# Patent

## Title
Solar panel fire skirt

## Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention are directed towards fire blocking apparatuses. A fire blocking apparatus for a solar panel is mounted to an underlying mounting surface. The fire blocking apparatus includes a panel support structure sized and shaped to be mounted between a solar panel and the mounting surface thereby supporting and creating a gap between at least a portion of the solar panel and the mounting surface, where at least a portion of the panel support structure comprises a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a predetermined temperature such that when the structure is mounted between the solar panel and the mounting surface and heated at or above the predetermined temperature, the panel support structure collapses to reduce the gap between the at least a portion of the solar panel and the mounting surface.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/535,892, filed on Jun. 28, 2012, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to equipment and accessories for flush and tilted roof installations of solar panels, and in particular, to devices, systems and methods of installation for fire suppression and prevention in roof mounted solar panels.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Building and construction codes in many countries and jurisdictions include stringent fire codes that require active and passive systems for stopping or limiting the spread of fire in buildings and other structures. Such fire codes include specific ratings for determining the capabilities of various aspects of buildings and structures for preventing, suppressing or retarding the ignition or the spread of fire. Pertinent to embodiments of the present invention, are the fire codes that are concerned with roofs and roofing systems.
To increase the safety of buildings, roof specific fire codes have been promulgated that require new and existing roofs be able to withstand certain specified tests. Such tests are designed to determine the efficacy of various roofs and roofing systems to resist or limit the spread of fire and heat in a variety of conditions. Typically, the tested rating or the determined efficacy of a particular roof or roofing system must be maintained despite the addition or augmentation of the roof or roofing system due to the installation of a secondary system.
Such secondary systems that can be installed on rooftops range from water towers and HVAC systems to photovoltaic solar panel installations. Each such secondary system can present a new set of challenges for the roof or roofing system to maintain its previously determined fire rating due to the fact that many of the secondary systems can include additional weight, penetrations, heat, debris traps and other factors and variables that were not present when the roof for roofing system was originally designed or installed. In the case of solar panels, there is increasing pressure from the roofing industry to ensure that both flush mounted and tilted roof mounted solar panel systems minimize their impact on the fire rating of roofs and roofing systems onto which they are installed.
Specifically, there is concern that the inclusion of solar panels may increase the likelihood that a fire on the roof for roofing system will spread more rapidly. Due to such concerns, various jurisdictions are responding by developing and promulgating new fire code standards specifically aimed at rooftop solar panel installations. For example, in the United States local, state, and federal government officials and agencies are cooperating with the roofing and solar panel industries and other organizations to determine changes to existing fire codes and developing new fire codes directed at rating the efficacy of rooftop solar panel installations to resist, suppress, or retard the ignition and spread of fire. Such codes include requirements for building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) products and rack mounted photovoltaic products for each of such products. Such codes include requirements for installation, materials, wind resistance, and fire classification. It is expected that the requirements for building integrated photovoltaic systems and rack mounted photovoltaic systems will be different.
Thus, there is a need for systems, methods, and devices for the installation of solar panels that meet the new and existing fire codes. The present invention solves these and other problems by providing retrofit and original installation devices and methods for the installation of solar panels on both flat and tilted roofs.
SUMMARY
Embodiments of the present invention improve fire resistance of roofs and roofing systems with solar panel installations. In one embodiment, a fire blocking apparatus for a solar panel mounted to an underlying mounting surface, the fire blocking apparatus includes a panel support structure sized and shaped to be mounted between a solar panel and the mounting surface thereby supporting and creating a gap between at least a portion of the solar panel and the mounting surface, where at least a portion of the panel support structure includes a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a predetermined temperature such that when the structure is mounted between the solar panel and the mounting surface and heated at or above the predetermined temperature, the panel support structure collapses to reduce the gap between the at least a portion of the solar panel and the mounting surface.
The panel support structure my include a heat or fire sensitive leg. In some embodiments, the panel support structure includes a support leg and a coupling joint that includes a heat or fire sensitive adhesive or fastener. The panel support structure may position the solar panel at an angle relative to the underlying mounting surface. In embodiments, the angle is defined by the solar panel and the underlying mounting surface. The angle may decrease when the panel support structure collapses. The panel support structure may include a first end and a second end opposite of the first end. The first end may be coupled to a bottom surface of the solar panel, and the second end is coupled to the underlying mounting surface.
In embodiments, a fire blocking apparatus for a solar panel mounted on brackets that separate the solar panel from an underlying mounting surface, the fire blocking apparatus includes a structure including a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a predetermined temperature, the structure having a length, a width and first and second edges spaced apart along opposing ends of the width; a first edge coupling joint configured to couple the structure to a solar panel in a first position that enables ventilation and cooling for the solar panel through a gap between the solar panel and the mounting surface; and where the structure is configured to collapse to block the gap between the solar panel and the mounting surface when coupled to the solar panel in the first position and heated above the predetermined temperature.
