37 

- 40 

- 43 

- 43 

- 44

- 42 

- 42

PLANT ASH

Native species

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky -- 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 

Oak, red; Kentucky- -- 

..... 19 (6 )

 - 18 (6)

19 (6)

. 19 (6 )

88:88 

2:2 

20:20 

8:9

1.3 

.83 

1.3 

.29

1.48 

1.25 

1.38 

2.74

1.81 0.50 

.71 

1.81 .69 

1.81 <.34

- 3.8 

.98 

- 2.5 

- 3.7

TABLE 41. Silver in rocks, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Shale

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - -- 7 (1) 3:18 <0.5 <0.5 - 3 

SILICON, SILVER
F132 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 41. Silver in rocks, soils, and plant ash Continued

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of Ratio Mean

analysis (ppm)

Devia 

tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(com)

ROCKS --Continued

O.2 - 0.90 

- 10

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (3) 43:88 0.18 2.22 1.66

Limestone and dolomite

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (1) 1:112 <10

____________________________________SOILS____________________________________

Cultivated

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 4:1,140 O.5 O.5 - 3

Uncultivated

B horizon; Oak-hickory Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 1:50 <.5 <.5 - 3

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 3:168 <.5 -- <.5 - 1.5

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 4:477 <.5 -- <.5 - 5

____________________________________PLANT ASH_________________________________

Cultivated plants

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 O.5 O.5 - 2 

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 1:28 <.5 -- <.5 - 2 

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <.5 <.5 - 7

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 < 5 -- <.5 - 2 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia - 14 (1) 1:30 <.5 <.5 - 5 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia- 14 (1) 4:30 <.5 -- -- <.5 - 5 

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia -- 14 (1) 2:30 <.5 -- <.5 - 2 

Cedar; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 2:10 <1 -- -- <1 - 5 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 1:10 <1 -- <1 - 1.5 

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (2) 1:64 <.4 -- -- <.4 - 7 

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 1:30 <.5 -- -- <.5 - 3

Oak, red; Kentucky- 18 (2) 2:28 <.4 -- -- <.4 - 20 

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (2) 3:49 <.4 -- -- <.4 - 3 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 14:49 .5 2.53 <1 - 3 

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 1:17 <.5 -- -- <.5 - 3 

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 15 (1) 1:27 <.5 -- -- <.5 - 2

SILVER
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 42. Sodium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F133

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean except that 

values preceded by asterisk are arithmetic mean. Deviation, geometric deviation except that values 

preceded by asterisk are standard deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures except that values preceded by asterisk are standard error. Leaders (--) in figure column 

indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed

range 

(percent)

ROCKS

1.03 2.1

1.45 .0074

3.53 <.0074

3.01 <.0074

- 3.5

2.21 <.015 

.074 

<.0074

1.54 .03 

1.91 <.0074

1.44 .015

3.09 <.0074

1.44 .0074

3.62 <.0074

3.84 <.0074

1.44

2.29

<.0074 

<.0074

.059 

2.2 

1.6

1.45 <.0074 - .022

2.8 

1.0 

.89

.41

1.4

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (3) 30:30 2.8 1.38

Sandstone

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (3) 12:12 .013 2.53 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky 5 (16) 108:120 .098 5.03 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (16) 143:152 .19 4.93

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (3) 19:20 .013 1.71

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (16 326:336 .17 3.15 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 8 (16) 76:76 .39 1.86 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (16) 134:142 .15 2.93 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (3) 18:18 .088 2.16 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (16) 150:152 .27 2.40 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (3) 32:32 .50 1.67

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas- 4 (3) 48:48 .027 1.48 

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 5 (16) 69:80 .077 4.10 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 10 (3) 12:12 .013 2.33 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (16) 79:112 .028 6.45 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (16) 103:152 .020 6.10 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (3) 38:40 .017 2.63 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (16) 75:80 .17 3.82 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (3) 32:32 .045 2.43

____________________________UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS______

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (3) 24:24 0.032 1.58 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (3) 24:24 .035 1.57

1.54 .30 - 1.1

.58 

.51 

.55 

.44 

.59

.096 

.74

1.44 .015 - .27

1.14 0.015 - 0.18 

1.14 .015 - .13

Of Swann and Willman (1961) SODIUM
F134 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 42. Sodium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of Ratio Mean Deviaanalysis (percent) tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS --Continued

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa) Continuec 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 

Loess

- 12

1

(3) 

(3) 

(3)

(3)

24: 

24: 

24:

24:

24 

24 

24

24

0.038 

.036 

.045

.95

1 

1 

1

1

.25 

.51

.42

.21

1 

1

1

.14 

.14 

.14

0.022 

.015 

.022

.53

- 0.074 

- .074 

.16

- 1.2

SOILS

Cultivated 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie - - -

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - - 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest------- 

Unglaciated Prairie -

Surface horizon; Missouri- - 

Uncultivated

A horizon; Georgia-- - 

A horizon; Kentucky > 

B horizon; Georgia 

B horizon; Kentucky - - 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - ----- 

Glaciated Prairie - -----

Unglaciated Prairie-- 

Cedar Glade - -

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

C horizon; Georgia -- 

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17 

- 17

- 17 

- 17

- 17

- 17

- 17 

- 17

- 17 

- 16

- 14 

15

- 14

15

_ i ft

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20

- 20 

- 14

15

- ift

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3)

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3)

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3)

(3)

(12) 

(12) 

(16)

(12) 

(12) 

(16)

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3)

(12)

(12) 

fif*\

8: 

10: 

10: 

10:

10: 

10: 

8: 

9:

10: 

10: 

10: 

10:

1,140:

6: 

29: 

92:

3: 

29: 

89:

50: 

50: 

50: 

50: 

50: 

50:

3: 

30:

ftfi.

8 

10 

10 

10

10 

10 

8 

9

10 

10 

10 

10

1,140

30 

30 

96

30 

30 

96

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50

30 

30

Q&

0.79 

.69 

.45 

.55

.76 

.68 

.56 

.53

.74 

.70 

.50 

.51

*.53

<.02 

.21 

.25

<.02 

.20 

.24

.62 

.50 

.38 

.13 

.27 

.19

<.05 

.20

16

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

*

2 

3

2 

3

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1

2

A

.11

.13 

.84 

.68

.15 

.09 

.50 

.49

.22 

.11 

.50 

.67

.23

.82 

.07

.86 

.25

.65 

.45 

.62 

.70 

.01 

.86

.35 

&/.

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1

*

1

1

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

i

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02

.02 

.02 

.02 

.02

.03

.35

.35

.42 

.42 

.42 

.42 

.42 

.42

15

0.68 

.54 

.16 

.23

.60 

.58 

.30 

.22

.49 

.57 

.26 

.21

.07

<.02 

<.02 

<.02

<.02 

<.02 

<.02

.04 

.13 

.10 

.06 

.04 

.06

<.05 

.03

<- nt

- 0.93 

.78 

- .85 

.91

- .96 

.76 

.89 

.76

- .94 

.82 

- .76 

.94

- 1.2

- .15 

.7 

- 1.3

.7 

- 1.0 

- 1.1

- 1.0 

- .81 

- .81 

- .74 

- .78 

.89

.1 

.7

- 1 A

SODIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 42. Sodium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F135

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean Devia- 

___(percent) tion

Error

Observed

range 

(percent)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated and uncultivated 

Surface horizon; ColoradoB horizon; Eastern United StatesB horizon; Western United States22 (3)

21 (12)

21 (12)

168:168

245:304 

484:484

0.98

.26 

1.0

1.70

4.11

1.98

1.05 0.12

-- <.02

 .05

- 2.2

- 1.5

- 10

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 8:8 0.0039 1.67 1.23 0.0025 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 .0032 1.51 1.23 .0025 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 7:10 .0025 -- -- <.0025 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 8:10 .0025 -- <.0025

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 10:10 .0033 1.43 1.23 .0025 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 8:10 .0025 -- <.0025 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 8:8 .0037 1.56 1.23 .0025 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 8:9 .0033 1.77 1.23 <.0025

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 47:47 .097 1.40 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 46:46 .096 1.28 

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 47:47 .064 1.27 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 44:44 .082 1.36 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 39:39 .077 1.27

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 49:49 .022 1.46 

Glaciated Prairie 24 (3) 9:9 .28 1.36 

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (3) 10:10 .31 1.33 

Cedar Glade 24 (3) 10:10 .20 1.25 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (3) 10:10 .27 1.65 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (3) 6:6 .27 1.34

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (3) 64:64 .11 1.45

19 (3) 88:88 .10 1.31

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (3) 40:40 .11 1.52

19 (3) 20:20 .10 1.27

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 19:19 .028 1.55

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 7:7 .032 1.33

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (3) 25:25 .13 1.52

19 (3) 22:22 .12 1.36

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (3) 49:49 .042 1.46

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (3) 28:28 .14 1.59

19 (3) 9:9 .13 1.37

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (3) 49:49 .16 1.58

19 (3) 76:76 .15 1.43

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

1.36

.03 

.05 

.04 

.05 

.05

.01 

.16 

.20 

.12 

.14 

.20

1.47 .06

1.36 .06

1.47 .05

1.36 .06

1.36

1.36

1.47

1.36

1.36

.02 

.02 

.06 

.08 

.02

1.47 .06

1.36 .09

1.47 .08

1.36 .05

0.010

.0075

.0050

.0050

.0050

.0050

.0075

.0075

.20 

.15 

.10 

.17 

.16

.05 

.40 

.42 

.26 

.48 

.42

.26 

.27 

.30 

.14

.05 

.05 

.39 

.87 

.16

.60 

.24 

.50 

.34

SODIUM
F136 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 42. Sodium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(percent)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(percent)

