NBSIR 73-323 Of)

A PROGRAM TO EVALUATE/IMPROVE

INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST METHODS FOR

ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICE SAFETY QUALIFICATION

Hudson, Paul A. Melquist, Dean G.

Ondrejka, Arthur R. Werner, Paul E.

Electromagnetics Division

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

June 1973

Prepared for

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC)

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433

NBSIR 73-323

A PROGRAM TO EVALUATE/IMPROVE

INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST METHODS FOR

ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICE SAFETY QUALIFICATION

Hudson, Paul A. Melquist, Dean G.

Ondrejka, Arthur R. Werner, Paul E.

Electromagnetics Division

Institute for Basic Standards

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80302

June 1973

Prepared for

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC)

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts, Director

FOREWORD

This program was initiated at the National Bureau of

Standards in response to a request from the Aeronautical

Systems Division (AFSC) of the Air Force Wright-Patterson

AFB. Funding for the effort was provided by the Air Force

(Contract No. F33615 - 72 - 501 3) . The general objective was to

provide the Air Force with optimum test procedures, instrumentation, and test devices for qualification of weapon

systems with respect to electroexplos ive device (EED) safety.

In particular, instrumentation was required to determine

hazards to EED's on board aircraft flying in the vicinity of

Safeguard radars.

Phase I of the effort was designed to investigate and

evaluate existing instrumentation, test devices, and

facilities while Phase II was concerned with optimizing

instrumentation to meet Air Force needs. It was hoped that

existing equipment could, with modification, be adapted for

satisfactory use. As it turned out, none of the existing

stray energy monitor devices were satisfactory and development of new devices was deemed necessary. It was decided

by ASD that the primary need was for a go, no-go type stray

energy monitor (SEM) which could be used in routine flightline safety checks as well as in-flight tests.

This report is divided into two parts to describe the

results of Phase I and Phase II. Each part is written as a separate paper for presentation at the IEEE International

Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium in New York on

June 20-22, 1973.

iii
A Phase III effort has been initiated for the purpose

of developing instrumentation systems to yield quantitative

information on EED safety at Air Force test facilities such

as Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The new instrumentation

will employ solid state diode detectors to monitor both

pin-to-pin and pins-to-case voltages when installed in a weapon system in place of EED's.

The report on Phase III will be issued separately

following completion of the work in September, 1973.

iv
CONTENTS

Page

PHASE I - AN EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE STRAY ENERGY

MONITORS FOR ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICE (EED)

SAFETY QUALIFICATION

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. EVALUATION OF STRAY ENERGY MONITOR DEVICES

AND SYSTEMS 3

2.1. Temperature Sensitive Paints 4

2.2. Manganin Gage-Passive Technique for

Measuring High Transient Currents 5 2.3. Thermocouple Instrumented EED's

(TCI-EED's) 8

2.4. Video Detector Instrumented EED's 11

2.5. Piston Actuator Stray Energy Monitor 12

2.6. Flight Line Stray Energy Testers 14

2.7. Miniature Recorder for use with

TCI-EED's 17

2.8. Optical Readout for use with

TCI-EED 19

3 . SUMMARY 2 0

4. REFERENCES 22

PHASE II - A NEW GO, NO-GO TYPE STRAY ENERGY MONITOR

DEVICE FOR EED SAFETY QUALIFICATION

1. INTRODUCTION 33

2. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW SEM 36

3. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 40

4. SUMMARY 42

5. REFERENCES 4 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY 54

V
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Phase I Page

1 Section view of typical electroexplos ive

device (EED) 23

2 Details o£ the construction of the

TCI-EED 24

3 Output of TCI-EED as a function of

frequency at constant bridgewire

temperature 25

4 Thermocouple output characteristics with

10 GHz rf applied to bridgewire 26

5 Video diode instrumented EED developed

at Sandia Laboratories 27

6 Block diagram of test setup for piston

type SEM evaluation 28

7 Section view of SEM in mount 29

8 Average firing power of SEM's

(piston- type) versus frequency 30

, 9 Ring modulator tester 31

Figure Phase II Page

1 Section view of typical electroexplos ive

device (EED) 44

2 Field configurations in two - conductor

shielded transmission line

a. Balanced (odd mode)

b. Parallel (even mode) 45

3 Dimensions of thin film fuses 46

vi
List of Illustrations (Con ' t)

Figure Phase II Page

4 Arrangement o£ fuses for attachment to

pins-header assembly 47

5 Exploded view of complete SEM device 48

6 Circuit diagram of prototype SEM

test box 49

7 Photograph of prototype SEM test box 50

8 Block diagram of SEM test setup 51

9 a. Method for connecting SEM to

coax mount

b. Equivalent circuit 52

10 Burn-out characteristics versus

frequency for fuse type SEM 53

vii
ABSTRACT

Adequate qualification of weapon systems for EED safetyhas been a long-standing problem in the military services.

During the past 15 years various instrumentation, test

devices, and methods have been developed with some success.

In this report, available devices and instrumentation are

evaluated with respect to sensitivity to low power levels,

broadband response, ease of use, etc. This work is included

in Phase I of the program.

In Phase II the objective was to develop a new go,

no-go type stray energy monitor (SEM) with sensitivity in

the tens of milliwatts range and response up to at least

10 GHz. A description is given of the new SEM which employs

thin film fuses and monitors both pin-to-pin and pins-to-case

hazardous voltages. Safety factors obtainable with the new

device are in the 15 dB range relative to a 1 A, 1 W EED.

Key words: Electroexplos ive device safety; electromagnetic

compatability ; electromagnetic interference; squib.

viii
PHASE I

AN EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE STRAY ENERGY MONITORS

FOR ELECTROEXPLOSIVE DEVICE (EED) SAFETY QUALIFICATION

1. INTRODUCTION

Electroexplos ive devices (EED's) are used extensively

by the military services, NASA and others to initiate functions

such as bomb release, rocket motor firing, aircraft engine

fire extinguishers, etc. The most common type of EED in

present use is the hot bridgewire. In this device, a fine

wire is heated by passage of an electrical current to a temperature high enough to explode a small charge in intimate

contact with the bridgewire. This primary charge then

initiates a larger charge which performs the desired function.

The attractive features of hot-bridgewire EED's include the

large force obtained from a small volume and the relative

ease with which they can be controlled from remote locations.

Construction details of a typical hot bridgewire EED

are shown in figure 1. Normal firing occurs when a source of

electrical energy is connected across the pins and this is

called the pin-to-pin firing mode. Firing can also occur

when sufficient voltage (rf or dc) exists between the pins

and the metal case which encloses the device to cause an

arc. This is the principal pins-to-case firing mode. Another

pins-to-case firing mode occurs when rf potentials cause

dielectric- loss heating of the primary charge to its ignition

temperature. A less well documented firing mode can occur

when the header material is heated by dielectric loss due to

rf potentials either pin-to-pin or pins-to-case. Heat

generated in the header is conducted to the bridgewire causing
the primary charge to initiate. Measurements at 10 GHz

indicate that for certain EED types, as much as 96 percent of

the power absorbed by the EED goes into heating the header[l].

For this reason more investigation into this firing mode

should be carried out.

Electroexplosive devices are usually rated in terms of

their no-fire current. For example, a typical EED type has

a 1 A no-fire current and this current is just below that

which begins to fire a small number of devices in a large

population. Typical 50 percent fire currents for this device

is 1.3 A while the all-fire current may be 1.8 A. The latter

is the current which will fire 100 percent of a given

population with 95 percent confidence factor. In a weapons

system, such a device would have approximately 5 A applied

to its input pins to insure firing with a reasonable safety

factor. The energy source is normally a dc supply or a capacitor discharge, and firing is initiated by means of a switch. Time to fire after application of power varies

from a few microseconds to a few milliseconds.

Unfortunately, EED ' s are subject to unintended initiation

caused by pickup of stray electrical energy by the EED and

its associated circuitry. Sources of this stray energy

include static charges, on-board rf sources (Avionics) in

aircraft, external rf sources such as radar, lightning

discharges, and switching transient pickup from adjacent

wiring. A common cause of unintended initiations is

incorrect or faulty wiring within the weapon or system

(e.g. , aircraft) [2 ]

.

It has become common practice for the military services

and NASA to test new and/or modified weapons, aircraft,

missiles, etc. for EED safety prior to deployment in the

field. For the most part, these tests are designed to

evaluate susceptibility to EED firing by stray rf energy.

2
Instrumentation and methods used for these tests will be

described later in this report. Tests are also required on

aircraft on the flight line prior to the loading of ordnance.

These tests are somewhat simpler than the qualification tests

mentioned above but are, nevertheless, very important. A

major part of the flight line tests can be made with dc and

low frequency instrumentation to reveal the presence of

voltages at the EED jack or receptacle. To test for the

presence of rf and microwave power, a device which responds

to low levels of high frequency energy must be used. A

single device which responds to static, low level dc , rf and

microwave energy in both pin-to-pin and pins-to-case modes

would be ideal. At present, no such device exists which

yields the required 20 dB safety factor in all firing modes

at frequencies up to 10 GHz. That is, the test device is

required to respond to power levels 20 dB below that necessary

to fire the actual EED, in any firing mode.

2. EVALUATION OF STRAY ENERGY MONITOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS

During the past 15 to 20 years test devices and facilities

have been developed to assess the susceptibility of weapon

systems to the inadvertant firing of EED's. Test devices

range from the go, no-go type (SEM piston actuator) to those

which yield quantitative information (thermocouple instrumented EED's) as shown in the following list. Test facilities

exist at Naval Weapons Laboratory, Dahlgren, Va., Picatinny

Arsenal, New Jersey and Eglin AFB, Florida.

It is the purpose of this section of the report to

describe and evaluate the various devices and facilities which

now exist. In some cases the information upon which the

evalutions are based was obtained by testing in NBS

3
laboratories. In others, information was obtained from the

literature, discussions with knowledgeable people and

observations at test facilities.

2.1. Temperature Sensitive Paints

So-called temperature sensitive paints are chemical

substances which melt rather abruptly at a given temperature.

The range of temperatures extends from 310K to 1640K and as

many as 100 compounds, each of which corresponds to a discrete

temperature, are available within this range.

To use these paints for stray energy monitoring, they

are applied directly to the bridgewire of an EED from which

the primary and secondary charges have been removed. Before

applying the paint, the input lead-header-bridgewire assembly

must be removed from the metal case. A small brush is usually

used for the application after which the assembly is replaced

inside the case.

After exposure, the assembly is again removed from the

case and the bridgewire examined for "beading" of the paint

which would indicate that the paint had melted. Both the

paint application process and examination for "beading" must

be done with the aid of a microscope. This is perhaps the

most serious drawback to the use of temperature sensitive

paints. Other factors which tend to limit their usefulness

include ambient temperature variations which cause the power

required to melt the paint to vary. Thus, the ambient

temperature must be measured and corrections applied for

ambients other than 295K.

The power required to melt a certain paint (#45) at a 293K ambient for various bridgewire sizes has been reported

in the literature [ 3] . For a 0.3 A no-fire EED, the paint

melted with 6 mW input yielding a 17 dB safety factor. On a

4
0.68 A EED bridgewire, the paint melted at 38 mW input for

11.5 dB safety factor. These are below the 20 dB factor

specified by MIL-E-6051C.

Our overall evaluation is that temperature sensitive

paints are at best of marginal utility for use by the

Air Force. The reason for this is the extreme care which

must be exercised in applying the paints to a bridgewire

and in determining whether melting has occurred after

exposure. In addition, they do not indicate hazardous

pins-to-case voltages.

In specially designed devices these paints could be

useful. For example, the paint could serve as a cement to

hold down a small spring- loaded lever which is released when

the paint melts and gives an easily read visual indication.

Other similar designs are also possible.

