NDE Publications: 1984

Leonard Mordfin, Editor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

institute for Materials Science and Engineering

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

April 1987

' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

~^REAU OF STANDARDS

100

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IK87-3552

1987

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NBSIR 87-3552

intormalion Center

INaiioaai ijureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, iVIarylaud 20899

NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1984

Leonard Mordfin, Editor

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Institute for Materials Science and Engineering

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

April 1987

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler, Director

Table of Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1

2. Bibliography and Abstracts 2

3. Subject Index 23

4. How to Obtain Copies 27
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NDE PUBLICATIONS: 1984

Leonard Mordfin

Office of Nondestructive Evaluation

Institute for Materials Science and Engineering

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

1 . Introduction

This is the eighth in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on

nondestructive evaluation (NDE) . Previous reports in this series have been:

NBSIR 78-1557, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 80-2080, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 81-2351, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 81-2364, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 83-2741, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 85-3183, "NDE Publications:

NBSIR 86-3396, "NDE Publications:

1972-1977"

1978"

1979"

1980"

1981" . 1982", and

1983"

This report provides bibliographic citations for publications that appeared in

the open literature during the calendar year 1984. Also included are citations for several publications that appeared in previous years but were not

listed in the earlier compilations

.

Almost all of these publications were authored by members of the NBS staff and

include papers published in non-NBS media as well as papers and reports from

the NBS publications series. A few were written for NBS by non-NBS authors.

Many of the publications cited are based on research that was supported, in

whole or in part, by the NBS Office of Nondestructive Evaluation.

These publications address a wide variety of NDE methods, both those that are well established in industry and some that are relatively new. For completeness, several publications dealing with technologies that are closely related

to modern NDE, such as process monitoring and nondestructive materials

characterization, have been included.

The format of this report is the same as that used previously. Brief, edited

abstracts are provided for most of the publications cited. The bibliography

and the abstracts comprise Section 2 of the report. The 103 entries of the

bibliography are listed in alphabetical order by the surname of the first

author

.

Section 3 of the report is a subject index for the publications listed. This

index is quite comprehensive and, when used together with the abstracts and

the alphabetical bibliography, may be expected to enable readers to locate

publications of interest without difficulty.

The last section of the report provides some assistance to readers wishing to

obtain copies of specific publications listed.

1
2.

Bibliography and Abstracts

1. Anon. Glossary of terms and definitions for acoustic emission testing

procedures, Military Standard MIL-STD-1945 , 8 p (24 October 1984).

2. Anon. Program and abstracts, ninth international symposium on ultrasonic

imaging and tissue characterization, June 3-6, 1984, Washington, DC,

Ultrasonic Imaging 6

.

No. 2, 201-241 (April 1984).

3. Anon. Safe design and use of panoramic, wet source storage gamma

irradiators (category IV), American National Standard N43.10, NBS

Handbook 142, 36 p (July 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-242015.

Available from Supt. of Docs, as SN003-003-02598-4

.

This standard applies to irradiators that contain sealed gamma emitting

sources for the irradiation of objects or materials. It establishes the

criteria to be used in the proper design, fabrication, installation, use,

and maintenance of these irradiators which will ensure a high degree of

radiation safety at ail times.

4. Baylies, W. A.; Scace, R. I.; Vieweg-Gutberlet , F. International

standards for semiconductor materials, ASTM Standardization News 11 . No.

5, 21-23 (May 1983).

Semiconductor silicon is an internationally traded commodity which

requires sophisticated characterization procedures for producer's quality

control and purchaser's incoming inspection tests. A technically

consistent set of test methods is described.

5. Behrens, J. W. ; Johnson, R. G.; Schrack, R. A. Neutron resonance

transmission analysis of reactor fuel samples. Nuclear Technology 67 . 162-168 (Oct 84).

Neutron resonance transmission analysis (NRTA) was used to measure the

isotopic content of fresh and spent nuclear reactor fuel samples. Using

the National Bureau of Standards 100 -MeV electron Linac as a pulsed

neutron source, neutron transmission spectra were measured for two

samples of fresh reactor fuel and two samples of spent fuel. For the

fresh fuel samples, the contents were determined and compared to the

results of a destructive analysis. Excellent agreement was obtained.

For the spent fuel samples, the abundances of actinides and fission

products were obtained. NRTA was shown to be a method for nondestructive

analysis with high isotopic discrimination and high accuracy.

6. Bean, V. E. ; Long, F. G. High pressure liquid level monitor. Patent

4,447,743, 12 p (8 May 1984). Available from Patent and Trademark

Office, Arlington, VA 20231, $1.00.

A liquid level monitor for tracking the level of a coal slurry in a highpressure vessel including a toroidal -shaped float with magnetically

permeable bands thereon disposed within the vessel, two pairs of magnetic

field generators and detectors disposed outside the vessel and

magnetically coupled to the bands on the float, and circuitry for

combining signals from the detectors for generating a control signal

9
which is a function of liquid level. The signal may be utilized to

operate valves associated with processes in which the vessel is used.

7. Belsher, D. R. ; McLaughlin, R. H. ; Repjar, A. G.; Bussey, H. E.

Microwave detection of lost wells and unknown water-filled voids in coal

mines. NBSIR-84-3017 , 87 p. (Sep 1984). Available from NTIS as PB85-

137669.

The development of improved antennas useable with both a pulse system or an FM-CW system is described. The development of a field prototype pulse

sampling system is described. Initial theoretical work on the problem of

dielectric loading of antennas as well as a study of potential system

range is included.

8. Berk, N. F. Theory of SANS from large particles and voids, NBS Reactor:

Siimmarv of Activities July 1982 through June 1983 . NBS TN 1190, F.J.

Shorten, ed. , 106-107 (April 1984).

9. Berk, N. ; Fravel, D; Glinka, C. J. ; LaRock, J. ; Rowe, J. M. Advanced

neutron methods , NBS Reactor; Siimmarv of Activities July 1982 through

June 1983 . NBS TN 1190, F.J. Shorten, ed. , 79-81 (April 1984).

10. Berk, N. F. ; Hardman - Rhyne , K. ; Case, E. SANS investigations of porosity

in yttrium chromate ceramics, NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities July

1982 through June 1983 . NBS TN 1190, F.J. Shorten, ed. , 85-86 (April

1984).

11. Bimbatim, G. ; White, G. S. Laser techniques in NDE, Research Techniques

in Nondestructive Testing 7 . R. S. Sharpe, ed. , 259-365 (Academic Press,

1984).

Laser techniques in NDE are reviewed. These methods include optical

reflection and scattering, laser- induced thermal and acoustic waves, and

laser- induced electronic excitations in semiconductors. The theory of

these methods, their experimental verification, and the NDE applications

are discussed.

12. Blau, P. J. Investigation of the nature of micro- indentation hardness

gradients below sliding contacts in five copper alloys worn against 52100

steel. Jnl. of Materials Science 19 . 1957-1968 (1984).

This paper presents the results of a study of the differences in the

variation of micro- indentation hardness with depth below sliding contact

surfaces. Metallography was performed using tapered cross-sections of

the sliding surfaces of the Cu alloys. There was no obvious correlation

between relative wear volumes of the alloys and the magnitude of their

near surface micro- indentation hardness gradients.

13.

Blessing, G. V.; Bagley, P. P. ; James, J. E. Effect of surface roughness

on ultrasonic echo amplitude in steel. Materials Evaluation 42 . no. 11,

1389-1392, 1400 (October 1984).