PLANT ASH --Continued

Native species Continued 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest -

Oak -hickory -pine Forest- -- 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest, 

Missouri-- 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak -hickory -pine

Forest, Missouri 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade ------

Oak-hickory ForestOak-hickory-pine Forest - 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri

20 

20

20 

20

20 

20 

20 

20 

20 

20

20

(3) 

(3)

(3) 

(3)

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3) 

(3)

(3)

50 

49

46 

48

48 

50 

49 

48 

50 

49

47

:50 

:49

:46 

:48

:48 

:50 

:49 

:48 

:50 

:49

:47

0.038 

.034

.084 

.058

.031 

.025 

.022 

.023 

.023 

.028

.067

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

1

.33 

.30

.54 

.45

.64 

.60 

.88 

.60 

.46 

.57

.57

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1

1

.36 

.36

.36 

.36

.36 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.36 

.36

.36

0.02 

.02

.03 

.02

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01 

.01

.03

- 0.07 

- .06

.26 

.15

- .10 

.12 

- .14 

.16 

- .04 

.07

.22

TABLE 43. Strontium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri- - 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri- - 

Arkose

- 1 CD

" 1 (1)

30:30 

30:30 

7O»an

81

64

00

2.12 1.16 

2.18 1.16

9.19 1.99

15 - 300 

20 - 300 

<rin - L.LQ

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 329:400 31 3.37 1.31 

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (1) 12:12 13 2.23 1.25

<10 - 2,200

50

SODIUM, STRONTIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 43. Strontium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F137

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS --Continued

Sandstone Continued 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky ---

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky- -- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas -- - - -

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky ------

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky ------ 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky- - - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma 

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky ----------

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri-- - 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 

5 

5

6

7

3 

8 

5

7

5

6 

9

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7

5

6 

11

(2) 

(2)

(1)

(1)

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; MissouriOn Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri - 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri ------ 

Loess

12 

12

12 

12 

12

13

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1)

94: 

145:

32:

16:

327: 

73: 

139:

IS: 

149:

32: 

88:

48: 

80: 

12: 

112: 

152:

40: 

80:

32: 

30:

120 

152

32

20

336 

76 

142

18 

152

32 

88

48 

80 

12 

112 

152

40 

80

32 

30

GEOLOGIC

24: 

24:

24: 

24: 

24:

24:

24 

24

24 

24 

24

24

34 

43

95

8.1

150 

92 

110

150 

120

200 

90

100 

450 

360 

360 

540

270 

480

990 

190

DEPOSITS

40 

50

44 

62 

51

220

2 

2

4

2

2 

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

2 

2 

2 

1

3 

1

3

1

1 

1

1 

1

1

1

.53 

.51

.19

.55

.08 

.60 

.80

.87 

.62

.65 

.39

.56 

.23 

.27 

.04 

.85

.62 

.89

.86 

.48

.52 

.52

.40 

.52 

.57

.28

1 

1

1

1 

1

1

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1

1 

1

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.45 

.49

.25

.25 

.13

.17 

.22

.17 

.14

.23 

.49 

.23 

.25 

.45

.23 

.29

.23

.25 

.25

.25 

.25 

.25

<20 - 

<10 -

7 -

<5 -

<30 - 

<30 - 

<30 -

70 - 

<30 -

100 - 

30 -

30 - 

100 - 

150 - 

70 - 

100 -

70 - 

200 -

70 - 

100 -

20 - 

10 -

30 - 

30 - 

30 -

150 -

300 

380

700

70

4,000 

260 

960

700 

260

1,000 

220

200 

2,000 

1,500 

1,500 

5,000

10,000 

5,000

5,000 

500

100 

300

70 

150 

150

300

Of Svann and Willman (1961). STRONTIUM
F138 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 43. Strontium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia - - 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- - 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest -- - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest------ 

Glaciated Prairie- -

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie --

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1) 

_ i & n -\ i

5:30 

29:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

i/.n.i i/,(

3.6 

33

150 

150 

110 

120

140 

140 

120 

110

140 

150 

110 

120

* iin

2.35 

2.21

1.21 

1.21 

1.64 

1.53

1.19 

1.14 

1.55 

1.48

1.14 

1.21 

1.58 

1.57

1 Art

1.14 

1.14 

1.14 

1.14

1.14 

1.14 

1.14 

1.14

1.14 

1.14 

1.14 

1.14

i t*

<5 -

<5 -

100 - 

100 - 

50 - 

50 -

100 - 

100 - 

50 - 

50 -

100 - 

100 - 

50 - 

50 -

9O -

15 

200

200 

200 

200 

200

150 

150 

150 

150

150 

200 

200 

200

qnn

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 

A horizon; Georgia 

A horizon; Kentucky 

B horizon; Georgia 

B horizon; KentuckyB horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated PrairieUnglaciated Prairie --

Cedar Glade -

Oak-hickory Forest - - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- -------

C horizon; Georgia - -- 

C horizon; Kentucky- - ---

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado-- -

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States---

 25 (1) 

 14 (1)

15 (1)

 18 (2)

19 (2)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 18 (2)

 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 18 (2)

- 22 (1)

- 21 (1)

" 21 (1)

48:48 

11:30

29:30

95:96

99:108

9:30

29:30

96:96

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

17:30

30:30

95:96

168:168

343:371

492:492

160 

5.7

30

82

67

6.5

27

95

120

120

95

72

66

42

9.0

29

88

160

51

210

1.53 

2.73

2.22

1.72

1.81

1.61

1.98

1.53

1.32

1.35

1.51

1.51

1.66

1.90

1.84

1.82

1.89

1.70

3.56

2.12

1.23

1.10

1.16

-_

--

1.10

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

1.33

__

._

1.10

1.29

-_

 

50 - 

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

<5 -

20 -

70 -

70 -

30 -

20 -

30 -

10 -

<5 -

10 -

<5 -

50 -

<5 -

10 -

500 

50

150

350

170

15

100

240

200

200

200

150

150

150

50

70

330

500

700

3,000

STRONTIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 43. Strontium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F139

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 23 (1) 5:5 590 2.38 300 - 2,000

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 88 1.63 ~ 30 - 300

15 (1) 15:15 140 2.28 50 - 1,000

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 210 1.80 -- 50 - 700

15 (1) 30:30 290 1.75 -- 100 - 700

Beet, red; Wisconsin 23 (1) 3:3 420 1.34 -- 300 - 500

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (1) 29:29 180 1.81 -- 50 - 500

15 (1) 4:4 130 1.40 100 - 200

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 620 2.34 -- 100 - 3,000

15 (1) 30:30 880 1.89 200 - 3,000

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (1) 11:11 410 3.10 30 - 1,500

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (1) 8:8 300 2.68 30 - 700

Corn; Georgia 14 (1) 24:29 52 1.75 <7 - 150

15 (1) 30:30 50 1.95 -- 15 - 150 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 6:8 14 2.73 1.22 <7 - 50

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 9:10 17 1.72 1.22 <7 - 30

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 15 1.55 1.22 7 - 30

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:10 17 2.04 1.22 <7 - 50

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (1) 21:21 21 2.02 7-70

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 340 1.29 -- 300 - 500

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (1) 7:7 370 1.72 -- 200 - 700

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (1) 4:4 93 1.58 50 - 150

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (1) 10:10 75 2.53 -- 30 - 700 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 330 1.72 1.22 150 - 700

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 290 1.63 1.22 200 - 500

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 430 1.38 1.22 300 - 700

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 170 1.83 1.22 70 - 500

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 29:30 71 1.96 <7 - 300

15 (1) 30:30 69 2.00 15 - 700

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,900 1.68 700 - 7,000

15 (1) 30:30 2,400 2.29 -- 300 - 7,000

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,200 1.74 -- 500 - 5,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,600 2.11 -- 300 - 5,000

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,900 1.93

15 (1) 30:30 3,500 2.14

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 930 1.72

15 (1) 30:30 1,900 1.94 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 1,800 1.43 1.31 700 - 5,000

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 1,700 1.46 1.31 700 - 5,000

700 - 7,000

1,000 - 20,000

300 - 3,000

700 - 10,000

STRONTIUM
F140 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 43. Strontium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Buckbush; Missouri Continued

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 340 1.52 1.31 200 - 1,500 

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 1,500 1.96 1.31 300 - 5,000 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 1,500 1.72 1.31 500 - 3,000 

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 340 1.63 1.31 200 - 1,000 

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 2,200 1.55 1,000 - 5,000 

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 2,600 1.50 1,500 - 5,000 

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 410 1.55 300 - 1,000 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 2,300 2.01 700 - 5,000 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 2,500 1.72 1,000 - 5,000

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 5,300 1.54 1.23 1,000 - 10,000 

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 4,600 1.70 1.23 1,000 - 10,000 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 3,200 2.03 1.31 500 - 7,000 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 5,100 1.56 1.31 2,000 - 7,000

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,500 1.87 700 - 7,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,800 1.91 500 - 10,000

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 680 1.97 300 - 3,000

15 (1) 30:30 770 2.04 150 - 5,000

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 1,900 1.45 1.15 700 - 3,000 

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 320 1.53 1.31 200 - 1,500 

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 1,800 1.55 1.15 1,000 - 5,000 