2.2. Manganin Gage - Passive Technique for Measuring High

Transient Currents

The manganin gage was developed at Lawrence Radiation

Laboratory by Robert Parker in about 1969 [4]. The device is

designed to measure the energy in short electrical transients

2 (/'i R dt) from which the current can be calculated. It is

fabricated from a thin tapered strip of metal (usually manganin)

and is coated with a uniform layer of temperature sensitive

paint. Typical dimensions are as follows:

width at narrow end - .0762 mm

width at wide end - .1524 mm

length - 2 . 54 mm

thickness - 0.127 to 0.0254 mm

A current pulse will cause heating in the taper and

consequently melting of the temperature sensitive paint. By

observing where the melt line occurs, one can determine the

S
energy in the pulse. An expression has been derived which

provides a measure of the energy from simply measuring the

distance to the melt line. This latter expression is:

^ d C h^AT (a + ku)^ RxlO"''-^

R/i^dt = 2

^

P

where

2 R/i dt = energy (J)

Cp = specific heat (Joule per kilogram Kelvin)

d = density (kilogram per cubic meter)

h = thickness of material (millimeters)

AT^ = melt temperature minus ambient (Kelvin)

a = width at narrow end (millimeters)

k = slope of taper

p = resistivity (ohm-m)

u = melt distance (millimeters)

R = total resistance of gage (ohms)

All terms in the right-hand side of the equation are known or

can be easily measured. Therefore, the value of the integral

can be determined.

The validity of measurements made with the gage is based

on the assumption that the heating process is adiabatic,

i.e., that no heat is lost to the surroundings. This assumption is valid for very short current pulses of the order

of a few tens of microseconds. Used in this manner, the

device is sensitive to relatively small amounts of energy.

Values of energy for which the manganin gage is useful, range

6
- 3 from 0.273 x 10 Joule for a .0127 mm thickness unit to

_ 3 2.2 X 10 Joule for a larger .0254 mm thickness unit. By

comparison, the energy required to fire EED's ranges from

8 X 10"^ Joule for a Mark 1 squib to 257 x lo"-^ Joule for the

CCU-l/B ejection cartridge [ 5 ] . For many EED types, the

- 3

average firing energy is in the range 20 to 100 x lo Joule.

In terms of energy the manganin gage is 10 to 100 times

more sensitive than typical EED's. However, this sensitivity

is dependent upon delivery of the energy in a relatively

short time interval. For example, it might be supposed that

the device is useful for measurement of hazards from radar

pulses which usually have durations from 1 to 10 ys . We

can then compute the minimum power required using minimum

energy value given above. That is,

c = ^min 0.273 xio'^j 07 tw —r = -z = Z/.3 W mm t in 1 n

" o 10 X 10 sec

for a 10 ys pulse and 273 W for a 1 ys pulse must be absorbed

by the gage to yield a minimum reading. Radiated power

densities sufficient to provide the above levels of power

at the device input are not likely to be encountered at any

reasonable distance from a radar.

In many respects the manganin gage is similar to an

EED instrumented with temperature sensitive paint on its

bridgewire as described in 2.1. above. For example, the crosssectional area of the gage is .02 mm (.0762 mm x .0254 mm)

at the small end which is approximately equal to that of a .0254 mm diameter bridgewire. The lengths are also comparable,

1.52 mm for the EED bridgewire and 2.54 mm for the manganin

7
gage. Both must be examined under a microscope to observe

paint melt. For this reason and the fact that the manganin

gage is designed for short, high current pulses, its use by

the Air Force is considered marginal. It would, in fact, be

less useful than a Mark I EED using temperature sensitive

paint.

2.3. Thermocouple Instrumented EED's (TCI-EED's)

Thermocouple instrumented EED's are, at present, the

most commonly used type of test device at military facilities.

Originally developed by Denver Research Institute in the late

1950's, the device consists of an EED constructed with the

usual bridgewire but without the primary and secondary charges.

A thin film thermocouple is inserted into the back-end of

the EED with the hot junction very close to the bridgewire.

Removal of the primary charge from intimate contact with the

bridgewire causes a change in the thermal properties of the

device. In particular, heat loss is decreased and the time

constant is increased so that the TCI-EED does not exactly

simulate the thermal characteristics of the EED, but does

simulate the electrical impedance with good accuracy. Barker

and Fry[6] have calculated a thermal ' s imulation factor, T/T^,

for instrumented and actual EED's and the value of this is

generally of the order of 0.5 for the devices tested.

Heating of the hot junction is generally believed to

be by means of heat conduction through the film of air

separating the bridgewire and the junction. The cold junction

is on the same substrate as the hot junction and hence ambient

temperature changes have only a small effect on the thermocouple output. Details of the construction of the TCI-EED

are shown in figure 2.

8
The junctions are usually bismuth- antimony and these

metals yield a very high thermal emf. Thus, it is possible

to detect input power levels far below (at least 30 dB) that

required to fire a 1 A, 1 W, no-fire EED.

The thermocouple output is normally fed via wires to

a suitable voltmeter or millivolt recorder. When performing

rf tests, these wires can couple energy into the thermocouple

and/or the structure in which the TCI-EED is located and

cause inaccurate readings and/or burn-out of the thermocouple.

This constitutes a drawback to the use of TCI-EED 's. External

thermocouple wires can be avoided by use of a miniature

recorder which is small enough to be enclosed within the

structure (pod, missile, etc.) in which the EED is located.

Other means include converting the electrical signal to an

optical one and coupling to external instrumentation via

optical fibers and the use of voltage controlled oscillators

to telemeter the information to remote recorders. Miniature

recorders have been used successfully at Naval Weapons

Laboratory while the fiber optics technique is used at

Picatinny Arsenal.

Further limitations of TCI-EED's include the lack of

capability for measuring pins-to-case voltages and a relatively large (up to 200^) rf-dc difference error[7].

This error arises due to coupling of rf energy from the

bridgewire to the thermocouple. In the latter case, the

energy coupled into the thermocouple causes circulating

currents to flow in the hot junction resulting in much higher

thermocouple emf's than for an equivalent amount of dc power

in the bridgewire. (Prior to use, TCI-EED's are calibrated

by applying measured amounts of dc power to the bridgewire.)

While the rf-dc difference error is in the direction of

greater safety, it could cause rejection of an otherwise

9
safe system. It should be noted that corrections can be

applied for this effect because the increase is relatively

slow and monotonic.

Measurement of the rf-dc difference for TCI-EED's

constructed at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory have been

made at NBS and results are shown in figures 3 and 4. Note

that the rf-dc difference increases with frequency. These

measurements were made by recording the thermocouple output

first with dc power input alone and then with 95 percent rf

power and 5 percent dc power. The bridgewire temperature

was held constant by adjusting the power to hold the bridgewire resistance constant. The 80-20 plat inum- iridium

bridgewire has an adequate temperature coefficient of resistance

to allow precise measurement and control of its temperature.

To evaluate the TCI-EED as a stray energy monitor, it

can yield accurate data for pin-to-pin firing hazards at dc

and frequencies up to approximately 1 GHz. At higher

frequencies the device is useful as an indicator of stray

energy but uncompensated data is overly conservative due to

rf eddy currents in the thermocouple and dielectric heating

of the header. The magnitude of the error varies from unit

to unit but may be as great as 200 percent. The perturbing

effects of the thermocouple output leads which may couple

to an rf field can be avoided at the expense of more complex

instrumentation. Perhaps a suitable solution to this problem

would be the use of carbon impregnated teflon leads which do

not perturb the rf fields and hence do not couple to them.

These electro-magnetically "invisible" conductors may, however,

introduce some electrical noise into the measuring circuit.

10
2.4. Video Detector Instrumented EED's

The video detector was developed in order to overcome

the low voltage output of the TCI-EED. Figure 5 shows such

a device developed by R. J. Sons [8] at Sandia Laboratories.

Note that this circuit is a voltage doubler with a balanced

output. The output of the detector is almost 0.1 V for 1 mW

input power while a TCI-EED with the same input power delivers

only a few microvolts. However, TCI-EED output is electrically

isolated from the input (except for some coupling above 1 GHz)

while the video detector outputs are connected electrically

to the input; complications may arise, especially in three

and four pin EED's.

As shown, this diode detector is not designed to respond

to pin-to-case voltages but it should be possible to develop

a unit which is sensitive to pin-to-case potentials. The low

frequency operation of the diode detector assumes that there

is very little current drawn through the diodes. This implies

that the diode load is a very high impedance amplifier and

could lead to input noise problems, but this should not be

considered a serious limitation. Of course as the frequency

increases, more current passes through the junction capacitance

of the diode and this causes the detector input impedance to

4 drop. Since the dynamic diode resistance is higher than 10

ohms, the shunt capacitance begins to dominate the total

diode impedance at frequencies above a few hundred megahertz

and the effects of this loading will have to be evaluated.

Our tests have revealed one interesting fact that is

often overlooked. When an EED is excited in the pin-to-pin

mode, there exists some voltage from pins-to-case because

some of the field lines terminate on the case. This means

that any SEM designed to respond individually to both pinto-pin and pins-to-case potentials will have an output from

11
pins-to-case when the unit is excited in the pin-to-pin mode.

On the other hand, there should be no output from pin-to-pin

when the device is excited in the pins-to-case mode. This is

what is commonly referred to as common mode rejection. In

order for any stray energy monitor to give a quantitative

indication, it must be designed so that pins-to-case voltages

do not affect the pin-to-pin measurement.

2.5. Piston Actuator Stray Energy Monitor

This type of SEM has a small piston which is highly

visible if the power absorbed by it exceeds some value. As

originally designed, the piston actuator was to have been a more sensitive replacement for the EED for test purposes.

The intent was to replace the EED's with SEM's and operate

the weapon system in the desired manner during a test. A

quick visual inspection of the SEM's following a test would

reveal the presence and location of unsafe conditions . Since

the SEM is more sensitive than the EED (i.e., 0.1 W versus

1 W for dc power) , there is a known minimum safety margin

if the SEM does not actuate.

Test facilities which use these SEM's have had the

experience that the SEM did not operate when the rf fields

present were thought to be sufficient to cause SEM firing.

The usual conclusion is that the SEM is not properly

responding to the rf energy. NBS has conducted some careful

tests to show that the net rf power required to fire SEM's

is up to 8 times larger for rf power than for dc power.

Figure 6 is a block diagram of the test setup used. The

power absorbed by the SEM is the difference between the

incident power and the reflected power as measured by the

ref lectometer and the two power meters.

12
The only assumption is that the test mount not absorb

power. Care was used in the design of the SEM mount to make

it as nearly lossless as possible. Figure 7 is a cross section

view of the SEM in the mount which connects it to the normal

7 mm coaxial line. Note that the tapered outer and center

conductors very nearly maintain a 50 ohm impedance while

changing the size of the coax line down to the diameter of

the SEM.

Since the mount has no observed resonances and there is

nothing in the mount to absorb appreciable power, the

difference between incident power and reflected power can be

assumed to be the power absorbed by the SEM. The 0 . 3 dB

accuracy of these power measurements is dependent upon the

apparent directivity of the two directional couplers . The

tuner located between these two directional couplers has

the effect of greatly raising this directivity and in fact

makes a tuned ref lectometer

Figure 8 shows the average power required to fire typical

SEM's as a function of frequency. The firing power appears to

peak between 6 GHz and 8 GHz at a level of approximately 0.8 W.

Further tests showed that the SEM lead wires (pins) , which

are made of iron, absorb significant power in this frequency

range. This has the effect of reducing the SEM firing

sensitivity. The NBS data on SEM firing characteristics was

obtained from firing 150 units.

Although there is uncertainty about the exact difference

in firing power (safety margin) between the SEM and any

particular EED at some arbitrary frequency, the SEM is

usually more sensitive than EED's tested. The SEM exhibits

a rather well behaved impedance characteristic over a wide

frequency range but does not actually match an EED impedance.