3
The effect of surface roughness on the amplitude of ultrasonic echos has

been studied for longitudinal waves in steel over a frequency range of 1 to 20 MHz. A set of five steel sample disks possessed (one side) front

surface roughnesses of a periodic nature ranging from 1 to 23 micrometers

rms in height. Successive back- surface echo amplitudes were measured for

the water- immersed samples using a multi-cycle tone burst technique. In

addition, front surface echos were monitored as a function of roughness

at 10 MHz in water, and at 2.3 MHz in air. While at the lower frequencies, the surface roughnesses had little effect on echo amplitude, at 10

MHz and above the amplitude was observed to monotonicaiiy decrease with

increasing roughness. For a given roughness value, diffraction effects

dominated at the lower frequencies, while scattering and attentuation

dominated at the higher frequencies.

14. Blessing, G. V.; Hsu, N. N. ; Proctor, T. M. Ultrasonic shear wave

measurements of known residual stress in aluminum. Experimental*

Mechanics 24 . no. 3, 218-222 (September 1984).

Ultrasonic shear wave time -of- flight measurements were made at 4 MHz on a shrink-fit disk sample of aluminum alloy. The stress state of the sample

was produced by shrink- fitting a plug and ring to produce a calculated 65

MPa region of uniform compression in the plug, and a concomitant nonuniform tension and compression in the ring. Scans across sample

diameters were made using a piezoelectric shear transducer with a viscous

couplant, and repeated using a contactless electromagnetic acoustic

transducer. The ultrasonic results were compared with elasticity theory.

15. Blessing, G. V.; Hsu, N. N. ; Proctor, T. M. Ultrasonic shear wave

measurements of known residual stress in aluminum. Nondestructive Methods

for Material Property Determination . C. 0. Ruud and R. E. Green, Jr.,

eds., 353-363 (Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1984).

See Item No . 14

.

16. Breckenridge , F. R. ; Watanabe , T. Appendix [to "A new method of acoustic

emission transducer calibration" by M. Ohtsu and K. Ono] , J. Acoustic

Emission 3 . No. 2, 66-68 (April-June 1984).

The calibration curves for a surface -pulse and for a through-pulse for

all the transducers have been obtained by Nippon Steel Co. (NSC) and by

NBS . The results show that the through-pulse calibration curves are in

good agreement between the NBS and NSC measurements. For a surface

pulse, a slight discrepancy between the results of NBS and NSC was

observed.

17. Broadhurst, M. G. ; Davis, G. T. Physical basis for piezoelectricity in

PVDF, Ferroelectrics 60 . 3-13, (1984).

The molecular and bulk structures of PVDF and related semicrystalline

polymers are reviewed, and the effects of processing to make transducer

films is discussed. A novel way of analyzing the elastic and

piezoelectric constant data is introduced.

4
18. Brown, D. W. ; Lowry, R. E.; Smith, L. E. Prediction of the long-term

stability of polyester-based recording media, NBSIR 84-2988, 49 p.

(December 1984)

.

Aging studies with poly [ethylene terephtalate] film base indicate the

lifetime is equal to about 1000 years if the material is stored at 20-

25 “C and 50% relative humidity.

19. Burch, D. M. ; Mathey, R. G. ; Rossiter, W. J. , Jr. Moisture and roof

performance, ASTM Standardization News 12 . No. 11, 26-28 (Nov. 1984).

Nondestructive methods have been developed to detect regions of the roof

that contain moisture. Three methods are currently being used: infrared

thermography, nuclear backscatter, and electrical capacitance. These

methods detect changes in properties of the roofing system due to

moisture and do not directly detect water. Thus, the reliability of the

results depends upon factors such as instrument variability, effect of

construction variables on instrument response, interpretation of

instrument response, and knowledge of the roofing system and its

components

.

20. Carino, N. J. Laboratory study of flaw detection in concrete by the

pulse- echo method, InSitu/Nondestructive Testing of Concrete ACT SP-82 . V. M. Malhotra, ed. , 557-579 (American Concrete Institute, 1984).

A study was performed to evaluate the applicability of using the echoes

from mechanically produced impact to locate hidden defects within

concrete. The expected interactions of spherical waves with concreteair interfaces are reviewed, and the results of experiments using

artificial flaws in a large concrete slab are summarized.

21. Carino, N. J.; Sansalone, M. Pulse-echo method for flaw detection in

concrete, NBS TN-1199, 42 p. (July 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-

234509. Available from Supt. of Docs as SN003-003-02601 -8

.

The basic principles of the pulse-echo method for the detection of

internal flaws in concrete are presented. As the heterogeneous nature of

concrete poses problems not encountered in metals, progress in this area

of concrete nondestructive testing has been slow. A review of past

research shows that pulse -echo techniques have been used successfully

to detect flaws within concrete; however, no standardized method

currently exists for evaluation of concrete structures. Based on the

current state of knowledge, areas of needed research are outlined.

22. Carpenter, B. S.; Greenberg, R. R. High accuracy determination of U-235

by gamma-ray spectroscopy in nondestructive assay standards, NBS Reactor:

Summary of Activities July 1982 through June 1983 . NBS TN 1190, F. J.

Shorten, ed. , 155-157 (April 1984).

23. Candela, G. A.; Chandler-Horowitz , D. An ellipsometry system for high

accuracy metrology of thin films. Integrated Circuit Metrology II. Proc

.

SPIE 480 . 2-8 (1984).

5
A computer-controlled spectroscopic ellipsometer of high accuracy has

been designed and constructed. This instrument is primarily used for the

metrology of semiconductor materials and for the calibration of reference

standards for thin film thickness and refractive index.

24. Chandler -Horowitz , D.; Candela, G. A. On the accuracy of ellipsometric

thickness determinations for very thin films, J. de Physique 44 . ClO-23

(December 1983)

.

25. Chang, Y.-M. L. ; Grot, R. A. The role of thermography in the assessment

of the thermal integrity of federal office buildings. An International

Conference on Thermal Infrared Sensing for Diagnostics and Control

(Thermosense VI) Proc . SPIE 446 . G. J. Burrer, ed. , 47-55 (SPIE,

Bellingham, WA, 1984)

.

Results are presented from ground-based infrared thermographic studies

on eight federal office buildings. Infrared thermography was utilized

to observe the thermal anomalies in those buildings, as part of a diagnostic program to evaluate the thermal integrity of building

envelopes. The potential applications of the diagnostic procedures to

both new and existing buildings are discussed.

26. Charles River Associates, Technological and economic assessment of

advanced ceramic materials, Vol . 1, Summary and conclusions, NBS GCR 84-

470-1, 78 p. (August 1984). Available from NTIS as PB 85-113082.

Improved measurement and testing techniques as well as standard reference

data and materials will have important impacts at all levels of activity

in the advanced ceramics industry including R&D, processing and process

control, improving and controlling final product properties and performance, and market development. The most important items are improved

nondestructive evaluation technology and development of standard testing

procedures. Closely related is the need for well-characterized,

standardized reference materials.

27. Charles River Associates, Technological and economic assessment of

advanced ceramic materials, Vol. 5, A case study of ceramic, toxic and

combustible, gas sensors, NBS GCR 84-470-5, 67 p. (August 1984).

Available from NTIS as PB85-113124.

Chapter 2 provides an overview of ceramic sensors. The third chapter

provides a brief background discussion of ceramic gas sensor technology.

28. Clark, A. F.; Reed, R. P., eds . , Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 30

(Materials) . 1020 p. (Plenum Press, NY, 1984).

In Volume 30 you will find papers on composites and polymers. These

include finite-element modeling of fiber- reinforced composites, accurate

measurement of low- temperature physical and mechanical properties, and

nondestructive inspection. Careful measurements on elastic properties,

acoustic emission, thermal conductivity, and chemical effects from

radiation are reported.

6
29. Clough, R. B.; Wadley, H. N. G. ; Biancaniello , F. S. Acoustic emission

studies of electron beam melting and rapid solidification. Nondestructive

Evaluation: Application to Materials Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf,

eds., 27-40 (ASM, 1984).

Acoustic emission is well suited for monitoring electron beam induced

melting and rapid solidification, providing a real time, volumetric

survey of the processes. The present study examines the origin of

acoustic emission during melting and rapid resolidification of Al and Al4.5% Cu using heat flow theory and microstructure characterization.

