Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1963

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 249
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national

standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with

these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods

and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; ind the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and

information services. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basis program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is required. The

scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals available from the

Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections, presents complete

scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs,

Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, and Technical Notes.

A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460,

Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National

Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240, July 1957

to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25) ; available from the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

k Hydraulic Research

il it in the United States

1963

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 249

Issued August 9, 1963

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price SI . 00
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 34-3323
FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and

Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National

Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this

publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of

the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in

hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. The numbers 4474 and above

refer to projects reported for the first time. All projects are in active

state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other

organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed

under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the

work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its

work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research," compiled and published by the

International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is

edited by Professor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the

Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included)

.

A. V. Astln, Director

ill
CONTENTS

Page

Foreword Hi

List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 201

Key to Projects

ia) Number and title of project

b) Project conducted for

!c) Correspondent

(d) Nature of project

fe) Description

If) Present status

fg) Results

(h) Publications

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OP

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tucson, Ariz.

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Head

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OP

Agricultural Expt . Station, Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engineering Dept., Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Govt.,

U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland)

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF

333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, New York

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engrg.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Engineering Division, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and

Water Resources, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Prof. Robert H. Burgy, Acting Chairman

Department of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OP

Div. of Agricultural Sciences

Los Angeles 24, California

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman

Department of Irrigation and Soil Science

1 FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OP 24 Engineering and Industrial Exp. Station

Coastal Engineering Lab., Gainesville, Fla.

5 GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 25

Engineering Experiment Sta., Atlanta, Ga. Mr. R. E. Stiemke, Director

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 29

5 Engineering Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho

Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 31

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois

Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 34

Dept. of Public Works and Building

6 201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111.

Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 34

6 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Urbana, 111. Dr. Prank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 35

6 Civil Engineering Dept., Urbana, 111.

Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OP 36

Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

90 214 Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111.

Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 37

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

7 Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 40

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames, Iowa

Dr. Clarence Bockhop

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OP 8 College of Engineering, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 12

Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley 4, Calif.

Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OP SOUTHERN 14

Research Foundation for Cross-connection

Control, Los Angeles 7, California

Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 14

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Head

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, THE 91 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Wash. 17, D. C. Prof. Frank A. Bibersteln, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 40

Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa

Prof. Don Kirkham

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY

Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 41

Applied Physics Lab., Silver Spring, Md. Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 42

School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 42

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 15

Hydraulics Laboratory

Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

Prof. Milton E. Bender, Chief

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF 22

Engineering Experiment Sta., Boulder, Colo.

Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus, Director

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 23

School of Civil Engineering, Dept. of

Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engrg., Ithaca, N. Y.

Dr. J. A. Liggett

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 23

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Newark, Del.

Dr. D. L. Dean, Chairman

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 23

Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Newark, Del.

Dr. James P. Hartnett, Chairman

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 44

Department of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Pa. Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 45

Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Baton Rouge 3, La. Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 45

Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OP TECHNOLOGY 49

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, In Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OP 51 School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass.

Dean George A. Marston, Director

v
MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OP

Dept. of Civil Engineering

320 W. Engineering Building

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Prof. E. P. Brater

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OP

Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine

Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OP

Minneapolis, Minn, (see St. Anthony Palls

Hydraulic Laboratory)

.

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OP

Agricultural Expt. Station, St. Paul 1, Minn.

Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Missouri

Dr. C. L. Wilson, Dean

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE

Agricultural Experiment Sta., Bozeman, Mont.

Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Acting Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF

Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics

Lincoln 8, Nebraska

Dr. T. Sarpkaya

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. Hydraulic Laboratory

Newport News, Virginia

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Chemical Engineering

Bronx 53, N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

AND ENGINEERING

University of North Carolina

Department of Engineering Research

Raleigh, North Carolina

Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Fargo, No. Dak. Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111.

Dean Harold B. Gotaas

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF

School of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind.

Dr. Norman R. Gay, Dean

92 PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. J. P. Peterson, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Chemical Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind.

52 Dr. Brage Golding, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind.

Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Electrical Engineering, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. T. F. Jones, Head

92

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director

53

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mechanical Engineering

Lafayette, Ind.

53 Dr. R. J. Grosh, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab.

W. Lafayette, Ind.

53 Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

University of Minnesota

Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E. Minneapolis, Minn.

54 Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OP OCEANOGRAFHY

University of California, La Jolla, Calif.

The Director

55

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engineering Dept., Columbia, S. C. Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head

93 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Dept. of Mechanical Sciences

San Antonio 6, Texas

Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director

56 STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif.

Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Exec. Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Davidson Laboratory

56 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED

57 400 Arlington Blvd., Falls Church, Va. Mr. Robert Taggart

TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF

58 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Knoxville 16, Tenn.

Mr. William A. Miller Jr., Acting Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Columbus 10, Ohio

Mr. Charles F. Sepsy

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla.

Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

OREGON STATE COLLEGE

Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Corvallis, Oregon

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

Ordnance Research Lab., University Park, Pa.

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Expt. Sta., Lafayette, Ind. Mr. N. J. Wolk, Director

58 TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

58

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

59

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Engineering Expt. Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

59 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash.

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

60 WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Fisheries Research Institute, Seattle 5, Wash.

Dr. William F. Royce, Director
WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 85

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash.

Prof. Charles H. Norris, Chairman

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U. S. Govt.)

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF 86

Hydraulics Laboratory

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Madison, Wis.

Dr. Arno T. Lenz

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION 88

Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 88

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory

Worcester 9, Mass.

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA . 132

221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 135

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. Dr. Thos. F. McLintock, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 136

T-10210 Federal Bldg., 701 Loyola Ave.

New Orleans 12, La. Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

BEACH EROSION BOARD 136

5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. Wash. 16, D. C. The President

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and

Water Conservation Research Division

CORN BELT BRANCH 95

108 Soils Bldg., St. Paul, Minn.

Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief

NORTHEAST BRANCH 99

Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief

NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 102

323 South College Avenue, P. 0. Box 758

Fort Collins, Colorado

Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief

NORTHWEST BRANCH 106

306 No. 5th St., Box 27 24, Boise, Idaho

Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief

SOUTHERN BRANCH 108

Univ. of Georgia, Box 1309, Athens, Ga.

Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief

SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 112

220 Urban Bldg., 804 Ryan St., Amarillo, Tex.

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief

SOUTHWEST BRANCH 117

3730 Elizabeth St., Box 2325, Riverside, Calif.

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Chief

FOREST SERVICE

CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 123

111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio

Mr. R. D. Lane, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STATION 125

Forest Service Bldg., Ogden, Utah

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 140

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 143

1217 U. S. Post Office and Customhouse

St. Paul 1, Minn.

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT. STATION 143

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

The Director

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS 157

Division of Hydraulic Research, Wash. 25, D. C. Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 158

National Hydraulics Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C.

WEATHER BUREAU 158

Hydrologic Services Division

Washington 25, D. C. Mr. William E. Hlatt, Chief

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 161

Water Resources Div., Washington 25, D. C. Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF MINES 172

Morgantown Coal Research Center

Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, W. Va.

Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 173

Division of Engineering Laboratories

Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colo.

Mr. Grant Bloodgood

Asst. Commissioner and Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

LAKE STATES FOREST EXPT. STATION 126

St. Paul Campus, University of Minn.

St. Paul 1, Minn.

Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director

NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 127

102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Perm.

Dr. Ralph w. Marquis, Director

NORTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 128

Box 740, Juneau, Alaska

Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA . 129

P. 0. Box 3141, Portland 8, Oregon

Mr. R. W. Cowlln, Director

PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 130

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California

Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 178

Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 184

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. The Director

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY 184

White Oak, Silver Spring, Md.

The Commander

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 185

3203 E. Foothill Boulevard

Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 186

Fluid Dynamics Branch, Wash. 25, D. C. Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

vil
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 187

Engineering Laboratory, Box 37, Norrls, Tenn.

Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 188

Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxvllle, Tenn.

Mr. James Smallshaw, Chief

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. 191

Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. I. W. McCalg, Hydraulic Engineer

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OP 191

Department of Civil Engineering

Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OP 191

Hydraulic Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. J. H. Muir, Head

Dept. of Civil Engineering

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE 192

2500 Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head

Division of Hydraulic Engineering

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION 192

OP ONTARIO

620 University Avenue

Toronto 2, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 194

0250 St. Patrick Street

LaSalle, P. 0., Canada

Mr. E. Parlset, Director

MANITOBA, UNIVERSITY OP 195

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Winnipeg, Canada

Prof. E. Kuiper

McGILL UNIVERSITY 196

Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics

Montreal 2, P. Q., Canada

Prof. A. J. Reynolds

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 196

Division of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 197

Dept. of Engineering Science

Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 198

Dept. of Civil Engineering

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Dr. A. Brebner, Chairman

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OP 198

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

c

vlll
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN TOE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OP ARIZONA.

(4619) A STUDY OP THE MECHANICS OP UNSATURATED

FLOW OF WATER IN SOILS.

b) Agricultural Experiment Station,

c; Dr. Duwayne M. Anderson, Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry and Soils, Univ. of

Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona.

d) Laboratory Investigation.

e) An effort is being made to discover all the

physical processes occurring during soil

water movement

.

(g) The movement of a liquid water flow through

soils has been shown to consist of no less

than five distinct processes: viscous flow

of the liquid phase, evaporation of water at the liquid flow, combined diffusion and

viscous flow of water vapor ahead of the

advancing liquid, sorption of water vapor by

the medium, and cyclic heat flow due to thermal gradients and evaporation. A method

of distinguishing liquid from vapor movement of water in soils was developed.

(h) "Temperature Fluctuations at a Wetting

Front: I. Characteristic Temperature Time

Curves," Duwayne M. Anderson and A. Llnville.

Soil Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:14-18 (1962).

"Temperature Fluctuations at a wetting front:

II. The Effect of Initial Water Content of

the Medium on the Magnitude of the Temperature Fluctuations," Duwayne M. Anderson,

Garrison Sposito, and A. Llnville. Soil

Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. (in press).

"Temperature Fluctuations at a Wetting

Front: III. Apparent Activation Energies

for Water movement in the Liquid and Vapor

Phases," Duwayne M. Anderson, A. Llnville,

and Garrison Sposito. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.

Proc. (in press)

.

(4620) EFFECT OF CROP COVER ON EFFICIENCY OF

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION UNDER VARYING CLIMATIC

AND OPERATING CONDITIONS.

b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tuscon, Arizona.

dl Laboratory for theory and design,

e) Precise water balance of growing crops under

sprinkler application of irrigation water.

Crops are grown in a tank of soil 12 feet

in diameter and 2 feet deep. Instrumentation permits measurement of loss or gain

of 0.005 Inches of water on the area of the

tank. Measurements permit evaluation of

loss or gain of water from dew, rain,

irrigation, evaporation, and transpiration

on crops at any stage of growth and as functions of ambient atmospheric conditions.

(g) Evapotransplration during sprinkling is

approximately equal to that during non- sprinkling periods since evaporation from

wet foliage replaces normal transpiration.

Daily evapotransplration ranges from 6-6

times the one-hour • evapotransplration at the period of peak rates.

Cloud cover reduces evapotransplration by

one-third from that at full-run under the

same vapor pressure deficit.

(h) "A Weighing Evapotranspirometer, " by K. R. Frost. Agricultural Engineering. 43(3):

160, March 1962.

"Factors Affecting Evapotransplration Losses

During Sprinkling," by K. R. Frost. A.S.A.

E. Paper No. 62701 (Mimeo) Presented at 1962 Winter Meeting A.S.A.E.

(4621) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION STUDIES UNDER ARID

SOUTHWESTERN CONDITIONS.

b; Agricultural Experiment Station,

c) Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tuscon, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation for design data.

(e) Investigation of the use of sprinkler

application of irrigation water in production of Arizona crops. Irrigation efficiencies under sprinkling as compared to efficiencies under surface applications.

Irrigation scheduling and system design for

sprinkler application of water. Crop yields

per unit of land and per unit of water as functions of method of water application,

soil type, irrigation schedules, and crop

species and variety.

(g) Field tests on citrus, cotton, grains, and

legumes indicate increased crop production

per unit of water applied when water is

applied by sprinklers rather than by surface

methods. Results vary with crop and soil

texture. On coarse textured soils water

savings of 50% have been achieved by

sprinkling.

(h) "Sprinkler Evaporation Losses," H. C. Schwalen and K. R. Frost, Progressive

Agriculture in Arizona. 4(4): 10-11.

1953.

"Sprinkler Irrigation," H. C. Schwalen,

K. R. Frost, W. W. Hins, Ariz. Agr. Exp.

Sta. Bull. No. 250, 1954.

"Sprinkler Evaporation Losses," K. R. Frost

and H. C. Schwalen, Agricultural Engineering

36(8) 526-527, Aug. 1955.

"Sprinkler Irrigation of Citrus," K. R. Frost. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona.

6(3): 4. 1955.

"Evapotransplration During Sprinkler

Irrigation," K. R. Frost and H. C. Schwalen.

Trans, of A.S.A.E. 3(1): 18-20, 24. 1960.

"Citrus Irrigation Experiments on the

Yuma Mesa," K. R. Frost and R. Rodney.

Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 14(4):

14-15. 1962.

"Twelve Years of Sprinkler Irrigation Re- search," K. R. Frost. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 15(1): (in press) 1963.

(4622) GROUND WATER SUPPLIES.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, The Univ.

of Arizona; City of Tucson; and the Pima

County.

(c) Prof. Harold C. Schwalen, Department of

Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

(e) Detailed continuing groundwater Inventory

of selected basins in Arizona including at

present the Santa Cruz from Nogales to Red

Rock, Avra, Altar, Little Chino, Reddington

Area of the San Pedro. Groundwater contour

maps are prepared annually. Specific

yields storage coefficients and transmissibilltles are determined from well tests. An electric analog of the Tucson groundwater

basin is being developed.

(g) Groundwater elevation data has been developed

for all areas studied. Volumetric un- watering estimates have been prepared.

Water balance estimates have been prepared

for the Tucson Metropolitan, sahuarita

Districts, and Cortaro Districts. Open

files are maintained from which current

ground water level data is available for

any location in the area studied.

(h) "Water in the Santa Cruz Valley," H. C. Schwalen and R. J. Shaw. Arizona Exp. Sta.

Bull. No. 288. October 1957.

"Suspended Sediment and Chemical Analyses of

the San Pedro River at Charleston, Arizona,"

H. C. Schwalen. Arizona Agr. Exp. Sta.

Report No. 202, June 1961.

"Progress Report on Study of Water in the

Santa Cruz Valley, Arizona," H. C. Schwalen

and R. J. Shaw, Arizona Agricultural Exp.

Station Report No. 205, November 1961.

"Upper Santa Cruz Valley," H. C. Schwalen,

Water Resources Report No. 11, Annual Report

on Ground Water in Arizona. Spring 1961 to Spring 1962. pp. 61-66, Arizona State Land

1
Department 1962.

"Avra-Marana Area," H. C. Schwalen, Water

Resources Report No. 11, Annual Report on Ground Water In Arizona. Spring 1961 to Spring 1962. pp. 66-71, Arizona State Land

Department 1962.

"Chino Valley," H. C. Schwalen, Water

Resources Report No. 11, Annual Report on Ground Water In Arizona. Spring 1961 to Spring 1962. pp. 106-109, Arizona State

Land Department 1962.

(4623) CHARACTERISTICS OP SEGMENTAL ORIFICES.

b) Departmental.

c) Dr. E. M. Laursen, Department of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

d) Laboratory Investigation for development.

e) A partial orifice plate such as a segment

of a circle may have advantages In some situations as a metering device. The discharge and loss characteristics of such a constriction will be studied.

(4624) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OP A GROUNDWATER

BASIN.

(b) City of Tucson and Pima County through a cooperative agreement with the Agricultural

Engineering Department, Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. John Ferris, Department of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Analytical, laboratory, and field investigations for development, operation, design

and theory, for Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Attempts are being made to determine the

hydrologic characteristics - specific yield

and/or storage coefficient and transmissibillty — of the groundwater basin in the

Santa Cruz Valley near Tucson, Arizona.

Well tests are being made at sites where

observation wells are available. Water

budget analyses are being used in connection

with mathematical models. A passive element

electric analog model is being developed.

(g) Well tests made during the past two years

indicate that realistic values of specific

yield and/or storage coefficient are not

obtained from such tests in the Santa Cruz

Valley. Values of transmissibility are more consistent and reasonable.

(4625) CRITICAL TRACTIVE' FORCE OF UNIFORM SANDS.

b) Departmental.

c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Analytical and laboratory investigation

related to theory.

(e) Analytic and experimental attempts to relate the average boundary shear to the

incipient movement of sediment particles

composing the boundary. In the laminar

regime, the analysis will proceed by approximating the forces on sediment particles

in various possible positions among other

sediment particles. The turbulent flow

regime analysis will also consider the

statistical nature of the variations in the

flow.

The experimental results will be used to determine any needed constants or functions

and to verify the approximate analyses.

(4626) SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES.

(b) Departmental.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz.

(d) Laboratory investigation related to theory

and design.

(e) To find the effect of sediment size and

velocity of flow on the limiting depths of

clear-water scour in simple relief-bridge

geometries. First, the case of the long

contraction will be studied, then the case

of the long gradually-contracting channel.

The last case to be studied will involve

various simple abrupt contractions.

Throughout the experiments, examination of

the assumptions of the analysis of Dr. E. M. Laursen will be made and also of the time

dependency of depth of scour Insofar as feasible.

(g) Based on the assumptions that the depth of scour at the obstruction is a multiple of

the depth of scour in a comparable long

contraction, that the particle shear upstream can be evaluated by Manning's formula

and Strlckler's relation, and that the shear

in the scoured area is the critical tractive

force, analytical relationships for the

depth of scour have been obtained.

(h) "An Analysis of Relief Bridge Scour," by

E. M. Laursen, submitted to Journal of the

Hydraulics Division, ASCE.

(4627) A STUDY OF PARTIALLY SATURATED FLOW IN SANDEPOXY RESIN COLUMNS.

b) Departmental.

c) Professor Richard L. Sloane; Department of

Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson,

Arizona.

d) Laboratory investigation related to theory.

e) The flow of water through soils often takes

place under conditions of partially saturated

flow. The prediction of fluid distribution

and pressure under conditions of partially

saturated flow is important to those interested in the problem of recharge to the

ground water table from water applied to the

surface of the earth.

This study of partially saturated flow will

make use of vertical columns made of sand

grains cemented together with epoxy resin.

The use of this type of sand columns will

result in a model for which properties such

as void ratio and particle arrangement will

remain constant during a series of tests.

(4628) RADIOCARBON AS A TRACER IN WATER SUPPLY

PROBLEMS

.

(b) Research Corporation unrestricted venture

grant and Geochronology Dept. funds.

(c) Dr. Paul E. Damon, project leader; Geochronology Laboratories, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona.

d) Laboratory and field research.

e) The study of ground water movement through

aquifers has been limited by the slow rate

of movement of the subsurface waters. Thus,

if a tracer is introduced, only limited

information is obtainable between the times

of spiking and observation. However, radiocarbon (C-14) has been naturally introduced

into ground water reservoirs continuously

throughout geologic time and, consequently,

movement which has taken place during the

last 45,000 years may be studied. In additicr

nuclear technology is now producing radiocarbon at a greater rate than nature and so this artificially produced radiocarbon may

also be used to trace recent water movements.

Furthermore, it represents a potential

hazard to health and therefore it is es- sential to monitor the increment for the

safety of the community.

We propose to monitor the present carbon-14

content of surface water and organic matter

in the Southwest and to measure the radiocarbon content of subsurface waters. The source of the carbon in water will be determined by c!2/cl3 measurements. This data

will be related to ground water hydrologic

problems such as the rate of laminar flow

through aquifers, their permeability, the source and rate of recharge, paleoclimatology

radioactive contamination in water supplies,

and the waste disposal problem,

(g) The C-14 age of a number of water samples

has been determined. The results are quite

reasonable. For example, flow rates of

approximately 10 feet per year have been

deduced in the Safford region. The uptake

of bomb C-14 in vegetation is also being

2
monitored.

(h) "Arizona Radiocarbon Dates IV," P. E. Damon,

Austin Long, and J. J. Sigalove, American

Journal of Science, Radiocarbon, Vol. 5,

1963, in press.

(4629) CURRENT METER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) U.S.G.S. Ground Water Branch and departmental.

(c) Mr. E. H. Cordes, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson,

Ariz

.

(d) Design and development for field use; master's

thesis

.

(e) This project will entail the design and

operation of a current meter to measure the

vertical velocity component in a pumping

well. The velocity profile can then be

applied to study transmisibility of ground

water aquifers.

(f) Work is scheduled to begin July 1, 1963.

(4630) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC MODELS ANALOGOUS

TO SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS FOR

STUDYING AND DEMONSTRATING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER MOVEMENT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. John W. Harshbarger, Dept. of Geology,

University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Laboratory investigation, design, development and operation.

(e) The purpose of the project is to clarify

the characteristics of laminar flow in

groundwater movement in a manner which will

enable a visual flow net analysis. Hydraulic

models are being developed which consist of

consolidated media simulating sedimentary

rock, enclosed in a water-tight case with a transparent side. Basic geologic structures

and lithologies can be synthesized and

colored inks can be inserted into the flow

system of the model, forming visible flow

lines. These flow lines can then be observed and analyzed in order to better understand the pattern of laminar groundwater

flow as controlled by geologic factors. A few of the empirical model experiments which

are being carried out include: 1) Refraction of flow bands across llthologic interfaces. 2) Continuity of flow around and

through highly permeable and impermeable

lenses of different lithologies. 3) Flow

net systems caused by a single pumping well.

4) Flow-net system of mutual interference of

depression cones caused by pumping multiple

wells. 5) Artesian aquifer systems. 6)

Infiltration phenomenon.

Models are being developed for use in

education in science and hydrology at the college and university level.

(g) Models consisting of plexiglass cases containing artificially consolidated

porous media which can be arranged in

a nearly infinite variety of geologic

structures and hydrologic situations

have been developed. A wide variety of

these models have been constructed and

through their use it has become possible

for the college student to obtain a clear

description and understanding of previously conceived groundwater theories.

(h) "Empirical Studies of Laminar Flow in

Porous Consolidated Media," (Abstract)

Jay H. Lehr, Geological Society of America

Bulletin, Special Paper 68 p. 217, 1961.

"Empirical Studies of Laminar Flow in

Porous Consolidated Media," Jay H. Lehr,

Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Hydrology,

University of Arizona, June 1962.

"Development of Hydraulic Models Analogous

to Subsurface Geologic Conditions for

Studying and Demonstrating the Characteristics of Groundwater Movement," Jay H. Lehr, Progress Report to NSF New Laboratory

Equipment Program, July 7, 1962.

(4631) GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY OF THE WESTERN

DESERT, U.A.R.

(b) In cooperation with General Desert Development Authority, Cairo, U.A.R.

(c) Moh. H. I. Salem, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson,

Ariz.

(d) Analytical study of field data; operation

and development; for doctoral dissertation.

(e) An electric analog model of the subsurface

geologic and hydrologic conditions of the

western desert of the U.A.R. , Lybia, Sudan

and Tehad is being constructed. Presently

the area of recharge is in the high regions

of Tehad and of Darfur in the Sudan. Ground

water Is discharged into the Nile and into

the Qattera Depression. The distribution of

the fundamental differential equations in

the system will be determined taking Into

consideration the boundary conditions. It

is hoped that the equations can be solved

with the use of the electric analog model.

The effects on the Ground Water system due

to changed boundary conditions such as the

completion of the Aswan High Dam (The Nile

is expected to recharge water to the aquifer

after the dam is completed) or the initiation of the Qattera depression project, will

be included in the general analysis of the

western desert.

(4632) ENERGY BALANCE OF DESERT REGIONS.

b) Departmental project.

c) Dr. William D. Sellers, Inst, of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson,

Arizona.

(d) Field investigation for testing of new equipment

.

(e) Project is to accurately measure all

components of the energy balance over various types of desert surfaces. Emphasis

is placed on measuring the heat used for

evaporation

.

(g) Evaporation rates measured in the dry

stream channel of Walnut Gulch In S.E. Arizona over an 16-day period in October

1961 were high enough to Indicate that

natural recharge of the water table Is negligible when the watertable is 48 to 90 cm below the surface. For dry soils evaporation rates appear to decrease with increasing wind speed; the reverse is true for wet soils. Practically all the radiative energy Incident on short grass is

used for evaporation.

(h) "The Energy Balance of Non-Uniform Soil

Surfaces," by William D. Sellers and Carl

N. Hodges. Journal of the Atmospheric

Sciences, 19:6:482-491, November 1962.

May be obtained from the Institute of

Atmospheric Physics.

(4633) PHYSICS OF CONVECTIVE CLOUDS AND CLOUD

MODIFICATION.

(b) National Science Foundation. Also, some assistance by U. S. Weather Bureau and U. S. Forest Service.

(c) Dr. Louis J. Battan, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson,

Arizona.

(d) Field Investigations of the physics of

convective clouds and the effects of cloud

seeding with silver iodide.

(e) The program Involves detailed observations

of convective clouds during the summer by

means of radar, a pair of high resolution

cameras. A network of recording rain gages

is employed to measure rainfall. Cloud

seeding is conducted with airborne silverIodide generators. A carefully controlled

randomization scheme is employed to decide

on which days to seed. The results are analyzed statistically. In addition a physical evaluation is made to uncover information about the fundamental nature of

cloud and precipitation formation.

(g) To date the experiments have failed to show

that cloud seeding with silver iodide can Increase rainfall from the convective clouds

commonly observed in the summer in the

i

3
vicinity of Tucson. The analyses suggest

that the quantity of rainfall does not

depend on the ice nuclei properties of the

air. This result leads to the Inference

that seeding with Ice nuclei (such as silver

Iodide particles) is not likely to be (g)

successful in Increasing rainfall,

(h) "Design of a Program of Randomized Seeding

of Orographic Cumuli," L. J. Battan and A.

R. Kassander, Jr., J. Meteor., 17, No. 6,

583-590 (1960).

"Some Properties of Convectlve Clouds," by

L. J. Battan, Nubila Verona, Italy, IV, No.

1, 1-12 (1961).

"Evaluation of Effects of Airborne SilverIodide Seeding of Convectlve Clouds," by

L. J. Battan and A. R. Kassander, Jr.,

Scl. Rep. No. 18, Inst, of Atmos. Physics,

Univ. Ariz., Tucson, 59 pp. (1962).

"Relationship between Cloud Base and Initial

Radar Echo," L. J. Battan, J. Applied

Meteor., 2 (1963) (Accepted for publication).

(4634) REDUCTION OP EVAPORATION LOSSES BY USING

MONOMOLECULAR FILMS.

b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and Institute.

c) C. Brent Cluff, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson,

Arizona.

(d) Laboratory and field; operation, development

and theory.

(e) To develop and verify techniques for determining the effectiveness of various mono- molecular films considering film, water and

climatic characteristics typical of semiarid regions

.

To develop a simple, effective, inexpensive

apparatus for applying and maintaining a monomolecular film at maximum film pressure

on ponds and reservoirs.

To screen physical conditioning and spreading

agents to be used with the chemicals

forming monomolecular films selected under

Objective 1. To develop methods for detecting the

presence, extent, and pressure of a mono- molecular film.

(g) Initial selection and chemical testing where

necessary of the commercial fatty alcohols

to be used were accomplished. Calibration

of field and laboratory equipment was com- pleted. The laboratory phase of the program

is almost completed especially with regard

to the determination under controlled conditions of spreading and healing rates with

time for varying temperatures and humidities.

The evaporation pan testing phase is also

providing useful data for application in

the pond testing program.

Testing in the field ponds is well underway

using chemical in the following physical

forms; Solid, flakes, powders, emulsions,

and solutions. Considerable attention is

being given to the development of dispensers

for alcohols in the various physical forms.

(h) Quarterly progress reports prepared to U. S. Bureau of Reclamation. Available from Inst,

of Water Utilization.

(4635) INVESTIGATION OP SITES, METHODS, AQUIFER

DETERIORATION CONTROL, AND EFFECTS OF

ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE OF ALLUVIAL (4637)

BASINS TYPICAL OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST UNITED

STATES.

bj Institute. (b)

c) Dr. L. G. Wilson, University of-'Arlzona,

Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Laboratory and field; operation and develop- (c)

ment

.