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 2,000 1.70 1.15 700 - 7,000 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 1,800 1.59 1.31 500 - 5,000 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 2,300 1.88 1.31 500 - 7,000 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 1,800 1.36 1.31 1,000 - 3,000 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,100 1.91 -- 500 - 5,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,100 1.96 -- 300 - 7,000

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 540 2.03 -- 150 - 20,000

15 (1) 30:30 620 1.98 -- 200 - 5,000 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 570 1.85 1.31 200 - 2,000 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 1,800 2.30 -- 300 - 10,000

15 (1) 27:27 1,700 1.85 500 - 7,000

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 1,100 2.33 300 - 10,000

15 (1) 27:27 930 1.91 200 - 3,000

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2,200 1.71 -- 700 - 7,000

15 (1) 30:30 2,300 2.22 -- 500 - 7,000

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 1,100 1.59 -- 500 - 3,000

15 (1) 30:30 1,100 1.59 -- 500 - 3,000 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 48:48 3,400 1.62 1.31 1,000 - 10,000

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 3,500 1.49 1.31 2,000 - 7,000

STRONTIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 43. Strontium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F141

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species Continued

Sumac, smooth; Missouri Continued 

Unglaciated Prairie 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory ForestOak-hickory-pine Forest 

Sweetgum, stems; GeorgiaSweetgum, leaves; Georgia

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

......... 14 (1)

15 (1) 

 - 14 (1)

15 (1) 

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1)

49:49 3,700

49:49 400

50:50 2,700

49:49 3,100

18:28 

27:27 

28:28 

27:27 

47:47

1,200

1,500

620

750

2,000

,46

72

19

,79

87

,03

80

,98

1.51

1.31

1.31

1.31

1.31

1.31

1,500 - 5,000 

200 - 3,000 

300 - 10,000 

700 - 7,000

500 - 

300 - 

200 - 

200 - 

1,000 -

7,000

7,000

2,000

3,000

7,000

TABLE 44. Thorium in soils

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (8) 48:48 9.4 1.26 5.3 - 15

STRONTIUM, THORIUM
F142 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 45. Tin in rocks, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 1 (1) 1:30 <10

___________________________________SOILS_________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 2:30 <10

15 (1) 3:30 <10

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 1:10 <10 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 1:10 <10

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 1:10 <10 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 1:8 <10

Plow zone, pasture field; Glaciated

Prairie, Missouri 17 (1) 1:10 <10

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 9:1,140 <10

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (1) 4:168 <10

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 2:371 <10 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 7:492 <10

____________________________________PLANT ASH_______

Cultivated plants

Carrot; Wisconsin 23 (1) 1:8 <15 

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (1) 1:27 <15 

Beet, red; Wisconsin 23 (1) 1:3 <15

Native species

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 1:47 <15 

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 1:48 <15

<10 - 20

<10 - 20

<10 - 20

<10 - 10

<10 - 100

<10 - 10

<10 - 70

<10 - 30

<10 - 50

<10 - 30

<10 - 15

<10 - 20

20

30

20

30

20

TIN
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 46. Titanium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F143

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri - 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado -

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri - -

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma-- - -

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas - 

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky -

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas-- -

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - 

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Sauk sequence; Missouri and ArkansasUpper Ordovician; Kentucky -- 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 

Lower Mississippian; KentuckyUpper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma -- - 

1

1

2

3

4

5

5

6

7

3

8

5

7

5

6

9

3

4

5

10

5

5

5

6

(1)

(1)

(2)

(16)

(1)

(16)

(16)

(1)

(1)

(16)

(16)

(16)

(1)

(16)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

30

30

80

373

12

120

152

32

20

336

76

142

18

152

32

88

375

47

80

10

112

152

80

32

:30

:30

:80

:400

:12

:120

:152

:32

:20

:336

:76

:142

:18

:152

:32

:88

:392

:48

:80

:12

:112

:152

:80

:32

1,200

1,400

600

570

83

1,800

2,200

2,200

20

3,900

3,600

4,700

2,300

5,700

4,200

3,900

170

34

390

31

280

140

810

180

1

1

1

4

5

1

2

2

5

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

4

2

8

2

2

2

3

.83

.47

.79

.21

.63

.75

.15

.79

.15

.66

.55

.23

.76

.21

.41

.30

.49

.96

.47

.60

.99

.90

.74

.16

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.10

.10

.26

.76

.29

.45

.39

.29

.29

.23

--

.17

.05

.17

.15

.22

.38

.48

.38

.37

.50

.31

.38

500

700

180

<60

20

480

120

70

2

600

1,000

2,200

700

2,400

2,000

1,300

<20

<2

50

<2

50

10

100

30

- 5,000

- 3,000

- 2,900

- 17,000

- 5,000

- 5,900

- 6,600

- 7,000

200

- 17,000

- 6,600

- 7,200

- 5,000

- 13,000

- 5,000

- 7,400

- 2,800

200

- 2,000

500

- 3,000

- 2,000

- 3,000

- 1,000

Of Swarm and Willman (1961). TITANIUM
F144 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY

TABLE 46. Titanium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS --Continued

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky 11 (1) 30:30 750 2.08 150 - 3,000

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; MissouriOn Meramecian rocks; Missouri----- 

Loess 

Missouri - - 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

12 (1) 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

13 (1)

24:24 

24:24

24:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

1,400 

1,400

1,500 

1,500 

1,500

3,800

1.26 

1.30

1.17 

1.14 

1.17

1.37

1.11 

1.11

1.11 

1.11 

1.11

700 

1,000

1,000 

1,000 

1,000

2,000

- 2,000 

- 3,000

- 2,000 

- 2,000 

- 2,000

- 7,000

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest ---- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie - -

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest * 

Unglaciated PrairiePlow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain ForestGlaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie -

Oak-hickory Forest 

Surface horizon; Missouri 

Uncultivated 

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana 

A horizon; Georgia - 

A horizon; Kentucky 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

16 (1)

25 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

18 (16) 

19 (16)

30:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

1,140:1,140

48:48

30:30 

30:30 

96:96 

108:108

1,900 

3,200

2,200 

2,700 

3,100 

3,400

1,800 

2,600 

3,100 

4,000

1,700 

2,700 

3,700 

2,900

3,300

1,900

1,700 

2,900 

6,600 

5,600

1.36 

1.41

1.49 

1.35 

1.49 

1.35

1.34 

1.36 

1.42 

1.31

1.34 

1.39 

1.30 

1.29

1.31

1.21

1.94 

1.50 

1.31 

1.13

1.36 

1.36 

1.36 

1.36

1.36 

1.36 

1.36 

1.36

1.36 

1.36 

1.36 

1.36

1.20 

1.12

1.04 

1.07

1,000 

2,000

1,500 

2,000 

1,500 

2,000

1,000 

2,000 

2,000 

3,000

1,000 

1,500 

3,000 

2,000

1,500

1,500

700 

700 

2,700 

3,700

- 3,000 

- 7,000

- 5,000 

- 5,000 

- 5,000 

- 5,000

- 3,000 

- 5,000 

- 5,000 

- 5,000

- 3,000 

- 3,000 

- 5,000 

- 5,000

- 7,000

- 3,000

- 7,000 

- 5,000 

- 12,000 

- 7,800

TITANIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 46. Titanium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F145

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of

analysis

Observed

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error range

(ppm)

SOILS Cont inued

Uncult ivated Cont inued

B horizon; Georgia - - - 

B horizon; Kentucky 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie ----- 

Cedar Glade - - 

Oak-hickory Forest 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest - 

C horizon; Georgia- - 

C horizon; Kentucky- -« 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Western United States 

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 18 (16)

 - 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 18 (16)

- 22 (1)

" 21 (1)

30:30

30:30

96:96

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

50:50

30:30

30:30

96:96

168:168

491:491

1,800

3,600

6,100

2,600

3,700

3,900

1,900

3,500

3,300

2,100

3,600

5,200

1,600

2,100

1.64

1.55

1.33

1.51

1,30

1.34

1.43

1.44

1.61

1.65

1.47

1.40

1.58

1.82

700

1,000

1.04 2,600

1.19 1,000

1.19 3,000

1.19 3,000

1.19 700

1.19 1,500

1.19 1,000

700

1,500

1.04 1,600

1.22 500

500

- 7,000

- 7,000

- 11,000

- 5,000

- 7,000

- 7,000

- 3,000

- 7,000

- 7,000

- 10,000

- 7,000

- 10,000

- 3,000

- 10,000

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 

Bean, lima; Georgia - 

Bean, snap; Georgia 

Beet, red; Wisconsin - 

B lac keyed pea; Georgia 

Cabbage; Georgia . .

