[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 14-10040

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 5:12-cr-00009-RS-2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

versus

BLAINE JOHNSTON, 

WILSON CALLE,

WILFREDO RODRIGUEZ,

ANGEL DONE,

 Defendants - Appellants.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

________________________

(August 26, 2015)

Before WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and VOORHEES,∗ District 

Judge. 

 ∗ Honorable Richard Voorhees, United States District Judge for the Western District of 

North Carolina, sitting by designation.

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2

PER CURIAM: 

On April 19, 2012, a federal grand jury returned a 54-count Bill of 

Indictment against Defendants-appellants Evelyn Johnston, Blaine Johnston, 

Hector Cabrera, Diana Gonzalez, Angel Done, Wilson Calle, and Wilfredo 

Rodriguez (collectively, Appellants).

1

 Count One of the Bill of Indictment alleged 

that between October 1, 2008, and October 27, 2009, Appellants conspired to 

defraud the Government by helping taxpayers obtain fraudulent tax refunds from 

the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287. Counts Two 

through Fifty-Four charged substantive violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 287 and 2 based 

upon specific instances of fraudulent filings made by Appellants personally, or 

with the assistance of one or more of the Appellants. Gonzalez pled guilty to 

Count One four days into the Government’s case-in-chief. Following nine days of 

trial, Johnston, Calle, and Done were convicted of the conspiracy offense charged 

in Count One, as well as all substantive offenses. Rodriguez was acquitted of 

Count One but convicted of Count Fifty-Four (the only substantive count against 

him) based upon filing his own fraudulent return. All Appellants contend that on 

day four of the trial, after announcing to the jury that co-defendant Diana Gonzalez 

tendered a guilty plea to the conspiracy charge, the trial judge abused his discretion 

 1

 Evelyn Johnston is deceased. The charges against her were dismissed on April 26, 

2013, following her death. In addition, the charges against Hector Cabrera were dismissed 

without prejudice by the United States prior to commencement of trial due to health concerns. 

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in denying their joint motion for mistrial. Rodriguez and Calle assert that the 

district court abused its discretion in denying their respective Rule 29 motions.

Johnston, Done, and Calle contend the district court committed clear error in 

applying the two-level “sophisticated means” enhancement pursuant to USSG § 

2B1.1(b)(10)(C). Done and Calle also contend it was clear error for the district 

court to rely on the conspiracy’s overall intended loss rather than the actual loss for 

purposes of calculating the advisory guideline range, under USSG § 

2B1.1(b)(1)(K). Calle contends the district court committed clear error in 

declining to apply a role reduction pursuant to USSG § 3B1.2(a). For the reasons 

set forth below, we affirm on all issues.

I.

The tax fraud scheme charged in the Bill of Indictment was premised on

what is known as “redemption theory,” which holds that “individuals are not 

responsible for their common personal debt obligations such as home mortgages, 

loans, credit card bills, and lines of credit, and may instead seek money from the 

IRS . . . to repay [or redeem] these outstanding obligations.” One explanation of 

this “redemption theory” holds forth as follows:

[W]hen the United States went off the gold standard in 1933, the 

United States converted its citizenship to capital, and . . . secret bank 

accounts were opened at the Treasury, and through various imagined 

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means were producing bonds that would allow you to redeem money 

from these secret bank accounts. 

Promotors of this scheme advised taxpayers that by filing an IRS Form 1099-OID 

(Original Issue Discount), they could make a claim with the U.S. Treasury 

Department (Treasury) for satisfaction of personal debt.

2

 Described by the United 

States as “one of the latest reincarnations of the “straw man” scheme,” the 

operation became known to the IRS as the “1099-OID scheme.” 

The jury trial for Appellants Blaine Johnston, Diana Gonzalez, Angel Done, 

Wilson Calle, and Wilfredo Rodriguez was held from September 9, 2013 through 

September 19, 2013. The Government’s evidence established that persons 

experiencing difficulty paying their mortgages and other debts were targeted and 

actively solicited by members of the scheme. Consistent with the above-described 

“redemption theory,” prospects were told that the federal government was 

sponsoring a program that would enable an individual to have his or her mortgage 

paid by the Treasury. The 1099-OIDs in this case contained creditor-specific 

information such as the institution’s federal taxpayer identification number and 

actual business address, which made it appear that the financial institution 

submitted the document. The 1099-OIDs reported a taxpayer’s personal debt 

 2

 Original Issue Discount refers to the difference between the price for which a debt 

instrument is issued and the stated redemption price at maturity and this difference, or interest, is 

typically included in a taxpayer’s yearly income as it accrues over the term of the instrument. 

There are legitimate financial transactions that require generation of a 1099-OID form such as 

when a financial institution reports interest owed or paid.

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obligation as income and a similar amount as withheld. Oftentimes, the 

withholding amount was either ninety-nine percent of the reported “income” or 

five dollars less. Once the 1099-OID was in the hands of the IRS, the personal tax 

return reporting the same income and corresponding withholding figure was 

submitted. Significantly, this was a two-step process that required each individual 

filer to verify that the claim and information submitted was, in fact, true and 

accurate. Routinely, a standard form letter was also sent by the taxpayer to the IRS 

Fraud Department purporting to seek guidance as to the propriety of the 

submission. 

All of the Appellants except Johnston had some level of involvement in a 

predecessor debt elimination scheme developed by a business called Mid-Atlantic 

Trustees and Administrators (MATA). MATA manufactured and sent false and 

fraudulent bonds on behalf of its clients to the U.S. Treasury and touted those 

bonds as a means of satisfying individual debt. MATA suggested that its clients 

could become “bonded” and draw upon their bonds to discharge various forms of 

debt. The bond scheme was costly and largely unsuccessful. Appellants Done, 

Calle, Gonzalez, and Rodriguez, as well as other participants, turned to the 1099-

OID as an alternative means to eliminate their respective debts. 

As the 1099-OID scheme grew, operations developed in the states of Florida 

and New York. Done, who resided in New York and was a long-time 

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acquaintance of Appellant Calle, opened up his home for 1099-OID scheme 

webinars, spoke or taught at seminars promoting the scheme, and recruited 

individuals from New York and New Jersey. Done filed a fraudulent individual 

tax return and 1099-OID for the year 2008. Done was later provided formal notice 

(referred to as a “3175 letter”) from the IRS that his use of the 1099-OID and claim 

for refund was unlawful. 

Calle, who also resided in New York, met Gonzalez and Rodriguez at one of 

the 1099-OID seminars. At some point, Calle learned about ABACO Executive 

Services (ABACO), a tax preparation entity then owned and operated by Evelyn 

and Blaine Johnston. Calle learned that Evelyn Johnston was an “IRS enrolled 

agent.”3 Calle subsequently met with Evelyn Johnston in ABACO’s Fort 

Lauderdale office, and hired ABACO to submit his tax documents including the 

1099-OID. Eventually, Calle became the “intermediary” or “point person” 

between the scheme’s New York and Florida operations. Like Done, Calle filed a 

fraudulent individual tax return and 1099-OID for the year 2008 and assisted 

 3

 An enrolled agent is a person who has earned the privilege of representing taxpayers 

before the Internal Revenue Service by either passing a three-part comprehensive IRS test 

covering individual and business tax returns, or through experience as a former IRS employee. 

Enrolled agent status is the highest credential the IRS awards . . . . Enrolled agents, like attorneys 

and certified public accountants (CPAs) have unlimited practice rights. See INTERNAL REV.

SERV., ENROLLED AGENT INFORMATION (Apr. 23, 2015)., http://www.irs.gov/TaxProfessionals/Enrolled-Agents/Enrolled-Agent-Information.

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others in the same process. Calle was never given a formal IRS notice that his 

2008 tax return and 1099-OID was unlawful.4

 

Beginning in October 2008, ABACO began to submit fraudulent returns for 

a $500 per person fee. ABACO maintained two office locations in Florida, one in 

Fort Lauderdale and another in Panama City. Once the necessary information was 

gathered and compiled, the materials were submitted to the ABACO Panama City 

office for preparation and filing. ABACO was the common denominator since all 

of the fraudulent filings charged were submitted by ABACO. 

Gonzalez, a native Cuban and Miami resident, had a prior business 

relationship with Rodriguez dating back to the fall of 1999.5

 Gonzalez recruited 

prospects from the Miami area and assisted others in preparing and filing 

fraudulent tax returns and 1099-OIDs. Gonzalez herself never filed an individual 

tax return or 1099-OID seeking a refund. 

Rodriguez, also a native Cuban and Miami resident, reportedly learned of 

the 1099-OID scheme through independent research and then discussed it with 

Gonzalez. In addition to his own research via the internet, Rodriguez subsequently 

 4

 After submissions Calle made in connection with the predecessor bond scheme, Calle 

received a 3175 letter / notice in July 2008 alerting him that the IRS deemed that sort of debt 

elimination scheme troublesome.

5

 Prior to his involvement in this scheme, Rodriguez partnered with Gonzalez in another 

venture, a gold mining development project in Honduras called Montana Pijol. Gonzalez was 

the Executive Director of the project and Rodriguez was one of its biggest investors. In addition, 

Gonzalez recruited Rodriguez to participate in the MATA bond scheme. 