(e) (1) To test-bhe various methods of ground (d)

water recharge and determine the ones best

suited to arid lands. (2) To test in (e)

laboratory and field and evaluate, also con- sidering costs, various types of flocculants

and filters for removal of suspended and

colloidal material from recharge water. (3)

To determine the effect on the aquifer and

ground water of recharging sediment laden

flood water. (4) To study the effect on ground water and the aquifer of any bacteria

which may be Introduced with recharge water;

identify and find methods for controlling

the growth and spread of these bacteria.

Artificial recharge experiments were con- ducted on a test pit at Beardsley, Arizona.

Constant head and falling head lnf lltratlon

experiments were performed. Seepage meter

tests indicated that water below the pit

surface occurred in the unsaturated state. Additional experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of grass filters

in reducing sediment load in flood water.

Coastal Bermuda was the most efficient grass

of six grass varieties and one alfalfa variety tested. The investigation conducted to determine the nature of the process of

sediment removal by pea gravel filters Indicated that removal occurred as a result of

adsorption of sediment to an organic film

(schmutzdecke)

.

"Letting Grass Take the Mud out of Water,"

L. G. Wilson and C. B. Cluff, Progressive

Agriculture in Arizona, Vol. XIV, No. 6, p. 12, Nov. - Dec, 1962.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF METHODS FOR

DETERMINING EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION AND

EVAPOTRANSP I RATION IN PINE STANDS BY SOIL

MOISTURE SAMPLINGS.

Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation

with U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. White

Mt. Apache Tribe and Southwest Forest

Industries, McNary, Arizona.

A. L. McComb, Department of Watershed

Management, University of Arizona, Tucson,

Arizona.

Analytical, field investigation: development

and operation.

Study designed to develop and test a method

for measuring the evaporation and transpiration components of evapotransplration

in mature ponderosa pine stands in central

Arizona. Installation consisted of twelve,

14 x 18 foot trenched plots - 3 with bare

soil, 3 with a mature ponderosa pine cover,

3 with a vegetation free soil covered with

plastic sheeting, and 3 with mature ponderosa

pine and ground covered with plastic

sheeting. Soil moisture supplied by natural

rainfall, supplemented by irrigation. Soil

moisture storage, percolation through the

soil, and evaporative losses were determined

for each treatment by periodic soil moisture

sampling and allied meteorological observations.

Completed.

The individual processes involved in the

disposition of precipitation (evaporation,

transpiration, soil moisture storage, and

percolation through the root zone), and the

effects of vegetation on these processes can

be evaluated through the use of plastic

sheeting, soil moisture sampling and allied

climatic measurements. Such information is

basic to predicting potential effects of

vegetation manipulation on both onsite and

off site water yields.

EFFECT OP FIRE AND RESIDUAL ASH ON THE

VEGETATION, SOIL, WATER RELATIONS IN SELECTED PONDEROSA PINE STANDS.

Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation

with U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, White

Mt. Apache Tribe.

Dr. A. L. McComb, Department of Watershed

Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

Analytical, laboratory and field investigations, theory.

The study will include a series of laboratory

and field experiments to evaluate the influences of wild fire and controlled burning

on the chemical and physical properties of a forest soil as these may affect the basic

processes of surface and soil water movements.

Laboratory studies will be carried on to

4
determine changes in the structure, pore

space, and chemical characteristics of the

soil due to burning of the ground cover. Field studies employing North Fork type

inf iltrometers, soil and' soil moisture

sampling will be carried on to supplement

and extend the results of the laboratory

studies.

Preliminary studies and literature review

indicate conflicting and inclusive evidence

of the effects of ash residue on water-soil

relations.

EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM SOILS UNDER VARYING SOIL

MOISTURE AND SOLAR RADIATION LEVELS.

Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental, field investigations; basic

research.

(e) Investigations of fundamental hydraulic

criteria Involved in flow of water in

irrigated furrows (shallow flow in small,

open channels). Object is to develop e- quations for determining (1) rate of stream

advance and recession; (2) depression

storage; (3) stream size-storage relationships . (g) The project has not developed to the point

where significant reports may be made.

(4067) SURFACE DRAINAGE IN BOTTOM LAND SOILS AND

TOPOGRAPHY.

(b)

(c)

SI

ill

Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation

with U.S.D.A., Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. A. L. McComb, Dept. of Watershed

Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

Analytical, laboratory, theory.

Effects of different levels of soil moisture

and solar radiation on evaporation, transpiration and evapotransplration were measured

by use of 8 groups of fifteen 10-inch plastic

pots. Each pot contained a forest soil

collected from a mixed stand of ponderosa

pine (Pinus ponderosa) and douglas fir

(Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Evaporation was studied by using pots containing soil only,

transpiration by using pots containing twoyear-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)

seedlings with the soil sealed to prevent

evaporation, and evapotransplration by using

pots containing tree seedlings with the sur- face soil exposed.

Completed

.

Water losses (transpiration and evapotransplration) from the potted seedlings were closely correlated with a soil moisture and

to a lesser degree with solar radiation.

Evaporation from a bare soil surface, on the

other hand, was significantly related only to

soil moisture. In all cases, the greater

the soil moisture, the greater the rate of

water loss. This Indicates that in the

management of vegetation to reduce water loss,

emphasis should be placed on methods of re- ducing the availability of soil water to direct evaporation.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Asst. Prof. Warren Harris, Dept. Agric.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Engr., Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville, Ark.

Experimental and field investigations;

applied research.

The purpose of this study is to define the

physical requirements for adequate drainage

of Individual crop rows and of field-sized

areas in the bottom land soils and topography

of the Miss. River Delta. Shallow surface

field ditches are the largest drainage

structures considered. Findings are based

on the assumption that larger drainage

structures must be of a size that will not restrict drainage for undue periods of time.

Depressions and restricted outlets have been

found to be the basic causes of inadequate

drainage in both individual rows and in

shallow surface field ditches. Shallow

ditches can be designed and constructed so that with a nominal amount of maintenance,

they will form only minor obstructions to mechanized farming operations.

"Surface Field Ditch Studies," by Warren

Harris, Paper presented at Southwest Section

Meeting of ASAE, Kingston, Okla., Apr. 5-6,

1962.

"Using Computers as a Tool In Land Grading,"

by Warren Harris, Russell Benedict and John

Wait, Arkansas Farm Research, Vol. XI, No.

4, July-August, 1962.

"A Progress Report on a Surface Field Ditch,"

by Warren Harris, Arkansas Farm Research,

Vol. XI, No. 5, September-October, 1962.

Final report on "Row Drainage Studies" in

process of publication.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255)

I

(c)

111

(g)

GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Basic and applied research.

The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge

well has been tested for one year and results have not proved completely satisfactory. Main difficulties encountered

arise in duplicating test condition under

field situations. The sand packed well

seemed to filter out plugging material but

redevelopment proved more difficult than in

the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- ditions as encountered in this test. A slow gravel filter has been constructed

and will be tested as a means of clarifying

recharge water during the winter and spring

of 1960-61.

Project reports are in process of being

published.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(4068) TURBULENT FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

13

(d)

(e)

(g)

University of Arkansas.

Prof. John C. Ward, Assistant Professor of

Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

The project is experimental and theoretical

and is classified as basic research with

definite practical applications.

Determination of the relationship between

permeability of a porous media and its geometric mean size and geometric standard deviation.

The work completed to date on this project

consists of deriving and experimentally verifying the following equation for both laminar

and turbulent flow In porous media:

dp

dl k

, where

dp

dT

(4066) HYDRAULICS OF FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b} Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station,

(c) Prof. Billy B. Bryan, Dept. Agrlc. Engr.,

is the pressure drop per unit length

(dynes/cm /cm),

H is the absolute viscosity of the fluid

(poises)

,

k is the permeability of the porous media

(cm ), v is the macroscopic velocity (cm/sec), and

p is the density of the fluid (grams/cc).

Although the units are given in the cgs

5
system, the equation is dlmenslonally homogeneous and any consistent set of units (fps,

etc.) may be used. At low velocities the

equation approximates Darcy's law in that the

second term

{-d—)

becomes numerically insignificant compared

with the first term

If.).

The ratio of the second term to the first

term is

vk^ p _ R

Erosion of Metals," by Milton S. Plesset,

CORROSION, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 161-188, May

1962.

"An Experimental Method for Evaluation of

Resistance to Cavitation Erosion," by Milton

S. Plesset, Intl. Ass'n. for Hydraulic Res.,

Inst, for High Speed Mechanics, Tohoku Univ.,

Sendai, Japan, September 1962.

"Effects of Thermal Conduction in Sonolumlnee

cence," by Robert Hickllng, Dlv. of Eng. and

Applied Science, Rep. No. 85-21, Nov. 1962.

"The Pulsation Method for Generating Cavitation Damage," by Milton S. Plesset, Dlv. of

Eng. and Applied Science, Rep. No. 85-22

January 1963.

where

Rk is the Reynolds number for porous media,

(h) Report In preparation.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck

Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN

(4071) DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS.

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4484)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Laboratory project.

Prof. Matthew w. Stewart, Assoc. Prof, of

Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of

Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Experimental, basic research for master's

thesis

.

To determine the diffusion of a circular

water jet discharging vertically upward into

a stream of water moving horizontally.

Preliminary study completed.

Colored water was discharged vertically

through a 1/2-inch diameter tube into a horizontally moving stream of water. Jet trajectories were determined photographically

for various ratios of stream to jet velocity.

Thesis available on loan.

USE OF RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR MODEL STUDIES

OF BAFFLED SETTLING BASINS.

Laboratory project, equipment provided by

Atomic Energy Commission.

Prof. Paul R. DeCicco, Assoc. Prof. Civil

Eng., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn,

333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Experimental; applied research, teaching

facility.

(2748)

00

(c)

(3669)

(b)

(c)

It]

(4485) RADIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b)

(c)

Laboratory project, equipment provided by

Atomic Energy Commission.

Prof. Paul R. DeCicco, Assoc. Prof. Civil

Eng., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn,

333 Jay St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y. Experimental; applied research, teaching

facility.

(3670)

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Division

.

(1548) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles;

theoretical studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "Experimental Investigations of ThreeDlmensional Effects on Cavitating Hydrofoils,"

by R. W. Kermeen, Jour, of Ship Res., Vol. 5,

No. 2, pp. 22-43, Sept. 1961.

"An Analysis of Echoes from a Solid Elastic

Sphere in Water," by Robert Hickllng, Jour,

of Acous. Soc. Vol. 34, No. 10, pp. 1582-1592,

Oct. 1962.

"Pulsing Technique for Studying Cavitation

f.'i

(g)

(3671)

RELATION BETWEEN TRANSPORT OF SEDIMENT AND

THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture

.

Prof. V. A. Vanoni and Prof. N. H. Brooks,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

Experimental work completed January 1961.

"On the Relation between Fall Velocities and

Sieve Diameter Distributions of Sand Grains,"

by John F. Kennedy and Robert C. Y. Koh,

Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 66, No. 12, pp. 4233-4246, Dec, 1961.

FLUIDIZATI0N OF SAND BEDS BY UPWARD FLOW.

U. S. Public Health Service (Research

Grant)

.

Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

Experimental thesis project.

When a bed of sand is lifted and expanded

by an upward flow (the "quick" condition),

it is really not an expanded porous medium,

as previously described and analyzed by

other investigations, but actually it

becomes a thick suspension. The particles

move freely, sometimes generating large

overturning eddies in the fluid. These

phenomena are being investigated in a onefoot square vertical lucite tank, 6-feet

high. Studies of large expansions integrate this work with the phenomenon known

as hindered settling in dilute suspensions.

Project completed.

"Suspensions of Granular Particles Generated

by an Upward Flow," Ph.D. thesis by Francis

Clay McMichael, Dec, 1962.

TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRAINMENT IN SETTLING TANKS.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. VI to A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of

Tech., Pasadena, California.

Experimental research.

Flow in a settling tank is simulated by

introducing water with a low turbulence

level and uniform velocity into a flume

15 feet long with the bed covered by a thin layer of sediment. As the flow proceeds into the flume, a boundary layer develops and becomes progressively thicker.

The entrainment of particles is observed

visually and the corresponding shear stress

is deduced from measured velocity profiles.

Experiments have been completed and the

report is being prepared.

Data on critical shear stress for en- training fine sand particles of diameters

of 0.1 mm and smaller have been observed.

EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT

RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif.

Tech., Pasadena, Calif.

Inst, of

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d) Analytical research using published data.

e) The sediment discharge calculated by- several well-known formulas is compared

with actual measured sediment discharges

in natural streams. The results are presented as graphs of sediment discharge

against water discharge.

(f) Project is continuing.

(4074) ENERGY DISSIPATOH FOR SEWAGE PLOWING INTO AN OCEAN OUTFALL.

(b) Holmes and Narver-Montgomery (Consulting

Engineers for City of San Diego Sewerage

Project)

.

(c) Prof. N. H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

d) Hydraulic model Investigation.

e) A drop structure for sewage effluent is

required between the sewage treatment plant

(el. 95 feet above sea level) and ocean

outfall. Since discharge goes into a closed ocean outfall pipe 2.3 miles long,

air entrainment must be minimized over full

range of operation (flow, 60-600 cfs and

head drop, 90-10 feet). Recommended so- lution includes a large vortex with vertical

axis.

f) Project is completed.

h) Vortex Energy Dissipator for San Diego

Ocean Outfall - Laboratory Invesvestigations.

(4075) MECHANICS OF FLOW IN SAND-BED CHANNELS AT

VERY LOW RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni or N. H. Brooks, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Observations are made of the development

of dunes with time on a sand bed with flows

which produce slow rates of sediment

transport and of the resulting changes in

flow resistance as the dunes grow.

(f) Project is continuing.

(4076) PRECISION TILTING FLUME.

bl National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

California.

d) Development of facilities.

e) The flume which is to be 130 feet long,

3.5 feet wide, and 1.75 feet deep will be

mounted on a rigid supporting structure

carried on Jacks. Water will be circulated

by pumps with variable speed drives for

controlling the flow rate. The slope of

the flume can be adjusted continuously

without interrupting an experiment, up to

a maximum of 2 percent. The flume system

will be able to produce programmed unsteady

flow and will be equipped with convenient

recording equipment for observing such

flows. It Is designed as a general

purpose facility for studies of open

channel flow problems such as sediment

transportation, boundary layers, and wave propagation in shear flow.

(g) The flume Is being manufactured and as- sembled .

(4561) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS.

b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant).

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman and Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

d) Basic research, experimental and theoretical.

e) The withdrawal of liquid from a reservoir

with the density of liquid Increasing from

surface to bottom is studied experimentally

In a tank about 1 foot deep. This problem

is also being studied theoretically with the

aid of electronic computers.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural

Sciences, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor A. F. Pillsbury, Department of Irrigation and Soil Science, University of

California, Los Angeles 24, California.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Sta.,

USFS, and with College of Engrg. , Univ. of

Calif. Los Angeles; coordinated with work

of Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, California.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Work now concerned with: (1) Subsurface

movement of moisture; (2) surface treatments affecting infiltration of precipitation; and (3) detention of precipitation

by surface litter and effect upon Infiltration.

(g) Many watershed soils have been found to be

hydrophobic - difficult to wet. Procedures

to determine the contact angle between the

soil and water have been developed to characterize this property. The effects of

contact angle on movement of water and

through soil have been evaluated in the

laboratory and in the field. Aqueous resinous spray solutions for surface soil

stabilization are being developed and evaluated, particularly as regards maintenance

of infiltration rates. The relation of dry

creep to watershed debris production is

being studied. The characteristics of

subsurface lateral moisture movement are under investigation. The effect of runoff

detention by ground litter is being further

evaluated.

(h) "Effects of Vegetation Manipulation on the

Disposition of Precipitation on ChaparralCovered Watersheds," by A. F. Pillsbury,

R. E. Pelishek, J. F. Osborn, and T. E. Szusklewicz. Jour. Geophys. Res. 67:

695-702. 1962. "New Aqueous Resinous Soil Stabilizers," R. J. Pence, J. Letey, R. E. Pelishek, J. F. Osborn. Calif. Agriculture, March 1962,

pp 14, 15.

"Measurement of Liquid-Solid Contact Angles

in Soil and Sand," by J. Letey, J. F. Osborn,

and R. E. Pelishek. Soil Science 93: 149-

153. 1962.

"Effect of Wetting Agents on Irrigation of

Water Repellent Soils," by J. Letey, N. C. Welch, R. E. Pelishek, and J. F. Osborn.

Calif. Agriculture, Dec. 1962, pp. 12, 13.

"Residual Soil Moisture Below the Root-Zone

in Southern California Watersheds," A. F. Pillsbury, J. F. Osborn, and R. E. Pelishek,

Jour. Geophys. Res., Jan or Feb., 1963.

(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los

Angeles 24, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) Work with model low pressure pipe system to study hydraulic transients occurring with

automatic controls has been completed.

(f) Work will be completed with filing of Ph.D.

Dissertation by graduate student.

(1058) SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO

IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with College

of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles 24,

California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Present work concerned largely with microscope

techniques with use of certain solvents to characterize soil structure as affected by

the chemical nature of the irrigation water

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applied

.

(f) In early stages of work.

(2504) DYNAMICS OP SOIL WATER FLOW TOWARDS AND

INTO SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

College of Engrg., Univ. of Calif., L03

Angeles 24, California,

d) Experimental; applied research,

e; Present work concerns (1) Reliability of

spot techniques for determination of hydraulic conductivity; (2) relation of water

table recession to theory, (3) drainage

simulation In shallow soils; relating

water table height to drain discharge; (4)

drainage simulation In layered soils; and

(5) criteria for factors contributing to excessive soil-water,

(h) "Simulation of Drainage in Homogeneous

Shallow Soil," (AGU Western Natn'l. Meeting,

UCLA, Dec. 27-29, 1961), by J. D. Isherwood.

"Mathematical Models of Flow in Porous

Media, II, Simulation of Tile Drainage in a Stratified Soil: (AGU Eastern Mat'l.

Meeting, Kansas City, Mo. Nov. 15, 1962),

by J. D. Isherwood.

"Comparing Hydraulic Conductivity Values

Using the Ponded Water Theory and an Auger

Hole Method: by Wm. R. Johnston, John Letey,

and A. F. Pillsbury. (ASAE Winter Meeting,

Chicago, Dec. 11-14, 1962.).

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Engineering,

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

when otherwise indicated, should be addressed to Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of Engineering, Hydraulic

Laboratory, Hesse Hall, University of California,

Berkeley 4, California.

(529) SAND SOURCES RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of the Army,

Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental and field observations

e) Purpose of this project is to study origin

and movement of sand on beaches In vicinity

of San Francisco and north along the coast to the Oregon border. The project consists

of periodic measurements of beach profiles,

and mechanical, mineraloglcal and radioactive

analyses of samples of sand. The project

thus supplies basic data on the regimen of

Northern California Beaches and gives information on the pattern of movement of sand on the beaches. Such information is desirable

for effective measures for harbor control

and beach erosion.

fl Completed

h) "Beaches in Northwestern California," by David

T. Snow, Univ. of California, Inst, of Engin.

Res., Series 14, Issue 25, Aug. 1962.

(1554) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

b) State of California.

c) Prof. Everett D. Howe, Coordinator Sea Water

Conversion Research, University of Calif.,

1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation and pilot plant; basic research, applied research, design, and operation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover

whether there is available any method for

the large-scale, low-cost demineralization

of sea water. The project includes a number

of investigations, of which the following

have been active during 1961-62: (1) Multiple effect rotating evaporator; (2) evaporation by immiscible fluid heat transfer;

(3) vacuum flash distillation (low temperature difference method); (4) solar distillation; (5) electrodialysis tests; (6)

freeze-separation; (7) ion exchange; (8)

biological studies; (9) capillary control of

vapor transfer gaps; (10) reverse osmosis

pilot plant; (11) thermodynamic and economic

analysis; (12) experimental heat transfer

studies; (13) transport phenomena near a liquid-vapor Interface; and (14) fundamental

studies of corrosion processes. Investigations are being carried on both at Berkeley

and at Los Angeles.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from the

progress reports and publications listed

under (h) below. This project has been

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries

have listed all reports prior to July 1961.

(h) The following reports and publications have

been Issued during the period since July

1961 and summarize the work to date:

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES:*

"Studies of Liquid Film Flow and Evaporation

with Reference to Saline Water Distillation,"

by W. Unterberg, Department of Engineering

Report No. 61-26, October 1961.

"Saline Water Research, June 1961, Progress

Summary," Department of Engineering Report

No. 61-37, September 1961.

"Sea Water Demineralization by means of a semipermeable membrane," by S. Loeb, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 61-42, August 1961.

"Transient Behavior of the Electrical DoubleLayer of Stressed Metals in Electrolytes,"

by K. Nobe, Department of Engineering Report

No. 61-56, August 1961.

"Determination of Coefficients for Thermodynamic Equations for Determining the Properties of Sea Water, Particularly Vapor

Pressure," by C. Gastaldo, Dept. of Engrg.

Report No. 61-80, February 1962.

"Effect of Stress on the Electrode Potential

of Silver, Steel, and Brass In Aqueous

Solutions," by K. Nobe and Swie-ln Tan, Dept.

of Engineering Report No. 62-12, March 1962.

"Sea Water Demineralization by means of a Semipermeable Menbrane," by S. Loeb, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 62-26, June 1962.

"Saline Water Research June 1962 Progress

Summary," Department of Engineering Report

No. 62-33, July 1962.

"Effect of Illumination of the Electrode

Potential of Copper and Silver Single Crystals

In Aqueous Solutions," by K. Nobe and D. A. Chance, Department of Engineering Report No. 62-35, August 1962.

"Effect of Monochromatic Illumination on the

Electrode Potential of Copper and Tin in

Aqueous Solutions," by H . A. Arbit and K. Nobe, Department of Engineering Report No. 62-40, August 1962.

"Sea Water Demineralization by Means of a Semipermeable Membrane," by S. Loeb, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 62-41, August 1962.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY:**

"Condensing Heat Transfer in Steam-Air Mixtures in Turbulent Flow," by P. B. Stewart

et al, Institute of Engineering Research Seriee

75, Issue 25, November 1961.

"Performance of Greenhouse Solar Stills," by

L. H. MacLeod, and H. W. McCracken, Inst, of

Engineering Research Series 75, Issue 26,

November 1961.

"Correlation of the Effects of Temperature,

Geometry, and Heat Capacity of the Performance of a Single-Effect Solar Distiller," by

L. H. MacLeod, and H. W. McCracken, Inst, of

Engineering Research Series 75, Issue 27,

November 1961.

"Salt Water Demineralization with a Modified

Aquafresh Electrodialytic Stack," by P. M. Rapier et al., Inst, of Engineering Research

Series 75, Issue 28, May 1962.

"Saline Water Demineralization by Electrodialysis with Components Manufactured by

Ionics, Inc.," by P. M. Rapier et al., Inst,

of Engineering Research Series 75, Issue 29,

August 1962.

"Berkeley Progress Report for the Year

Ending June 30, 1962," Inst, of Engineering

Research Series 75, Issue 30, August 1962.

"Condensation Coefficient of Water, " by K. Nabavian, and L. A. Bromley, Water Resources

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Center Contribution No. 62, October 1962.

"Desalting Water," by E. D. Howe, International Science and Technology, April 1962,

pp. 47-52.

"Saline Water Conversion," by E. D. Howe,

Proceedings Paris Symposium, UNESCO, Arid

Zone Research, Vol. XVIII, pp. 271-97, 1962.

"Fresh Water from Salt Water," by E. D. Howe,

New Scientist, Vol. 13, No. 271, June 1962,

pp. 196-199.

Requests Tor copies should be directed to: Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Dept. of

Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles,

California.

Requests for copies should be directed to: Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, Univ. of

Calif., 1301 South 46th St., Richmond, Calif.

(1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army, Washington,

D. C.

d) Experimental, basic research,

e; To obtain experimental Information on the

criterion for Initial and general movement

of bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype

conditions of the relative motion of water

and bed were simulated by use of an oscillating plate in still water,

(g) The experimental velocity distribution law

has been used to determine the local lift

acting on the grains forming the bed.

Because of the turbulent structure of the

boundary layer, this lift force has a rapidly varying component which was assumed to have a normal distribution. An expression

has been derived which determines the probability of motion of the individual grain.

The constants contained in thi3 expression

will be evaluated from experimental data

which are now being analyzed.

(2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Department of Army,

Washington, D. C. (c) Prof. R. L. Wlegel, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engrg., University of Calif., Berkeley,

Calif.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Laboratory studies are being made of the

refraction and some (diffraction and re- flection) phenomena of water waves. Special

attention is being given to the "Mach stem"

phenomenon.

(f) Completed.

(g) In shallow water the velocity of a water

gravity wave depends upon the depth of water

as well as upon the length of the wave. When it travels in shoaling water it bends.

This refraction changes the wave height and

direction. Powerful graphical and analytical

tools are available for use by the engineers;

however, there is an almost complete lack

of evidence as to their accuracy. The

purpose of this contract has been to perform laboratory experiments to check the

validity of the techniques used In practice.

The first series of tests were performed in

a ripple tank; these showed that the techniques were fairly reliable from a practical

standpoint. A series of tests were made in

a model basin 150 feet by 64 feet by 2 1/2

feet deep. The results of these tests have

been published. Tests have been conducted

on the formation of secondary wave crests

as periodic waves pass into shoal water, and

the results have been found to compare

favorably with theory. Studies have been

made of the non-reflecting characteristics

of waves Incident to a steep slope, large

plane angle shore, and the results presented

in a report. Additional studies have been

made of the "Mach stem" phenomenon in the

presence of a curved, and a wavy vertical

impervious wall, and in the presence of a sloped pervious wall. Studies are being

made of the refraction and short-crested

wind generated waves in the laboratory,

(h) "Solitary Wave Behavior at Concave Barriers"

by Gunnar Sigurdsson and R. L. Wiegel, Univ.

of Calif., IER, Tech. Rept. 89-7, Berkeley,

Calif., 18 pp., April, 1962.

"Effect of Bottom Slope on Wave Diffraction"

by Ismail Mobarek, M. S. Thesis in Civil

Engineering, and IER, Tech. Rept. 89-8, Univ.

of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., 88 pp., 1962.

"Diffraction of Periodic Waves Along a Vertical Breakwater for Small Angles of

Incidence" by Arne Hasle Nielsen, M.S. Thesis

in Civil Engineering and IER Tech. Rept.

89-9, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.,

63 pp., 1962.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

h) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.

,

Univ. of California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

e) Measurement and prediction of drag coefficients and flow configurations about cylinders during accelerated motion in fluids

as related to wave forces as cylinders

including effects of support flexibility.

(h) "Eddy Forces on Rigid Cylinders," by A.D.K.

Laird, Journal Waterways and Harbors Div.,

Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. WW4, Nov. 1961.

"Water Forces on Flexibile Oscillating

Cylinders," by A.D.K. Laird, Journal Waterways and Harbors Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88,

No. WW3, Aug. 1962.

"Groups of Vertical Cylinders Oscillating

in Water," by A.D.K. Laird and R. P. Warren,

Proc. ASCE (in press).

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Alluvial flows In channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as ex- pressed by the development of alternate

bars. It Is the aim of this study to develop criteria for stability.

f) Experimental work concluded.

g) The important parameters seem to be the

Froude's number, the depth-width ratio

and the size and uniformity of the bed

sediment. The uneven distribution of

friction between banks and bed is of prime

importance

.

(h) "Development of Bed Roughness in Alluvial

Channels," by Hsieh W. Shen, Jour, of the

Hydraulics Division, Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88,

HY3, pp. 45-58, May 1962.

(2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Determination by model tests of the mechanisms by which hydraulic breakwaters dampen

water gravity waves.

f) Completed.

g) Three dimensional tests in a model basin

show that the effect of wave refraction due

to the currents generated by the hydraulic

breakwater is of primary importance. For

certain conditions the area in the lee of

the breakwater can be made to be almost free

of waves, while for other conditions the waves behind the breakwater will be higher

than if there were no hydraulic breakwater

in operation. A series of model sizes have

been used and a definite scale effect observed. Tests have been completed in con- nection with the measurement of the currents

generated by the jets and then the effect of

the currents on the waves, the purpose being

to find out in which portion of the mechanism the scale effect occurs. It was found

that the scale effect occurred in the orifice.