13
Since the SEM does not match a particular EED impedance,

the idea of using an EED as a test item has some merit. The

secondary explosive is removed from the EED, leaving only

the small primary explosive on the bridgewire. A safety

margin is achieved by increasing the irradiation power by some

known amount and checking for fired EED ' s

.

Recommendations . The piston actuator and the modified

EED's are useful test devices and could be used for in-flight

testing and for testing after system modification to reveal

gross effects such as shorts and wiring errors which would be

overlooked by non- operational tests.

2.6. Flight Line Stray Energy Testers

There are situations on the flight-line where it is

necessary to check EED firing leads for the presence of

unsafe conditions. These conditions may be the result of

worn insulation, corrosion, improper connection of wires,

broken connectors, inoperative relays or short circuits to

other wires. Typically, the firing circuits are shortcircuited at all times prior to EED firing and the condition

of this short circuit should also be checked.

Two prototype testers were built in 1961 by Denver

Research Institute. The first unit is in some aspects the

more sophiticated of the two and will be the one described

in detail. Where there are significant differences in

performance or operation between the two units, these

differences will be discussed.

The tester using a ring modulator was designed to respond

to dc voltage of either polarity and also to ac up to several

hundred hertz. Calculations of the safe allowable energy

in a firing circuit determines the gain and sensitivity

14
requirements for the tester. This energy is about 1/lOOOth

of the marginal firing energy of the particular EED. Since

these levels are low compared to the maximum no-fire current,

it is apparent that stability rather than accuracy is the

dominant factor. For this reason, the ring modulator is

a good circuit to use since it can have sufficient sensitivity

without the use of any preamplif ication . Figure 9 is a block diagram of the tester with the ring modulator.

The ring modulator is an ac diode bridge circuit whose

20 kHz output is zero at bridge balance. Any input current

(ac or dc) will cause one pair of bridge diodes to conduct

thereby changing their 20 kHz impedance in such a way as to

cause bridge unbalance. The resulting 20 kHz signal is

amplified, detected, integrated (approximately the same time

response as the EED) and its level compared to the arbitrary

unsafe level. If the output is large enough, a silicon

controlled rectifier conducts through a lamp. Once fired,

the SCR will continue to conduct until the circuit is

intentionally opened by depressing the reset button.

The design criteria for the tester using magnetic

amplifiers is similar to the ring modulator tester. The

unsafe indicators are also similar. The primary difference

is that the ring modulator accepts the stray energy directly

while the mag-amp unit uses a thermocouple instrumented

EED (TCI-EED) to convert the stray energy to a dc voltage

which must be amplified. The choice of mag-amps is based

on their stable zero point, gain stability, and ruggedness.

The time response of the TCI-EED is such that overload

protection is not normally fast enough to protect it.

Therefore, the TCI-EED must be considered expendable. This

might be a disadvantage. Another disadvantage is the need

15
for 400 Hz, 110 V power to supply the mag-amps. Without

a converter of some type, the unit cannot be battery operated.

The advantage is that the tester could be used for rf

measurements as well as ac and dc.

Both units are designed to check the condition of the

short circuit in the firing leads. Each tester supplies a test current through either the input resistor (ring mod.

unit) or the heater of the TCI-EED (mag-amp unit). If the

short is indeed present, there will be insufficient voltage

to cause the indicator to function. This same current will

serve to calibrate the unit when the leads are not connected

to a short circuit.

The testers are relatively easy to use as the operator

is merely required to connect two test leads to the circuit

in place of the usual EED . The operator then selects the

sensitivity by rotating the selector switch to the proper

EED type. If there is a dangerous amount of stray signal

present on the circuit, the no-go light functions. If the

light does not function, the circuit is considered safe.

The condition of the firing circuit is then tested by pressing

one more button, the "Test Current" button. Again, an unsafe

condition is indicated with a light, and a safe condition

gives no light.

Other advantages of the tester include the following.

The accuracy of the device is more than adequate

for its intended use.

The testers are provided with the means for

self calibration.

The indication of unsafe energy or unsafe circuits

is positive and does not require interpretation

by the operator.

The units may be modified for any particular

EED sensitivity.

16
The testers have certain shortcomings such as the fact

that the ring modulator unit does not detect rf signals and

neither of the units are suitable for in-flight use. Both

units are designed to be used external to the weapon or

aircraft; however, they could probably be used as in-flight

testers with some modifications to the aircraft or weapon.

Neither unit is completely free from some source of external

power (batteries or dc to ac converter)

Recommendations . A perusal of selected accident reports

indicates that some form of dc and low frequency pre-flight

safety check would be desirable. Either of the DRI type

stray energy testers could be very useful for this purpose.

2.7. Miniature Recorder for use with TCI-EED's

The thermocouple instrumented EED described previously

requires some type of readout instrumentation. One type

used at the Naval Weapons Laboratory (Dahlgren) is a photographic recording galvanometer. The dimensions are

127 mm in diameter by about 610 mm long and the unit can

usually be located entirely within the larger weapons being

tested. Up to 14 separate galvanometer movements can record

simultaneously on the same chart. A smaller unit is also

available for applications where space is limited.

The output from the TCI-EED is fed to a galvanometer

winding which has sufficient sensitivity to deflect with very

small currents (microamps or less) . A spot of light reflects

from a mirror located on each of the galvanometer movements

and is focused onto the light sensitive chart paper. The

chart is exposed during a measurement, after which it can be

removed from the instrument and developed using a wet process.

The sensitivity of the instrument is a function of the

particular galvanometer movement chosen and usually decreases

for the faster responding types. The response time of the

galvanometers in use is 20-50 milliseconds.

17
The instrument is powered by batteries which are housed

in a removable canister to simplify recharging. This power

pack usually takes up more than half the total volume of

the recorder.

In evaluating the recorder several favorable features

were noted. The fact that the recorder yields a permanent

record allows an evaluation of the input power to the

TCI-EED as a function of time. The recorder can usually

be located entirely within the weapon system being evaluated.

Thus, there are no external wires to perturb or couple to

rf fields. Also, instrumenting a weapon system does not

require modifying the umbilical connector or weapon skin as

is necessary when externally telemetering the data. It

allows testing of relatively complex weapons systems having

several EED's since the recorder can accommodate up to 14

recording channels.

A few undesirable features were also noted. The delay

between the occurrence of the measurement and the availability

of the data can be a serious shortcoming. Overload conditions,

as well as insufficient signal conditions, can result in

useless data. These situations do not become obvious until

the chart has been developed. In smaller weapons there may

not be sufficient room to locate the recorder. In this case

the recorder must be located outside the weapon and this

requires wiring between the weapon and the recorder. The

need for developing the exposed chart by a wet process

requires the availability of a processing facility. The use

of galvanometers in the instrument requires that it be stable

during a test. Thus, it is not suitable for in-flight tests.

The following recommendations are made for effective

use of the recorders in EED testing.

18
Acceptance testing--The recorder is well suited

to initial qualification testing of relatively

large weapons systems, such as the HERO tests.

For this type of test, time, equipment, and

qualified personnel are available to perform

the large scale modifications necessary to

install the recorder in the weapon system.

Post modification testing--The recorder can be

used in a few instances for testing a weapon

system after a field modification. This is

practical only when the recorder can be installed

without additional modification to the weapon.

Often in this situation, neither the time nor

the equipment is available to mount the recorder.

2.8. Optical Readout for use with TCI-EED

Another type of readout instrumentation used with

TCI-EED's is a system which uses an optical transmission

link. Problems with the miniature recorder system described

above include relatively large size, large power requirement

and the fact that it is not real time. These limitations

are mostly overcome with the optical system used by Picatinny

Arsenal

.

In this system, as many as 28 TCI-EED outputs are

commutated and measured in sequence at a rate of 785 per

second. The commutated thermocouple outputs are then applied

to a sensitive voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) . This

voltage to frequency conversion obviates the need for stable

dc amplifiers. The VCO output drives a power amplifier

which in turn drives a light emitting diode (LED) at a frequency which is proportional to thermocouple voltage. The

operations described thus far are accomplished inside the

19
weapon being tested for susceptibility. The total package

is, however, smaller and requires less dc power than the

miniature recorders.

The output from the LED is transmitted through a length of fiber optic tubing to an rf data telemetry link.

The section of fiber optic tubing is a means of getting the

thermocouple voltage information out of the weapon under test

without disturbing the irradiating rf field or coupling rf

energy into the thermocouple.

The telemetry receiver feeds information to both a magnetic tape storage and a video display. Observing the

video display gives data in almost real time. This system

would be used for the same type of testing as the miniature

recorder system and requires nearly equal weapon system

modification, etc. It would not normally be sensitive to

vibration, however, and is typically smaller than the

miniature recorder.

3 . SUMMARY

There are several stray-energy monitor devices presently

used for electroexplos ive device safety testing. The

National Bureau of Standards has evaluated some of these

devices and has found that no single device is entirely

satisfactory for all test situations. The following summary

lists the most useful devices for three general test categories

Type of Test Useful Device

System TCI-EED

Qualification

and

Acceptance

Testing

Video Diode

Comments

Quantitative output.

No pins-to-case information.

Errors increase above 1 GHz.

Used with miniature recorders

or fiber optic data output

system

.

Needs further development.

20
Type of Test Useful Device

Fly-by Piston Actuator

or Post

Modi f ication

Testing

Manganin Gage

EED with Temp.

Sensitive Paint

Comments

Go, No-Go.

Possible uncertainty in safety

margin due to rf impedance

difference between SEM and EED.

Decreasing sensitivity above

1-2 GHz.

Useful for short pulse or

transient signals.

Repeated tests using different

temp, ranges can estimate

magnitude of stray energy.

Flight-Line

or Post

Modification

Pre-Flight

Test

Piston Actuator Go, No-Go.

Volt-Ohmmeter

or

Flight Line

Stray Energy

Tester

Good for finding wiring errors,

faulty cables and relays, etc.

DC to 30 MHz.

This list is to be used as a guide and not as justification

for discarding any one particular test procedure or device

in favor of another. Most of the test devices are useful

in the right situation but can lead to erroneous conclusions

when used beyond their capabilities.

21
4. REFERENCES

Barker, D. B., et al , Research and development

leading to perfection of instrumentation of electroexplosive devices, Vol. II, Denver Research Inst.,

Univ. of Denver, March 1962, ASTIA No. 278385.

Air Force Accident Report (Restricted)

.

Mason, B. A., The use of tempilaq 45 in RF hazard

trials using the X2/H series of igniters, Royal

Armament Research and Development Establishment

Memorandum 36/64, July 1964. (Cataloged by DDC

as Ad No. 445156.)

Parker, Robert, A passive technique for measuring

high transient currents, Proc. 25th Annual ISA

Conference, Phil., Pa., Oct. 26-29, 1970.

Progress Report, Evaluation of electroexplos ive

device response to electromagnetic radiation,

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Project 5610,

Task 01, March 1, 1972 to April 30, 1972.

Barker, D. Boyd and Richard K. Fry, A study of

the simulation of instrumented to loaded EED ' s , 1963 Proc. 2nd HERO Congress, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hewitt, Jack G., Jr. and Wesley R. Johnson,

A method for meeting the ordnance susceptibility

test requirements of MIL-E-6051D, International

Electromagnetic Compatability Symposium Record,

July 1972 (IEEE 72 CH0638-7 EMC).

Sons, Richard J., A method for calibrating video

detector instrumented electroexplosive devices for

use in electromagnetic radiation testing. Technical

Memorandum SC-TM-68-273 (Sandia Laboratory), June 1968.

Van Allen, John and Franklin E. White, Stray energy

tester, AF Contract 29 (601) -2843 (Univ. of Denver),

July 15, 1961.