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attended a portion of a seminar led by Appellant Done in Miami. Aside from these 

events, Rodriguez had little or no interaction with his co-defendants. Although 

Rodriguez had been exposed to other debt elimination schemes, he was not a 

recruiter and did not aid or abet anybody else in filing a fraudulent return or 1099-

OID. Rather, Rodriguez obtained all of the necessary forms and most of his 

instructions for filing from chat groups on the internet. Rodriguez personally filed 

a fraudulent tax return and 1099-OID for tax year 2008 and was paid a refund in 

the amount of $311,000 which he later used to satisfy several personal debt 

obligations. One of the overt acts charged in furtherance of the conspiracy was the 

movement of approximately $310,000 of his refund immediately upon receipt, 

allegedly at the direction of Evelyn Johnston, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 286. 

Rodriguez paid Gonzalez $10,000 of the $311,000 refund and testified that the 

money was a gift to Gonzalez to enable her to have some dental work done. 

Of the sixty-three total fraudulent returns filed in conjunction with this 

scheme, twelve originated in New York and fifty-one in Florida. If fully

successful, the total loss would have been $19,027,049. However, only four of 

these fraudulent filings resulted in issuance of refunds, limiting the actual total loss 

to $489,248. 

At trial, Appellants Johnston, Done, and Rodriguez testified in their own 

defense. Appellant Calle elected not to testify. Appellants asserted a good faith 

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defense and proclaimed ignorance that their submission of the 1099-OID form in 

this manner was illegal. According to the defense, the 1099-OID process appeared 

legitimate based upon the willingness of Evelyn Johnston, as an IRS enrolled 

agent, to submit these filings through ABACO, and due to the circumstances 

surrounding the live seminars that lent the pitch an aura of credibility. Specifically, 

Appellants pointed to the fact that the seminars were held at reputable facilities and 

locations, were well-attended, and offered high caliber, educated speakers.

On the fourth day of the trial, a Thursday, Diana Gonzalez tendered a guilty 

plea to Count One of the Indictment.6

 Without consulting with counsel, the trial 

judge announced to the jury:

You all have been locked away. I apologize for the delay but we had 

to first deal with another matter, and one of those other matters is that 

defendant Diana M. Gonzalez, pursuant to an agreement with the 

Government, pled guilty to Count One, and she is no longer on trial.

Thus, the jury was explicitly advised that Gonzalez elected to plead guilty to Count 

One, the conspiracy offense. Counsel voiced no contemporaneous objection. Nor 

did counsel request contemporaneously that a limiting instruction be given.7

 

 6

 Gonzalez originally appealed her sentence but subsequently moved for a voluntarily 

dismissal of her appeal with prejudice, which was granted by this Court on February 20, 2014. 

7

 Reportedly, prior to the district court’s announcement, defense counsel had agreed 

amongst themselves that nothing should be said to the jury about Gonzalez’s absence and then 

relayed the consensus to the prosecutor.

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The following Monday, on the sixth day of trial, defense counsel jointly 

moved for a mistrial based upon the district judge’s decision to explain Gonzalez’s 

absence to the jury by advising that she pled guilty to the conspiracy count. The 

court denied the defense motion as untimely, but directed defense counsel to 

propose a curative instruction. The court advised counsel that, if requested, the 

curative instruction could be given twice − once in the midst of trial as soon as an 

instruction could be prepared and approved and again during the final jury charge. 

Defense counsel chose to have the court read the curative instruction only during 

the final instructions. 

At the close of the Government’s case-in-chief, all of the Defendants moved 

for judgment of acquittal pursuant to Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal 

Procedure. The motions were denied in that instance and upon renewal at the 

conclusion of all evidence.

The jury convicted all of the Defendants as charged, with one exception. 

While convicted of the only substantive offense with which he was charged, 

Rodriguez was acquitted on the conspiracy offense charged in Count One.

II.

We review a District Court’s decision not to grant a mistrial for abuse of 

discretion. United States v. Capers, 708 F.3d 1286, 1298 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing 

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United States v. Emmanuel, 565 F.3d 1324, 1334 (11th Cir. 2009) (emphasis 

added)).

“A mistrial should be granted if the defendant’s substantial rights are 

prejudicially affected. This occurs when there is a reasonable probability that, but 

for the [alleged error], the outcome of the trial would have been different.” Capers, 

708 F.3d at 1298 (quoting United States v. Newsome, 475 F.3d 1221, 1227 (11th 

Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted)). “[W]hen the record contains sufficient 

independent evidence of guilt, any error was harmless.” Id.

“The decision to grant a mistrial is within the discretion of the trial judge 

since he is in the best position to evaluate the prejudicial effect of a statement or 

evidence on the jury.” United States v. Saget, 991 F.2d 702, 707–08 (11th Cir.

1993). “When a curative instruction has been given to address some improper and 

prejudicial evidence, we will reverse [the denial of a motion for a mistrial] only if 

the evidence is so highly prejudicial as to be incurable by the trial court’s 

admonition.” United States v. Harriston, 329 F.3d 779, 787 n.4 (11th Cir. 2003) 

(quotation marks omitted).“It is a basic tenet of our criminal jurisprudence that 

‘guilt or innocence must be determined one defendant at a time without regard to 

the disposition of charges against others.’” United States v. Eason, 920 F.2d 731, 

738 (11th Cir. 1990) (quoting United States v. Griffin, 778 F.2d 707, 711 (11th Cir. 

1985)). 

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With respect to a codefendant’s guilty plea, the general rule is one of nondisclosure. As previously held: “[T]here is no need to advise the jury or its 

perspective members that someone not in court, not on trial, and not to be tried, has 

pleaded guilty . . . [as] [t]he prejudice to the remaining parties who are charged 

with complicity in the acts of the self-confessed guilty participant is obvious.” 

Griffin, 778 F.2d at 711 (internal citations omitted) (quoting United States v. 

Hansen, 544 F.2d 778, 780 (5th Cir. 1977)); see also United States v. De La Vega, 

913 F.2d 861, 866 (11th Cir. 1990) (“The admission of guilty pleas . . . of codefendants not subject to cross-examination is generally considered plain error.”). 

“In a conspiracy trial, which by definition contemplates two or more culpable 

parties, courts must be especially vigilant to ensure that defendants are not 

convicted on the theory that guilty ‘birds of a feather are flocked together.’” Id. 

(quoting Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 454 (1949) (Jackson, J., 

concurring)); see also United States v. Carrazana, 921 F.2d 1557, 1568 (11th Cir. 

1991); United States v. DeLucca, 630 F.2d 294, 298 (11th Cir. 1980) (“The 

problem of a defendant’s guilt by association arises primarily when the jury learns 

of a codefendant’s guilty plea entered either before or during the trial proceedings.

A guilty plea entered by a codefendant can be especially prejudicial if the plea is 

made in connection with a conspiracy to which the remaining defendants are 

charged.”). 

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An exception to the rule of nondisclosure occurs when a codefendant pleads 

guilty during the course of a trial. Griffin, 778 F.2d at 711 n.5. In that instance, 

“the trial court may comment that [a] codefendant[] ha[s] been excused from trial 

for legally sufficient reasons that should have no bearing on the remaining 

defendants’ guilt or innocence.” Id. (citing United States v. Jones, 425 F.2d 1048, 

1053–54 (9th Cir. 1970).

Here, the trial court committed error when he instructed the jury that 

Gonzalez entered a guilty plea to the conspiracy offense charged in Count One. As 

a result, we are asked to determine whether incurable prejudice occurred such that 

a new trial is warranted. On these peculiar facts, we conclude that the error, 

although prejudicial, was not incurable and was, in fact, harmless in light of the 

curative instruction and the strength and nature of the government’s evidence. 

Consistent with defense counsel’s belated request, during the final jury 

charge, the district judge provided the following instruction aimed at remedying 

his earlier statement to the jury about the Gonzalez plea: 

I told you last week that Diana Gonzalez is no longer a participant in 

the trial because she had pled guilty to a charge. I also instruct you 

that you must completely disregard what I said at that time about 

Diana Gonzalez, and you must not consider what I said about Diana 

Gonzalez’s plea for any reason in reaching your verdict for any of the 

other defendants. 

Now the fact that a codefendant has pled guilty cannot be considered 

as evidence of the guilt of any remaining defendant.

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The court’s limiting instruction, clear and direct, was consistent with other 

instructions given by the Court.8 “We presume the jury followed the district court’s 

instructions and did not concern itself further with [Gonzalez’s] absence or the 

charges against [Gonzalez].” United States v. Layne, No. 07-11427, 259 Fed.

App’x. 183, 187, 2007 WL 4335880 (11th Cir. Dec. 12, 2007) (denying motion for 

mistrial after co-defendant’s sudden absence during wire fraud conspiracy trial due 

to suicide; cautionary instructions were given at outset of first day of court with codefendant’s absence and again the following day directing the jury that the charges 

against the absent co-defendant were no longer before them and that they should 

not speculate about the development) (citing United States v. Shenberg, 89 F.3d 

1461, 1472 (11th Cir. 1996)).

“In the absence of aggravated circumstances, a cautionary instruction 

directing the jury not to consider a guilty plea as substantive evidence of guilt will 

sufficiently cure any potential for prejudice to the defendant on trial.” Carrazana, 

921 F.2d at 1568 (conviction upheld on plain error review where six of eight codefendants pleaded guilty after seven days of trial and jury was advised, at defense 

counsel’s request, that they should not consider the co-defendants’ guilty pleas as 

substantive evidence against remaining two defendants) (citing United States v. 