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The results have been published. Tests have

been completed on the effect of hydraulic

breakwaters on wind generated waves, and It was found that the short period components

of such a wave system were damped, allowing

the long period wave components to get past

the breakwater,

(h) "Attenuation of Wind Waves by a Hydraulic

Breakwater" by John A. Williams and R. L. Wlegel, Proc. Eighth Conf. on Coastal Engrg.,

Council on Wave Research, The Engineering

Foundation, Berkeley, California, 1963.

(3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER.

b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, University of California,

Berkeley, California.

(d) Analytical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Analytical and experimental studies of new concepts of floating breakwaters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Several new concepts have been investigated. One of these systems consisted of

a series of long plastic tubes (slightly

buoyant) connected side by side and filled

with water. The effectiveness of the

system was remarkable for wave lengths of

the order of one-half the tube length, or

less. Additional work has been done with

large plastic bags filled with water with

the same results. Small scale laboratory

studies have been completed, including the

measurement of forces in the mooring lines.

Medium scale tests in San Francisco Bay

have been completed.

(h) "Hovering Breakwater" by R. L. Wiegel, H. W. Shen, and J. D. Cummlng, Journal Waterways

and Harbors Div., Proc. ASCE, Vol. 88, No.

W W 2, pp. 23-50, May, 1962.

(3384) SAND MOVEMENT BY WIND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army,

Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental.

e) Laboratory wind tunnel tests were made to develop a relationship for sand transport as

a function of wind speed, sand size and sand

moisture. Calibration of sand traps for

possible field use also was made. Field

sampling of the major California dune areas

was made to determine the general character

of sand being transported under natural

conditions

.

(h) "Sand Movement by Wind" by Pierre-Yves Belly,

Univ. of California Inst, of Engineering

Research, Series 72, Issue 7, July 1962.

(3385) ELECTRIC FLOOD MODEL.

(b) U. S. Corps Engineers, Kansas City Dist.

id) Experimental; design and development.

(e) Using analog model techniques a simulator

for the Kansas River and its tributaries

is being developed. Purpose is to provide

a rapid and convenient means of estimating

the effects of reservoir operation and

rainfall distribution on flood stages.

All pertinent hydraulic variables will be

under operator's control, and a flood

routing procedure completed each 1/60

second

.

(h) "Analog Models for Flood Control Systems," by

J. A. Harder, Journal of the Hydraulics Div.,

Proceedings ASCE, Vol. 88, No. HY2, March

1962.

(3386) SUBSURFACE SALINITY,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

dynamics of the fresh-salt water interface

in flow through porous media. Effects of

non-steady flows and dispersion will be

considered

.

f) Completed.

g) Experimental measurements in a parallel

plate model are being made for drainage of

underlying saline water in irrigated land.

(h) "Seepage of Saline Water in Delta Lowlands,"

by H. Marcus, D. E. Evenson, and D. K. Todd,

Water Resources Center Contribution No. 53,

70 pp., 1962.

(3673) JET PUMP FOR SEDIMENT.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Co.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) The use of a Jet pump as a booster pump at the end of the ladder of a suction dredge

is studied.

(f) Initial design study completed. Investigation continuing on sand erosion effects.

(g) Erosion rates have been substantially re- duced by design modifications without

sacrificing sand pumping performance.

(3674) INVESTIGATIONS OF BOUNDARY LAYERS ALONG

FLUID INTERFACES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

id) Experimental, basic research.

(e) To investigate the possibility of reducing

friction by artificially increasing the

stability of the flow.

(g) The literature survey shows that very little

work has been done on the study of boundary

layers along interfaces as such. Analogy

with boundary layers along solid and elastic

boundaries suggests that the layer always

begins as a laminar flow. This laminar flow

finally becomes unstable and the Instability

may either lead to turbulence or to waves on

the interface or to both. It appears that

two different characteristics govern the

onset of waves and turbulence. The basic

problem appears to be the formulation of the

two characteristics and of their interaction.

It appeared to be impossible to find a general solution for a complicated problem of this type. Instead, work was begun on a number of individual specific problems to gather information which eventually may lead

to a more general solution. 1. Analytical

solutions are being developed for comparison

with measurements of velocity and pressure

distributions throughout cylindrical liquid

bubbles and surrounding liquids in vertical

tubes. The effects of interfacial tension

on interfacial boundary layers is included.

Preliminary tests have been made of the

energy and entropy extremum principles as flow type criteria for vertical laminar

annular oil-water flow. 2. A program has

been started to measure shear values at the

interface between water and other fluids and

quasi-fluids . 3. Studies have been made of

the flow of air over water, with the water

being as much as 25 degrees F cooler and warmer than the air to find the effect of

air-water temperature difference and wave formation. Statistical techniques (Tukey's)

have been used to study the relationship

between the phase of air pressure time

history and water surface time history in

order to determine the validity of Miles'

stability theory. 4. In order to permit the

simultaneous measurement of several variables in a form that will facilitate their

correlation, a digital data recording system

has been developed. It records 8 channels

with a precision of 11 bits on magnetic

tape in a format compatible with the IBM 7090 and at rates up to 7,500 samples per

second.

(3675) CLAY TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation,

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research.

(e) A continuation and generalization of

(3382)to various types of clays. The

effect of flocculation and concentration

1

10
of clay on flows, and the deposition and

scour of these sediments are studied

systematically

.

(g) Viscometer measurements on suspensions of

clayey sediment from 5 sources are yielding

Theological characteristics of sediment floes

and floe aggregates, including shear

strengths. Rheological measurements on con- solidating sediments are also in progress. (h) A 1000-ft. channel and circulating system is

completed and instrumented to determine

friction factors of flowing sediment suspensions in order to study flow-bed interaction

during deposition and scour. This work is

in progress.

(3676) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OP GROUND WATER.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Analytical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

unsteady flow of water from recharge

areas into homogeneous and non-homogeneous

aquifers.

f) Completed.

g) Experimental measurements in a translucent

model have been made of unsteady flows

from recharge areas percolating to impermeable subsurface layers.

(h) "Hydraulics of Artificial Recharge in Nonhomogeneous Formations," by K. R. Marmion,

Water Resources Center Contribution No. 48,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, 88 pp., 1962.

(3677) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. (4078)

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular Jets (b)

have a lift considerably in excess of that (d)

due to the jet momentum when operating in

a region close to the ground. The dynamic (e)

lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base

pressures, and intake pressures are being

measured for such a vehicle operating over both calm water and water with surface

gravity waves present.

(g) Much information has been obtained on the (g)

response of the model vehicle to surface

water waves. In regard to wave-making re- sistance a noticeable nonunlformlty of jet

momentum has been measured. (h)

(h) "Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Preliminary Report" by R. L. Wiegel, D. 0.

Horning, J. Cumming, G. Reichert, G. Slgurdsson, W. M. Linder, and M. Price, Univ. (4080)

of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 187-1, Berkeley,

Calif., 95 pp., March 1962. (b)

"Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground (d)

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Pressure (e)

Transducer" by D. 0. Horning and J. D. Cumming,

Univ. of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 187-2,

Berkeley, Calif., 20 pp., March 1962.

"Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Descrip

tion of Wake Patterns" by M. Moser, Univ. of

Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 187-4, Berkeley,

Calif., 26 pp., March 1962.

"Research on Annular Nozzle Type Ground

Effect Machine Operating Over Water: Nonuniformity of Jet Momentum" by Gunnar

Slgurdsson, Univ. of Calif., IER Tech. Rept.

187-5, Berkeley, Calif., 28 pp., March 1962.

(3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the various

phenomena involved in the diffusion of

sewage at the discharge end of an ocean

sewer outfall.

(g) Phases investigated to date have involved

mixing resulting from Jet action and

(4077)

(h)

(3

(h)

(4081)

surface wind waves. The effects of wind

and waves on surface dispersion have been

studied in a laboratory wind-wave flume.

Measurements of the shape of the dispersion

plume have been obtained under various wind

and wave conditions, and the influence of some of the wave characteristics on the

eddy diffusion coefficient has been noted.

"Jet Discharge into a Fluid with a Density

Gradient" by W. E. Hart, Jour. Hyd. Div.,

Proc. ASCE, Vol. 87, No. HY6, pp. 171-200,

Nov. 1961.

"Mixing and Dispersive Action of Wind Waves"

by Frank D. Masch, Ph.D. Thesis in Civil

Engineering (also IER Tech. Rept. 138-6),

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif., 106 pp.,

Nov. 1961.

"Observations on Vertical Mixing in a Closed

Wind Wave System" by Frank D. Masch, Univ.

of Calif., IER Tech. Rept. 138-7, 24 pp., Jan. 1962.

NEARSHORE SEDIMENT MOVEMENT.

National Science Foundation.

Experimental (laboratory and field).

The objective of this investigation is to determine the overall sand balance for

selected localities and to explain changes

quantitatively. Special consideration is

given to sediment conditions at the mouths

of large sediment-carrying rivers, submarine canyon heads, and major headlands.

"Transportation of Coastal Sediments" by

A. M. Kamel, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Calif.,

Jan. 1962.

"Littoral Studies near San Francisco using

Tracer Techniques," by A. M. Kamel, Beach

Erosion Board Tech. Memo. No. 131, 1962.

BEACH BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY.

Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. Field observations and theoretical con- siderations.

Purpose of project is to measure variations

in background radioactivity of beaches along

the California Coast with the object of determining the normal background, its seasonal

variations and variation in radioactivity

from place to place at any one time.

The dilution in concentration of naturally

radioactive sediments away from a source has

proved of value in establishing the predominant direction of littoral drift.

"The Relationship between Watershed Geology

and Beach Radioactivity," by J. R. Byerly,

M. S. Thesis in Engin., Univ. of California,

January 1963.

FLOW THROUGH ANISOTROPIC POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Analytical and experimental; basic research.

This study is concerned with the directional permeabilities in anisotropic

porous media. Analytic results are being

compared with measurements on an electric

analog.

Completed.

Flow directions are evaluated in terms of

directional permeabilities and hydraulic

gradients.

"Directional Permeability in Anisotropic

Porous Media," by H. Marcus and D. E. Evenson,

Water Resources Center Contribution No. 31,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, 105 pp., 1961.

"The Permeability of a Sample of an Anisotropic Porous Medium," by H. Marcus, Jour, of

Geophysical Research (in press).

RECHARGE OF WASTES IN UNDERGROUND

FORMATIONS.

Livermore Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

This study is designed to evaluate the

hydraulics of fluid flow from a surface basti

into underlying aquifers. Results are ex11
(h)

(4082)

Si

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4562)

Si

(g)

(h)

(4563)

Si

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(4565)

Si

Si

(4566)

si

Si

expected to assist In field studies of disposal of industrial wastes, brines, and

radioactive materials.

"Plow from Large Diameter Wells into Unsaturated Confined Aquifers," by D. K. Sunada

and D. K. Todd, Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ.

of Calif, Berkeley, 78 pp., 1962.

CAVITATION IN A VENTURI.

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. W. Iversen, Dept. of Mech. Engrg.,

University of Calif., Berkeley, California.

Experimental and theoretical basic research.

Macroscopic nature of cavitation formation

and collapse with inter-relationships of

head losses on collapse and with liquids of

different vaporization properties.

Tests with water over a 60 degree F - 200 degree F range of temperature are es- sentially completed.

ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

Calif., Berkeley 4, California.

Theoretical; basic research.

Given a sufficiently long record of the input

and output of a stationary system that may

include nonlinearities, the purpose is to

develop a predictor for arbitrary inputs.

Computer program is written that has enabled

close prediction of the output of an experimental nonlinear system to a sine wave having an amplitude and frequency well within

the limits of the random input used to develop the predictor.

"Nonlinear Analysis of Hydraulic Engineering

Systems," by S. L. Jacoby, Ph.D. thesis,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, June 1962.

CLAY-SUSPENSION FILTRATION.

Livermore Radiation Laboratory, Livermore,

California.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Study of the movement of clay suspensions

through coarse porous media and through

fissured rock.

(4564) FLOW OF SAND-WATER MIXTURES IN PIPES.

Si

University project - thesis project.

Experimental

.

To define flow parameters and to design

measuring equipment for the two-phase flows.

A piece of experimental equipment has been

designed to maintain various sustained flows

of water-sand mixtures. Two solutions were

investigated for combined flow-rate and

concentration meters.

Thesis in preparation.

MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR FLOOD ROUTING.

Laboratory project.

Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

Calif., Berkeley 4, California.

Theoretical; basic research.

Various models are being fitted to experimental floods induced by spillway releases

from reservoirs on the Missouri River.

PROGRESSIVE WAVES AT SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, Univ. of

Calif., Berkeley 4, California.

Experimental

.

Laboratory studies were made of the progressive waves generated downstream from spillways. Spillways studied included the hydraulic pump in both a horizontal and sloping

channel and a flip-bucket.

Completed

.

"Wave Action at Spillways," by M. M. AbouSeida, M. S. Thesis in Engineering, Univ. of

(4567)

S)

u

(4568)

(b)

id)

1 e

)

(f

)

(g)

(h)

(4569)

SI

(e)

Si

(h)

California, Sept. 1962.

RAINFALL VARIANCE.

Laboratory project.

Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley 4, California.

Theoretical; basic research.

Statistical analysis of long records of

hourly rainfall.

SIGNIFICANCE OF VORTICITY IN TURBULENT FLUID

FLOWS.

University project; thesis.

Theoretical

.

A basic attempt to define turbulence.

Completed.

Some new characteristics of flows were developed describing the onset and maintenance of turbulence.

"The Significance of Vortlcity, Vortex Motion

and Dissipation in Turbulent Fluid Flows" by

L. F. Mockros, thesis.

STUDY OF THE PERSISTENT POLYMOLECULAR

STRUCTURE OF WATER.

Laboratory project; thesis study.

Basic theoretical and experimental - thesis

Ph.D.

The assumption of quasi-permanent structures

between the molecules of liquid water is

used to explain some of its anomalies.

Completed.

It is shown that several such structure

patterns are possible. If one assumes that

different patterns exist at different

temperatures the anomalies In density, viscosity, etc., can be explained quantitatively.

"A System of Persistent Polymolecular

Structures of Liquid Water," by R. B. Krone,

57 pp., May 1962, thesis. Publication in

preparation.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval

Architecture.

(3026)

(c)

Si

(3029)

Si

Si

SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A FUNCTION WAVE STEEPNESS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the

Navy.

Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif. Berkeley, California.

Experimental

.

A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of width (beam) and the

block coefficient of the ship on the added

resistance in uniform waves. The following

block coefficients were used for Series

60 5-foot models: 0.60; 0.70; 0.80 and

a model of DE 1006 with a block coefficient

of 0.49. All of the models were towed in waves 3.75; 5.00; 6.25 and 7.50 feet long

at seven different wave steepnesses between

0.0146 and 0.0684.

REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A

SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK.

University of California.

Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

Basic and applied research; design.

The work undertaken under this program was

the design and construction of a power and

control system for the existing wave

generator, such that a recorded ocean wave

in a desired scale could be reproduced in

the towing tank. The system utilizes a magnetic tape input to servomechanlsm

which makes the wave-generator follow a prescribed time-distance curve. Completed.

A servomechanlsm controlled wave generator

12
has been installed. Preliminary testing of

the equipment indicates a very satisfactory

reproducibility of the wave record from run

to run. Some more work will be necessary to achieve a better reproduction of any given wave record in the desired model scale,

(h) "Reproduction of Irregular Long Crested Waves

in a Ship Model Towing Tank," by 0. J. Sibul;

A paper, presented to the 13th Meeting of the

American Towing Tank Conference in Ann Arbor,

Michigan, September, 1962.

(3685) SHIP SLAMMING LOADS AND HULL RESPONSES.

(b) National Academy of Sciences - National

Research Council, Committee on Ship

Structural Design.

(c) Prof. H. A. Schade, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) The project involves structural as well as hydrodynamic problems. Only the latter are described here. (1) It will be attempted

to determine the virtual mass distribution

along the length of a vibrating beam

in water (forced vibration as well as impact

loading).

f) Completed.

g) The beam was fitted into a number of

sections(8) of plastic bodies, semi-submerged in horizontal position in water, and

forced to vibrate. Vibration frequencies

and damping for the first six flectural

modes were determined. An impact loading

was applied also, to excite the vibrating

response.

(h) "Dynamic Response of an Idealized Hull

Girdle to Slam-Type Loading," by R. W. Clough and W. M. Maclean. The report will

be published by Ship Structures Committee

and the National Research Council.

(3686) NON-LINEAR COUPLED SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Prof. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224,

Bldg. T-3, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

California.

(d) Theoretical with some experimental verification.

(e) It has been shown that at certain frequencies of heave or pitch motion of a

ship, a rolling motion of large amplitude

may arise. This is explained in terms of

instabilities of solutions of the equations

of motion which include certain non-linear

coupling terms.

(g) The relationships between natural frequencies in pitch and roll or heave and

roll which lead to unstable rolling motion

have been obtained theoretically and verified

experimentally. Analog computational

techniques have been used in investigating

the effect of damping.

(h) "On the Normal Modes of Nonlinear Coupled

Ships Motions and their Stability," by W. D. Kinney, University of California IER Series

173, Issue 5, August 1962.

(3687) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS, ADDED-MASS, AND

DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR CYLINDERS OSCILLATING IN A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Professors J. V. Wehausen and J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of

Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic re- search . (e) A linearized theory is developed for the

pressure distributions, added-mass and

damping coefficients for horizontal

cylinders oscillating vertically with small

amplitude while semi-immersed in the free

surface of a fluid of uniform depth. Calculated values are compared with values

measured in experiments.

f) Completed.

g) The measured values and values based on the

calculations show similar distinctive behavior,

(h) "Measurement of Pressures, Forces, and

Radiating Waves for Cylinders Oscillating in

a Free Surface," by J. R. Paulling and R. K. Richardson, University of California, IER Series 82, Issue 23, June 1960.

(4083) DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIPS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) The linearized equations of motion for two

ships operating on parallel courses are formulated. Coefficients appearing in

these equations are being evaluated by

captive model techniques. Analog and

digital means of solving the equations are being studied.

(g) Sinusoidal motion generator was used to e- valuate velocity and acceleration derivatives

for each of the individual models of the

ship without the other model being present.

Experiments are under way in which interaction forces and moments between two models

are measured.

(h) "The Dynamic Problem of Two Ships

Operating on Parallel Courses In Close

Proximity," by J. R. Paulling and L. Wood, July 18, 1962.

(4084) SHIPS OF MINIMUM RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California.

(dl Theoretical applied research.

(e) The usual minimum problem for ship wave resistance fixed the profile and volume

and minimizes Mlchell's Integral among

some given class of functions describing

the whole ship. Since the theory assumes

irrotational flow of an invlscld fluid, it

does not take account of the effects of

viscosity, e.g., the possibility of a separated boundary layer for certain forms nor of the necessity of fitting a propeller

astern. Here one tries to take account of

this by fixing the afterbody as one known

to be satisfactory, and then allowing only

the forebody to vary among a given class of

functions.

(4085) EFFECT UPON WAVE RESISTANCE OF THE INITIAL

ACCELERATION OF SHIP MODELS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3,

University of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(e) An asymptotic expansion for large t is

obtained for the wave resistance of a thin

ship started from rest and accelerated to

a final velocity CQ in a time t . The

result indicates an oscillation about the

limiting value (Michell^s Integral) which

is damped like (t - to)" . The period T

is given by gT/Cg, = 8*. A computation is

carried through for a simple ship form.

(4570) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SEMI-SUBMERGED

OSCILLATING BODIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) To determine the response of a floating body

in a seaway, it is necessary to know the

magnitudes and phases of hydrodynamic forces

13
and moments acting on this body. In the

linearized analysis the total pressure at

any point takes the form of two terms: (a)

exciting pressure dependent upon the waves

only: (b) pressure dependent upon the geometry and motion of the body and Independent

of the waves. These two terms are being

measured on: (1) A prolate spheroid; (2) A ship-like form.

First the models are attached rigidly to the

dynamometers, towed in waves and the pressure

distribution, total forces and moments

measured. Then the models are oscillated

sinusoldally in still water and again the

pressure distribution, total force and

moment measured. The results will be com- pared with theoretical calculations.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, Research Foundation for Cross-connection Control.

Inquiries concerning the following project should

be addressed to Dr. K. C. Reynolds, Supervisor,

Research Foundation for Cross-connection Control,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles 7,

California.

(49) RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR CROSS-CONNECTION

CONTROL.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental research and field investigations; basic research,

(e) To determine by proper research the relative value and protection afforded by various backflow prevention devices,

(g) Establishment of standardized laboratory

and field test procedures and minimum

specification requirements for backflow

prevention equipment and continuous e- valuation and improvement of such procedures and specifications. Information

summarized in "Manual of Cross-Connection

Control Recommended Practice."

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects except

when otherwise indicated should be addressed to

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

(2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Study of the movement of granular material

carried in a fluid through closed conduits.

Measurements of velocities, energy losses,

concentrations and segregated conditions

are made

.

(h) "Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids,"

J. W. Hayden, Ph.D. Thesis, June 1962.

(3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project - National Science

Foundation Fellowship.

d) Analytical and experimental.

e) Determination of pipe geometry on the

reflection and transmission of pressure

surges in closed conduits.

(h) "Generation, Transmission and Reflection of

Pressure Surges in Conduits," D. J. Wood,

T. E. Stelson, Proceedings of the First

Southeastern Conference on Theoretical and

Applied Mechanics, 1963.

(3390) MECHANICS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

d) Analytical and experimental.

e) Study of energy relationships, velocities

and flow structure in non-newtonian flows.

(h) "Derivation of Flow Equations for Sewerage

Sludges," by G. Bugliarello. Discussion,

J. of the Sanitary Engineering Division,

ASCE, Vol. 87, May 1961.

"Non-Newtonian Flows in Hydraulic Engineering," (in Italian with English summary)

G. Bugliarello, in: Volume in Honor of

Prof. Marzolo, University of Padova, Italy,

May 1962.

"Some Considerations on the Analysis and

Design of Hydraulic Machinery for NonNewtonian Fluids," G. Bugliarello, submitted

for publication, 1963 Proceedings of the

International Association for Hydraulic

Research (IAHR).

"On the Similarity between Some Non-Newtonian and Hydromagnetic Flows," M. S. Thesis,

R. S. Hyslop, January 1962.

(3689) PHASE SEPARATION EFFECTS IN THE FLOW OF

BLOOD.

b) National Institutes of Health.

c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13,

Pennsylvania.

d) Analytical and experimental.

e) Study of the magnitude of the phase

separation effect in the flow of blood

for vessels of different sizes and con- figurations, both under steady and

pulsating flow conditions.

(h) "High-Speed Microcinematographlc Studies

of Blood Flow in Vitro," by G. Bugliarello

and J. W. Hayden, Science, Vol. 138, No. 3544, Nov. 30, 1962.

"Detailed Characteristics of the Flow of

Blood in Vitro," by G. Bugliarello and J. W. Hayden, presented to the 1962 meeting of the

Society of Rheology and submitted for

publication, Transactions of the Society of

Rheology. Abstract in Rheology Bulletin,

Vol. 31, No. 2, Fall 1962.

"Phase Separation of a Neutrally Buoyant

Rigid-Sphere Suspension in Laminar Flow

through a Narrow Rectangular Channel," A. Brandt, M. S. Thesis, January 1962.

(3692) SEPARATION FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES.

(b) Allegheny County Sanitary Authority.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) In the separation or divergence of flowing

liquid-solid mixtures unbalanced concen- trations frequently occur in the different

channels. Methods are being developed to predict and control the unbalance.

(h) "Grit Unbalance in Sewage Flow Division,"

Y. Yoshimi and T. E. Stelson, submitted

for publication, J. of the Sanitary Engrg.

Division, ASCE, December 1962.

(4093) VIBRATORY MOTIONS OF FLOATING BODIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Development of theory for determining wave pattern and virtual mass and damping in the

three-dimensional flow field around a shallow

ship.

(h) "The Forced Oscillation of Shallow Draft

Ships," W. D. Kim, R. C. MacCamy and T. E. Stelson, Report submitted to the Bureau of

Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program, January 1962.

(4094) MOLECULAR DIFFUSION STUDIES BY RANDOM WALK

METHODS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. G. Bugliarello, Civil Engineering Dept.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

d) Analytical.

e; Development of computer programs for the

study of molecular diffusion in a laminar

14
shear flow using random walk methods.

"A Random Walk Study of Molecular Diffusion

in a Convective Flow Field," E. D. Jackson

III, M. S. Thesis, March 1962.

HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID FLOWS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Experimental

.

Study of laminar and turbulent flow of

various liquids between concentric cylinders,

under pressures up to 15,000 psi.

"Design and Construction of a Concentric

Cylinder Apparatus for High Pressure Flow

Studies," J. M. Evans III, M. S. Thesis,

August 1962.

FLOW OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES AT BIFURCATIONS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Inst, of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Experimental

.

Study of the effect of bifurcations on the

concentration of solid-liquid mixture in

the laminar arid turbulent flow range in

closed conduits.

"The Turbulent Flow of a Neutrally Buoyant

Suspension through Bifurcation," G. C. Hsiao,

M. S. Thesis, June 1962.

DESIGN OF A SYNTHETIC COMPUTER LANGUAGE FOR

SANITARY ENGINEERING.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Tech., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Analytical

.

Design of a user-oriented computer language

leading to a large degree of automation In the area of sanitary engineering and water

resources. The first phase of the project

is the development of a pilot language for

hydrology

.

"Toward a Computer Language for Hydraulic

Engineering," by G. Bugliarello, Proceedings

of the 1961 meeting of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research ( IAHR )

.

"Electronic Computer Use in Scoping Power

Projects," by G. Bugliarello. Discussion,

J. of the Power Division, ASCE, Vol. 87,

July 1961.

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING.

Laboratory projects.

Dr. G. Bugliarello, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Analytical

.

Study of various aspects of water resources

engineering, with particular emphasis on operational research methods.

"The Water Resources Problem of Haiti," by

G. Bugliarello, Carnegie Quarterly, 1961.

"Une Revue des Ressources Hydrauliques en Haiti," by H. Jarbath, G. T. Olson and R. D. Sllfe, Report, Dept. de 1' Agriculture,

des Ressources Naturelles et du Developpment Rural. Port-au-Prince, April 1962.

VIBRATION OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER IN A FLUID.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J. A. Keane, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh

13, Pennsylvania.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

Ascertaining a representation for the

functional dependence of the Interaction

force between vibrating body and the sur- rounding fluid.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering

Section

.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agric

.

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Jack N. Washichek, Snow Survey Supervisor, Civil Engineering Section.

d) Field investigations; applied research.

e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow are being made at high elevations in Colorado and New Mexico mountain

areas for the purpose of forecasting the

runoff of the principal rivers in the

interest of irrigation, power, domestic

supplies, and other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is

being tested to determine a factor of soil

moisture deficiency for water supply forecast purposes. Most of the major basins now

have two or more soil moisture stations installed. A period of record must follow

before any degree of correlation can be ac- complished.

(g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty-four

gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico.

As forecast procedures improve, additional

streams will be forecasted and other areas

of potential power and irrigation development will be investigated on the Colorado,

San Juan, Animas and Arkansas Rivers.

(h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers Nos. 765, 766, 767,

and 7 68 covering monthly snow reports for

all of Colorado and New Mexico.

Nine small basin reports and one two-state

bulletin covering the South Platte River

watershed; Arkansas River watershed; Rio

Grande watershed in Colorado; Rio Grande

watershed in New Mexico; Dolores River watershed; San Juan and Animas River watershed;

Gunnison River watershed; Colorado River

watershed; Yampa, White and North Platte

River watershed; Lower South Platte River

watershed. Supplemental reports are issued

January 1, May 15, and June 1. Summary of all historical data of snow surveys is in the press at the present time.

Bulletins on surveys in Colorado after

January 1, 1963 will be available.