The first edge coupling joint may include a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a predetermined temperature. The first edge coupling joint may cause the second edge of the structure to make contact with the underlying mounting surface to close the gap when the first edge coupling joint melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature. In certain embodiments, the structure is perpendicular to the roof surface when the first edge coupling joint melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature. The structure may be made from a deformable material that melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature. In some embodiments, the structure deforms to make contact with the underlying mounting surface in more than one distinct location when the structure melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature.
In embodiments, a fire blocking system for a solar panel array mounted on brackets that separate the solar panel array from an underlying tilted mounting surface, the apparatus includes a downslope fire blocking apparatus an upslope fire blocking apparatus. The downslope fire blocking apparatus includes a first structure including a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a first predetermined temperature, the first structure having a first structure length, a first structure width and first structure first and second edges spaced apart along opposing ends of the first structure width; and a first structure edge coupling joint positioned at the first structure first edge and configured to couple the first structure to a downslope portion of the solar panel array in a first position that enables ventilation and cooling for the solar panel array through a first gap between the solar array panel and the mounting surface; where the first structure is configured to collapse from the first position to a second position when the first structure is heated above the first predetermined temperature, where in the second position the first structure blocks the first gap between the solar panel array and the mounting surface. The upslope fire blocking apparatus includes a second structure including a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a second predetermined temperature, the second structure having a second structure length, a second structure width and second structure first and second edges spaced apart along opposing ends of the width; and a second structure edge coupling joint positioned at the second structure first edge and configured to couple the second structure to an upslope portion of the solar panel array in a third position that enables ventilation and cooling for the solar panel through a second gap between the solar panel array and the mounting surface; where the second structure is configured to collapse from the third position to a fourth position when the second structure is heated above the second predetermined temperature, where in the fourth position the second structure blocks the second gap.
The first predetermined temperature may be equal to the second predetermined temperature. In some embodiments, the first structure edge coupling joint and the second structure edge coupling joint include a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at the first and second predetermined temperatures, respectively. The first structure edge coupling joint and second structure edge coupling joint may cause the first structure second edge and second structure second edge, respectively, to make contact with the underlying mounting surface to close the first and second gaps when the first and second structure edge coupling joints melt, deform, or warp at the first and second predetermined temperatures. The first and second structures may be made from a deformable material that melts, deforms, or warps at the respective first and second predetermined temperatures. In some embodiments, the first and second structures each make contact with the underlying mounting surface in more than one distinct location when each of the structures melt, deform, or warp at the first and second predetermined temperatures, respectively.
The following detailed description and accompanying drawings provide a better understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates conventional tilted and flat roof solar panel installations.
FIG. 2A illustrates a rooftop fire suppressing solar panel mounting system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2B illustrates a rooftop fire suppressing solar panel mounting system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates a collapsing rooftop fire suppressing solar panel mounting system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates another collapsing rooftop fire suppressing solar panel mounting system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates a rooftop fire suppressing solar panel mounting system with integrated ballast according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates fire suppressing solar panel mounting brackets for use on flat roofs according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates a fire suppressing solar panel mounting bracket for use on flat roofs according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates a fire blocking solar panel mounting bracket for use on flat roofs according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 illustrates a fire blocking solar panel assembly with collapsible side skirts according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10 illustrates a fire blocking solar panel fire skirt according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 illustrates a fire blocking solar panel building-integrated photovoltaic mounting system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 illustrates a fire blocking solar panel mounting system for use on tilted roofs mounting system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 illustrates a solar panel fire skirt assembly with diverting louvers according to one embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Described herein are techniques for making, installing, and using solar panel mounting systems and add-on devices to prevent, suppress, a retard the spread of fire in rooftop solar panel installations. In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous examples and specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention as defined by the claims may include some or all of the features in these examples alone or in combination with other features described below, and may further include modifications and equivalents of the features and concepts described herein.
As used herein, the term solar panel refers to any device in a planar or semi-planar form factor that captures, collects, or otherwise uses solar energy to produce electricity, heat, or other forms of energy. Typical forms of solar panels include panels of continuous or connected photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert photons to electrons, panels of tubing or ductwork through which water or air can be circulated to capture heat, and reflector cells that reflect solar energy in the form of heat to produce electricity or steam. Such solar panels can be installed on both flat and tilted roofs.
Such solar panels can be installed at the same time the roof for roofing system is installed in the building, as is typically done in new construction. In the case of photovoltaic solar panels, such integration into the building structure is often referred to as a building-integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV). Alternatively, solar panels can be installed on an existing roof for roofing system using various types of weights, ballast, racks, brackets, mounts, fasteners, and other hardware that can be incorporated into or augmented by various embodiments of the present invention. The discussion of various embodiments of the present invention herein refers to the types of solar panel installations with regard to new and existing flat and tilted roofs and roofing systems.