 8

 In preliminary instructions read at the outset of the trial, the judge explained that the 

evidence should be considered separately with respect to each defendant on trial. Likewise, in 

his final charge, the judge reiterated his instruction concerning the importance of the jury 

rendering an individualized verdict as to each defendant. 

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King, 505 F.2d 602, 608 (5th Cir. 1974) and United States v. Baete, 414 F.2d 782, 

783–84 (5th Cir. 1969)); see also De La Vega, 913 F.2d at 866−67 (curative 

instruction two days later adequately addressed statements from witness that a coconspirator had been separately tried and convicted);DeLucca, 630 F.2d at 299 

(recognizing “immediate jury instructions” as a mechanism for curing improper 

disclosure of co-defendant’s guilty plea).

9

Because a curative instruction was given, albeit not contemporaneously at 

Appellants’ behest, we next consider whether aggravating circumstances exist that 

require a new trial. See Baete, 414 F.2d at 783−84 (“there may be aggravated 

circumstances in which the strongest corrective instruction would be insufficient, 

as, for example, where the guilty plea of one codefendant necessarily implicates 

another or others”). With respect to aggravating circumstances, relevant factors 

may include:

The presence or absence of (a limiting) instruction . . . [,]

whether there was a proper purpose in introducing the 

fact of the guilty plea, whether the plea was improperly 

emphasized or used as substantive evidence of guilt, 

whether the introduction of the plea was invited by the 

defense counsel, whether an objection was entered or an 

instruction requested, [and] whether the defendant’s 

failure to object could have been the result of tactical 

considerations. 

 9

 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), we 

adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the Fifth Circuit decided before October 1, 1981.

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United States v. Fleetwood, 528 F.2d 528, 532 (5th Cir. 1976). To the extent the 

factors identified in Fleetwood have not already been discussed, we consider each 

in turn.

In this instance, the trial judge acted with a proper purpose in sharing the 

Gonzalez guilty plea to the jury – to explain her absence. By day four of the 

government’s evidence, the jurors had become accustomed to seeing Gonzalez 

seated at the defense table with the co-defendants. As noted, supra, an exception 

to non-disclosure exists where it is necessary to explain the absence of a codefendant during the pendency of trial. See Griffin, 778 F.2d at 711 n.5 (internal 

citations omitted). The curative instruction here accomplished that objective. In 

addition, the Gonzalez guilty plea was not improperly emphasized during the 

remainder of the trial. Aside from the trial judge’s pronouncement, Appellants fail 

to identify any reference to the Gonzalez plea during the remainder of the trial and 

likewise do not suggest that the prosecution took advantage of the trial court’s 

disclosure.

10 Moreover, there is no indication the jury treated the Gonzalez guilty 

plea as substantive evidence of Appellants’ guilt. Rather, the acquittal of 

Rodriguez on Count One tends to show that the jurors took their tasks seriously 

and were fully capable of evaluating the evidence with respect to each defendant 

 10 There were passing references, innocuous in effect, to the Gonzalez guilty plea in 

closing arguments by both the prosecutor and certain defense counsel. 

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individually. As previously explained, the introduction of the Gonzalez plea was 

not invited by defense counsel. Significantly, that defense counsel declined to 

voice an objection or move for a mistrial immediately upon the judge’s disclosure 

tends to show at least an ambivalence toward the need for a forceful approach to 

address the issue.

11 While defense counsel’s delayed response may have had some 

tactical underpinnings, the deferred reaction points toward an absence of undue 

prejudice. 

Appellants insist that a curative instruction “could not unring the bell” 

following the trial court’s disclosure. Appellants urge us to hold that the error was 

not harmless because all of the Appellants, Gonzalez included, asserted a common 

good faith defense and aligned themselves with one another at the outset of trial. 

Indeed, the fact that the jury was advised not only that Gonzalez pled guilty, but 

that she pled to Count One − the conspiracy offense − gives rise to prejudice of 

potentially greater import than if the jury had learned about a guilty plea generally 

or a plea to a substantive offense charging only Gonzalez.

12 

 11 The parties debate the timeliness of Appellants’ objection and motion for new trial. 

However, because the error was plain under our precedent, De La Vega, 913 F.3d at 866, the 

timeliness of the defense objection and motion for mistrial is not dispositive. 

12 This argument carries the most force with respect to Rodriguez. Rodriguez’s argument 

is more appealing on its face given the evidence establishing the pre-existing business 

relationship between Gonzalez and Rodriguez and the fact that Rodriguez paid Gonzalez a 

portion of the fraudulent refund he received from the IRS. 

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Appellants rely on United States v. Vaughn in support of their position that 

advising the jury of the Gonzalez plea was tantamount to conceding that a 

conspiracy existed. 546 F.2d 47 (5th Cir. 1977) (disclosure of co-conspirator’s 

guilty plea deemed to be incurable error). Vaughn, however, is readily 

distinguishable in that both the nature of the fraud here, and the strength of the 

Government’s evidence, set the 1099-OID prosecution apart.

13 The Vaughn

prosecution alleged a conspiracy to import marijuana into the United States from 

Jamaica and was based entirely upon the self-serving information volunteered by a

co-conspirator / informant, William Mize, after Mize and his wife were caught redhanded smuggling 5,600 pounds of marijuana. Vaughn, 546 F.2d at 48−49. At the 

time, Mize was facing six felony charges in Illinois federal court and was deemed 

to be in violation of his conditions of release. Id. Prior to Mize’s bond violation, 

and before Mize’s “confession,” there had been no investigation conducted by law 

enforcement and no physical evidence of the conspiracy to import marijuana

asserted by Mize against Vaughn and the other purported co-conspirators. Id. at

49−50.

 13 Before the Vaughn trial had begun, the trial judge unnecessarily advised the array of 

jurors that multiple co-defendants charged in the same indictment had already pled guilty. 

Vaughn, 546 F.2d at 49−50. The trial judge followed up with a warning that the guilty pleas 

should not be held against the remaining co-conspirators on trial. Id. at 50. The convictions were 

vacated and a new trial ordered despite the contemporaneous limiting instruction. Id. at 51. The 

panel found that by disclosing the guilty pleas of multiple co-conspirators similarly charged, the 

trial judge “solemnly confess[ed] the existence of the conspiracy and their [co-defendants’] 

participation in it.” Id. at 49.

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We can reasonably infer from the jury’s verdict that the good faith defense,

an alliance shared among the co-defendants, was not as compelling as Appellants 

argue, given that Rodriguez, Gonzalez’s closest ally, was acquitted of the 

conspiracy charge. Most importantly, given the nonsensical fallacy that fueled the 

1099-OID scheme, and the intricate lengths to which the Appellants went to 

promote it and follow through with the execution of sequential filings with the 

IRS, we are confident in our view that disclosure of the Gonzalez plea held no 

sway with the jury in reaching its verdict. Under different facts – had the scheme 

been less preposterous or the Government’s evidence less compelling − we might 

have come to the view that the interests of justice weigh in favor of a new trial.

Such is not the case here. As one of defense counsel conceded at sentencing, the 

scheme was “pie in the sky” such that the average person would easily recognize 

that the scheme was “probably not legitimate.” For these reasons, we hold that 

Appellants’ substantial rights were not affected and a new trial is not required. 

III.

Next, we turn to the sufficiency of the evidence claims of Rodriguez and 

Calle. When properly preserved, we review a challenge to the sufficiency of the 

evidence and the denial of a Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal de novo. See

Capers, 708 F.3d at 1296−97; United States v. Kottwitz, 614 F.3d 1241, 1264 (11th 

Cir. 2010), withdrawn in part on other grounds, 627 F.3d 1383 (11th Cir. 2010) 

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(citations omitted). Sufficiency of the evidence claims raised for the first time on 

appeal are reviewed for plain error. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 

731−32 (1993); see also United States v. Hunerlach, 197 F.3d 1059, 1068−69 

(11th Cir. 1999) (plain error review applies to a specific sufficiency of the 

evidence claim not previously raised – even where general sufficiency of the 

evidence challenge was made in connection with Rule 29 motion). 

Upon a defense motion, or on its own motion, the Court “must enter a 

judgment of acquittal of any offense for which the evidence is insufficient to 

sustain a conviction.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(a). A conviction is supported by 

sufficient evidence if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 

307, 319 (1979). In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e consider the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, making all reasonable 

inferences and credibility choices in the Government’s favor, and then determine 

whether a reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” Capers, 708 F.3d at 1296−97; Kottwitz, 614 F.3d at 1264 

(internal citations and quotations omitted). 

In this instance, both of the sufficiency of the evidence challenges raised on 

appeal by Rodriguez and Calle are subject to plain error review because the

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specifics of their respective arguments were not raised before the trial court. We 

hold that Appellants’ claims fail under a de novo review. 