Cabbage; Wisconsin 

Carrot; Wisconsin - 

Corn; Georgia -- - 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie -- 

Corn; Wisconsin 

Cucumber; Wisconsin 

Onion; Wisconsin -- 

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin - 

Potato; Wisconsin 

-- 23 (1)

 - 14 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 14 (1)

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

- 23 (1)

5:5

26:30

30:30

30:30

3:3

29:29

4:4

28:28

30:30

11:11

8:8

26:29

29:30

3:8

2:10

3:10

26:27

4:4

7:7

4:4

10:10

180

8.3

73

70

27

37

18

85

250

25

28

20

21

<5

<5

<5

20

19

41

110

18

1.16

3.93

2.69

2.59

2.65

2.53

2.96

2.37

2.82

3.77

2.67

5.00

3.79

2.11

1.72

2.92

1.82

2.87

150

<2

3

5

10

5

5

15

15

7

10

<2

<2

<5

<5

<5

<2

10

10

50

7

200

200

500

700

70

200

700

700

- 1,500

700

200

500

300

700

10

200

150

30

200

200

200

TITANIUM
F146 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 46. Titanium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Cultivated plants--Continued 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 2:10 <5 -- <5 - 20

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 6:10 5 <5 - 200

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 5:8 4.7 2.33 -- <5 - 20

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 8:9 11 3.67 -- <5 - 100

Tomato; Georgia 14 (1) 29:30 32 4.31 <2 - 700

15 (1) 24:30 5.6 4.25 <2 - 70

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 130 1.82 -- 50 - 700

15 (1) 30:30 110 2.37 -- 10 - 700

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 170 1.92 70 - 1,500

15 (1) 30:30 140 1.95 20 - 500

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 150 1.81 70 - 700

15 (1) 30:30 140 1.81 50 - 500

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 200 2.22 20 - 1,500

15 (1) 30:30 240 2.23 70 - 2,000

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 47:47 980 1.57 1.49 500 - 3,000

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 48:48 1,200 1.76 1.49 150 - 3,000

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 710 1.51 1.49 300 - 2,000

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 49:49 1,200 1.73 1.49 500 - 3,000

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 41:41 1,000 1.91 1.49 300 - 3,000

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 50:50 330 1.67 1.49 150 - 1,500

Glaciated Prairie 24 (1) 9:9 630 1.73 300 - 1,500

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 10:10 620 1.79 300 - 1,500

Cedar Glade 24 (1) 10:10 250 1.30 150 - 300

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 10:10 300 2.04 70 - 700

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 6:6 280 2.32 100 - 1,000

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 64:64 120 1.91 1.37 20 - 1,000

19 (2) 88:88 91 1.43 1.10 30 - 220

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 40:40 130 1.60 1.37 50 - 500

19 (2) 20:20 110 1.45 1.10 60 - 250 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 19:19 110 1.92 1.49 30 - 200

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 120 1.57 1.49 70 - 200

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 86 1.81 20 - 300

15 (1) 30:30 93 1.85 5 - 700

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 140 2.33 30 - 700

15 (1) 30:30 210 1.84 -- 70 - 1,000

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 25:25 110 1.53 1.36 50 - 200

19 (2) 22:22 80 1.23 1.10 50 - 110

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (1) 50:50 220 1.75 1.49 50 - 500

TITANIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 46. Titanium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F147

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

36

10

36

10

1.49

Native species Continued

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 28:28 81 1.99 1.

19 (2) 8:8 78 1.25 1.

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 49:49 120 1.87 1,

19 (2) 75:75 89 1.31 1, 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 160 1.68 1.49

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 150 1.68 1.49 

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (1) 46:46 190 1.72 1.49

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 29:29 96 2.09

15 (1) 30:30 100 2.18

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 130 2.27

15 (1) 30:30 150 1.99 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 49:49 630

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 320

15 (1) 27:27 200

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 17:17 300

15 (1) 27:27 280

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 150 2.27

15 (1) 30:30 110 2.09

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 200 2.01

15 (1) 30:30 250 2.47

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 48:48 98

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 120

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 49:49 120

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:49 94

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 130

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 49:49 170

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 77 1.84

15 (1) 27:27 69 2.40

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 28:28 120 1.94

15 (1) 27:27 140 2.09

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 47:47 120 2.02 1.49

2.07

2.09

3.64

2.17

2.42

2.54

1.65

1.99

1.77

2.15

1.89

.49 

,49 

.49 

.49 

.49

1.49

10

50

10

50

50

70

70 

<2 

20 

5 

50

200

70

15

70

30

20

30

70

20

10

20

20

30

30

50

30

7

30

30

30

300

100

1,000

200

700

1,000

1,000

3,000

300

700

1,000

2,000

1,500

2,000

1,500

1,500

700

700

1,500

1,000

700

300

1,000

300

700

1,500

200

300

700

700

700

THAN HIM
F148 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 47. Tungsten in soils and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(pptn)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(pptn)

SOILS

Cultivated and uncultivated

B horizon; Western United States - 21 (1) 1:492 <100 <100 - 1,000

PLANT ASH

Native species

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia--- 

Sweet gum, stems; Georgia -

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 

..... 14 (1)

..... 14 (1)

..... 14 (i)

1:17

1 . 9A

1

. OQ

<30

<30

<30

<30 -

<30 -

<30 -

50

30

70

TABLE 48. Uranium in soils

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No . and

method of Ratio

analysis

Mean

(pom)

Devia- Error

tion

Observed

range

(pom)

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana- - 25 (8) 48:48 3.0 1.28 1.7 - 7.0

TUNGSTEN, URANIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 49. Vanadium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F149

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri - 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri-- - -

Arkose 

Fountain Formation; Colorado ---------

Sandstone 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesRoubidoux Formation; Missouri-- 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky ---

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma---- -- - - 

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky- -- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky-- - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma - -

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United States - 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky-- - 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky-- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky-- 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky - 

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961).

1 (1) 

1 (1) 

2 (2)

3 (2) 

4 (1) 

5 (2) 

5 (2)

6 (1)

3 (2) 

8 (2) 

5 (2)

7 (1) 

5 (2)

6 (1) 

9 (2)

3 (2) 

4 (1) 

5 (1) 

10 (1) 

5 (1) 

5 (1)

7 (1) 

5 (1)

6 (1) 

11 (1)

10:30 

14:30 

80:80

387:400 

5:12 

109:120 

149:152

32:32

336:336 

76:76 

142:142

18:18 

152:152

32:32 

76:88

285:392 

29:48 

58:80 

4:12 

101:112 

134:152

25:40 

77:80

29:32 

29:30

<7 

<7 

24

11 

5.3 

16 

20

38

74 

110 

100

120 

110

140 

400

14 

6.5 

16 

3.9 

26 

24

7.5 

40

15 

35

1.75

2.40 

1.43 

2.22 

2.18

2.24

1.68 

1.61 

1.40

1.87 

1.52

1.36 

2.34

2.39 

1.70 

1.70 

2.42 

2.26 

2.15

2.11 

1.87

2.29 

2.16

1.16

1.44 

1.06 

1.43 

1.20

1.06 

1.13

1.14 

1.11

1.14 

1.10

1.20 

1.22 

1.25 

1.22 

1.29 

1.26

1.22 

1.36

1.22

<7 - 

<7 - 

8 -

<2 - 

<7 - 

<6 - 

<3 -

7 -

15 -

40 - 

34 -

50 - 

25 -

70 - 

120 - >1,

<10 - 

<7 - 

<15 - 

<7 - 

<15 - 

<15 -

<7 - 

<15 -

<7 - 

<15 -

30 

70 

96

270 

10 

290 

78

150

310 

390 

230

500 

250

200 

100

150 

50 

50 

15 

150 

200

70 

100

50 

150

VANADIUM
F150 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 49. Vanadium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 110 1.42 1.18 70 - 200 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 86 1.66 1.18 30 - 150 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (1) 24:24 99 1.27 1.18 70 - 150 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 130 1.32 1.18 70 - 200 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (1) 24:24 130 1.33 1.18 70 - 200

Loess

Missouri 13 (1) 24:24 93 1.22 70 - 150

______________________________________SOILS_______________________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 20 1.92 10 - 100

15 (1) 30:30 65 1.38 -- 30 - 100

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:8 52 1.74 1.16 20 - 100 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 84 1.21 1.16 70 - 100 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 63 1.26 1.16 50 - 100 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 78 1.35 1.16 50 - 100

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 42 1.65 1.16 15 - 70 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 93 1.16 1.16 70 - 100 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 71 1.47 1.16 50 - 150 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 60 1.19 1.16 50 - 70

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 48 1.49 1.16 20 - 70 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 78 1.33 1.16 50 - 100 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 68 1.29 1.16 50 - 100 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 63 1.18 1.16 50 - 70

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,140:1,140 69 1.50 1.25 15 - 150

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 48:48 77 1.36 1.21 30 - 150

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 26:30 15 2.14 <5 - 150

15 (1) 30:30 57 1.58 15 - 100

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 42 1.52 1.04 15 - 120

19 (2) 108:108 48 1.37 1.08 21 - 130

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 26:30 16 1.90 -- <5 - 70

15 (1) 30:30 66 1.40 -- 30 - 100

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (2) 96:96 83 1.54 1.04 22 - 260

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 50:50 64 1.87 1.18 15 - 150 

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 110 1.34 1.18 70 - 150

VANADIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 49. Vanadium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F151

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppra)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS - -Cont inued

Uncul t ivated - -Cont inued 

B horizon; Missouri Continued

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest -- - 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest-- - --

C horizon; Georgia - 

C horizon; Kentucky - - - ----- 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - -- -

B horizon; Eastern United States ---

B horizon; Western United States20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

18 (2)

22 (1)

21 (1) 

21 (1)

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50

26:30 

30:30 

96:96

168:168

356:371 

492:492

92 

59 

53 

37

25 

77 

84

54

46 

66

V

1.39 1.18 

1.58 1.18 

1.48 1.18 

1.70 1.18

2.43 

1.36 

1.70 1.04

1.88 1.21

2.41 

1.91

50 - 

20 - 

20 - 

15 -

<5 -

10 - 

19 -

15 -

<5 -

7 -

150 

150 

100 

100

70 

50 

320

200

300 

500

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, lima; GeorgiaBean, snap; Georgia- - -- 

