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# OAR Box 1194 Prepped by Candice Davis



### Document

Number: 

# 52 ) ll-F- 2

Docket Number: 

# A-90-1 5

Printed 5/13/2008 10:52:15 AM Sheet 52 of 89P. 2

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• UNITE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y '. ^S&2. %Environmenta l Criteri a an d Assessmen t Offic e (MD-52 ) % , / Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 2771 1

Jun e 26 , 199 0



### Dr . Charle s Gra y Directo r o f Emission s Contro l Technolog y Divisio n\ h U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y \ 256 5 Plymout hRoa d; " . An nArbor , Michiga n4810 5 ~ * Dea r Dr . Gray : Th e report , "A

nAnalysi s o f Possibl e Healt hEffect s Du e t o th e Us e o f a Coppe r Diese l Fue l Additive" , yo usubmitte dt o u s propose s th e us e o f coppe r a s a diese l fue l additiv e i nconjunctio nwit htrap s capabl e o f undergoin g regeneratio ndurin g engin e operation . Regeneratio ni s mad e possibl e b y th e coppe r additiv e whic hlower s th e reactio ntemperatur e o f th e tra pconstituents . Th e repor t discusse s coppe r toxicity , give s tes t results , from th e trap-plus coppe r additive , calculate s incrementa l ambien t coppe r an dothe r ai r pollutan t concentration s wit htra puse , an dprovide s th e necessar y backgroun dinformatio n supportin g thes e tasks . Coppe r and particulat e toxicity . Th e norma l homeostati c mechanis m fo r coppe r appear s t o posses s a grea t dea l o f reserv e capacit y an dcoul db e expecte d t o protec t expose dorganism s agains t advers e effect s o f exposur e fa r i nexces s o f thos e encountere dfro m norma l environmenta l sources . Norma l coppe r exposur e i s fro m wate r andfoodintak e an damount s t o 2- 5 mg/day . Mos t intoxication s o f coppe r occu r fro

m ingestio no f amount s i nexces s o f on e gram whic hoverwhel m

th e norma l homeostati c mechanism s governin g coppe r absorption , distribution , an d elimination . Les s tha n1 % o f dail y coppe r intak e i s derive dfrom th e air . Fift y percen t o f inhale dparticulat e coppe r i s deposite dinth e lungs ; and40 % o f tha t absorbe dwhil e 40 % i s retaine di nth e lung , an

d th e remainde r cleare db y mucociliar y

escalation . Th e chemica l for m o f particulat e coppe r fro m diese l engine s usin g a coppe r fue l additiv e i s unknown . Sinc e th e chemica l form i s likel y insoluble , however , the absorptio nfro m th e respirator y

trac t ma y

b e lowe r tha nth e estimat e above . Relativel y

few report s o f coppe r toxicit y exis t inth e literature . N o epidemiologica l dat a exis t whic hsho w tha t coppe r per

se i s carcinogenic , an

d no evidenc e o f advers e humanhealt heffect s fro m exposur e t o airborn e coppe r exists . Contac t dermatitis , mil danemia , an d leukocytosi s hav e bee nreporte d a s a resul t o f chroni c exposure . Th e carcinogeni c potentia l o f coppe r an dcoppe r compound s ha s no t bee nadequatel y evaluate di

nexperimenta l animals . Cupri c io n i s a potentia l mutageni c agent , however . Highdose s o f coppe r give nt o pregnan t mic e dam s cause dteratogeni c effect s infetuses . Sensitiv e individual s wit h Wilson' s diseas e ma y

experienc e progressiv e live r degeneratio nwhe nexpose dt oP. 3

highlevel s o f copper . Individual s wit hhereditar y deficiencie s o f glucos e 6 - phosphat e dehydrogenas e ar e als o sensitiv e t o th e hemolyti c effect s o f exces s | F copper .

This report has successfully

established

a relatively

low toxicity of copper.