Rodriguez asks this Court to vacate his conviction on Count 54 due to 

insufficiency of the evidence regarding intent to violate the law. More specifically, 

Rodriguez asserts for the first time on appeal that the Government did not present 

any substantive corroborative evidence to support the element of intent for 

purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 287 − that Rodriguez acted knowingly.14 According to 

Rodriguez, in light of Rodriguez’s testimony that at the time he filed his IRS 

return, he did not understand that it was false and fraudulent, the Government’s 

evidence was insufficient, as a matter of law, to satisfy a reasonable jury beyond a 

reasonable doubt of his criminal intent. See United States v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 

314 (11th Cir. 1995) (where some corroborative evidence exists for the charged 

offense, otherwise insufficient evidence can be made sufficient by a defendant’s 

choice to testify, because the opposite of the defendant’s testimony can be viewed 

as additional substantive evidence to bolster the corroborative evidence). 

 14 Count 54 charges violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287 and alleges presentation of false, 

fictitious or fraudulent claims: 

“Whoever makes or presents . . . any claim upon or against the United States, or 

any department or agency thereof, knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or 

fraudulent, shall be imprisoned not more than five years and shall be subject to a 

fine in the amount provided in this title.”

18 U.S.C. § 287.

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22

Rodriguez appears to suggest that direct evidence of his intent is required to sustain 

the conviction. 

In presenting the question of Rodriguez’s intent to the jury, the Court began 

by defining the terms “knowingly” and “willfully.” The jury was instructed that if 

it found that any defendant acted with a good faith belief that his conduct complied 

with the law, then that would mean that the Defendant could not have acted 

willfully. The Court explained: 

A defendant does not have to act willfully if that defendant 

believes, in good faith, that he is acting within the law or that his 

actions comply with the law. This is so even if the defendant’s belief 

was not objectively reasonable, so long as the defendant held that 

belief in good faith. Nevertheless, you may consider whether the 

defendant’s belief about the tax statutes was actually reasonable as a 

factor in deciding whether the defendant held that belief in good faith. 

The reasonableness of a belief is a fact – factor for you, the 

jury, to consider in determining whether a defendant actually held a 

belief and acted upon it. The more farfetched a belief is, the less 

likely it is that a person actually held or would act upon that belief. A 

defendant who knows what the law is and who disagrees with it does 

not have a bona fide misunderstanding defense.

Good faith was described as having “an honest intention, an absence of malice, and 

an honest intention to abstain from taking any unconscientious advantage of 

another.” 

The jurors were also instructed that ignorance of the law or mistake of the 

law is not a defense to criminal prosecution. The jurors were told that 

disagreement with the law is not a defense. Significantly, the jurors were 

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23

instructed on willful blindness and the inference of knowledge that may be drawn 

from a defendant apparently deliberately closing his eyes to what would otherwise 

have been obvious. 

In his trial testimony, Rodriguez had an opportunity to explain his motives 

and elaborate on the reasonableness of his purported good faith belief. Rodriguez 

was able to explain to the jury how he came to believe that the 1099-OID was a 

lawful mechanism for seeking to have the IRS redeem his personal debt 

obligations. Rodriguez testified: 

I was convinced hundred percent that this was legal. Based on my 

research on Internet, people were doing for years, people were 

receiving checks, and I saw was legal, legitimate.

Rodriguez also told the jury about his discussions with his accountants; how one of 

his accountants, Louis Cast, told Rodriguez that there were numerous “loopholes”

in the tax code and advised consequently that he could not opine on the legality of 

the 1099-OIDs for this purpose. Rodriguez testified that as long as he correctly 

identified the actual debt amounts, it was his understanding that use of the 1099-

OIDs to pursue a refund from the IRS was permissible. Rodriguez testified that in 

2008 he was of the view that his actions were, in fact, lawful and that he had no 

reason to think otherwise.15 In the end, the jury did not find Rodriguez’s good faith 

 15 According to Appellants, neither Rodriguez nor Calle received any correspondence 

directly from the IRS warning them about the unlawfulness of their actions prior to submitting 

their individual tax returns and IRS 1099-OIDs. Rodriguez also made it clear in his testimony 

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claim credible. One readily infers that the jury rejected the “good faith” defense 

theory and found that good faith did not excuse any of the defendants on trial. 

Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, making 

all reasonable inferences and credibility choices in the Government’s favor, a 

reasonable jury could have found Rodriguez guilty of Count 54. Because the 

jury’s verdict was supported by sufficient evidence, as recited supra, Rodriguez’s 

Rule 29 motion was properly denied. 

B.

Similarly, Calle’s sufficiency of the evidence challenge to two of his § 287 

convictions was also properly denied. With respect to Counts 48 and 51, Calle 

contends there was insufficient evidence of aiding and abetting, and insufficient 

evidence that refunds based on the pertinent filings included “false or fraudulent 

material facts.”16 Counts 48 and 51 are based upon individual filings made by 

Sandra Genere (Count 48) and Juan Puello and Maria E. Jiminez De Puello (Count 

51) and Calle’s alleged aiding and abetting. The Genere and Puello returns were 

 

that he was never provided an opportunity to pay the money back to the IRS before being 

charged criminally. 

16 Aiding and abetting was also charged in connection with each substantive 

offense brought pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 287. Title 18 United States Code, Section 2 

provides in part that “[w]hoever commits an offense against the United States or aids, 

abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is punishable as a 

principal.” 18 U.S.C. § 2(a).

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25

discovered during execution of a search warrant at ABACO’s Panama City office

by law enforcement. 

Calle first contends although Genere was from New York, there was no 

evidence that Genere was associated with the New York Group that he 

coordinated. The Government’s evidence showed that Genere was indeed from 

New York, that Genere attended one of the 1099-OID seminars, and used ABACO 

to prepare and file her tax return. In addition, an ABACO employee testified that 

over the course of the conspiracy, all of the 1099-OID filings were received in 

FedEx packets from either Miami or New York. The same employee testified that 

Calle was his contact person for New York filings and that when packets were 

received from New York, the documents sent, including those at issue in Counts 48 

and 51, were already prepared and ready for filing. 

Calle further contends that in both of these instances, the Government failed 

to produce evidence that the Genere and Puello returns were fraudulent or false. 

While it is not entirely clear, Calle appears to contend that the documentary 

evidence, i.e., the tax returns and 1099-OID forms themselves, is insufficient to 

establish that the filings were fraudulent or false. We disagree. Given the trial 

evidence as a whole, a reasonable jury, properly relying on common sense, could 

find beyond a reasonable doubt that the refunds sought by Genere and Puello were 

false and fraudulent based solely upon the documents. The Genere tax return for 

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2008 reported that First Financial Equities, Inc., paid Genere $128,000, and 

withheld $127,990, resulting in a net refund of $103,520 to Genere. As for the 

Puello tax return for 2008, it reported that First Residential Mortgage Services 

Corporation paid the taxpayers $405,000, withheld $404,990, resulting in a net 

refund of $302,265 to the Puellos. We conclude that, viewing the evidence as a 

whole in the light most favorable to the Government, and drawing all reasonable 

inferences from the evidence, a jury could reasonably conclude beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the types of filings at issue here (a tax return and 

corresponding 1099-OID claiming entitlement to a refund for an actual debt owed)

is, in fact, fraudulent and false. We affirm the district court on the denial of the 

Rule 29 motions for judgment of acquittal.

IV.

Finally, Johnston, Done, and Calle challenge their 78-month sentences on 

multiple grounds. Appellants first argue that the district court clearly erred in 

applying a two-level sophisticated-means enhancement; Done and Calle argue that 

the district court plainly erred in calculating the loss amount attributable to them by 

using intended loss for the entire conspiracy instead of only the portion derived 

from New York participants; Done argues that the district court clearly erred in 

calculating the loss amount by using intended loss instead of actual loss, or 

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alternatively imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence by sentencing within

the guideline range resulting from the use of intended loss, because the intended

loss amount substantially overstated the seriousness of the offense; and Calle

argues that the district court clearly erred in declining to apply a role reduction.

We review alleged sentencing errors involving interpretation of the U.S. 

Sentencing Guidelines de novo and factual findings for clear error. See United 

States v. Barner, 572 F.3d 1239, 1247 (11th Cir. 2009). Sentencing matters not 

raised before the district court are reviewed for plain error.

17 See United States v. 

Jones, 743 F.3d 826, 828 (11th Cir. 2014). The procedural reasonableness of a 

sentence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Elisor, 522 

F.3d 1255, 1273 n. 25 (11th Cir. 2008).

Failure to object to allegations of fact in a Presentence Investigation Report 

admits those facts for sentencing purposes. See United States v. Wade, 458 F.3d 

1273, 1277 (11th Cir. 2006).

A.

Appellants Johnston, Done, and Calle contend that application of the 

“sophisticated means” enhancement pursuant to pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 

 17 Under plain-error review, we may correct an error where (1) an error occurred; (2) the 

error was plain; (3) the error affects substantial rights; and (4) the error seriously affects the 

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 

725, 732−736 (1993).

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2B1.1(b)(10)(C) was incorrect. We review the district court’s factual finding that 

the 1099-OID scheme warranted a “sophisticated means” enhancement for clear 

error. See United States v. Ghertler, 605 F.3d 1256, 1267 (11th Cir. 2010).