22
(6.88 MM) DIA.

.437"(11 .11 MM)

Figure 1. Section view of typical electroexplosive

device (EED)

.

23
24
25
400

350

300

250

200

150

100

/

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CALCULATED

OUTPUT - V^(. (BRIOGEWIRE

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THERMOCOUPLE OUTPUT

DC CURRENT OH ERIDGEWIRE

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22

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300

250

200

150

100

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TIME IN HINUTES AFTER APPLICATION OF RF TO BRIDGEWIRE

22

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Figure 4. Thermocouple output characteristics with 10 GHz

r£ applied to bridgewire.

26
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30
31

PHASE II

A NEW GO, NO-GO TYPE STRAY ENERGY MONITOR

DEVICE FOR EED SAFETY QUALIFICATION

1. INTRODUCTION

There has been a long-standing need for a sensitive,

broad-band, reliable, go, no-go type stray energy monitor

(SEM) device in testing weapon and space systems for electroexplosive device (EED) safety. Such devices are required, for

example, in routine pre-flight testing of aircraft prior to

loading of ordnance. Other uses include in-flight testing

of new or modified aircraft and to evaluate hazards of ground

radars and other high power rf sources.

The term "stray energy monitor" refers in a broad sense

to a class of devices which are used in safety qualification

testing of systems. For the most part, these devices monitor

power rather than energy. In practice, they are connected to

the firing circuit in place of the actual EED's. Ideally, the

SEM devices actuate at lower power levels than the EED's,

which they replace and thus yield certain safety margins.

These may differ depending on the situation. Where an

accidental EED firing would be a hazard to life or cause

extensive property damage, large safety margins (20 dB) are

required. In less critical cases, lower margins may be

allowed.

To conform with current usage in the literature, the

terms pin and lead refer to one and the same thing. Pin may

be thought of as that part of the input lead wire which lies

inside the case while lead may be thought of as that part

lying outside the case.

33
The normal firing mode of EED's occurs with the firing

voltage connected pin-to-pin as shown in figure 1. These

devices can also fire with accidental pins-to-case voltages

(dc or rf) which may arc through the primary charge from

pins-to-case. Thus, a suitable SEM device should monitor

pins- to-case (p-c) voltage as well as pin- to -pin (p -p) power.

Other possible firing modes in EED's include heating of

the header material due to dielectric losses and direct

heating of the primary charge due to its dielectric loss in

rf and microwave fields. These two modes have not been

fully evaluated and the device described in this paper was

not designed to monitor for accidental firing in these modes.

A description and evaluation of existing SEM devices

and appropriate literature references are given in a companion

paper[l]. Most of these devices were developed during the

past fifteen years during which EED's came into large scale

use in weapon and space systems. A brief summary of the

various types and their performance characteristics are given

here for comparison with the new SEM described in this paper.

Existing SEM's can be divided into two basic types,

namely the go, no-go type and the quantitative type. The go,

no-go type merely indicate that some power or energy threshold

has been exceeded during test. Devices of this type include

the piston actuator SEM which is similar to an EED in that it

consists of a 2 ohm bridgewire and a small primary charge.

When the primary charge detonates, a small, captive piston

in the device ejects and indicates the fired condition.

Unfortunately, the power sensitivity of the piston SEM varies

from 0.08 W at dc to nearly 1 W at 8 GHz. Since typical EED's

fire at approximately 1.3 W, the above sensitivity at 8 GHz

provides very little safety margin. Required safety margins

are of the order of 20 dB in accordance with MIL-E-6051D and

hence the piston SEM is unsatisfactory at rf and microwave

frequencies

.

34
Another type of go, no-go SEM employs temperature

sensitive paint which is applied to the bridgewire of a low

power EED such as the Mark I. Following a test, the device

is disassembled and the paint on the bridgewire is examined

under a microscope. If the paint melted during a test, its

texture will change from that prior to melt. Both the

application of the paint to the bridgewire and the examination

after test are tedious operations. In addition, judgment of

the technician is required in determining whether the paint

melted during a test. Because of the inconvenience in use,

the temperature sensitive paint type SEM is considered

marginal. It should be noted, however, that sensitivities of

less than 10 mW have been reported in the literature [ 2 ]

A third go, no-go SEM is the so-called manganin gage [3].

It also employs temperature sensitive paint but on a tapered

heater. The tapered heater allows estimation of the energy

absorbed, rather than of power. Usefulness of this device is

also considered marginal for the same reasons mentioned

previously for the device employing paint on a bridgewire.

In addition to the deficiencies mentioned above, none

of the present devices were designed to detect pins-to-case

voltages. The present devices were therefore deemed inadequate

to meet requirements established by the Air Force. The next

step, then, was to develop a suitable SEM device and it is

the purpose of this paper to describe its design and construction. It should be emphasized that the device described

was designed to detect only those electrical hazards which

heat the bridgewire or can cause arcing from pin-to-case.

35
2. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW SEM

Prior to beginning the design of the new SEM, an analysis

was made of the electromagnetic field configurations into and

inside an EED. As shown in figure 1, the EED circuit consists

of a pair of ungrounded leads which feed into the case through

the header. The SEM is constructed in the same way. It is

assumed that electromagnetic energy, which may be picked-up

on the lead wires, is conducted into the EED (or SEM) through

the input leads. The input leads may form a balanced pair of

conductors (odd mode) and the EM field configuration inside the

EED would be as shown in figure 2a. The leads can also form

a parallel pair(even mode) with shield(case) return and the

field pattern would be as shown in figure 2b.

A more likely occurrence is that an EM field excites

both patterns simultaneously in some proportion. The resultant

composite pattern is obtained by superimposing the modes. As

can be seen, the EM fields at one of the pins (to case) is

reduced and is enhanced at the other. With the proper phase

and amplitude relationships, the p-c field at one pin could

be zero. To cover this eventuality, the SEM is designed

with a thin film fuse from each pin to the case.

The principal performance characteristics desired in

designing the new SEM were the following.

1. Respond to both pin-to-pin power and

pins-to-case voltage.

2. Power threshold in the 10 mW range for p-p

voltages. Voltage threshold of 10 V for p-c

hazards.

3. Flat sensitivity over the frequency range dc

to 10 GHz.

4. Simulate electrical and thermal characteristics

of typical EED's.

36
These characteristics were arrived at in consultation with

the sponsor and were considered the design goals. The 10 mW

power sensitivity was specified so as to yield a 20 dB safety

factor relative to a 1 A, 1 W, no-fire EED . These employ a

1 ohm bridgewire.

Perhaps the most difficult design problem was that of

obtaining threshold sensitivity in the 10 mW range. The only

technique considered adequate to meet the sensitivity and

flatness requirements and respond to power was a thin film

fuse. Wire fuses of fractional mil diameters are available

which will burn-out at approximately 10 mW. However, these

have high resistivities (e . g . , 10 kJ^/inch) and a relatively

large inductive reactance at high frequencies. Since the

bridgewire in typical 1 A, 1 W EED ' s is 1 ohm, a wire fuse

satisfying both the 10 mW power threshold and the 1 ohm

resistance could not be found.

Experiments at NBS showed that thin film fuses with

burn-out power in the 20-30 mW range could be made. Even

though the sensitivity is above the 10 mW design goal, it

was nevertheless, considered adequate. The films are made by

evaporation of a metal or metals which melt at a relatively

low temperature. Metals tried included bismuth, indium and

lead. Bismuth films provide a positive burn-out characteristic

because the metal contracts on melting and clean break in

the film occurs. Unfortunately, to deposit a 2 ohm resistance

using bismuth, the film cross-sectional area is too great to

provide the required power sensitivity for pin-to-pin

monitoring. These films were found satisfactory, however, for

the 2000 ohm fuse for pins-to-case monitoring where the

threshold limit of 10 volts exists. This voltage sensitivity

is more than adequate to detect arcing hazards since the

breakdown of air occurs at approximately 75 V/mil. Spacing

37
for pins-to-case in typical EED's is of the order of 50 to

100 mils or more. Its relationship relative to adequate

monitoring for dielectric heating of the primary charge is

unknown at this time. This mode of firing in EED's has not

been investigated adequately and it is not possible to

estimate maximum allowable voltages.

The development of a suitable 2 ohm film with sharp

burn-out characteristics and low power sensitivity proved to

be a difficult task. First trials were made with indium

films because this metal has relatively high conductivity

and melts at 428 K(155°C). The 2 ohm indium units melted at

approximately 15 mW of absorbed power. Unfortunately, molten

indium wets many materials including the thin polyimide

substrate onto which the films were deposited. Thus, upon

melting, the film resistance undergoes a step function to a higher value (e.g., 3 ohm to 8 ohm) but continues to conduct.

Upon cooling, the resistance returns to near its original

2 ohm value. The indium films could be burned out by increasing the power to 65 mW but this level is somewhat higher

than desired.

Several alloys with low melting temperatures were

tried such as indium-bismuth, indium-tin, and lead-bismuth.

In some cases the resistivity of the alloys was high which

required a very thick film to yield the 2 ohm resistance.

With the indium alloys, the films tended to behave like pure

indium. The indium-tin films began to burn-out at 30 mW

but several seconds were required for completion.

With the failure to produce suitable 2 ohm films with

alloys, it was decided to experiment with pure, low temperature

melting metals other than indium. Lead and tin films were

made and tested and it was found that tin films, made as

shown in figure 3, would burn-out at 25 to 30 mW. This

38
power level is higher than the design goal but, due to a lack

of time for further development it was decided to use tin for

the 2 ohm p-p fuse.

Both the 2000 ohm, p-c, bismuth films and the 2 ohm p-p,

tin film are deposited on a single 0.25 mm (0.001") thick

polyimide substrate. The contact pads are made by depositing

o 0.010 ym (100 A) chromium onto the polyimide followed by

0.05 urn (500 X) gold at a substrate temperature of 523K

(250°C) . Following deposition of the tin and/or bismuth

o films, an additional 0.5 ym (5000 A) deposition of gold was

made onto the pad area and the total fuse heated to 423K

(150°C). In fabricating prototype units, 6 units were

deposited at one time through a mask onto a 25 mm X 25 mm

(1" X 1") polyimide substrate. The fuse strips were then

cut from the large substrate.

The lay-out for attaching the film fuses to the header

pins is shown in figure 4. The gold epoxy is first applied

to the fuse pads and the pads were then pressed against the

pins. Firing at 393K (120°C) for 45 minutes completes the

bonding process

.

An exploded view of the complete SEM device is shown

in figure 5. To insure good contact between the two outer

pins and the case, the case is bonded to the header with

conductive epoxy cement which must be cured at 65°C for

3 hours

.

Because the SEM case is bonded to the header with epoxy,

the SEM cannot be disassembled to detect fuse burn-out by

visual means. Therefore, a small test box was developed

which gives positive indication for burn-out of the 2 ohm

p-p fuse or either of the 2000 ohm p-c fuses. A selector

switch on the box allows a separate check for each mode and

burn-out is indicated when the appropriate red light glows.

39
The circuit is powered by 4 type A dry cells and can easily

be held in one hand. Use of the test box is simple and

straightforward and little operator instruction should be

required. A diagram of the circuit is shown in figure 6 and

a photograph of the prototype model is shown in figure 7.

3. PERFORMNCE CHARACTERISTICS

Measurements to determine the rf performance characteristics of the new SEM device were made using equipment as shown in figure 8. The tuned ref lectometer allows measurement of the net power (P^) absorbed by the SEM to within

about 5 percent. The X-Y recorder is arranged to measure

incident power (P^) on the Y-axis and reflected power (P^)

on the X-axis. Net power is P = P. - P . The instant at ^ n 1 r which burn-out occurs is easily determined because the sudden

change in P^ causes the recorder trace to change slope

abruptly.