The electron beam, because of its relatively slow rise time, was found

not to produce acoustic emission directly. The motion of the liquidsolid interface, for the same reason, also fails to generate detectable

acoustic emission. Acoustic emissions were found to be generated by

plastic deformation and sometimes crack growth.

30. Clough, R. B.; Wadley, H. N. G.; Mehrabian, R. Heat flow-acoustic

emission-microstructure correlations in rapid surface solidification,

Lasers in Materials Processing . E. A. Metzbower, ed. , 37-46 (ASM, 1983).

Techniques are needed for in situ measurement of the d3mamics of laser

and electron beam material interactions, possibly leading to in-process

control applications and the detection of defective conditions.

Acoustic emission methods show promise for this. Acoustic emission

accompanying absorption of electron beams have been measured from

aluminum alloys. The emission appears, in these alloys, to be generated

by sudden stress relaxations accompanying plastic deformations and hot

tearing, both induced by solidification stresses.

31. Cohen, J. Thermal- imaging system performance measures for nondestructive

testing. An International Conference on Thermal Infrared Sensing for

Diagnostics and Control (Thermosense VI’) Proc SPIE 446 . G. J. Burrer,

ed., 176-180 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1984).

Thermal images result from temperature differences and/or emissivity

differences (apparent temperature differences) in a scene or target. It

is the function of a thermal- imaging system to reproduce an acceptable

visible image of the scene or target from its thermal content. Thus, a thermal- imaging system is required to resolve spatial differences of

temperature and emissivity. The performance of a thermal -imaging system

may be specified by means of the fundamental performance measures, noiseequivalent temperature difference, minimum- resolvable temperature

difference and/or minimum detectable temperature difference. The

measurement and the significance of each of these performance measures is

discussed.

32. Eitzen, D. G.; Wadley, H. N. G. Acoustic emission: establishing the

fundamentals, Jnl of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 89 . no. 1, 75-100 (Jan. -Feb. 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-235530.

7
In the mid-1970s a program of fundamental research was initiated at NBS

to improve the scientific understanding of acoustic emission. Many

individual results of this research have been reported in the literature

and are beginning to be incorporated in a new generation of acoustic

emission instrumentation, in improved test methodologies, and in the

analysis of data. Here, we summarize the problems faced by acoustic

emission midway through the last decade, review the accomplishments of

the NBS program and related research programs, and outline the research

that will be required in future years.

33. Elkind, B. J., Ultrasonic characterization of microstructuraily modified

surfaces of steels subjected to electron-beam irradiation, Report CMRNDE-15 (Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, 1984).

34. Elkind, B. J. ; Rosen, M. ; Horowitz, E. Nondestructive characterization

of electron-beam glazed plain carbon steels. Report CMR-NDE-13 C^ohns

Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Feb. 1984).

35. Escalante, E. ; Cohen, M. ; Kahn, A. H. Measuring the corrosion rate of

reinforcing steel in concrete, NBSIR 84-2853, 86 p. (April 1984).

Available from NTIS as PB84-244532.

A research program directed at developing a nondestructive method for

measuring the corrosion of steel in concrete as related to bridge deck

deterioration is reported.

36. Fang, J. B.; Grot, R. A. Heat loss due to thermal bridges in buildings,

An International Conference on Thermal Infrared Sensing for Diagnostics

and Control (Thermosense VI). Proc . SPIE 446 . G. J. Burrer, ed. , 34-42

(SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1984).

Infrared thermography was used to identify thermally defective areas

resulting from inadequate construction, design, or substandard workmanship in existing buildings. Due to the large thermal inertia of

building components and transient conditions caused by fluctuating

tempertures , long measurement periods are required. This makes

thermography impractical for quantifying the heat loss. In order to

estimate the heat loss rate, a two-dimensional heat flow model has been

developed. The calculated results from the model are compared with

available experimental data. An in- situ measurement technique is

described.

37. Fick, S. E. ; Breckenridge , F. R. ; Tschiegg, C. E. ; Eitzen, D. G.

Ultrasonic absolute power transfer standard, Jnl of Research of the

National Bureau of Standards 89 no. 2, 209-212 (Mar. -Apr. 1984).

Available from NTIS as PB85-115426. Available from Supt . of Docs as SN003-003-72086-1.

In response to increased interest in the use of calibrated sources of

ultrasonic energy, we have developed a system to facilitate the accurate

transfer of calibration. Prototype transducers have shown good output at

frequencies up to 78 MHz. Units now available to the public can be

calibrated at output powers ranging from 5mW to 500 mW at frequencies

between 1 and 20 MHz.

8
38. Fickett, F. R. Magnetic measurements, calibrations, and standards:

report on a survey, NBSIR 84-3018, 25 p. (Oct. 1984). Available from

NTIS as PB85-127827.

The report summarizes the analysis of responses to a survey of industrial

needs for magnetic services and research.

39. Fortunko, C. M. ; Schramm, R. E.; Moulder, J. C.; McColskey, J. D.

Electromagnetic -acoustic -transducer/synthetic -aperture system for

thick-weld inspection, NBS Technical Note 1075, 130 p. (May 1984).

Available from NTIS as PB84-219492. Available from Supt. of Docs, as SN003-003-02578-0.

This report describes a system based on electromagnetic -acoustic

transducers (EMATs) as an approach to automated nondestructive evaluation

of thick weldments (>25 mm). Good signal- to-noise ratios were possible

through careful design and the use of signal averaging. At 454 kHz, the

transducers produce shear-horizontal waves of approximately 7-mm wavelength in steel. The long wavelength permits determination of throughthickness flaw depth from the amplitudes of scattered ultrasonic waves.

The synthetic aperture technique further improved signal quality and

yielded flaw localization through the weld thickness. Measurements

demonstrated a detectability threshold of 0.5 mm (through thickness) and

sizing ability up to 2.5 mm, in agreement with theoretical predictions.

40. Friant, C. L. ; Rosen, M. ; Green, R. E. , Jr.; Mehrabian, R. Ultrasonic

NDE of rapidly solidified products and its application to process

control. Nondestructive Evaluation: Annlication to Materials Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf, eds . , 51-59 (ASM, 1984).

The properties and morphology of rapidly solidified alloys are very

sensitive to variations in process parameters. Hence, nondestructive

evaluation during or after manufacture is necessary to provide feedback

for process control. Ultrasonic techniques are attractive for process

control because the volume of material inspected in a single rapid test

can be large enough to give an accurate indication of aggregate

properties. Guided longitudinal and shear waves were used in the present

study to determine the elastic properties of rapidly solidified alloys in

ribbon and sheet geometries.

41. Fuller, E. R. , Jr.; Fields, R. J. ; Chuang, T. J. ; Singhal, S.

Characterization of creep damage in metals using small angle neutron

scattering. Jnl of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 89 . no. 1, 35-45 (Jan. -Feb. 1984).

Creep damage in polycrystalline metallic materials can be attributed to

cavitation and cracking along the grain interfaces. Theories of creep

cavitation that have been developed in recent years are reviewed. Small

angle neutron scattering studies provide one experimental tool which is

suitable for studying nucleation and early growth of creep cavities.

42. Gevarter, W. B. An overview of artificial intelligence and robotics.

Volume I - Artificial intelligence. Part A - The core ingredients, NBSIR

83-2799, 74 p. (Feb. 1984)

.

9
The goal of Artificial Intelligence is focused on developing computational approaches to intelligent behavior. This report endeavors to clarify

what AI is, the foundations on which it rests, the techniques utilized,

applications, the participants and, finally, AI's state-of-the-art and

future trends

.

43. Greenspan, M. Book review [of "Ultrasonics” by P. D. Edmonds, ed.

,

Methods of Experimental Physics 191 . J. Acoust. Soc . Am. 75 . No. 4, 1310

(April 1984).