“The Guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement if the offense in 

question involved sophisticated means.” Ghertler, 605 F.3d at 1267 (internal 

citations and quotation marks omitted) (applying earlier version of guidelines; 

citing U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(9)(C); U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(10)(C)). “Sophisticated 

means refers to especially complex or especially intricate offense conduct 

pertaining to the execution or concealment of an offense, and ordinarily includes 

[c]onduct such as hiding assets or transactions, or both, through the use of fictitious 

entities, corporate shells, or offshore financial accounts.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. 

n.9 (B). “There is no requirement that each of a defendant’s individual actions be 

sophisticated in order to impose the enhancement. Rather, it is sufficient if the 

totality of the scheme was sophisticated.” Gertler, 605 F.3d at 1267.. Moreover, it 

is the nature of the scheme itself, as opposed to a defendant’s individual role, that 

determines whether the sophisticated means enhancement applies. See id.

As an initial matter, none of the Appellants objected to the offense conduct 

described in the PSI that applied to the scheme as a whole. Rather, Johnston, Done, 

and Calle each objected to various aspects of the PSI on the basis that there was no 

evidence that they individually engaged in particular conduct. Therefore, under 

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Wade, the PSI’s description of the scheme as a whole was admitted for sentencing 

purposes.18 See Wade, 458 F.3d at 1277. We begin our analysis there. 

In Ghertler, we upheld application of a sophisticated-means enhancement

although aspects of the scheme were not sophisticated, and the defendant 

sometimes made little or no effort to conceal the fact of his fraud or his identity.

605 F.3d at 1267−68. Looking to the scheme as a whole, we noted that the 

defendant conducted extensive research on victim companies, forged false 

documents, and used third parties to try to conceal his proceeds. Id. at 1268. 

Noting it was a “close question,” we nonetheless concluded that defendant’s 

activities considered in toto were sufficient to support the enhancement. Id.; see 

also United States v. Bane, 720 F.3d 818, 826−27 (l lth Cir.), cert. denied, 134 S.

Ct. 835 (2013) (upholding sophisticated-means enhancement where the offense 

involved multiple corporations, repetitive coordinated conduct-including stamping 

documents to create the illusion that an independent entity issued them-and steps to 

conceal the offense). 

Here, the district court did not clearly err in determining that the 1099-OID

scheme involved the use of sophisticated means. This was a multi-state operation 

 18 For example, although Done contests on appeal that the defendants made it appear that 

the creditors or financial institutions issued or filed the 1099-OID forms themselves, he failed to 

object to the PSI’s factual statement that the defendants made it appear that such entities issued 

the forms, and this fact partially demonstrated the scheme’s sophistication. See Bane, 720 F.3d 

at 826−27; Ghertler, 605 F.3d at 1268.

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that employed subterfuge and repetitive coordinated conduct. See Bane, 720 F.3d 

at 826−27. In terms of entities, the scheme involved a set of recruiters in New 

York, a recruiter or set of recruiters in Miami, a tax preparation company in 

Panama City and Ft. Lauderdale, and individual participant-taxpayers. The two 

sets of recruiters communicated with each other, ABACO, and their individual 

participants. In terms of steps, (1) recruiters solicited individuals to join the 

scheme; (2) recruiters hosted seminars where they instructed participants on 

how the scheme worked; (3) recruiters and participants collected mortgage or 

loan documents and necessary information and completed the 1099-OID forms; (4) 

recruiters and / or ABACO created a checklist to gather necessary information and 

streamline the 1099-OID form process; (5) participants used ABACO to file their 

tax returns; and (6) a total of 63 fraudulent tax returns requesting $19,027,049 in 

refunds were filed. 

Furthermore, the two critical steps of the 1099-OID scheme were 

coordinated and deliberate in sequence. The 1099-OID forms were submitted 

separately and in advance of the actual tax returns, which projected the illusion that 

the separate filings independently supported each other. Combined with the 

matching income and withholding figures, the tax return confirmed what was 

already before the IRS via the 1099-OID. In another step, presumably an attempt 

to set up a good faith or mistake of law defense, participants sent a standard form 

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letter to the IRS Fraud Department requesting that the IRS notify them if it was 

false or fraudulent to file the 1099-OID form. In addition, as evidenced by the 

need to conduct seminars explaining the scheme, the concept of the 1099-OID 

scheme itself is inherently more sophisticated than the standard tax fraud, 

where one simply overstates withholdings or understates income. See U.S.S.G. § 

2Bl.1, cmt. n.9 (B).

Appellants’ argument that the defendants made little or no attempt to hide 

their identities or their perpetration of the fraud is unavailing. It is true that 

Appellants and scheme participants did not hide their identities; personal 

identifiers were necessary in order to request the fraudulent refund. However, the 

movement of Rodriguez’s refund, a coordinated effort to sequester the money 

after-the-fact, provides evidence aimed at concealment of the 1099-OID scheme. 

See U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.1, cmt. n. 9 (B). 

Although any of these steps taken in isolation may not be sophisticated, the 

district court did not clearly err in concluding that, when together as a plan and 

executed repeatedly, these coordinated steps were especially sophisticated or 

intricate. See Bane, 720 F.3d at 826−827; Ghertler, 605 F.3d at 1267−68; Clarke, 

562 F.3d at 1165. Accordingly, we affirm on this issue. 

B.

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We review the alleged errors raised by Appellants with respect to loss 

amount for plain error.

19 Jones, 743 F.3d at 828. Done and Calle contest the 

guidelines calculation based upon intended loss rather than actual loss. According 

to the Appellants, the district court incorrectly calculated the guidelines by 

applying an enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K), resulting in a 20-

level increase for a loss amount exceeding $7,000,000 but not more than 

$20,000,000. 

The Sentencing Guidelines apply a base offense level, and then increase the 

level based on the value of the loss caused. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a), (b)(1). The 

sentencing court is required to make only a reasonable estimate of the loss 

suffered, and a “sentencing judge is in a unique position to assess the evidence and 

estimate the loss based upon that evidence.” Id. § 2B1.1 cmt. n. 3(C). When a 

defendant challenges the attributed loss, the government must provide evidence to 

establish the loss, and the court must make factual findings sufficient to support its 

conclusions. See Liss, 265 F.3d at 1230.

 19 Calle concedes that this is the appropriate standard because he did not raise the issue 

below. As for Done, although he objected to the loss calculation in the district court, he raised no 

argument that his loss should be determined solely with reference to the New York participants, 

why the actions of the Miami participants were not part of his relevant conduct, or how the 

Miami and New York branches were independent. Instead, he only argued that the loss figure 

overstated the seriousness of his role in the scheme and exceeded the actual loss by a factor of 

over 60, due to the transparently fraudulent nature of the scheme, and requested a loss figure 

based on his refund alone. See United States v. Straub, 508 F.3d 1003, 1011 (11th Cir. 2007) 

(stating that an objection is properly preserved where it is sufficient to apprise the district court 

and the opposing party of the particular grounds upon which appellate relief will later be sought, 

and is raised in such clear and simple language such that the district court may not misunderstand 

it). Thus, we review this issue only for plain error as to both defendants.

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The Sentencing Guidelines contemplate that the greater of actual or intended 

loss will drive the base offense level calculation. U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 cmt. n.3 (A). 

Proper calculation requires consideration of all the acts and omissions that were 

part of the same scheme. United States v. Rodriguez, 751 F.3d 1244, 1256 (11th 

Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 310 (2014). “A participant in a conspiracy may thus 

be held responsible for the losses resulting from the reasonably foreseeable acts of 

co-conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Id. (internal quotation marks 

omitted). Relevant conduct includes all acts and omissions committed by the 

defendant, as well as all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of others in 

furtherance of jointly undertaken criminal activity. U.S.S.G. § 1Bl.3(a)(l)(A)−(B). 

To determine a defendant’s accountability for the conduct of others, the court must 

first determine the scope of the criminal activity that he agreed to jointly

undertake. Id. § 1Bl.3 cmt. n.2. The conduct of others that was both in furtherance 

of, and reasonably foreseeable in connection with, the criminal activity jointly 

undertaken by the defendant is attributable to him as relevant conduct. Id.

The scope of a defendant’s jointly undertaken criminal activity is not 

necessarily the same as the scope of the entire conspiracy. Id. The defendant’s 

mere knowledge of the existence of a larger criminal undertaking and agreement to 

perform a particular act is insufficient to show that he agreed to participate in the 

entire criminal undertaking. United States v. Hunter, 323 F.3d 1314, 1320 (11th 

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34

Cir. 2003). However, in determining the scope of the criminal activity the 

defendant agreed to undertake jointly, the district court may consider any implicit

agreement fairly inferred from the conduct of the defendant and others. U.S.S.G. § 

lBl.3, comment. (n.2). Sharing and mutuality are factors indicative of an agreement 

to participate in a larger criminal scheme. See Hunter, 323 F.3d at 1322. Other 

relevant factors are the extent of the defendant’s knowledge of and participation in 

the undertaking, and whether the defendant took steps to further the scheme. See 

United States v. McCrimmon, 362 F.3d 725, 732−33 (11th Cir. 2004). Thus, we 

have held that the conduct of participants in a fraud scheme was part of a 

defendant’s jointly undertaken criminal activity where the participants, although 

acting on their own behalf, were aware of each other’s activities and aided and 

abetted one another by sharing lead sheets of potential victims and sharing 

telephones. United States v. Hall, 996 F.2d 284, 285−86 (11th Cir. 1993).