FIG. 1 illustrates several simplified fire code testing scenarios addressed by various embodiments of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, solar panels 101A can be mounted on a tilted roof surface 110A using brackets 102A. In such scenarios, the mounting brackets 102A can include individual mounting brackets separately attached to a solar panel or mounting rails to which multiple solar panels can be attached. In either scenario, the mounting brackets 102A and 102B can have L-shaped or T-shaped cross-sections. Some embodiments of the mounting rails and brackets include extruded metal or composite materials.
In either the tilted roof for the flat roof installation, some fire codes are concerned with the ability of the combination of the solar panel, the mounting brackets or mounting rails, and the roofing system to resist the ignition and spread of fire underneath the solar panel when flames of a certain temperature, velocity, and duration are directed at the side of the solar panel and into the gap between the solar panel and the roof surface along directions 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, and 109. Various embodiments the present invention are directed towards blocking or redirecting the flames from directions 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, and 109 to achieve the performance requirements of fire codes and to prevent the spread or ignition of fire on a roofing system.
FIG. 2A shows a solar panel mounting device 206 for flat roof installations according to an embodiment of the present invention. As shown, the mounting frame 206 can include a top mounting surface 202 and sloped side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208. Sloped side service 208 can include a ballast shelf 205 for accepting weights or ballast 210. In such embodiments, the mounting frame device 206 can include a top mounting surface 202 other solid to which the solar panel 201 is attached. In other embodiments the top mounting surface 202 can include a recess or an opening to accept the solar panel 201 along the bottom, perimeter, or edge of the solar panel 201 or solar panel frame.
The sloped side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208 can be coupled to the top mounting surface 202 by various means and at various angles. The angle at which the side surfaces 203, 205, 207, and 208 are coupled to the top mounting surface 202 can be varied to minimize wind resistance and further enhance the capability of the mounting frame 206 to resist the spread of flames. In such embodiments, the sloped side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208 can be angled relative to the surface of the roof onto which it is installed to redirect side directed flames away from the surface of the roof.
As shown in FIG. 2A, the side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208 can be configured to fully enclose the space between solar panel 201 and the roofing surface 110B. In other embodiments, in which installation of multiple solar panels is necessary or desirable, multiple mounting frame devices 206 can include variations that include different configurations having various combinations of the sloped side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208, that include all or some of the sides. More particularly, mounting frame device 206 can be configured to include only side surfaces 208 with ballast shelf surface 205 and a sloped side surface 207 opposing sloped side surface 208 disposed on the opposite side of solar panel 201.
Alternatively, mounting frame device 206 can be configured to include sloped side surface 208 with shelf surface 205 and one of sloped side surface 204 or sloped side surface 203. Using such configurations of mounting frame device 206, multiple solar panels 201 can be installed on a roof surface in which the mounting frame devices 206 form a tessellated mounting structure with side surfaces encapsulating the volume underneath the multiple solar panels 201.
While the side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208 are shown as meeting one another at the corners of the mounting frame device 206 to provide a complete seal, various embodiments of the present invention also include arrangements of the four corners at which the side surfaces meet include a gap. Such gaps may be necessary if the mounting frame device 206 is installed on a site using pre-scored, precut, or pre-creased sheet-metal or other sheet material. Specifically, gaps at edges 210, 211, 212, and 213 can also provide for ventilation of the backside of solar panels 201 during normal operation of the solar panels to increase efficiency and avoid overheating. In similar embodiments, the sheet material out of which mounting frame 206 is constructed, can include perforations or slits to provide ventilation to the solar panel 201 during normal operation of the solar panels.
In some embodiments, the ballasts 210 can be integrally formed with shelf surface 205 of mounting frame 206. In other embodiments, shelf surface 205 can include indentations or cutouts to accept ballasts of a predetermined size. In one embodiment, shelf surface 205 includes a flat continuous surface onto which ballasts, such as individual masonry units (IMUs), bricks, cinderblocks, rocks, or other relatively dense and heavy objects that can fit under the gap between the underside of the top mounting surface 202 and the top surface of the mounting shelf 205.
FIG. 2B includes a cross-sectional view and an isometric view of a mounting frame device 226, according to another embodiment of the present invention. In such embodiments, the mounting frame device 226 includes vertical side surfaces 223, 224, 227, and 228 that includes a shelf surface 225 disposed underneath the top surface 222. Vertical side surfaces 223, 224, 227 and 228 can be configured to be approximately at right angles relative to top surface 222 and solar panel 201. Similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, mounting frame device 226 can include gaps at edges 231, 232, 233, and 234 to provide ventilation for solar panel 201 during normal operation. Just as mounting frame 206, mounting frame 226 can include various sheet materials, such as sheet-metal or high temperature composites. Such materials of mounting frame device 226 can include notches, slots, or perforations to provide additional ventilation during normal operation of solar panel 201. The notches, slots, or perforations in the sheet material of mounting frame 226 can be configured to allow air to flow to vent heat from the undersurface of solar panel 201, but configured to restrict the spread of fire in the space between roofing surface 110B and the underside of the top surface 222 and solar panel 201.
