IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN RE TIBCO SOFTWARE INC.

STOCKHOLDERS LITIGATION

CONSOLIDATED

C.A. No. 10319-CB

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Date Submitted: July 23, 2015

Date Decided: October 20, 2015

Stuart M. Grant and Cynthia A. Calder of GRANT & EISENHOFER, P.A., Wilmington, 

Delaware; Mark Lebovitch, David Wales, Edward G. Timlin and John Vielandi of 

BERNSTEIN LITOWITZ BERGER & GROSSMANN LLP, New York, New York; 

Francis Bottini, Jr. of BOTTINI & BOTTINI INC., La Jolla, California; Juan E. 

Monteverde and James Wilson, Jr. of FARUQI & FARUQI LLP, New York, New York; 

Counsel for Lead Plaintiff.

Tamika Montgomery-Reeves and Bradley D. Sorrels of WILSON SONSINI 

GOODRICH & ROSATI, PC, Wilmington, Delaware; Steven M. Schatz, David J. Berger 

and Katherine L. Henderson of WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI, PC, Palo 

Alto, California; Counsel for Defendants TIBCO Software Inc., Vivek Ranadivé, Nanci 

Caldwell, Eric Dunn, Manuel A. Fernandez, Phillip Fernandez, Peter Job, David J. West 

and Philip Wood.

Gregory P. Williams, Anne C. Foster and J. Scott Pritchard of RICHARDS, LAYTON & 

FINGER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware; Yosef J. Riemer, P.C., Matthew Solum, David S. 

Flugman and Shireen A. Barday of KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP, New York, New York; 

Counsel for Defendants Balboa Intermediate Holdings, Balboa Merger Sub, Inc., and 

Vista Equity Partners V, L.P. 

Kevin G. Abrams, J. Peter Shindel, Jr. and Matthew L. Miller of ABRAMS & BAYLISS 

LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Paul Vizcarrondo, Jr., Carrie M. Reilly, Steven Winter and 

Luke M. Appling of WACHTELL, LIPTON, ROSEN & KATZ, New York, New York; 

Counsel for Defendant Goldman, Sachs & Co.

BOUCHARD, C.
This decision is round two of an action in which a stockholder of TIBCO Software 

Inc. challenges the per-share consideration that a private equity fund (“Vista”) agreed to 

pay to acquire TIBCO in a merger that closed on December 5, 2014. The merger 

agreement provided for stockholders to receive $24 per share. Based on the number of 

fully diluted shares of TIBCO outstanding, which was accurately reflected in the merger 

agreement, a $24 per share price implied an aggregate equity value for the transaction of 

approximately $4.144 billion. 

Plaintiff does not challenge the sale process that led to a $24 per share merger 

price, which plaintiff acknowledges was a “good outcome” and which over 96% of 

TIBCO’s stockholders voted to accept. The rub here is that Vista and TIBCO both 

operated under a mistaken belief that the aggregate equity value implied by the 

transaction was approximately $4.244 billion—approximately $100 million or $0.57 per 

share more than what was reflected in the merger agreement. This mistaken belief arose 

from a capitalization spreadsheet for TIBCO that double-counted certain shares. That 

spreadsheet was used by Vista during the bidding process and by TIBCO’s financial 

advisor, Goldman, Sachs & Co., in its fairness analysis.

The share count error was discovered after the parties had signed the merger 

agreement on September 27, 2014. Over two weeks later, on October 16, 2014, TIBCO 

filed its preliminary proxy statement for the merger disclosing the share count error, 

which prompted plaintiff to file this action and seek to enjoin the merger. In its 

preliminary injunction motion, plaintiff pressed claims for reformation of the merger 

agreement and breach of fiduciary duty concerning the alleged failure of the TIBCO 
board to take any action after the share count error was discovered to obtain the 

additional $100 million in equity value it thought the transaction was supposed to yield.

On November 25, 2014, I issued an opinion denying plaintiff’s motion for a 

preliminary injunction (the “PI Opinion”). Regarding the reformation claim, I explained 

that plaintiff had demonstrated a reasonable probability of success of proving by clear 

and convincing evidence that Vista and TIBCO both operated under a mistaken

assumption that the implied equity value of the merger was $4.244 billion. I further 

concluded, however, that plaintiff had failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability of 

proving by clear and convincing evidence—as required under Delaware law to reform a 

contract—that Vista and TIBCO had specifically agreed before signing the merger 

agreement that the merger would be consummated at an aggregate equity value of $4.244 

billion. The record instead demonstrated that what Vista offered and what TIBCO 

accepted when they negotiated the final terms of the merger agreement had been 

expressed in terms of dollars per share (i.e., $24 per share) and not in terms of an 

aggregate equity value.

I did not reach the merits of the fiduciary duty claim in the PI Opinion because 

plaintiff had failed to demonstrate the existence of irreparable harm due to the availability 

of a damages remedy, and because the balance of the equities clearly weighed in favor of 

permitting TIBCO’s stockholders to decide whether or not to approve the merger and 

accept $24 per share for their stock of TIBCO, which they have now done.

After the merger closed, plaintiff, with the benefit of having taken some discovery, 

amended his complaint. The amended complaint asserts claims for reformation, breach 

2
of fiduciary duty, aiding and abetting (against Goldman), professional malpractice 

(against Goldman), and unjust enrichment (against Vista and Goldman). Defendants 

moved to dismiss the amended complaint in its entirety for failure to state a claim for 

relief. For the reasons explained below, I conclude that all of the claims, except the claim 

for aiding and abetting claim against Goldman, fail to state a claim for relief. 

The reformation claim is legally deficient for the same reason plaintiff came up 

short at the preliminary injunction phase of this case. Specifically, plaintiff has failed to 

allege facts demonstrating the existence of an antecedent agreement between Vista and 

TIBCO inconsistent with the price term of the merger agreement. Thus, although I am 

sympathetic to plaintiff’s desire to recover the additional $100 million that Vista 

apparently was willing and intended to pay to acquire the equity of TIBCO, his claim for 

reformation simply does not pass muster under the strict requirements of Delaware law 

for modifying the unambiguous terms of a contract.

As to the fiduciary duty claim, I conclude that the complaint states at most a claim 

for a breach of the duty of care by TIBCO’s directors for their alleged failure to 

adequately inform themselves in the wake of the discovery of the share count error about 

certain basic matters one rationally would expect a board to explore to properly assess its 

options. But because the directors are exculpated for breaches of the duty of care, the 

fiduciary duty claim will be dismissed. That claim, however, forms the predicate for an 

aiding and abetting claim that has been sufficiently pled against Goldman. In particular, 

the amended complaint alleges facts from which it is reasonably conceivable that 

Goldman knowingly participated in a breach of the TIBCO board’s duty of care by

3
creating an informational vacuum when it failed to apprise the board of a critical piece of 

information: that, during the crucial period in October 2014 when the board was 

considering options concerning the share count error, Vista admitted to Goldman that it 

had, in fact, relied on the erroneous share count in making its $24 per share offer.

Plaintiff’s professional malpractice claim against Goldman, which is asserted 

under California common law, fails to state a claim based on my review of precedents 

suggesting that California law would not allow investors to sue a financial advisor they 

are not in privity with for negligence to recover purely economic losses. Finally, the 

unjust enrichment claims are dismissed because the subject matter concerning each of 

those claims is governed by a comprehensive contract.

I. BACKGROUND1

A. The Parties

Defendant TIBCO Software Inc. (“TIBCO” or the “Company”), a Delaware 

corporation based in Palo Alto, California, is in the enterprise software industry. TIBCO 

1 Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited in this opinion are based on the allegations in 

the Verified Second Amended Class Action Complaint (“Complaint”), documents 

integral to or incorporated in it, or facts of which the Court may take judicial notice. The 

Complaint was filed on March 3, 2015, and incorporates much of the factual record that 

had been developed during expedited discovery in connection with plaintiff’s motion for 

a preliminary injunction that was heard in November 2014. Thus, the factual background 

recited below largely tracks the factual recitation in the PI Opinion. 

In the PI Opinion, I referred to the additional per share amount attributable to the share 

count error as being $0.58 per share. In this opinion, I use the figure $0.57 per share as 

referenced in the amended pleading. See Compl. ¶¶ 2, 153.

4

 
is named as a defendant solely as a necessary party for the claim to reform the Agreement 

and Plan of Merger dated as of September 27, 2014 (the “Merger Agreement”).

Defendants Vivek Ranadivé, Nanci Caldwell, Eric C.W. Dunn, Manuel A. 

Fernandez, Philip M. Fernandez, Peter J. Job, David J. West, and Philip K. Wood were 

the eight members of the TIBCO board of directors (the “Board”) during the events in 

question. Each was a director from at least June 2014 until the merger (hereafter, the 

“Merger”) closed, with three directors having joined the Board in 2014. Ranadivé was 

the Chairman of the Board and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer from the 

Company’s founding in 1997 through the closing of the Merger. The individual director 

defendants are referred to collectively as the “Director Defendants.”

Defendant Vista Equity Partners V, L.P. (“Vista V”) is a fund affiliated with 

private equity firm Vista Equity Partners. It formed two entities to acquire TIBCO: (i) 

defendant Balboa Intermediate Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability (“Balboa”); 

and (ii) its merger subsidiary, defendant Balboa Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation

(“Merger Sub”). For simplicity, I refer to these three defendants collectively as “Vista.”

Defendant Goldman, Sachs & Co. (“Goldman”) is an investment bank. It had 

been TIBCO’s financial advisor before the Board initiated the sale process. In September 

2014, a special committee formed to manage the sale process hired Goldman to act as its 

financial advisor. For its advisory services and its fairness opinion in connection with the 

Merger, Goldman received $47.4 million from TIBCO.

Plaintiff Paul Hudelson was a TIBCO stockholder at all relevant times. He brings 

this lawsuit individually and on behalf of a class of all TIBCO stockholders, excluding 

5
defendants and their affiliates, during the period from September 26, 2014 through the 

closing of the Merger on December 5, 2014.

B. TIBCO Decides to Explore a Sale Transaction

During the first half of 2014, several private equity firms contacted Ranadivé, then 

TIBCO’s Chairman and CEO, to express interest in possible transactions, including a 

potential acquisition of the entire Company. The Board did not immediately pursue these 

inquiries. 

On June 3, 2014, TIBCO pre-announced its financial results for the second quarter 

of 2014, which were lower than Wall Street’s estimates. On June 6, 2014, the Board held 

a special meeting to discuss the Company’s financial outlook and a potential sale of the 

Company. Representatives of Goldman attended the meeting and gave a presentation on 

TIBCO’s general market position and strategic alternatives.

On July, 11, 2014, the Board called a second special meeting after receiving 

additional market analysis from Goldman. At the July 11 meeting, the Board instructed 

Goldman to engage in a comprehensive review of the strategic alternatives available to 

the Company. On July 29, 2014, at a third special meeting, the Board formally decided 

to explore a possible sale of the entire Company. The Board decided to reach out to the 

financial sponsors that had expressed interest earlier in 2014 in acquiring the entire 

Company.

C. The Board Forms a Special Committee to Manage the Sales Process

On August 16, 2014, the Board held a fourth special meeting, attended by

representatives of Goldman. The Board determined to engage in further review of the 

6
strategic alternatives available to the Company and to form a special committee for that 

review comprised of defendants Caldwell, Dunn, and West (the “Special Committee”). 

The Special Committee was authorized to engage advisors and charged with reviewing 

all strategic alternatives available to TIBCO and making a recommendation to the Board

regarding a course of action. On August 18, 2014, the Special Committee held its first 

meeting, during which it directed Goldman to contact a list of potential acquirers limited 

to those who would potentially buy the entire Company.

While Goldman had been analyzing possible strategic alternatives for TIBCO 

from at least June 2014 and negotiating with potential acquirers starting in August 2014, 

the relationship was not formalized until September 1, 2014, when Goldman signed an 

engagement letter (the “Engagement Letter”). The Engagement Letter entitled Goldman 

to a $500,000 retainer, which would be the only compensation Goldman would receive if

no transaction occurred, and to a transaction fee of 1% of the “aggregate consideration” 

paid for the Company’s equity securities, assuming a transaction was done at $24.50 per 

share or less. Under this arrangement, almost 99% of Goldman’s final transaction fee of 

$47.4 million became contingent on closing a transaction.

D. Goldman Provides Information about TIBCO’s Capital Structure to 

the Two Highest Bidders

On September 3, 2014, the Company issued a press release announcing the 

formation of the Special Committee to review the strategic and financial alternatives 

available to TIBCO. Goldman assumed responsibility for negotiations with potential 

acquirers, and for managing TIBCO’s electronic data room of due diligence materials and 

7
responding to the bidders’ diligence-related questions. Throughout late August and 

September, Goldman discussed an acquisition of the Company with twenty-four potential 

acquirers. Two serious bidders eventually emerged: Vista and Sponsor B. They were 

the only bidders to receive access to the data room.

On August 30, 2014, Vista submitted a non-binding indication of interest for “an 

all-cash transaction at $23.00 to $25.00 per share of common stock and common stock 

equivalents.”2 Vista’s initial proposal included an express assumption about the 

approximate number of shares of outstanding common stock and stock-based awards to 

be acquired.

In late August, Vista and Sponsor B sought diligence information regarding 

TIBCO’s share count. TIBCO and Goldman prepared a spreadsheet showing the number 

of fully diluted shares that would need to be acquired in a merger as of August 15, 2014 

(the “First Cap Table”). The First Cap Table did not list the number of fully diluted 

shares—it was up to the bidders to compute that number.3

 Instead, the First Cap Table 

listed (i) the total number of shares of common stock outstanding and (ii) line items 

2 Compl. ¶ 41.

3 As noted in the PI Opinion, it appears that a fully diluted share count was not provided 

because that number is partly a function of the per-share consideration. That is, as the 

per-share offer price increases, the amount of proceeds to be received by the holders of 

in-the-money options also increases and, thus, the number of share equivalents necessary 

to cover the in-the-money value of the options increases as well. For this reason, when 

Goldman provided the First Cap Table (and the subsequent versions described later), it 

also provided data on the exercise prices of the outstanding options and stock-based 

awards. I use “fully diluted shares” to refer to the sum of the share equivalent of the 

outstanding options and other stock-based awards at the offered consideration (based on 

the weighted average exercise price) plus the outstanding shares of common stock. 

8

 
detailing options and various categories of stock-based equity awards outstanding, which 

were totaled together separately from the common stock outstanding. One of these line 

items stated that there were approximately 4.3 million unvested restricted shares 

outstanding.