(821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION

TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. M. Skinner.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Semi-annual measurements of the depth to water table In approximately 565 observation

wells are presently being obtained. The

observation wells are primarily existing

irrigation wells In the South Platte and

Arkansas River Basins, the High Plains area

of eastern Colorado and the San Luis Valley.

Electrical Power and Natural Gas Consumption

data are compiled and estimates of groundwater pumpage made . The purpose of the

project is to detect areas of ground-water

depletion and to develop relationships between gross pumpage and respective groundwater reservoir storage volume changes.

(g) Ground-water levels of the spring of 1962 are generally up from the spring of 1961 in

the South Platte and Arkansas River Basins

and the San Luis Valley. Considerable

ground-water pumpage is beginning in the

High Plains area of eastern Colorado with

some increase in pumping lifts resulting.

Reported, electrical -power consumption

during 1961 by electrical pumping plants in

Colorado amounted to approximately 98,000,000

kilowatt hours for 8765 pumping units.

(h) "Colorado Ground-Water Levels - Spring 1962,"

by M. M. Skinner, Colorado State University

Experiment Station, Civil Engineering

Section, Fort Collins, Colorado.

"Operating Characteristics of Ground-Water

15
Reservoirs Occupying a Trench," by R. E. Glover and M. M. Skinner, Colorado State

University, Civil Engineering Section, Port

Collins, Colorado.

"Summary of Electrical Power Used by Irrigation Pumps in Colorado During 1961 as Reported by Power Companies," by M. M. Skinner, Colorado State University, Civil

Engineering Section, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

(2514) ALLUVTAL CHANNEL HYDRAULICS.

IS

(g)

(h)

(2760)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(2770)

U. S. Geological Survey.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Laboratory investigation; basic research.

A laboratory study of resistance to flow,

sediment transport and related problems in

alluvial channels.

Five different bed materials ranging in

size from 0.19 millimeters to 0.93 millimeters have been studied. The forms of bed

roughness which occur and their relation to sediment transport and resistance to flow

have been studied and described. The effect

of large concentrations of suspended fine

sediment (clay), the viscosity of the water

and the specific weight and gradation of

the bed material on the mechanics of flow

and on sediment transport in alluvial

channels have also been investigated.

"A Preliminary Study of the Effect of

Gradation of Bed Material on Flow Phenomena

in Alluvial Channels," by Niwat Daranandana,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ.,

May 1962.

"Control Structures in Alluvial Channels,"

by Frederick C. Stepanich, M. S. Thesis,

Colorado State University, October 1962. "An Investigation of Total Sediment Discharge

in Alluvial Channels," by Feng-Ming Chang,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ.,

December 1962.

"Electrokinetic-Probe Response to VortexStreet Frequency," by Hslng Chuang, paper

to be submitted to the Journal of Fluid

Mechanics, Colorado State University Civil

Engineering Report No. CER62HC55, September

1962.

"Stability of Alluvial Channels," by Francis

M. Henderson, Discussion by D. B. Simons,

published in the Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, Proceedings of the American Society

of Civil Engineers, Vol. 88, No. HY4,

July 1962.

Closure to "Forms of Bed Roughness in

Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons and

E. V. Richardson, published in the Journal

of the Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of

the American Society of Civil Engineers,

Vol. 88, No. HY4, July 1962.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and

U. S. Weather Bureau.

Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Civil Engineering

Section, Colorado State University, Fort

Collins, Colo.

Field investigation; basic research.

Meteorological observations are being

obtained to establish long-time records of

climatological elements and to support

current experiment station research which

is weather dependent. The elements observed,

are: Maximum and minimum temperature and wet

and dry bulb temperatures every two hours;

soil temperatures at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and

72 inches; wind direction and velocity at

15 inches and 65 feet above ground; barometric

pressure; evaporation from a free water surface; surface water temperature; precipitation;

cloud cover; dew and frost.

Complete meteorological observations have

been made throughout the year.

TURBULENCE STUDIES IN LIQUID USING ELECTRO-

(g)

(h)

(3034)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3037)

1

(d)

(e)

KINETIC PHENOMENON.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

.

Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

The primary objective of the study is to determine the interaction between velocity

fluctuations produced by turbulence in the

liquid flow and electroklnetlc potential

fluctuations generated at a liquid-solid

interface. Knowledge gained by this study

will be applied to developing techniques for

measuring turbulence characteristics in

liquids.

Probes constructed with electrode pairs have

been used to measure the distribution of

turbulence intensities (three components)

and the turbulent shear stress across a diameter of a circular pipe. The distribution measured in water agree with those

obtained by Laufer in air using a hot-wire

anemometer.

"Electroklnetlc Potential Fluctuations

Produced by Turbulence In Fully Developed

Pipe Flow," by H. Chuang, Ph.D.

Dissertation, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado, May 1962.

"Electroklnetlc Potential Fluctuations

Generated by Jet Impingement at a SolidLiquid Interface," by L. Duckstein., Ph.D.

Dissertation, Colorado State University,

May 1962.

"Electroklnetlc Probe Response to VortexSheet Frequency," by H. Chuang (submitted

to Journal of Fluid Mechanics) Dec. 1962.

DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIOACTIVE

WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT.

U. S. Geological Survey, for Reactor

Development Branch of the Atomic Energy

Commission.

Mr. D. W. Hubbell, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Theoretical, experimental and laboratory

research, field investigation; basic research, applied research.

Natural streams provide a convenient and

effective medium for the disposal of lowlevel radioactive wastes. When radio

nuclides are introduced in streams, they may

become fixed on sediment particles. As a result, waste disposal depends, in part, on

the transport and dispersion of the sediment.

Project activity includes field and laboratory studies on the application and development of transport and dispersion theory for

bed and suspended load. In addition, some phases of the dispersion of liquid contaminants are being studied.

An experiment in which polyethylene

particles were released from a point source

at the water surface of an 8 foot wide

alluvial channel having small dunes was performed to provide data on lateral diffusion. One field experiment and two laboratory flume experiments have been conducted

on the dispersion of contaminated bed load

particles. In the experiments sand

labelled with radioactive isotopes has been

released on the channel bottom, then traced

with underwater radiation-detection equipment .

TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW PHENOMENON.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

Measurements of mean velocities and mean

temperatures together with turbulence intensities and correlations have been made.

16
(3395)

111

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(3398)

I w

(o)

(d)

(e)

over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated

surface forming the floor of a wind tunnel. (g)

Completed.

Heating of the turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers has been found to produce the following effects: (1) Increase

the coefficient of drag; (2) increase the

eddy viscosity; (3) increase the correlation

between vertical and horizontal velocity

fluctuations. Characteristics of separation (h)

flow downstream from a plate set normal to the wind tunnel flow were insensitive to changing plate height relative to local

boundary- layer thickness excepting when the

plate height was of the order of the laminar

"sub-layer" thickness or less.

FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF A SUBMERGED THREEDIMENSIONAL JET IMPINGING UPON A NORMAL

PLANE. (3400)

National Science Foundation.

Mr. George L. Smith, Civil Engineering Sec, (b)

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate thesis. (c) A study was made of an axisymmetrical jet of

air impinging normally on a flat smooth

plate. The mean velocity, the turbulent (d)

intensities and the turbulent shear stress (e) were measured by means of a hot-wire anemometer in order to study the decay of the mean

velocity, the growth of the boundary-layer (g)

thickness and the turbulent structure. A sensitive floating-element type shearmeter

was designed and used. Data on skin friction (h)

obtained by direct shear measurements may

be used to predict the distribution of the

skin friction in similar wall Jets. The

objective of the program was to investigate (3696)

systematically the effects on Jet flow of the

interaction between the free boundary and the

solid boundary of varying roughness and con- figuration, (b)

First phase, case of smooth boundary, com- pleted. Investigation of effect of rough (c)

boundary has been initiated.

The characteristics of the whole boundary- (d)

layer is dominated by the effect of the free

jet, and the wall influences the flow only in (e) a very limited region close to the wall.

This results in much higher turbulent intensities and turbulent shear stress which

increases the wall shear stress for this

flow case as compared to two-dimensional

uniform flow over a flat plate and smooth

pipe flow. The ratio of turbulent intensities

V 7^ j{W

is in general not a constant across the

boundary-layer which indicates non-applicability of Prandtl's assumption u 1 w 1 for

this case.

"Axi symmetric Boundary-Layer of a Jet

Impinging on a Smooth Plate," by Yeong-ging

Tsuel, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State

University, August, 1962.

TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOW.

National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education

and Welfare, Washington, D. C. Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

The objective of this project is to determine the influence of geometrical factors

(land surface roughness, topography,

structures), and thermal and aerodynamical

factors (turbulence intensity and scale)

upon atmospheric diffusion of heat and mass.

"Laws of modeling" or "similitude parameters"

are sought by obtaining detailed data under

various conditions in the wind tunnel and

by comparing them with similar data now

(g)

(3697)

(b)

(c)

17

existing for the atmospheric prototype.

Application of a hypothesis of Lagrangian

similarity to particle motions in a turbulent shear flow near a solid boundary has

yielded similarity parameters and relationships between them which correlate the windtunnel diffusion data and available diffusion

data obtained in the atmospheric surface

layer

.

"Diffusion From a Point Source Within a Turbulent Boundary Layer with Unstable

Density Stratification," by R. C. Malhotra,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State Univ.,

June 1962.

"Lagrangian Similarity Hypothesis Applied to Diffusion in Turbulent Shear Flow," by

J. E. Cermak. (Submitted to Journal of

Fluid Mechanics) July 1962.

HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOW IN SMALL,

ROUGH CHANNELS.

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engrg.

Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Theoretical, laboratory experiment.

The study was made in a tilting flume with

rough channels formed in natural soil and

stabilized with chemical spray.

Summary of three years work was prepared

showing the character of flow resistance

in small, hydraulically rough channels.

"Sub-critical Flow In Small, Rough Channels,"

by E. G. Kruse, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colo.

State University Library, 1962.

STUDY OF CLOUDS AND SNOWFALL IN THE ROCKY

MOUNTAINS, AND CHANGES RESULTING FROM THE

ADDITION OF ARTIFICIAL ICE NUCLEI.

National Science Foundation and the Climax

Molybdenum Company.

Mr. Lewis 0. Grant Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Field investigation; basic research, applied research.

Various physical factors important in "Cold

Cloud" orographic precipitation processes

are being Investigated under winter-time

conditions in the high mountains of Colorado.

This includes observations of airflow over

the mountains, the characteristics of the

"cold" orographic clouds rising over the

nuclei, the characteristics of individual

snow particles falling from these clouds, snow water freezing characteristics, snow- fall amounts, and the changes in these conditions when artificial ice nuclei are supplied.

Field equipment and procedures for use at high elevations in the Colorado Rockies have

been developed. Observations of the daily

accumulation of snowfall, atmospheric ice

nuclei, and various other cloud and snow characteristics have been made over a large area for seeded and unseeded days during

two winter seasons. Significant increases

in Ice nuclei have occurred in the area of

the observation network, on a number of the

"seeded" days. The sample size is to be increased before attempting to determine the

statistical significance of this apparent

increase in snowfall

.

MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE WITH THE

DOBSON SP EC TROPHOTOMETER

.

Air Force Cambridge Research Center, L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts.

Mr. Lewis 0. Grant, Civil Engineering

Section, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

Basic research.

Measurements of the total amount and the

vertical distribution of ozone with height

are being made with the Dobson Spectrophotometer. Daily amounts of total ozone are
being related to atmospheric circulation

patterns.

(g) Observations of total ozone and the vertical

distribution with height have been made on a regular basis for days when sky conditions have been clear.

(h) Obsevatlonal data Is being supplied to the

U. S. Weather Bureau for publication. Re- ports are submitted to Air Force Cambridge

Research Center.

(3704) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OP COLORADO

BENTON I TE IN SEALING IRRIGATION

CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

bl State of Colorado.

c) R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr., Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Port Collins, Colorado.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research and

development

.

(e) The work consists of three stages: (1)

Inventory of clay deposits In Colorado with

emphasis on those potentially usable in

sealing canals and reservoirs. (2) Laboratory evaluation of clays from (1) above.

(3) Field trials in canals and reservoirs

with best clays found in (1) and (2)

and evaluation of sealing results (Initial

and with time.

(g) Inventory and Testing -- In excess of 240

samples of Colorado clays have been collected

and tested in the laboratory.

Development of Deposits and Field Trials -- Eight deposits have been developed com- mercially. Clays from these deposits have

been used in about 100 trials in canals

and ponds during the past three years.

(h) A final report of the three-year project is

being prepared and is scheduled for com- pletion by 7/1/63.

"Progress Report of Clay Sealing Investigations During 1961," by R. D. Dlrmeyer, Jr. Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado, CER61RDD8, January 1962.

(3708) INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP WIND TUNNEL

TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS

DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE SURFACES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. J. S. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Assistant Civil Engineer.

(d) Laboratory research; basic research, applied

research for thesis (doctoral).

(e) Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out of

a model vegetated plane area contributing

part of a wind tunnel test section floor Is to be studied. Using a test section 80 ft

long and 6 x 6 ft in cross-section the

turbulent boundary layer in which diffusion

occurs will be several times thicker than

the vegetation height. Using the basic e- quations of fluid mechanics, an attempt will

be made to establish criterion for application of the model data to prototype conditions. The criterion developed will be

checked using field data being obtained at Cornell University by the Agricultural

Research Service.

(g) A study of diffusion from a line source into

a boundary layer over a flat, smooth plate

has been completed. Results show that the

diffusion pattern can be separated into

different zones, according to distances

from the source in which different similarity laws are valid for the diffusion process.

(4098) HIGH LEVEL TURBULENCE.

(b) U. S. Navy Weather Research Facility, Bldg.

R-48, Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Va.

(c) Dr. Elmar Reiter, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) By means of stereo- photography of highlevel clouds a study will be made of wave- lengths of disturbances in the Jet-stream

region, which might account for clear-air

turbulence

.

(g) Cameras have been calibrated and reduction

procedures programmed for electronic

computer.

(h) "On the Nature of Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT)i'

by Elmar R. Reiter, and Robert W. Hayman.

Scientific Interim Report prepared for the

Naval Research Facility Under Contract No. N 189(188) 538-28A. Atmospheric Science

Technical Paper No. 28. CER62ERR11.

"A Case Study of Severe Clear-Air Turbulence^,'

by Elmar R. Reiter. Prepared for Navy

Weather Research Facility under Contract

N 189(185)55120A. AST Faper No. 30.

CER62ERR20.

"Die Feinstruktut der Strahlstroeme, I and

II," by Von Dr. E. R. Reiter, Associate

Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, Colo.

State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado. Die

Umschau, Frankfurt A.M., 62(18, 20):

575-577, 628-631; 1962.

"The Atmospheric Micro-Structure and its

Bearing on Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT)," by

Elmar R. Reiter. Prepared for Navy Weather

Research Facility under Contract No. 189(188)

55120A, presented on September 10, 1962 at the 4th Conference on Applied Meteorology,

Hampton, Virginia. CER62ERR62.

"Nature and Observation of High-Level

Turbulence Especially in Clear Air," by

Elmar R. Reiter. Presented at Joint

Meeting of IAS and AMS in New York, Jan. 21,

1963. CER62ERR76.

(4099) WAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Dept. of Navy, David Taylor Model Basin,

Washington 7, D. C. (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral thesis.

(e) A study will be made of the relations

between axially symmetrical bodies and the

wakes produced by them for varying mean

velocities and turbulence levels of the mean flow, both with and without momentum

addition by means of a jet directed downstream from the body. Basic data will be

obtained for establishing similarity criteria for turbulent and mean flow characteristics at large distances downstream from

the body.

(4100) PATTERNS IN SEQUENCE OF ANNUAL RIVER FLOWS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic

Engineer

.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Three large samples, 140 river gaging

stations from around the world, 450 river

gaging stations from the western United

States and western Canada, and several

hundred precipitation stations from the

western United States and western Canada

have been used to study the non-randomness

in the fluctuations of wet and dry years of

river flows and precipitation.

(g) The majority of the non-randomness of the

sequence in wet and dry years of river

flows may be explained by the carryover of

water in river basins, by evaporation in

river basins, by evaporation of the rainfall

in the air between the cloud base and the

ground (arid regions) and by non-homogeneity

and inconsistency in hydrologic data.

(h) "Climatic Fluctuation Studies by Using

Annual Flows and Effective Annual Precipitation," by V. M. Yevdjevich, presented at the UNESCO Symposium on Climatic Changes,

in Rome, Italy, October 1961.

"Fluctuations of Effective Annual Precipitation," by V. M. Yevdjevich, presented at the Western Snow Conference in Cheyenne,

Wyoming, April 17, 1962.

1

16
(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic

Engineer.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research.

(e) A 825-ft long, 36-in. diameter conduit,

movable on 43 supports on a hillside, is

used as the main experimental facility to simulate and record free surface waves in

pipes. The same waves are computed by using

a digital computer and then a comparison

is made. The ultimate purpose is a development of a set of routing methods to

suit the desired accuracy and the quality of

the initial and boundary data.

(g) The analytical study for directing the

research is being completed.

(h) "Unsteady Free Surface Flow in a Storm

Drain," by V. M. Yevdjevich, general

analytical study, a report to the U.S.

Bureau of Public Roads Hydraulic Division,

Engineering Research; Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado, June 1961.

(4102) WIND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES.

(b) Federal Aviation Agency, Federal Aviation

Facilities Center, Atlantic City, New

Jersey, Attn: RD-140.

c) Dr. Elmar Reiter, Associate Professor.

d) Theoretical, experimental; basic and

applied research.

(e) Automatic forecasting techniques for highlevel winds which can be used by an automatic air traffic control system shall

be devised and tested.

(h) "Wind Forecasting Techniques for Input

into an Automatic Air Traffic Control ( ATC

)

System," Dr. E. R. Reiter, Atmospheric

Science Technical Paper No. 37, CER62ERR51.

"Note on the Eddy Kinetic Energy Distribution in Relation to the Jet Stream," by

Elmar R. Reiter. ATS Paper. Prepared in

the course of research on upper-level winds

under contract ARDS-450 with Federal

Aviation Agency. CER62ERR68. ATSP40.

(4105) HAIL GENESIS AREAS.

(b) Crop Hail Insurance Actuarial Association,

Chicago, Illinois.

(c) Dr. Richard A. Schleusener, Associate

Research Engineer.

(d) Field investigation, basic and applied re- search.

(e) Regions of hailstorm genesis were determined

by following thunderstorm precipitation

areas with a three-centimeter radar set located at New Raymer, Colorado. The climatology of hailstorms and thunderstorms was determined by tracking these precipitation

cells during the period 15 May 1962 to 31

July 1962.

f) The project is being continued.

g) The direction of hailstorms in the area was normally from the southwest in May, and

changed to the northwest by late June or early July. It is noted that there is a concentration of hall genesis In the region

Just east of the Rocky Mountains, with more thunderstorm areas developing there than

in a corresponding region about one hundred

miles further east.

(h) "Climatology of Hailstorms in and Near

Northeastern Colorado 15 May to 31 July 1962

with Comparative Data for 1961," by Richard

A. Schleusener and Thomas J. Henderson,

Civil Engineering Report November 1962,

Colorado State University. CER62RAS-TJH7 7

.

(4106) GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and

Colorado Department of Natural Resources.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Associate Research

Engineer

.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research

.

(e) It is the purpose to study the operating

characteristics of ground water reservoirs

in Colorado. Specific studies include (1)

the inter-relationships of ground and

surface water in alluvial valleys, (2)

natural recharge from ephemeral streams,

and (3) artificial recharge possibilities

in the High Plains of Colorado.

(s) (1) Statistical analyses of surface and

ground water records for a section of the

alluvial valley of the Arkansas Valley are being conducted, to determine significant

components influencing river gain. (2)

Studies in Kiowa Creek have shown Influences

of stream flows on water table levels. (3)

Rainfall and runoff studies are being initiated in the High Plains Area.

(h) "Statistical Techniques for Predicting River

Accretion as Applied to the South Platte

River," (Henderson-Fort Lupton), by R. A. Longenbaugh. Master of Science Thesis, Colo.

State Univ. Library, July 1963. 108 pp. "Natural Ground-Water Recharge from Kiowa

Creek, 1961 Progress Report," by M. W. Bittinger, R. A. Longenbaugh, and E. F. Schulz, Colorado State University Mimeo.

March 1962, 10 pp. "Managing Artificial Recharge Through Public

Districts," by S. C. Smith and M. W. Bittenger. Paper presented at 1962 Winter

Meeting of the American Society of Agric.

Engineers, December 1962, 16 pp.

(4108) WATERSHED HYDROLOGY.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Foothills

Campus

.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Research Hydraulic

Engineer and Mr. E. F. Schulz, Associate

Civil Engineer, Colo. State University, Fort

Collins, Colorado.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The research is being initiated in three

directions; gathering of the data on several

hundred hydrographs and hyetographs for

floods from small watersheds; design of a large hydraulic model to Investigate rainfall-runoff relationship; and theoretical

research for relating variables describing

hydrographs, rlverbasins, and hyetographs

for floods from small watersheds.

(h) "Design Hydrographs for Very Small Watersheds

from Rainfall," by B. M. Reich. Ph.D.

Dl ssertation

.

"Some Effects of Glaciation on Water Yield,"

by E. H. Hansen. Master of Science Thesis.

"Normal Monthly and Annual Precipitation

for Eastern Colorado," by G. L. Smith and

E. F. Schulz. CER62GLS48.

"A Graphical Procedure to Estimate Potential

Evapotranspiratlon by the Penman Method,"

by E. F. Schulz CER62EFS49.

(4109) METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING DENVER

AIR POLLUTION.

(b) Yetter Foundation, administered by Denver

U. S. National Bank.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

(d) Field, applied, basic.

(e) Denver pollution has been steadily growing

but has not yet attained extreme proportions.

It will be a novel feature of this investigation that the causes and history of pollution periods will be measured and analyzed

with view toward providing the basis for a sound city ordinance, before the situation

has become very severe. With instrumentation furnished by the Taft

Center of Sanitary Engineering, National

Institute of Health, five stations recording

detailed wind and temperature fluctuations

have been set up in the Denver Area. With

collaboration of the U. S. Weather Bureau,

the U. S. Air Force, and private Industry

:

19
six additional stations take records, so that a total of 11 stations are operating

during pollution periods. The air sampling

is carried out in conjunction with the

project by the City of Denver,

f) Completed.

h) "A Study of Denver Air Pollution," by

Herbert Rlehl and Loren W. Crow. A report

on research conducted under a Grant by the

Helen Dean Yetter Foundation to Colorado

State University. June 1962.

(4110) TURBULENT AIR MOTION IN THE HIGH ROCKIES

IN RELATION TO THE WATER YIELD OP UPPER

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. Herbert Rlehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

(d) Field, basic and applied.

(e) The structure of the turbulent wind eddies,

which produce the exchange of momentum

between atmosphere and ground in the high

mountains, is completely unknown. Yet

these eddies have sufficient force for the

most part to blow the snow away from the

mountain slopes above timberline. This

snow in part drifts into high-altitude basins

where it accumulates in depth augmenting

the summer water supply; in part it drifts

on slopes where it readily evaporates. Much

interest has been shown in the possibility

of channeling the drift so that a substantially higher fraction goes into the basins.

Technologically this appears to be feasible.

But any construction is dependent on knowledge of the turbulence spectrum,

especially on the first day following snowfall. In order to determine this spectrum,

a first Installation containing electronic

wind and temperature measuring instruments

is being installed on Ouandry Peak (14,250

feet) in the Central Colorado Rockies. It will be maintained there during the 1962-63

winter. Other sites will be chosen in

subsequent years. The measurements will

yield detailed information on the structure

of turbulence, when very fast air currents

interact with major topographic features.

(f) Project temporarily postponed while wind

equipment is being redesigned.

(4111) THE ROLE OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN THE

GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

(b) U. S. Navy Numerical Weather Prediction

Facility, Monterey, California.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

d) Basic.

e) The Rocky Mountains are a solitary obstacle

in the path of the westerly winds which

cannot be circumvented like the Himalayas.

A large fraction of the exchange of angular

momentum between air and ground—estimated

as high as 50 percent--takes place in the

small mountain region. The processes are direct surface stress from Interaction between the high-velocity currents of the

upper air and the high mountains, and a torque produced due to the pressure differential between eastern and western

mountain slopes. The purpose of the

project is (a) to determine the actual

atmosphere-ground momentum exchange and

its variation in time; (b) to determine

the effect of this exchange on weather in

and to the lee of the mountains; (c) to determine the importance of the momentum

exchange on large-scale weather conditions

around the hemisphere; and (d) to find an improved model of the surface stress term

for numerical prediction purposes.

(4112) THE DISCHARGE OF MAJOR WESTERN RIVERS IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE

ATMOSPHERE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

dl Basic research.

e) The discharge of major western rivers

(Colorado, Columbia, Sacramento, Rio Grande)

has fluctuations with the order of magnitude

of the mean annual discharge itself. These

fluctuations are brought about mainly by

variations In winter precipitation yield and

by variable evaporation. Heavy precipitation may result from seasonal conditions

favorable for the recurrence of cyclones

over headwater areas; the occurrence of

occasional very heavy storms may also be

random. On the other hand, high evaporation,

requiring weeks of abnormally dry and warm conditions, must be a manifestation of

general circulation anomalies of longer

duration. The objective of the study is (1) to separate the "systematic" and "random"

components of the precipitation, and (2) to determine the controls for the systematic

anomalies of precipitation and evaporation.

Such controls may be deviations of air-sea

heat exchange from average in the tropical

Pacific, deviations of the Asiatic monsoon

circulation from the mean, and departures of

strength and location of the Siberian winter

cold pool from normal,

(h) Publications in progress.

(4113) WEATHER PATTERNS AND CIRCULATION OF THE TROPICS.

bl U. S. Weather Bureau.

c) Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

d) Basic.

e) Part of the project deals with hurricanes,

another part with general characteristics of

weather in the tropics. Hurricane investigation is concerned (1) with the energy

cycle of the mature storm, especially the

role played by air-sea interaction in

maintaining the center; (2) with the balance

of forces in these storms and the nature

and importance of frictlonal forces in a fully turbulent vortex; (3) with the formative stage of hurricanes; and (4) with the

ocean-air heat exchange and recovery of ocean temperatures subsequent to hurricane

passage. Other studies are concerned with

the variability of radiative emission from

the atmosphere as a function of height; with

the thermal modification of air passing over

the tropical ocean under various types of

general weather conditions; and with the

Interaction between tropical disturbances of

less than hurricane intensity with their

environment at large using line integral

approaches.

(h) "Some Observations of Low-Level Wind

Variation in the Vertical in Tropical

Cyclones," by Arthur C. Pike. A report on research conducted under contract No. CWB9918 between the U. S. Weather Bureau and

Colorado State University. February 1962.

Engineering Report 62-12.

"Estimating the Effect of Cloudiness on Incoming Solar Radiation," by Arthur C. Pike.

A report on research conducted under contract

No. CWB-9918 between the U. S. Weather

Bureau and Colorado State University.

May 1962. Engineering Report 62-33.

"Radiation Measurements over the Caribbean

During the Autumn of 1960," by Herbert

Riehl. Published in Journal of Geophysical

Research, Vol. 67, No. 10, pp. 3935-3942.

March 1962. Engineering Report 62-13.

(4114) GRAVEL FILTER FOR TILE DRAINS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engineer.

(d) Applied; experimental.

(e) Gravels classed as "pit-run" have been

tested in a sand tank model with very fine

sand as the aquifer.

I

1

!

1

20
(g) Criteria for selecting very non-uniform

gravels as fillers for very fine sand have

been established.

(h) "Criteria for Gravel Filter Design," by C. des Bouvrie, Master of Science Thesis,

Colo. State Univ. Library, 1962.

(4115) INFLUENCE OF INORGANIC WATERSHED COVERS ON MOISTURE EXCHANGE IN A VERTICAL DIRECTION

ACROSS THE SOIL-AIR INTERFACE.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

a contributing project of the Western

Regional Research Project W-73.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Professor of Agricultural

Engineering.

d) Applied and basic research.

e) This project is a study of the effects of

inorganic covers (especially gravel mulches)

on the hydrologic processes of evaporation

and infiltration of moisture across the

soil-air interface and the relationship of

these processes to water yield.

