NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 1

Control Measure:

Encourage people to choose alternative modes to travel to work through the 

adoption a package of programs aimed at existing auto commuters. Rather than 

trying to define what the actual programs would consist of, this analysis looks at 

the total potential for such programs to reduce emissions throughout the state.

Description:

Transportation Control Measures (TCM) and Transportation Demand Measures 

(TDM) are generic terms describing a range of programs and policies that 

government agencies and businesses can adopt to help reduce the total number 

of work trips made by autos. These programs cover a broad range of potential 

projects including examples such as:

 Carpool/Rideshare Matching

 Transit passes/reduced fares

 Tax Incentives to Transit Users

 Parking Management/pricing schemes

 Tele-commuting

 Compressed work week programs

These programs are all designed to eliminate some auto trips. At the same time 

it must be recognized that some programs are already in place in the state, and 

that no matter how good the incentive a large proportion of the population will be 

unable to partake in them. 

While it is possible to analyze each program individually, there are several items 

to be cautious of when doing so. First, TCM/TDM programs often overlap and 

care must be taken not to double count the impact on a particular segment of the 

population. For example, the sample people which are eligible for reduced fare 

transit passes might also benefit from a tax credit for transit use. These 

programs are independent yet target the same population. Analyzing them 

separately may yield erroneously high results. Since the specifics of all possible 

programs for New Jersey have not been identified, assumptions were made in 

order to describe a “general” program representing the maximum impact that 

TCM/TCM programs are likely to have in each county. 

To overcome these issues, the TCM/TDM programs were analyzed as a single, 

large scale program across each county using EPA’s Commuter model. Inputs 

were adjusted as appropriate to each area, using reasonable but conservative 

inputs. Since care must be taken when applying the COMMUTER model to an 

entire county, and a significant proportion of the population was excluded to 

account for those unable to participate in any program and those taking 

advantage of the TCM/TDM programs already in place. After the total trip and 
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 2

vehicle travel reductions were calculated, the air quality impacts were estimated 

using the NJAQONE software, specifically the “Emissions Only” analysis 

routines.

Methodology:

To analyze the impact of these TDM/TCM programs, EPA’s COMMUTER Model

spreadsheet tool was employed. First step in applying the commuter model was 

to define the total employment that would be considered in the analysis. Only 

employees in firms larger than 100 employees, those working regular business 

hours, those not already in existing TCM/TDM programs, and those with 

reasonable access to transit can be included. It was estimated that this left 10% 

of the total employment in each county to be considered in the analysis. The 

total employment considered in each county is shown in the Table 1 below. Also, 

the COMMUTER Model requires the users enter a value of 1-3 depending on 

how urban a given area is, with 1 being a small urban area, 3 being large. This 

assignment was done manually with counties oriented to New York City or 

Philadelphia considered part of a large urban area, remaining counties 

considered small. The Metro Area Size is also shown in Table 1.