44. Grot, R. A.; Chang, Y.-M. The evaluation of infrared imaging systems

used for building inspections. An International Conference on Thermal

Infrared Sensing for Diagnostics and Control (Thermosense VI^ . Proc

.

SPIE 446 . G. J. Burrer, ed. , 247-252 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 1984).

The results of the laboratory evaluation of three high resolution

infrared imaging systems are presented. The systems were evaluated for

their minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) at spatial

frequencies from 0.02 to 0.16 cycles per milliradian and at ambient

temperatures in the range of -7° C to 20° C. The results are compared

with the predicted dependence of the MRTD given in ASHRAE Standard 101-

83. It is shown that the dependence on temperatures of two of the

systems is predicted by the theory given in the standard. The calibration curves of the infrared imaging systems are in good agreement with

those given by the manufacturers

.

45. Hardman - Rhyne , K. ; Berk, N. F.; Case, E. D. Porosity study of sintered

and green compacts of yttrium chromate using small angle neutron

scattering techniques. Nondestructive Evaluation: Application to

Materials Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf, eds . , 103-108 (ASM, 1984).

Sintered and "green" compact samples of yttrium chromate are studied to

determine the void sizes and density using small angle neutron scattering

techniques which have been extended to the beam broadening regime to

detect sizes larger than 0,15 micrometers. This approach can be used

with other on-line monitoring techniques, such as ultrasonics, to

standardize their results. Although the density ratio of the voids in

the "green" compact and sintered material are very different, the average

void radius is very similar.

46 . Hardman - Rhyne , K. ; Berk, N. F. ; Fuller, E. R. Jr. Microstructural

characterization of ceramic materials by small angle neutron scattering

techniques, Jnl . of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 89 . no. 1, 17-34 (Jan. -Feb. 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-235530.

The use of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques for ceramic

materials is discussed. Two areas are emphasized; (1) diffraction for

microstructural phenomena of less than 100 nm, and (2) beam broadening

for microstructural phenomena greater than 90 nm.

47 . Hsu, N. N. ; Eitzen, D. G. Analytical approach to acoustic emission

signal processing: problems and progress, Proc 7th International Acoustic

Emission Symposium . M. Onoe , K. Yamaguchi and H. Takahashi, eds., 326-334

(Japanese Society for Non-Destructive Inspection, 1984)

.

10
48. Hust, J. G.; Lankford, A. B. Update of thermal conductivity and

electrical resistivity of electrolytic iron, tungsten, and stainless

steel, NBS/SP-260/90 , 75 p. (Sep. 1984). Available from NTIS as PB85-

115814. Available from Supt. of Docs as SN003-003-02609-3

.

New data are presented and, based on these, changes in the recommended

values are described.

49. Jesch, R. L. ; McLaughlin, R. H. Dielectric measurements of oil shale as functions of temperature and frequency. Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE

-22 . no. 2, 99-105 (March 1984).

50. Johnson, E. G. Jr. Using optical processing to find the beam profile of

a laser pulse (theory). Optical Radiation Measurements. Proc. SPIE 499 . 75-88 (1984).

51. Kahn, A. H. Impedance of a coil in the vicinity of a crack. Review of

Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 3A . 579-587 (1984)

.

In the design of electromagnetic NDE systems for the detection and

examination of cracks and other defects in conducting materials , it is

desirable to have a quantitative description of the fields in the

vicinity of the defect. In previous work by this author and co-workers,

the fields in the vicinity of a crack were calculated for models based on

excitation by a spatially uniform applied field, as in the interior of a solenoid. The present work reports on an improved model which includes

non-uniformity of the field of the exciting coil and the effects of coil

size and position relative to the crack.

52. Kahn, A. H. Impedance of a coil in the vicinity of a crack, Jnl . of

Research of the National Bureau of Standards 89 . no. 1, 47-54 (Jan. -Feb.

1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-235530.

Calculations are presented for the impedance of a coil as it is moved in

the vicinity of a v-groove crack in the surface of a metallic slab. The

solutions are valid for arbitrary ratio of crack or coil dimensions to

skin depth. A plot of the complex impedance is given in the form of a coil scan across the crack.

53. Kanda, M. An electromagnetic near-field sensor for simultaneous electric

and magnetic-field measurements, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat . EMC- 26 . No. 3, 102-110 (August 1984).

This paper describes the theory of a single sensor to perform simultaneous electric and magnetic near- field measurements. The theory

indicates that it is possible to measure the magnetic- loop and electric

dipole currents using a loop antenna terminated with identical loads at

two diametrically opposite points. The theory also indicates that it is

possible to choose an ideal load impedance for achieving equal electric

and magnetic-field responses of the loop. Preliminary experiments using

a plane-wave field verify these results.

11
54. Kasen, M. B.; Hicho, G. E. Inherent through-wall depth limitations on

blunt discontinuities in welds. Welding Jnl. 63 . no. 6, 1845 - 1865 (June

1984)

.

This study examines the extent to which the through-wall depth of porosity and slag can be inferred from projected radiographic dimensions, and

the validity of assuming that maximum depth is limited by the welding

process. It is concluded that the through-wall depth of both types of

flaws will not exceed that of the average weld pass depth in a multipass

weld.

55 . Kim, S.; Weertman, J. R. ; Spooner, S.; Glinka, C. J. ; Sikka, V.; Jones,

W. B. Microstructural evaluation of a ferritic stainless steel by small

angle neutron scattering. Nondestructive Evaluation: Application to

Materials Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf, eds . , 169-176 (ASM, 1984).

A study is under way to evaluate the feasibility of using small angle

neutron scattering (SANS) to detect microstructural changes which result

from high temperature service and are likely to be associated with a degradation in strength. The major changes detected by the neutrons are alterations in size, number and composition of the carbides. Microstructural changes can be detected after only a few hours of fatigue.

High voltage electron microscopy studies have shown that the major

microstructural changes produced by high temperature exposure are carbide

coarsening, subgrain development, and a drastic decrease in dislocation

density

.

56 . King, R. B.; Fortunko, C. M. Residual-stress measurements using shearhorizontal waves from electromagnetic acoustic transducers. NBSIR-84-

3002, 59 p. (March 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-190636.

This collection of technical papers covers a two-year effort on a novel

approach to measuring residual stresses using changes in ultrasonic wave

velocities of horizontally polarized shear waves produced by electromagnetic-acoustic transducers. The initial three papers deal with the

theoretical developments pointing to the measurement of in-plane residual

stress as well as preliminary experimental verification. The later two

papers generalize this theory and extend it to include surface residual

stress measurement in an arbitrary plane; again, empirical validation is

included

.

57 . King, R. B.; Fortunko, C. M. Surface-residual stress evaluation using

horizontally polarized shear waves, Jnl of Applied Physics 55 . no. 11,

3978-3983 (June 1, 1984)

.

A new theory and experimental method are described for evaluation of

surface residual stresses in inhomogeneous, anisotropic materials. The

method is based on the use of horizontally polarized shear waves (SHwaves) that propagate at a grazing angle with respect to the surface of a sample. In addition, a new theory is presented for grazing SH-waves

propagating through a body in which the stress distribution varies with

depth. It is shown that, to first order, the average velocity of the

grazing SH-waves is dependent only on the surface values of residual

stress. Preliminary experimental verification of the theory is

presented

.

12
58 . Kowalski, P.; Lankford, W. F. ; Schafft, H. A. Nondestructive measurement

of solar cell sheet resistance using a laser scanner, IEEE Transactions

on Electron Devices ED-31 , no. 5, 566-570 (May 1984).

Experimental data have shown that a laser scanner can be used as a probe

to make nondestructive measurements of solar cell sheet resistance with

an accuracy of several percent. The photovoltaic response from cells

with controlled sheet resistance was measured using the scanner and

compared with the theoretical predictions made by other workers

.