(g) It has been demonstrated by both laboratory

and field experiments that gravel mulches

substantially reduce the rate of evaporation

from bare soils and promotes an increased

accumulation of water in the soil.

(h) "Influence of Inorganic Watershed Covers on Moisture Exchange in a Vertical Direction

Across the Soil-Air Interface," by Colorado

Contributing Project, W-73, progress Reports Nos. 1 and 2, Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station, October 19C1 and

October 1962.

(4606) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN TURBULENT SHEAR

FLOW

.

b) Department of the Army.

c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, prof, of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering, and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Asst. professor, Colo. State

Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental research; basic research,

doctoral theses.

(e) The effects of surface roughness and surface

heating or cooling upon the structure of

turbulence in boundary layer flow will be

determined. The flows investigated will be

those existing on the heated or cooled floor

of a wind-tunnel test section 6 x 6 ft in cross section and 80 ft long. Space-time

correlations, Joint probability densities,

spectra and intensities of the turbulent

velocities and temperatures will be obtained by hot-wire techniques and special

analog computers employing magnetic tape

input

.

(4607) WIND-WAVE RESEARCH FACILITY.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Mr. E. J. Plate, Asst. Professor, Colo. State

Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Laboratory development.

e) The research facility consists of a tilting

water channel approximately 35 feet long

and 2 feet by 2 feet in cross section with

a closed upper space about 2 feet by 2 feet

in cross section to permit controlled air

flow over the water. Studies of wind-wave

generation and growth and interfacial

transfer phenomena will be made possible with

this water channel-wind tunnel combination.

(g) Construction is in prc-ress.

(4608) TURBULENCE DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM.

(b) Department of the Army and National Center

for Atmospheric Research.

(c) Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Assoc. Professor, Colo.

State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Id) Laboratory development.

(e) The system employing magnetic tape input

is designed to yield the following information: (1) spectra (10~3 to 104 cycles/

second), (2) joint probability densities,

(3) root-mean-squares, and (4) space-time

correlation,

(g) Installation is near completion.

(4609) MODELING OF AIR- FLOW PATTERNS AT CANDLESTICK

BALL PARK.

(b) Metronics Associates Inc., Menlo Park,

Calif.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Asst. Professor, Colo. State

University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The applied study utilizes a 1:800 scale

model of the local topography and the

Candlestick Ball Park Stadium placed in a

6 by 6 foot wind tunnel. Verification of

the modeling technique is being accomplished

as a first phase of the study by comparing

model wind patterns with prototype wind

patterns obtained by field measurements.

The second phase of the model study will

consist of modifying both topography and

stadium to obtain minimum wind disturbance

In the ball park.

(g) The first phase of the study has been com- pleted with the result that model wind

patterns have been found to be sufficiently

representative of field behavior to permit

proceeding to the second phase with con- fidence .

(4610) PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATOLOGICAL

DATA OF IMPORTANCE TO AGRICULTURE IN COLO.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station,

a contributing project of the Western

Regional Research Project W-48.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

d) Applied.

e) This project has as its objectives: (1) To

provide cllmatologlcal data for a representative network of Colorado stations in

a form suitable for weather analysis; (2) to

obtain summaries of distributions of meteorological parameters pertinent to agriculture;

(3) to devise and utilize statistical and

computer methods for estimates of the

probabilities of significant weather conditions; e.g., weekly rainfall totals and

dates of critical spring and fall temperatures.

(g) Work on objective No. 2. has almost been

completed.

(h) Colorado Contributing Project, W-48, Progress

Report No. 1, Colorado Agricultural Exp.

Station, September 1962.

(4611) PERMEABILITY AND CAPILLARY PRESSURE RELATED

TO MEDIA PROPERTIES.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colo.

d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

e) The study involves an investigation of a tentative theory describing how the

functional relationship between relative

permeability and relative capillary pressure

is related to measurable properties of

porous media.

(g) A theory showing how the variables capillary

pressure, liquid and gas permeability are related to degree of saturation has been

developed. The experimental results to date

appear to verify the theory. The most

important property of granular porous media

in respect to the functional relationship

between relative permeability and relative

capillary pressure seems to be the presence

or absence of secondary porosity (structure).

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Media,"

by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, Annual

Research Report 1960, 1961.

(4612) TRANSPORT OF PARTICLES THROUGH UNSATURATED

i

i

1

i

21
SOILS. stream valley.

(b)

(c)

Si

(f)

(4613)

0>)

(c)

Si

(h)

(4614)

(b)

(c)

Si

(4615)

(b)

(o)

II!

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,

Bureau of State Service.

Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Applied; experimental.

The objective of this research is to determine to what extent the transport of

solid particles by water flowing through

soil may be affected by the degree of

saturation of soil. The term "soil" is

interpreted broadly as including sands and

gravels as well as agricultural soils. The

solid particles to be considered in this

study will be of sizes and shapes corres- ponding to that of viruses.

Project was only recently funded and is Just

getting started.

MORPHOLOGY OF WHITE RIVER, MOUNT RAINIER,

WASHINGTON.

U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources

Division, General Hydrology Branch.

Mr. Robert K. Fahnestock, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.

Field investigation; basic research.

To determine the processes of valley train

formation and the influences of a glacier

on the stream form.

"Dynamics of Stream Braiding as Shown by

Means of Time Lapse Photography," by R. K. Fahnestock, (Abs) Geol . Soc . America Bull.,

v. 70, No. 12, Pt. 2, p. 1599, 1959.

"Morphology and Hydrology of a Glacial

Stream," by R. K. Fahnestock, Ph.D. Thesis,

Cornell University, 1960, (Abs) Geol. Soc.

America Bull., v. 71, no. 12, pt. 2 page

1862, (Abs) Dissertation Abstracts, v. 21,

No. 6. "Significance of a Braided Channel Pattern,"

by R. K. Fahnestock, (Abs) Geol. Soc. America

Bull., v. 71, No. 12, pt. 2, p. 1862, 1960.

"Competence of a Glacial Stream, " by R. K. Fahnestock, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-B, p. B211-213, 1961.

"Morphology and Hydrology of a Glacial

Stream, White River Below Emmons Glacier,

Mount Rainier, Washington," by R. K. Fahnestock, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 422A, in press.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY

OF THE RIO GRANDE NEAR EL PASO, TEXAS.

U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources

Division, General Hydrology Branch.

Mr. Robert K. Fahnestock, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.

Field investigation; basic research.

A reach of canalized river 100-ft wide and

another 200-ft wide have been selected for

comparison. Discharges from 100 to 1300 cfs are available in the form of irrigation

releases from Caballo Reservoir. Preliminary maps of bed form and bottom velocity

have shown marked variations with time,

sediment transport, width, water temperature,

and discharge. Measurements of variables

in these and additional reaches will allow

comparison with flume data and provide a better basis for prediction of bed behavior

in natural and artificial channels.

MORPHOLOGY OF STREAMS OF THE OLYMPIC

PENINSULA, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources

Division, General Hydrology Branch.

Mr. Robert K. Fahnestock, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey.

Field investigation; basic research.

The objectives of the study are to determine

the characteristics of streams of the Olympic

Peninsula, the processes taking place within

the channel and to relate these characteristics and processes to morphology of the

(4616)

lei

n

(g)

WATER CYCLE (GENERAL HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA).

Office of Naval Research.

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevlch, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colo.

Theoretical; basic research.

By using a large sample of 450 homogeneous

river gaging stations in western North

America and several hundred precipitation

stations, the regional correlation of wet

and dry years, as well as their simultaneity,

is being investigated.

Both large samples are in a final stage of

processing with standardized variables of

annual flows, effective annual precipitation

and annual precipitation obtained.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR.

(b)

(c)

\i\

Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads, Hydraulic Research Division.

Mr. S. S. Karaki, Associate Civil Engineer,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A theoretical study of the mechanics of

local scour Is under way to develop basic

equations for determining local scour. Basic experiments will be undertaken

simultaneously to assist theoretical development.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engineering.

(4639) WAVE REFLECTION STUDIES.

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Warren DeLapp, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder,

Colorado.

Experimental, basic research, for Master's

thesis

.

Initial studies were made of artificially

generated waves reflected from a beach of

variable slope and roughness, and included

studies of the effects of the wave steepness

ratios. Current studies are being made of

reflection and transmission of waves at a submerged barrier.

The reflection coefficient is found to de- crease with increasing beach roughness and wave steepness. An empirical equation was developed relating the variables for beach

slopes of more than 30 degrees. An unstable

transition condition was found for flatter

slopes and results were considered inconclusive . "Effect of Roughness, Wave Steepness, and

Beach Slope on the Reflection of Deep Water

Waves," by D. K. Lysne, M. S. Thesis available on inter-library loan from University

of Colorado Library.

(4640) STUDIES OF TURBULENT SWIRL FLOW IN A PIPE.

(g)

(h)

13

(g)

National Science Foundation.

Dr. Frank Krelth, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder,

Colorado.

Analytical and experimental; basic research.

A swirling secondary flow is induced in a plastic pipe by a short section of twisted

tape inserted in the pipe at the upstream

end. The flow is studied downstream of the

inducer to determine the rate of decay of the

secondary flow and the effective resistance

coefficient. Reynold's Numbers of the main

flow range from 15,000 to 150,000. Other

variables include pipe diameters and the

length and pitch of the swirl inducers.

A theoretical analysis of the swirl decay

has been made. The experimentally observed

values of rate of decay compare favorably

22
(h)

with the theory. Pipe resistance studies

are in progress.

"A Theoretical Investigation of the Decay

of Turbulent Swirl Flow in a Pipe," by Otto

Sonju; M. S. Thesis available on interlibrary loan from University of Colorado

Library.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2285

15

(d

(e

(4121

ft

(d

(e

(h

(4531

15

(4532

(f)

QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

ASME Fluid Meters Committee (In part).

Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

Experimental; applied research for M. S. theses

.

This project is a study of the characteristics of the quadrant edge orifice at high

and low Reynolds numbers. The effect of such

items as the effect of upstream velocity

distribution, orifice and boundary roughness,

and the beta ratio are being studied.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

Theoretical; basic and applied research for

Ph. D. thesis.

The equations of two dimensional free surface

flow have been solved numerically using high

speed computer.

Results to this point have demonstrated the

feasibility of solving the hyperbolic e- quations of high speed channel flow on a digital computer. Included are such effects

as slope and friction. However, the program

at this point still has certain limitations

which will be the subject of further study.

Ph.D. thesis now being written.

SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

Theoretical and experimental.

Those secondary currents caused by Reynold's

stresses in straight, non-circular conduits

are being studied. A triangular open channel

is being used. Measurements are to be taken

by the hot-film anemometer.

Equipment is being constructed.

THE INFLUENCE OF CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND

WATERSHED GEOMETRY ON THE SHAPE OF THE

RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH

.

Laboratory project.

Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

The purpose of this project is to further

explore the influence of channel hydraulics

and watershed geometry on the geometry of

the runoff hydrograph . A model watershed will

be constructed in the laboratory which will

allow the singular variation of the following:

(1) Channel geometry, slope and roughness;

(2; the drainage density; and (3) the

watershed shape. Information obtained from

this physical model will be compared and

analyzed with a mathematical model, suitable

for solution on a digital computer.

In planning stage.

frey, Professor.

(d) Experimental, operation, development for

basic and applied research, thesis, educational aid.

(e) Continued efforts to make the versatile

flume most useful for the study on mechanics

of fluid flow and related problems resulted

In (1) installation of two flowmeters

recording rates of flow up to 4000 g.p.m.,

(2) taking of still photographs and short

movies of complex flow phenomena, (3) ex- tended studies of submerged flow visualization, (4) internal reports on the facility

(description, manual of Instructions).

Purpose: participation In educational aid,

research projects, improved usefulness of

facility for interdepartmental interests.

(f) Item (e-1) completed, items (e-2) and (e-3)

suspended, Item (e-4) three reports completed.

(g) Item (e-1) indispensable, (e-2) basically

achieved, (e-3) Merlam fluid of spec. gr. of

unity Is suitable for generation of submerged

spheres (red spheres adjustable to desirable

sizes), (e-4) Indispensable for efficient

work If facility is used by various investigators (see, for example, special listing of

Department of Mechanical Engin.).

(h) "Description of Versatile Flume," Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Prof. C. E. Dept., and Dr. B. S. Seldel, Assistant Prof. Mechanical Engin.

Dept.

"Manual of Instructions on Versatile Flume,

Part I and Part II," by K. P. H. Frey. Available on request, see item (c).

(4557) MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF VELOCITY PROFILES AT

LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS (0.018 to 1.85).

Laboratory project.

Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.

Experimental; development of improved techniques, master thesis.

Improvement of photomicrographlc techniques

to determine accurate velocity profiles near boundaries; water depths 0.08 to 3.2 mm, velocities 0.015 to 1.2 mm. p. second . Particle sizes of less than 0.003 mm (specially

prepared suspension of titaniumdloxide ) , dark

field microscope (magnification factor 186 fx>r observation, 62 for photographs), and Xenon

arc tube cooled by air flow are found to be

suitable means to make use of the depth of

field of microscope used (1 mm depth of water can be sectioned into 100 layers by selective

focusing) . With shutter speeds being known,

measurements from photographs of the layers

yield velocity profiles. Closest distance

from boundary used for evaluation is 0.01 mm. Purpose: originated from gutter flow studies

and heat exchange interests, it Is believed

that Improvements of photomicrographlc techniques are of basic interest.

(f) Completed at anticipated scope; under review

by Dr. J. H. Olson, Ass. Prof, of Chemical

Engin. for his interests in microscopic flow

studies.

(g) The shown technique of photomicrographlc

studies is simpler and more conclusive than

previously developed techniques. Accurate

measurements at 0.01 mm distance from boundary were accomplished. Still photographs and

one short film were taken.

(h) "A Dark Field Photomicroscopic Method for

Measuring Velocity Profiles," by N. C. Vasuki,

C.E. Master Thesis 1962, Memorial Library,

U. of Del., Newark, Del.

fti

(d)

(e)

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Section, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(4123) STUDIES ON MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW.

|b|

Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. K.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Department of Mechanical Engrg.

(4556)

fti

DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER GAS INJECTION.

Laboratory project.

Prof. B. Seidel, Prof. J. P. Harnett, Prof. K. Frey, (Civil Engineering) Univ. of Delaware,

Newark, Delaware.

23
HI

Theoretical and experimental; master's thesis.

The possibility of reducing the skln-frlctlon

drag of a body moving through a liquid by

ejecting air from the body is being Investigated. Measurements of the drag on a flat

plate are being obtained.

12

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial

Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the projects should be addressed

to Dr. Per Bruun, Head, Coastal Engineering Lab.,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

(3051) BASIC STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND AND

WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATER.

(b) National Science Foundation.

id) Field and laboratory study; basic research.

(e) A combined field and laboratory research

program analyzing the transfer of energy from

wind to water and the effect of sloping offshore profiles. Observations were made on platforms In the Gulf of Mexico and in a laboratory wave tank.

Completed.

Shear stress In the boundary layer above

water surface is affected by momentum

exchange between wind and water. Water waves

play a significant part in the relation

between wind speed and the frlctional stress

at the water surface. For high wind speeds,

the roughness parameter of a water wave sur- face is related to both shear stress and

water wave height and steepness. For low

wind speeds, however, the actual roughness at the interface is determined by the Reynolds

number of the smooth boundary layer,

(h) "Surface Wind Stress Over Water as Related

to Wave Action," Coastal Engineering Laboratory, 1962.

"Amplification of Long Waves in Bays," by

Dr. R. Dorrestein, Technical Paper No. 213^

Florida Engineering and Industrial Experiment

Station, University of Florida, 1961.

"On the Deviation of the Average Pressure at a Fixed Point in a Moving Fluid From its

Hydrostatic Value," by Dr. R. Dorrestein,

Section A, Vol. 10, Applied Scientific Research, 1961.

"Wave Setup on a Beach," by Dr. R. Dorrestein,

Coastal Engineering Laboratory, 1962.

"Surface Wind Stress Over Water as Related

to Wave Action" to be presented at the International Association of Hydraulic Research

Oonference, London, 1963.

(3412) FLOOD TIDE STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Topography of coastal areas in Florida in

relation to potential flooding and statistical analysis of extreme high tides.

Completed.

"Storm Tides in Florida as Related to

Coastal Topography," by Per Bruun, T. Y. Chiu,

F. Gerritsen, and W. H. Morgan, Bulletin

Series No. 109, Vol. XVI, No. 1, Florida

Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta.,

University of Florida, January 1962.

(£1

(3413) INLET STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research.

Study of the stability of coastal inlets.

(3722) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SARASOTA BAY.

( c)

( e

)

City of Sarasota and Arvida Realty Corp.

City of Sarasota, Sarasota, Fla.

Experimental; applied research.

To study effect of fills in Sarasota Bay on the stability of New Pass and Big Sarasota

Pass

.

Completed.

"Sarasota Bay Model Study," Report, Coastal

Engineering Laboratory, December 1961.

(3723) EMERALD BEACH PROJECT, PASCO COUNTY.

(II

Id)

( e)

(f

)

(h)

Trustees of Emerald Beach Project.

Mr. C. C. Edwards, P. 0. Box 306, Port Rlchey

Florida.

Field investigation; applied research.

Recommendations for planning of fill projects

Completed

.

"Coastal Engineering Study of Emerald Beach

Project," Pasco County, Report, Nov. 1960.

(3724) ANALYSIS OF BEACH PROFILES AT JUPITER ISLAND.

Mr. Alton A. Register.

Field investigation; applied research.

Recommendations for the establishment of a

sea wall line.

Completed

"Coastal Engineering Investigation at Jupiter

Island," Report, Coastal Engineering Lab.,

November I960.

(4124)

(b)

(c)

(4125)

(c)

13

£1

MODEL STUDY OF EAST HORSENECK BEACH INLET.

Dufflll Associates, Consulting Engineers,

Boston, Mass.

Dufflll Associates, Consulting Engineers,

Boston, Mass.

Experimental; applied research.

Study of wave action in inlet.

Completed.

"Model Study of Navigation Inlet at East

Horseneck Beach, Mass.," Report, Coastal

Engineering Laboratory, September 1961.

HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF SAN NICOLAS HARBOR,

ARUBA, N.W.I.

Lago Oil and Transport Co., Ltd., Aruba,

N.W.I.

Lago Oil and Transport Co., Ltd., Aruba,

N.W.I.

Experimental; applied research.

To investigate wave action and recommend improvements for the harbor and fenders.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Model Study of San Nicolas Harbor,

Aruba," Report, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, July 1962.

"Fenders — Design Criteria for San Nicolas

Harbor, Aruba," October 1962.

(4126) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT MULLET KEY.

!b| Pinellas County Park Board, Clearwater, Fla.

c) Pinellas County Park Board, Clearwater, Fla.

d) Field investigation; applied research,

e) Recommendations for protection from beach

erosion.

Completed.

"Coastal Engineering Study at Mullet Key,"

Report, Coastal Engineering Laboratory,

March, 1962.

(4127) FLUORESCENT TRACING OF SEDIMENT IN COASTAL

AREAS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Department of

Health, Education and Welfare.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Tracing of sediment drift on beach and offshore bottoms by means of injected fluorescent material.

(g) Statistical sampling methods, rapid measurement fluorescent tracer concentration by

electronic scanners, a new longshore current

theory and a statistical approach to littoral

transport mechanism are being developed at the laboratory.

(h) "Tracing of Material Movement on Seashores,"

by Per Bruun, Shore and Beach, April 1962.

"Longshore Currents and Longshore Troughs,"

by Per Bruun, Geological Society of America

(in print)

.

(4128) FLUX OF WAVE ENERGY PERPENDICULAR TO THE

DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION.

f£i

24
(b) National Science Foundation,

(dl Basic research.

(e) Experiments to determine flux of wave energy

perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

(4129) INFLUENCE OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON EROSION.

(h)

(4474)

\i]

(4475)

(b)

(c)

13

(4476)

State Government

.

Basic field research.

To determine the influence of short-term

as well as long-term fluctuation of sea level on erosion and shoreline movements.

"Sea-level Rise as a Cause of Shore Erosion,"

by Per Bruun, ASCE paper 3065 WW, February

1962.

13

(4130) EROSION STUDY OF SAND SHORES IN FLORIDA.

State Government.

Applied research.

To check present status of erosion.

COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT SOUTH LAKE WORTH

INLET, FLORIDA.

South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission.

South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission,

c/o K. C. Mock and Associates, 2930 Okeechobee

Road, West Palm Beach, Florida.

Experimental field and applied research.

To study distribution of inlet currents, improvement of entrance jetties, and navigation

channels and measures against beach erosion.

COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT HILLSBORO INLET,

FLORIDA.

Hillsboro Inlet Improvement and Maintenance

District, City of Pompano Beach and Trustees

of the Internal Improvement Fund.

Director, Trustees, Internal Improvement Fund,

Capitol Bldg., Tallahassee, Florida.

Experimental, field and applied research.

To study methods for inlet stabilization,

navigation improvement, and sand bypassing

across the inlet.

COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF CURRENT ACTIVITY

AT SEBASTIAN INLET.

(e) Photographic review of the erosion situation

in Florida and preliminary suggestions for

remedial measures.

(h) "Review of Beach Erosion and Storm Tide

Situation in Florida," Report, Engineering

and Industrial Experiment Station (in print).

(4480) ENGINEERING STUDY OF COASTAL PROBLEMS IN FLA.

(b) Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund,

Florida.

(c) Trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund,

Florida.

Field investigation; applied research.

The Coastal Engineering Laboratory acts as a consultant to the State Government and submits reports on the basis of field inspection

and study of proposed structures, fills,

dredging, etc.

(4481) INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY AND MOVEABLE BED

MODEL LAWS OF INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) With a new basic approach to similitude laws

in sediment transport by currents, investigations are underway in the stability analysis

of inlets by means of model studies of suitable

inlets. A theoretical study of model laws for

moveable bed models initiated as lntroductor

to inlet study.

(4482) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICS OF DUNE

BUILDING AT CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEASHORE

AREA.

(b) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National Parks

Service, Manteo, North Carolina.

(c) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National Parks

Service, Manteo, North Carolina.

Experimental and field research.

Study of mechanics of dune building by various

types of sand fences and other sand catchment

devices under controlled conditions is underway in a laboratory wind tunnel to be later

correlated with field tests.

(4483) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF PROPOSED JETTY

AT HONEYMOON ISLAND.

(b) Florida State Road Department.

(c) Florida State Road Department, Tallahassee.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the effect of currents on bridge a- linement and fender system.

f) Completed.

h) "Coastal Engineering Study of Current Activity

at Sebastian Inlet," Report, Coastal Engineering Laboratory, November 1962.

(4477) COOPERATIVE STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES IN FLORIDA (in cooperation with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville

District).

(b) State and Federal Government.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study effectiveness and structrual durability of various types of shore protection

structures existing along Florida coastline

by making repetitive surveys of selected

shore segment s

.

(4478) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT COCOA BEACH, FLA.

(b) City of Cocoa Beach.

(c) City Manager, City of Cocoa Beach, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the best locations of bulkhead lines

and bay fills and. draft ordinances from coastal engineering point of view.

(4479) REVIEW OF BEACH EROSION AND STORM TIDE

SITUATION IN FLORIDA.

(b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta.,

University of Florida,

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

!b) Honeymoon Development Corporation, Tampa, Fla.

c) Southworth Associates, Tampa, Florida,

d) Field Investigation; applied research,

e) A field study of current patterns during flow

and ebb tides was undertaken to find the best

alinement for a jetty at the southern tip of

Honeymoon Island,

f) Completed.

h) "Proposed Jetty at the Southern Tip of Honey- moon Island," Report, Coastal Engineering

Laboratory, July 1962.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R. E. Stlemke, Director,

Engineering Experiment' Station, Atlanta 13, Georgia

except as otherwise Indicated.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Civil

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

(e) Experimental data were obtained on the

discharge characteristics of an embankmentshaped weir. Emphasis has been placed on

free discharge over smooth-surfaced em- bankments. Data have been obtained on the

influence of embankment height and tallwater

submergence. Detailed velocity surveys have

been made to define the boundary layer

!

25
(h)

(1331)

(b)

(o)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(1584)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(2529)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

between the upstream edge of the upstream

shoulder and the crown. Tests were made

on a 1:9- scale model in a 3-foot wide flume.

Completed.

It has been established that the discharge

characteristics of an embankment can be

related to the theoretical equation of

discharge for a broad-crested weir by means

of the discharge-displacement boundary- layer

thickness. Data and procedures for computing

the thickness of the boundary-layer at the

control section have been determined as a means of generalizing the discharge e- quation for various shapes, sizes and roughness of embankments.

"Discharge Characteristics of Embankmentshaped Weirs," Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper, in press.

THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A FLUID.

Laboratory project; sponsored by the National

Science Foundation.

Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia.

Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

Diffusion of macroscopic foreign particles

and of dye were measured in agitated water.

The water within the diffusion chamber was agitated by pulsating jets which were ar- ranged in geometrically repeating patterns

.

The amplitude and frequency of the pulsing

was controlled. Dye concentration was measured by light transmission and particle

concentration by gamma-ray radiation from the

ion-exchange resin beads (particles) to which radioactive cesium was attached.

Completed.

The diffusion coefficients were found to be

proportional to the one-third power of the

rate of energy dissipation. The values of

the particle-diffusion coefficient were indicative that the particle boundary layer was turbulent when a laminar boundary layer was expected.

"Investigation of the Relationship Between

Fluid-Turbulence Characteristics and the

Diffusion of Solid Particles," Richard

Cleveland Farmer, Ph.D. Dissertation, Georgia

Tech, 1962.

FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

Prof. C. E. Klndsvater, School of Civil

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech.,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus original research

as required.

A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways, including the preparation

of bibliography and the collection and

analysis of experimental data from all known

sources. Objectives include the publication,

in generalized form, of available experimental data.

Inactive

.

UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

162 Peachtree-Seventh Building, Atlanta, Ga. Reanalysis and correlation of existing data;

original experimental research and analysis;

theoretical study of turbulence energy

transfer and diffusion mechanisms.

A fundamental investigation of the mechanics

of uniform flow in open channels, with

particular emphasis on the influence of

channel shape on velocity distributions and

wall shear-stress distributions. Experimental

(3414)

CI

(d)

(e)

(3725)

icj

(d)

(e)

(4131)

III

(f)

(4574)

(!)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

work is being conducted on simple and com- pound cross sections in a variable slope

90-foot long flume.

INFLUENCE OF FREE-SURFACE DISTURBANCES ON PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technolgy, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

Experimental and theoretical; research for

master's thesis; partly supported by U. S. Geological Survey.

Observations on laboratory flume (see pro J. 2529) revealed a discrepancy between depth

measurements and piezometrlc-head measure- ments for flow conditions Involving disturbed

free surface. The phenomenon appears to be

analogous to pressure or density variations

in unsteady, compressible-fluid flows.

Completed.

"Plezometric Measurement of Depth in Open

Channels," by W. W. Emmett, M. S. thesis,

Georgia Institute of Technology, 1961.

SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND

OPEN CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13

Georgia.

Theoretical and experimental; research for

Ph.D. thesis.

A fundamental study of secondary motion in

turbulent flows. Secondary motions are often superimposed upon flows In enclosed

conduits and open channels. The mode of

origin, development and decay is being

studied to delineate the influence on the

general motion pattern in straight, non- circular conduits and channels. The present

phase concerns turbulent flow In a non- circular enclosed conduit.

FLOW OVER GATED SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project; Georgia Power Company.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

Experimental, applied research.

Studies are to be made to evaluate discharge

characteristics of gated spillways under

various operating conditions in a 1:40 scale

model

.

Completed.

THE ROLE OF A PERMEABLE BED IN SEDIMENT

TRANSPORT.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

Analytical and experimental; fundamental

research for doctoral dissertation.

To determine theoretically the effect of the

vertical seepage force, which occurs in

porous-media flow, on the effective weight

force in terms of an apparent specific

weight of sediment. To study experimentally

the influence of the seepage force on incipient sediment motion.

Analytical part completed; experimental part

in progress.