1.

The district court did not plainly err in attributing the actions of the Miami 

participants to Done as relevant conduct in calculating the intended loss amount. 

Done had extensive knowledge of the scheme and an important role in furthering 

it, as he recruited individuals to participate in the scheme, invited them to attend 

seminars he hosted, instructed participants on how the process worked, and helped 

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35

participants gather necessary information and complete forms. See McCrimmon, 

362 F.3d at 732-33. Done’s conduct also involved sharing and mutuality with the 

Miami branch, as he travelled to Miami to share information regarding the 1099-

OID scheme with attendees, and the recruiter and contact person for the Miami 

group, Gonzalez, recruited participants for the 1099-0ID scheme and another IRS 

scheme at a seminar hosted by Done. See Hunter, 323 F.3d at 1322. In addition, 

correspondence between Done and Calle and the Miami recruiters was found at 

Abaco’s office in Florida, and a large number of participant worksheets from the 

New York and Miami groups were found at Abaco’s office, and some worksheets, 

including those from the New York group, listed Gonzalez as contact person. See 

Hall, 996 F.2d at 285−86.

From these facts, the district court could fairly infer that an implicit 

agreement existed between ( 1) Done and Calle, (2) Gonzalez and the Miami 

branch, and (3) Abaco and the Johnstons, thereby making the Miami returns part of 

the scope of Done’s jointly undertaken criminal activity. See U.S.S.G. § lBl.3, 

comment. (n.2). In addition, given Done’s role as a recruiter for the scheme and 

knowledge of the scheme, the tax refunds filed by the Miami branch were 

reasonably foreseeable by Done. See U.S.S.G. § lBl.3, cmt. n.2.

2.

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The district court also did not plainly err in attributing the actions of the 

Miami participants to Calle as relevant conduct in calculating the intended loss 

amount. Calle recruited people in the New York area to join the scheme and served 

as a contact person and intermediary for the New York group and Abaco. Calle 

also failed to object to the PSI’s statement that he was involved during the whole 

scheme. See Wade, 458 F.3d at 1277. Thus, Calle had substantial knowledge of the 

scheme and an important role in furthering it. See McCrimmon, 362 F.3d at 

732−33. Again, correspondence between Done and Calle and the Miami recruiters 

was found at Abaco’s office in Florida, and a large number of participant 

worksheets from the New York and Miami groups were found at Abaco’s office, 

and some worksheets, including those from the New York group, listed Gonzalez 

as contact person. See Hall, 996 F.2d at 285-86.

From these facts, the district court could fairly infer that an implicit 

agreement existed between (1) Calle and Done, (2) Gonzalez and the Miami 

branch, and (3) Abaco and the Johnstons, thereby making the Miami returns part of 

the scope of Calle’s jointly undertaken criminal activity. See U.S.S.G. § lBl.3 cmt.

n.2. In addition, given Calle’s important role as a recruiter and contact person and 

his extensive involvement with the scheme, the district court could find that the tax 

refund requests filed by the Miami branch were reasonably foreseeable by Calle. 

See U.S.S.G. § lBl.3 cmt. n.2. Even if Calle’s ties to the Miami branch were not as 

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37

strong as Done’s ties, and even if the district court erred in attributing the conduct 

of the Miami participants to Calle as relevant conduct, it did not plainly err. See 

Olano, 507 U.S. at 734.

3.

We review a district court’s loss calculation for clear error. United States v.

Campbell, 765 F.3d 1291, 1302 (11th Cir. 2014). 

We review the reasonableness of a sentence under a deferential abuse of 

discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41 (2007). We will reverse 

if left with the firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of 

judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies 

outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case. United 

States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc).

Loss for purposes of calculating the adjusted offense level pursuant to

U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.1(b) is the greater of the actual loss or intended loss. U.S.S.G. § 

2B1.1, cmt. n.3 (A). Intended loss is the “pecuniary harm that was intended to 

result from the offense,” even if the harm was “impossible or unlikely to occur.” 

Rodriguez, 751 F.3d at 1255; U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.1 cmt. n.3 (A)(ii).

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Ordinarily, a defendant’s sentence should reflect the nature and magnitude 

of the loss caused or intended by his crimes. Id. cmt. n.20. “Accordingly, along 

with other relevant factors under the guidelines, loss serves as a measure of the 

seriousness of the offense and the defendant’s relative culpability and is a principal 

factor in determining the offense level.” Id. However, in cases in which the loss 

calculation substantially overstates the seriousness of the offense, a downward 

departure may be warranted. See id. cmt. n.20(C); see also Campbell, 765 F.3d at 

1301. 

The district court must impose a sentence “sufficient, but not greater than 

necessary to comply with the purposes” listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), including 

the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote respect for the law, 

provide just punishment for the offense, deter criminal conduct, and protect the 

public from the defendant’s future criminal conduct. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). 

In imposing a particular sentence, the court must also consider the nature and 

circumstances of the offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, the 

kinds of sentences available, the applicable guideline range, the pertinent policy 

statements of the Sentencing Commission, the need to avoid unwarranted 

sentencing disparities, and the need to provide restitution to victims. Id. § 

3553(a)(1), (3)−(7). The weight given to any specific § 3553(a) factor is 

committed to the sound discretion of the district court. United States v. Clay, 483 

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39

F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir. 2007). Although we do not automatically presume a 

sentence falling within the guideline range to be reasonable, we ordinarily expect 

such a sentence to be reasonable. United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739, 746 (11th 

Cir. 2008).

The district court did not clearly err in using intended loss in making its loss 

calculation, as intended loss ($19,027,049) was greater than actual loss ($489,248). 

See U.S.S.G. § 2B 1.1 cmt. n.3 (A). Although whether intended loss may have 

been impossible or unlikely to occur might impact the substantive reasonableness 

of Done’ s sentence, it is not relevant for the loss calculation. See Rodriguez, 751 

F.3d at 1255; U.S.S.G. § 2Bl.l cmt. n.3 (A)(ii).

The district court did not abuse its discretion and impose a substantively 

unreasonable sentence. Done’s sentence of 78 months imprisonment was at the low 

end of the advisory guideline range of 78 to 97 months, and we would ordinarily 

expect such a sentence to be reasonable. See Hunt, 526 F.3d at 746.

Although most of the $19 million intended loss figure that caused the higher 

guideline range was unlikely to be attained by the scheme’s participants, a 78-

month sentence reflected the seriousness of the offense and helped promote respect 

for the law, as the scheme involved a sophisticated, extensive, and coordinated 

scheme to defraud the government with significant intended and actual loss. See 18 

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U.S.C. § 3553(a)(l), (2)(A). Further, the sentence properly took Done’s history and 

characteristics into account, as he had previously been convicted for participating 

in two tax schemes, and in the 1099-0ID scheme here Done recruited and 

apparently duped individuals who were desperate because of their financial 

condition. See id. § 3553(a)(l). The brazenness of the scheme should not result in 

a shorter sentence for Done, because the scheme appears to have been intentionally 

designed to avoid a finding of willful intent to defraud, as evidenced by the 

participants’ devious and calculated submission of letters to the IRS fraud office 

notifying it of their actions and requesting that the IRS notify them if their actions 

were fraudulent.

4.

Calle also alleges that the guidelines were incorrectly calculated because the 

district court failed to apply a role reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a). 

There was evidence that at least one person (Jay Morales) who had previously been 

involved in the bond scheme was introduced to the 1099-OID scheme by Calle and 

Done. In addition, there was testimony that Calle was the go-to person in New 

York when questions arose; that Calle helped participants complete the 

information needed for the tax return and was responsible for sending the packets 

to ABACO for preparation and submission to the IRS. 

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41

This Court reviews for clear error the district court’s determination of a 

defendant’s role in the offense as a finding of fact. United States v. De Varon, 175 

F.3d 930, 937 (11th Cir. 1999) (en banc). “Where a fact pattern gives rise to two 

reasonable and different constructions, the factfinder’s choice between them 

cannot be clearly erroneous.” United States v. Almedina, 686 F.3d 1312, 1315 

(11th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted). The proponent of the downward adjustment 

bears the burden of proving a mitigating role by a preponderance of the evidence. 

De Varon, 175 F.3d at 939. In ruling on a proponent’s request, the district court is 

not required to make any specific findings other than the ultimate determination of 

his role in the offense. Id. at 940.

A defendant may receive a four-level decrease in his base offense level if his 

role in the offense was minimal, a two-level decrease if his role was minor, and a 

three-level decrease if his role was somewhere in between. U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.2. A 

minimal-participant adjustment is “intended to cover defendants who are plainly 

among the least culpable of those involved in the conduct of a group,” and minimal 

participation may be indicated by a defendant’s “lack of knowledge or 

understanding of the scope and structure of the enterprise and of the activities of 

others.” Id. cmt. n.4. A minor-participant adjustment applies to a defendant who is 

“less culpable than most other participants, but whose role could not be described 

as minimal.” Id. cmt. n.5.