Similar to the embodiments described above in reference to FIG. 2A, mounting frame device 226 can include variations having different combinations of vertical side surfaces and open sides. For example, mounting frame 226 can include a vertical side surface 227 and a vertical side surface 228 having a shelf surface 225, wherein shelf surface 225 is disposed underneath the top surface 222. Like shelf surface 205, shelf surface 225 can be configured to accept weights or ballasts to secure the solar panel 201 and mounting frame 226 to flat roof surface 110B. In other embodiments, vertical side surface 228 having shelf surface 225 can be coupled to the top surface 222 along with vertical side surface 223 or 224. Such embodiments are useful for mounting solar panels 201 in rooftop installations having a plurality of solar panels. Various variations of mounting frame 226 can be used to create a composite tessellated mounting frame having vertical side surfaces surrounding the volume defined by the multiple top surfaces 222 and the rooftop surface 110B.
The side surfaces 203, 204, 207, and 208 of FIG. 2A and vertical side surfaces 223, 224, 227, and 228, can be arranged relative to other mounting frames and other structures present on the rooftop on which the installation is located to resist the spread of fire in the volume underneath the top surfaces 202 or 222 and the rooftop surface 110B. In some embodiments, this can mean that the sloped side surfaces and the vertical side surfaces have different lengths and bottom edge profiles that are customized on-site or at the factory to accommodate various features on otherwise flat roofs or roofing systems. For example, vertical side surfaces 223 and 224 can be shorter than vertical side surfaces 227 and 228 to allow cables to be laid underneath mounting frame 226 and solar panel 201. Similarly vertical side surfaces 223 and 224 can include notches or holes the pass through of cables from one solar panel to another and finally down to a an uplink/downlink electrical connection coupled to an inverter or other power conditioning or converting device or system.
FIG. 3 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention for mounting solar panels 201 onto a flat roof or roofing system surface 110B. In such embodiments, solar panel 201 can be installed on the roof or roofing system surface 110B as shown in configuration 301A. In configuration 301A solar panel 201 rests on the roof or roofing system surface 110B at point 310 and is propped up by a fire or heat sensitive leg 330 such that the solar panel 201 is at an angle 320 relative to the surface 110B. Installation configuration 301A shows fire heat sensitive leg 330 in place supporting solar panel 201 at various points or along the line on one side of the bottom side of solar panel 201. The configuration of the fire or heat sensitive leg 330 can vary based on the requirements for configuration of the roof or roofing system surface 110B. For example, fire heat sensitive leg 330 can be in the form of a bar, a plank, individual shafts, rods, cones, pyramids, or any other shape suitable to stably holding solar panel 201 at angle 320 during normal operation.
Upon exposure to sufficient heat, fire, or flames, the material included in fire heat sensitive leg 330 can be configured to melt, deform, collapse, or otherwise fail such that the solar panel 201 will fall along direction 335 to be flush or approximately flush with the roof or roofing system surface 110B as shown in collapsed configuration 301B. The temperature at which the fire or heat sensitive leg 330 allows solar panel 201 to become flush or approximately flush with the roof or roofing system surface 110B can be determined by the material used to construct the heat or fire sensitive leg 330. In some embodiments, is advantageous for the material selected for the heat or fire sensitive leg 332 to remain structurally sound at normal operating temperatures typically encountered on a roof installation of solar panels.
When solar panel 210 is flush with the roof or roofing system surface 110B, the application of fire from any angle parallel to the surface 110B will be inhibited, thus preventing or suppressing the spread of fire between roof or roofing surf system surface 110B and the solar panel 201.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention which is a variation on the embodiment described above in reference to FIG. 3. As shown the solar panel 201 can be installed on the roof or roofing system surface 110B using a mounting bracket 402 at one end of the solar panel 210 that can pivot about a point 403. Point 403 can include a hinge, a Cotter pin, a hinge pin, a screw, bolt, or any other elements capable of providing a pivot point. Once solar panel 201 is coupled to the mounting bracket 402 at the point 403, it can be lifted to create an angle with roof or roofing system surface 110B using a support structure or leg 406 attached to the solar panel on the other end or edge attachment point 405 and coupled to the roof or roofing system surface 110B via a mounting bracket 407 via a pivot point 408, as shown in configuration 400A. Support structure 406 can be coupled to the solar panel 201 via a heat or fire sensitive coupling element 405.