For porous-media flow in a sand bed induced

by progressive gravity waves, the seepage

force is shown to render sediment particles

lighter under the wave trough and, conversely

heavier beneath the wave crest. The apparent

specific weight of sediment at the bed can be shown to vary from 0.85 to 1.40 times the

real specific weight. The theoretical treat- ment is effected for both Stokian and cnoidal wave s

.

"The Influence of a Permeable Bed on Sediment

Transport with Special Reference to Gravity

26
(4575)

ft)

(d)

(e)

(2

(h)

(4576)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

$

(h)

4577)

81

It)

SI

Waves", M R. Carstens and C. S. Martin,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Engineering

Experiment Station, Technical Report No. 1,

Project A-628, 55 pp., November 1962.

VAPOR-CAVITY FORMATION IN A PIPE AFTER VALVE

CLOSURE.

Laboratory project.

Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga.

Theoretical and experimental; research for

M.S. thesis.

The pressure as a function of time was measured at a downstream valve in a pipe

line following rapid closure of the valve.

The pipe line was 334 ft of coiled 5/8-in. OD

copper tubing. The experimental measurements

indicated that a vapor-cavity formed at the

valve at the time that the first shock wave, which was reflected from the upstream

reservoir, reached the downstream valve.

This vapor cavity grew in size and then decreased in size. At the instant of decay of

the vapor cavity, another shock wave was generated. The process repeated with decay.

Completed.

The results of graphical shock-wave analysis

assuming "lumped" resistance, a single vapor

cavity, and vapor pressure within the cavity

were in excellent agreement with experimental

results.

"Vapor-Cavity Formation in a Pipe after Valve

Closure", William E. Heath, M.S. thesis,

Georgia Institute of Technology, 1963.

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL

ORIFICE PLACED UNSYMMETRICALLY IN THE

APPROACH CHANNEL.

Laboratory project at Georgia Institute of

Technology and at SEATO Graduate School of

Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand.

Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Ga. Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga.

Experimental and theoretical; research for

M.S. theses."

The flow characteristics, coefficient of

contraction and angle of jet deflection,

were to be determined both analytically and

theoret ical ly

.

Continuing.

Experimental results have been obtained for

opening width-approach channel width ratios

of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, for a range of

opening eccentricities. Theoretical results

have been evaluated for symmetrical jet and

for maximum eccentricity. Numerical Integration is being done for intermediate

eccentricities.

"Flow and Discharge Characteristics of a TwoDimensional Orifice (Slot) Placed Unsymmetrlcally in the Approach Channel", Sumana

Chowchuvech, M.S. thesis, SEATO Graduate

School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand,

1961.

"Theoretical Study of the Flow and Discharge

Characteristics of a Two-Dimensional Orifice",

Anat Arbhabhirama, M.S. thesis, SEATO

Graduate School of Engineering, Bangkok,

Thailand.

CIRCULATION OF CONDENSER WATER, CHATTAHOOCHEE

RIVER.

Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engrg.

,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Ga.

Experimental

.

Study involving flow distribution patterns

in a partial river model. Favorable

routing of condenser discharge water from

two steam power plants in tandem was sought

to permit optimum plant efficiencies during

low flow periods.

Completed.

Results of the model study suggested en- gineering solution to problem of short

circuiting of hot condenser water between

(4578)

ii)

(d)

(e)

SI

(4579)

(b)

(c)

ID

(s)

(4580)

(b)

(c)

(f)

(4581)

(b)

(c)

the two power plants.

INFLUENCES ON PIEZOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

Experimental and theoretical; partly

supported by U. S. Geological Survey;

research for M. S. thesis.

Results of a previous project (see 3414)

Indicated influences on piezometric measurements other than those reported in W. W. Emmett's thesis. The Influence of turbulence intensity, piezometer hole diameter,

length of piezometer tubing and channel

roughness were investigated.

Completed.

Results indicated that errors, A.D, in piezometric measurements of depth of flow of

smooth, open channels may be expressed by

AD C ig

ID

where V is the mean stream velocity, and C an empirical coefficient. C was shown to be

a function of turbulence Intensity, scale of

turbulence, and hole diameter.

"Influence on Piezometric Measurements," by

James R. Wallace, M. S. thesis September

1962.

WHIRLPOOL FORMATION AND VORTEX STRETCHING.

Laboratory project; partly sponsored by the

Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Experimental and theoretical.

Asymmetric approach condition to the suction

bells of centrifugal pumps led to severe whirlpool formation, prerotation, and air

entralnment. A model study was conducted

to alleviate existing conditions in a con- denser-water circulating system. A rotating

pot apparatus was built subsequently to study free vortex motion and vortex

stretching under controlled conditions.

Laboratory measurements and photographic

analysis of vortices permitted a comparison

with results predicted by hydrodynamic

relationships.

ISOTROPIC-TURBULENCE WATER TUNNEL.

Laboratory project; sponsored partly by U. S. Geological Survey.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

Experimental and theoretical.

In order to establish response characteristics of turbulence probes, a known field

of turbulence Is necessary. Isotropic

turbulence can be created behind square-mesh

grids and results of the decay of isotropic

turbulence have been known from wind tunnel

studies. The experimental flow system

consists of a head tank, a contraction cone, an 8-inch diameter test section and a tailwater bay. The turbulence-generating grid

was built Into the throat of the contraction

cone

.

Velocity calibration in progress.

INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESSES ON FLOW ESTABLISHMENT AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN

CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

Experimental; research for M. S. thesis.

Vorticity and secondary motions are created

at channel transitions. The longevity of

these vortices is to be investigated in a

27
80-foot-long variable-slope channel. The

velocity profiles of the developing flows

are to be compared with one another for

various channel conditions. The deformation

and recovery of velocity profiles downstream

from disturbances are to be Investigated.

(4582) INVESTIGATION OP THE SPECTRUM OP TURBULENCE

IN A RECTANGULAR CLOSED CONDUIT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) Energy spectra are being investigated in a wind tunnel study. A hot wire anemometer

and a wave analyzer are being used to measure spectral components in the streamwise direction. Various physical changes

at the entrance to the wind tunnel create

different turbulence conditions in order to

shed light on the mechanism of turbulenceenergy transfer and the structure of turbulence.

(4583) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NON-ISOTHERMAL

VELOCITY PROFILES.

ib)

National Science Foundation,

c) Prof. C. W. Gorton, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech.,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for

two master's theses.

(e) Horizontal and vertical velocity profiles

were measured for the flow of mineral oil

through a one inch steam heated horizontal

tube in the Reynolds number range 800 to 1400. The purpose of the research was to

better understand the effects of varying

viscosity and density on velocity profiles.

fl Completed.

g) Horizontal and vertical velocity profiles

and temperature profiles were measured for

ten different Reynolds numbers in the

laminar range

.

(h) Partial results have been accepted for

publication by the AIChE Journal as a com- munication to the editor.

(4584) VISCOUS FLUID FLOW UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A RESONANT ACOUSTIC FIELD.

(b) Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Office

of Aerospace Research, United States Air

Force

.

(c) Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for

master's and doctor's theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the

effects of resonant acoustic vibrations on

the fluid flow and heat transfer in a 4-inch

horizontal tube heated by steam. Air was used as the fluid, resonant frequencies were

220 and 356 cps, and sound pressure levels

up to 164 decibels were obtained.

(g) The existence of standing vortices in the

tube were confirmed experimentally by a visualization study of the flow. Periodic

variations in the heat transfer coefficient

were obtained and the period of the variation

is a half wave-length of the resonant

frequency. The resonant vibrations tended

to increase the overall heat transfer for

laminar flow and decrease it for turbulent

flow conditions.

(h) "The Effects of Resonant Acoustic Vibrations

on the Local and Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficients for Air Flowing Through an

Isothermal Horizontal Tube," by Thomas W. Jackson, Kenneth R. Purdy, Calvin C. Oliver,

and Harold L. Johnson, ARL Technical Report

60-322, October 1960.

"The Effects of Resonant Acoustic Vibrations

on the Nusselt Numbers for a Constant

Temperature Horizontal Tube," by T. w. Jackson, Kenneth R. Purdy, and Calvin C. Oliver, Paper No. 57, 1961 International

Heat Transfer Conference, August 28 - Sept.

1, 1961, University of Colorado, Boulder,

Colorado, USA, and January 8-12, 1962,

Central Hall Lecture Theater, Westminister,

London, England.

"Heat Transfer Threshold Values for Resonant

Acoustic Vibrations in a Horizontal Isothermal Tube," by Ian Eastwood, Thomas W. Jackson, Calvin C. Oliver, and Kenneth R. Purdy, ARL Technical Report 62-326, April

1962.

"Viscous Fluid Plow Under the Influence of

a Resonant Acoustic Field," by Kenneth R. Purdy, Thomas W. Jackson, and C. W. Gorton,

paper No. 62-WA-116 presented at the 1962

Annual Meeting of the ASME and to be

published in the Heat Transfer Journal.

(4585) THE VISCOSITY OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for

master's and doctor's theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the

viscosity of steam to 10,000 psi and 1200

degrees F.

(g) Experimental data have been obtained for the

viscosity of steam using an annulus type

transpiration viscosimeter . A unique

method of measuring small pressure drops at very high static pressures was developed.

Experimental and theoretical work are con- tinuing on the project.

(h) "An Investigation of the Viscosity of Steam

at High Pressures," Samuel C. Barnett, Ph.D.

Thesis.

"The Experimental Determination of Steam

Viscosity at Pressures of 5,000 psia and

7,500 psia," Roger Harold Whitesides, Jr.,

M.S.M.E. Thesis.

"A High Pressure Differential Manometer, " by

S. C. Barnett, T. W. Jackson, and R. H.

Whitesides, Jr., accepted for publication in

Journal of Heat Transfer of ASME.

(4586) EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF

SECONDARY FLOW PHENOMENA INDUCED BY

CURVATURE AND VISCOUS SHEAR LAYERS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. A. W. Marris, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech.,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; master's and

doctor's theses.

(e) Basic research on secondary flow development

by the action of curvature on non-uniform

velocity gradients and viscous shear layers.

(h) "Turbulent Flow of Water in Plane Curved

Channels of Finite Depth" by 0. G. Brown

and A. W. Marris, Paper No. 62-WA-75, 1962

Annual ASME Meeting, (to be published in

Journal of Basic Engineering)

.

"A Review on Vortex Streets, Periodic Wakes

and Induced Vibration Phenomena," by A. W. Marris, Paper No. 62-WA-106, 1962 Annual

ASME Meeting, (to be published in Journal of

Basic Engineering)

.

"Radial Distributions of Temporal-Mean

Peripheral Velocity and Pressure for Fully

Developed Turbulent Flow in Curved Channels,"

by A. W. Marris, ASME Journal of Basic

Engineering, Sept. 1960, Vol. 82, Series

D, No. 3, p 528-538.

(4587) HEAT TRANSFER IN ANNULI.

b) Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Tech.,

Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctor's

thesis.

i

28
(e) Investigation of the effect of diameter

ratio, Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and

unheated entrance length on heat transfer

through outer wall of annuli

.

f) Completed.

g) Heat transfer coefficients to water,

ethylene-glycol, and n-butanol were obtained

for a one inch O.D. inconel tube (wall

thickness 0.049"), 10 feet long with center

plugs of 0.037, 0.125, 0.25, 0.407, 0.502,

0.673, and 0.752 inches in diameter.

(h) "Heat Transfer in Annuli: Nusselt Numbers

at the Outer Wall as a Function of the

System Variables," by John Paul Sanders,

Ph.D. thesis, August 1962.

(4588) MASS TRANSFER IN THE ENTRANCE LENGTH OF A PIPE - LAMINAR FLOW.

b) Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13,

Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctor's thesis.

(e) The project was established to determine

the mass transfer effects in the entrance

lengths of tubes.

(g) Local mass-transfer rates were obtained by

measuring the thickness decrease of a naphthalene layer as a function of time

and position. Theoretical results were calculated using Langhaar's entrance length ve- locity profiles.

(h) "Mass Transfer in the Entrance Length of a Pipe - Laminar Flow," by R. T. Bosworth and

H. C. Ward, paper presented at 55th Annual

Meeting of American Institute of Chemical

Engineers, Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 2-6, 1962.

(4589) A THEORETICAL STUDY OF NONI SOTH ERMAL FLOW

AND HEAT TRANSFER IN VERTICAL TUBES FOR

FLUIDS WITH VARIABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

t) Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctor's

thesis.

(e) A theoretical study of noni sothermal flow in

vertical tubes.

(g) A numerical scheme has been obtained for

calculating heat transfer and fluid friction

characteristics for laminar flow of fluids

with variable physical properties in vertical

circular tubes. Correlation parameters were developed for common fluids, taking into

account free convection effects, variable

viscosity, and variable heat capacity and

thermal conductivity. Correlated mean temperatures and friction factors are presented . (h) "A Theoretical Study of Nonisothermal Flow

and Heat Transfer In Vertical Tubes for

Fluids with Variable Physical Properties,"

by W. J. Lee and H. C. Ward, paper presented

at 55th Annual Meeting of American Institute

of Chemical Engineers, Chicago, Illinois,

Dec. 2-6, 1962.

(4590) ADIABATIC, EVAPORATING, TWO-PHASE FLOW OF

STEAM AND WATER IN HORIZONTAL PIPES.

(b) Departmental research.

(c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctor's thesis.

(e) The adlabatic, evaporating, two-phase flow of

steam and water in a horizontal pipe,

including the critical flow, was sucessfully

described by a system of non-linear differential equations which were solved, using

numerical techniques, on a digital computer.

Experimental data which were obtained show

that the theoretical equations describe the

complex flow phenomena to plus or minus 10

percent when radial temperature gradients

are small. Design charts based on the numerical solution of the theoretical equations

are presented for rapid computation of the

flow variables including the critical flow

situation.

(h) "Adiabatic, Evaporating, Two-Phase Flow of

Steam and Water in Horizontal Pipe," by

R. W. Pike and H. C. Ward, paper to be presented at the National Meeting of the

American Institute of Chemical Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana, March 10-14, 1963.

(4591) LAMINAR- FLOW DEVELOPMENT IN AN ACOUSTICALLY

RESONANT HORIZONTAL TUBE.

bl Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta 13, Georgia.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctor's

thesis.

(e) An analytical study of resonant acoustic

vibrations in air flowing through a horizontal tube. Constant density and viscosity

are assumed. Also the effects due to gravity

are assumed to be negligible. A mathematical

model for instantaneous velocity profiles was generated through an adaptation of the

equations of motion. The model was solved

numerically and the results predicted an instantaneous acoustic vibration effect on the normal boundary layer development which

Is periodic with respect to axial position

in the system.

f) Completed.

g) Provides analytical expressions for velocity

profiles in a tube in which resonant acoustical vibrations are established. These

profiles may be used in analytical ex- pressions for heat or mass transfer rates in

similar systems.

(h) "Laminar-Flow Development In an Acoustically

Resonant Horizontal Tube," by J. M. Spurlock

and H. C. Ward, paper to be presented at National Meeting of American Institute of

Chemical Engineers, New Orleans, Louisiana,

March 10-14, 1963.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1859, 3056, 3057,

and 3416 should be addressed to Prof. C. C. Warnick,

College of Engineering, and for Projects Nos. 1862,

2786, and 3418 should be addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

(1859) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING

AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental and field Investigation; basic

and operational with master's thesis.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating

performance are being considered, especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from

both lined and unlined canals.

(g) New sealants are being investigated in

experimental sections of irrigation canals.

Techniques for measuring seepage are being

compared in simultaneous testing in by-pass

sections of canal.

(h) Annual progress report is available on a limited basis.

"A Study of the Measurement of Canal Seepage"

D. E. Woodward, M. S. Thesis, University of

Idaho, 1962.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A study of the hydrological factors affecting

the Moscow Mountain Watershed as It applied

to the total water use in the area.

1

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(g)

(2786)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3056)

0>)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3057)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3416)

n

(g)

(h)

(3417)

(b)

(c)

!!!

Measurement data on a small watershed Is continuing to be collected.

FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

Laboratory project; cooperative with the

Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural

Experiment Station.

Field Investigation; basic and applied

research

.

To evaluate Irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops.

Basic field data have been collected for

five years. Final results are being prepared

for publication.

TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS.

Laboratory project; in cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies.

Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologlc data is being studied and

basic parameters of snow melt are being

studied for conversion into time delay

circuits for transmission by radio.

Prototype unit is being tested on Moscow

Mountain; elements of measurement transducers are being studied both in the field

and In the laboratory. License for station

has been approved.

Annual progress report is available on loan.

CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

Laboratory project; in cooperation with

Bureau of Land Management and ranchers.

Field investigation; applied operational

research.

Experimental stock watering ponds in desert

areas will be lined and evaporation control measures supplied to see if extension of such

water supply can be developed economically.

Several ponds lined and unlined are being

studied and enonomolecular films are being

experimented with to find net water savings.

The hydrology of small ponds is also being

Investigated.

"Idaho Reconnaissance Precipitation Gage,"

by P. R. Collett and C. C. Warnlck, Circular

No. 1, Engineering Experiment Station, Univ.

of Idaho, July 1962.

STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT

OF SNOW WATER CONTENT.

Laboratory project; cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

Field investigation; applied research.

A study is being made of basic methods of

measuring snow water content for use in

telemetering data from remote mountain

locations

.

Five different methods are being investigated in field experiments at mountain

locations. Data are being obtained manually

and correlated with conventional tube snow measurement s

.

First phase to be completed in December 1962.

Two theses are in preparation and a final

report will be made in 1963.

INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAMETERS

AND SOIL VARIABILITY.

Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Assistant Prof. D. W. Fltzslmmons, Dept. of

Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho,

Moscow, Idaho.

Theoretical; basic research.

To determine the effect of various furrow

geometric parameters and soil conditions on

(g)

(h)

(3418

(b

(d

(e

(g

(4533

(b

(c

(h

(4534

(b

(c

i:

(h

(4535

(d

(e

Infiltration patterns by analogy methods.

Flow patterns from square, round and

triangular shaped furrows in uniform soils

have been Investigated.

"Electric Analog Studies of Steady Flow from

Irrigation Furrows," by D. W. Fltzslmmons,

M. S. Thesis, University of Idaho, 1962.

"A Procedure for Determining Equivalent Conductivities of Soils for Electric Analog

Solutions of Steady Flow Problems," by

D. W. Fltzslmmons and G. L. Corey, Idaho

Agricultural Experiment Station Research

Bulletin No. 58.

"Infiltration Patterns from Irrigation

Furrows," by G. L. Corey and D. W. Fltzslmmons, Idaho Agricultural Expt. Sta. Research Bulletin No. 59.

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WATES.

Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental field investigation; applied

research.

To develop sensing elements which will electrically trip automatic headgates after a field has become irrigated.

Several elements have been field tested. No

element has been developed thus far that Is sufficiently sensitive to high soil moisture

levels.

MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN LIQUIDS IN PIPE

FLOW USING COMPUTER TECHNIQUES.

Laboratory project; National Science

Foundation grant

.

Assoc. Professor G. 0. Martin, Chemical

Engineering Department, University of Idaho,

Moscow, Idaho.

Experimental; basic research.

To measure relative intensity and Eulerian

integral scale of turbulence from autocorrelation measurements using computer

techniques.

Completed.

A correlation has been obtained to predict

the relative intensity of turbulence and

Eulerian and Legrangian scales of turbulence

for flow of fluids through pipes.

"An Investigation into the Turbulence

Characteristics of Fluids In Pipe Flow,"

by G. 0. Martin, Ph.D. Thesis, University

of Washington, 1963.

MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN LIQUIDS IN PIPE

FLOW USING A WAVE ANALYZER.

Laboratory project; National Science Foundation grant, National Defense and Education

Act fellowship.

Assoc. Prof. G. Q. Martin, Chemical Engrg.

Department, University of Idaho.

Experimental; basic research.

To measure relative intensity and Eulerian

Integral scales of turbulence using a wave analyzer

.

"Measurement of Pipe Turbulence Using a Wave

Analyzer," by D. K. Edwards, M. S. Thesis,

University of Idaho, 1963.

CROP COEFFICIENTS FOR CONSUMPTIVE USE IN

IDAHO.

Laboratory project.

Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Field Investigation; applied research for

master's thesis.

To determine crop coefficients, using the

Blaney-Crlddle formula, for such crops as potatoes, beans, and corn for southern Idaho

areas. The variation of the crop coefficients

for (1) light, medium and heavy applications

of water, (2) each month of growing or Irrigation season, and (3) the stage of

growth of each crop. These coefficients will

be compared with the coefficients developed

by Blaney-Criddle and other investigators for

30
other areas,

(g) Data are currently being collected.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION

A list of publications is available upon request;

write to Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232,

Urbana, Illinois.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OP ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conservation Service, and University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) For design of water-supply reservoirs,

measurements of sediment accumulation in

lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conser- vation practices are made.

(g) Results show correlation between rate of

sedimentation and land use on watershed;

results show six factors in explaining

sediment deposition: age of lake, capacityinflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a watershed shape factor, the density of

non-incised channels, and a watershed slope

factor.

(h) "An Empirical Equation for Reservoir Sedimentation," William C. Ackermann and Roger

L. Corinth, State Water Survey Reprint Series

1962-H, extract of publication No. 59,

I.A.S.H., Commission of Land Erosion,

pp. 359-366.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements were made of evaporation at four stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Evaporimeters con- structed and installed adjacent to pans

for year-round records.

(f) Measurements discontinued November 1, 1962.

(h) Measurements published in Climatologlcal

Data, Illinois Section. "Lake Evaporation in

Illinois," State Water Survey Technical

Letter No. 5, 1960.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

bi Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois,

dl Experimental; basic research,

e) Model studies of different pit types and

variations in relationship between groundwater gradients and artificial recharge.

(g) Pilot plant pit operation by water Survey

relinquished; laboratory analysis in

progress

.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois.

d| Field investigation; applied research,

e) Continuing evaluation of ground water

resources of the district. Ground water

levels and temperatures are monitored in

wells in key locations. Effects of

artificial recharge are evaluated. Analyses for changes in composition of ground

water used to trace movement of ground water

and to observe for possible introduction

and movement of contaminants

as a result of artificial recharge.

(g) Ground-water conditions substantially

improved in past ten years and consistently

since the use of four recharge pits was

initiated in 1956. One pit in North Field

is operated the year-round with nearly

complete recovery of the recharged water.

Second pit in North Field inoperative in 1962.

Recharge in Central Field arbitrarily

limited to cool surface water seasons. Central Field recharge has been reduced

because of improved ground water conditions.

(h) "ABS in the Peoria Domestic Water Supply,"

Orville W. Vogel and Robert H. Hai-meson,

State Water Survey Reprint Series 1962-E,

Jour. AWWA, 54(7) :803-810, July 1962.

"Eleventh Annual Report on Operation of the

Cedar Street Recharge Pits," Virginia Schnepper,

Peoria Assoc. of Commerce, Peoria, 111.,

1962.

(561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Evaluation of potential yield of the

sand and gravel deposits beneath the

American Bottoms (East St. Louis area).

Ground water levels are measured in more

than 200 observation wells, 9 of which are equipped with recording gages. Ground

water pumpage, Mississippi River stages,

rainfall, and quality of ground water data

are continuously collected. Maps have

been prepared showing the distribution and

areal extent of the hydraulic properties,

the thickness of the aquifer, and watertable contours. Computations are being

made to determine the amount of recharge

from precipitation and from induced infiltration of river water, and the amount

of subsurface flow from valley walls into

the American Bottoms . An electric analog

model has been constructed to simulate the

complex aquifer system.

(h) "Ground-Water Levels and Pumpage in East

St. Louis Area, Illinois, 1890-1961," R. J. Schicht and E. Q. Jones, State Water Survey

Report of Investigation 44, 1962.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois State Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Study of variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field with

wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally

heavily pumped. Study of ground water level

recession, interferences, transmissibilities,

effect of additional demands.

(g) Results show the ground water resources in

Chicago region ST? developed from four

water-yielding units: glacial drift aQUifers,

shallow dolomite aquifers, Cambrian-Ordovician

Aquifer, and Mt. Simon Aquifer. The CambrianOrdovician has been the most highly developed

source of large ground -water supplies.. Future ground-water supplies should be taken from

the shallow aquifers wherever possible.

(h) "yields of Deep Sandstone Wells in Northern

Illinois," W. C. Walton and Sandor Csallany,

State Water Survey Report of Investigation

43, 1962.

State Water Survey annual summaries of water- level decline and pumpage in the Chicago

region for 1959, 1960, 1961, given in Circulars. 79, 83, 85, respectively.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP -INLET SPILLWAY

STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

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31
Agricultural Research Service, Soli Conservation Service, and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures

that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide

the necessary Information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these

structures may be economically designed.

Initial phases of study concerned with

hydraulics of square risers with free discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape and

anti-vortex devices being studied. Second

phase to include the complete spillway.

Experimental apparatus constructed and tests

are being conducted on the complete spillway.

Information is being obtained on discharges,

vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a flat plate antl-vortex device, and flow

conditions

.

(g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible

in square risers are well defined as well

as some of the effect of non-square crest

shape. Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet spillway to determine whether

or not a metal grating deck placed above the

inlet can control vortices. The results

of the tests show that gratings do not

prevent or control strong vortices.

(2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Monomolecular chemical films to retard

evaporation from water supply lakes and

ponds in Illinois.

fl Additional summer tests planned,

g) Results appear favorable and tests will be

continued through 1963 summer season with

soluble packages.

(2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Data from four rain gage networks, con- sisting of 50 gages in 400 square miles,

10 gages in 100 square miles, 54 gages in

550 square miles, and 11 gages in 10 square

miles. Studies include: (1) Rainfall

variability, (2) frequency of point and

areal mean rainfall, (3) area-depth relations, (4) variation of point rainfall with

distance; (5) areal representativeness of

point rainfall; and (6) reliability of

areal mean rainfall estimates.

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717,

Peoria, Illinois.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Small, coarse media (1/4 - to 3/4-Inch)

filters are operated at rates comparable

to those achieved in field practice.

Purpose is to study the effects of coarse media on physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of recharged water and

to evaluate the function of coarse media

in protecting aquifer materials.

(g) Results of former field tests of various

sizes of materials are reported in State

Water Survey Bulletin 48. Program of

specially controlled laboratory test runs initiated in 1962 under grant from U. S. Public Health Service.

(2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, 111.

d) Applied research.

e) Investigation of meteorological conditions

associated with flood-producing storms in

Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable

definition of time and space distribution of

such storms and for calculation of probable

maximum rainfall

.

(g) Continuing project; analysis of storm area- depth relations, orientation of storms, season

al and geographic distribution, synoptic

weather types, topographic influences. Development of area-depth frequency relations

underway.

(3058) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE

RAINSTORMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, 111.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses based upon

radar, synoptic weather, and field survey data

and include area-depth-duration relations,

antecedent rainfall evaluation, lsohyetal maps

for peak periods of storm.

g) Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951.

h) State Water Survey Reports of Investigation

Nos. 14, 24, 27, 35, and 42.

(3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

SURFACE WATERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Robert H. Harmeson, Peoria Laboratory,

Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria,

Illinois.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) A study of heat loads applied to fresh water

bodies In Illinois to determine relationships

between temperature and/or heat loadings,

water usage, stream assets, and stream re- covery capabilities.

(3419) PRECIPITATION DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Applied research.

e) Investigation of precipitation drought frequen

cy in Illinois, distribution in space and time

of dry periods, relative severity of these

periods, meteorological conditions favorable

for drought in Illinois, correlation of precipitation drought with other meteorological

factors such as thunderstorm frequency and

atmospheric moisture distribution, and association of precipitation drought with low stream

flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3420) FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water Survey

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Analysis of the severity, frequency, and

duration of low flows in Illinois streams as they affect impounding reservoir yields,

(g) Methodology devised to determine gross and net

yield of an Impounding reservoir during

various recurrence-interval droughts. A non- sequential mass curve analysis gives gross

yield. Net lake evaporation is processed on a frequency basis; applied to the reservoir;

and net yield is determined. Risks associated

with an impounding reservoir have been determined and clarified to allow better understanding of reservoir design and recurrence

of events.