The coaxial mount used to hold the SEM during tests is

a special design employing a 7 mm coaxial line. Its

description and construction details are given in the companion

paper[l]. The mount is below resonance at frequencies up to

at least 10 GHz and, therefore, it does not absorb appreciable

power. In measuring the burn-out power of the 2 ohm p-p

fuses, it was necessary to connect one of the SEM leads to

ground in the 50 ohm, unbalanced, coaxial system as shown in

figure 9a. The ground lead in effect shorts one of the p-c

fuses for dc and low frequency signals, but not generally for

high rf and microwave frequencies. The equivalent circuit,

which should be valid from dc to fairly high frequencies, is

shown in figure 9b. The inductance, L, is due to the 7 mm

length of lead between the fuse and the point where the lead

is connected to the outer conductor. The resultant field

40
pattern inside the SEM is probably similar to some superposition of the basic odd and even modes.

Earlier, it was mentioned that the burn-out power for

the 2 ohm p-p tin fuse was 25 to 30 mW. This is the burnout power when the 2 ohm fuse alone is mounted in the header.

When the two 2000 ohm p-c fuses are added, with the pin

connection as shown in figure 9, they absorb additional power.

This fact can be appreciated by referring again to figure 9b,

where it can be seen that at high frequencies, current in the

2 ohm leg of the circuit tends to flow through the 2K ohm

resistor rather than through L. The net result is that with

the addition of the p-c fuses, the net input power required

to burn-out the 2 ohm fuse increases with frequency. An

analysis of the equivalent circuit showed that 3 times as much power is required to burn-out the 2 ohm fuse at about

10 GHz than at dc. Results of tests, shown in figure 10,

tended to verify this. Net power to the SEM required to

burn-out the 2 ohm p-p fuse was 30 mW at dc and increased to

90 mW at 10 GHz. This is a decided improvement over prior

SEM's where up to 800 mW of rf power is required for response

of the device. This loss in sensitivity is the price paid

for adding the capability to test for hazardous p-c voltages.

The degree to which the fuse-type SEM simulates the

electrical characteristics of typical EED ' s is considered

adequate. The 1 ohm resistance of EED bridgewires is

adequately simulated by the 2 ohm p-p fuse. While EED's

are open- circuited pins-to-case , the 2000 ohms resistance of

the p-c fuses in the SEM is not believed a critical degrading

compromise with respect to simulating an EED.

41
4 . SUMMARY

Presently available go, no-go type stray energy monitor

devices (SEM's) used for EED safety qualification testing are

relatively insensitive at rf and microwave frequencies and

do not provide monitoring for hazardous pins-to-case voltages.

A new SEM employing thin film fuses as the sensitive elements

has been developed at the National Bureau of Standards. The

pin-to-pin fuse burns out at 30 to 90 mW at frequencies from

dc to 10 GHz respectively. Also, pins-to-case monitoring

from each pin is provided at a threshold level of 10 V.

These sensitivities are believed adequate for testing of

hazards to accidental firing of 1 A, 1 W EED ' s in the two

modes described.

A small, hand-held test box was constructed which gives

positive indication of burn-out for any of the 3 fuses when

the SEM is connected to it after a test.

42
5. REFERENCES

Melquist, D.G., A.R. Ondrejka, and P. A. Hudson, An

evaluation of available stray energy monitors for

electroexplos ive device (EED) safety qualification,

presented at the 1973 IEEE International Symposium

on Electromagnetic Compatibility, New York, N.Y.,

June 1973.

Mason, B.A. , The use of tempilaq 45 in RF hazard

trials using the X2/H series of igniters, Royal

Armament Research and Development Establishment

Memorandum 36/64, p. 4, July 1964. (Cataloged by

DDC as AD No. 445156.)

Parker, Robert, A passive technique for measuring

high transient currents, Proc. 25th Annual ISA

Conference, Phil., Pa., pp. 720-1 thru 720-4,

Oct. 26-29, 1970.

43
44
Figure 2. Field configurations in two-conductor

shielded transmission line

a. Balanced (odd mode)

b. Parallel (even mode)

45
Figure 3. Dimensions of thin film fuses.

46
Figure 4. Arrangement o£ fuses for attachment

pins-header assembly.

47
THIN FILM

INPUT

LEAD

HEADER

Figure 5. Exploded view o£ complete SEM device.

48
1/1 t/) 1

c; ce o t c£ UJ o Q 1

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53
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Remote Initiation with Non-Coherent Light

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1971, 1-8-1 thru 1-8-5

RF Susceptibility Analysis and Proposed RF Susceptibility Test

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Oct. 1970, 83 pages

The Safety of EEDs in the Naval Electromagnetic Environment

Chesterman, F. J.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-1.1 thru 3-1.12

Present Status of HERO Instrumentation

Connelly, Marion P., Jr.

Naval Weapons Laboratory Tech. Report TR-229 5

May 1969, 19 pages

The Lightning Arrestor-Connector — A New Concept in System

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Cooper, J. Arlin and Leland J. Allen

1972 IEEE International EMC Symposium Record

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July 1972, 194-199

56
Vacuum Deposited Thin Film Bridges in Electroexplosive Devices

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1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 1-6.1 thru 1-6.12

Instrumentation for Research, Evaluation and Quality Control

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Davey, C. T., W. S. Weiss and W. J. Dunning

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 4-5.1 thru 4-5.12

Minuteman HERO Testing

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Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

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1971, II-8-1 thru II-8-8

The Theory of Induced Electrical Transients in Unscreened

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Drysdale, H.

Royal Aircraft Establishment, Ministry of Aviation, London

Technical Note No. WE. 28

Jan. 1964, 70 pages

HERO Supporting Studies

Faunce, Norman P. and Paul F. Mohrbach

The Franklin Institute for U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

Aug. 1 to Aug. 31, 1962, (N178-8102) , 15 pages

HERO Supporting Studies

Faunce, Norman P. and Paul F. Mohrbach

The Franklin Institute for U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

Sept. 1 to Sept. 30, 1962, (N178-8102) , approx . 40 pages

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Faunce, Norman P. and Paul F. Mohrbach

Progress Report P-B19 80-10 (Franklin Institute Labs. R/D)

(U.S. Naval Weapons Lab. Contract No. N178-8102)

Apr. 1963, 13 pages

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Technical Report F-B1980 (Franklin Institute Labs. R/D)

(U.S. Naval Weapons Lab. Contract No. N178-81Q2)

Sept. 30, 1963, 69 pages

A Jet-Edge Oscillator for Sensing Electrical Currents

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U.S. Army Materiel Command, Harry Diamond Laboratories

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Verification of the Apollo Standard Initiator with Respect to

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Fredrickson, R. L., A. Woronow, M. E. Alvarez,

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North American Aviation, Inc. (Contract NAS9-150, CCA 412)

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An Application of a Thermal Explosion Criterion to the Initiation

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Friedman, M. H. and R. L. McCally

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-11.1 thru 3-11.11

Near Field Coupling to Aircraft in the 1-30 MHz Band

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1968 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium Record

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1968, 253-261

A Microcircuit Bridge for High-Reliability Electro-Explosive

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1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-5.1 thru 3-5.25

Further Advances in Microcircuit Bridge Technology

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1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 1-11.1 thru 1-11.12

HERO Testing: Techniques and Procedures

Grove, Richard E.

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory Tech. Memorandum

Sept. 1960, 21 pages

Nondestructive Measurement of the Quality of Electroexplosive

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Time Domain Reflectometry in Reliability Testing

Hewett, L. L. and J. R. Petri ck

1966 Annual Symposium Reliability (IEEE, Institute

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58
Radio Frequency Instrumentation Amplifier

Hewitt, Jack G., Jr.

Sandia P. O. 73-2948 (Final Report, U. Denver Research

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Sept. 15, 1967, 55 pages

Instrumentation for Making Broadband Measurements on Electroexplosive Devices

Hewitt, Jack G., Jr.

6th EED Symposium, San Francisco CA (Denver Research Inst.)

1969 , 3-11. 1 —3-11. 17

A Method for Meeting the Ordnance Susceptibility Test

Requirements of MIL-E-60 51D

Hewitt, Jack G. , Jr. and Wesley R. Johnson

19 72 IEEE International EMC Symposium Record

IEEE 72 CH0638-7EMC

July 1972, 50-55

Instrument Techniques for Monitoring Electrical Transients

Holtman, R. F. and L. W. Olson

Air Force Avionics Laboratory

Technical Report AFAL-TR-6 8-29

Dec. 1968, 138 pages

The Initiation of Electric Fuze Primers by Electrostatic

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Kabik, I. and J. N. Ayres

NAVORD Report 176 2 (U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab.)

Jan. 18, 1951, 11 pages

A Mathematical Analysis of Ordnance Circuitry to Determine

the Susceptibility to Stray RF Fields

Klima, Jon E.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 4-9 .1 thru 4-9 .29

Nondestructive Testing of Apollo CSM Spacecraft Ordnance Devices

by Neutron Radiography

Knight, W. H., A. L. Kitchens, N. M. Ewbank and G. Gigas

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 2-11.1 thru 2-11.16

A Reliability Test Method for "One-Shot" Items

Langlie, H. J.

U.S. Army Contract DA-04-495-ORD-1835 (Aeronutronic Div.

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Aug. 10, 1962, 70 pages

59
Fabrication of Vacuum Deposited Thermocouples and Associated

Electro-Explosive Device Simulators

Larsh , W. N.

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory Tech. Memorandum

Mar. 1961, 8 pages

A New Technique for Detecting the Initial Reaction of Primary

Explosives Initiated by Hot Wire

Leopold, Howard S.

U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Nov. 7, 1969, 21 pages

Recent Observations on the Hot Wire Initiation of Primary

Explosives

Leopold, Howard S.

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, I-l-l thru 1-1-4

Laser Energized Explosive Device System

Lewis, Donald J.

1967 Proc. EED Symposium (Phila. , PA)

1967, 2-8.1 thru 1-8.22

Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation by Apertures; I. Normal

Incidence on the Slotted Plane

Libelo, L. F. and J. Bombardt

NOLTR 70-5 8 (U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab.)

Apr. 2, 1970, 46 pages

Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation by Apertures; II.

Oblique Incidence on the Slotted Plane for Parallel Polarization

Libelo, L. F. and J. Bombardt

NOLTR-72-25 (U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab.)

Jan. 15, 1972, 39 pages

The Use of Tempilaq 45 in R.F. Hazard Trials Using the X2/H

Series of Igniters

Mason, B. A.

R.A.R.D.E. Memorandum 36/64 (United Kingdom)

July 196 4, approx. 20 pages

Comparative Effects of CW and Radar Signals on EED Bridgewire

Temperature

Mayes, O. W. and Charles Carlson

19 69 Proc. EED Symposium (San Fancisco, CA)

1969, 4-12.1 thru 4-12.15

60
Adaptation of Fault Tree to the Safety Analysis of Pyrotechnic

Devices

McClay, R. E. and M. M. Hoobchaak

Proc. 7th. Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, 1-7-1 thru 1-7-10

Direct Laser Initiation of Insensitive Explosives

Menichelli, Vincent J. and L. C. Yang

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, III-2-1 thru III-2-8

Interrelationship of Nondestructive Testing to Fault

Determination

Menichelli, Vincent J. and Louis A. Rosenthal

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, II-5-1 thru II-5-7

Fault Determinations in Electroexplosive Devices by

Nondestructive Techniques

Menichelli, Vincent J. and Louis A. Rosenthal

NASA Technical Report 32-1553 (Jet Propulsion Lab.)