It could not be determined from the face of the First Cap Table (or from 

subsequent versions created by Goldman and the Company) that those 4.3 million 

unvested restricted shares also were included in the outstanding common stock total. 

Thus, these restricted shares were being double-counted—once as unvested restricted 

shares and again as outstanding common shares. This double-counting of unvested 

restricted shares is at the heart of TIBCO’s and Vista’s misunderstandings about the total 

purchase price of the Merger. 

According to plaintiff, the cap tables provided to Vista led it to believe that in 

assessing its bid and articulating it on a per-share basis, it had to divide the total purchase 

price it was willing and able to pay by a greater number of shares outstanding than in fact 

existed. The cap tables told Vista, in essence, that it had to spread the per-share merger 

consideration to over four million shares that did not exist.4

In mid-September 2014, Vista and Sponsor B requested updated share count 

information from Goldman. TIBCO and Goldman prepared an updated spreadsheet 

reflecting the Company’s share count as of September 19, 2014 (the “Second Cap

Table”). The Second Cap Table contained the same share count error as the First Cap

4 Compl. ¶ 44.

9

 
Table: the unvested restricted shares (now approximately 4.2 million shares) were listed 

as a component of the outstanding stock-based equity awards, and were included in the 

outstanding common stock total, without any notation of this double-counting. Goldman 

sent the Second Cap Table to the bidders on September 21, 2014.

On September 23, 2014, Sponsor B submitted a proposal to acquire TIBCO for 

$21 per share. On September 24, 2014, Vista submitted a bid to acquire TIBCO for $23 

per share. On September 25, 2014, Sponsor B raised its proposal to $22.50 per share. On 

September 25, 2014, after Sponsor B raised its proposal, Goldman asked the bidders to 

submit final proposals by early afternoon on September 26, 2014.

During the morning of September 26, 2014, the Board and Special Committee 

held a joint meeting attended by Goldman representatives and TIBCO management. At 

this meeting, Goldman reviewed Vista’s $23 per share and Sponsor B’s $22.50 per share 

proposals. The Board told Goldman to maximize the consideration offered by the 

competing bidders, and discussed the financial model and forecasts that Goldman would 

use in preparing a fairness opinion.

E. Vista Calculates its Maximum Bid 

The Complaint explains that a private equity firm like Vista typically looks for a 

per-investment target internal rate of return (“IRR”) somewhat higher than its target IRR 

for its overall fund. Target IRR can be expressed in terms of a targeted return on a cashon-cash basis, or a “hurdle rate,” or can be expressed as an expectation that an acquired 

asset can be sold for X times the purchase price within Y years. To evaluate whether it 

can expect to achieve a minimum hurdle rate, a private equity firm will look at the 

10
target’s projections and potential exit value at the end of the investment period. Running 

the projections and exit value through the private equity firm’s financial model will 

determine how much it believes the target is worth. The private equity firm will then 

assess its ability to finance the acquisition and the expected cost of doing so. Based on 

these calculations, the firm determines the maximum aggregate investment it can make in 

the target company and still have a reasonable expectation of achieving its targeted return 

(i.e., meeting its hurdle rate), nets out any costs or debt assumption obligations, then 

divides the aggregate equity value by the number of shares and share equivalents 

outstanding to determine the maximum per-share price it can offer. In short, as plaintiff 

explains, the total enterprise and equity valuation necessarily comes first, and the pershare price is calculated thereafter.

5

During the morning of September 26, 2014, an internal committee of Vista that 

was responsible for approving acquisition bids (the “Vista Committee”) met to discuss 

the maximum bid Vista could make using the methodology described above.

6 At the 

conclusion of the meeting, the Vista Committee approved a proposal to acquire TIBCO 

for up to the maximum aggregate value that would allow Vista to achieve its hurdle rate. 

That amount was $4.237 billion of equity value, which represented a $4.305 billion 

enterprise value. Based on the share count information Vista had received to date, the 

$4.237 billion in equity value translated into a maximum price of $24.25 per share.

5 Id. ¶¶ 47-49, 51, 55-56.

6 Id. ¶¶ 61-62. 

11

 
F. The Discovery of the LTIP Share Count Error and the Final Bids

On September 26, after the Vista Committee meeting but before Vista had 

submitted a higher bid, TIBCO discovered an error in the share count information in the 

Second Cap Table, but not the share count error at the heart of this case. Specifically, the 

Second Cap Table omitted approximately 3.7 million shares in the Company’s Long 

Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP”), and thus understated the common stock outstanding 

by approximately 3.7 million shares. To correct the LTIP share count error, TIBCO and 

Goldman revised the Second Cap Table to reflect the Company’s share count as of 

September 25, 2014 (the “Final Cap Table”). The Final Cap Table properly identified the 

approximately 3.7 million LTIP shares as a separate line item within the outstanding 

stock-based awards category, but it still failed to note that the unvested restricted shares 

(which now totaled 4,147,144 shares) that were listed as a separate line item in that same 

category also were included in the total common stock outstanding. Thus, the error 

concerning unvested restricted shares remained unrectified.

Immediately after discovering the LTIP share count error, Goldman informed the 

bidders, and the submission of final bids was suspended until revised share count data 

could be circulated. Later in the afternoon on September 26, Goldman sent Vista 

summary share count data, which corrected the LTIP share count error, but which still 

double-counted the unvested restricted shares. Vista responded that it wanted a full, 

updated capitalization table “in the exact format” used for the prior cap tables. Goldman 

then sent the Final Cap Table to the bidders. 

12
After receiving the Final Cap Table, Vista reran its internal leveraged buyout 

financial model and prepared an updated investment committee memorandum reflecting 

the new share count. Because correction of the LTIP share count error informed the 

bidders that there were more shares than previously understood, the total aggregate equity 

value that would allow Vista to meet its hurdle rate translated to a lower price per share. 

After correcting for the LTIP share count error, the maximum Vista could bid decreased 

from $24.25 per share to $23.97 per share. On the basis of its revised analysis, Vista 

submitted a proposed final bid of $23.85 per share, which implied an aggregate equity 

value of $4.217 billion and an enterprise value of $4.284 billion—each about $21 million 

lower than the maximum aggregate value that the Vista Committee had authorized earlier 

in the day. 

In the same timeframe, Sponsor B submitted its final proposal of $23.75 per share. 

Goldman told Vista and Sponsor B that their bids “were not materially differentiated.” 

After further negotiations, Goldman asked both Vista and Sponsor B to submit revised 

“best and final” offers that evening. Vista raised its bid from $23.85 to $24 per share

(Vista’s “Final Bid”). Based on the then-current share data, Vista’s Final Bid of $24 per 

share implied an aggregate equity value of $4.244 billion and an aggregate enterprise 

value of $4.311 billion.

Late in the evening on October 26, 2014, Goldman told Vista that it had won the 

auction with its Final Bid. Goldman also told Vista that TIBCO’s counsel would be in 

touch with Vista’s counsel to finalize a merger agreement, which counsel for Vista and 

13
TIBCO had been negotiating during the bidding process. The goal was to sign a merger 

agreement, if approved by the Board, the next morning.

A few minutes after midnight on September 27, 2014, Vista’s counsel emailed 

Vista’s equity commitment letter to TIBCO’s counsel (the “Equity Commitment Letter”), 

which contemplated financing the Merger from Vista’s cash on hand. Specifically, in the 

Equity Commitment Letter, Vista V “commit[ed], conditioned upon (i) satisfaction, or 

waiver . . . of all conditions precedent . . . and (ii) the contemporaneous consummation of 

the Merger, to contribute . . . an aggregate amount up to $4,859,000,000 . . . in cash in 

immediately available funds” to Balboa, the Vista entity formed to make the acquisition.

7

A “spreadsheet showing the calculations used to arrive at the amount of the 

commitment” was attached to the email forwarding the Equity Commitment Letter. That 

spreadsheet shows that the largest component of the $4,859,000,000 commitment amount 

was the equity value payable to stockholders of $4.244 billion. This amount was 

calculated by multiplying $24 per share by approximately 176.8 million fully diluted 

shares outstanding, which number of shares had been derived from the Final Cap Table.

G. TIBCO Accepts Vista’s Offer

On September 27, 2014, the Special Committee and Board held concurrent 

telephonic meetings to review Vista’s Final Bid of $24 per share and Sponsor B’s final 

proposal of $23.75 per share. Representatives of Goldman were in attendance. Goldman 

presented its opinion on the fairness of Vista’s Final Bid to the Board, which was based 

7 Id. ¶ 83.

14

 
on the inaccurate share count data from the Final Cap Table. In its “Summary of Key 

Economic Terms,” Goldman advised the Board and the Special Committee that (i) the 

implied enterprise value of the proposed Merger was $4.311 billion, (ii) the implied 

equity value to stockholders was $4.244 billion, (iii) Vista would acquire approximately 

176.8 million shares, and (iv) the multiple of enterprise value for the latest twelve 

months’ EBITDA was 18 times. Thus, Goldman’s presentation utilized an erroneous 

share count derived from the Final Cap Table (the same 176.8 million fully diluted share

figure Vista had used in making its Final Bid) when opining that $24 per share was fair.

After its presentation, Goldman delivered its written opinion that Vista’s Final Bid 

was fair from a financial point of view (the “Fairness Opinion”). After Goldman’s 

presentation, the Special Committee unanimously recommended that the Board approve 

the Merger. The Board then unanimously approved the Merger, adopted and approved 

the Merger Agreement, and recommended that TIBCO’s stockholders vote in favor of 

adoption of the Merger Agreement.

H. Key Terms of the Merger Agreement

Later in the morning of September 27, 2014, TIBCO and Vista signed the Merger 

Agreement, which is governed by Delaware law. The Merger Agreement did not state an

aggregate purchase price or an implied equity value. Instead, the Merger Agreement 

specifically provided that, at the effective time of the Merger, each share of TIBCO 

15
common stock would be “automatically converted into the right to receive cash in an 

amount equal to $24.00, without interest.”8

The Merger Agreement included a representation from TIBCO entitled “Company 

Capitalization” (the “Cap Rep”). The Cap Rep stated that there were 163,851,917 

outstanding common shares of TIBCO common stock, a figure that expressly included

the 4,147,144 unvested restricted shares.

9

 The Merger Agreement also accurately listed 

the other outstanding options and stock-based awards. The Merger Agreement thus 

accurately provided the share count data needed for Vista to calculate that, based on the 

$24 per-share price, it would need to acquire 172,670,009 fully diluted shares in the 

Merger—not the 176,817,153 fully diluted shares it assumed it would need to acquire, as 

reflected in the spreadsheet attached to the Equity Commitment Letter.10 

8 Sorrels Aff. Ex. A (Merger Agreement) § 2.7(a)(ii) (Apr. 2, 2015). I take judicial notice 

of the contents of the Merger Agreement, which is a defined term in the Complaint and 

referenced throughout the Complaint. See, e.g., Gerber v. EPE Holdings, LLC, 2013 WL 

209658, at *1 n.12 (Del. Ch. Jan. 18, 2013) (considering limited partnership agreement 

integral to the complaint when it was “given a defined term and referred to explicitly and 

implicitly throughout the Complaint.”).

9 Merger Agreement § 3.7(a)-(b).

10 As explained in the PI Opinion, there were 4,641,716 outstanding options at a weighted 

average exercise price of $13.41. At an offer price of $24 per share, the share equivalent 

of these options is 2,282,165 shares. There were also 2,934,638 shares in other unvested 

stock-based awards and 3,601,289 LTIP shares (after subtracting shares withheld for tax 

purposes). Thus, the total number of fully diluted options and awards at an offer price of 

$24 equated to 8,818,092 (2,282,165 + 2,934,638 + 3,601,289 = 8,818,092). When 

added to the total number of outstanding common shares, this yields a fully diluted 

number of shares of 172,670,009 (163,851,917 + 8,818,092 = 172,670,009). 

16

 
The Merger Agreement also provided a termination right to Vista in the event that 

the Cap Rep was inaccurate at closing and that any inaccuracies, individually or in the 

aggregate, would require Vista to pay more than $10 million above the product of $24 per 

share multiplied by the number of fully diluted shares derived from the Cap Rep.11 This 

$10 million “cap ceiling” reflects the reality that, for a public company, the share count 

may change between signing and closing. For example, during this period, options or 

other stock-based compensation may be granted to newly hired employees or forfeited by 

terminated employees.

Two provisions of the Merger Agreement were negotiated by TIBCO and Vista as 

a percentage of an assumed equity value of $4.244 billion: the termination fee in Section 

8.3(b)(i) and a liability cap in Section 8.3(f).

12 Section 8.3(b)(i) of the Merger 

Agreement provides that TIBCO must pay a fee to Vista under certain circumstances 

where the Merger Agreement is terminated and TIBCO enters into a different transaction 

within one year (the “Termination Fee”). Vista initially requested a Termination Fee 

equal to 3.25% of the equity value of the Merger, but TIBCO negotiated the fee down to 

2.75% of the equity value of the Merger. Section 8.3(b)(i) of the Merger Agreement thus

provides for a Termination Fee of $116,700,000, which, while not expressed as such in 

the Merger Agreement, is equal to 2.75% of an assumed equity value of $4.244 billion

(rounded to the nearest $10,000).

11 Merger Agreement §§ 7.2(a)(iii), 8.1(e).

12 Compl. ¶¶ 95-98.

17

 
Section 8.3(f) of the Merger Agreement defines Vista’s maximum liability for any 

breaches of the Merger Agreement or ancillary agreements (the “Liability Cap”).

According to plaintiff, merger agreements often cap acquirer liability at twice the 

termination fee.13 Under Section 8.3(f), the Liability Cap is $275,800,000, which (while 

again not expressed in percentage terms or by reference to any aggregate value in the 

Merger Agreement) is exactly 6.5% of $4.244 billion, or twice the originally proposed 

termination fee of 3.25%. Although TIBCO negotiated the Termination Fee down from 

3.25% to 2.75%, Vista did not require an equivalent reduction in the Liability Cap. 