(h) "Reservoir Mass Analysis by a Low Flow Series,

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32
15!

it!

ASCE Sanitary Engineering Division, Sept. 1962.

"Calculated Risks of Impounding Reservoir

Yield," ASCE Hydraulics Div., January 1963.

Final report in progress, to be titled "Low

Flows of Illinois Streams for Impounding (g

Reservoir Yield."

(3421) PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVILLE (h

AREA.

Laboratory project

.

Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey, (3734

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field Investigation; applied research. (b

All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially (c

precipitation, temperature, stream flow, soil

moisture, changes in surface and subsurface (d

storage, and evaporation) to be measured and (e

examined to obtain quantitative knowledge of

the movement and storage of ground water under

natural conditions in the 22-square mile basin.

The annual rate of recharge to, and evapotranspiration from, the ground-water reservoir (4135

to be determined. Stream discharge hydrograph

to be separated into its two components, fb surface runoff and ground-water runoff. (c

Gravity yields of glacial deposits and underlying dolomite aquifer to be estimated. (d

(e

HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with 111.

State Geological Survey. (4136

Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois. fb Field investigation; applied research. (c

Evaluation of water yielding potential of

dolomite aquifer in Illinois from pumping (d

test and specific capacity data Is in (e

progress. Statistical analysis of well production data is being made to determine

geological controls on aquifer productivity.

Frequency graphs were used to determine the

role of individual units of a dolomite aquifer

in DuPage County, Illinois, as contributors

of ground water. The practical sustained

yield of the dolomite aquifer was estimated

based largely on case histories of heavy

ground-water development,

(h) "Ground-Water Resources of DuPage County,

Illinois," A. J. Zeizel, W. C. Walton, R. T. Sasman, and T. A. Prickett, Illinois State

Water Survey and Geological Survey Cooperative Ground-Water Report 2, In press 1962.

TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Laboratory and field investigation.

Monomolecular film-forming fatty alcohols are Introduced to roots of plants causing the

plants to transpire less water than control

plants

.

Field tests being analyzed.

"Reduction of Transpiration," W. J. Roberts,

State Water Survey Reprint Series 1961-E,

Jour. Geophys. Res., 66(10) :3309-12, Oct. 1961,

EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYTICAL

METHODS.

(3731)

w

(c)

(g)

(3732)

13

\i]

(3733)

Si

I

(4137

(f

(4138

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. C. Walton, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Case histories of ground-water development

are being studied to determine if it is (h

possible to evaluate wells and aquifers with

analytical expressions by devising approximate

methods of analysis based on idealized models (4139

of aquifer situations. Geohydrologic boundaries are assumed to be straight-line demarcations and are given mathematical expression (b

by means of the image-well theory. The hy- (c

draulic properties of the aquifer and overlying

r Dnfining beds are considered mathematically (d

b: using ground-water formulas. Records of (e

past pumpage and water levels and a digital

computer are used to establish the validity

of this mechanism to describe the response of aquifers to pumping.

Case histories of ground-water development

have been used to evaluate the practical sus- tained yields of eight aquifers in Illinois.

"Selected Methods for Well and Acquifer Evaluation," W. C. Walton, State Water Survey

Bulletin 49, 1962.

INDUSTRIAL WATER USE IN ILLINOIS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research.

Determine withdrawal of water by industries

in Illinois, with delineation according to

kinds of industry, location by area, and sources of supply.

CORROSION PREVENTION BY CaCO .

Laboratory project.

Mr. T. E. Larson or H. W. Humphreys, Illinois

State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Experimental

.

To determine chemical requirements and velocity requirements to provide protective coating in water pipes.

SEVERE STORM SINGULARITY STUDY.

Laboratory project.

Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Investigation of the tendency of severe weather events to occur on preferred dates,

the causes of observed tendencies, and the

application of the results In defining the

probability distribution of severe storms.

Elements under study include severe rainstorms, thunderstorms, hailstorms, and tor- nadoes.

Completed.

"Singularities in Severe Weather in Illinois',' S. A. Changnon, Jr., paper presented at American

Meteorological Society meetings on Climatology,

Asheville, N. C, Oct. 1962; to be publishe as research report for Crop-Hall Insurance

Actuarial Assoc., January 1963.

DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION AND

RELATED WEATHER ELEMENTS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Investigation of the diurnal distribution of

various weather elements on a monthly, seasonal, annual, and geographic basis. Elements

under study include rainfall, sleet, hail,

tornadoes, thunderstorms, freezing rain, and

fog.

Suspended.

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN ILLINOIS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Evaluation of methods for calculating evapotranspiration and assessment of evapotranspiration in Illinois.

"Evapotranspiration in Illinois," Report of

Investigation in preparation.

PRECIPITATION PATTERNS OVER AND AROUND LOWER

LAKE MICHIGAN.

Laboratory project.

Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Applied research.

Radar film records are being studied to de33
(h)

(4536)

13

(g)

(h)

(4537)

I!)

termlne the Influence of Lake Michigan on (e)

precipitation processes. A proposal has been

submitted to develop a ralngage for bouy installation and plans have been prepared for

additional radar data collection over lower

Lake Michigan.

"Influence of Lake Michigan on Squall Line

Rainfall," Proceedings, Fifth Conference on Great Lakes Research, Great Lakes Research

Division Publication No. 9, University of

Michigan, pp. 111-115, 1962.

GEOHYDROLOGIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS WITH AN ELECTRIC UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation

ANALOG COMPUTER. Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

To obtain and correlate basic data on the

several forces and factors Involved in

erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might be founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will serve the Intended purposes.

(°)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. William C. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

Experimental; applied research.

Purpose of project is to apply electric analog (2316)

computers to ground-water resource evaluation

problems in Illinois. Ground-water development schemes are being tested and the relative

merits of alternate choices of development are being appraised. The consequences of the

utilization of aquifers are being forecast.

The electric analog computer in use consists

of an analog model and excitation-response

apparatus, i.e., waveform generator, pulse

generator, and oscilloscope. The analog

model is a regular array of resistors and

capacitors and is a scaled-down version of an

aquifer.

Analog models have been constructed for three

Idealized aquifer situations to study the

accuracy and reliability of the analog computer

Close agreement between analog computer and

exact analytical solutions for the three

selected aquifer situations has been obtained.

A comparison of the analog computer and

simplified analytical solutions for a selected

complex aquifer situation indicates that re- source evaluations based on incomplete data

and analog or idealized mathematical models

can be meaningful and useful. Analog models

for sand and gravel aquifers in the East St. Louis and Champalgn-Urbana areas have been

constructed. Past records of pumpage and

water levels have been used to establish the

validity of the analog model for the East St Louis area. "Electric Analog Computers for Analyzing

Ground -Water Problems," W. C. Walton and T. A. Prickett, has been submitted for publication

in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

HYDR0METE0ROLOGY OF SPECIFIC ILLINOIS BASINS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey,

Box 232, Urbana, 111.

Applied research.

Development of relations defining the distribution of precipitation extremes in major

basins. Included are studies of the frequency

distribution of excessive point and areal mean

rainfall in various regions of basins, the

frequency distribution of drought, average

slope of area-depth curves, actual depthduration-area relations in the heaviest storms

on record, area-depth frequency relations based

upon all major storms of record, seasonal distribution of heavy storms, and the shape

characteristics of major storms. Research

presently confined to the Kaskaskia basin.

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE

MICHIGAN.

RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.,

Experimental and field investigation; basic

research.

To determine frequencies of peak rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural

watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to determine maximum rates of runoff from agricultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- off from agricultural watersheds under ac- cepted soil conservation practices with

watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of 45.5, 63,

82, and 390 acres near Montlcello, Illinois

are covered with a rain gage network, and

runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Maximum stage recorders are Installed at field

structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign,

Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1,400

acres. Model studies and field calibrations

are made on the field structures.

Bulletin summarizing twelve years of record

being written.

LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION

AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental investigation in the laboratory;

applied and basic research.

To investigate the performance of soil and

water conservation structures by means of

hydraulic model studies, to study water flow

patterns into surface drains and to determine

the cause of failures and remedial measures

of certain conservation structures under

flood conditions.

"Filter Materials for Tile Drains in a Medlun

Sand - A Laboratory Comparison," by D. R. Sisson and B. A. Jones, Jr. Trans, of ASAE:

5-1, 54-58 (1962).

"Discussion: End Depth at a Drop in Trapezoidal Channels" by J. A. Replogle. Proc.

ASCE 88-HY2, 161-165. (March 1962).

"A Microdifferential Pressure Transducer," by L. F. Huggins, Agricultural Engineering 43-9,

529, 531. (September 1962)

"Comparison of Theoretical, Laboratory, and

Field Discharge Ratings of a Drop Inlet for a Small Farm Pond," by J. A. Replogle, L. F. Huggins and R. D. Black, Trans, of ASAE 5-2,

(in press 1962)

.

"Gully Control Without Structures" by W. S. Harris and R. C. Hay, Trans, of ASAE 5-2

(in press 1962)

.

(3424) A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION.

(h)

(2789)

(e)

(h)

(d)

State of Illinois.

Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street,

Springfield, Illinois.

Field investigation; applied research.

0>) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Experimental; basic research.

Natural rainstorms are photographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution, and

34
the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may be

calculated. Physical measurements will be

made of the soil to determine the effect of

the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil

loss. The nature and properties of rainstorms that occur in this area of Illinois

will also be studied,

(h) "Modifications to Improve Hydrologic Data

from Wheel-Type Samplers" by J. A. Replogle.

Paper No. 62-717 presented at the Winter

Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, December 1962 (available

from the Executive Secretary ASAE, St. Joseph,

Michigan)

.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulics and Water

Resources Laboratory, Department of Civil Engrg.

Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed

to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., unless otherwise indicated.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Illinois

Division of Highways and Bureau of Public

Roads.

(d) Analytical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

(e) To determine the discharge of water which

will reach openings of highway drainage

structures, such as bridges and culverts and

to provide a simple but scientific procedure

for use of engineers in establishing the

economical and adequate size of opening.

f) Completed.

g) A scientific, simple, and practical method is

developed for the determination of peak

discharges from small drainage basins. For

practical applications, a design chart for

climatic and physiographic conditions in

Illinois is prepared.

(h) "Hydrologic Determination of Waterway Areas

for the Design of Drainage Structures in

Small Drainage Basins," by Ven Te Chow,

University of Illinois, Engineering Experiment

Station, Bulletin No. 462, March, 1962.

"Hydrologic Design of Culverts," by Ven Te

Chow, Proceedings American Society of Civil

Engineering, Paper 3071, Journal of Hydraulics

Division, HY2, March, 1962, pp.' 39-55;

reprinted also as University of Illinois

Civil Engineering Series, Hydraulic Engrg.

Series No. 5, Illinois Cooperative Highway

Research Program, Series No. 5, June, 1962.

(3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER DRAINS.

bl Association of American Railroads.

c) Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Investigation of characteristics of flow

through granular filters and several types

of drain pipe. Investigations have included

tests of coated and uncoated corrugated metal

pipe, drain tile, and plastic pipe. Compaction studies have been completed. Current Investigation is directed toward study

of migration of fines within the filter and

the effect of migration upon filter stability.

T) Completed.

g) Little sorting of filter material occurs at pipe perforations. Optimum compaction of

concrete sand filters appears to be about

15 percent greati..'- than loose fill. Filter

stability is caused by binding of fines in

the intergranular openings near the pipe

openings

.

(h) "First Progress Report on Performance of

Filter Materials," by J. C. Guillou, Bulletin

556, American Railway Engineering Assoc.,

February, 1960.

"Second Progress Report on Performance of

Filter Materials," by J. C. Guillou and R. F. Lanyon Report ER-12, AAR Research Center,

Chicago, Illinois, May, 1961.

(3425) LOCKPORT SLUICEGATE STUDY.

(b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago.

(c) Prof. J. C. Guillou, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) A 1:20 scale model has been constructed and

tested. The subject sluicegates will be used

for supplemental control of storm water

releases from the Chicago Drainage Canal.

Three turbine pits in the existing powerhouse

at Lockport have been modified to receive

triple sluicegates. The model data have been

used to develop operational rating data for

the gates under various headwater and tailwater conditions.

(g) Report in preparation.

(3736) NON-LINEAR APPROACH TO THE INSTANTANEOUS

UNIT HYDROGRAPH THEORY.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for K. P. Singh.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) To study the characteristics of

instantaneous unit hydrographs (IUH) on the basis of the concept of non-linearity.

Various mathematical models are analyzed

by means of digital computers.

f| Completed

g) A non-linear theory is developed to account

for the variations in IUH derived from

different storms over a drainage basin.

The transformation of rainfall exesss having a non-uniform areal and time distribution to a direct runoff hydrograph is

accomplished by considering the mechanics of

overland and channel flow in terms of translation and storage effects

.

(h) "Non-linear Approach to the Instantaneous

Unit Hydrograph Theory," by K. P. Singh,

Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois,

1962, Prof. V. T. Chow being the advisor.

(3737) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE-SURFACE EFFECT.

(b) Departmental study.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To evaluate the free -surface effect of flow In open channels.

(g) A preliminary study is being made to check

the variation in roughness coefficient in

circular conduits when the flow is partially

full. In this study Prandtl's assumption of

constant shearing stress is changed to an as- sumption of variable shearing stress depending

on hydraulic radius. The computed variation

in roughness coefficient agrees in general

with the average observations.

(4140) MODEL STUDY OF HYDROGRAPH CONCEPTS.

(b) Graduate project by W. H. Huang.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) This study involves the construction of a hydraulic apparatus to test the theory

involved in the conventional method of

hydrograph analysis and to determine the

effects on hydrographs due to various

factors including slope, roughness, and

geometry of the drainage basin and the

movement, duration and Intensity of simulated

rainfalls. The method employed is both ex- perimental and analytical.

(g) A basin model of 4 ft. by 8 ft. has been

constructed and preliminary test runs were made for three different durations. The

simulated rainfall Is produced by six Spraco

sprinklers. The runoff discharge is measured

by differential volumetric tanks and recorded

by successive time exposures of a movie

camera.

(4537) BOX CULVERT ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

f

!

i

!

35
(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; applied research; NSP

undergraduate research grant problem.

(e) Initially, applicability of U.S.B.R. Basin

VT (ASCE Proc, Vol. 83, No. HY5, Paper 1406,

Oct., 1957) for highway box culverts under

Investigation. Study will be extended to development of alternative structures for

erosion control.

(4538) WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS CRITERIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Numerical; development.

(e) General criteria are being sought for

determination of minimum initial cost and

optimum operating cost of systems comprising

pumped input, network and equalizing storage.

Consideration will be given to hourly and

yearly demand variations.

(g) General network head-loss parameters and

pump-network- storage balancing criteria have

been developed.

(h) "Generalized Distribution Network Head-Loss

Characteristics," by M. B. McPherson, ASCE

Trans., Vol. 126 (1961).

"Applications of System Analyzers: A Summary," by M. B. McPherson, Proceedings of

Fourth Sanitary Engrg. Conf., Univ. of

Illinois, Engrg. Experiment Station Circular

No. 75, 1962. (Reprinted in Water and

Sewage Works, Reference Volume, 1962).

(4539) NON-UNIFORM SUPPLY OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project; support from University

of Illinois Research Board and NSF undergraduate research grant.

Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Experimental and theoretical; applied research

Uniform and linearly varying rainfall supply

is simulated with a sprinkling system on a sheet of variable slope and roughness.

Limitations of Izzard's relations for a uniform supply are under investigation and

relations for non-uniform supply are to be

studied

.

(4540) CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC JUMP.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Illinois

State Water Survey.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; development; graduate special

problem.

(e) A 60 degree sector of a circular hydraulic

Jump is being studied to determine feasibility of using a radial-efflux conduit exit

transition for more efficient energy

dissipation.

(4541) VARIATION OF TRACTIVE FORCE IN SEWERS AND

DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project for J. A. Replogle's

doctoral thesis.

(d) To study the distribution of boundary shearing

stress, or tractive force in a circular

conduit flowing partially full and to determine the relationship between the shearingstress distribution and the velocity distribution.

(e) A 4 in. smooth copper tube with fully developed open-channel flow Is used for a variety

of flow depths. The velocity distribution is

measured by using a small pitot tube and the

"law of the wall" method.

(4542) CRITICAL-FLOW CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project for graduate studies.

(e) To construct a critical-flow channel which

will be used to verify the theory of critical

flow and to examine the behavior of flow in

(c)

such a channel,

(g) A critical-flow channel was constructed of

Plexiglass plates which were shaped to the

form of the theoretically computed cross

section.

(4543) WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM.

(b)

(!)

(4544)

0>)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project supported by the

University's Center for Advanced Study.

Theoretical; basic research.

To study the methods of synthetic hydrology

and the use of mathematical models In the

planning and development of water resources

systems. The approach Is analytical and

mathematical, including various methods of

probability, programming techniques, and

operations research.

ELECTRONIC ANALOG MODEL FOR GROUND WATER.

Laboratory project for graduate studies by

P. A. Carr and S. H. Whitaker; cooperative

with Illinois State Water Survey.

To construct an electronic analog model to simulate aquifer characteristics.

Part of the electronic analog model to slmulss

the aquifers in the area of Champaign-Urbana,

Illinois, has been completed.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be addressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and for

Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, 2537 to Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, University of 111.,

Urbana, Illinois.

(2083)

(bi

(d

(e)

(f)

(2536)

(t>)

(f)

(3427)

(f)

(4142)

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

HAVING A TRIANGULAR CR0S S- SECTION

.

Laboratory project.

Basic research.

Data being obtained from a channel artificial

ly roughened.

Investigation reactivated, additional data

being taken with new improved instruments.

STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

Laboratory project, formerly National Science

Foundation.

Basic research.

The nature of turbulence (its production and

dissipation) is being studied in the simplest

possible shear flow. This flow is produced

in plane Couette flow where the shear is

constant and the turbulence homogeneous but

not isotropic. Mean flow studies essentially

complete. Transformation of turbulent stresse to different orientation of axes currently

being studied.

Reactivated.

STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACES.

Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program.

Basic research; experimental.

Information on mean-flow and turbulence

structure near roughnesses being studied in

an 8-inch "natural roughness" pipe and in

3-inch sand-roughened pipe. Basic question

is how roughness produces turbulence.

Current emphasis is on spectrum.

Investigation in process.

TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW TOWARDS A NORMAL STEP.

Graduate project.

Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Lab.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Basic Research.

An analytical and experimental study is being

36
(f)

(4143)

(b)

(c)

It]

(f)

(4558)

(f)

(4559)

(*)

(c)

(3

(f)

made of upstream separation, i.e., the real

fluid behavior (separation, mixing, reattachment) in front of a normal step projecting

inward from a plate along which fluid is

flowing with a turbulent boundary layer. Air

is fluid medium being used.

Investigation in process.

HEMODYNAMICS SIMILITUDE STUDY OF AN ARTERIAL

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

State of Illinois, Department of Public

Welfare, Galesburg State Research Hospital,

Galesburg, Illinois.

Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Basic research; experimental.

The flow of blood in the Circle of Willis

the arterial distribution system for the

brain—is to be studied utilizing largersized models of both the prototype fluid and

conduit system. Present goal is to fabricate

a model which will simulate in as many ways

as possible the prototype and its flow.

Investigation in process. Fabrication of

first-stage model essentially complete.

Model-prototype verification studies to be

initiated.

EFFECT OF TURBULENT NORMAL STRESS ON DRAG

EVALUATION BY WAKE MOMENTUM METHOD.

Laboratory project.

Basic research.

Conventionally the evaluation of drag of bodies

from wake transverses ignores normal stresses

in wake. Estimates from scanty data Indicate

this factor to account for 2 to 10 percent of

drag. Experiments are being conducted to obtain a more precise indication of the size of

the error and how it varies.

Investigation in initial stages.

FLOW STABILITY AND HEAD LOSS IN BRANCHED

TUBES.

State of Illinois, Department of Public

Welfare, Galesburg State Research Hospital,

Galesburg, Illinois.

Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

Basic research; experimental.

In conjunction with a model study of the

Circle of Willis—the arterial distribution

system for the brain--a need was felt for a better understanding of the stability of

viscous flows through certain types of junctions

as well as the amount of head loss which occurs.

A series of bifurcations and fusions of rigid,

circular tubes are being studied to gain this

understanding

.

Investigation in process.

(67)

15)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(68)

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State Univ. of Iowa.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture,

U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, and

M. S. theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 3-square-mile area measured

by U. S. G. S.; rainfall records at five

automatic recording stations collected by

Agricultural Research Service. Continuous

records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff,

groundwater levels, and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Institute of

(g)

Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year

record published as Bulletin 16 of the Iowa

Highway Research Board in 1961; available

upon request from Iowa Highway Commission,

Ames, Iowa.

COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN

IOWA.

Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. V. R. Bennlon, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Field investigation; collection of basic

stream-flow data.

Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations

maintained throughout the State of Iowa

cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records

collected by standard methods of U. S. G. S. Records of stream-flow and sediment discharge

computed yearly.

Records contained in Water-supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey

.

HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. V. R. Bennlon, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Field investigation; applied research.

Study being made of relation between rainfall

and runoff over a small area. Discharge fran

a 25- square-mile area measured and flood

runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four

automatic recording stations collected by

U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records

since 1941 of precipitation, runoff, and

ground-water levels

.

Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau

Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff

and ground-water levels published in Geological

Survey Water-Supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical in operation,

are being developed to measure the characteristics of turbulent flow over a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both sensing

and computing elements are Involved.

(g) Commercial pressure transducers have been

used with adapters to measure instantaneous

values of total and local pressures at a point in a flow field. Modifications using

hot-wire elements to measure pressure-velocity correlations are also under study.

(7 9) CAVITATION

.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Studies of cavitation in Jets and

behind disks and plates are being continued.

(h) "Cavitation and Pressure Fluctuation Behind

a Bluff Body With and Without a Trailing

Splitter Plate," by Arthur D. Newsham, M.S.

thesis, State University of Iowa, February

1963. (Available on loan.).

(81) MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research and

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

37
Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Id) Applied research.

(e) Pressure and velocity distributions on a series of 30 bodies of revolution, In axial,

transverse, and rotational motion are being

analyzed.

(f) Phase described In (e) completed.

(g) Computer program for obtaining flow patterns

developed. Report near completion.

(h) "Potential Flow About a Family of Bodies of

Revolution," by L. Landweber and Matilde

Macagno. Final report on Contract N600

(167)55727 (x) to the David Taylor Model Basin

December 1961.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy and U. S. Army Research Office (Durham).

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and

turbulence are being investigated throughout

the vicinity of separation zones produced by

abrupt changes in flow section, to the end

of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry.

(g) Studies are being conducted on flow in the

wake of a circular disk and in axlsymmetrlc

conduit expansions.

(h) "Flow Characteristics at Abrupt Axlsymmetrlc

Expansions," by Mahesh C. Chaturvedi, Ph.D.

dissertation, State University of Iowa,

August 1962. (Available on loan.)

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the laws governing the forces,

moments, and motions of ships in smooth and

disturbed seas, in order to furnish design

data to the naval architect. Work is under

way on the following problems: (1) Wave

damping of a series of rolling (Ursell)

cylinders, (2) resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of measurements in the

wake of a ship, (3) effect of a free surface on separation, (4) treatment of vibration

of spheroids and shiplike forms on the basis

of a unified theory of hydroelasticity, and

(5) image of a source in a prolate spheroid,

(h) Experimental Investigation of Ursell' s Theory

of Wavemaking by a Rolling Cylinder," by W.

C. McLeod and Tsuying Hsleh, submitted for

publication to Schiff stechnik.

"Drag Coefficients of Flat Plates Oscillating

Normally to their Planes," by M. Ridjanovic,

Schiff stechnik, Bd. 9, Heft 45, 1962.

"Separation of Viscous from Wave Drag of Ship

Forms," by Jin Wu, Journal of Ship Research,

June 1962.

"The Viscous Drag of Submerged and Floating

Bodies," by L. Landweber and Jin Wu, IIHR

Report, March 1962.

"Image System in an Ellipse due to an External Source," by Matilde Macagno, IIHR

Report, July 1962.

(2324) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP -CRESTED

WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analytical; basic research for doctor's

degree

.

(e) Determination of streamline configuration

through use of digital computer for various

relative heights of weir.

(h) "Irrotatlonal Flow Over Weirs, "by Theodor S. Strelkoff, Ph.D. dissertation, State Univ.

(2328)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(2541

(b

(c

a

(g

(2792

(b

(c

(2795

fg

(h

(3068

\l

8

of Iowa, June 1962. (Available on loan.).

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey,

Dept. of the Interior.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

Primary purpose is to determine the effect

of different concentrations of roughness

elements on open-channel resistance. Tests

have been conducted in two flumes, 30 feet

and 85 feet, in both the subcrltical and

supercritical regimes using both a cubical

roughness element and a natural sand-grain

element varying systematically from minimum

to maximum concentration. The correlation

between free-surface instability, increased

channel resistance, and the presence of roll waves has also been studied. Apparatus is now being devised for measuring drag on individual elements.

DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS.

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research.

The purpose Is to improve the analysis of

turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations,

especially where long-period fluctuations are significant

.

Such basic computing elements as operational

amplifiers, integrators, and function generators are combined to perform all the necessary statistical operations.

THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO-MOMENTUM

WAKE.

Cooperative with the Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Primarily experimental; basic research.

Powered models of a strut-mounted propeller

and a merchant vessel are driven in a towing basin, and the wake is investigated

with a PItot rake and a hot-wire anemometer.

Measurements of turbulent velocities are being

made to supplement the mean-velocity data

already at hand

.

PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRECIPITATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa.

Statistical.

Exploration of possibility of estimating

frequencies of rare floods based on combination of observed frequencies of precipitation and infiltration.

Completed.

Good correlation for small and medium-sized

but not for large watershed.

"Prediction of Runoff Frequency Based on Precipitation and Infiltration Frequencies,"

by Srinivasan Mukundan, M. S. thesis, State

University of Iowa, February 1963. (Available on loan. )

.

DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASHBOARDS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa,

Iowa City, Iowa.

Experimental; for M. S. thesis.

Measurement of dynamic moment exerted by

water flowing over flashboard.

38
(h)

(3428)

(f) First phase completed; investigation con- tinuing.

(g) A parameter involving turning moment on flashboard related to head- and tail-water

levels for typical OG spillway crest.

(h) "Overturning Moments on a Flashboard Mounted

on a Parabolic Spillway Crest," by Alberto

Lizarralde, M.S. thesis, State University of

Iowa, February 1962. (Available on loan.).

(3074) WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbulent,

and of pressure is being measured in the

field of flow past a bluff, axisymmetric

body with a centrally located jet for the

particular condition of zero momentum flux.

"Preliminary Studies of the Wake of a Body

with Zero Difference of Momentum Flux," by

Horacio Alberto Caruso, M.S. thesis, State

Univ. of Iowa, August 1962. (Available on loan. )

.

MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS

DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; basic research for

Ph. D. thesis.

(e) Observations taken on transverse profile of

ground-water levels during rise and recession

of hydrographs. Sections on Missouri,

Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English Rivers,

Clear Creek and Rapid Creek. Permeability

tests made by pumping wells.

(g) Early results indicate substantial flow into

banks during period of rise, thus showing

a negative groundwater contribution to the

flow in this period.

(3429) JET WITH TRANSVERSE PRESSURE GRADIENT.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) In order to better understand the effect of

Jet mixing on an annular Jet, the diffusion

of a two-dimensional Jet directed against a flat plate in the presence of a transverse

pressure gradient has been studied.

(h) "Patterns of Flow Under a Two-DImensional

Gem," by Ben-Chle Yen, Report to Office of

Naval Research, January 1962.

(3431) SEDIMENT SORTING.

(b) Partially supported by National Science

Foundation

.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

id) Experimental; basic research,

e) To determine the effect of various particlesize distributions with the same means but

different standard deviations on (1) totalload and suspended-load transportation, (2)

bed configuration, and (3) size distribution

of the total load.

(3432) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN AN OSCILLATING FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

and Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere

falling in an oscillating fluid.

(h)

(3738)

(b)

(o)

I

(h)

(3739)

(e)

(g)

(3740)

IX!