Mar. 15, 1972, 18 pages

Initiation of Insensitive Explosives by Laser Energy

Menichelli, Vincent J. and Lein C. Yang

JPL Technical Report 32-1557

June 1, 19 72, 23 pages

Special Radio Frequency Tests on Apollo Standard Initiator

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Mohrbach, Paul F., Robert F. Wood and Victor W. Goldie

Tech. Report F-B230 3-4 (Franklin Institute Research Lab.)

(Final Report, Contract No. NAS-9-3787-4 for NASA)

Apr. 196 6, 50 pages

Effects of Radio Frequency Stimuli on Electroexplosive Devices

Mohrbach, Paul F. and Robert F. Wood

196 7 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila. , PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-9.1 thru 2-9.8

RF Evaluations of the Stray Electrical Energy Indicator (SEEI)

Mohrbach, P. F. and R. R. Raksnis

Tech. Report F-C2142 (Franklin Institute Research Lab.)

(Final Report, Contract No. NAS9-7601 for NASA)

Jan. 1968, 15 pages

61
Monograph on Computation of RF Hazards

Mohrbach, Paul F. , Ramie Thompson, Robert F. Wood and

Daniel J. Mullen

Franklin Institute Research Laboratories

Prepared for: NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center

July 1968, 70 pages

Development of An Ordnance Circuit RF Filter

Mohrbach, P. F. and D. J. Mullen

1969 Proc. FED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 1-12.1 thru 1-12.13

Determining Ratings of RF Suppression Devices

Mohrbach, P. F., R. F. Wood and R. H. Thompson

1969 Proc. FED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 4-14.1 thru 4-14.17

The Development of a Fixed Gap Electrostatic Spark Discharge

Apparatus for Characterizing Explosives

Montesi, Louis J.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 2-8.1 thru 2-8.15

Determination of Responses of Protected and Unprotected Electric

Initiators to Electrical Stimuli: Special Technical Report on

Metavac, Incorporated Ferrite-Ceramic RF Attenuator Protective

Device

Musil, V. P.

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

(Research & Development Project conducted by Genistron,

Inc., Los Angeles, CA) Report No. 2400-5754-3

Feb. 26, 1965, (N178-8290) 85 pages

Initiation of Electroexplosive Devices by Lightning

North, H. S.

19 69 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-8.1 thru 3-8.6

A Passive Technique for Measuring High Transient Currents

Parker, Robert

Proc. 25th Annual ISA Conference (Phila. , PA)

Advances in Instrumentation

1970, Vol. 25, Pt. 3, 720-1 thru 720-4

Problems in Sensitivity Testing of "One Shot" Electro-Explosive

Devices

Peckham, Herbert D.

(19 6 5 Aerospace Conference Proceedings)

IEEE Trans. Aerospace (Supplement)

June 1965, Vol. AS-3, No. 2, 628-633

62
Experimental Distribution of Bruceton Test Statistics

Peckham, Herbert D.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila. , PA, June 13-14)

1967, 4-10.1 thru 4-10.12

ELectromagnetic Compatibility Analysis of the 0 A 0 Fairing

Electro-Explosive Circuitry

Pelland, P. L.

General Dynamics/Convair for NASA/LeRC

Report No. ZZK-65-019

1965, 55 pages

Electro-Explosive Device Pulse Reflection Checkout Technique

Petrick, J. R.

(1965 Aerospace Conference Proceedings)

IEEE Trans. Aerospace (Supplement)

June 1965, Vol. AS-3, No. 2, 634-637

Recent Developments in Modeling the Hotwire Igniter

Petrick, John T. and Robert L. Montgomery

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, 1-4-1 thru 1-4-6

Experiments in the Protection of EED's from Electrostatic

Discharge

Pierson, Edward G.

19 69 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-6.1 thru 3-6.11

Measurement of Induced Electrical Transients in Aircraft

Armament Wiring

Rams ay , A . A

.

Royal Aircraft Establishment, Ministry of Aviation, London

Technical Note No. WE. 30

Jan. 1964, 64 pages

Lightning Surge Current Hazards to Semi-Conductors and

Electroexplosive Systems

Robb, J. D. and J. R. Stahmann

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila.., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-4.1 thru 2-4.16

Radiofrequency-Interference Protection for Pyrotechnic Systems

in Manned Spacecraft

Robinson, Robert L.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-2.1 thru 2-2.14

63
Preliminary Report on the Effect of Radio-Frequency Energy on

Electric Squibs

Rodgers , Eric

U. Alabama, Physics Dept., Tech. Report No. 1

Dec. 15, 1952, 16 pages

Electro-Thermal Equations for Electro-Explosive Devices (U)

Rosenthal, Louis A.

U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab., NAVORD Report 6684

Aug. 15, 19 59, 4 8 pages

The Harmonic Generation Technique for the Determination of

Thermal Characteristics of Wire Bridges Used in ElectroExplosive Devices (U)

Rosenthal, Louis A.

NAVORD Report 6691

Sept. 9, 1959, 21 pages

Generator Delivers Constant Current or Voltage Pulses

Rosenthal, Louis A.

Electronics

Sept. 16, 1960, Vol. 33, No. 28, 82-84

A Cooling Curve Generator and Its Application to ElectroExplosive Device Studies (U)

Rosenthal, Louis A.

NAVWEPS Report 7313

Dec. 15, 1960, 17 pages

Thermal Response of Bridgewires Used in Electroexplosive Devices

Rosenthal, Louis A.

Review Scientific Instruments

Sept. 1961, Vol. 32, No. 9, 1033-1036

Electrothermal Measurements of Bridgewires Used in Electroexplosive Devices

Rosenthal, Louis A.

IEEE Trans. Instrumentation & Measurement

June 1963, Vol. IM-12, No. 1, 17-21

Nonlinear Bridge for Electrotheimal Measurements

Rosenthal, Louis A.

Review Scientific Instruments

Aug. 1965, Vol. 36, No. 8, 1179-1182

Millisecond Switch for Electroexplosive Testing

Rosenthal, Louis A.

IEEE Trans. Instrumentation & Measurement

Mar. 1969, Vol. IM-18, No. 1, 19-22

64
Thermal Conductance Measurement in Electroexplosive Devices by

Self-Balancing Bridge Techniques

Rosenthal, Louis A.

Review Scientific Instruments

Mar. 1971, Vol. 42, No. 3, 321-326

Fiber Optics in Explosive Functioning-Time Measurement

Rosenthal, Louis A.

IEEE Trans. Instrumentation & Measurement

Aug. 1971, Vol. IM-20, No. 3, 154-158

Terminated Capacitor-Discharge Firing of Electroexplosive Devices

Rosenthal, Louis A. and V. J. Menichelli

IEEE Trans. Instrumentation & Measurement

May 1972, Vol. IM-21, No. 2, 177-180

Screening at V.H.F. — Efficacy of Metallic Surfaces

Roston, B.

Wireless Engineer

July 1948, Vol. 25, No. 298, 221-230

Energy Transfer in Electrostatic Arcs

Schroeder, C. F. , Jr.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-5.1 thru 2-5.10

A Method of Measuring the Relative Intensity of Electromagnetic

Environments with Respect to HERO

Schwab, Helmut A. and Roger W. Carson

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory Tech. Report TR-217 7

June 19 68, 3 8 pages

RF Protection in Electro-Explosive Devices Through the Use of

R-L-C Networks

Sidoti, Joseph E.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-8.1 thru 2-8.7

A Method for Calibrating Video Detector Instrumented

Electroexplosive Devices for Use in Electromagnetic Radiation

Testing

Sons, Richard J.

Technical Memorandum SC-TM-6 8-2 73 (Sandia Laboratory)

June 19 68, 33 pages

Safety Certification of New Pyrotechnic Devices

Sullivan, T. J. and Mrs. J. A. McDevitt

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila., PA)

1971, III-6-1 thru III-6-8

65
Electrostatic-Insensitive Detonator for Precise Synchronization

Taylor, Boyd C.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 1-10.1 thru 1-10.13

Short Pulse Testing

Thompson, R. H. and V. Goldie

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, II-6-1 thru II-6-12

Explosive Actuation — Fast - Powerful - Reliable

Throgmorton, T. J.

Control Engineering

Aug. 1962, Vol. 9, No. 8, 71-74

Evaluation of an Automated Electrical Transient Monitor

for Field Use

Tomlinson, Kenneth W. and Edward W. Taylor

Air Force Avionics Laboratory

Technical Report AFAL-TR-70 -110

Aug. 1970, 44 pages

Stray Energy Tester

Van Allen, John and Franklin E. White

U.S. Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirkland, NM

AF Contract 29 (601) -2843 (U. of Denver)

July 15, 1961, 106 pages

A Broadband RF Filter/Attenuator Plug for Wire Bridge ElectroExplosive Devices (EED's)

Warshall, Theodore and Paul F. Mohrbach

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-2.1 thru 3-2.12

The EMI Hazard Measuring System

Watton, William L. , Malcolm G. Brown and William B. Scamaton

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-4.1 thru 3-4.17

Use of Neutron Radiography for Visual Non-Destructive Examination

of Ordnance Components

Wilson, Cr. R. and W. B. Breakey

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 2-10.1 thru 2-10.13

Characterization of the MK 1 MOD O Squib - Impedance

Measurements in the Frequency Range 50 - 150 0 Megacycles (U)

Wyatt, R. M. H.

NAVORD Report 6 826

May 31, 1960, 31 pages

66
Technical Manual: Air Force Communications Service (E-1 Standard)

Electromagnetic Radiation Hazards

Change 2, T.O. 31Z-10-4

June 1, 1971, 161 pages

Design Handbook Series 1-0 General —Electromagnetic Compatibility

AFSC DH 1-4

Jan. 10, 1972, approx. 75 pages

Engineering Design Handbook - Hardening Weapon Systems Against

RF Energy

U.S. Army Materiel Command, AMCP 706-235

Feb. 19 72, approx. 220 pages

Plastic Materials Reduce P-Static Interference in Aircraft

Communications

Communications Designer's Digest

Apr. 1969, Vol. 3, No. 4, 38, 40

Antennas, Transmission Lines Major Influence on Radiated

Interference in Receivers

Communications Designer's Digest

Sept. 1968, Vol. 2, No. 9, 34-35

Technique Cuts Repeatability Errors of Shielded-Room Field

Strength Measurements

Communications Designer's Digest

Sept. 1968, Vol. 2, No. 9, 35-38

Binomial Wave Synthesis Proposed for Data Pulses to Cut

Broad-Band EMI

Communications Designer's Digest

Nov. 1968, Vol. 2, No. 11, 30-31

Model Predicts Effect of Pigtail Terminations on Interference

Tests

Communications Designer's Digest

Oct. 1969, Vol. 3, No. 10, 45-47

67
Models Predict Effect of Pulse Parameters on Radar Emmission

Spectra

Communications Designer's Digest

Dec. 1969, Vol. 3, No. 12, 34, 36-38

Measurement Tool Gauges Effectiveness of Cable Shielding to

300 MHz

Communications Designer's Digest

Jan. 1970, Vol. 4, No. 1, 17-19

EMC Measurements Aim at Characterizing Cable Interference

Parameters

Communications Designer's Digest

Jan. -Feb. 1971, 54-56

Computer-Derived Tables Solve EMI Shielding Equations in Minutes

Communications Designer's Digest

July-Aug. 1971, 37-40

Radio Frequency Energy--A Potential Hazard in the Use and

Transportation of Electric Blasting Caps

The Explosives Engineer

July-Aug. 1953, Vol. 31, No. 4, 116-117

Summary and Project Briefing Supplement: Project 5610,

Task 01 Briefing

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

Mar. 15, 1972, 48 pages

Electroexplosives Safety Qualifications

ASD/ENVCC Project 5610 (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

under AEC Contract W-7405-Eng. 36)

Mar. 15, 1972, 75 pages

R&D Contract Status Report for

Evaluation of Electroexplosive Device (EED)