Cabbage; Georgia - - 

Corn; Floodplain Forest, Missouri -

Tomato; Georgia - - -- 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; GeorgiaBlack cherry, leaves; Georgia - 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia - -

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 

Buckbush; Missouri 

Glaciated PrairieCedar Glade----- - -

Oak-hickory Forest -- - 

Cedar; Missouri

23 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

17 (1) 

14 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1)

20 (1)

9A fl\

2:6 

1:30 

1:30 

1:30 

1:29

3:30 

5:30 

1:8 

3:30

4:30 

4:30 

2:30

7:30 

6:30 

2:30 

7:30

47:47 

48:48 

50:50 

49:49 

41:41

17:50

7.Q

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

3 

6.7 

<5

6.9 

7.0 

<5

5.8

22 

23

14 

19 

18

2.6

1A

3.45 

1.68

2.24 

1.98

2.80

1.48 

1.55 

1.52 

1.50 

1.63

3.08 

i «i

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 -

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 -

<5 -

<5 - 

<5 -

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 - 

<5 -

10 - 

10 - 

5 - 

10 - 

7 -

<5 -

<r<; -

20 

30 

700 

200 

20

20 

50 

15 

30

30 

20 

50

30 

20 

50 

50

50 

50 

30 

50 

50

20

 »n

VANADIUM
F152 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 49. Vanadium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Cedar; Missouri Continued

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (1) 5:10 8.6 2.23 <5 - 30

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (1) 5:10 8.6 1.60 <5 - 15

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (1) 1:6 <5 -- <5 - 10

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 1:40 <5 -- <5 - 10

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 4:30 4.6 2.35 <5 - 20

15 (1) 1:30 <5 -- <5 - 20

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 2:30 <5 -- <5 - 30

15 (1) 2:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 30

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 1:25 <5 -- -- <5 - 15

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 1:27 <5 -- <5 - 20

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 3:49 <5 <5 - 20

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 4:29 4.6 2.35 <5 - 20

15 (1) 5:30 6.0 2.07 <5 - 20

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia- 14 (1) 1:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 30

15 (1) 4:30 4.0 2.65 -- <5 - 30

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 41:49 10 2.12 <5 - 30

Sassafras, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 10:17 15 1.83 -- <5 - 50

15 (1) 9:27 7.4 3.13 <5 - 70

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 5:17 7.0 2.95 -- <5 - 50

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 30

15 (1) 2:30 <5 -- <5 - 30

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <5 -- <5 - 50

15 (1) 7:17 6.2 2.59 <5 - 30

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 3:28 4.0 2.45 <5 - 20

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 1:28 <5 -- <5 - 20

15 (1) 2:27 <5 <5 - 30

VANADIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 50. Ytterbium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

F153

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri -- 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri -

Sandstone 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma -------------------------

Shale 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - - -----

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- -

Limestone and dolomite

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky ---

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky -- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- - - - -

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky --

1 (1) 

1 (1)

6 (1)

7 (1) 

5 (1)

6 (1)

5 (1) 

8 (1) 

5 (1)

7 (1) 

5 (1)

6 (1) 

11 (1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri -

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri ----- 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri - - - 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri-- -- 

Loess 

Missouri -- --- - 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

12 (1) 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

13 (1)

30:30 

30:30

29:32

18:18 

35:35

32:32

14:80 

21:112 

8:152

18:40 

51:80

9:32 

28:30

GEOLOGIC

22:24 

18:24

18:24 

24:24 

24:24

24:24

6.9 

7.7

1.9

2.3

3.8

3.4

<2 

<2 

<2

<2

3.4

DEPOSITS

1.5 

1.3

1.3 

2.6 

2.5

3.5

1.24 

1.31

1.98

1.93 

1.32

1.49 

1.80

1.64 

1.60

1.61 

1.98 

1.93

2.75

1.18 

1.18

1.14

1.31 

1.31

1.18 

1.18

1.18 

1.18 

1.18

3 

3

1 

2

2

<2 

<2 

<2

<2 

<2

1 

1

2

10 

15

7

10 

5

7

2 

7 

2

3 

10

2 

7

7 

3

3 

20 

10

7

YTTERBIUM
F154 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 50. Ytterbium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(PP">)

Devia 

tion

Error

Observed 

range 

(PP"0

SOILS

1.23

1.23

1.23

1.23

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2.7 1.76

15 (1) 30:30 2.8 1.45

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 8:8 2.0 1.56 1.23 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 2.7 1.22 1.23 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 3.0 1.24 1.23

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 1.5 1.48 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 2.9 1.14 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 8:8 3.6 1.30 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 9:9 3.8 1.31

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (1) 10:10 1.7 1.47 1.23 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 2.7 1.35 1.23 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (1) 10:10 3.7 1.30 1.23 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (1) 10:10 3.0 1.24 1.23

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (1) 1,138:1,140 3.2 1.31 1.25

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and Montana 25 (1) 47:47 1.8 1.31 1.29

A horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2.5 1.95

15 (1) 30:30 3.5 2.01

B horizon; Georgia 14 (1) 30:30 2.5 1.66

15 (1) 30:30 3.4 1.97

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (1) 48:50 2.1 1.56 1.24

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 3.0 1.27 1.24

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 50:50 3.4 1.42 1.24

Cedar Glade 20 (1) 49:50 2.0 1.66 1.24

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 50:50 2.8 1.44 1.24

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 50:50 2.4 1.69 1.24

C horizon; Georgia 15 (1) 30:30 28 1.62 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - 22 (1) 164:168 2.4 1.73 1.31

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (1) 299:317 3.0 2.03 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (1) 469:478 3.0 1.67

1 

1.5

1

2

2

1

2

3

3

1

2

3

2

1

1

1 

1.5

2 

1.5

a

1

1

20

7

5

3

5

3

3

5

5

3

5

5

5

- 15

- 30

- 10

- 50

- 5

- 5 

7 

7

- 5 

7

- 70

50

20

YTTERBIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 50. Ytterbium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F155

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (1) 2:28 <2 <2 - 30

15 (1) 2:30 <2 <2 - 5

Corn; Georgia 14 (1) 1:29 <2 <2 500

Native species

Black cherry, steins; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <2 -- <2 - 5

15 (1) 3:30 <2 -- ~ <2 - 3

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 6:30 <2 -- -- <2 - 7

15 (1) 4:30 <2 -- ~ <2 - 3

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 4:30 <2 -- <2 - 7

15 (1) 3:30 <2 -- -- <2 - 5

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 5:30 <2 -- -- <2 - 3

15 (1) 3:30 <2 <2 3 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (1) 11:47 1.6 1.18 <2 - 2

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (1) 18:48 1.7 1.21 -- <2 - 3

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 13:49 1.4 1.42 -- <2 - 3

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 13:41 1.5 1.51 <2 - 3

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (1) 32:64 1.8 1.98 1.09 <2 - 7

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 19:40 1.7 2.41 1.09 <2 - 10 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 4:19 1.6 1.19 -- <2 - 2

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 4:7 <2 -- -- <2 - 7

Persimmon, steins; Georgia 14 (1) 5:30 <2 -- -- <2 - 7

15 (1) 1:30 <2 -- <2 - 3

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia -- 14 (1) 7:30 <2 -- <2 - 20

15 (1) 3:30 <2 <2 - 2

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri 20 (1) 6:49 1.4 1.23 <2 - 3

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 3:30 <2 -- <2 300

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 15 (1) 6:30 <2 -- <2 - 7

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 6:28 <2 -- -- <2 - 7

15 (1) 5:27 <2 -- <2 - 3

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 6:28 <2 -- <2 300

15 (1) 14:27 1.1 3.51 -- <2 - 7

YTTERBIUM
F156 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 51. Yttrium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No . and

method of

analysis

Observed

Ratio Mean

(ppm)

Deviation

Error range

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precambrian; Missouri- --- ---- -

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri---- ---- --

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado- -

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United State sPope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky -- 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma - - - 

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas -- - --

Shale

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas- - -- 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky -

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLime stone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesUpper Ordovician; Kentucky -

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri- - 

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky --

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky -

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas---- --- -------- --

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky -- 

1 (1)

1 (1)

2 (2)

3 (2)

5 (2)

5 (2)

6 (1)

7 (1)

3 (2)

8 (2)

5 (2)

7 (1)

5 (2)

6 (1)

9 (2)

3 (2)

5 (1)

10 (1)

5 (1)

5 (1)

7 (1)

5 (1)

30:30

30:30

58:80

297:400

33:120

123:152

28:32

1:20

292:336

71:76

130:142

18:18

150:152

32:32

88:88

29:392

11:80

1:12

21:112

6:152

34:40

50:80

69

67

9.4

9

11

12

22

<10

35

30

30

25

38

30

38

<25

14

<10

<20

<20

17

20

1.32

1.42

2.45

2.79

2.23

2.27

2.14

--

1.65

1.39

1.40

1.87

1.49

1.61

1.32

1.22

--

--

--

1.97

1.15

1.15

1.54

1.21

1.45

1.06

--

1.17

--

1.19

1.16

1.19

1.17

--

--

1.09

30 -

20 -

<5 -

<5 -

<20 -

<7 -

<10 -

<10 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

10 -

<20 -

10 -

20 -

<25 -

<20 -

<10 -

<20 -

<20 -

<10 -

<20 -

100

100

57

140

60

87

50

15

200

81

94

150

480

70

80

60

20

15

70

20

70

500

1 Of Swann and Willman (1961). 

YTTRHJM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 51. Yttrium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F157