59 . Kupperman, D. S.; Karplus, H. B.; Poeppel, R. B.; Ellingson, W. A.;

Berger, H. ; Robbins, C.; Fuller, E. Application of NDE methods to green

ceramics: initial results. Nondestructive Evaluation: Application to

Materials Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf, eds., 89-101 (ASM, 1984).

This paper describes a preliminary investigation to assess the effectiveness of nondestructive evaluation of green (unfired) ceramics. The

objective is to obtain useful information on defects, cracking, deiaminations, agglomerates, inclusions, regions of high porosity, and anisotropy. The application of microradiography to ceramics is reviewed, and

preliminary experiments are described. Conventional ultrasonic techniques are difficult to apply in green ceramics because of the high

attenuation, fragility, and couplant- absorbing properties of these

materials. However, velocity, attenuation, and spectral data were obtained with pressure-coupled transducers, and provided useful information

related to density variations and the presence of agglomerates. Nuclear

magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging techniques and neutron radiography were

considered. With NMR, areas of high porosity might be detected after the

samples are doped with water. In the case of neutron radiography,

regions of high binder concentration (and thus high porosity) should be

detectable, although imaging the binder distribution throughout the

sample may not be feasible because of the low overall concentration of

the binder.

60. Lawn, B. R. ; Freiman, S. W. ; Baker, T. L. ; Cobb, D. D.; Gonzalez, A. C.

Study of microstructural effects in the strength of altamina using

controlled flaws, Jnl. of American Ceramic Society 67 . no. 4, C-67-C-69

(April 1984).

A study is made of strength characteristics as a function of Vickers

indentation load for two grain-size aluminas. At low loads the strengths

tend to well-defined plateaus, the levels of which bear an inverse

relationship with grain size. These trends are consistent with a transition from indentation-controlled to microstructure -controlled

behavior as flaw size diminishes. The conventional indentation fracture

formalism is modified to account for this transition.

61 . Ledbetter, H. M. ; Datta, S. K. Young's modulus and internal friction of

SiC-particle-reinforced aluminum composite. Materials Science and

Engineering 67 . 25-30 (1984).

13
Using dynamic methods, the authors measured Young's modulus and the

associated internal friction of a particle-reinforced composite in

wrought plate form produced by powder metallurgy methods.

62. Ledbetter, H. M. ; Datta, S. K. ; Kriz, R. D. Elastic constants of an

anisotropic, nonhomogenous particle-reinforced composite, Acta

Metallurgica 32 . No. 12, 2225-2231 (Dec. 1984).

We studied the elastic constants of a particie-reinforced-composite

wrought plate produced by powder-metallurgy methods. By measuring

ultrasonic -wave velocities using a pulse-echo method, we determined the

complete nine -component elastic-constant tensor. Thermal -mechanical

processing introduced orthotropic macroscopic elastic symmetry into the

material. The elastic stiffnesses show large negative departures from a ruie-of -mixture . Using wave- scattering methods and ensemble averaging,

we develop a theory that predicts ail the observed physical property

phenomena.

63. Lettieri, T. R. ; Jenkins, W. D. A review of ultrahigh resolution sizing

of single droplets by resonance light scattering. Liquid Particle Size

Measurement Techniques . ASTM STP 848 . J. M. Tishkoff, R. D. Ingebo and J.

B. Kennedy, eds . , 99-108 (ASTM, 1984).

Resonance light scattering as a means for ultrahigh resolution sizing of

liquid droplets in the 5 to 50 micrometer diameter range is reviewed. So

far, the technique has been used to make relative size measurements with

resolutions of 30 ppm on individual, non- evaporating droplets.

64. Linzer, M. , ed. Ultrasonic Imaging 6 . Nos. 1,2, 3,

4

(Academic Press, New

York, N.Y.

,

Jan., Apr., July, Oct. 1984).

This journal provides for original papers concerned with the development

and application of ultrasonic techniques, with emphasis on medical

diagnosis. Papers deal with theoretical and experimental aspects of

advanced methods and instrumentation for imaging, computerized

tomography, Doppler measurements, signal processing, pattern recognition,

microscopy, and measurements of ultrasonic parameters.

65. Mopsik, F. I. Precision time-domain dielectric spectrometer. Review of

Scientific Instruments 55 . no. 1, 79-87 (Jan. 1984).

A description is given for an automated method for determining dielectric

constant and loss by the measurement of the time response of the

dielectric to a step voltage. In addition, a numerical Laplace Transform

is described that preserves the accuracy of the time data when they are transformed into the frequency domain.

66. Mordfin, L. Ultrasonic weld inspection for nuclear power plant

structures. Materials Evaluation 42 . No. 1, 30-31 (Jan. 1984).

Book review of ’’Advances in Non-Destructive Examination in Relation to

Structural Integrity,” R. W. Nichols, editor, 447 p.. Applied Science

Publishers, London, 1982.

14
67. Mordfin, L. , ed. , Technical Activities 1983, Office of Nondestructive

Evaluation. NBSIR-84-2815 , 203 p. (Jan. 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-217074.

A review of the Nondestructive Evaluation Program at NBS , for FY 1983, is

presented in this annual report.

68. Mordfin, L. , ed. , Office of Nondestructive Evaluation: Technical

Activities 1984, NBSIR 84-2944, 163 p. (Nov. 1984).

A review of the Nondestructive Evaluation Program at NBS, for FY 1984, is

presented in this annual report.

69. Mordfin, L. ; Yolken, H. T. Nondestructive testing and quality

improvement , Non-Destructive Testing Australia 21 , No. 2, 10-12, 19

(Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing, March/April 1984).

Efforts to improve the quality of manufactured products and, at the same

time, to achieve increased productivity, are nurturing changes in the

role of nondestructive testing. It is evident that it is no longer

adequate to use NDT merely to separate good parts from bad at the end of

the manufacturing process. Instead, process controls are needed which

will prevent the manufacture of defective products. A new role for NDT

in the development of manufacturing process controls is proposed.

70. Moimtain, R. D. ; Biimbaum, G. Scattering of soimd waves by inhomogeneities: time domain analysis. Nondestructive Testing Communications 1 . 219-225 (1984).

The scattering of sound waves by isolated inhomogeneities in an otherwise

uniform solid is analyzed using the Born approximation in the time

domain. The volume and shape of the scatterer are related to time

moments of the amplitude of the scattered signal. The matching of the

incident pulse shape to the size of the scatterer is found to be

essential if this type of measurement is to yield useful results.

71. Nguyen, T. Nondestructive evaluations of steel corrosion under

protective coatings using thermal-wave imaging, Proc . 33rd Defense Conf

.

on Nondestructive Testing . 155-164 (U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and

Chemical Command, Dover, NJ, Nov. 1984).

This paper briefly reviews the technique of thermal -wave imaging and

presents preliminary results on the applications of this method to

imaging the corrosion of steel protected by organic coatings. The

results show that thermal -wave imaging is capable of detecting and

assessing early corrosion of steel under clear and opaque coatings.

72. Norton, S. J. ; Testardi, L. R. ; Wadley, H. N. G. Reconstructing internal

temperature distributions from ultrasonic time-of -flight tomography and

dimensional resonance measurements, Jnl . of Research of the National

Bureau of Standards 89 . no. 1, 65-74 (Jan. -Feb. 1984). Available from

NTIS as PB84-235530.

15
Two ultrasonic techniques for reconstructing the internal temperature

distribution in metal bodies- -time -of- flight tomography and dimensional

resonance profiling- -are described. An analysis of the tomographic

reconstruction of temperature (including ray refraction effects) in a cylindrical body is presented together with initial experimental results

.

Dimensional resonance profiling is a new technique that allows the

reconstruction of a one -dimensional distribution of temperature in a structure from measurements of its resonant frequencies. While

tomography is well suited for measuring temperature in a cylindrical

geometry, a combination of dimensional resonance and tomography is the

best method for rectangular slab geometry.