Response to Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Project 5610, Task 01 (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

under AEC Contract W-7405-ENG-36)

Mar. 1 to Apr. 30, 19 72, 60 pages

68
Operation and Maintenance Manual - Model 560 Series Oscillograph

Midwestern Instruments

1962, approx. 20 pages

Power Densities at Apollo/Saturn Assembly and Launch Complexes

as a Result of High Power RF Emitters

Kennedy Space Center TR-5 6 3 (NASA)

Sept. 15, 1967, approx. 50 pages

Low Band Pass Transformer

Daystrom, Weston Instruments Div. , for Naval Weapons

Laboratory, Dahlgren, VA, Contract No. N178-8080

Tech. Progress Report, Phase I

July 1, 1962, to Oct. 31, 1962, 41 pages

Design Principles and Practices for Controlling Hazards of

Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO Design Guide)

NAVWEPS OD 30 393

June 15, 1965, 100 pages

Determination of Responses of Protected and Unprotected Electric

Initiators to Electrical Stimuli — Special Technical Report on

Theory, Parameters and Measurement Methods

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

(Research & Development Project conducted by Genistron,

Inc., Los Angeles, CA) Report No. 2400-5754-1

June 4, 1965, (N178-8290) 77 pages

LEED Systems (Laser Energized Explosive Device)

Space Ordnance Systems, Inc., Technical Report 6221

Mar. 1, 1968, 67 pages

Military Specification: Bonding, Electrical, and Lightning

Protection, for Aerospace Systems

MIL-B-50 87B (ASG)

Oct. 15, 196 4/ approx. 30 pages

Military Specification: Bonding, Electrical, and Lightning

Protection, for Aerospace Systems

MIL-B-50 87B(ASG) - Amendment 2

Aug. 31, 19 70, 4 pages

69
Military Specification: Electronic Equipment, Airborne/

General Specification for

MIL-E-5400N

Nov. 30, 19 71, approx. 50 pages

Military Specification: Electromagnetic Compatibility

Requirements, Systems

MIL-E-6051D

Sept. 7, 1967, approx. 20 pages

Military Specification: Interim Amendment - Electromagnetic

Compatibility Requirements, System

MIL-E-60 51D - Amendment 1 (USAF)

July 5, 196 8, 1 page

Military Specification: Electronic Equipment, Aerospace,

Extended Space Environment, General Specification for

MIL-E-8983A

Nov. 30, 1971, 29 pages

Military Specification: Interference Control Requirements,

Aircraft Equipment

MIL-I-6181D

Nov. 25, 1959, 31 pages

Military Specification: Interference Control Requirements

Aircraft Equipment

MIL-I-6181D - Notice 6

July 24, 1969, 1 page

Military Specification: Preclusion of Hazards from

Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance, General Requirements for

MIL-P-24014 (WEP)

Jan. 30, 1964, 10 pages

Military Specification: Preclusion of Hazards from Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance, General Requirements for

MIL-P-24014 (WEP) - Amendment 3

Sept. 22, 1965, 7 pages

70
Military Standard: Test Methods for Electronic and Electrical

Component Parts

MIL-STD-202D

Apr. 14, 1969, approx. 200 pages

Military Standard: Test Methods for Electronic and Electrical

Component Parts

MIL-STD-20 2D - Notice 1

Apr. 15, 19 70, 6 pages

Military Standard: Method of Insertion-Loss Measurement

MIL-STD-220A

Dec. 15, 1959, 25 pages

Military Standard: Fuze and Fuze Components, Environmental and

Performance Tests for

MIL-STD-331

Jan. 10, 1966, approx.

Military Standard: Fuze and

Performance Tests for

MIL-STD-331 - Change Notice 1

July 24, 1967, 56 pages

Military Standard: Fuze and Fuze Components, Environmental and

Performance Tests for

MIL-STD-331 - Change Notice 2

Dec. 11, 1967, 8 pages

Military Standard: Fuze and Fuze Components, Environmental and

Performance Tests for

MIL-STD 331 - Notice 3

June 11, 1969, 38 pages

Military Standard: Fuze and Fuze Components, Environmental and

Performance Tests for

MIL-STD-331 - Notice 4

Apr. 16, 19 71, 10 pages

300 pages

Fuze Components , Environmental and

71
Military Standard: Fuze and Fuze Components, Environmental and

Performance Tests for

MIL-STD-331 - Notice 5

June 1, 19 71, 14 pages

Military Standard: Inspection, Radiographic

MIL-STD-453

Oct. 29, 1962, 5 pages

Military Standard: Inspection, Radiographic

MIL-STD-453 - Change Notice 1

Sept. 4, 1963, 6 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics

Requirements for Equipment

MIL-STD-461A

Aug. 1, 196 8, 74 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics

Requirements for Equipment

MIL-STD-461A - Notice 1

Feb. 7, 1969, 15 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics

Requirements for Equipment

MIL-STD-461A - Notice 2

Mar. 20 , 1969 , 1 page

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics

Requirements for Equipment

MIL-STD-461A(USAF) - Notice 3

May 1, 1970, 13 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics

Requirements for Equipment, Subsystem and System

MIL-STD-461A - Notice 4 (EL)

Feb. 9, 19 71, 70 pages

72
Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics,

Measurement of

MIL-STD-462

July 31, 1967, 94 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics,

Measurement of

MIL-STD-462 - Notice 1

Aug. 1, 196 8, 6 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics,

Measurement of

MIL-STD-462 (USAF) - Notice 2

May 1, 19 70, 8 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics,

Measurement of

MIL-STD-462 - Notice 3 (EL)

Feb. 9, 1971, 137 pages

Military Standard: Environmental Test Methods

MIL-STD-810B (USAF)

June 15, 1967, approx . 125 pages

Military Standard: Environmental Test Methods

MIL-STD-810B (Notice - 1) (USAF)

Oct. 20, 1969, 68 pages

Military Standard: Environmental Test Methods

MIL-STD-810B (Notice - 2) (USAF)

Sept. 29, 1969, 17 pages

Military Standard: Environmental Test Methods

MIL-STD-810B (Notice - 3) (USAF)

Sept. 18, 1970, 18 pages

Military Standard: Environmental Test Methods

MIL-STD-810B (Notice - 4) (USAF)

Sept. 21, 1970, 8 pages

73
Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Test Requirements

and Test Methods

MIL-STD-826A(USAF)

June 30, 1966/ 114 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Test

Requirements and Test Methods

MIL-STD-826A(USAF) - Notice 1

July 10, 1967, 8 pages

Military Standard: Electromagnetic Interference Test

Requirements and Test Methods

MIL-STD-826A(USAF) - Notice 3

Jan. 25, 1968, 1 page

Military Standard: Effectiveness of Cable, Connector, and

Weapon Enclosure Shielding and Filters in Precluding Hazards of

Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance; Measurement of

MIL-STD-1377 (Navy)

Aug. 20, 1971, 29 pages

B. Basic Characteristics of EED's

On the Minimum Ignition Energy of the Electric Detonator

Akazaki, M. and S. Hokari

J. of Inst. Elec. Engrs . Japan

Mar. 1960, Vol. 80, No. 858, 349-354 (Japanese)

A Heat Transfer Study of Hot Wire Ignition of a Metal-Metal

Oxide Mixture

Austing, J. L., J. E. Kennedy, D. H. Chamberlain and

R. H. Stresau

1967 Proceedings FED Symposium (Phila. , PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-8.1 thru 3-8.24

Properties and Performance of Aluminum-Plated Pyrotechnics for

Electroexplosive Device Applications

Austing, James L. and Robert F. Remaly

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, III-5-1 thru III-5-12

Development and Functional Characteristics of the XM8 Squib

Betts , R. E. and W. P. Williams

Report No. RK-TR-62-6 (U.S. Army Missile Command)

Oct. 26, 1962, 33 pages

74
Detached Electrode Electroexplosive Devices

Chamberlain D. H. and R. H. Stresau

19 69 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 1-8.1 thru 1-8.22

Response of Atlas Type F Squibs to Very Short Pulses

Charlton, A. Lloyd

Picatinny Arsenal Tech. Memorandum 20 24

Sept. 1971, 26 pages

Numerical Thermal Analysis of Electro-Explosive Device

Dansby, H. Bishop and William B. Freeman

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, 1-2-1 thru 1-2-6

Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Effects on lA/lW

No-Fire Initiators

Davenport, D. E.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila. , PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-1.1 thru 3-1.19

Quantitative Predictions of EED Firing Characteristics

Davenport, D. E. and Herbert Reynolds

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 2-6.1 thru 2-6.24

The Development of a Solid State Explosive Initiator

Flagg, Robert F., Ernest J. Stecker and

Lewis E. Hollander, Jr.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 4-2.1 thru 4-2.16

Liquid Desensitized Initiators

Heinemann, Robert W.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-10.1 thru 3-10.6

Characterization of Squib MK 1 MOD 0; Sensitivity to 9KMC Radar

Pulses

Kabik , I. and C. Goode

U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab.

NOLTR 2 6-77

Aug. 31, 1962, 24 pages

Electrostatic Tests of MK86 Mod 0 and MK87 Mod 0 Detonators

Kelly, M. G. and R. G. Amicone

Naval Weapons Center (Franklin Institute Research Labs.)

Final Report F-C2299 , Navy Contract N62738-69-M-0217

August 196 8, 8 pages

75
An Investigation of Insensitive Electric Initiators

I. 1-amp/l-watt No-Fire Initiator

Menichelli, Vincent J.

NOLTR 65-10 3 (U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab.)

Sept. 1965/ 25 pages

Insensitive Electric Initiators

Menichelli, Vincent J.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposiuin (Phila. , PA^ June 13-14)

19 67, 3-2.1 thru 3-2.10 '

Evaluation of a Modified T77 Electric Detonator with Glass Plug

Miller, Edward L.

Picatinny Arsenal, NO OTS

Tech. Memorandum 10 86

Feb. 19 63, 32 pages

RF Evaluation of the Single Bridgewire Apollo Standard Initiator

Mohrbach , Paul F. and Raymond R. Raksnis

Tech. Report F-B230 3-9 (Franklin Institute Research Lab.)

(Final Report, Contract No. NAS9-3787 Task 9 for NASA)

Aug. 19 67, 4 8 pages

Precision RF Sensitivity Studies (Evaluations of MARK 1 MOD 0

Squib and MARK 2 MOD 0 Ignition Element)

Mohrbach, Paul F., Robert F. Wood and Norman P. Faunce

The Franklin Institute for U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

Final Report F-B1805

Jan. 23, 1961 to Aug. 15, 1962, approx. 40 pages

The Electrostatic Spark Sensitiveness of Initiators: Part I

Introduction and the Study of Spark Characteristics

Moore, P. W. J., J. F. Sumner and R. M. H. Wyatt

Explosives Research & Development Establishment Report

No. 4/R/56

Mar. 1956, 30 pages

Determination of Responses of Protected and Unprotected Electric

Initiators to Electrical Stimuli: Special Technical Report on

Spark Gap Squibs

Musil, V. P.

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

(Research & Development Project conducted by Genistron,

Inc., Los Angeles, CA) Report No. 2400-5754-4

Mar. 12, 19 65 , (N178-8290) 83 pages

Development of the XM6 7 Close Tolerance Delay Element

Peterson, William R.