County

County Employment Population Metro Area 

Size

Potential Market: 10% of Total 

Employment*

Total Office/Non Office Total Office/Non Office

44% 56% 44% 56%

Atlantic 169,794 74,709 / 95,085 251,590 3 16,979 7,471 / 9,508

Bergan 465,719 204,916 / 260,803 896,181 3 46,572 20,492 / 26,080

Burlington 216,919 95,444 / 121,475 438,766 1 21,692 9,544 / 12,147

Camden 237,431 104,470 / 132,961 511,803 1 23,743 10,447 / 13,296

Cape May 45,939 20,213 / 25,726 112,371 3 4,594 2,021 / 2,573

Cumberland 68,490 30,136 / 38,354 146,922 3 6,849 3,014 / 3,835

Essex 370,583 163,057 / 207,526 805,291 1 37,058 16,306 / 20,753

Glouchester 104,260 45,874 / 58,386 265,504 3 10,426 4,587 / 5,839

Hudson 259,515 114,187 / 145,328 629,951 1 25,952 11,419 / 14,533

Hunterdon 61,537 27,076 / 34,461 129,173 3 6,154 2,708 / 3,446

Mercer 242,141 106,542 / 135,599 362,141 1 24,214 10,654 / 13,560

Middlesex 445,463 196,004 / 249,459 779,191 3 44,546 19,600 / 24,946

Monmouth 242,182 106,560 / 135,622 657,072 3 24,218 10,656 / 13,562

Morris 290,734 127,923 / 162,811 481,289 1 29,073 12,792 / 16,281

Ocean 146,383 64,409 / 81,974 527,010 3 14,638 6,441 / 8,197

Passaic 183,652 80,807 / 102,845 501,305 1 18,365 8,081 / 10,285

Salem 29,360 12,918 / 16,442 64,285 3 2,936 1,292 / 1,644

Sommerset 196,648 86,525 / 110,123 308,283 1 19,665 8,653 / 11,012

Sussex 41,039 18,057 / 22,982 178,537 3 4,104 1,806 / 2,298

Union 267,004 117,482 / 149,522 527,115 1 26,700 11,748 / 14,952

Warren 40,585 17,857 / 22,728 106,819 3 4,059 1,786 / 2,273
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 3

Table 1: Employment and Metro Area Size Assumptions

Existing mode shares and Average trip lengths specific to every county were 

readily available and were used in this analysis. These county specific values 

were assumed more accurate than the EPA supplied default values and were 

entered as appropriate. A summary of the mode shares and trip lengths entered 

into the COMMUTER model spreadsheets can be found in Tables 2 and 3, 

respectively.

Table 2: County Specific Mode Share Data

County Drive 

Alone

Carpool Vanpool Transit Bike Other

Atlantic 51.6% 20.1% 2.2% 2.1% 17.7% 6.4%

Bergen 74.1% 10.5% 0.4% 10.7% 0.2% 4.1%

Burlington 85.2% 8.3% 1.2% 3.0% 0.2% 2.2%

Camden 75.8% 11.7% 0.0% 8.9% 0.2% 3.5%

Cape May 45.5% 19.1% 2.1% 1.6% 28.2% 3.5%

Cumberland 63.4% 20.6% 2.3% 1.4% 8.0% 4.4%

Essex 62.6% 13.3% 1.1% 17.1% 0.1% 5.8%

Gloucester 84.3% 8.9% 1.3% 2.6% 0.2% 2.8%

Hudson 43.1% 14.3% 1.7% 29.3% 0.1% 11.6%

Hunterdon 85.5% 9.9% 0.3% 1.3% 0.1% 2.9%

Mercer 75.8% 10.6% 0.8% 7.0% 0.5% 5.4%

Middlesex 76.5% 10.9% 0.6% 8.0% 0.2% 3.8%

Monmouth 76.8% 11.4% 0.6% 7.4% 0.3% 3.6%

Morris 83.5% 9.8% 0.4% 3.5% 0.2% 2.7%

Ocean 81.1% 13.2% 0.6% 1.9% 0.3% 2.9%

Passaic 71.9% 14.3% 0.7% 6.7% 0.2% 6.2%

Salem 63.9% 22.1% 2.5% 0.8% 7.7% 3.1%

Somerset 83.8% 9.3% 0.4% 4.0% 0.2% 2.4%

Sussex 82.9% 12.6% 0.5% 1.5% 0.1% 2.3%

Union 73.8% 12.2% 0.7% 8.4% 0.3% 4.6%

Warren 79.6% 14.1% 0.6% 0.9% 0.2% 4.6%
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 4

Table 3: Average Trip Lengths

County 

Name All Trips Carpool

Atlantic 13.56 14.82

Bergen 6.51 9.79

Burlington 6.61 12.71

Camden 5.47 10.17

Cape May 17.88 25.52

Cumberland 12.74 15.45

Essex 7.96 10.79

Gloucester 6.8 13.41

Hudson 7.06 9.5

Hunterdon 9.76 20.35

Mercer 4.85 9.05

Middlesex 7.61 11.74

Monmouth 7.56 14.4

Morris 9.1 14.12

Ocean 7.24 17.7

Passaic 7.49 10.26

Salem 15.52 23.88

Somerset 8.66 13.05

Sussex 9.7 22.42

Union 7.36 10.61

Warren 8.04 20.47

The COMMUTER Model analysis was done using a generic package of voluntary 

programs rather than defining several individual programs and trying to eliminate 

the overlap between them. In summary, the package analyzed in every county 

consisted of:

Site Access Improvements

 A 2 minute increase in drive alone walk times to model preferential parking 

for carpools and vanpools

 A 2 minute decrease in Bicycle access time to model improved bicycle 

parking/more racks

Transit Improvements

 A 10 minute decrease in headways affecting 30% of the employment 

served

Financial Incentives (Default 30% Employer Participation rate assumed)

 $2/day increase in Drive Alone to represent a parking charge

 $2.30/day decrease in Vanpool costs to represent a vanpool subsidy

 $3.00/day decrease in transit costs to represent a transit/tax incentive 

program
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 5

Alternative Work Week

 A Telecommuting program offered 1.8 days/week (default)

 Flex time offered to 20% of eligible employees

Data was entered into the EPA COMMUTER Model spreadsheet and the results 

calculated. Estimates of Vehicle Trip (VT) and Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) 

were taken from the results and used in this analysis. The emissions estimates 

provided by the COMMUTER Model were not used as the NJ-AQONE tool could 

provide more accurate results using inputs to model specific to each county and 

the state. Summaries of the VT and VMT reduction estimated by the commuter 

model can be found in Table 4

Table 4: Travel Impacts Estimated by the EPA COMMUTER Model

County Name

Transportation Impacts 

(Daily Reductions)

VMT VT

Atlantic 16,246 1,925

Bergen 38,928 5,864

Burlington 6,748 853

Camden 6,913 1,172

Cape May 8,160 566

Cumberland 8,110 698

Essex 78,122 9,645

Gloucester 3,379 409

Hudson 53,113 7,214

Hunterdon 3,937 304

Mercer 6,388 1,186

Middlesex 38,880 4,936

Monmouth 21,427 2,593

Morris 31,222 3,262

Ocean 9,165 982

Passaic 24,071 3,223

Salem 4,647 286

Somerset 20,942 2,311

Sussex 3,073 250

Union 37,467 4,986

Warren 2,678 256

Daily emissions were then calculated using the “Emissions Only” analysis found 

in the NJ-AQONE program. Annual emissions were calculated by multiplying the 

daily emissions by 250, approximately the average number of working days in a 

year. Results of the analysis are shown in Tables 5a, 5b and 5c below.
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 6

Table 5a: Statewide Benefits

Pollutant

Type

Analysis Year 2009

Tons/Day Tons/Year

VOC 0.31 -

NOx 0.26 97.9

PM2.5 - 2.9

SOx - 1.8

Table 5b: Ozone Analysis – Daily Benefits in New Jersey

Benefits (Reductions)

Ozone Non-Attainment Area

New York-N. New JerseyLong Island,

NY-NJ-CT

Philadelphia-WilmingtonAtlantic City

PA-NJ-MD-DE

VT 46,126 7,095

VMT 363,025 60,591

VOC (Tons/Day) 0.27 0.04

NOx (Tons/Day) 0.23 0.03

Table 5c: PM2.5 Analysis – Annual Benefits in New Jersey

Benefits (Reductions)

PM2.5 Non-Attainment Area

New York-N. New JerseyLong Island, NY-NJ-CTPhiladelphia-Wilmington

PA-NJ-DE

VT 11,531,500 1,773,750

VMT 90,756,250 15,147,750

NOx (Tons/Year) 56.25 2.71

PM2.5 (Tons/Year) 1.68 0.08

SO2 (Tons/Year) 1.02 0.05
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 7

Cost/Benefit Analysis

From various sources, the average annual cost per employee/participant in a 

TCM program is estimated between $100 and $350. The upper end of this range 

was used to be conservative.