I. TIBCO, Vista, and Goldman Make Statements that the Merger Implies 

a $4.3 Billion Enterprise Value 

On September 29, 2014, Vista and TIBCO announced the Merger in a joint press 

release. TIBCO, Vista, and Goldman each participated in drafting the joint press release, 

and had the opportunity to review and sign off on the final version. The joint press 

release stated that:

[U]nder the terms of the agreement, TIBCO stockholders will receive 

$24.00 per share in cash, or a total of approximately $4.3 billion, including 

the assumption of net debt . . . . The total enterprise value for the 

transaction represents more than 18 times TIBCO’s earnings before 

interest, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) for the 12 months ending 

August 31, 2014.14

Although the Equity Commitment Letter provided that Vista would fund the 

Merger in cash, Vista had intended to obtain debt financing for a portion of the 

commitment amount. After the announcement of the Merger, Vista prepared 

13 Id. ¶ 97.

14 Id. ¶ 100.

18

 
presentations for potential lenders and rating agencies regarding the contemplated debt 

financing. Vista’s draft presentations, up to and after the discovery of the share count 

error on October 5, 2014, based Vista’s commitment amount on the implied enterprise 

value (approximately $4.3 billion) that had been derived from the erroneous share count.

For example, a draft rating agency presentation dated October 14, 2014, stated that “[o]n 

September 29, 2014, Vista entered a definitive agreement to acquire TIBCO for $4.3 bn 

in an all-cash transaction inclusive of a refinance of TIBCO’s existing $605mm of 

debt.”15 It was not until October 17, 2014 that Vista’s presentation was modified to 

reflect the enterprise and equity values implied by the correct share count in the Cap Rep.

Up to and after the announcement of the transaction, Goldman similarly expressed 

its belief that the implied enterprise value of the Merger was $4.311 billion. For 

example, Goldman’s September 29, 2014 “case study”—a marketing document the 

Goldman deal team prepared to tout the firm’s services to current and prospective 

clients—highlighted that the Merger had an equity value of $4.244 billion, an enterprise 

value of $4.311 billion, and a multiple of enterprise value to latest twelve months’

EBITDA of 18 times.

J. The Error in the Final Cap Table is Discovered

On Sunday, October 5, 2014, TIBCO’s counsel circulated a draft of the proxy 

statement for the special meeting of the TIBCO stockholders to consider the Merger (the 

“Preliminary Proxy”), which included enterprise and equity values for the transaction 

15 Id. ¶ 103.

19

 
based on the share count numbers set forth in the Merger Agreement. A Goldman 

employee reviewed the draft, and commented in an email that “[t]he aggregate value 

calculation doesn’t look right” compared to the number that had been used in Goldman’s 

analysis. An hour later, Goldman emailed TIBCO’s counsel to discuss whether, in light 

of the data in the Final Cap Table, the reduced “equity value and aggregate value [in the 

Preliminary Proxy] should come out to a different number.”16

After a series of conversations between TIBCO and Goldman, it was discovered 

that the capitalization data that was provided to Vista (and Sponsor B) in the Final Cap

Table (and its earlier versions) had double-counted 4,147,144 unvested restricted shares. 

Decreasing the number of the fully diluted shares (at the $24 per share offer) to account 

for this discrepancy had the effect of reducing the total implied equity value of the 

transaction by about $100 million, from approximately $4.244 billion to approximately 

$4.144 billion. Goldman and TIBCO allegedly did not make an immediate inquiry to 

determine whether Vista or Sponsor B had relied on the incorrect data.17

K. The Board Meets After the Share Count Error is Discovered

On October 11, 2014, after the Board was informed of the share count error, it 

convened a special meeting to consider the situation. TIBCO management and 

representatives of Goldman attended the meeting, at which Goldman presented a revised 

analysis of the Merger with revised capitalization numbers that eliminated the double16 Id. ¶ 105.

17 Id. ¶ 107.

20

 
counting in the Final Cap Table. In its analysis Goldman assumed that the per-share 

price would remain constant and reduced (i) the enterprise value from $4.311 billion to 

$4.212 billion; (ii) the equity value from $4.244 billion to $4.144 billion; (iii) and the 

EBITDA multiple for the Merger from 18 to 17.6 times EBITDA.

After discussions with the Board, Goldman stated that there was no change to its 

previous Fairness Opinion. Following Goldman’s presentation, the Board concluded that 

the revised analysis Goldman had provided did not impact its recommendation in favor of 

the Merger. The Preliminary Proxy was revised to include a disclosure addressing the 

share count error.

On October 14, 2014, after the Board had reaffirmed its approval of the Merger, 

Vista was informed about the share count error when TIBCO’s counsel told Vista’s 

counsel that the equity value in the Preliminary Proxy should be reduced by $100 million. 

Vista was confused, as it believed that it had agreed to pay $4.311 billion, replying that it 

“cannot reconcile this.”18 The next morning, on October 15, 2014, Vista forwarded to 

Goldman “the email that [Vista] used for the calculation of equity value” in connection 

with its Final Bid: a September 26, 2014 email from Goldman to Vista attaching the 

Final Cap Table, which included the erroneous share count.

19 Goldman allegedly never 

told the Board that Vista had admitted relying on the inaccurate capitalization data when 

18 Id. ¶ 113.

19 Id.

21

 
preparing its Final Bid.20 James Ford, COO of Vista, testified in connection with the 

motion for a preliminary injunction that once he realized the windfall Vista was about to 

get as a result of the change in share count—which made the deal cheaper and put Vista’s 

expected returns above its hurdle rate—he felt “pleasure.”21

L. The Share Count Error Becomes Public

On October 16, 2014, TIBCO filed the Preliminary Proxy, which disclosed 

information about the share count error in the “Background of the Merger” section. It 

also disclosed that, based on the accurate share count, the $24 per share consideration 

implied an enterprise value of approximately $4.2 billion, or approximately $100 million 

less than the $4.3 billion that the Company had initially announced.22 The financial press 

quickly picked up on this issue and remarked on the magnitude of the reduction in equity 

value arising from the share count error, the minimal disclosure in the Preliminary Proxy 

regarding the circumstances surrounding the error, and the absence of any indication that 

TIBCO intended to pursue remedies to recover the lost $100 million for stockholders.

20 Id. ¶¶ 114, 119.

21 Id. ¶ 122.

22 See TIBCO Software Inc., Preliminary Proxy Statement (Schedule 14/A), at 37-38 

(Oct. 16, 2014). I take judicial notice of the contents of the Preliminary Proxy, which are 

not subject to reasonable dispute. See, e.g., In Re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 

669 A.2d 59, 70 n.9 (Del. 1995) (“Despite the fact that a SEC filing may constitute 

hearsay with respect to the truth of the matters asserted therein, courts may consult these 

documents to ascertain facts appropriate for judicial notice under D.R.E. 201.”).

22

 
M. The Board Further Considers the Share Count Error

On October 23, 2014, the Board met telephonically to further discuss the share 

count error. Special Committee member West stated that, at the time of the October 23 

meeting, “[t]here wasn’t certainty about how the error had occurred.”23 According to the 

Complaint, no member of the Board ever asked Goldman (i) how the share count error

was made; (ii) whether it was Goldman’s fault or not; (iii) whether Goldman had 

discussed with Vista the overstated share count, or its implication for the Merger’s terms; 

or (iv) whether Vista should or would pay the full $4.244 billion that the Board had 

thought it had secured for stockholders.24 

Plaintiff alleges that Goldman never informed the Board that, over a week earlier 

on October 15, 2014, Vista had acknowledged that the inaccurate share count data was 

built into its Final Bid, and that the absence of this information is confirmed by the 

minutes of the October 23 Board meeting, which state that “it was still unknown if either 

Vista or Sponsor B used an incorrect share count in arriving at their per share bids.”25 

Special Committee member West testified that the lack of this information was a 

motivating factor for deciding not to challenge Vista on the aggregate purchase price, 

saying: “One of [the options] was to go back to Vista . . . with [the] context [of] not 

really knowing what Vista and/or [Sponsor B] may or may not have done in terms of 

23 Compl. ¶ 117

24 Id. ¶ 118

25 Id. ¶ 119.

23

 
negotiation and not knowing what Goldman Sachs said . . . . It was unclear to us who 

used what data, and so at that point – that’s the starting point for us.”26

The Board did not learn that Vista had relied on the erroneous share count, and 

that Goldman knew that Vista had relied on the erroneous share count, until this litigation 

was relatively advanced. Specifically, in its brief opposing plaintiff’s motion for a 

preliminary injunction, the Board wrote that “Goldman apparently also discussed the 

issue with Vista, which had apparently relied upon the” inaccurate share count.27 At oral 

argument on that motion, the Board’s counsel confirmed that the Board only learned the 

truth about Vista’s admitted reliance during the litigation.28

On October 29, 2014, TIBCO scheduled a December 3, 2014 special meeting for 

stockholders to consider the Merger. The stockholders approved the Merger at that 

meeting, and the Merger closed on December 5, 2014.29

N. Goldman’s Transaction Fee

Goldman was paid a total of $47.4 million for its services to TIBCO, about 99% of 

which ($46.9 million) was contingent on the closing of the Merger. Goldman’s fee was 

1% of the “aggregate consideration” for any transaction where common stockholders

received up to $24.50 per share (with a higher-valued transaction resulting in a greater 

percentage fee). “Aggregate consideration” was defined in Goldman’s Engagement 

26 Id. ¶ 120.

27 Id. ¶ 121.

28 Tr. of Oral Arg. 76 (Nov 21, 2014).

29 Compl. ¶¶ 14, 123.

24

 
Letter as: “[i]n the case of the sale, exchange or purchase of the Company’s equity 

securities, the total consideration paid for such securities (including amounts paid to 

holders of options, warrants and convertible securities, net of the exercise price 

thereof).”30 Goldman’s $47.4 million dollar fee thus was calculated based on an 

aggregate consideration of $4.74 billion dollars, which included the $600 million 

principal amount of TIBCO 2.25% Convertible Senior Notes.

Plaintiff contends that Goldman should not have been entitled to any fee on the 

amount of the convertible notes because (i) Vista did not agree to purchase the 

convertible notes as part of the Merger, and thus no consideration was paid to the 

convertible noteholders in the Merger, and (ii) in any event, Goldman was only entitled to 

a fee on 1% of that amount “net of the exercise price thereof,” and no noteholder received 

compensation exceeding the exercise price of the notes.

31 Plaintiff further contends that 

Vista shared this understanding because, after obtaining the relevant language from the 

Engagement Letter and updating its financial model to reflect the information from the 

Engagement Letter, Vista accounted for no payment to Goldman related to the $600 

million in convertible notes.32 Vista did not challenge Goldman’s inclusion of the value 

of the convertible notes, however, in its final calculation of its fee.

30 Id. ¶ 128.

31 Id. ¶¶ 130-131.

32 Id. ¶ 134.

25

 
O. Procedural History

On October 6, 2014, the first of seven putative class action lawsuits challenging 

the Merger was filed in this Court. On November 5, 2014, plaintiff filed his initial 

complaint seeking to enjoin the closing of the Merger until the Merger Agreement was 

reformed to reflect an additional $100 million in consideration for the equity of TIBCO. 

Plaintiff also asserted, among other claims, a breach of fiduciary duty claim against the 

Board for failing to try to capture the $100 million for TIBCO’s stockholders, and aiding 

and abetting claims against Vista and Goldman. On November 8, 2014, I granted 

plaintiff’s motion for consolidation and appointment as lead counsel, and his motion for 

expedited proceedings. 

On November 16, 2014, plaintiff filed an amended complaint, which added 

TIBCO as a defendant solely as a necessary party for the reformation claim, and added 

unjust enrichment claims against Vista and Goldman. On November 21, 2014, I heard 

the motion for a preliminary injunction, which was denied on November 25, 2014.

On March 10, 2015, plaintiff filed the Verified Second Amended Class Action 

Complaint (as defined above, the “Complaint”). In April 2015, the defendants filed 

motions to dismiss. On the day of argument, July 23, 2015, plaintiff voluntarily 

dismissed his aiding and abetting claim against Vista (Count III). 

II. LEGAL ANALYSIS 

With the voluntary dismissal of Count III, six claims remain that are the subject of 

defendants’ motions to dismiss: (1) reformation of the Merger Agreement (Count I); (2) 

breach of fiduciary duty against the Director Defendants (Count II); (3) aiding and 

26
abetting against Goldman (Count IV); (4) professional malpractice and professional 

negligence against Goldman (Count V); (5) unjust enrichment against Vista (Count VI); 

and (6) unjust enrichment against Goldman (Count VII). 

A. Legal Standard

Under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6), a motion to dismiss for failure to state a 

claim must be denied “unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any 

reasonably conceivable set of circumstances.”33 “In determining whether a pleading 

meets this minimal standard, this Court draws all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s 

favor, accepts all well-pleaded factual allegations as true, and even accepts ‘vague 

allegations in the Complaint as ‘well pleaded’ if they provide the defendant notice of the 

claim.’”34

For Count I, which alleges the existence of a mutual mistake as the basis for 

reformation of the Merger Agreement, Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) is implicated. It 

requires that “the circumstances constituting . . . mistake shall be stated with 

particularity.” In the context of a reformation claim, Rule 9(b) requires that “the facts 

upon which a plaintiff relies in pleading reformation must be set forth with at least some 

particularity in order to put the defendant on notice of what is charged against him, but 

33 Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 535 

(Del. 2011); see also Winshall v. Viacom Int’l., Inc., 76 A.3d 808, 813 n.12 (Del. 2013).

34 Seinfeld v. Slager, 2012 WL 2501105, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2012) (quoting Cent. 

Mortg. Co., 27 A.3d at 536).

27

 
does not go so far as to require a textbook pleading or the use of specific words or 

phrases.”35

B. Count I: Reformation Due to Mutual Mistake

Count I of the Complaint seeks reformation of the Merger Agreement due to an 

alleged mutual mistake. As executed, the Merger Agreement expressly required Vista to 

pay $24 per share to acquire the common stock of TIBCO.36 Based on the share count in 

the Cap Rep, which was accurate, this implied an enterprise value for TIBCO of 

approximately $4.211 billion and an equity value of approximately $4.144 billion. 

According to plaintiff, the Merger Agreement should be reformed “to reflect [an implied 

enterprise value] of $4.311 billion and [an implied equity value] of $4.244 billion to 

stockholders, which on a per-share basis equals approximately $24.57.”37

1. The Legal Standard Governing the Reformation Claim

Reformation “is an equitable remedy which emanates from the maxim that equity 

treats that as done which ought to have been done.”38 The Court of Chancery has 

35 Duff v. Innovative Discovery LLC, 2012 WL 6096586, at *10 (Del. Ch. Dec. 7, 2012) 

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

36 Merger Agreement § 2.7(a)(ii) (each TIBCO share will be “automatically converted 

into the right to receive cash in an amount equal to $24.00, without interest.”).