Air Force Systems Command, Systems Engineering Group

Technical Report SEG-TR-6 7-17

June 1967, 27 pages

76
Designing Electro-Explosive Devices for Electrostatic

Insensitivity

PittS/ L. D.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila. , PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-7.1 thru 2-7.25

Response of Electroexplosive Devices to Impulsive Waveforms

Rosenthal, L. A. and V. J. Menichelli

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila. , PA)

1971, II-4-1 thru II-4-6

Worst-Case Analysis of Squibs in an RF Field

Sabaroff, Samuel

IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility

Dec. 1967, Vol. EMC-9 , No. 3, 147-148

Electric Detonators for Navy Guided Missile Applications

Experimental Studies of Four Concepts

Stresau, R. , R. Petersen, and D. Chamberlain

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-4.1 thru 3-4.36

Electric Detonators with "Markite" Electrically Conductive

Plastic Bridge Elements

Stresau, R. H., R. L. Peterson, S. A. Corren and M. A. Coler

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-6.1 thru 3-6.17

Electrical and Thermal Considerations in the Design of

Electro-Explosive Devices

Stresau, R. H., R. Peterson and D. Chamberlain

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 3-9.1 thru 3-9.34

Electrical and Thermal Considerations in the Design of

Electroexplosive Devices

Stresau, R. H.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 2-7.1 thru 2-7.20

Exploding Bridgewire Detonator, Failure Analysis Report

Tarpley, R. C.

MDAC Spec. Control No. 7865742-1, McCormick-Selph P/N805630

Lot. No. 254-4, S/N 2119, Model No. Saturn IVB

Dec. 1968, 106 pages

77
Effect of Radiofrequency Energy on Electroexplosive Devices

Wood, R. F.

Non-ionizing Radiation

June 1969, 32-38

Electro-Explosive Devices

Interference Technology Engineers Master

1971, 38-39

Quarterly Progress Report on Guided Missile Propulsion System

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO)

RF Characteristics of Electro-Explosive Devices

U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

Task NOL-443

July 1- Sept. 30, 1964, 8 pages

Special Technical Report on Aerojet Pulse-Sensitive Squib

U.S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

(Research & Development Project conducted by Genistron,

Inc., Los Angeles, CA) Report No. 2400-5754-7

Aug. 12, 1965, (N178-8290) 19 pages

A Study of the Sensitivity of Pyrotechnic Materials to Laser

Energy

Space Ordnance Systems, Inc., NASA Contract No. NAS7-670

Feb. 28, 1969, 50 pages

Military Specification: Initiators, Electric, Design and

Evaluation of

MIL-I-23659B(AS)

June 3, 1966, 20 5 pages

Military Specification: Initiators, Electric, Design and

Evaluation of

MIL-I-23659B(AS) - Amendment 1

May 17, 196 7, 1 page

78
C. Conference Proceedings and Sources of EED Information

A Bibliography of t±ie Electrically Exploded Wire Phenomenon

(With Annotations)

Chace, William G.

Geophysics Research Directorate Research Notes, No. 2

Nov. 1958, 69 pages

Information Sources for EED '

Cohn, Gunther

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila. , PA, June 13-14)

1967, 4-4.1 thru 4-4.6

Information Sources for Explosives and Pyrotechnics

Cohn, Gunther

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 2-15.1 thru 2-15.6

Exploding Wire Phenomena

Korneff, Theodore, William Simmons and Herbert Goronkin

U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Bedford, MA

(Temple University, Contract No. F19628-67-C-0250 , Project

No. 8608, Task, No. 860804, Unit No. 86040401)

Final Report AFCRL-70-0224

Mar. 1, 1967 through Feb. 28, 1970, 127 pages

Pyrotechnic Hazard Classification

McLain, Joseph H.

Proc. 7th Symposium on Explosives & Pyrotechnics

(Phila., PA)

1971, II-lO-l thru II-10-2

Demy thologizing Electrostatics

Pitts, L. D.

1969 Proc. EED Symposium (San Francisco, CA)

1969, 3-7.1 thru 3-7.21

Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance

Price, R. M.

1967 Proceedings EED Symposium (Phila., PA, June 13-14)

1967, 2-1.1 thru 2-1.12

Bibliography: Exploding-Wire Phenomena

Richardson, W. H.

Sandia Corp. under AEC Contract AT- ( 29-1) -789

Nov. 1958, 26 pages

79
Electric Detonators - 1954 Proceedings of the Symposium

Picatinny Arsenal & The Franklin Institute

Sept. 1954, Approx. 400 pages

1957 Electric Initiator Symposium

Picatinny Arsenal

Sept. 19 57, Approx. 50 0 pages

1963 Proceedings Electric Initiator Symposium

Picatinny Arsenal

Oct. 19 63, Approx. 50 0 pages

First Seminar on Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance

(HERO) at China Lake, CA

NOTS TP 4272

June 1967, approx. 10 0 pages

196 7 Proceedings Fifth Symposium on Electroexplosive Devices

Franklin Institute Research Laboratories

June 196 7, Approx. 40 0 pages

Lightning and Static Electricity Conference, Part I. Abstracts

U.S. Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson AFB , OH

AFAL-TR-6 8-29 0

Oct. 1968, 59 pages

Lightning and Static Electricity Conference, 3-5 December 196 8

Part II. Conference Papers

Technical Report AFAL-TR-6 8-29 0 , Part II

May 19 69, approx. 80 pages

19 69 Proceedings Sixth Symposium Electroexplosive Devices

Franklin Institute Research Laboratories

July 1969, Approx. 700 pages

19 71 Proceedings 7th Symposium Explosives and Pyrotechnics

Franklin Institute Research Laboratories

Sept. 19 71, Approx. 40 0 pages

80
1972 IEEE International Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium

Record

IEEE Group on Electromagnetic Compatibility

July 1972, 357 pages

Design Handbook Series 2-0 Aeronautical Systems: Armament

AFSC DH 2-5 (Air Force)

Dec. 10, 19 71, approx. 10 0 pages

Military Specification: Electronic Equipment, Missiles,

Boosters and Allied Vehicles, General Specification for

MIL-E-8189F

Nov. 30, 19 71, approx. 40 pages

Military Standard: Standard General Requirements for Electronic

Equipment

MIL-STD-454C

Oct. 15, 19 70, approx. 20 0 pages

Military Standard: Standard General Requirements for Electronic

Equipment

MIL-STD-454C - Notice 1

May 19, 19 71, 19 pages

Military Standard: Standard General Requirements for Electronic

Equipment

MIL-STD-454C - Notice 2

Dec. 1, 19 71, 30 pages

Military Standard: Definitions and System of Units,

Electromagnetic Interference Technology

MIL-STD-463

June 9, 19 66, 7 pages

Military Standard: Definitions and Systems of Units Electromagnetic Interference Technology

MIL-STD-463 - Notice 1

Mar. 2, 1972, 2 pages

Military Standard: Human Engineering Design Criteria for

Military Systems, Equipment and Facilities

MIL-STD-1472A

May 15, 19 70, 20 5 pages

81
D. Explosives and Safety (General)

Design Handbook Series 1-0 General - System Safety

AFSC DH 1-6 (Air Force)

July 20, 1971, 3rd Ed., approx. 650 pages

Safety - Explosives Safety Manual

Air Force Manual 127-10 0

Dec. 2, 1971, 80 pages

Explosives Safety Handbook

Safety Office

GP-469, John F. Kennedy Space Center (Supersedes KSC

Explosives Safety Handbook SP-4-43-S, Mar. 15, 1965 and

KSC Solid Propellants Handbook SP-4-45-S, Feb. 1, 1965)

July 1, 19 68, approx. 20 0 pages

Military Standard: System Safety Program for Systems and

Associated Subsystems and Equipment: Requirements for

MIL-STD-882

July 15, 1969, 17 pages

E. Miscellaneous

ELF Electromagnetic Radiation from Small Explosive Charges in

Air and Water

Curtis, George D.

Proceedings IRE

Nov. 1962, Vol. 50, No. 11, 2298-2301

Lightning Hazard to Rockets During Launch I Kasemir, Heinz W.

ESSA Tech. Report ERL 143-APCL 11

Dec. 1969, 10 pages

Lightning Hazard to Rockets During Launch II

Kasemir, Heinz ^W.

ESSA Tech. Report ERL 144-APCL 12

Jan. 19 70, 9 pages

Calibration of Atmospheric Electric Field Meters and the

Determination of Form Factors at Kennedy Space Center

Kasemir, H. W.

NOAA Tech. Memorandum ERL APCL-11

Apr. 19 71, 88 pages

82
Basic Theory and Pilot Experiments to the Problem of

Triggering Lightning Discharges by Rockets

Kasemir, H. W.

NOAA Tech. Memorandum ERL APCL-12

Apr. 19 71/ 42 pages

Sources and Effects of Electrical Charge Accumulation and

Dissipation on Spacecraft

Sabaroff, Samuel

IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility

Dec. 1965, Vol, EMC-7, No. 4, 437-444

Design Handbook Series 1-0 General - General Index and Reference

AFSC DH 1-1 (Air Force)

Dec. 1, 19 70, 2nd Ed., approx. 60 0 pages

Study Cautions Lunar Link Designers Not to Neglect Earth

Interference

Communications Designer's Digest

Nov. -Dec. 1967, Vol. 1, No. 2, 30-31

Unipotential Reference System Viewed as Optimum Grounding

Technique

Communications Designer's Digest

Mar. 1968, Vol. 2, No. 3, 28-29

Thesis Evaluates Plans for Spectrum Management; Calls for

Centralization in Stages

Communications Designer's Digest

Mar. 1968, Vol. 2, No. 3, 29-31

Applications Stressed in the 46 Papers and Three Panels of the

IEEE EMC Symposium

Communications Designer's Digest

July 1968, Vol. 2, No. 7, 38, 40-42, 45-46

EMC Problems with Plasmas, Analysis and Ship Conversion Aired

at Cocoa Beach Meeting

Communications Designer's Digest

July 1968, Vol. 2, No. 7, 46-48

JTAC Committee Reports Findings of Four-Year Study on Use

of Radio Spectrum

Communications Designer's Digest

Aug. 196 8, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2 8-30 ^ 83
Controversy and Congestion Relief on the Program for This Year'

EMC Symposium

Communications Designer's Digest

Apr. 1969, Vol. 3, No. 4, 36, 38

Chart Simplifies Shield Selection for Plugging RF Enclosure

Leaks

Communications Designer's Digest

Nov. 1969, Vol. 3, No. 11, 33

Multi-Level Continuous Sampling Procedures and Tables for

Inspection by Attributes

Inspection and Quality Control Handbook (Interim) H 106,

(Dept. of Defense)

Oct. 31, 1958, 117 pages

84
FORM NBS-114A (1-71) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. 2. Gov't Accession

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA xitjctd t t t o •? SHEET NBSIR 73-323

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

A Program to Evaluate/ Improve Instrumentation and

Test Methods for Electroexplos ive Device Safety

Qualification

5. Publication Date June 1973

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(s) Paul A. Hudson, Dean G. Melquist,

Arthur R. Ondrejka, and Paul E. Werner

8. Performing Organization

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Boulder Labs.

UhPAKlMhNl Or CUMMhKCh

Boulder, Colorado 80302

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 2725439

11. Contract/Grant No. F33615-72-5013

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

Department of the Air Force

Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC)

Wright - Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433

13. Type of Report & Period ffffg^-im Report

to Sponsor

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) Adequate qualification of weapon systems for EED safety has been a long-standing problem in the military services. During the past 15 years

various instrumentation, test devices, and methods have been developed

with some success. In this report, available devices and instrumentation

are evaluated with respect to sensitivity to low power levels, broadband

response, ease of use, etc. This work is included in Phase I of the

program.

In Phase II the objective was to develop a new go, no-go type stray

energy monitor (SEM) with sensitivity in the tens of milliwatts range

and response up to at least 10 GHz. A description is given of the new

SEM which employs thin film fuses and monitors both pin-to-pin and

pins-to-case hazardous voltages. Safety factors obtainable with the new

device are in the 15 dB range relative to a 1 A, 1 W EED.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Electroexplosive device safety; electromagnetic compatibility;

electromagnetic interference; squib.

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

1 1 UNLIMITED.

rXl FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 66244-P71

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