The number of participants in each county was estimated using output from the 

COMMUTER model runs. The total number of eligible employees was multiplied 

by the percentage of mode share shifted from the drive alone mode in order to 

estimate the number of employees participating in the program. The number of 

participants was multiplied by the average annual costs ($350) to get to total cost 

per county. The county costs were then aggregated by non-attainment area. 

The cost/benefit ratio was calculated by dividing the estimated total cost by the 

benefits estimated. The results of these calculations are show in Tables 6, 7 and 

8 below.
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 8

Table 6: Estimate of Participants and Cost by County

County 

Cost Estimate Calculation

Eligible 

Employees

% Shift from 

SOV Mode

Estimated 

Number of 

Participants

Total Cost

Atlantic 16,979 6.4% 1,087 $380,330

Bergen 46,572 6.8% 3,167 $1,108,414

Burlington 21,691 2.3% 499 $174,613

Camden 23,743 2.8% 665 $232,681

Cape May 4,594 7.4% 340 $118,985

Cumberland 6,849 6.4% 438 $153,418

Essex 37,059 13.7% 5,077 $1,776,979

Gloucester 10,426 2.3% 240 $83,929

Hudson 25,952 14.3% 3,711 $1,298,898

Hunterdon 6,154 3.3% 203 $71,079

Mercer 24,214 2.8% 678 $237,297

Middlesex 44,546 6.1% 2,717 $951,057

Monmouth 24,218 6.0% 1,453 $508,578

Morris 29,073 6.3% 1,832 $641,060

Ocean 14,638 4.1% 600 $210,055

Passaic 18,366 9.7% 1,782 $623,526

Salem 2,936 6.2% 182 $63,711

Somerset 19,665 6.6% 1,298 $454,262

Sussex 4,104 3.7% 152 $53,147

Union 26,700 10.1% 2,697 $943,845

Warren 8,523 3.9% 332 $116,339

Total 417,002 29,149 $10,202,200
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 9

Table 7: Estimated Cost by Non-Attainment Area

County

Ozone Non-Attainment Area PM 2.5 Non-Attainment Area

New York-N. 

New JerseyLong Island

PhiladelphiaWilmingtonAtlantic CityNew York-N. 

New JerseyLong Island

PhiladelphiaWilmington

NY-NJ-CT PA-NJ-MD-DE NY-NJ-CT PA-NJ-DE

Atlantic $380,330

Bergen $1,108,414 $1,108,414

Burlington $174,613 $174,613

Camden $232,681 $232,681

Cape May $118,985

Cumberland $153,418

Essex $1,776,979 $1,776,979

Gloucester $83,929 $83,929

Hudson $1,298,898 $1,298,898

Hunterdon $71,079

Mercer $380,330 $237,297

Middlesex $951,057 $951,057

Monmouth $508,578 $508,578

Morris $641,060 $641,060

Ocean $210,055

Passaic $623,526 $623,526

Salem $63,711

Somerset $454,262 $454,262

Sussex $53,147

Union $943,845 $943,845

Warren $116,339

Total $8,547,182 $1,798,051 $8,543,914 $491,223
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Implementation of a Statewide Series of TDM Programs

RACM Analysis

Michael Baker Jr., Inc. Page 10

Table 8 Cost/Benefit Ratio by Non-Attainment Area

Pollutant

Cost/Benefit for Each Pollutant

Ozone* PM 2.5

NY-NJ-CT PA-NJ-DEMD NY-NJ-CT PA-NJ-DE

VOC ($/Ton/Day) $127,181 $926,213 - -

NOx ($/Ton/Day) $149,389 $1,014,522 - -

NOx ($/Ton/Year) - - $153,158 $181,113 

PM2.5 ($/Ton/Year) - - $5,122,067 $5,927,864

SO2 ($/Ton/Year) - - $8,484,113 $9,942,869

*Daily Costs used in calculation of cost/benefit ratio are Annual costs divided by 250