In some embodiments the heat or fire sensitive coupling element 405 can include a heat or fire sensitive adhesive or fastener that will melt, deform, collapse, or otherwise fail such that the solar panel 201 can fall to be flush or approximately flush with the roof or roofing system surface 110B, as shown in collapsed configuration 400B. The heat or fire sensitive coupling element 405 can include a number of materials including, but not limited to, metal alloys, composites, polymers, plastics, and ceramics. When exposed to excessive heat or fire temperatures, heat or fire sensitive coupling element 405 will release, thus allowing support structure to fall or rotate in the direction of arrow 409B about pivot point 408. As support structure 406 rotates along the direction of arrow 409B about to the point 408, solar panel 201 will move in the direction of arrow 409A about to the point 403 until it is in the collapsed configuration 400B. In such embodiments, solar panel 201 can include a side vane or guard to block the gap between the roof or roofing system surface 110B and solar panel 201 due to the solar panel 201 resting on one or more mounting brackets 407.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the present invention for installation of solar panels 201 on flat or semi-flat roofs or roofing systems. As shown, configuration 500A can include a solar panel 201 coupled to a number of standoffs 503 which are resting on or coupled to a mounting frame 502. The mounting frame 502 can be coupled to a ballast structure 501. The ballast structure 501 can include a number of materials of sufficient density and weight to affix the solar panel 201 to the roof or roofing system surface 110B without the use of fasteners or penetrations into the roofing surface 110B. In such embodiments, ballast structure 501 can include cementitious material, concrete foam, cinderblocks, or other fire resistance dense or heavy materials. In some embodiments, the height of standoffs 503 can be configured to provide sufficient ventilation under solar panel 201 during normal operation.
FIG. 5 also shows a variation of configuration 500A in configuration 500B that includes channel cuts or grooves 515 that can create wiring or cable conduits 550 when the configuration 500B unit is placed in-line with another configuration 500B unit. Such installations beneficially protect the wiring or cabling between solar panels 201, inverters, and other electrical components of other flat roof solar panel installations shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 shows a number of structural support mounts the can be used in flats roof or roofing system installations of solar panels 201 to prevent the spread of fire underneath the solar panel 201 according to various embodiments of the present invention. Each of the variations of the structural support mounts shown in FIG. 5 include a multi-walled structure onto which a solar panel 201 can be placed. The multi-walled structure can include a number of vertical wall elements coupled to one another in various configurations. The shape and configuration of the vertical wall elements can be customized based on the ventilation or cooling requirements of a particular solar panel 201 as well as any local, state, or federal fire codes.
For example, configuration 600 a can include a solar panel 201 resting on or coupled to a structural support mounts 601, 611, or 621. Structural support mounts 601, 611, and 621 can include a number of vertical wall sections having identical or varied curves to provide structure and stability to one another when placed on a roof roofing system surface on the bottom edges of the walls. The solar panel 201 can then rest on or be coupled to the top edges of the walls of the structural support mounts 601, 611, and 621. The shape of the vertical wall sections of the structural support mounts 601, 611, and 621 can include hyperbolic, parabolic, circular and other curved profiles as illustrated in configurations 600A, 600B, and 600C. In such exemplary embodiments, the shape and height of the vertical wall sections can be optimized for number of factors or requirements such as fire suppression, wind resistance, solar panel cooling, and other operational factors. For example, structural support mounts 601 can provide enhanced solar panel ventilation or cooling based on the amount of solar panel overhang beyond the interior of the vertical wall sections.
In related embodiments, a plurality of structural support mounts 601, coupled to solar panels 201 can be installed next to one another in a tiled fashion such that the structural support mounts 601, 611 or 621 coupled to a first solar panel 201 will match up with and abut the structural support elements 601, 611, or 621 of a second solar panel placed next to the first solar panel 201. In such embodiments, it may be desirable to use a single type of structural support mounts a particular solar panel installation to maximize the efficiency and fire suppression characteristics, such as the inclusion of the least number of gaps between the solar panels and structural support mounts. Some shapes of structural support mounts can advantageously redirect or reversed the flow of fire or flames directed into the gap between a number of solar panels and the roof or the roofing system surface onto which they are placed using the structural support mounts.
For example, structural support mounts 601 when placed next to another support structure mount 601 will create a rounded or U-shaped block that can redirect the flow of fire that is directed underneath the solar panels away from the space underneath the solar panel and above the roof surface.