37 Compl. ¶ 153. At times, when asserting that Vista intended to pay $4.244 billion for 

the equity of TIBCO, plaintiff also asserts that Vista intended to pay an enterprise value 

of $4.311 billion. Because one figure mathematically goes hand in hand with the other, I 

analyze plaintiff’s contentions by referring only to the equity value for simplicity.

38 Interim Healthcare, Inc. v. Sherion Corp., 2003 WL 22902879, at *6 (Del. Ch. Nov. 

19, 2003, revised Dec. 1, 2003) (quoting 27 Williston on Contracts § 70:19 (4th ed. 

2003)).

28

 
equitable jurisdiction to reform the terms of a written contract “in order to express the 

‘real agreement’ of the parties involved.”39 Reformation is not an equitable license for 

the Court to write a new contract at the invitation of a party who is unsatisfied with his or 

her side of the bargain; rather, it permits the Court to reform a written contract that was 

intended to memorialize, but fails to comport with, the parties’ prior agreement.40 As 

Professor Williston explains:

It is not enough that the parties would have come to a certain agreement 

had they been aware of the actual facts. 

Reformation requires an antecedent agreement, which the written 

instrument attempts to express. However, any mistake must have been in 

the drafting of the instrument, not in the making of the contract. An 

instrument will not be reformed due to a mere misunderstanding of the 

facts, or a mistake as to an extrinsic fact which, if known, would probably 

have induced the making of a different contract or no contract at all. If 

there has been any misunderstanding between the parties, or a 

misapprehension by one or both, so that there is no mutuality of assent, 

then the parties have not made a contract, and neither will the court do so 

for them.41

39 Cerberus Int’l, Ltd. v. Apollo Mgmt., L.P., 794 A.2d 1141, 1151 (Del. 2002) (quoting 

Colvocoresses v. W.S. Wasserman Co., 28 A.2d 588, 589 (Del. Ch. 1942)).

40 See Collins v. Burke, 418 A.2d 999, 1002-03 (Del. 1980) (“Reformation is not a 

mandate to produce a reasonable result . . . . Rather, it is based on intention.”); see also 

In re Estate of Justison, 2005 WL 217035, at *10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 21, 2005) (“The purpose 

of reformation is to make an erroneous instrument express correctly the intent of, or the 

real agreement between, the parties.”).

41 27 Williston on Contracts § 70:19, quoted in Interim Healthcare, 2003 WL 22902879, 

at *7; see also Waggoner v. Laster, 581 A.2d 1127, 1135 (Del. 1990) (quoting 3 

Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, § 870 (5th ed.)) (“Reformation is appropriate, when an 

agreement has been made . . . as intended by all the parties interested, but in reducing 

such agreement or transaction to writing, . . . through the mistake common to both 

parties, . . . the written instrument fails to express the real agreement or transaction.”).

29

 
A claim for reformation must be proven by clear and convincing evidence.42 As 

the Delaware Supreme Court stated in Cerberus International, Ltd. v. Apollo 

Management, L.P., the leading case on reformation under Delaware law, “the plaintiff 

must show by clear and convincing evidence that the parties came to a specific prior 

understanding that differed materially from the written agreement.”43 The clear and 

convincing evidence standard has been described as requiring “evidence which produces 

in the mind of the trier of fact an abiding conviction that the truth of [the] factual 

contentions are ‘highly probable.’”44 This heightened requirement enables the Court to 

compare the prior agreement and the executed contract in order to determine “exactly

what terms” need to be reformed.45 It also “preserve[s] the integrity of written 

agreements by making it difficult” to modify executed contracts.46

The Supreme Court’s decision in Cerberus provides a three-part framework to 

analyze a claim for reformation. In Cerberus, a financial sponsor (Apollo) acquired a 

target company (MTI) under a merger agreement that set forth a formula reflecting the 

42 Cerberus, 794 A.2d at 1152.

43 Id. at 1151-52. 

44 Id. at 1151 (quoting In re Rowe, 566 A.2d 1001, 1003 (Del. Jud. 1989)).

45 See Collins, 418 A.2d at 1002 (emphasis added); see also Hob Tea Room v. Miller, 89 

A.2d 851, 857 (1952) (“Unless there was a clear understanding with which the formal 

contract conflicts, there is, of course, no comparative standard upon which to base a 

reformation, and the contract as executed must stand.”).

46 See Joyce v. RCN Corp., 2003 WL 21517864, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 1, 2003); cf. ev3, 

Inc. v. Lesh, 103 A.3d 179, 181 n.3 (Del. 2014) (“Delaware courts seek to ensure freedom 

of contract and promote clarity in the law in order to facilitate commerce.”).

30

 
total consideration that MTI stockholders would receive: $65 million, less transaction 

costs, and less proceeds from the sale of certain options and warrants. After the 

transaction closed, the plaintiffs filed suit and alleged that the executed contract 

contained a drafting error that warranted reformation because Apollo and MTI actually 

had agreed to a different purchase price: $65 million, less transaction fees, plus the 

proceeds from the sale of the options and warrants. According to the Supreme Court, the 

plaintiffs would need to prove three facts (each by clear and convincing evidence) to 

justify reformation of the purchase price under the doctrine of mutual mistake: “(i) MTI 

thought that the merger agreement gave MTI’s stockholders the proceeds of the options 

and warrants; (ii) . . . Apollo was also similarly mistaken . . .; and (iii) that MTI and 

Apollo had specifically agreed that the proceeds of the options and warrants would go to 

MTI’s stockholders.”47

Applying this analytical framework, to prevail on Count I, plaintiff here must 

demonstrate all three of the following facts: (i) that Vista thought that the Merger would 

be consummated at an aggregate equity value of $4.244 billion; (ii) that TIBCO also 

thought that the Merger would be consummated at an aggregate equity value of $4.244

billion; and (iii) that Vista and TIBCO had specifically agreed before signing the Merger 

Agreement that the Merger would be consummated at an aggregate equity value of 

$4.244 billion. Given that the current procedural posture is a motion to dismiss, which 

implicates Court of Chancery Rules 9(b) and 12(b), plaintiff’s burden on this motion is to 

47 Cerberus, 794 A.2d at 1152.

31

 
allege particularized facts concerning the circumstances of a mutual mistake from which 

it is reasonably conceivable that plaintiff would be able to establish each of these 

elements by clear and convincing evidence.48

2. The Findings in the PI Opinion

In the PI Opinion, I found that plaintiff had demonstrated a reasonable probability 

that he could successfully prove each the first two elements of the Cerberus test, but not 

the third element. Specifically, as to the first two elements, I found that plaintiff had 

shown both “a reasonable probability that he could prove, by clear and convincing 

evidence, that Vista mistakenly believed it would pay $4.244 billion in total to acquire 

the equity of TIBCO in the Merger”49 and “a reasonable probability of success in 

establishing, by clear and convincing evidence, that TIBCO mistakenly believed that 

Vista would pay $4.244 billion in total to acquire the equity of TIBCO in the Merger.”50 

48 See, e.g., Pulieri v. Boardwalk Props., LLC, 2015 WL 691449, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 18, 

2015) (on motion to dismiss claim for specific performance, also subject to “clear and 

convincing evidence” burden of proof, “[t]he legal standard . . . [is] whether it 

is reasonably conceivable that Sunview could establish a right to specific performance 

by clear and convincing evidence”); see also Pharmathene, Inc. v. Siga Techs., Inc., 2008 

WL 151855, at *15 (“[I]t is reasonably conceivable that PharmAthene could show the 

LATS contains all of the material and essential terms to be incorporated into the final 

license agreement. For essentially the same reasons, I consider it conceivable that 

PharmAthene also could establish that proposition by clear and convincing evidence [.]”).

49 In re TIBCO Software Inc. S’holders Litig., 2014 WL 6674444, at *17 (Del. Ch. Nov. 

25, 2014).

50 Id.

32

 
The third element is where plaintiff came up short at the preliminary injunction 

phase of this case. Because this element remains the heart of the dispute on the present 

motion, I set forth below the analysis in the PI Opinion on this element to frame the issue:

Despite the evidence reflecting that Vista and TIBCO both 

mistakenly believed before signing the Merger Agreement that Vista would 

pay $4.244 billion in total to acquire the equity of TIBCO, Plaintiff has not, 

in my opinion, demonstrated a reasonable probability that he could prove 

by clear and convincing evidence that Vista and TIBCO had specifically 

agreed that the Merger would be at an aggregate equity value of $4.244 

billion. In other words, Plaintiff has not shown a reasonable probability of 

proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that the Merger Agreement does 

not accurately reflect the parties’ meeting of the minds on the essential 

economic term of the Merger: a deal at $24.00 per share.

To the contrary, key evidence from September 26 and 27 strongly 

demonstrates that what Vista ultimately offered and what TIBCO 

ultimately accepted was expressed in terms of dollars per share and not in 

terms of an aggregate equity value. The three documents that evidence 

their agreement to a transaction based on a per-share price are (1) Vista’s 

September 26 bid letter conveying the $24.00 per share offer, (2) the 

September 27 minutes reflecting the Board’s acceptance of the $24.00 per 

share offer, and (3) the Merger Agreement Vista and TIBCO executed on 

September 27, which sets forth the consideration to be received by TIBCO 

stockholders as $24.00 per share. All of these documents reflect an 

agreement to a transaction based on a per-share figure, and not based on an 

aggregate equity value. This per-share agreement is consistent with the 

way in which Goldman, on behalf of TIBCO, was conducting the auction: 

on a per-share basis. Based on the preliminary record, at no point in time 

did Vista offer a specific aggregate equity value, and at no point in time did 

the Board accept a specific aggregate equity value.

Instead, the sale process reflects that Vista and TIBCO understood 

that the number of fully diluted shares to be acquired in a transaction, and 

thus the aggregate equity value, was a bit of a moving target. For example, 

the fact that Goldman had circulated different cap tables for the Company 

on August 29, on September 21, and on September 26, demonstrates that 

Vista and TIBCO understood that, until there was a definitive agreement, 

the number of fully diluted shares was changing, even if only modestly. 

Indeed, the Merger Agreement reflects that the parties recognized that the 

number of fully diluted shares might further change between signing and 

33
closing. Specifically, the Merger Agreement affords Vista a termination 

right if any inaccuracies in the Cap Rep at closing would increase Vista’s 

total acquisition cost (calculated pursuant to the terms of the Merger 

Agreement) by more than $10 million. 

 

Notably, the Merger Agreement does not provide that the 

consideration of $24.00 per share would change in proportion to any 

increase in the share count after signing. Thus, it is difficult to see how 

Vista and TIBCO could be said to have specifically agreed to a fixed 

aggregate equity value of $4.244 billion, as Plaintiff claims, when they 

agreed in the Merger Agreement that the aggregate equity value could 

change.

Vista argues that, rather than specifically agreeing on an aggregate 

equity value, Vista and TIBCO agreed to allocate the risk of the Merger’s 

aggregate equity value through the representations and warranties, closing 

conditions, and termination rights set forth in the Merger Agreement. I 

agree. “Merger contracts are heavily negotiated and cover a large number 

of specific risks explicitly.” Contractual representations and warranties 

“serve [this] important risk allocation function.” Here, through the Cap 

Rep and Vista’s corresponding termination right, the parties did just that in 

the Merger Agreement with respect to the aggregate equity value in the 

Merger. TIBCO also disclosed this concept to its stockholders in the proxy 

statement.

* * * * *

In sum, on the preliminary record before me, Plaintiff has failed to 

show a reasonable probability that he could prove, by clear and convincing 

evidence, that there was a specific agreement between Vista and TIBCO for 

$4.244 billion in aggregate equity value. The Merger Agreement 

accurately reflects, on this record, the meeting of the minds on the essential 

economic term of the Merger: $24.00 per share.51 

51 Id. at *17-19.

34

 
3. The Parties’ Contentions

Vista, arguing on behalf of all defendants for Count I, advances two theories for 

dismissal of the reformation claim. The first theory is premised on standing.52 The 

second theory concerns the sufficiency of the allegations to state a claim for reformation. 

Because I resolve this motion based on the sufficiency of the allegations for the 

reformation claim, I do not address Vista’s standing arguments. 

Vista does not dispute the sufficiency of the allegations of the Complaint with 

respect to the first two of the three elements of the reformation claim. That is, Vista does 

not dispute that the Complaint sufficiently alleges facts demonstrating that, at the time the 

Merger Agreement was signed, (i) Vista thought that the Merger would be consummated 

at an aggregate equity value of $4.244 billion, and (ii) TIBCO had the same mistaken 

belief.53 Vista argues instead that Count I is “facially flawed because it fails to plead 

52 Vista argues that the reformation claim must be dismissed because it is derivative and 

because plaintiff failed to make a demand on the Board. Vista argues in the alternative 

that, even if the claim is direct, it must be dismissed because plaintiff represents a class of 

third-party beneficiaries to the Merger, whose rights are specifically disclaimed by the 

Merger Agreement.

53 The allegations as to these two elements in Complaint are substantially the same as the 

record that was before the Court at the time of the PI Opinion. Thus, if these elements 

had been contested, I would hold for the same reasons explained in the PI Opinion that 

the allegations concerning these two elements are sufficient to survive a motion to 

dismiss. See, e.g., McMillan v. Intercargo Corp., 768 A.2d 492, 507 n.67 (when 

preliminary injunction motion “was decided on a record identical to that [the Court is]

permitted to consider” on motion for judgment on the pleadings, the Court “need not 

revisit [the] examination of the merits other than to indicate [its] agreement with [the] 

conclusion”); In Re Wheelabrator Techs., Inc. S’holders Litig., 1992 WL 212595, at *3 

(Del. Ch. Sep. 1, 1992) (where record had not changed since the court decided that a 

disclosure claim was without merit on a motion for preliminary injunction, court relied on 

its prior analysis in dismissing the same claim on a 12(b)(6) motion).

35

 
facts sufficient to establish that Vista and TIBCO had specifically agreed before signing 

the Merger Agreement that the merger would be consummated at an aggregate equity 

value of $4.244 billion.”54 According to Vista, plaintiff cannot plead such facts “because 

the Merger Agreement accurately reflects that the only agreement ever reached regarding 

the consideration to be paid to TIBCO’s stockholders—$24.00 per share.”55

Plaintiff responds that “the Complaint sufficiently pleads that the parties had an 

agreement to complete a transaction at [an enterprise value of $4.3 billion] and [an equity 

value of $4.244 billion] and, due to a mutual mistake regarding TIBCO’s share count, the 

Merger Agreement did not accurately capture those material terms of the parties’ 

intended agreement.”56 More specifically, plaintiff contends there are nine reasons the 

Complaint sufficiently alleges the existence of an antecedent agreement: 

1. When Vista made its Final Bid, “it intended to offer and believed it was 

conveying to the Board an offer to pay” an equity value of $4.244 

billion, “even if it was articulated on a per-share basis.”