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42

To determine whether a defendant is entitled to a role reduction, a district 

court must consider his (1) “role in the relevant conduct for which he has been held 

accountable at sentencing” and (2) “role as compared to that of other participants 

in his relevant conduct.” De Varon, 175 F.3d at 940. Under the first principle, the 

district court must measure the defendant's role against all of the relevant conduct 

that was attributed to him. Id. at 940−41. Regarding the second principle, the 

Sentencing Guidelines "clearly contemplate some assessment of relative 

culpability,” but the district court should “look to other participants only to the 

extent that they are identifiable or discernable from the evidence.” Id. at 944. 

Then, the district court “may consider only those participants who were involved in 

the relevant conduct attributed to the defendant.” Id. The district court should 

determine whether the defendant was less culpable than were most other 

participants in the attributed conduct. Id. The fact that a defendant's role is less 

than other participants’ roles in the relevant conduct may not be dispositive 

because it is possible that none of them are minor or minimal participants. Id.; see 

also United States v. Zaccardi, 924 F.2d 201, 203 (11th Cir. 1991) (stating that the 

fact that a particular defendant may be least culpable among those who are actually 

named as defendants does not establish that he performed a minor role in the 

conspiracy). In United States v. Bernal-Benitez, this Court held that the district 

court did not clearly err in concluding that one defendant’s contribution of $3,000 

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43

and another defendant’s contribution of $8,000 to a $35,000 drug buy (for 

shares of about 8.6 percent and 22.9 percent, respectively) constituted significant 

involvement with the conduct attributed to them, rendering a role reduction 

inappropriate. 594 F.3d 1303, 1321 (11th Cir. 2010).

Here, the district court did not clearly err in determining that Calle did not 

play a minor or minimal role in the scheme. First, Calle was not entitled to a 

minimal-role adjustment, as he had knowledge of the scope and structure of the 

scheme. See U.S.S.G. § 3Bl.2 cmt. n.4. Again, Calle failed to object to the PSI’s 

statement that he was involved during the whole scheme. See Wade, 458 F.3d at 

1277. Calle also concedes on appeal that he recruited people in the New York area 

to join the scheme and served as the contact person and intermediary for the New 

York group and ABACO. 

Second, the district court’s conclusion that Calle did not play a minor role in 

the scheme constituted a reasonable construction of the facts, and, thus, did not 

constitute clear error. See Almedina, 686 F.3d at 1315. Again, Calle’s role as a 

recruiter and contact person for one of the scheme's two groups was important. The 

scheme’s New York participants filed 12 of the 63 total tax returns in the scheme, 

while the Miami group accounted for the other 51 returns. In his brief, Calle 

estimates that the claimed refunds from the New York group represented 19 

percent of the total amount claimed in the scheme. (See Blue Brief at 62-63). This 

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44

fact alone, however, was insufficient to establish that Calle was entitled to a role 

reduction. See De Varon, 175 F.3d at 944. Indeed, while the New York group's 

share (19 percent) did not represent a majority of the scheme, it constituted a 

comparable portion of the total amount involved as the defendants’ shares (8.6 

percent and 22.9 percent) in Bernal-Benitez, where this Court upheld the district 

court's refusal to grant a role reduction. See 594 F.3d at 1321. The PSI also 

established that (1) correspondence between Calle and Done and the Miami 

recruiters was found at Abaco’s office in Florida, and (2) a large number of 

participant worksheets from the New York and Miami groups were found at 

Abaco's office, and some worksheets, including those from the New York group, 

listed Gonzalez as contact person. Therefore, the district court did not clearly err in 

concluding that Calle did not carry his burden to prove his entitlement to a role 

reduction by a preponderance of the evidence. See De Varon, 175 F.3d at 939.

Lastly, Calle’s argument that the district court should have made more 

detailed findings in denying his request for a role reduction is unavailing, as the 

court was only required to make an ultimate determination as to his role in the 

offense. See id. at 940. Accordingly, we also affirm as to this issue.

AFFIRMED.

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WILSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part:

Over the course of approximately one week, all four defendants were jointly 

tried for conspiring to defraud the United States by filing fraudulent tax returns. 

The four defendants all asserted a single, common defense, which was that each 

defendant believed in good faith that the conspiracy for which they were charged 

was, in fact, a legitimate enterprise. Co-defendant Gonzalez withdrew her notguilty plea and admitted guilt on the fourth day of trial. The district court’s 

uninvited and erroneous revelation to the jury that Gonzalez had admitted that she 

conspired to commit an act she knew to be illegal destroyed the concerted defense 

of the three remaining defendants. This error necessarily implicated the remaining 

defendants’ guilt because it removed all reasonable doubt as to whether any two 

defendants knew that their operation was illegal. 

Our precedent instructs that, where the guilty plea of one co-defendant 

necessarily implicates the guilt of another, the introduction of this evidence is 

harmful and prejudicial error. See United States v. Baete, 414 F.2d 782, 783–84 

(5th Cir. 1969) (per curiam).1

 Given that these defendants were jointly tried for 

their alleged involvement in a conspiracy and raised a unified good faith defense 

that was, in my view, irreparably affected by the erroneous admission of 

 1 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981), this court adopted 

as precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals decided prior to October 

1, 1981. Therefore, this court uses the term “we” to refer to both the former Fifth Circuit and the 

current Eleventh Circuit. 

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46

Gonzalez’s guilty plea, I do not believe that the district court’s cautionary 

instruction sufficiently cured beyond a reasonable doubt the prejudice suffered by 

the remaining defendants. See id.; see also United States v. Vaughn, 546 F.2d 47, 

51 (5th Cir. 1977) (reversing and remanding after trial court’s disclosure of coconspirators’ guilty pleas because “some things are too prejudicial to be cured by 

the strongest cautionary instruction”); United States v. Fleetwood, 528 F.2d 528, 

532 (5th Cir. 1976) (“[I]n some instances information pertaining to the guilty pleas 

of others might so taint the trial of an individual that the error [cannot] be cured 

despite a cautionary instruction.”). Thus, I would reverse and remand this case. 

I.

“Due to the extreme and unfair prejudice suffered by defendants in similar 

situations [that is, conspiracy cases], courts and prosecutors generally are 

forbidden from mentioning that a codefendant has either pled guilty or been 

convicted.” United States v. Griffin, 778 F.2d 707, 710 (11th Cir. 1985). 

Accordingly, as the Majority concedes, the district court erred in revealing to the 

jury that Gonzalez—a co-defendant and alleged co-conspirator—pled guilty. To 

determine whether this error was prejudicial, we must look to “the facts and 

circumstances of the case in their proper context.” Fleetwood, 528 F.2d at 532. 

Where the error is constitutional in nature, as an appellate court, we “must be able 

to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Chapman v. 

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47

California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S. Ct. 824, 828 (1967); see also Fleetwood, 528 

F.2d at 536 (finding that the court’s error in introducing co-conspirators’ guilty 

pleas “was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”).

A prompt curative instruction may be insufficient to cure the error if there 

are “aggravated circumstances.” See Baete, 414 F.2d at 783–84. Aggravated 

circumstances exist when the revelation of the guilty plea necessarily implicates 

the guilt of a co-defendant. Id. The potential for prejudice—and the 

corresponding need for vigilant scrutiny in these circumstances—is heightened in 

conspiracy cases because conspiracy, by definition, “contemplates two or more 

culpable parties.” Griffin, 778 F.2d at 711.

II.

Looking to the facts and circumstances of this case, as our precedent 

instructs, I would find that aggravated circumstances exist that render this error—

the district court’s uninvited injection of alleged co-conspirator Gonzalez’s guilty 

plea into the trial—incurable and harmful. Conspiracy, by definition, contemplates 

two or more parties agreeing to commit illegal acts. See id. In this case, the 

defendants were all charged with and jointly tried for the same conspiracy, and 

they even set forth a unified defense—that they did not know their enterprise was 

illegal (and thus did not agree to commit any illegal acts). The district court’s 

revelation to the jury that co-defendant and alleged co-conspirator Gonzalez pled 

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48

guilty to the conspiracy effectively destroyed the remaining parties’ unified good 

faith defense and necessarily implicated their guilt (i.e., their knowledge of the 

illegality of their enterprise). This is clearly prejudicial and harmful. See id. at 

710 (noting that, when a trial court informs the jury of a co-defendant’s guilty plea, 

“[t]he prejudice to the remaining parties who are charged with complicity in the 

acts of the self-confessed guilty participant is obvious” (internal quotation marks 

omitted)). 

Of course, the Majority, while conceding that prejudicial error occurred, 

insists that the error is nevertheless harmless due to the district court’s curative 

instruction and the “strength and nature” of the government’s evidence. But the 

existence of a curative instruction and the strength of the government’s case 

against a defendant do not render this error harmless when aggravated

circumstances exist. See Baete, 414 F.2d at 783–84; Fleetwood, 528 F.2d at 535. 

Implicit in our precedent is the general rule that when aggravated circumstances 

exist, by the very nature of those circumstances, a curative instruction may be 

insufficient to cure prejudicial error resulting from the disclosure of a codefendant’s guilty plea in a conspiracy. See, e.g., Baete, 414 F.2d at 783–84

(suggesting that, in the absence of aggravated circumstances, we may consider 

whether a curative instruction sufficiently cures any harm to the defendant).

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49

Instead, the Majority’s conclusion is rooted in those cases in which we have 

recognized exceptions to the general rule that this sort of error requires reversal. 