FIG. 7 shows yet another embodiment of a flat roof solar panel mount assembly according to an embodiment of the present invention that can redirect flames to help prevent or suppress the spread of fire on a roof under solar panel 201. As shown, solar panel mount 713 can include a structure having a first, or bottom, wall and a second, or top, wall separated by some distance to create a duct or channel between the first and second walls. The channel can be curved, as shown, to have a rounded bend such that the internal channel transitions from a horizontal channel to a vertical channel along path 712. Due to the curve in the top wall of the solar panel mount 713, solar panel 201 can be placed or mounted at an angle, as shown. The space in between the top wall of the solar panel mount 713 can be enclosed by a wall or skirt structure 720 to prevent fire from entering the gap between the solar panel mount 713 and solar panel 201.
In some embodiments, the solar panel mount 713 can include fire proof materials such as metal or a cementitious material comprising fire proof or retardant properties. In such embodiments, when flames are directed at the solar panel 201 and solar panel mount 713 combination along the direction 710 parallel with the roof surface 110B, the flames can be redirected through the inner channel of the solar panel mount 713 along direction 712 up and away from the surface of the roof 110B to help avoid the spread of fire on the roof or under solar panel 201. When flames are directed at the solar panel 200 and solar panel mount 713 along direction 711 parallel with the roof surface 110B, the flames are stopped from reaching the space underneath the solar panel mount 713 by the bottom wall.
When flames are directed in a direction into the page parallel to the roof surface 110B, the flames are stopped by the wall 720. When multiple solar panels are installed on a roof in a row, the solar panel mount 713 can be dimensioned such that it can support multiple solar panels in a line. Alternatively, each solar panel mount 713 can be dimensioned to support a single solar panel 201 and configured to abut and or a couple to a neighboring solar panel mount 713 to create a line of solar panels 201 and solar panel mounts 713 assemblies. In such embodiments, only the end solar panel 201 and solar panel mount 713 assemblies need include an end wall 720 to prevent flames or fire from entering the gap between the solar panel mount 713 and the solar panels 201.
FIG. 8 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention that can be used to install solar panels 201 on both flat and tilted roof surfaces. As shown, solar panel 201 is installed on roof surface 110B by mounting brackets 801 and 802. Solar panel 201 can be positioned in a horizontal or tilted configuration by varying the lengths of the leg elements of brackets 801 and 802. Each of mounting brackets 801 and 802 can include extruded metal rails having wall sections that extend from the bottom surface of the solar panel 201 to the roof surface 110B to block flames are directed along the directions 820 and 821 parallel with the roof surface 110B, thus preventing or suppressing the spread of fire in the space underneath the solar panel 201 in the surface of the roof.
In related embodiments, mounting bracket 801 can include the lip or shelf element 805 for excepting a fastener or ballast 810. In flat roof installations, as shown, the top surface of shelf element 805 can include indentations or holes for accepting specifically designed or general purpose ballast blocks. In tilted roof solutions, the shelf element 805 can include pass-through holes for accepting fasteners, such as screws, bolts or rivets, to couple mounting bracket 801 to the roof surface 110B. Mounting bracket 802 can include a leg element having a bottom edge that rests on the roof surface 110B.
In related embodiments, each of mounting brackets 801 and 802 can be dimensioned to accept multiple solar panels 102. In such embodiments, each mounting bracket 801 can include rails that except an edge of solar panels 201 in a clamp section. As shown, the clamp section can comprise a C-shaped or U-shaped region into which the edge of solar panel 201 can be seated or clipped.
FIG. 9 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention. In such embodiments, a solar panel 201 is mounted to a roof surface 110B on mounting brackets 902 and 903 in the normal operating configuration 901A. Fire block elements 910 and 913 can be affixed around the perimeter of solar panel 201. While fire block elements 910 and 913 are shown coupled to solar panel 210 at joints 911 and 912 at a downward angle toward the surface 110B, various embodiments can include coupling the fire block elements 910 and 913 in other angles, including parallel to the solar panel 901. During normal operation the solar panel 201 installed in configuration 901A, all of the elements remain stationary or static and the fire block elements 910 and 913 relative to the roof surface 110B to provide ventilation and cooling for the solar panel 201. Upon application of heat or flames in the direction of arrow 920 directed at the gap under the fire block elements 910 and solar panel 201 and above roof surface 110B, fire block element 910 can collapse into either configuration 901B or 901C.
Configuration 900 1B illustrates the embodiment in which fire block element 910 is coupled to solar panel 201 using a heat or fire sensitive joint 911. At a certain temperature, joint 911 can be configured to collapse down to block fire, heat or flames coming from the direction 920 from entering the space underneath solar panel net 201 and above roof surface 110B, thus preventing or suppressing the spread of fire under the solar panel 201.
Configuration 901C illustrates another embodiment in which fire block element 910 includes a material that will melt, deform, bend or otherwise fail to conform to the gap between the solar panel 201 and the roof surface 110B, as shown. FIG. 10 shows a close-up of a variation of the configuration 901C.