Study 

No. and

Sample, and collection locality method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS - -C on t inued

Limestone and dolomite--Continued 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri - 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri- -

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri -- 

Loess

Missouri12 (1) 

12 (1)

12 (1) 

12 (1) 

12 (1)

13 (1)

16:24 

14:24

13:24 

24:24 

23:24

24:24

10 

10

10 

27 

27

32

1.58

2.62 

2.54

1.41

1.15

1.15 

1.15

<10 

<10

<10 

10

20

- 70 

- 30

- 50 

- 500 

- 50

- 50

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia--- - 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -

Unglaciated Prairie- -- - 

Oak-hickory Forest--- - - 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - -- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest--- - --- -- 

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -- -- --- 

Glaciated Prairie-- - 

Unglaciated Prairie-- 

Uncultivated 

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana- -- - -

A horizon; Georgia-- -- 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

17 (1) 

17 (1) 

17 (1)

16 (1)

25 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1)

29:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

1,138:1,140

48:48

29:30 

30:30

22 

25

16 

22 

25 

27

15 

21 

32 

27

15 

22 

31

32

17

21 

26

1.99 

1.44

1.46 

1.26 

1.37 

1.35

1.43 

1.30 

1.35 

1.37

1.43 

1.58 

1.36

1.35

1.28

2.04 

1.83

1.26 

1.26 

1.26 

1.26

1.26 

1.26 

1.26 

1.26

1.26 

1.26 

1.26

1.25 

1.18

15

10 

15 

20 

20

10 

15 

20 

20

10 

10 

20

10 

10

- 200 

- 50

- 30 

- 30 

- 50 

- 50

- 30 

- 30 

- 50 

- 50

- 30 

- 50 

- 50

- 70

- 50

- 200 

- 150

YTTRIUM
F158 , STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 51 Yttrium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

Cppra)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS - -Cont inued

Uncultivated Continued

A horizon; Kentucky--- -- -- 

B horizon; Georgia --- - 

B horizon; Kentucky - 

B horizon; Missouri

Flood plain Forest - - - 

Glaciated PrairieCedar Glade-- 

C horizon; Georgia-- - 

C horizon; Kentucky 

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 

B horizon; Eastern United States 

B horizon; Western United States 

. i ft ft\

 IB QZ; 

19 (2)

-- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

1 Q /-)\

-- IB QZ;

-- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

-- 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

 io {£)

- 22 (1)

" 21 (1)

- 21 (1)

96:96 

108:108

30:30 

30:30 

96:96

48:50 

50:50 

50:50 

49:50 

50:50 

49:50

29:30 

30:30 

96:96

159:168

342:361 

480:492

33 

39

20 

26 

28

23 

30 

37 

22 

27 

22

25 

21 

26

18

23 

25

1.26 

1.25

1.77 

2.00 

1.29

1.63 

1.30 

1.35 

1.79 

1.50 

1.69

2.30 

1.57 

1.48

1.77

1.93 

1.66

1.08 

1.09

1.08

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20 

1.20

1.08 

1.37

19 - 60 

17 - 66

10 - 100 

10 - 500 

12 - 58

<10 - 50 

15 - 50 

20 - 70 

<10 - 70 

15 - 70 

<10 - 70

<10 - 200 

10 - 50 

9 - 100

<10 - 50

<5 - 200

<10 - 150

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, snap; Georgia 

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 

Tomato; Georgia- - 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia - 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia - 

Buckbush; Missouri 

Glaciated Prairie 

Oak-hickory Forest-- 

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 

- 14 (1)

- 14 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 14 (1)

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

 - 14 (1) 

15 (1)

-- 14 (1)

 - 14 (1)

-- 20 (1)

 - 20 (1)

- 20 (1)

1 Q /I \

 - 18 (1) 

19 (2)

2:30 

1:29 

3:28 

4:30 

2:30

7:30 

9:30 

8:30 

10:30

6:30 

5:30

14:47 

17:48 

16:49 

17:41

56:64 

84:88

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5 

<5 

<5

<5 

<5

17 

16 

15 

17

45 

47

1.16 

1.28 

1.21 

1.39

2.90 

1.74

1.23 

1.02

<5 - 30 

<5 - 20 

<5 - 100

<5 - 30 

<5 - 30

<5 - 70 

<5 - 70 

<5 - 150

<5 - 70

<5 - 70 

<5 - 70

<20 - 50 

<20 - 30 

<20 - 30 

<20 - 30

<20 - 500 

<20 - 160

YTTRIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 51. Yttrium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F159

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species--Continued

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (1) 34:40 41 3.14 1.23 <20 - 300

19 (2) 19:20 35 1.48 1.02 <21 - 78 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (1) 14:19 23 1.69 <20 - 70

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (1) 7:7 46 2.11 -- 20 - 150

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (1) 5:25 2.1 5.40 -- <10 - 30

19 (2) 3:22 <10 -- -- <10 - 41

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (1) 8:27 3.2 5.89 <10 - 100

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (1) 12:49 3.0 4.52 -- <10 - 50

19 (2) 3:74 <10 <10 - 54

Persimmon, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 7:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 300

15 (1) 4:30 <5 -- <5 - 50

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 8:30 <5 <5 - 300

15 (1) 10:30 5.4 3.38 <5 - 30

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 5:30 <5 -- -- <5 - 70

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia - 14 (1) 9:30 <5 <5 - 150

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia 14 (1) 6:28 <5 -- -- <5 - 150

15 (1) 7:27 <5 -- -- <5 - 50

Sweetgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (1) 7:28 <5 -- <5 - 300

TABLE 52. Zinc in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders (--) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample, and collection locality

Study

No. and

method of Ratio

analysis___

Mean Devia- Error 

(ppm) tion_______

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite

Precarabrian; MissouriRhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri1 (3)

1 (3)

30:30 51

30:30 42

2.29 1.04

2.46 1.04

15 -

10 -

310

120

YTTRIUM, ZINC
F160 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 52. Zmc in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

.(PP"0

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range

ROCKS - -Cont inued

Sandstone

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 58:400 <50 -- <50 - 530 

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 4 (3) 2:12 5.2 1.61 1.14 <10 - 12 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (3) 27:32 31 2.95 1.14 <10 - 280

Chert

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (3) 5:20 <10 <10 - 90

Shale

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky 8 (2) 4:76 <500 -- <500 - 650 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky 5 (2) 7:142 <500 <500 - 1,500 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (3) 18:18 55 3.09 1.08 6 - 250 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky 5 (2) 4:152 <500 <500 - 780 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (3) 32:32 82 1.47 1.08 25 - 130

Black shale

Devonian and Mississippian; Kentucky- 9 (2) 8:8 <500 -- <500 - 2,300

Limestone and dolomite

Sauk sequence; Western United States- 3 (2) 8:392 <500 -- <500 - 1,300 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas- 4 (3) 17:48 6.3 2.05 1.72 <10 - 50 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri 10 (3) 9:12 12 1.53 1.72 <10 - 22 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

and Arkansas 7 (3) 38:40 19 1.68 1.72 <10 - 100 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and

Oklahoma 6 (3) 31:32 24 2.32 1.72 <10 - 140

____________________________UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS___________________________

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri 12 (3) 24:24 92 1.99 1.04 32 - 370 

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri 12 (3) 24:24 66 2.15 1.04 20 - 250 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas 12 (3) 24:24 50 1.35 1.04 30 - 100 

On Osagean rocks; Missouri 12 (3) 24:24 110 1.69 1.04 42 - 400 

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri 12 (3) 24:24 120 1.97 1.04 44 - 1,000

Loess

Missouri 13 (3) 24:24 61 1.27 37 - 90

______________________________________SOILS______________________________________

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia 14 (6) 1:30 <25 -- -- <25 - 700

15 (6) 29:30 64 1.82 -- <25 - 1,000

ZINC
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 52. Zinc in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F161

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS Continued

Cultivated Continued

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 8:8 37 1.69 1.07 13 - 62 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 55 1.29 1.07 34 - 74 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 41 1.29 1.07 30 - 57 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 10:10 53 1.43 1.07 31 - 100

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 10:10 42 1.74 1.07 16 - 74 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 61 1.26 1.07 45 - 92 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 8:8 63 2.11 1.07 41 - 360 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 9:9 41 1.41 1.07 26 - 65

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 10:10 45 1.70 1.07 20 - 147 

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 68 1.74 1.07 37 - 300 

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 41 1.29 1.07 31 - 66 

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 10:10 58 1.74 1.07 27 - 235

Surface horizon; Missouri 16 (3) 1,140:1,140 49 1.55 1.08 18 - 640

Uncultivated

A horizon; Georgia 14 (6) 7:30 <25 <25 - 50

15 (6) 29:30 40 1.64 -- <25 - 100 

A horizon; Kentucky 18 (3) 80:96 27 1.43 1.04 <20 - 75

19 (3) 89:108 26 1.46 1.08 <20 - 135

B horizon; Georgia 14 (6) 3:30 <25 <25 - 25

15 (6) 28:30 41 1.61 <25 - 75

B horizon; Kentucky 18 (3) 86:96 36 1.55 1.04 <20 - 110

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 20 (3) 50:50 54 1.67 1.12 18 - 153

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 50:50 67 1.44 1.12 31 - 194

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 50:50 51 1.41 1.12 22 - 116

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 54 1.71 1.12 22 - 275

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 50:50 36 1.59 1.12 12 - 190

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 50:50 30 1.62 1.12 10 - 138