2. Vista relied on the mistaken share count in the Final Cap Table in 

articulating its Final Bid on a per-share basis.

3. Vista offered and expected to pay $4.244 billion to buy TIBCO in its 

entirety.

4. Vista agreed in its Equity Commitment Letter to provide $4.244 billion 

to the TIBCO stockholders.

54 Vista’s Op. Br. 21.

55 Id.

56 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 40.

36

 
5. In its Fairness Opinion, Goldman opined on a transaction with an equity 

value of $4.244 billion.

6. The Board “accepted the Final Bid,” believing that it was approving an 

offer with an equity value of $4.244 billion.

7. The Termination Fee and Parent Liability Cap in the Merger 

Agreement were calculated as a percentage of an assumed equity value 

of $4.244 billion.

8. After signing the Merger Agreement, defendants described the Merger 

internally and to third parties as having and an equity value of $4.244 

billion.

9. After they discovered the share count error, defendants were “stunned 

that the Merger Agreement did not provide $4.244 billion to TIBCO’s 

stockholders.”57

Although numerous, these nine reasons have one thing in common: none of them pleads 

with particularity facts from which it reasonably can be inferred that Vista and TIBCO 

had specifically agreed before they signed the Merger Agreement that Vista would pay 

anything other than $24 per share to acquire the equity of TIBCO as reflected in the 

Merger Agreement. 

4. The Complaint Fails to Plead Particularized Facts of an Antecedent 

Agreement Inconsistent with the Merger Agreement’s Price Term

Plaintiffs’ nine reasons fall into essentially four categories: (1) evidence of Vista’s 

state of mind, (2) evidence of TIBCO’s state of mind, (3) the significance of the 

Termination Fee and Liability Cap in the Merger Agreement, and (4) statements that 

were made about the Merger Agreement after the fact. I address each category in turn.

57 Id. at 3-4, 41-50.

37

 
a. Contentions 1-4: Vista’s State of Mind

The first four contentions each concern Vista’s state of mind in making its pershare offer, which plaintiff contends was based on an inaccurate conception of the 

aggregate value Vista expected to pay to acquire TIBCO. These allegations go to show 

that Vista made a mistake about how much Vista thought it was bidding and thus provide 

evidence of the first of the three elements necessary for plaintiff to establish a claim for 

reformation, i.e., that Vista thought that the Merger would be consummated at an 

aggregate equity value of $4.244 billion. But these allegations do not demonstrate the 

existence of a prior understanding between Vista and TIBCO.

Plaintiff alleges, for example, that Vista relied on the inaccurate share count in the 

Final Cap Table in articulating its Final Bid, meaning that Vista divided the aggregate 

amount that it intended to pay for the equity ($4.244 billion) by an inaccurate number of 

shares derived from the Final Cap Table (176.8 million) to determine its Final Bid ($24 

per share). Given the Complaint’s allegations concerning the methodology Vista used to 

calculate its per-share bid and how Vista adjusted its per-share bid in reaction to the 

discovery of the LTIP share count error just before submitting its Final Bid, it is 

reasonably inferable that Vista based its Final Bid on an aggregate value of $4.244 billion 

divided by an inaccurate share count. But even giving full credit to these allegations, 

they do not support the existence of a prior agreement between Vista and TIBCO that 

the price to acquire the equity of TIBCO was $4.244 billion, or anything other than $24 

per share. 

38
Indeed, virtually all the evidence plaintiff cites regarding its first four contentions 

was internal to Vista and never communicated to TIBCO.58 The one exception is the 

Equity Commitment letter, which plaintiff asserts was “incorporated by reference into the 

Merger Agreement” in Section 4.11 of that agreement.59 Plaintiff, however, misconstrues 

the plain meaning of this provision and the Equity Commitment Letter. 

Section 4.11 of the Merger Agreement states as follows:

As of the date of this Agreement, Parent [Balboa] has delivered to [TIBCO] 

true, correct and complete copies of an executed commitment letter, dated 

as of the date of this Agreement, between [Balboa] and Guarantor [Vista V]

(the “Equity Commitment Letter”) pursuant to which [Vista V] has 

committed, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, to invest in 

[Balboa], directly or indirectly, the cash amounts set forth therein for the 

purpose of funding up to the aggregate value of the Merger (the “Equity 

Financing”). The Equity Commitment Letter provides that (A) [TIBCO] is 

an express third party beneficiary thereof in connection with [TIBCO’s] 

exercise of its rights under Section 9.8(b); and (B) subject in all respects to 

Section 9.8(b), [Balboa] and [Vista V] will not oppose the granting of an 

injunction, specific performance or other equitable relief in connection with 

the exercise of such third party beneficiary rights.60 

58 Specifically, plaintiff relies on allegations concerning (i) Vista’s internal hurdle rate, 

(ii) its calculation of the aggregate reserve price it could offer given its hurdle rate, (iii) 

the Vista Committee’s authorization of a bid for TIBCO at that aggregate reserve price, 

(iv) Vista’s division of the aggregate reserve price by the erroneous share count to derive 

a per-share bid, (v) testimony of Vista’s COO that it expected to pay $4.244 billion to 

acquire the equity of TIBCO, and (vi) Vista’s concession that it relied on the Final Cap 

Table when articulating its Final Bid on a per-share basis. See Pl.’s Ans. Br. 41-42.

59 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 43; Tr. of Oral Arg. 91-92 (July 23, 2015).

60 Merger Agreement § 4.11. Section 9.8(b) provides, in relevant part, that TIBCO “shall 

have the right to an injunction, specific performance or other equitable remedies in 

connection with enforcing [Balboa’s] and [Merger Sub’s] obligations to consummate the 

Merger and cause the Equity Financing to be funded to fund the Merger (including to 

cause [Balboa] to enforce the obligations of [Vista V] under the Equity Commitment 

Letter in order to cause the Equity Financing to be timely completed in accordance with 

39

 
The Equity Commitment Letter provides that Vista V has committed to contribute to 

Balboa “an aggregate amount up to $4,859,000,000” in cash.61 The representation in 

Section 4.11 of the Merger Agreement says, in essence, that there is an agreement 

between Vista V and its subsidiary, Balboa, to provide enough cash (up to $4.859 billion) 

to close the Merger, and that TIBCO is an express third-party beneficiary of that 

agreement entitled to enforce its rights against both Balboa and Vista V to obtain that 

cash to close the Merger.

62 What the representation in Section 4.11 does not say is that 

anything in the Equity Commitment Letter constitutes an agreement between TIBCO and 

any Vista entity concerning the amount of consideration to be paid for the equity of 

TIBCO. Nor has plaintiff identified any language in the Equity Commitment Letter 

reflecting such an agreement.

In discussing Vista’s expectation that it would pay $4.244 billion to acquire the 

equity of TIBCO, plaintiff quotes the following passage from Williston: “Legally, for 

there to be a mistake, there must be a discrepancy between an offeror’s state of mind and 

his offer.”63 This is merely a necessary—but not a sufficient—condition for pleading a 

claim for reformation. Williston also states that “[r]eformation requires an antecedent 

and subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Equity Commitment Letter).” Id.

§ 9.8(b)(i). 

61 Nucum Aff. Ex. 7 at TIBCOM00040820 (May 26, 2015). The Equity Commitment 

Letter, which is a defined term in the Complaint and is explicitly referred to therein, is 

integral to the Complaint. See, e.g., Gerber, 2013 WL 209658, at *1 n.12.

62 Merger Agreement § 4.11.

63 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 41 (quoting 27 Williston on Contracts § 70:5). 

40

 
agreement, which the written instrument attempts to express.”64 This is the law of 

Delaware. As explained above, the Supreme Court in Cerberus specifically held that, in 

addition to showing that counter-parties to an agreement shared a mistaken belief, “the 

plaintiff must show by clear and convincing evidence that the parties came to a specific 

prior understanding that differed materially from the written agreement.”65 Particularized 

allegations of such a “specific prior understanding” are what the Complaint is missing.66

b. Contentions 5-6: TIBCO’s State of Mind

Plaintiff’s fifth and sixth contentions are that Goldman opined in its Fairness 

Opinion that Vista’s Final Bid (stated as $24 per share) equated to an implied equity 

value of $4.244 billion in the aggregate, and that the Board accepted that bid believing 

that it was approving a transaction that would yield an equity value of $4.244 billion for 

TIBCO’s stockholders. Both of these contentions address TIBCO’s state of mind. 

Specifically, these allegations provide evidence, as I found preliminarily in the PI 

64 27 Williston on Contracts § 70:19.

65 Id. at 1151-52. 

66 Plaintiff asks the Court, in essence, to assume there must have been a prior agreement 

between the parties on the theory that the determination of a per-share price goes hand-inhand with determining what a buyer is willing to pay for a company in the aggregate as a 

matter of industry custom (Pl.’s Ans. Br. 44-45 & n.58), citing ASB Allegiance Real 

Estate Fund v. Scion Breckenridge Managing Member, LLC, 2012 WL 1869416 (Del. 

Ch. May 16, 2012), for the proposition that industry custom should be considered in 

deciding a reformation claim. Breckenridge is of no help to plaintiff. In that case, unlike 

here, the Court found that terms stated in an email exchange between the parties 

constituted “a specific prior contractual understanding that provides the necessary 

foundation for reformation.” Id. at *13. The Court applied the established industry 

meaning of certain terms simply to construe the email exchange—not to assume the 

existence of an antecedent agreement in the absence of any actual evidence of one.

41

 
Opinion, that TIBCO mistakenly believed that Vista would pay $4.244 billion in total to 

acquire the equity of TIBCO in the Merger when it considered Vista’s Final Bid.67 These 

allegations are essentially the flip-side of the plaintiff’s contentions concerning Vista’s 

mistaken belief. But for the same reasons discussed above regarding Vista’s state of 

mind, these allegations regarding TIBCO’s state of mind do not provide evidence of a 

specific prior understanding between Vista and TIBCO that Vista would pay anything 

other than $24 per share to acquire the equity of TIBCO.

c. Contention 7: the Termination Fee and Liability Cap

Plaintiff’s seventh contention is that the Termination Fee and Liability Cap in the 

Merger Agreement “were undisputably calculated as a percentage of” an implied equity 

value of $4.244 billion and, therefore, it would have made no sense to include them in the 

Merger Agreement if the parties had intended a transaction that would result in a lower 

implied equity value.68 Plaintiff cites for support minutes from the Board meeting on 

October 23, 2014, which note that the Termination Fee and Liability Cap “implied an 

enterprise value for the transaction that reflected an overstated capitalization.”69

Even if one assumes plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a prior understanding 

concerning those provisions that is inconsistent with what is stated in the Merger 

67 TIBCO, 2014 WL 6674444, at *17.

68 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 45-46.

69 Id. at 45. 

42

 
Agreement,70 such allegations do not demonstrate a specific prior understanding on the 

term for which reformation is sought here, namely the per-share price specified in Section 

2.7(a)(ii) of the Merger Agreement. On this issue, plaintiff admits that, with the 

exception of the initial nonbinding indication of interest Vista expressed on August 30,71

Vista only bid on a per-share basis without expressing to TIBCO any assumption about 

the number of shares it expected to pay for in conjunction with its bids.

72 Put differently, 

plaintiff does not (and cannot) allege that Vista ever submitted a bid for a $4.244 billion 

implied equity value. To the contrary, plaintiff acknowledges (as he must) that “Vista’s 

Final Bid was necessarily expressed in the ‘per share’ language needed to communicate 

with stockholders and the market.”73

In sum, for me to find a specific prior understanding concerning the price term in 

the Merger Agreement, there must have been an offer by Vista to purchase all the TIBCO 

shares on the basis of an implied equity value of $4.244 billion, and an acceptance of 

such an offer by TIBCO. The Complaint, however, does not allege the existence of any 

such offer or acceptance. 

70 As I noted in the PI Opinion, plaintiff may have been able to establish that the 

Termination Fee and Liability Cap provisions should be reformed based on the fact that 

the parties negotiated those two terms as a percentage of an assumed $4.244 billion 

equity value, but plaintiff did not seek such relief. TIBCO, 2014 WL 6674444, at *19 

n.166.

71 See Compl. ¶ 41 (“Vista’s initial [August 30] proposal included an express assumption 

about the approximate number of shares of outstanding common stock and stock-based 

awards to be acquired.”). 

72 See Compl. ¶¶ 48, 73-74. 

73 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 15. 

43

 
d. Contentions 8-9: Post-Agreement Statements by Parties

Plaintiff’s final two contentions concern events occurring after the Merger 

Agreement was signed, specifically (1) statements Vista, TIBCO and Goldman made 

internally and to third parties before the share count error was discovered reflecting that 

they each (mistakenly) understood the implied equity value of the transaction to be 

$4.244 billion,74 and (2) defendants’ reactions after discovering the share count error, in 

particular Goldman’s presentation of a revised fairness opinion at a reduced equity value 

($4.144 billion) from what Goldman previously had believed ($4.244 billion), and the 

Board’s consideration of the same. By definition, neither of these events, which occurred 

after the Merger Agreement was signed, provides evidence of an understanding reached 

before the Merger Agreement was signed. The statements Vista, TIBCO and Goldman 

made before the share count error was discovered concerning the value of the transaction

simply provide further evidence along the lines discussed above that each of the 

defendants held a mistaken belief concerning the equity value implied by Vista’s Final 

Bid of $24 per share. 

Focusing on events occurring after the share count error was discovered, plaintiff 

argues that “[i]f the Merger Agreement did not contain a reformable mistake altering the 

effect of the parties [sic] intended agreement, Goldman would not have needed to redo its 

74 The statements to third parties that plaintiff references consist of Vista’s statements to 

rating agencies and lending sources that it would be acquiring TIBCO for “$4.3 bn.,” 

Goldman’s September 29, 2014 “case study” describing the Merger as having a $4.244 

equity value, and the joint press release that Vista and TIBCO issued to announce the 

transaction, describing it as a $4.3 billion deal. Pl.’s Ans. Br. 46. 

44

 
analysis or opine that the [Merger] was fair.”75 This is a non sequitur. The legal standard 

for establishing a claim of reformation is exacting and has no bearing on whether or not it 

would be prudent for a Board and its financial advisor to revisit their analysis of a 

transaction after discovering that one of their assumptions was mistaken. Indeed, it 

would have been irresponsible for them not to undertake that inquiry.