Solar panel 201 can be coupled to the roof surface 110B by a mounting bracket 1001 using fasteners or ballast. In such embodiments, the fire blocking elements 1010 can be configured to deform or drop into position upon exposure to heat or flames of a certain temperature such that the portion of the fire blocking elements 1010 includes ripples or waves 1020 that have multiple points of contact 1030 with surface 110B. In such embodiments, the fire blocking element 1010 can include a material that can provide tension between the multiple contact points 1030 and the roof surface 110B. Such materials include, but are not limited to stainless steel, metal alloys, and composite plastics and polymers with spring characteristics. Advantages of having multiple contact points 1030 between fire blocking element 1010 and the roof surface 110B include the ability to effectively block heat, fire or flames from reaching the underside of solar panel 201.
FIG. 11 shows a building integrated photovoltaic installation on a slanted roof 1104, according to various embodiments of the present invention. Such embodiments are advantageous when installed in a new construction or during the construction of a new roofing system. The roofing system shown in FIG. 11 is a shingle or composite roofing system that can include an underlying or sub roof surface 1104. The underlying or sub roof surface 1104 can be made of a number of materials that provide support, structure and possibly another layer of water proof membrane onto which the other components of the roofing system 1100 can be affixed. As shown, the roofing system that includes the building integrated photovoltaic cells 1120 as part of the shingled or overlapping elements also includes mounting brackets 1115 that can be fastened, adhered, or otherwise affixed to the underlying or sub roof surface 1104. The installation of such building integrated photovoltaic systems can begin with coupling an array of mounting brackets 1115 to the underlying or sub roof surface 1104. Such an array of mounting brackets can include multiple rows disposed over the underlying or sub roof surface 1104 with separations 1130 between the rows that are then fitted with overlapping rows of framed or frameless photovoltaic cells 1115. As in the shingle figuration shown in FIG. 11, the overlapping elements 1115 and 1120 can include standard glass module laminate solar cells with and without frames.
Once the array of mounting brackets are disposed on the roof surface, installers can begin placing photovoltaic cells 1115 into the clamp section of the mounting brackets. In some embodiments, the clamp sections of the mounting brackets 1115 include a click-lock system that provides for the insertion of one edge of the photovoltaic cell 1120. The interface with the click-lock system of the mounting bracket 1115 can be configured to engage the photovoltaic cell 1020 with a positive and secure physical coupling. In related embodiments, mounting bracket 1115 can also be configured to include wiring and wire contacts to electrically couple to contacts on the specialized photovoltaic cell 1120 to provide both physical coupling and electrical coupling when the photovoltaic cell 1120 is inserted into the clamp section of mounting bracket 1115. In other embodiments, photovoltaic cells 1120 can be further secured by inserting or applying adhesive between the backside of the photovoltaic cell and a mounting located in a lower row of mounting brackets.
Has shown, the top row of mounting brackets and photovoltaic cells can be using metal flashing, or some other suitable material for flashing, 1110. The flashing 1110 can be coupled to the underlying or sub roof surface 1104 at the top using traditional fastening methods and secured to the top row of mounting brackets using the adhesive under the portion of the flashing that overlaps the top of the top row of mounting brackets. All rows, including the bottom row, of photovoltaics can be stabilized and protected from mechanical stress by inserting spacers and/or adhesive in locations 1125.
FIG. 12 illustrates yet another embodiment the present invention for the installation of solar panels on existing tilted shingled roofing system. As shown, solar panels 1210 can be installed on the roof system using a variety of mounting brackets. Such mounting brackets can include all of the roof type mounting brackets 1230 and middle of the roof mounting brackets 1235. In such installations, solar panels 1210 can be installed in one-dimensional or two-dimensional array of solar panels disposed along a longitudinal direction of the roof. In such installations, can include a downslope fire blocking element 1201 similar to fire blocking elements described above. The fire blocking element 1201 can include an upper materials that can be configured to lower or deform into place such that the fire blocking element 1201 is disposed to block heat, fire, or flames from entering the gap between the solar panels 1210 and the roofing surface.
In similar embodiments, in which the solar panel installation includes only a single solar panel or a one-dimensional array of solar panels disposed in a latitudinal direction on the roof surface, fire blocking elements 1201 can be installed on the lower edge of the solar panel 1220 and fire blocking element 1202 can be disposed or affixed to the top edge of the solar panel 1220. In such configurations, when exposed to temperatures exceeding a certain temperature, one or both of the fire blocking elements 1201 and 1202 can be repositioned or deform into position so as to prevent or suppress the spread of heat, fire, or flames from reaching the gap between solar panel 1220 in the surface of the roof.