C horizon; Georgia 14 (6) 3:30 <25 <25 - 50

15 (6) 30:30 43 1.59 -- 25 - 100

C horizon; Kentucky 18 (3) 86:96 33 1.74 1.04 <20 - 180

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado 22 (3) 168:168 58 1.70 1.07 16 - 300

B horizon; Eastern United States 21 (6) 314-371 36 1.89 <5 - 400 

B horizon; Western United States 21 (6) 481:492 51 1.78 <10 - 2,000

ZINC
F162 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 52. Zinc in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Asparagus; Wisconsin 23 (6) 5:5 280 1.46 200 - 400

Bean, lima; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 600 1.18 400 - 1,000

15 (6) 15:15 390 1.47 -- 200 - 700

Bean, snap; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 530 1.36 -- 200 - 1,000

15 (6) 30:30 520 1.23 300 - 800

Beet, red; Wisconsin 23 (6) 3:3 390 1.29 ~ 300 - 500

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 14 (6) 29:29 750 1.27 -- 400 - 1,200

15 (6) 4:4 650 1.09 -- 600 - 700

Cabbage; Georgia 14 (6) 28:28 340 2.57 100 - 5,000

15 (6) 30:30 210 2.39 100 - 6,000

Cabbage; Wisconsin 23 (6) 11:11 250 1.53 100 - 400

Carrot; Wisconsin- -- 23 (6) 8:8 180 1.46 -- 100 - 300

Corn; Georgia 14 (6) 29:29 840 1.44 400 - 2,000

15 (6) 30:30 850 1.38 -- 600 - 2,000 

Corn; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 8:8 1,700 1.14 1.11 1,400 - 2,200

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 1,800 1.29 1.11 1,200 - 2,800

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 1,900 1.11 1.11 1,600 - 2,300

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 10:10 1,900 1.25 1.11 1,400 - 2,500

Corn; Wisconsin 23 (6) 27:27 1,000 1.30 500 - 1,600

Cucumber; Wisconsin 23 (6) 4:4 310 1.39 -- 200 - 400

Onion; Wisconsin 23 (6) 7:7 330 1.44 ~ 200 - 500

Pepper, sweet; Wisconsin 23 (6) 4:4 260 1.40 -- 200 - 400

Potato; Wisconsin 23 (6) 10:10 280 1.41 -- 200 - 400 

Soybean; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 17 (3) 10:10 890 1.17 1.11 700 - 1,140

Glaciated Prairie 17 (3) 10:10 870 1.09 1.11 840 - 960

Unglaciated Prairie 17 (3) 8:8 1,100 1.19 1.11 1,000 - 1,500

Oak-hickory Forest 17 (3) 9:9 1,100 1.08 1.11 920 - 1,200

Tomato; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 290 1.40 -- 200 - 600

15 (6) 30:30 210 1.39 100 - 400 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 1,300 1.59 -- 300 - 3,000

15 (6) 30:30 1,100 1.64 500 - 4,000

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 220 1.66 100 - 2,000

15 (6) 30:30 200 1.38 -- 100 - 300

Blackgum, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 910 1.65 400 - 3,000

15 (6) 30:30 970 1.47 500 - 2,000

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 260 1.39 -- 100 - 500

15 (6) 30:30 270 1.37 200 - 600 

Buckbush; Missouri

Glaciated Prairie 20 (3) 47:47 1,400 1.48 1.21 580 - 3,200

Unglaciated Prairie 20 (3) 48:48 1,800 1.79 1.21 640 - 7,400

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 1,200 1.40 1.21 440 - 2,800

ZINC
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 52. Zinc in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F163

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH--Continued

Native species--Continued

Buckbush; Missouri--Continued

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 49:49 1,400 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 41:41 1,400

Cedar; Missouri

Cedar Glade 20 (3) 50:50 310 

Glaciated Prairie 24 (3) 9:9 640 

Unglaciated Prairie 24 (3) 10:10 740 

Cedar Glade 24 (3) 10:10 320 

Oak-hickory Forest 24 (3) 10:10 480 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 24 (3) 6:6 380

Hickory, pignut; Kentucky 18 (3) 60:60 1,500

19 (3) 88:88 1,000

Hickory, shagbark; Kentucky 18 (3) 40:40 1,600

19 (3) 20:20 1,000 

Hickory, shagbark; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 19:19 1,500

Oak-hickory-pine Forest 20 (3) 7:7 1,600

Maple, red, stems; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 480

15 (6) 30:30 690

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 30:30 450

15 (6) 30:30 570

Oak, black; Kentucky 18 (3) 25:25 540

19 (3) 22:22 430

Oak, post; Cedar Glade, Missouri 20 (3) 50:50 300

Oak, red; Kentucky 18 (3) 27:27 460

19 (3) 9:9 410

Oak, white; Kentucky 18 (3) 48:48 430

19 (3) 76:76 400 

Oak, white; Missouri

Oak-hickory Forest 20 (3) 50:50 320 

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- 20 (3) 49:49 350

Oak, willow; Floodplain Forest,

Missouri 20 (3) 46:46 440 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia -- 14 (6) 30:30 790

15 (6) 30:30 1,100 

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia------- 14 (6) 30:30 170

15 (6) 30:30 200 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest, Missouri-- 20 (3) 

Sagebrush; Powder River Basin,

Wyoming and Montana - 25 (3) 48:48 421 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia -- 14 (6) 17:17 1,600

15 (6) 27:27 1,300

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia 14 (6) 17:17 550

15 (6) 27:27 460

49:49 1,200

1.41

1.53

27

02

54

22

67

1.26

1.75

2.05

1.72

1.82

1.65

1.24

1.40

1.30

1.41

1.29

65

60

43

63

37

1.67

1.57

1.31

1.39

1.59

46

61

58

32

1.41

1.30

1.94

1.68

1.67

1.28

1.21

1.21

1.21

.09 

.15 

.09 

.15

1.21

1.21

14

15

21

14

1.15

1.14

1.15

1.21

1.21

1.21

1.21

600

530

200

340

380

280

300

280

400

200

400

300

440

1,180

300

400

200

400

200

200

160

200

200

180

100

160

160

160

400

400

100

100

3,400

3,500

520

3,600

1,440

540

1,800

560

10,000

4,700

3,700

2,300

3,800

2,200

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,200

1,500

620

2,100

600

2,100

2,400

500

600

2,200

2,000

3,000

500

300

360 - 2,100

200

600

400

300

300

800

6,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

ZINC
F164 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 52. Zinc in rockf, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH Continued

Native species Continued

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia- -

Sumac, winged, leaves; Georgia 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -

Cedar Glade - - 

Oak-hickory Forest- ------

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -

Sweetgum, stems; Georgia -

Sweet gum, leaves; Georgia 

 14 (6) 

15 (6)

 14 (6) 

15 (6)

 20 (3)

 20 (3)

A/\ f *>\

 20 (3)

 20 (3)

 20 (3)

 20 (3)

 14 (6) 

15 (6)

 14 (6) 

15 (6)

30:30 

30:30 

30:30 

30:30

48:48 

50:50 

49:49 

49:49 

50:50 

49:49

28:28 

27:27 

28:28 

27:27

740 

780 

360 

370

770 

860 

820 

520 

660 

500

560 

710 

560 

760

1.43 

1.64 

1.33 

1.44

1.63 

1.44 

1.42 

1.59 

1.41 

1.56

1.56 

1.57 

1.41 

1.35

1.21 

1.21 

1.21 

1.21 

1.21 

1.21

300 - 

300 - 

200 - 

200 -

300 - 

360 - 

460 - 

160 - 

360 - 

160 -

200 - 

400 - 

300 - 

400 -

1,600 

2,100 

700 

1,000

3,100 

1,800 

2,200 

1,600 

1,600 

1,400

1,200 

2,000 

1,200 

1,200

TABLE 53. Zirconium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash

[Explanation of column headings: Study No. refers to study described in text; method of analysis (in 

parentheses) refers to method listed in table 1. Ratio, number of samples in which the element was 

found in measurable concentrations to number of samples analyzed. Mean, geometric mean. Deviation, 

geometric deviation. Error, geometric error attributed to laboratory procedures. Leaders ( ) in 

figure column indicate no data available]

Sample and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS

Granite 

Precambrian; Missouri -- 

Rhyolite

Precambrian; Missouri 

Arkose

Fountain Formation; Colorado 

Sandstone 

Sauk sequence; Western United States -

1 (1) 

1 (1) 

2 (2) 

3 (2)

30:30 

30:30 

80:80 

400:400

140 

200 

55 

74

1.56 1.39 

1.76 1.39 

1.72 1.37 

2.49 1.42

70 - 500 

20 - 500 

18 - 170 

10 - 880

ZINC, ZIRCONIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 53. Zirconium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F165

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

ROCKS Continued

Sand s tone - -C on t inued

Roubidoux Formation; Missouri - 

Pope Megagroup; 1 Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky- - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- ---

Chert 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma,

Shale 

Sauk sequence; Western United StatesLower Mississippian; Kentucky-- - 

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky - 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - -

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky---- - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma ---- - -

Black shale 

Devonian and Mississippian; KentuckyLimestone and dolomite 

Sauk sequence; Western United States - 

Sauk sequence; Missouri and Arkansas -

Upper Ordovician; Kentucky-- - 

Tippecanoe sequence; Missouri - --

Lower Mississippian; Kentucky-- - -

Upper Mississippian; Kentucky- - -- 

Mississippian; Missouri, Oklahoma, 

and Arkansas - - --

Pennsylvanian; Kentucky - 

Pennsylvanian; Missouri, Kansas, and 

Oklahoma- - - -

Siderite

Upper Paleozoic; Kentucky4 

5 

5

6

7

3 

8 

5

7 

5

6 

9

3 

4 

5 

10 

5 

5

7 

5

6 

11

(1) 