Tes t result s fro

m trap-plus-coppe r additive, , Th e coppe r additiv e wa s use d i ntest s wit hdiese l engine s unde r condition s o f col dstar t and ho t start . Bot h cold-star t an

d hot-star t test s showe dreduction s inhydrocarbons , nitroge n oxides , an

d particulate s whe nth e coppe r additiv e (1 0 ppm ) and tra pwer e used . Particulate s wer e reduce d87.4 % durin g hot-star t testing . Polycycli c aromati c hydrocarbon s (PAH ) wer e reduce dfro m 47.5 % fo r benzo(g,h,i)fluoranthen e t o 76.5 % fo r benzo(a)pyrene . Pyren e increase d53.8% , however . Lesser , bu t significant , decrease s i nPAH (excep t pyrene ) occurre dunde r cold-star t conditions . An increase dexhaus t bac k pressur e whic hforce s th e engin e t o wor k harde r cause d a carbo nmonoxid e increas e o f 43.4 % durin g ho t start-testing . Soo t a s a fractio n o f th e particulat e mas s wa s reduce dfro m 30 % t o 3% . The decrease

in carcinogenic

PAH such as benzo(a)pyrene

is a significant benefit of the trap and copper fuel additive

system.
Incrementa l coppe r an d othe r ai r pollutants . Roadwa y modelin g wa s use d t o predic t coppe r concentration s fo r variou s scenarios . Stree t canyo nmodelin g predicte da concentratio no f 0. 4 m g copper/m 3 fo r th e averag e case , and roadwa y tunne l modelin g predicte da concentratio no f 14. 3 n g copper/m 3 fo r tha t averag e case . Unde r extrem e trave l condition s a nincreas e o f 3 6 ng copper/m 3 wa s predicted . A t a distanc e 10 0 meter s fro m th e freewa y

a concentratio no f 5 ng/m3 wa s predicted . Th e ACGI H ha s recommende da coppe r exposur e limi t o f 0. 2 mg/m 3 fo r coppe r fume s an d 1. 0 mg/m3 fo r dust . Th e averag e ambien t coppe r concentratio ninth e U. S i s abou t 7 5 ng/m3
. Th e particl e siz e distributio ni n th e emission s fro

m th e test s wit han

d wit hou t th e tra pan d coppe r fue l additiv e di dno t chang e thoug hth e tota l amoun t o f particulat e di d decreas e wit hth e us e o f th e tra pan

d coppe r fue l additive . Thus, increments

of copper in the ambient

air resulting

from the use of a copper additive

in diesel fuel will be well under exposure

levels that cause effects. Use

of the emission

control

technology

involving

the copper

fuel additive and trap should reduce the carcinogenic

activity

of the exhaust

reducing particulate

matter

and associated

PAHs. Conclusions . Th e relativel y lo w toxicit y

o f coppe r an

d th e roadwa y

model s ar e convincing . Coppe r exposur e fro m us e o f a coppe r amende ddiese l fue l i n trap-equippe dengine s shoul dno t occu r a t deleteriou s level s inth e ambien t air . Reductio no f PA

H level s wit hus e o f th e coppe r fue l additiv e an d trap-equippe d engine s shoul dals o reduc e th e carcinogeni c activit y o f diese l exhaust . However , reducin g carcinogeni c activit y b y 80% , a s seenwit hus e o f coppe r amende ddiese l fue l an d traps , doe s no t necessaril y assur e tha t ris k level s i nth e are a o f 10" 5 canb

e achieved . Roadwa y model s shoul db e usedt o determin e particulat e concentration s an

d carcinogeni c ris k unde r scenario s simila r t o th e one s use d fo r coppe r i

nthi s report .P. 4

I f yo u wis h t o discus s thi s repor t further , I ca n b e contacte d a t (919 ) 541-415.5

. Sincerely ,

Cho n Shoaf , Ph.D . Chief , Hazardou s Pollutan t Assessmen t Branc h