One such exception applies to situations where the error was invited by the 

defendant or was part of the defendant’s deliberate trial strategy. See United States 

v. Handly, 591 F.2d 1125, 1130 (5th Cir. 1979) (“[P]rosecutors should avoid 

making improper references to the guilty pleas of coconspirators, for the potential 

prejudicial effect that such comments can have is tremendous, and the situation 

encountered in this case, where defense counsel’s independent choice to use that 

information in his trial strategy is obvious from the record and dispels the claim of 

prejudice, would appear to be the exception rather than the rule.” (emphasis 

added)); United States v. King, 505 F.2d at 608–09 (5th Cir. 1974) (finding no 

reversible error because the defense counsel “injected” the prejudicial evidence 

into the case and the testimony was restricted to informing the jury of the 

government witness’s prior criminal background); United States v. Carrazana, 921 

F.2d 1557, 1568 (11th Cir. 1991) (finding, in the absence of aggravated 

circumstances, cautionary instructions sufficed where the court advised the jury of 

the co-defendants’ guilty pleas at the request of and according to an instruction 

prepared by the defense). In these circumstances, the defendant is deemed to have 

waived a claim of reversible error. 2

 See, e.g., King, 505 F.2d at 608–09. 

 2 Similarly, the permissible introduction of a co-defendant’s guilty plea for limited 

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50

However, in this case, neither the Majority nor the government asserts that the 

defendants invited the error at issue here. 

Moreover, even in those cases where a claim of prejudice may have been 

waived due to the actions of the defense counsel, the resultant prejudice to the 

defendant may be too harmful to overlook. In Fleetwood, a case relied on by the 

Majority, the defense opened the door to the prejudicial testimony of the 

government’s witnesses as part of its trial strategy. See 528 F.2d at 533. The 

prejudicial testimony concerned the guilty pleas of individuals who were not 

currently on trial with the defendant. Id. at 530, 532. Even with “solid evidence” 

of the defendant’s guilt, and circumstances that were arguably less aggravated, we 

nevertheless concluded that the reversible circumstances contemplated by Baete

existed—despite mitigating facts, such as that the defense invited the error and

never requested corrective instructions. See id. at 535–36 & n.16 (“This is one of 

the examples anticipated by Baete. We doubt that any instruction, had one been 

given, would have cured the prejudicial impact of the testimony presented.”). Our 

review of the facts and circumstances in their proper context resulted in our 

conclusion that the introduction of the co-defendants’ guilty pleas and “repeated” 

 

legitimate evidentiary purposes—such as when it may be necessary to impeach trial testimony or 

to challenge the credibility of a witness—is not before us. See United States v. Harrell, 436 F.2d 

606, 614 (5th Cir. 1970).

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51

questioning of the government’s witnesses as to the same “so taint[ed] the trial of 

[the defendant] that the error could not be cured . . . .” Id. at 535. Thus, given the 

circumstances in Fleetwood—and despite the potentially mitigating facts—reversal 

was warranted. 

In comparison, here, the error was uninvited by defense counsel; it was not 

part of the defense counsel’s trial strategy and indeed ran counter to the unified 

defense theory. The district court sua sponte introduced the plea of a coconspirator to the conspiracy: what Gonzalez pled (guilty) and what she pled guilty 

to (the conspiracy charge). Further, in Fleetwood, the guilty plea at issue was from 

witnesses who were not alleged to have been members of a conspiracy for which 

the defendant was being tried, whereas this case involves the guilty plea of an 

individual charged with the same crime as the remaining defendants.3

 See id. 

These circumstances are surely more prejudicial and harmful than those in 

Fleetwood, and I fail to see why reversal was warranted there but not here. 

Indeed, in a case where the district court introduced the error, we concluded 

that reversal was warranted. In Vaughn, a conspiracy case, the trial court told the 

jury at the outset “that some of the co-indictees had pled guilty.” 546 F.2d at 50.

 3 Additionally, although the defendants’ counsel did not contemporaneously object to the 

district court’s disclosure, which they argue was “the result of tactical considerations” to avoid 

further prejudicing their clients, see Fleetwood, 528 F.2d at 532, they did move for a mistrial on 

this basis. 

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52

The court’s disclosure “thus solemnly confess[ed] the existence of the conspiracy 

and their participation in it.” Id. There, as here, the court gave a curative 

instruction, “warn[ing] the jury . . . that the pleas had nothing at all to do with the 

guilt or innocence of the defendants about to go to trial.” Id. Nevertheless, on 

appeal, the curative instruction was deemed insufficient. As the court discussed, 

Did the warning that [the jurors] were not to consider these pleas 

remove any reasonable likelihood of harmful prejudice? It is an 

accepted maxim that juries are presumed to follow the instructions of 

the Court. This presumption, however, is not water tight, because we 

have often held that some things are too prejudicial to be cured by the 

strongest cautionary instruction. 

Id. at 51. I would find that similar harmful prejudice exists in this case. Here, the 

defendants maintained a unified defense—their sole defense to the conspiracy 

charges against them—which was that they did not know their actions were illegal. 

The subsequent destruction of that defense by the district court’s uninvited 

revelation that one of the co-conspirators pled guilty—admitting “the existence of 

the conspiracy and [her] participation in it”—renders this case “too prejudicial to 

be cured by the strongest cautionary instruction.” See id. at 50, 51.

The Majority, however, attempts to distinguish Vaughn because of “the 

nature of the fraud here, and the strength of the Government’s evidence.” Maj. op. 

at 18. But “[a]n error may substantially influence an outcome and thus warrant 

reversal even if the evidence, had no error occurred, would have been sufficient to 

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53

support the conviction.” United States v. Hands, 184 F.3d 1322, 1329 (11th Cir.),

corrected, 194 F.3d 1186 (11th Cir. 1999) (discussing the harmless error standard 

in the context of erroneous evidentiary rulings). Gonzalez’s concession of guilt as 

to the conspiracy charge was damning proof that at least two defendants agreed to 

commit an act that they knew was illegal. The existence of such an agreement was 

a crucial element of the charged conspiracy, and the knowledge of its illegality was 

the linchpin of the defendants’ unified good faith defense. Indeed, we have 

recognized that where state of mind is at issue, the only possible direct evidence 

thereof is an admission by the individual with whose state of mind we are 

concerned. See Wright v. Southland Corp., 187 F.3d 1287, 1295 & n.9 (11th Cir. 

1999). For this reason, the concession of guilt by one of the co-conspirators (and 

erroneous admission thereof) is particularly problematic. It served as direct 

evidence of the existence of the conspiracy and circumstantial evidence of the 

involvement of others in the conspiracy; specifically, proof of the defendants’ state 

of mind (agreement and knowledge of illegality). Accordingly, direct evidence

that Gonzalez and at least one other defendant agreed to commit an act they knew 

to have been illegal—provided by the district court’s introduction of Gonzalez’s 

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54

guilty plea—allowed the jury to look to circumstantial evidence to determine 

which defendant(s)—in addition to Gonzalez—was a member of the conspiracy.4 

See Harrell, 436 F.2d at 614 (“Jurors equally with others are aware that ‘it takes 

two to tango.’”). 

And while the Majority dismisses the defendants’ good faith defense as 

“preposterous” and “nonsensical,” this characterization of the defendants’ defense 

does not persuade me that the error here was harmless. Those are determinations 

best left to the jury, and there is no way for this court to determine whether the 

defense would have been rejected by an untainted jury. See Vaughn, 546 F.2d at 

51 (noting that our role is constrained to deciding the matter consistently with our 

existing precedent because it was not possible to know whether a corrective 

instruction removed any likelihood of prejudice to the remaining defendants). As 

an appellate court, we must “simply decide the matter consistently with existing 

precedent.” See id. Here, that precedent compels reversal. See id.; see also 

Fleetwood, 528 F.2d at 535; Griffin, 778 F.2d at 711. 

 4 For this reason, co-defendant Rodriguez’s acquittal does not convince me that the error 

was harmless. Given that the government had very little evidence to establish that Rodriguez 

was involved in the charged conspiracy at all, it is not surprising that he was acquitted. Thus, the 

fact that Rodriguez was acquitted simply establishes the lack of evidence of participation in the 

conspiracy as to Rodriguez; it does not address or diminish the potential for harmful prejudice as 

to the other coconspirators. See Vaughn, 546 F.2d at 50 (noting that the existence of additional 

evidence “does not erase the issue of whether this jury would have believed the government’s 

testimony had it not known from the beginning that various co-indicted confederates had 

judicially confessed the existence of the conspiracy and their participation in it”). 

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III.

In this case, the district court’s erroneous mid-trial revelation that an alleged 

co-conspirator pled guilty conceded the existence of the conspiracy and implicated 

each of the remaining defendants in it. The court’s uninvited error wiped out the 

remaining defendants’ unified, good faith defense, and such prejudice could not 

reasonably be cured by a subsequent instruction. The die had been cast. See

Griffin, 778 F.2d at 711 (“In a conspiracy trial, which by definition contemplates 

two or more culpable parties, courts must be especially vigilant to ensure that 

defendants are not convicted on the theory that guilty ‘birds of a feather are 

flocked together.’” (quoting Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 454, 69 S. 

Ct. 716, 723 (1949) (Jackson, J., concurring))). Given these aggravated 

circumstances, the error is too prejudicial to be considered harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

Therefore, I respectfully dissent. 

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