(2) 

(2)

(1)

(1)

(2) 

(2) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(1) 

(2)

(2) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1)

UNCONSOLIDATED

Carbonate residuum (terra rossa)

On Gasconade Formation; Missouri-- -

On Roubidoux Formation; Missouri -- 

On Jefferson City, Cotter, and Powell 

Formations; Missouri and Arkansas --

On Osagean rocks; Missouri --

On Meramecian rocks; Missouri-- 

12 

12

12 

12 

12

(1) 

(1)

(1) 

(1) 

(1)

12: 

120: 

152:

32:

3:

327: 

76: 

142:

18: 

151:

32: 

88:

231: 

21: 

55:

4: 

47: 

34:

18: 

58:

25: 

23:

12 

120 

152

32

20

336 

76 

142

18 

152

32

88

392 

48 

80 

12 

112 

152

40 

80

32 

30

GEOLOGIC

24: 

24:

24: 

24: 

24:

24

24

24 

24 

24

22 

130 

120

170

1.1

190 

150 

180

95 

230

110 

140

23 

7.2 

32 

<10 

12 

6.5

6.7 

42

14 

32

DEPOSITS

61 

67

65 

67 

67

1 

2 

2

2

6

1

1 

1

2 

1

1 

1

2 

1 

2

6 

3

4 

2

2 

2

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.63 

.04

.44

.28

.90

.98 

.96 

.62

.00 

.63

.48 

.25

.21 

.98 

.28

.12 

.79

.79 

.77

.28 

.47

.40 

.46

.33 

.26 

.23

1 

1 

1

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1

1

1 

1

1

1 

1

1 

1 

1

.32 

.34 

.30

.32

.32 

.15

.46 

.13

.46 

.10

.19 

.15 

.52

.19

.15 

.33

.15

.20 

.20

.20 

.20 

.20

10 

21 

22

30

<10

<36 

48 

79

30 

93

70 

75

<25 

<10 

<20 

<10 

<20 

<20

<10 

<20

<10 

<20

30 

30

30 

50 

50

30 

720 

- 1,000

700

30

840 

770 

720

300 

- >1,000

300 

280

160 

30 

100 

50 

- 1,000 

150

30 

200

70 

150

150 

150

100 

100 

100

Of Swarm and Willman (1961). ZIRCONIUM
F166 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 53. Zirconium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No . and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Deviation

Error

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

UNCONSOLIDATED GEOLOGIC DEPOSITS --Continued

Loess 

Missouri - - -- - - - 13 (1) 24:24 230 1.32 -- 150 - 300

SOILS

Cultivated

Plow zone, garden; Georgia - - 

Plow zone, corn field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Plow zone, soybean field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest- -- - -

Plow zone, pasture field; Missouri

Floodplain Forest - - 

Glaciated Prairie --

Oak-hickory Forest --- 

- 14 (1) 

15 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 17 (1)

- 16 n% 1

30:30 

30:30

8:8 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

10:10 

10:10 

8:8 

9:9

10:10 

10:10 

10:10 

10:10

i /.n . i i lit

310 

180

190 

180 

240 

260

150 

180 

270 

360

140 

190 

290 

240

i nn

1.59 

1.48

1.77 

1.16 

1.23 

1.61

1.39 

1.34 

1.37 

1.40

1.36 

1.30 

1.29 

1.30

i «; »

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

1.32 

1.32 

1.32 

1.32

i 11

150 - 700 

70 - 300

100 - 700 

150 - 200 

200 - 300 

100 - 500

70 - 200 

100 - 300 

200 - 500 

200 - 500

100 - 200 

100 - 300 

200 - 500 

150 - 300

?n _ 7nn

Uncultivated

Surface horizon; Powder River Basin, 

Wyoming and MontanaA horizon; Georgia-- 

A horizon; Kentucky

B horizon; GeorgiaB horizon; Kentucky - 

B horizon; Missouri

Floodplain Forest -- 

Glaciated Prairie 

Unglaciated Prairie----- 

Cedar Glade 

Oak-hickory Forest -- 

Oak-hickory-pine ForestC horizon; Kentucky

25 (1)

14 (1)

18 (2)

19 (2)

14 (1)

15 (1)

18 (2)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

18 (2)

48:48

30:30

96:96

108:108

30:30 

30:30 

96:96

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50 

50:50

96:96

150

260

440

460

290

210

330

160

210

300

120

300

260

280

1.45

1.60

1.30

1.34

,62 

.51 

.40

.93 

.42 

.52 

.68 

.63

1.74

1.56

1.20

1.14

48

48

48

48

48

1.48

70 -

100 - 

210 - 

160 -

100 -

70 -

140 -

30 -

100 -

150 -

50 -

70 -

70 -

100 -

500

700

800

890

700

500

860

500

500

700

500

700

500

660

ZIRCONIUM
GEOCHEMISTRY OF SOME ROCKS, SOILS, AND PLANTS IN THE UNITED STATES 

TABLE 53. Zirconium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

F167

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of Ratio 

analysis

Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

SOILS--Continued

Cultivated and uncultivated

Surface horizon; Colorado - --

B horizon; Eastern United States -----

B horizon; Western United States -

22 (1)

21 (1) 

21 (1)

168:168

371:371 

491:492

135

250 

170

1.80 1.29

1.95 

1.78

46 -

30 - 2, 

<30 - 1,

500

000 

500

PLANT ASH

Cultivated plants

Bean, lima; Georgia- - - 

Bean, snap; Georgia - - ----

Blackeyed pea; Georgia 

Cabbage; Georgia- --- - --- 

Corn; Georgia - - - -- 

Corn; Floodplain Forest, Missouri----

Tomato; Georgia- --- - ------ --- 

Native species

Black cherry, stems; Georgia- - 

Black cherry, leaves; Georgia ---

Blackgum, stems; Georgia- -

Blackgum, leaves; Georgia- - --

Buckbush; Missouri 

Glaciated Prairie- - 

Unglaciated Prairie ------ 

Cedar Glade-- ----- -- --- -

Oak-hickory Forest -- -

Oak-hickory-pine Forest- - - - 

Cedar; Missouri

Unglaciated Prairie---- 

Oak-hickory Forest ------ - -

Oak-hickory-pine Forest -- - 

Hickory, shagbark; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest; Missouri-- - 

Maple, red, stems; Georgia -- -

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

17 (1) 

14 (1)

14 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

14 (1) 

15 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1) 

20 (1)

24 (1) 

24 (1) 

24 (1) 

24 (1) 

24 (1)

20 (1) 

14 (1) 

15 (1)

1:30 

1:15 

5:30 

1:30

1:29 

6:28 

9:30

1:29 

1:8 

1:30

3:30 

7:30 

1:30

7:30 

4:30 

15:30 

11:30

47:47 

48:48 

48:50 

49:49 

41:41

8:9 

10:10 

5:10 

8:10 

3:6

2:19 

3:30 

1:30

<20 

<20 

<20 

<20

<20 

<20 

<20

<20 

<20 

<20

<20 

<20 

<20

<20 

<20 

9.7 

<20

69 

85 

44 

79 

66

44 

44 

18 

29 

17

7.6 

<20 

<20

4.11

1.78 

1.71 

1.68 

2.16 

2.32

1.86 

1.72 

1.52 

1.89 

2.59

1.97

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

20 - 

30 - 

<20 - 

20 - 

20 -

<20 - 

20 - 

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

<20 - 

<20 - 

<20 -

70 

50 

150 

30

20 

700 

500

20 

20 

20

30 

70 

30

50 

30 

70 

150

200 

200 

150 

500 

200

100 

70 

30 

70 

70

30 

30 

20

ZIRCONIUM
F168 STATISTICAL STUDIES IN FIELD GEOCHEMISTRY 

TABLE 53. Zirconium in rocks, unconsolidated geologic deposits, soils, and plant ash Continued

Sample, and collection locality

Study 

No. and 

method of 

analysis

Ratio Mean 

(ppm)

Devia- Error 

tion

Observed 

range 

(ppm)

PLANT ASH- -Continued

Native species Continued

Maple, red, leaves; Georgia 

Persimmon, stems; Georgia- - 

Persimmon, leaves; Georgia - 

Pine, shortleaf; Oak-hickory-pine

Forest; Missouri 

Sassafras, stems; Georgia-- - 

Sassafras, leaves; Georgia- - - 

Sumac, winged, stems; Georgia - 

Sumac, smooth; Missouri

Floodplain Forest 

Oak-hickory Forest - --------

Sweetgum; Floodplain Forest, Missouri

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

20 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

14 (1)

15 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

20 (1)

12:30

3:30

6:30

1:30

7:30

3:30

36:49

7:17

7:27

7:17

6:27

7:30

3:30

12:30

7:30

6:48

11:50

6:47

6.5

<20

2.4

<20

2.7

<20

29

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

<20

6.2

<20

4.1

11

6.7

4.19

--

4.61

..

4.91

.-

2.62

.-

_-

__ _.

-_

--

5.00

3.49

1.85

2.30

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

<20 -

70

150

30

20

30

70

150

150

70

150

150

100

70

100

150

50

50

50

ZIRCONIUM *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977-777-034/55