* * * * *

Taking all nine of the above contentions into account, plaintiff asserts that the 

facts here “are very similar” to those that caused the Supreme Court in Cerberus to find 

triable issues that could sustain a claim for reformation.76 I disagree. In Cerberus, the

Court identified evidence of an actual prior understanding between the parties on the 

specific deal term for which reformation was sought (i.e., to reform a merger agreement 

so that the selling stockholders would receive the proceeds from certain options and 

warrants). Specifically, the trial record in Cerberus contained evidence that the seller’s 

CEO had stated in writing before signing the merger agreement that “having the proceeds 

from the options and warrants go to MTI’s stockholders was a condition to further 

negotiations,” to which buyer’s CEO “responded in his handwritten note on that writing: 

‘This looks fine.’”77 The Supreme Court went on to explain that “[a]bsent any evidence 

that this term was eliminated in the negotiation (and there is none on this record), it is 

75 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 47. 

76 Id. at 49.

77 Cerberus, 794 A.2d at 1153.

45

 
certainly a permissible inference that the parties had a prior agreement relative to the 

proceeds from the options and warrants.”78 

Here, despite having the benefit of discovery, plaintiff has failed to identify any 

similar evidence of a specific prior understanding inconsistent with the price term in the 

Merger Agreement. To repeat, the Complaint is devoid of any allegation that Vista 

specifically offered to pay $4.244 billion (or any other aggregate amount) for the equity 

of TIBCO or that TIBCO accepted any offer expressed in terms of an aggregate value. 

Instead, as plaintiff admits, Vista’s Final Bid was expressed in terms of a per-share price

of $24 unaccompanied by any express assumption about the implied equity value of that 

bid. The final Merger Agreement accurately reflected the per-share price Vista offered 

and that TIBCO accepted, and accurately reflected (in the Cap Rep) the number of 

TIBCO’s shares outstanding on a fully diluted basis. 

The first sentence of the Cerberus decision framed the issue to be analyzed as one 

“based upon an alleged mistake of fact in the drafting” of a merger agreement.79 In 

recognition of the need for caution before a court will step in to modify the unambiguous 

terms of a contract, one negotiated here by highly sophisticated parties, the Supreme 

Court articulated a strict three-part analysis requiring proof of a specific prior 

understanding by clear and convincing evidence. This stringent test is consonant with 

substantial Delaware authority recognizing that reformation is only available when there 

78 Id.

79 Id. at 1143.

46

 
has been a “mistake” in reducing a specific agreement of the parties to writing.80 

Although I am sympathetic to plaintiff’s position given the apparent willingness of Vista 

to spend an additional $100 million to acquire the equity of TIBCO, the bottom line fact 

remains that plaintiff has failed to allege, as he must to sustain a claim for reformation,

facts demonstrating the existence of an antecedent agreement inconsistent with the price 

term of the Merger Agreement. Accordingly, Count I fails to state a claim for relief.

C. Count II: Breach of Fiduciary Duty against the Director Defendants

Count II of the Complaint asserts that the Director Defendants breached their 

fiduciary duties to TIBCO by failing to correct, or even to approach Vista in an attempt to 

correct, the share count error once it was discovered, and by failing to adequately inform 

themselves in the wake of this discovery. Plaintiff argues that these failures violated the 

Director Defendants’ duty under Revlon to obtain the highest value reasonably obtainable 

for the Company in a change of control transaction.

In Malpiede v. Towson, the Delaware Supreme Court explained that enhanced 

scrutiny under Revlon does not change the nature of the fiduciary duties owed by 

directors:

80 See Waggoner v. Laster, 581 A.2d 1127, 1135 (Del. 1990) (“[R]eformation is 

appropriate, when an agreement has been made . . . but in reducing such agreement or 

transaction to writing . . . the written instrument fails to express the real agreement or 

transaction.”) (citation omitted); Interim Healthcare, 2003 WL 22902879, at *7 

(“[R]eformation is appropriate when the parties mistakenly believed that the written 

instrument properly memorialized their agreement when, in fact, it did not.”); Lions Gate 

Entm’t Corp. v. Image Entm’t Inc., 2006 WL 1668051, at *8 (Del. Ch. June 5, 2006) 

(“The purpose of reformation is to make an erroneous instrument express correctly the 

intent of, or the real agreement between, the parties.”) (citation omitted).

47

 
Revlon neither creates a new type of fiduciary duty in the sale-of-control 

context nor alters the nature of the fiduciary duties that generally apply. 

Rather, Revlon emphasizes that the board must perform its fiduciary duties 

in the service of a specific objective: maximizing the sale price of the 

enterprise. Although the Revlon doctrine imposes enhanced judicial 

scrutiny of certain transactions involving a sale of control, it does not 

eliminate the requirement that plaintiffs plead sufficient facts to support the 

underlying claims for a breach of fiduciary duties in conducting the sale.81

More recently, in In re Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc., Stockholder Litigation, the 

Supreme Court held that where, as here, a plaintiff seeks only monetary damages, the 

plaintiff “must plead non-exculpated claims against a director who is protected by an 

exculpatory charter provision to survive a motion to dismiss, regardless of the underlying 

standard of review for the board’s conduct—be it Revlon, Unocal, the entire fairness 

standard, or the business judgment rule.”82

The Director Defendants are exculpated from monetary liability for a breach of the 

duty of care under TIBCO’s Certificate of Incorporation.83 Plaintiff concedes, 

furthermore, that the Complaint “does not allege that the Director Defendants were 

interested or lacked independence.”84 Thus, to state a non-exculpated claim for breach of 

81 780 A.2d 1075, 1083-84 (Del. 2001).

82 115 A.3d 1173, 1175-76 (Del. 2015).

83 Article 9(a) of TIBCO’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation states: 

“To the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law as the same 

exists or as may hereafter be amended, a director of the Corporation shall not be 

personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach 

of fiduciary duty as a director.” Sorrels Aff. Ex. B, Art. 9(a) (Apr. 2, 2015). “The court 

may take judicial notice of the certificate in deciding a motion to dismiss.” McPadden v. 

Sidhu, 964 A.2d 1262, 1273 n.28 (Del. Ch. 2008). 

84 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 67 n. 134.

48

 
the fiduciary duty of loyalty against the Director Defendants, plaintiff must plead facts 

sufficient to demonstrate that that they acted in bad faith. 

The standard for demonstrating that disinterested directors acted in bad faith is a 

high one. As the Supreme Court held in Lyondell: 

Only if [the directors] knowingly and completely failed to undertake their 

responsibilities would they breach their duty of loyalty. . . . Instead of 

questioning whether disinterested, independent directors did everything that 

they (arguably) should have done to obtain the best sale price, the inquiry 

should [be] whether those directors utterly failed to attempt to obtain the 

best sale price.85

In so holding, the Supreme Court quoted with approval then Vice-Chancellor Strine’s 

observation that “[i]n the transactional context, a very extreme set of facts would seem to 

be required to sustain a disloyalty claim premised on the notion that disinterested 

directors were intentionally disregarding their duties.”86 Plaintiff acknowledges the high 

bar to pleading bad faith. According to plaintiff, he must at least “show that the 

‘fiduciary’s actions were so far beyond the bounds of reasonable judgment that it seems 

essentially inexplicable on any ground other than bad faith.’”87

Plaintiff advances two theories in support of its fiduciary duty claim, specifically, 

that (1) “the Board did not even attempt to recover the $100 million in consideration that

Vista had agreed to pay TIBCO,” and (2) the Board “failed to adequately inform itself 

85 Lyondell, 970 A.2d at 244.

86 Id. at 243 (quoting In re Lear Corp. S’holder Litig., 967 A.2d 640, 654-55 (Del. Ch. 

2008)).

87 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 71 (quoting In re Novell, Inc. S’holder Litig., 2013 WL 322560, *10 

(Del. Ch. Jan. 13, 2013) (internal quotations omitted)). 

49

 
about the circumstances of the Share Count Error and what options and strategies it had 

to potentially capture some or all of the $100 million.”88 In my opinion, neither theory 

alleges sufficient facts to sustain a duty of loyalty claim for bad faith conduct, but it is 

reasonably conceivable that the allegations underlying the second theory would sustain a 

duty of care claim for which the Director Defendants would be exculpated but that could 

form the predicate breach for an aiding and abetting claim.

As an initial matter, it is plainly incorrect for plaintiff to assert that Vista “had 

agreed” to pay the $100 million at issue in this case. The only agreement in front of the 

Board was the Merger Agreement, which unambiguously provided for a per-share price 

of $24 for a fixed—and accurate—number of TIBCO shares that implied an aggregate 

equity value of $4.144 billion. The real question underlying plaintiff’s first theory is

whether the Board’s decision not to engage with Vista in an effort to recover some or all 

of the additional $100 million they believed the transaction would yield was so far 

beyond the bounds of reasonable judgment as to be inexplicable on any ground other than 

bad faith. In my opinion, it was not.

The obvious risk of engaging with Vista to seek to modify the Merger Agreement 

was that Vista might have used such an overture as an opportunity to repudiate the $24

per share transaction reflected in the Merger Agreement—one that Goldman had opined 

was fair (before and after the share count error was discovered), that the plaintiff himself 

88 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 67, 69; see also Compl. ¶ 159.

50

 
views as a “good outcome,”89 and that over 96% of TIBCO’s stockholders voted to 

approve.

90 Put differently, the difficult decision the Board was confronted with was 

whether it was worth putting at risk a binding $24 per share transaction that would yield 

$4.144 billion for TIBCO stockholders (about 97.5% of a $4.244 billion equity value) to 

try to obtain some or all of an additional $0.57 per share (about 2.5% of such a value). 

This risk calculation logically would take into account numerous factors, such as 

the Board’s assessment of its likelihood of prevailing on a reformation claim if push 

came to shove, as well as dynamics in the industry or the markets at the time (such as the 

state of debt markets where Vista was looking to finance part of the transaction) that 

might influence Vista’s reaction to an overture from the Board. Even if one viewed the 

risk of jeopardizing the transaction on the table by engaging with Vista to be minor, it 

was a risk that a reasonable person could not ignore, and the significance of which 

reasonable minds could disagree on in good faith. Given these practical realities, and the 

absence of any credible argument why the concededly disinterested and independent 

members of TIBCO’s Board would be motivated to disregard their fiduciary duties, the 

facts pled in the Complaint do not come close in my view to demonstrating that the 

89 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 28 n. 7.

90 TIBCO Software Inc., Current Report (Form 8-K/A) (Dec. 5, 2014). The Court may 

take judicial notice of the results of the vote reported in TIBCO’s SEC filings because 

they are not reasonably subject to dispute. See, e.g., In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) 

S’holder Litig., 897 A.2d 162, 170 (Del. 2006) (“it was proper for the Court of Chancery 

to take judicial notice of the publicly available fact, reported by GM in a Form 10–Q filed 

with the SEC, that a majority of both classes of GM stockholders voted to approve the 

Hughes transactions.”).

51

 
members of the Board intentionally disregarded their duties by failing to renegotiate with 

Vista. 

Plaintiff’s second line of attack—that the Board failed to adequately inform itself 

in the wake of the discovery of the share count error—presents more difficult questions. 

Plaintiff alleges, for example, that the Board never considered or explored a reformation 

claim and failed to ask Goldman such basic questions as (i) how the share count error 

occurred, (ii) whether it was Goldman’s fault or not, (iii) whether Goldman had discussed 

the error or its implications with Vista, or (iv) whether Goldman believed Vista should or 

would pay the full $4.244 billion the Board believed it had secured for TIBCO’s 

stockholders.91 These allegations are troubling. Given, however, that the Board met 

twice after the share count error was discovered to assess and respond to the situation, on 

October 11 and 23, including at least once with Goldman, it is not reasonably conceivable 

in my judgment that the disinterested and independent members of the Board could be 

found to have entirely disregarded their fiduciary duties thereby acting in bad faith or, in 

the words of Lyondell, that they “utterly failed to attempt to obtain the best sale price.” 

That said, these allegations are sufficient, in my view, to state a claim for a breach of the 

Director Defendants’ duty of care.

In the celebrated Disney case, this Court explained that the “fiduciary duty of care 

requires that directors of a Delaware corporation ‘use that amount of care which 

ordinarily careful and prudent men would use in similar circumstances,’ and ‘consider all 

91 Compl. ¶¶ 117-18.

52

 
material information reasonably available’ in making business decisions, and that 

deficiencies in the directors’ process are actionable only if the directors’ actions are 

grossly negligent.”92 This Court has defined gross negligence in the context of a duty of 

care claim involving corporate fiduciaries to mean “reckless indifference to or a 

deliberate disregard of the stockholders”93 or actions that are “without the bounds of 

reason.”94 In the context of a motion to dismiss, then-Vice Chancellor Strine explained 

that gross negligence “requires the articulation of facts that suggest a wide disparity 

between the process the directors used . . . and [the process] which would have been 

rational.”95

Here, accepting the Complaint’s well-pled allegations as true for purposes of this 

motion, as I must, they portray a sufficiently wide gulf between what was done and what 

one rationally would expect a board to do after discovering a fundamental flaw in a sale 

process such that it is reasonably conceivable plaintiff could meet the gross negligence 

standard. One rationally would expect, for example, the Board to press Goldman, which 

was responsible for negotiating with potential bidders and interacted directly with Vista, 

for a complete explanation concerning the circumstances of the share count error (e.g., 

92 In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 907 A.2d 693, 749 (Del. Ch. 2005), aff’d, 906 A.2d 

27 (Del. 2006) (internal citations omitted). 

93 Rabkin v. Philip A. Hunt Chem. Corp., 547 A.2d 963, 970 (Del. Ch. 1986) (quoting 

Allaun v. Consol. Oil Co., 147 A. 257, 261 (Del. Ch. 1929) (internal quotations omitted)). 

94 Rabkin, 547 A.2d at 970 (quoting Gimbel v. Signal Companies, Inc., 316 A.2d 599, 

615 (Del. Ch. 1974), aff’d, Gimbel v. Signal Companies, Inc., 316 A.2d 619 (Del. 1974)).

95 Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 508 n. 39 (Del. Ch. 2003).

53

 
what caused it, who was responsible, etc.) and for whatever information it could provide 

concerning Vista’s understanding of the share count error. This information logically 

would have aided the Board in assessing, with the assistance of its counsel, the 

Company’s options vis-à-vis Vista and/or Goldman to secure as much as possible of the 

additional $100 million of equity value it thought the transaction would realize. 