73 . Nyyssonen, D. National Bureau of Standards, a review of NBS's activities

in the area of linewidth measurement, Proc. Scientific Apparatus Makers

Association Gonf . . The Future of Optical Technologies in the

Semiconductor Industry . 1-7 (March 1984).

This is a summary of current NBS activities in linewidth measurement

including research, calibration of standard reference materials (SRMs),

development of calibration procedures and test methods, and technology

transfer. The status of photomask linewidth SRMs is discussed. Wafer

linewidth measurements are divided into two categories, thin layers and

thick layers. The design of the linewidth standard for thin layers is

described. Research problems remaining for thick layers are described

along with current NBS waveguide modeling. Instrumentation used for both

photomask and wafer calibrations is also described.

74 . Nyyyssonen, D., ed. Inteerated Circuit Metrology II. Proc. SPIE 480

(1984)

.

Characterization of lithographic systems continues to be an area of major

importance although the emphasis has shifted to optical methods as opposed to electrical methods. With the emergence of submicron

lithography scanning, electron microscope metrology has become an

important part of IC fabrication. Optical inspection and critical

dimension measurements continue to play a key role in process control and

important new developments in instrumentation such as interferometry and

fluorescence microscopy are apparent.

75 . Nyyssonen, D. Optical linewidth measurement on patterned metal layers,

Integrated Circuit Metrology II. Proc. SPIE 480 . 65-70 (1984).

This paper allows the modeling of optical imaging and linewidth

measurement on metal -on- silicon (MOS) structures. It is shown that the

image structure for metals at and near focus is different from that for

dielectrics. Thick and thin layer imaging are compared. Experimental

image profiles of metal lines at and near focus are also shown. The

experimental data were obtained from a bright- field microscope using a laser source and controlled spatial coherence.

76 . Parker, R. L. Ultrasonic measurement of solid/liquid interface position

during solidification and melting of iron and steel. Nondestructive

Evaluation: Application to Materials Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf,

eds., 23-25 (ASM, 1984).

16
The solidification and melting of iron and stainless steel have been

studied using a pulse-echo ultrasonic flaw detector. It has been

possible to follow both melting and freezing by varying the position of

the heating coil and photographing the corresponding motion of the echo

on the oscilloscope. Some of the causes of the relatively weak echo and

the high beam attenuation are described, along with experiments to

improve signal/noise in this system. The aim, in part, is to provide a reliable, real-time, in- situ and nondestructive measurement of skin

thickness in the continuous casting of steel, to help prevent breakouts.

77. Payne, B. F. Calibration of vibration pickups at high frequencies, Proc

.

12th Transducer Workshop . 505-515 (Range Commanders Council, VHiite Sands

Missile Range, New Mexico, 1984).

Optical interferometric measurement methods can be used over a wide

frequency range for accelerometer characterization. By using carefully

designed shakers, amplitude measurements have been made over the

frequency range of 3 to 29 kHz. Care should be exercised in the use of

these methods at extended frequencies , to be certain that the shaker has

uniaxial, undistorted motion over the frequency range of interest.

78. Potzick, J. E.; Robertson, B. Long wavelength acoustic flowmeter. Patent

4,445,389, 19 p. (1 May 1984). Available from Patent and Trademark

Office, Arlington, VA 20231, $1.00.

An acoustic flowmeter is described for measuring the flow of an arbitrary

single-phase fluid in a pipe. Sound waves are induced in the fluid at

two frequencies, one twice the other. The phases and amplitudes of the

waves are detected by two microphones located in the wall of the pipe,

one downstream from the other a distance of six diameters or more. The

frequencies of the sound are automatically adjusted so that the shorter

wavelength is equal to the distance between microphones. The instrument

then measures in real time the volume flow rate of, and the sound speed

in, the fluid, independent of fluid composition or temperature.

79. Prask, H. J.; Choi, C. S. Nondestructive characterization of sub-surface

residTial stress, NBS Reactor: Summary of Activities July 1982 through

June 1983 . F. J. Shorten, ed. , NBS TN 1190, 31-34 (April 1984).

80. Prask, H. J. ; Choi, C. S. The nondestructive determination of nearsurface residual stresses in depleted uranium alloys, Proc. 33rd Defense

Conf. on Nondestructive Testing . 177-185 (U.S. Army Armament, Munitions &

Chemical Command, Dover, NJ, Nov. 1984).

Last year we presented a description of a technique, energy dispersive

neutron diffraction (EDND) , by which subsurface residual stresses could

be measured nondestructively in textured materials -- including depleted

uranium alloys (DU) . In our recent work we have extended the EDND

technique for near- surface residual stress measurement. We have

nondestructively measured hoop stresses in the outer millimeter of 24-inm

diameter DU production samples for the first time.

17
81. Proctor, T. M. ; Breckenridge , F. R. ; Eitzen, D. G. The development of

high fidelity acoustic emission transducers, Proc . 6th International

Conf. on NDE in the Nuclear Industry . H. Wadley, ed. , 329-337 (ASM,

Metals Park, OH, 1984).

The development of a transducer which measures the normal displacement

of a "point" on a surface is reviewed. This transducer can measure, with

high sensitivity, the dynamic surface motion due to an AE event. Captured waveforms are compared with theoretical elasticity predictions of

surface displacement. The transducer will be made available for purchase

as a transfer standard through the SRM Program of NBS . Preliminary

results from a new transducer for measuring tangential surface motion are also presented.

82 . Sauder, W. C. An ultrasonic determination of the gas constant. Precision

Measurement and Fundamental Constants II . B. N. Taylor and W. D.' Phillips, eds., NBS SP 617, 277-279 (1984).

Progress on a gas constant determination by means of ultrasonic interferometry is reported. The acoustic interferometer is a two arm

instrument designed to operate in the range 0. 1-1.0 MHz. Electrostatic

transducers have been designed for the experiment that will allow

characterization of the acoustic field, a necessary step in extracting

wave length measurements from the fringe data.

83 . Schrack, R. A. MicroChannel plate neutron detector. Nuclear Instruments

and Methods in Physics Research 222 . 499-506 (1984).

A two-dimensional, position- sensitive neutron detector using a microchannel plate electron multiplier with resistive anode has been

developed for use in resonance neutron radiography. The resolution

characteristics of the detector are determined for different scintillator

arrangements. The use of the detector is demonstrated in producing

separated images of three elements in a complex matrix sample.

84 . Schramm, R. E.; Fortunko, C. M. ; Moulder, J. C. Advanced methods for

noncontact inspection of welds using electromagnetic -acoustic

transducers . Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive

Evaluation 3B . 1425-1432 (1984).

The authors describe an improved EMAT configuration for use in an

automated inspection system for butt weldments. A minicomputer controls

transducer positioning, data acquisition, and digital signal processing

to improve flaw detection, sizing, and localization. In particular, good

detectability is possible with a synthetic aperture method that combines

ultrasonic data from several transducer locations to produce a focusing

effect and increase the signal- to-noise-ratio

.

85 . Schramm, R. E.; Moulder, J. C.; Fortunko, C. M. Nondestructive

evaluation of thick austenitic stainless steel weldments by shear

horizontal acoustic waves. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering 30 . 119-

126 (1984).

18
Austenitic stainless steel weldments exhibit a textured columnar

structure. Because of this, shear horizontal acoustic waves can be a valuable complement to conventional longitudinal waves. Developments in

electromagnetic acoustic transducers have made it possible to use these

SH-waves. Digital processing techniques, particularly synthetic aperture

techniques, can improve the detection, sizing and localization of flaws.

86. Shorten, F. J. , ed. NBS reactor: stimmary of activities July 1982 through

June 1983, NBS TN 1190, 206 pp (April 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-179282. Available from Supt. of Docs, as SN003-003-02566-6

.