FIG. 13 shows yet another embodiment of the present invention that can be using installation of solar panels 201 on a flat or tilted roof to prevent spread of heat, fire, or flames from entering the gap between the roof surface and the underside of the solar panel 201. As shown, solar panel 201 can be mounted to the roof surface via mounting brackets 1301. Side skirts 1320, 1325, 1330, and 1335 can be affixed to the outer edges of the solar panel 200. Each of the side skirts can include a number of louvers 1315 that extend downward toward the surface of the roof and outward from the center of the solar panel 201. The length in the direction of the louvers 1315 can vary depending on the height of mounting brackets 1301 and the requirements of any applicable fire codes.
As depicted in the side view of the configuration 1300, heat, fire, or flames can be directed along the direction of 1310 or 1320. In such embodiments, at least some portion of heat, fire, or flames directed under the configuration 1300 including side skirts 1320, solar panel 201, and side skirts 1325 will be redirected toward the top surface of the fire skirts thus reducing the amount of heat, fire, or flames that reach the region between the underside of solar panel 201 and the roof surface. The portion of the heat, fire, or flames that reaches the region between the underside of solar panel 201 and the roofing surface can be determined by the dimensions of the louvers 1315. The longer and wider the louvers 1315 are dimensioned, the lower the portion of the heat, fire, or flames directed along directions 1310 and 1320 between the underside of solar panel 201 and the roof surface. The reduction of the heat, fire or flames reaches the region between the underside of solar panel 201 and the roof surface will help prevent or suppress the spread of fire or flames under the solar panel 201.
The above description illustrates various embodiments of the present invention along with examples of how aspects of the present invention may be implemented. The above examples and embodiments should not be deemed to be the only embodiments, and are presented to illustrate the flexibility and advantages of the present invention as defined by the following claims. Based on the above disclosure and the following claims, other arrangements, embodiments, implementations and equivalents will be evident to those skilled in the art and may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

## Claims

1. A fire blocking apparatus for a solar panel mounted on brackets that separate the solar panel from an underlying mounting surface, the fire blocking apparatus comprising:
a structure comprising a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a predetermined temperature, the structure having a length, a width and first and second edges spaced apart along opposing ends of the width;
a first edge coupling joint configured to couple the structure directly to an outer edge of a solar panel in a first position that enables ventilation and cooling for the solar panel through a gap between the solar panel and the mounting surface; and
wherein the structure is configured to collapse to block the gap between the solar panel and the mounting surface when coupled to the solar panel in the first position and heated above the predetermined temperature.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first edge coupling joint comprises a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a predetermined temperature.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first edge coupling joint causes the second edge of the structure to make contact with the underlying mounting surface to close the gap when the first edge coupling joint melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the structure is perpendicular to the roof surface when the first edge coupling joint melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the structure is made from a deformable material that melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the structure deforms to make contact with the underlying mounting surface in more than one distinct location when the structure melts, deforms, or warps at the predetermined temperature.

7. A fire blocking system for a solar panel array mounted on brackets that separate the solar panel array from an underlying tilted mounting surface, the apparatus comprising:
(i) a downslope fire blocking apparatus comprising:
a first structure comprising a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a first predetermined temperature, the first structure having a first structure length, a first structure width and first structure first and second edges spaced apart along opposing ends of the first structure width;
a first structure edge coupling joint positioned at the first structure first edge and configured to couple the first structure to a downslope portion of the solar panel array in a first position that enables ventilation and cooling for the solar panel array through a first gap between the solar array panel and the mounting surface;
wherein the first structure is configured to collapse from the first position to a second position when the first structure is heated above the first predetermined temperature, wherein in the second position the first structure blocks the first gap between the solar panel array and the mounting surface; and

(ii) an upslope fire blocking apparatus comprising:
a second structure comprising a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at a second predetermined temperature, the second structure having a second structure length, a second structure width and second structure first and second edges spaced apart along opposing ends of the width;
a second structure edge coupling joint positioned at the second structure first edge and configured to couple the second structure to an upslope portion of the solar panel array in a third position that enables ventilation and cooling for the solar panel through a second gap between the solar panel array and the mounting surface; and

wherein the second structure is configured to collapse from the third position to a fourth position when the second structure is heated above the second predetermined temperature, wherein in the fourth position the second structure blocks the second gap.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first predetermined temperature is equal to the second predetermined temperature.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first structure edge coupling joint and the second structure edge coupling joint comprise a heat or fire sensitive material configured to melt, deform, or warp at the first and second predetermined temperatures, respectively.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the first structure edge coupling joint and second structure edge coupling joint cause the first structure second edge and second structure second edge, respectively, to make contact with the underlying mounting surface to close the first and second gaps when the first and second structure edge coupling joints melt, deform, or warp at the first and second predetermined temperatures.

11. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first and second structures are made from a deformable material that melts, deforms, or warps at the respective first and second predetermined temperatures.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first and second structures each make contact with the underlying mounting surface in more than one distinct location when each of the structures melt, deform, or warp at the first and second predetermined temperatures, respectively.