Armed with a more complete picture of the situation, the Board would have been 

better equipped to consider, among other things, the risks of reengaging with Vista, of 

pressing a claim against Vista or Goldman, or whether to change its recommendation to 

stockholders before the Merger vote. What the disinterested members of the Board 

ultimately would do with this information presumably would be a matter of business 

judgment, and the failure to seek this information is not indicative of bad faith in my 

view for the reasons discussed earlier,96 but the failure to make such basic inquiries does 

raise litigable questions over whether the Board acted in a grossly negligent manner and 

thus failed to satisfy its duty of care during the period between the discovery of the share 

count error and closing of the Merger.

97 

96 See In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig, 906 A.2d 27, 66 (Del. 2006) (“[t]here is no 

basis in policy, precedent or common sense that would justify dismantling the distinction 

between gross negligence and bad faith.”); see also id. at 64-65 (“to afford guidance we 

address the issue of whether gross negligence (including a failure to inform one’s self of 

available material facts), without more, can also constitute bad faith. The answer is 

clearly no.”)

97 See, e.g., Omnicare, Inc. v. NCS Healthcare, Inc., 818 A.2d 914, 938 (Del. 2003) (“The 

Directors of a Delaware corporation have a continuing obligation to discharge their 

fiduciary responsibilities, as future circumstances develop, after a merger agreement is 

announced.”)

54

 
In sum, because the members of the Board were concededly disinterested and 

independent and the Complaint fails to plead a reasonably conceivable basis for 

establishing that they acted in bad faith, and because the Board is exculpated from 

liability for a breach of the duty of care under TIBCO’s charter, Count II fails to state a 

claim for relief. Given, however, that the allegations of the Complaint would sustain a 

duty of care claim against the Director Defendants, I next address plaintiff’s aiding and 

abetting claim against Goldman. 

D. Count IV: Aiding and Abetting against Goldman

Count IV of the Complaint asserts that Goldman, as the Company’s financial 

advisor, aided and abetted the Director Defendants in breaching their fiduciary duties. 

“To succeed on a claim for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty, Plaintiff must 

prove: (1) the existence of a fiduciary relationship, (2) a breach of the fiduciary’s duty, 

and (3) knowing participation in that breach by the non-fiduciary.”98 For the reasons 

explained previously, plaintiff has adequately alleged a breach of the fiduciary duty of 

care that the Director Defendants owed to TIBCO, which this Court has held can form the 

predicate for an aiding and abetting claim.99 Thus, factors (1) and (2) are satisfied and 

the analysis of whether Count IV states a claim against Goldman turns on whether the 

98 Zimmerman v. Crothall, 62 A.2d 676, 711 (Del. Ch. 2013).

99 In re Rural Metro Corp. S’holders Litig., 88 A.3d 54 (Del. Ch. 2014) appeal docketed, 

No. 140, 2015 (Del. argued Sep. 30, 2015) (finding financial advisor liable for aiding and 

abetting directors’ breach of the duty of care); see also Houseman v. Sagerman, 2014 WL 

1600724, at *8 (Del. Ch. Apr. 16, 2014); Goodwin v. Live Entm’t, Inc., 1999 WL 64265, 

at *28 n.22 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 1999). 

55

 
Complaint sufficiently alleges that Goldman knowingly participated in the Director 

Defendants’ alleged breach. 

“To demonstrate the ‘knowing participation’ element of an aiding and abetting 

claim, it must be reasonably conceivable from the well-pled allegations that ‘the third 

party act[ed] with the knowledge that the conduct advocated or assisted constitute[d] . . . 

a breach [of fiduciary duty].’”100 The requirement of participation can be established if 

the alleged aider and abettor “participated in the board’s decisions, conspired with [the] 

board, or otherwise caused the board to make the decisions at issue.”101 

Plaintiff asserts that Goldman, with full knowledge of the Director Defendants’ 

duties to obtain the highest value reasonably attainable for TIBCO’s stockholders, knew 

from its participation in the October 11 board meeting that the Board had failed to inform 

itself about the share count error because the Board “did not ask Goldman any relevant 

questions about how the error occurred or what might be done about it.”102 Most 

significantly, plaintiff specifically alleges that Goldman learned on October 15, through 

email correspondence with Vista, that Vista had relied on the erroneous share count in the 

Final Cap Table in making its Final Bid, but never informed the Board about this critical 

fact.103 According to the Complaint, the failure to provide this information to the Board 

100 Lee v. Pincus, 2014 WL 6066108, at *13 (Del. Ch. Nov. 14, 2014) (quoting Malpiede, 

780 A.2d at 1097).

101 Malpiede, 780 A.2d at 1098 (Del. 2001).

102 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 72; see Compl. ¶¶ 108, 118

103 Compl. ¶¶ 113-14, 119.

56

 
is confirmed by minutes of the October 23 Board meeting, which state “it was still 

unknown if either Vista or Sponsor B used an incorrect share count in arriving at their 

per share bids.”104 In my view, these allegations are sufficient to satisfy the knowing 

participation element of an aiding and abetting claim. 

In Rural Metro, the Court, based on a careful analysis of the aiding and abetting 

jurisprudence of this Court dating back over forty years and principles of tort law, held 

that if a “third party knows that the board is breaching its duty of care and participates in 

the breach by misleading the board or creating the informational vacuum, then the third 

party can be liable for aiding and abetting.”105 Here, plaintiff has pled facts from which, 

in my view, it is reasonably conceivable that it could sustain such a claim. 

Specifically, through its involvement in the October 11 meeting, during which the 

Board allegedly failed to press Goldman for basic information concerning the 

circumstances of the share count error, it is reasonably inferable that Goldman, a highly 

sophisticated investment bank, knew the Board was not fulfilling its duty of care to 

gather all material information reasonably available about the share count error. Most 

significantly, having that knowledge and having served as the primary negotiator with 

Vista during the bidding process, Goldman then allegedly concealed from the Board a 

critical piece of information: that Vista had confirmed that it relied on the erroneous 

104 Id. ¶ 119. 

105 Rural Metro, 88 A.3d at 97.

57

 
share information in the Final Cap Table when it made its Final Bid.106 In my opinion, it 

is reasonably conceivable that the alleged failure to disclose this material information to 

the Board created an informational vacuum at a critical juncture when the Board was still 

assessing its options vis-à-vis Vista or Goldman to secure some or part of the $100 

million equity value shortfall. The testimony of TIBCO director West, for example, 

suggests that the Board may have pursued a different course in its assessment of the 

Company’s options in October 2014 if it had been made aware of this fact.107

According to plaintiff, an obvious motive for Goldman to conceal this information

was its desire to protect its $47.4 million fee, almost 99% of which was contingent on the 

transaction closing. The Complaint further alleges that Goldman was not entitled under 

its Engagement Letter to $6 million of this fee amount attributable to TIBCO’s

convertible notes,108 and that Goldman thus was motivated to curry favor with Vista—

with which Goldman had a close relationship109—by not throwing sand in the gears of 

106 Goldman heavily disputes this assertion, and claims it conveyed this information to 

the Board’s counsel. See TIBCO, 2014 WL 6674444, at *11 n.116. On the present 

motion, however, I am constrained by the well-pled allegations of the Complaint. Thus, 

resolution of this issue must await a more developed factual record. 

107 See Compl. ¶ 120.

108 The Complaint alleges that Goldman was not entitled under the terms of its 

Engagement Letter to receive 1% of the $600 million face value of the convertible notes 

because no consideration was paid to the noteholders in the transaction or, alternatively, 

because no noteholder received compensation exceeding the exercise price of the notes. 

Compl. ¶¶ 127-35.

109 The Complaint alleges that the co-founders of Vista are both former Goldman 

bankers, that seven of Vista’s thirteen principals are former Goldman bankers, that 

Goldman advised Vista on a $2 billion acquisition in 2012, and that Preliminary Proxy 

58

 
the transaction so that Vista (as the acquirer of TIBCO) would not object to TIBCO 

paying the allegedly inflated $47.4 million fee. 

Goldman protests that the contingent nature of its fee cannot demonstrate a motive 

to aid and abet a breach of fiduciary duty because banker contingent fees are routine. It is 

assuredly common to pay bankers contingent fees, but that does not mean that the 

contingent nature of such a fee here (particularly when the level of contingency is 99%) 

did not provide Goldman a powerful incentive in the circumstances of this case to refrain 

from providing information to the Board that (i) potentially would jeopardize what 

Goldman likely perceived to be a “done deal” after the October 11 Board meeting at 

which it reaffirmed the Fairness Opinion, or (ii) may have caused the Board to seek a fee 

reduction (or forfeiture) from Goldman depending on its role in the share count error. 

These allegations, combined with alleged facts concerning the $6 million component of 

the fee attributable to the convertible notes and the benefit to Goldman of not acting at 

cross-purposes with Vista to secure that component, raise a reasonable inference at this 

stage of the proceedings that Goldman was motivated to create an informational vacuum.

Goldman contends that alleging it did not inform the Board that Vista relied on the 

Final Cap Table in making its Final Bid does not mean the Board did not infer this 

information from other sources, such as a spreadsheet attached to the Equity 

disclosed that “Affiliates of Goldman Sachs also may have co-invested with [Vista 

affiliates] . . . from time to time and may have invested in limited partnership units of 

[Vista] affiliates . . . from time to time and may do so in the future.” Compl. ¶¶ 125-26.

59

 
Commitment Letter or the joint press release announcing the transaction.110 At the 

motion to dismiss stage, however, it is reasonable to infer that the Board did not make 

such an inference, especially given the fact that the minutes of the October 23 Board 

meeting show that it was still uncertain about what numbers Vista had relied on. Even if 

the Board might have been able to draw such an inference from these or other sources, 

moreover, Vista’s admission that it had relied on the incorrect share numbers in the Final 

Cap Table—information that allegedly was conveyed exclusively to Goldman—was 

information of a qualitatively different character because it would remove any doubt on 

the question and foreclose Vista from denying the fact if the Board chose to reengage 

with Vista. 

* * * * *

In sum, for the reasons explained above, I conclude it is reasonably conceivable 

from the facts alleged in the Complaint that Goldman was motivated to and intentionally 

created an informational vacuum by failing to disclose material information to the Board 

at a critical time when it was evaluating and reconsidering its options concerning whether 

it could act to secure some or all of the $100 million in additional equity value that the 

110 The spreadsheet showed that Vista calculated a $4.244 billion equity value for the 

transaction by multiplying $24 per share by 176,817,153 fully diluted shares outstanding. 

Compl. ¶ 84; Pl.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. Ex. 21 at GS00011572 (Nov. 17, 2014). The 

joint press release stated that the enterprise value of the transaction was approximately 

$4.3 billion, which corresponds to a $4.244 equity value. Compl. ¶ 100; Pl.’s Mot. for 

Prelim. Inj. Ex. 1 (Nov. 17, 2014).

60

 
Board mistakenly believed it had obtained when approving the Merger.111 As such, the 

Complaint sufficiently alleges a claim for aiding and abetting the Director Defendants’ 

duty of care. Accordingly, the motion to dismiss Count IV for failure to state a claim for 

relief is denied.

E. Count V: Professional Malpractice against Goldman

Count V of the Complaint asserts that Goldman is liable to a putative class of 

TIBCO’s stockholders for professional malpractice and negligence for failing to timely 

discover and correct the share count error as part of its financial advisory services. 

Plaintiff argues that this claim arises under the law of California, where TIBCO is 

headquartered and where the allegedly negligent services were rendered. In particular, 

relying on the California Supreme Court’s 1958 decision in Biakanja v. Irving, plaintiff 

argues that “the determination of whether a professional owes a duty to third parties not 

111 Goldman places substantial reliance on Houseman v. Sagerman for its finding that just 

because “KeyBanc [the financial advisor] did not directly furnish information to Mr. 

Houseman does not support an inference that KeyBanc knew Mr. Houseman or any other 

director was acting uninformedly in evaluating the transaction.” 2014 WL 1600724, at 

*9. Houseman is distinguishable for two reasons. First, the alleged failure to provide 

information in Houseman was only to a single director, not to the entire board or to the 

company itself. See id. (“[L]ack of disclosure of certain facts to Mr. Houseman and to 

the Universata stockholders is unavailing, because the Plaintiffs fail to adequately plead 

that KeyBanc created an ‘informational vacuum’ assisting the Universata Board in 

breaching its duty of care.”). Second, KeyBanc’s engagement in Houseman was far more 

limited than Goldman’s in the present case, diminishing the likelihood that it would be as 

involved in the bidding process and thus serve as such a critical source of information to 

a board. See id. at *2 (engagement limited to “assisting in due diligence and identifying 

additional parties that could have an interest in acquiring the Company”), id. at *3 

(“KeyBanc did not prepare a written presentation summarizing its work, nor did it present 

a formal fairness opinion”) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).

61

 
in privity with the professional ‘is a matter of policy and involves the balance of various 

factors,’” which he contends weigh in his favor here.

112 

In Biakanja, a notary preparing a will for his client failed to have it properly 

attested. As a result, the decedent’s sister inherited only an eighth of the estate instead of 

the entire estate to which she would have been entitled had the will been valid. The 

California Supreme Court held that the notary was liable to the decedent’s sister, despite 

a lack of privity of contract with her. The Court stated that “[t]he determination whether 

in a specific case the defendant will be held liable to a third person not in privity is a 

matter of policy and involves the balancing of various factors,” which include:

[1] the extent to which the transaction was intended to affect the plaintiff, 

[2] the foreseeability of harm to him, [3] the degree of certainty that the 

plaintiff suffered injury, [4] the closeness of the connection between the 

defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered, [5] the moral blame attached to 

the defendant’s conduct, and [6] the policy of preventing future harm.113

Applying these factors, the Biakanja Court held that, having drafted the will, the 

defendant should have foreseen that its faulty execution would harm the decedent’s sister, 

and that her inability to inherit the full estate was the direct result of the defendant’s 

negligent drafting and unauthorized practice of law.114 Here, relying on the broadly 

stated factors enumerated in Biakanja, plaintiff argues in a single paragraph that 

Goldman should be held to account directly to TIBCO’s stockholders because “it was 

foreseeable that any miscalculation of the number of shares outstanding when 

112 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 78 (quoting Biakanja v. Irving, 49 Cal. 2d 647, 650 (Cal. 1958)). 