This report summarizes programs which depend on the NBS reactor. The

programs range from the use of neutron beams to study the structure and

dynamics of materials to neutron radiography and nondestructive

evaluation.

87 . Simmons, J. A.; Wadley, H. N. G. Vector transducer calibration. Review

of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 3B . 699-706

(Plentim, 1984) . A receiving ultrasonic or acoustic emission transducer converts a vector

property of an elastic wave (particle displacement, velocity or acceleration) to a scalar voltage. Recent theoretical advances have

enabled prediction of these vector quantities and attempts are underway

to make measurements that can be compared with theory. An essential step

in this process is the calibration of transducers; not just for spectral

sensitivity, but for their absolute vector response. A simple scheme for

deteirmining the vector calibration of a transducer is derived from the

properties of the Green's tensor of an isotropic elastic body.

88. Simmons, J. A.; Wadley, H. N. G. Theory of acoustic emission from phase

transformations, Jnl of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 89 . no. 1, 55-64 (January - February 1984). Available from NTIS as PB84-235

530.

A theoretical framework is developed within which it is possible to

predict the dynamic elastic displacement field (acoustic emission) for a phase transformation in which there is a change of both crystal structure

(elastic constants) and shape (density) . An integral equation is presented for the acoustic emission displacement field due to formation of

inhomogeneous inclusions. Expressions for the source of elastic radiation are explicitly calculated for small isotropic spherical and

ellipsoidal inclusions embedded in an isotropic matrix. These expressions are used for qualitative interpretation of recent experiments on

martensitic transformations in steels.

89 . Simmons, J. A.; Wadley, H. N. G. Theory of acoustic emission from

inhomogeneous inclusions. Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media and

Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation . AMD Vol . 62, 51-60 (ASME, 1984).

See item no . 88

.

19
90 . Singhal, S. P.; Mozer, B.; Fields, R. J. Small angle neutron scattering

(SANS) study of creep damage in 304 stainless steel, NBS Reactor: Summary

of Activities July 1982 through June 1983 . NBS TN 1190, F. J. Shorten,

ed., 87-95 (April 1984).

91. Smith, J. J. Nondestructive characterization of rapidly solidified

aluminum-magnesium alloys. Report CMR-NDE-14, 48 p. (Johns Hopkins

University, Baltimore, 1984).

92. Smith, J. J. ; Rosen, M. ; Wadley, H. N. G. Nondestructive

characterization of rapidly solidified Al-Mn alloys by ultrasonic and

electrical methods. Nondestructive Evaluation; Application to Materials

Processing . 0. Buck and S. M. Wolf, eds . , 61-69 (ASM, 1984).

The effect of supersaturation induced by rapid solidification on the

ultrasonic velocity and electrical resistivity of aluminum -manganese

alloys has been measured. The ultrasonic technique employed a laser to

generate ultrasonic pulses that were subsequently detected by a piezoelectric transducer placed a known distance from the pulse. Young's

moduli were calculated from the ultrasonic wave velocity and x-ray

density measurements. Both ultrasonic velocity and electrical

resistivity measurements were shown to be suitable nondestructive

evaluation techniques for on-line process monitoring of melt spun

products

.

93. Takagi, S.; Chow, L. C.; Brown, W. E. ; Dobbyn, R. C.; Kuriyama, M.

Parallel beam microradiography of dental hard tissue using synchrotron

radiation and x-ray image magnification. Nuclear Instruments and Methods

in Physics Research 222 . 256-258 (1984)

.

A novel technique utilizing a highly parallel beam of monochromatic

synchrotron radiation combined with x-ray image magnification has been

used to obtain microradiographs of caries lesions in relatively thick

tooth sections.

94. Vorburger, T. V.; Teague, E. C.; Scire, F. E. ; McLay, M. J. ; Gilsinn,

D. E. , Surface roughness studies with DALLAS- -detector array for laser

light angular scattering, Jnl of Research of the National Bureau of

Standards 89 . no. 1, 3-16 (January - February 1984). Available from NTIS

as PB84-235530.

An instrument has been developed to study surface roughness by measuring

the angular distributions of scattered light. In our instrument, a beam

from a laser illuminates the surface at an angle of incidence which may

be varied. The scattered light distribution is detected by an array of

fiber optic sensors positioned in a semicircular yoke which can be

rotated about its axis so that the scattered radiation may be sampled

over an entire hemisphere.

95. Wadley, H. , ed.

,

Proc . 6th International Conference on NDE in the Nuclear

Industry (ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1984)

.

20
96 . Wadley, H. N. G. ; Mehrabian, R. Acoustic emission for in-process

monitoring and microstructure control? Nondestructive Methods for

Material Property Determination . C. 0. Ruud and R. E. Green, Jr., eds .

,

207-236 (Plentim Press, New York, NY, 1984).

In this review we describe the theoretical framework that has begun to

emerge and which now provides a physical understanding of acoustic

emission. We then assess, in the light of this understanding, the

contribution acoustic emission methods might make toward in-process

monitoring and microstructure control during metals processing.

97 . Wadley, H. N. G.; Norton, S. J. ; Biancaniello, F. S.; Mehrabian, R.

Ultrasonic measurement of internal temperature distribution.

Nondestructive Evaluation: Annlication to Materials Processing , 0 . Buck

and S. M. Wolf, eds., 3-11 (ASM, 1984).

We report studies directed toward the development of a sensor system for

the measurement of internal temperature distribution in hot metals. The

technique is based upon the observation that in metals the velocity of

elastic waves decreases with increase in temperature. The measurement of

ultrasonic velocity along a ray propagating through a metal body gives

the average temperature along the ray. Computer simulations are used to

show that the temperature profile can be deduced from a set of velocities

propagating along different ray paths . Experimental results are

presented for stainless steel.

98. Wadley, H. N. G. ; Simmons, J. A.; Turner, C. Predictive modeling of

quantitative acoustic emission waveforms. Review of Progress in

Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation 3B . 683-697 (Plenum, 1984).

The general elastodynamic theory for acoustic emission from defect

sources is reviewed. A multipolar approximation is used to predict the

epicenter waveforms for two models of cracking and thermoelastic

generation by a laser pulse. This approach may provide a basis for a new

quantitative method of thermal wave microscopy.

99 . Yee, K. W. Use of drill-up for on-line determination of drill wear.

Society of Manufacturing Engineers Technical Paper MS84-914 (1984).

Drill-Up is an instrument for determining drill wear and predicting drill

breakage by applying time -domain analysis to a signal from an

accelerometer coupled to the workpiece.

100 . Yee, K. W. ; Blomquist, D. S. Rotating tool wear monitoring apparatus.

Patent 4,471,444, 9 p (11 September 1984). Available from Patent and

Trademark Office, Arlington, VA 20231, $1.00.

A system is provided for predicting when the failure of a rotating

machine tool or part is imminent or when a tool is worn. The system

includes a transducer for producing an output related to the workpiece

vibrations caused by the machine tool and an analog comparator which

compares this output with the normal operation.

21
101. Yen, D. ; Linhoim, L. W. Using linewidth measurement test structures to

evaluate lithographic processes and equipment. Test & Measurement World

4, No. 3, 48-61 (March 1984).

102. Yin, L. I.; Bielefeld, M. J. ; Seltzer, S. M. ; Trombka, J. I. Tomographic

and 3-D simulations using NORA (non-overlapping redundant array)

.

Applied Optics 23 . no. 14, 2239-2241 (July 15, 1984).

It is possible to use NORA to reconstruct and view extended x-ray objects

with low photon statistics in 3-D, using spherical lenses, as well as to

obtain complete tomographic information free of out-of-focus artifacts.

Analog 3-D viewing may prove invaluable in the interpretation of

tomographic reconstructions.

103. Young, M. Can you describe optical surface quality with one or two

numbers, Proc . SPIE 406 . 12-22 (1984).

This talk discusses two optical surface quality standards, total integrated scatter (TIS) and the scratch and dig standard (MIL-0- 13830A)

.

The standard should perhaps be regarded as a scattered light standard and

not as a surface roughness standard.

22
3. Subject Index

Accelerometers, 77

Acoustic emission, 1, 16, 28-30, 32, 47, 67, 68, 88, 89, 96, 98.

transducers, 16, 81, 87.

velocity, 56, 57, 59, 62, 72, 78, 92, 97.

waves, 11, 85.

Alumina, 60.

Aluminum and aluminum alloy, 14, 15, 29, 30, 61, 62, 79, 91, 92.

Anisotropic material (also see Composite material), 57.

Artificial intelligence, 42.

Assay, 22.

Automated testing, 65, 77.

Building technology, 19-21, 25, 35, 36, 44.

Calibration, 16, 37, 38, 44, 67, 73, 77, 87.

Casting, 76.

Ceramics, 10, 26, 27, 45, 46, 59, 60.

Coal, 6, 7.

Coatings, 71.

Composite material, 28, 61, 62.

Computer-aided machining (CAM), 100.

Concrete, 20, 21, 35.

Conductivity (see Electrical conductivity)

.

Copper and copper alloy, 12.

Corrosion, 35, 71.

Cracks, 51, 52, 98.

Creep damage, 41, 90.

Cryogenics, 28.

Dielectric methods, 49, 65.

Dimensional resonance profiling, 72.

Drilling, 99, 100.

Droplets, 63.

Economics, 26, 27.

Eddy currents (also see Electromagnetic methods), 51, 67, 68.

Elastic constants, 17, 28, 61, 62, 92.

Electrical capacitance, 19.

conductivity, 48, 92.

methods and measurements, 53, 58, 74.

Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) , 14, 15, 39, 56, 57, 84, 85.

methods, 52, 53.

Electron beam heating, 29, 30, 33, 34.

microscopy, 55, 73, 74.

Electronic applications (also see Photomasks, Semiconductors, etc.), 75, 101.

materials, 4, 23.

Electrostatic transducer, 82.

Ellipsometry , 23, 24.

Energy conservation, 6, 25, 36, 44, 49.

Fatigue, 55.

Film, recording, 18.

23
thin, 23, 24.

transducer, 17.

Fitness - for-purpose , 54.

Flaw detection and sizing, 20, 21, 39, 51, 52, 54, 59, 84, 85.

Flow measurement, 78.

Gamma -ray source, 3.

spectroscopy, 22.

Gases, 82.

Hardness testing, 12.

Heat treatment, 33, 92.

Inclusions, 88, 89.

Indentation testing, 60.

Infrared imaging (see Thermography)

.

Interface, solid/liquid, 76.

Interferometry, acoustic, 82.

optical, 74, 77.

Internal friction, 61.

Iron, 48, 76.

Lasers, 11, 30, 50, 58, 75, 92, 94, 98.

Leak testing, 68.

Light scattering, 63, 94, 103.

Linewidth measurements, 73-75, 101.

Liquid level, 6.

Lithography, 74, 101.

Magnetics and magnetic methods, 6, 38, 53, 67, 68.

Magnetic tape, 18.

Magnesium alloy, 91.

Manganese alloy, 92.

Martensite, 88, 89.

Materials processing, 29, 76, 91, 92, 96, 97.

Medical applications, 2, 64, 93.

Metallography, 12, 92.

Microradiography, 59, 93.

Microscopy (also see Electron microscopy), 98.

Microstructure, 33, 46, 55, 88, 89, 92, 96.

Microwave testing, 7.

Military applications, 1, 103.

Moisture, 19.

Neutron detector, 83.

diffraction, 79, 80, 86.

methods, 9, 67, 68.

radiography (also see Resonance neutron radiography), 59, 83, 86.

resonance transmission analysis (NRTA) , 5 time-of- flight spectrometer, 9.

Nuclear backscatter, 19.

fuel, 5.

magnetic resonance (NMR) , 59.

reactors, 66, 86, 95.

24
Oil shale, 49.

Optics and optical methods, 11, 23, 24, 50, 63, 67, 68, 74, 75, 77, 103.

Particle sizing, 8, 63.

Patents, 6, 78, 100.

Penetrants, 67, 68.

Phase transformation, 88, 89.

Photoelectricity, 58.

Photomasks, 73.

Piezoelectricity, 17.

Plastic deformation, 29, 30.

Polyethylene terephthalate , 18.

Polyester polyurethane, 18.

Pol3nner transducer, 17.

Polymers, 28.

Pol3Tvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) , 17.

Porosity, 10, 45, 54, 59.

Powder metallurgy, 61, 62.

Process monitoring and control, 26, 30, 40, 42, 45, 69, 74, 76, 92, 96, 97,

Productivity, 69.

Pulse-echo testing (see Ultrasonic testing)

.

Quality control, 4, 69, 96, 97.

Radiography (see Neutron, X-ray, etc.).

Rapid solidification, 29, 30, 40, 91, 92.

Residual stress, 14, 15, 56, 57, 79, 80.

Resistivity (see Electrical conductivity)

.

Resonance neutron radiography, 83.

Ribbon, 40.

Roofs, 19.

Safety, 3, 7.

Semiconductors, 4, 11, 23, 101.

Sensors, process, 27, 53.

Signal processing, 47, 64, 85.

Silicon, 4.

Silicon carbide, 61, 62.

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), 8-10, 41, 45, 46, 55, 86, 90.

Solar cells, 58.

Standard reference data, 26.

materials (SRMs) , 26, 38, 48, 73, 81.

Standards, 1, 3, 4, 22, 26, 31. 37, 38, 45, 67, 103

Steel, 12, 13, 33-35 . 71, 89 , 99

stainless, 48, 55, 76, 85, 90, 94, 97.

Strength, 60.

Surface roughness, 13, 94, 103.

Synchrotron radiation, 93.

Temperature measurement, 72, 97.

Thermal waves, 11, 71, 98.

Thermography, 19, 25, 31, 36, 44, 68.

Thickness measurement, 23, 24.

Transducers (also see Acoustic emission. Electromagnetic, etc), 99, 100.

Tungsten, 48.

25
Ultrasonic imaging, 2, 64.

scattering, 70.

testing, 13-15, 20, 21, 33, 39, 40, 56, 57, 59, 62, 66, 70, 72, 76,

78, 84, 85, 92,

tomography, 64, 72.

transducers, 37, 82, 87.

velocity (see Acoustic velocity)

.

waves (see Acoustic waves)

.

Ultrasonics, 37, 43, 67, 68.

Uranium, 22, 79, 80.

Vibration measurements, 77, 99, 100.

Wear, 12, 99, 100.

Welds and welding, 39, 54, 66, 84, 85,

X-ray diffraction, 92,

image magnification, 93.

radiography (also see Microradiography), 54, 67, 68.

tomography, 102.

Young's modulus (see Elastic constants).

Yttrium chromate, 10.

26
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may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

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27
NBS»n4A (REV. 2 »ac) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3

SHEET fSee instructions) NBSIR 87-3552

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Publication Dace

April 1987

NDE Publications: 1984

5. AUTHOR(S)

Leonard Mordfin, editor

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234 Bibliography, CY 1984

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, State, ZIP)

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

I ! Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FlPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si gnificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This is the eighth in a series of bibliographies of NBS publications on nondestructive

evaluation (NDE). It provides bibliographic citations, with selected abstracts, for

103 publications that appeared in the open literature, primarily during calendar

year 1984. A detailed subject index is included as well as information on how

copies of many of the publications may be obtained.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capital! ze only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) abstracts; acoustic emission; bibliography; eddy currents; leak testing; magnetic

testing; neutron radiography; nondestructive evaluation; optical measurements;

radiography; thermography; ultrasonics

13. AVAILABILITY 14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

: X! Uni imi ted

1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS 31

1

1 Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 15. Price

i_^ Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $11.95

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