113 Biakanja, 49 Cal. 2d at 650.

114 Id. at 651.

62

 
establishing the Merger price would directly reduce the price each stockholder would 

receive.”115

Goldman, which does not object to the application of California law for purposes 

of this motion,116 argues that plaintiff lacks standing to assert a professional malpractice 

claim against it because such a claim belongs exclusively to its client which, as stated in 

its Engagement Letter, was the Special Committee. Goldman further emphasizes that the 

Engagement Letter expressly disclaims that Goldman owed any duties to TIBCO’s 

stockholders:

You recognize that Goldman Sachs has been retained to act as financial 

advisor to the Special Committee, and our engagement hereunder is not on 

behalf of, nor intended to create any relationship with, or duty to, any other 

person, including affiliates or stockholders of the Company.117 

As to plaintiff’s reliance on Biakanja, Goldman asserts that later decisions have limited 

its application to professionals (like contractors and architects) whose services have 

caused physical harm.118 I consider this issue next. 

In 1992, in a thorough reconsideration of the policies animating its earlier decision 

in Biakanja, the California Supreme Court held in Bily v. Arthur Young & Co.119 that an 

auditor did not owe a general duty of care to investors of a corporation for which it 

115 Pl.’s Ans. Br. 79.

116 See Goldman’s Op. Br. 15 n. 6; Goldman’s Reply Br. 10 n. 9.

117 Miller Aff. Ex. 1 (Engagement Letter) at GS00000006 (Apr. 2, 2015). 

118 Tr. of Oral Arg. 177-79 (July 23, 2015). 

119 Bily v. Arthur Young & Co., 834 P.2d 745 (Cal. 1992).

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performed auditing services. The court specifically declined to extend Biakanja’s 

foreseeability-based test to “permit all merely foreseeable third party users of audit 

reports to sue the auditor on a theory of professional negligence,” limiting the auditor’s 

liability under a theory of general negligence to its client.120 The court referenced one of 

its earlier decisions that drew a distinction between physical and nonphysical harm to 

eloquently explain the limitations of a foreseeability-based test:

[F]oreseeability . . . is endless because [it], like light, travels indefinitely in 

a vacuum. [It] proves too much . . . Although it may set tolerable limits for 

most types of physical harm, it provides virtually no limit on liability for 

nonphysical harm . . . It is apparent that reliance on foreseeability of injury 

alone in finding a duty, and thus a right to recover, is not adequate when the 

damages sought are for an intangible injury . . . .

121

 

The Bily Court cited three central public policy concerns motivating its holding: 

(1) exposing auditors to negligence claims “from all foreseeable third parties” would 

cause “potential liability out of proportion to fault;” (2) the sophisticated investors, 

creditors and others who read and rely on auditors reports could “rely on their own 

prudence, diligence and contracting power, as well as other informational tools,” to 

protect themselves; and (3) the “dubious benefits of a broad rule of liability” as compared 

to a likely increase in cost and decrease in availability services.122 Significantly, Bily 

120 Id. at 761.

121 Id. at 762 (quoting Thing v. La Chusa, 771 P.2d 814, 823 (Cal. 1989)) (internal 

quotation marks and alterations omitted).

122 Bily, 834 P.2d at 761, 765, 767.

64

 
suggested its holding would apply to other professional “suppliers of information and 

evaluations:”

Accountants are not unique in their position as suppliers of information and 

evaluations for the use and benefit of others. Other professionals, including 

attorneys, architects, engineers, title insurers and abstractors, and others 

also perform that function. And, like auditors, these professionals may also 

face suits by third persons claiming reliance on information and opinions 

generated in a professional capacity.123

Following Bily, California courts have seized on that language to decline to allow 

third parties to sue other professional service firms. In 1997, a California intermediate 

court quoted that portion of Bily to hold that a law firm was not liable for negligence to a 

non-client, stating simply: “We assume, therefore, that the [Bily] court intended its 

discussion of liability of third parties to be considered in a case such as the one now 

before us.”124 In 1998, the California Supreme Court applied Bily to find no negligence 

liability to third parties for a title insurer. It put the principle more broadly, holding that 

“[w]ith rare exceptions, a business entity has no duty to prevent financial loss to others 

with whom it deals directly. A fortiori, it has no greater duty to prevent financial losses 

to third parties who may be affected by its operations.”125 

The Ninth Circuit has interpreted California law to impose similar limitations on 

the application of Biakanja in view of Bily and later decisions. For example, in Glenn K. 

Jackson Inc. v. Roe, based on its examination of post-Bily precedents, the Ninth Circuit 

123 Id. at 770.

124 B.L.M. v. Sabo & Deitsch, 55 Cal. App. 4th 823, 830 n.3 (Cal. App. 1997).

125 Quelimane Co., Inc. v. Stewart Title Guaranty Co., 960 P.2d 513, 533 (Cal. 1998).

65

 
affirmed a trial court’s finding that an accountant owed no duty to a third party it had 

audited for its client, stating that “the limitations Bily placed on the Biakanja factors 

apply widely to those who supply or evaluate information to limit their liability to even 

foreseeable third parties who have an interest in their work product.”126 Eight years later, 

the Ninth Circuit similarly declined to find that a firm providing actuarial services owed a 

duty of ordinary care to non-clients, stating that “California law sharply limits the duty of 

ordinary care imposed on a supplier of information to non-clients.”127 

Plaintiff has not cited any case in which a court has extended the reasoning of 

Biakanja to permit a third party to sue a financial advisor for malpractice. The only postBily decisions plaintiff has identified in which courts have sustained claims under 

Biakanja (against a general contractor and an architect) both involved physical damage to 

property.128 Relying on an unpublished decision of a California intermediate court, 

126 273 F.3d 1192, 1199 (9th Cir. 2001).

127Paulsen v. CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1077 (9th Cir. 2009). The Ninth Circuit 

considered the California Supreme Court’s decision in Quelimane, discussed above, as 

well as decisions in Cabanos v. Gloodt Assocs., 942 F.Supp. 1295, 1308-10 (E.D. Cal. 

1996) (appraiser owed no duty of ordinary care to third party); Sanchez v. Lindsey 

Morden Claims Services, Inc., 72 Cal. App. 4th 249 (1999) (insurer-retained claims 

adjuster owed no duty to insured); and Soderberg v. McKinney, 44 Cal. App. 4th 1760, 

1768 (1996) (“While Bily involved the liability of accountants (or auditors), we see no 

reason why its discussion should be limited to that group of professionals.”). 

128 See Burch v. Superior Court, 223 Cal. App. 4th 1411 (Cal. 2014) (permitting 

homebuyer to sue general contractor for property damage caused by a construction 

defect); Beacon Residential Cmty. Ass’n. v. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, 327 P.3d 

850 (Cal. 2014) (permitting homeowners association to sue primary architect for design 

defects causing property damage). But see Weseloh Family Ltd. P’ship v. K.L. Wessel 

Constr. Co., Inc., 125 Cal. App. 4th 152, 164-73 (Cal. 2004) (applying Bily to find that 

66

 
Goldman argues that the only California decision either party has cited regarding 

professional negligence claims against a financial advisor in the merger context 

(coincidentally, against Goldman) made clear that such a claim only could be asserted by 

the client.129 That decision, however, did not discuss Biakanja and its progeny or analyze 

the question in any meaningful sense.130

Having carefully reviewed the cited case law, it is my opinion that California law 

would not afford TIBCO’s stockholders standing to sue Goldman on a negligence theory 

for an economic loss based on the policies articulated in Biakanja over half a century ago. 

The post-Bily decisions rendered over the past twenty-three years suggest instead that 

liability for professional service firms to third parties under California law tends to be 

limited to instances of physical harm or property damage, rather than economic loss. 

This is a classic distinction in tort law, where in “situations in which the plaintiff has 

neither suffered personal injury nor damage to tangible property . . . American law is 

generally opposed to recovery on a negligence theory.”131 This distinction also was the 

engineering firm that designed retaining wall owed no duty to property owner for 

property damage). 

129 See Carrigan v. Goldman, 2011 WL 4600382, at *3 (Cal. Ct. App. Oct. 6, 2011) 

(“complaints regarding . . . [the] performance by Goldman Sachs in its role as financial 

advisor . . . for professional malpractice or otherwise” are “not direct claims [that may be 

pursued by stockholders] but derivative ones belonging to [Goldman’s client].”). 

130 The focus of the Carrigan decision was whether plaintiff had stated a claim against 

Goldman for aiding and abetting a breach of fiduciary duty, which the court considered 

as a matter of Delaware law. 

131 Herbert Bernstein, Civil Liability for Pure Economic Loss Under American Tort Law, 

46 Am. J. Comp. L. 111, 112 (1998).

67

 
starting point for the Bily Court, as it examined Chief Justice Cardozo’s analysis in the 

seminal Ultramares case, which “distinguished between liability arising from a ‘physical 

force’ and ‘the circulation of a thought or the release of the explosive power resident in 

words.’”132 Bily and the subsequent cases have largely preserved that distinction, 

whereby professional service firms have been found liable in the construction context—

when their negligence causes direct harm to person or property—but not when they 

provide “a broadly phrased professional opinion based on a necessarily confined 

examination of client-provided information” or act as “suppliers of information and 

evaluations for the use and benefit of others.”133 For these reasons, Count V fails to state 

a claim for relief under California common law in my opinion. 

F. Count VI: Unjust Enrichment against Vista

Count VI of the Complaint asserts that, because Vista paid $100 million less to 

acquire the stock of TIBCO than it expected to pay, it was unjustly enriched by that 

amount. Vista contends that this claim should be dismissed for several reasons, including 

because a contract—the Merger Agreement—comprehensively governs the parties’ 

relationship in this case. I agree.

The primary case on which plaintiff relies, Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP v. 

SIG Growth Equity, provides a helpful summary of Delaware law on unjust enrichment:

132 Bily, 834 P.2d at 753 (quoting Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 174 N.E. 441, 445 (N.Y. 

1931)).

133 Beacon, 327 P.3d at 860 (quoting Bily, 834 P.2d at 765, 770) (internal quotations 

omitted).

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“Unjust enrichment is defined as the unjust retention of a benefit to the loss 

of another, or the retention of money or property of another against the 

fundamental principles of equity and good conscience.” It was developed 

“as a theory of recovery to remedy the absence of a formal contract.” To 

plead a claim for unjust enrichment, a plaintiff must plead “(1) an 

enrichment, (2) an impoverishment, (3) a relation between the enrichment 

and impoverishment, (4) the absence of justification, and the absence of a 

remedy provided by law.”

* * * * *

In evaluating unjust enrichment claims, Courts conduct a threshold inquiry 

“as to whether a contract already governs the parties’ relationship.” “If a 

contract comprehensively governs the parties’ relationship, then it alone 

must provide the measure of the plaintiff’s rights and any claim of unjust 

enrichment will be denied.” If the validity of that agreement is challenged, 

however, clams of unjust enrichment may survive a motion to dismiss. 

Further, this Court has recognized that, “[i]in some situations, . . . both a 

breach of contract and an unjust enrichment claim may survive a motion to 

dismiss when pled as alternative theories of recovery.” This may be the 

case where a plaintiff pleads a right to recovery “not controlled by contract” 

or where “it is the [contract], itself, that is the unjust enrichment.134

Here, a comprehensive agreement indisputably governs the parties’ relationship in 

the form of the 87-page Merger Agreement, Section 2.7(a)(ii) of which sets forth the 

per-share price to be paid for each outstanding share of TIBCO common stock as of the 

effective date of the Merger. There is, perhaps, no better evidence of this than the fact 

that the plaintiff’s lead claim in this case is to reform the Merger Agreement to increase 

the aggregate purchase price for TIBCO equity by $100 million, or $0.57 per share price.

Plaintiff seeks to avoid the obvious conclusion that a formal contract defines the 

parties’ relationship by seizing on the parts of the quote from Great Hill set forth above 

stating that an unjust enrichment claim may survive a motion to dismiss even if a 

134 2014 WL 6703980, at *27 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 2014) (internal citations omitted).

69

 
comprehensive contract is in place “[i]f the validity of that agreement is challenged” or 

“it is the [contract], itself, that is the unjust enrichment.”135 Assuming, arguendo, that 

plaintiff’s claim for reformation constitutes a challenge to the “validity” of the Merger 

Agreement, the reformation claim fails to state a claim for relief for the reasons explained 

above and, thus, no legally viable challenge to the Merger Agreement remains. 

Having been unable to state a legally cognizable claim to reform or otherwise 

challenge the price term of the Merger Agreement, plaintiff also has failed to plead an

absence of justification for Vista to expect the terms of the Merger Agreement to be 

honored. This would be true even if Vista did have a mistaken belief about how much it 

would pay for all of the equity of TIBCO when it signed the Merger Agreement. This 

result may seem harsh when considering notions of fairness from a 64,000 foot level, but 

either there is a legal basis to reform the Merger Agreement or there is not. Having found 

that plaintiff has failed to plead such a basis in this case, the conclusion logically follows 

that the comprehensive contract that governs the parties’ relationship here must alone 

determine the measure of plaintiff’s rights in this case. For these reasons, Count VI fails 

to state a claim for relief. 

135 This latter phrase comes from McPadden v. Sidhu, 964 A.2d 1262, 1276 (Del. Ch. 

2008). There, a stockholder asserted claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust 

enrichment challenging the corporation’s (i2) sale of a subsidiary to a former officer 

(Dubreville). The case is inapposite because the Court expressly did not decide whether 

a binding contract governed the subject matter of the unjust enrichment claim. Id. (“even 

if there is a contract between Dubreville and i2, which I do not decide . . .”).

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G. Count VII: Unjust Enrichment against Goldman

Count VII of the Complaint asserts that Goldman was unjustly enriched by at least 

$6 million on the theory that convertible notes of TIBCO having a face value of $600 

million should not have been included as part of the “aggregate consideration” on which 

Goldman was entitled to a 1% transaction fee under its Engagement Letter. Application 

of the same principles of unjust enrichment stated above dictate that this claim be 

dismissed because it is undisputed that a contract signed by Goldman, TIBCO and the 

Special Committee—the Engagement Letter—governs this dispute. Indeed, the 

Complaint specifically alleges that Goldman’s enrichment stems from the fact that its fee 

was “calculated . . . inconsistent with the terms of the Engagement Letter.”136 Thus, 

whatever the merits may be of plaintiff’s contention that the convertible notes should not 

have been included in the calculation of Goldman’s transaction fee, that claim is entirely 

controlled by the meaning of the contractual terms set forth in the Engagement Letter. 

For this reason, Count VII fails to state a claim for relief.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ various motions to dismiss Counts I, II, V, 

VI and VII of the Complaint for failure to state a claim for relief are granted, and 

Goldman’s motion to dismiss Count IV is denied. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

136 Compl. ¶ 186.

71