(g)

(h)

Partial results in "A Study of Sediment in

Suspension," by Lucien M. Brush, Jr., HauWong Ho, and Surya Rao Singamsetti, Internat. Assoc. of Scientific Hydrology, Symposium of

Bari, Pub. No. 59, p. 293-310, 1962.

SEDIMENT DIFFUSION.

Laboratory project partially supported by a grant from Gulf Research and Development Co.

Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, IowaCity, Iowa. Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation.

To determine the sediment-diffusion characteristics for small concentrations of particles

in a submerged Jet of water.

"Exploratory Study of Sediment Diffusion,"

by Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Trans. Amer.

Geophys. Union, Vol. 67, No. 4, p. 1421 - 1433, 1962.

"A Study of Sediment in Suspension, "by Lucien

M. Brush, Jr., Hau-Wong Ho, and Surya Rao

Singamsetti, Internat. Assoc. of Scientific

Hydrology, Symposium of Bari, Pub. No. 59,

p. 293 - 310, 1962.

EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City Iowa. Six 20-mlnute sound films in color are planned to cover following material: (1) An

introduction to the subject, stressing its

great breadth of coverage, the necessarily

close tie between theory and experiment, the

role of the scale model in engineering

analysis and design, and methods of flow

measurement in laboratory and field. (2)

The source and significance of the fundamental principles of continuity, momentum,

and energy, and their application to typical

problems in many professional fields. (3)

Gravitational phenomena, including Jets,

nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges,

and effects of density stratification. (4)

Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar

flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence,

and problems of surface resistance. (5)

Form drag and lift, and their application

to propulsion and fluid machinery. (6) Compressibility effects - water hammer, submarine signaling, gravity-wave and sound-wave

analogies, and supersonic drag.

First two films of series, "Introduction to the Study of Fluid Motion" and "Fundamental

Principles of Flow" now available from Bureau

of Audio-Visual Instruction, Extension Div.,

State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Third

film, "Flow in a Gravitational Field," In

preparation.

HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF

RAPID ACCELERATION.

Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

Analytical techniques which are applicable

to systems involving rapid acceleration of

fluids through constructions or of solids

through fluids. Results will be expressed

as lumped-constant parameters similar to those used for steady-flow phenomena.

A complete description of the behavior of an orifice in unsteady flow requires terms

representing convective acceleration,

virtual mass, and a residual which is as yet

unexplained.

"An Approximation for the Motion of a Compressible Liquid," by E. 0. Macagno and

H. W. Ho, Report to Rock Island Arsenal under

contract No. DA-11070-508 0RD-988.

"Interpretation of Data and Response of

Probes In Unsteady Flow," by Philip G. Hubbard,

Symposium on Measurement in Unsteady Flow

A.S.M.E., May 21 - 23, 1962.

39
(4145)

w

(c)

(d)

(e)

INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN FLUID FLOW WITH

DENSITY STRATIFICATION.

Cooperative with U. S. Army Research Office

(Durham)

.

Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research and graduate

theses.

On stability of two-layered flow and subsequent mixing. Effect of thickness of

lnterlayer on stability. Effect of stratification on turbulence propagation. Role of

lnterfaclal shear In stable stratified flow.

Apparatus is now ready for study of stability

and mixing of two layers flowing in the same direction.

EFFECT OF GATE LIP SHAPE UPON DOWNPULL.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Experimental; applied, for M. S. thesis.

Pressure distribution under high-pressure

gates is being measured for various lip

shapes. Coefficients are to be established

for the analysis of vertical forces acting

upon the gate.

RESISTANCE OF CYLINDRICAL PIERS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental, M. S. thesis.

Drag is studied as function of Froude number,

relative depth, and relative spacing of

piers.

"The Resistance of Piers in High-Velocity

Flow," by Tsu-ying Hsieh, M.S. thesis, State

University of Iowa, August 1962. (Available

on loan )

.

MEAN-FLOW AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF

RIVER BENDS.

Supported by the National Science Foundation.

Dr. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. dissertation and M.S. thesis.

To determine the mean-flow and turbulence

characteristics of flow In a model river bend.

Pressure, velocity, and shear stress measure- ments are to be made in the curved channel

for smooth, rough, and movable beds.

DRAG OF SUPERCAVTTATING BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

Bureau of Ships, Office of Naval Research.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

Theoretical; applied research.

Method of computing pressure distributions

on supercavitating bodies of revolution being

developed. Equipment for measuring drag

being prepared.

Computer program for a proposed method of

computing pressure distributions has been

prepared.

HEAD LOSS IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL AT 90 DEGREE

BEND AS FUNCTION OF BEND WIDTH.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa.

Experimental; for M.S. thesis.

Determination of degree of widening required

at bend to produce minimum head loss.

(d)

(e)

(h)

;4592)

(°)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Don Klrkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State University.

Theoretical and applied research; Doctor's

thesis.

Theoretical work done on the movement of

ground water in soil, particularly in the

saturated phase continues. Work in the

unsaturated phase, using the mass spectrometer with deuterium as a tracer was con- cluded and the observations are being prepared for publication. Mr. John C. Corey

Is continuing Isotope work on water movement in the unsaturated state (misclble

displacement) In cooperation with the Iowa

State University Institute for Atomic

Research.

"Deuterium and the Self-Diffusion Coefficient

of Soil Moisture," by R. J. Kunze and Don

Klrkham, Soil Sci. Soc . Amer. Proc, Vol.

25: 9-12. J.961 (Joint research with Inst,

for Atomic Research)

.

"An Upper Limit for the Height of the Water

Table in Drainage Design Formulas," by Don

Klrkham, Proc. Int. Soil Scl. Soc, Seventh

Congress, Madison, Wisconsin August, 1960.

Commission VI, Vol. 1, pp 486 - 492, 1961.

"Diffusion Equation Calculations of Field

Soil Water Infiltration Profiles," by D. R. Nielsen, Don Klrkham and W. R. Van Wijk.

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc, 25: 165-168.

1961. Project 998.

"Graphical Solution and Interpretation of a new Drain-Spacing Formula," by S. Toksoz and

Don Klrkham. Jour. Geophys. Res., 66: 509-515. February 1961.

"Isotopes Methods and Uses in Soil Physics

Research," by Don Klrkham and R. J. Kunze.

Advances In Agronomy. Vol. 14, pp. 325-358,

1962.

"Simplified Accounting for Membrane Impedance

in Capillary Conductivity Determinations,"

by R. J. Kunze and Don Klrkham, Soil Scl.

Soc. Amer. Proc, 26:421-426. 1962.

MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM WASTE RECHARGE

INSTALLATIONS.

U. S. Department of Health, Education, and

Welfare, Public Health Service, National

Institute of Health.

Dr. Don Klrkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis.

The purpose of this project is to discover

laws which predict, from the geometry of

the waste recharge installation, and from

the physical properties of the soil about it,

how fast, and how far at certain times, water will move from the installation. This will

be accomplished by (1) obtaining empirical

laws governing seepage of water from an idealized scaled model (2) testing by fullscale field experiments to see if the

empirical laws found in (l) above need to be

modified when applied to field conditions,

and (3) formulating rational relations between

the water movement, the geometry of the

system and the soil conditions, by setting

up and solving the appropriate seepage differential equations and checking the result

against the experimental data from (1) and

(2) above.

Data for the first year is being compiled.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(307 9) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa.

(2330) DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE DRAINS.

40
(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis.

(e) Analytical and experimental approach is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of

tiled drains by analyzing soil characteristics and geometry of systems. Work is

cooperative with Dr. Kirkharn, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the

relationship of hydrologic and applied

hydraulic problems of field tile systems

being made.

(g) Further studies of unsteady flow through

porous media by the use of models are being

conducted in the Department of Agronomy under

the direction of Dr. Kirkharn.

(h) "Unsteady- state Drainage of Fluid from a Vertical Column of Porous Material," by

J. T. Ligon, H. P. Johnson, and Don Kirkharn.

Submitted for publication.

"Glass Bead Glycerol Model for Studying the

Falling Water Table Between Open Ditch

Drains," by J. T. Ligon, H. P. Johnson and

Don Kirkharn. Submitted for publication to Agricultural Engineering Journal.

(2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

To) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis.

(e) A study designed to obtain frequencies of

runoff for different soils, moisture conditions and cover has been completed. The elements of point rainfall intensity, infiltration rates, and the unit hydrograph are being integrated in such a form that most

of the work involved in finding the frequencies of flow can be completed with a computer.

g) Completed.

h) "Derivation of Hydrographs for Small Watersheds from Measurable Physical Characteristics," by D. M. Gray, Research Bulletin

506, Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa,

1962.

"Hydrograph Development for Agricultural

Watersheds Based on Point Rainfall Records,"

by D. B. Palmer, Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State

Univ., November 1962.

(2333) IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE

BLIND INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Field study is being continued to determine

the effect of different tile backfill material on the flow of water into the tile

drains.

(h) "Field Evaluation of Flow Through Blind

Inlets," by D. B. Palmer and H. P. Johnson,

Transactions of ASAE, 5:58-60,61. 1962.

(2334) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field Investigation; applied research;

design.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and surface runoff

being made on seven agricultural watersheds.

Gaging of six small agricultural watersheds

with uniform cropping to be initiated in 1963.

(4150) COMPARISON OF SYNTHETIC UNIT GRAPH METHODS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental, applied research; master's

thesis

.

(e) Three synthetic unit graph methods developed

for application to small watersheds are being compared with actual unit graphs from

given watersheds. The effect of duration

of storm, and distribution of rainfall with

time on the storm hydrograph is being

studied.

(h) "Comparison of Synthetic Storm Hydrographs

for Selected Rainfall Patterns," by T. L

Hanson, Master's Thesis, Iowa State Univ.,

1962.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Lab.

(2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

bl Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied development and design,

(e) Study the dynamic qualities of an acceleration switching hydraulic servomechanism

while operating in a closed loop under the

presence of various loads and environmental

conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

and feedback transducer.

(g) The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency

linkage has resulted in radial design compromises to prevent instability. Extension of

acceleration switching techniques without

any mechanical modifications has permitted

closed loop operation with bandpasses equal

to or exceeding the linkage characteristics.

(h) "Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved

Bandpass Characteristics When Driving a Resonant Mechanical Load," APL/JHU CM-962,

by W. Seamone.

(3207) ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS.

b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy,

d) Experimental; applied development and design.

(e) Extend to regions of extreme high temperature a servomechanism capable of high performance and horsepower (up to 10 H.P.).

The servo valve, actuator and feedback

transducer must operate under environmental

extremes while the electronic circuitry is

maintained in a protected area.

(g) Tests have been conducted on hydraulic servo components under steady state temperature

conditions of 700 degrees F ambient and

500 degrees F oil temperature. Thermal

shock temperature tests have been conducted

on servo packages to 400 degrees F to study

transient temperatures.

(h) "Hydraulic (Acceleration Switching) Servo

Dynamic Performance Under Extreme High

Temperature Environment," APL/JHU CF-2737,

by W. Seamone and K. Duning.

"APL/JHU High Temperature Test Laboratory,"

APL/JHU CF-2837, by M. Shandor.

(3435) HYDRAULIC SUPPLY LINE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Id) Theoretical; experimental,

(e) High performance hydraulic servomechanisms

can excite the pressure and return lines

into pressure oscillation. Establishment

of the physical relationship which could cause pressure oscillation as well as performance deterioration in the servo valve

performance is. being Investigated.

f ) Continuing low priority research study.

g) The switching activity of an acceleration

switching hydraulic servomechanism was noted

to create pressure oscillation under specified conditions in length of supply lines.

Analysis and experiments have shown that

pressure oscillations occur when the acoustic

frequency of the hydraulic fluid column is

in specific relationship to that of the

switching frequency. Where line length

changes cannot be used, methods of detuning

the supply lines by volume chamber or acoustic filter is developed.

(3436) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISMS.

b) Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy,

d) Theoretical and experimental.

i

i

41
(e) Techniques have been developed for designing (b)

linear servomechanlsms with a limit cycle (d)

Instability about a relay type non-linearity.

The closed loop characteristics of this (e)

servomechanlsm becomes invariant to any pure

gain changes occurring in the linear elements.

This servomechanlsm, categorized as a selfoscillating control servomechanlsm, appeared to be an evolutionary improvement over

the acceleration switching hydraulic servo- mechanism.

(g) A self -oscillating rate servomechanlsm has

been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable selfoscillation frequency was achieved and dynamic performance bandpass was independent

of hydraulic supply pressure between 500 (g)

and 2000 psi. The bandpass of both servo- mechanisms exceeded 60 cycles per second

with the latter operating a complex me- chanical load system.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Department of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept.

of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 18, Maryland.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN

AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Maryland

State Roads Commission, and the U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Field investigation; basic research and design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships

as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 6 urban

areas ranging in size from 10 to 150 acres

are gaged, 5 by stage instruments and 3 by

Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems

which simultaneously record rainfall and

runoff from 12 inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About 10

years of rainfall records now exist for a network of 12 recording gages covering an area of 50 square miles.

(g) A study of the Baltimore rainfall data for

the period 1894-1955 shows: (l) The critical

storm in the Baltimore area is the summer

type cloud burst. About two-thirds of the

storms - greater than 2 year frequency occur

in the months of July and August. Winter

storms are not important for design purposes.

2) The maximum average rainfall rate

for durations up to 60 minutes) generally

occurs at the beginning of the storm. (3;

Rainfall Intensities (during 15, 30, and 60

minute durations) for frequencies greater

than 2 years are not uniform. Difference

between maximum intensity and average

intensity over the duration range from 30

percent (for the 15 minute duration! to 75 percent (for the 60 minute duration). In- tensities greater than those indicated by

rainfall frequency curves occur during more

than half the period of the 15, 30 and 60

minute durations studied. Consequently the

design storm assumed in the Rational Method

is unrealistic. (4) Gagings made by this

project and by the Corps of Engineers indicate that where a check on the Rational

Method is possible, the Rational Method

produces inconsistent results. Further

analyses are continuing.

(h) "Progress Report on the Storm Drainage

Research Project, June 1962," by John C. Schaake, Department of Sanitary Engineering

and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins Univ.,

Baltimore 18, Md. A limited number of copies

are available on request.

(3437) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

Federal Housing Administration.

Field investigation; applied research and

design.

This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands and water use patterns in residential areas having varying

populations and located in various climatic

regions throughout the country. It also is

directed toward obtaining Information on the

effect of lawn sprinkling and other large

water uses on maximum demands. The purpose

of the project is to obtain a rational deslga

criteria for water distribution systems, to provide a basis for evaluating water rate

structures and a basis for improving system

operation

.

Peak demands in residential areas can be

described mathematically based upon sta- tistical evaluation of field data. Peak

demands can be determined by segregating

residential water use into (1) domestic

or short duration uses and (2) lawn sprinkling or long duration uses. The average con- sumption and the rate of sprinkling per

residence increases according to size of lot. The probability of occurrence of sprinkling

demands varies with the season and climate

and the time of day; while the probability

of occurrence of domestic use varies with

the number of persons per home and the time

of day. The characteristics of the total

demand on a distribution system serving

residential areas have been tentatively

established. Correlation of residential

demands with sewage flows, and seasonal and

climactic factors is the subject of con- tinuing investigation. The data on water

demands of commercial establishments as- sociated with residential areas shows that

peak commercial uses frequently are not

imposed on sprinkling demands and conse- quently are situated favorably on the hydrograph of peak daily demands.

(3438) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration.

(d) Field investigation; operation and design.

(e) Examination of adequacy and utility of residential sewerage system design criteria.

Determination of the effects of parameters

of design, construction, loading, and natural phenomena on operation of sewerage

systems. Research includes analysis and

study of representative sewerage systems

throughout the country.

(g) Sewage flow records presently being compiled

from four representative residential areas. The minimum duration of flow study in each

area is one year. Operation and maintenance

investigation will provide correlations of cause and frequency of sewer stoppages with

sewer slope, length of lateral behind

stoppage, size of pipe, type of Joint material, frequency of cleaning; and maintenance

and operating costs of lift stations.

(h) Residential Sewerage Research Project Progress

Reports 1, 2, 3, 4. Sewer Stoppage Experience, Springfield, Missouri, 1956-1960.

Sewer Stoppage Experience, Bradenton, Florida,

1960-61. Sewer Stoppage Experience,

Baltimore County, Maryland, 1959-61.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Dept. of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Y. S. Yu, Dept of Mechanics and

Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence,

Kansas.

(3081) DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT

ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris, Tenn.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Formation of two-dimensional vortices in

i

42
flow behind a vertical gate has been studied.

The purpose is to analyze the effect of

forced oscillations of the gate on vortex

formation

.

f) Terminated.

g) A gate oscillating in a plane normal to flow

through a conduit generates stable vortices

which form periodically at a frequency

equal to that of the oscillating gate.

These regular vortices were not present

unless the Strouhal number of the gate

motion is greater than about 1/2. For lower

Strouhal number, vortices occur irregularly

and at an average frequency higher than that

for the gate.

(h) "A Study of Plow through Abrupt Two-Dimensional Expansions, Progress Report IV-- Effect of Gate Oscillation," by Svein

Vigander, Studies in Engineering Mechanics,

Report No. 15, June, 1962.

(3742) DIVERSION OF FLOW WITH SUCTION APPLIED TO

SLOTS BENEATH A SHALLOW STREAM HAVING A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation and the Dept. of

Mech. and Aero. Engrg.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research;

also master's thesis.

(e) Experimental verification of a momentum

analysis for the drainage into an inclined

slot with resistance imposed by a moving

screen is sought.

f) Terminated.

g) A one-dimensional analysis for withdrawal

of part of a shallow, high-speed flow through

a wire screen into a single slot with suction

underneath has been made. The discharge

coefficient of flow into the slot depends on the geometry of the slot, the suction

pressure, and the resistance of the wire

screen.

(h) "A Study of the Dynamics of Flow through

Suction-Box Covers," by William H. Y. Lee,

Studies in Engineering Mechanics, Report

No. 11, February, 1962.

(3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW,

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A study of the instability of flow at branches of a manifold and of flow into a

slot in a plane wall of a semi-infinite flow.

(g) The pressure pulsations originated at the

branch of flow into symmetrical laterals of

circular and rectangular sections were measured for different flow conditions.

Experiments in rectangular duct show that

large vortices are formed due to separation

of flow from the front and the back walls

of the main duct. The vortices are unstable

and cause pulsation of local pressure near

the branch. A free-streamline analysis is

made for flow into a slot.

(h) "A Study of Pressure Pulsations and MassFlow Fluctuations in Flow through Symmetrical Laterals," by John V. Otts, M. S. Thesis,

the University of Kansas, June 1962.

"Characteristics of Flow at Division into

Symmetrical Laterals," by Carl T. Herakovich,

M. S. Thesis, the University of Kansas,

June, 1962.

(3745) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of

Engineers, U. S. Dept. of the Army.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Data from experiments made by the Los

Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, on the

controlled surface runoff due to rainfall on

an impervious plane slope are analyzed . The

objective is to provide an improved method

for estimating overland flow In the drainage

of airfield and expressways.

(g) Runoff of rain falling on an impervious

surface can be predicted by means of numerical computations. For the usually small

slopes and depths which occur on highways

or airstrips, the flow is quasi-steady and

effectively uniform. The computed runoff

and depth hydrographs agree satisfactorily

with the measurements,

(h) "Runoff from Impervious Surfaces," by Y. 3. Yu and John S. McNown, Progress Report,

May, 1962. Final report in preparation.

(4151) SEPARATION OF FLOW AT INTERIOR CORNERS.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The geometric characteristics of two-dimensional zones of separation at interior

corners between two plane boundaries are being investigated. Experiments will span

the range from laminar to fully turbulent

flows.

(g) Experiments on the separation of turbulent

boundary-layer flow at interior corners show

that zone of separation decreases in size

with increasing Reynolds number, decreasing

contraction ratio, and decreasing angle of

the corner.

(h) "Separation of Flow at Interior Corners,"

by Karl G. Maurer, Studies in Engineering

Mechanics, Report No. 14, the University of

Kansas, June 1962.

(4152) ROUGHNESS OF TURBULENT JETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The surface configuration of liquid jets

formed from fully turbulent flow discharging

freely from pipes into air is studied.

(g) A method has been developed for measuring

the continuous variation of the interface

of air and a turbulent water jet . The rms- value of the height of variation of the

interface at a fixed station and its

frequency distribution were measured. The

results are presented on the basis of three

dimensionless parameters.

(h) "Measurement of the Roughness of Free Turbulent Jets of Water," by F. R. Swanson, M. S. Thesis, the University of Kansas, September,

1962.

(4153) INTERACTION OF A FIXED, VERTICAL WALL WITH

A TRAIN OF SURFACE WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. thesis,

(e) The reflection and transmission of surface waves in the presence of a fixed barrier in

shallow water Is studied,

(h) "Surface Waves in the Presence of A Vertical

Barrier in Shallow Water; Theory and Experiments," by S. M. Tan, M. S. Thesis, the

University of Kansas, August, 1962.

(4641) HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY OF FLOW BETWEEN TWO

CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS.

it) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis.

(e) Mathematical solution of Taylor's problem for

finite radii of the concentric cylinders is

sought

.

(4642) ON POTENTIAL FLOW PROBLEMS WITH FREE STREAMLINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis.

(e) A synthetic study on methods of solution of

potential flow problems with free streamlines.

(4643) MECHANICS OF BLOOD FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project financed by the NASA

grant to the University of Kansas.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e ) A study of flow problems pertaining to blood

circulating in a vascular system.

1

i

i

i

43
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects and re- quests for reprints and technical reports should be

addressed to Prof. J. B. Herblch, Chairman, Hydraulics Dlv., Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh

University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

(2543) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

13

(g)

(3084)

(b)

(!)

SI

(3085)

Si

(3086)

(*)

ft

Laboratory Project.

Experimental: M. S. Thesis.

General pressure-distribution study com- pleted.

Tests of square and circular conduit with

free-jet, horizontal apron, and three different wall flares, have been completed.

STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Marine Division, Philadelphia, Corps of

Engineers

.

Applied and Basic Research.

The immediate purpose of the study is to improve design of a hopper dredge centrifugal pump for pumping silt-clay water mixtures.

The long-term objective is to determine the

effect of Bingham Body-type of fluid on pumping characteristics. The project has

been divided Into four phases: (1) Model

test of existing dredge pump; (2) recom- mendations for design changes of the dredge

pump; (3) model investigation of the modified design of the dredge pump; and (4)

analysis of the investigation and final

recommendations. Phase 1 involved installation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8

scale model of the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS.

Water as well as silt-clay-water mixtures

(Bingham Body-type of fluid) were pumped and

complete characteristics of the pump obtained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per

minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions

per minute, and liquid concentrations of

1000 and 1380 grams per liter. Phases 2 and

3 involve modifications In the shape of vane

and changes in the exit vane angle of the

impeller. Experimental tests indicate con- siderable Improvement in pump efficiency.

Analysis of the experimental data resulted

In recommendations for changes in pump design.

1, 2, 3 and 4 completed.

Considerable Improvement in pump efficiency

has been achieved.

STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Graduate students' project.

A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built

of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest

pressures compared with the data obtained

on the model

.

Completed.

Very good correlation obtained between the

model and prototype.

INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES.

Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Inst, of

Research.

Analytical and experimental.

The project has been divided into four phases:

(a) Literature survey; (b) analytical study;

(c) experimental study In a fixed-bed model

to determine the desired lengths and shapes

of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity

distribution in the waterway between bridge

abutments; (d) experimental study in a movable-bed model to verify findings in

part c. A spur dike has been defined as a projection extending upstream from the

(f)

(g)

(3441)

SI

(3442)

(f)

(3746)

0>)

si

(3747)

(f)

(4154)

Si

bridge abutments.

Phases (a), (b) and (c) completed; phase (d)

active

.

Preliminary investigation Indicates that a properly designed spur dike can produce a fairly uniform velocity distribution between

the abutments.

STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE 270 DEGREE BENDS FOR FLOW OF

SILT-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES.

Laboratory project.

M. S. Thesis.

Four-, six-, and eight-Inch diameter 90

degree elbows assembled to form 270 degree

bends. Head loss measurements obtained for

various flows and concentrations of slltclay-water mixtures. Prediction equations

have been Investigated.

Completed.

No evidence of appreciable scale effect

observed

.

SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD.

Research report requirement of master's

degree

.

Theoretical.

Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of

past research and theoretical considerations.

Completed.

ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP.

Research report requirement of master's

degree. District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Marine Division, Phila.

Corps of Engineers.

Experimental

.

High-speed movies of flow taken through a transparent plexiglas volute casing were

analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as distribution of the exit angle between the

Impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller

were determined.

Completed.

"Modifications in Design Improve Dredge Pump

Efficiency," by John B. Herblch, Fritz Lab.

Report No. 277.35, Sept. 1962, 146 pages.

FRICTION HEAD LOSSES IN CIRCULAR PIPES FOR A BINGHAM-BODY FLUID.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical.

The object of the study is the determination

of the pipe flow characteristics of slurries

of various concentrations. The slurries do

not behave as fluids of constant viscosity

so that It is not possible to use conventiona

methods for prediction of head losses in

pipes conveying them. Tests are being con- ducted in 6-inch, 3-inch, and 2-lnch pipelin

with velocities from less than 1 fps to over

30 fps.

Suspended.

DREDGE PUMP DESIGN.

National Bulk Carriers, Inc. Experimental

.

The objective of the Investigation is to obtain the efficiency and head -capacity

curves, to check the effect of the reduced

vane exit angle, and to determine the efficiency of a model dredge pump while

pumping sllt-clay-water mixture of specific

gravity equal to 1.17. The experimental

tests were carried out on a 1/8 model pump

of the National Bulk Carriers Hopper Dredge,

S. S. Zulia.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

(4155) WAVE RUN-UP ON COMPOSITE BEACHES.

44
(d) Graduate students' project. Experimental,

applied research for design.

(e) The main object of the study is to verify

existing equations for determining the

height of wave run-up and obtain the limits

of application of the equation for long

beach berms.

The study is conducted in a 67 ft. long, 2 ft.

wide and 2 ft . deep wave channel equipped with

pendulum-type wave generator and efficient

absorbers.

(h) "A Study of the Effect of Horizontal Berm

Variation on Wave Run-Up Upon A Composite

Beach Slope," by J. B. Herbich, R. M. Sorensen and J. H. Willenbrock, Project

Report No. 35, Fritz Laboratory Project

Report No. 293.35, May 1962, 104 pages.

(4156) MULTIPLE DREDGE PUMP SYSTEMS.

0

(4644)

(h)

(4645)

(h)

Completed.

Equations for prediction of the rate of advance of the water front for eighteen inch

furrows on 0.14 ft./lOO ft. slope were developed for three soil types:

National Bulk Carriers, Inc. Experimental and theoretical.

The study is conducted to determine the effect on total production of dredge pumps

with separate discharges and a combined

discharge. The investigation is divided

into two parts: (a) One pair of pumps is

handling a mixture of water and solids, the

other is pumping only water. It is required

to determine what percentage of its normal

output will the dredge pump passing the

mixture attain. (b) If one of a pair of

dredge pumps, both handling water-solids

mixtures, is revolving slower than the other

one, how does the total discharge compare

to the total if the discharges were not

combined?

Completed.

"Efficiency of Pumping and Piping Layout,"

by Richard G. Warnock, John B. Herbich,

Project Report No. 37, Fritz Eng. Laboratory,

Lehigh University, Fritz Lab. Report No. 294.1, October 1962, 46 pages.

STUDY OF THE GRAVITY WAVE REFLECTIONS FROM

FLOATING RECTANGULAR BODIES.

Research report requirement of master's

degree.

Experimental

.

The object of the study is to determine the

magnitude of wave reflections from rectangular floating bodies. Tests are being con- ducted in a 67 -ft. long, 2 ft. -wide and

2 ft. -deep wave channel equipped with

pendulum-type wave generator and efficient

absorbers.

Report in preparation.

EFFECT OF LENGTH AND SPACING OF SPUR DIKES.

Laboratory report

.

Experimental and theoretical; M. S. Thesis.

The object of the study is to determine the

effect of length and spacing of spur dikes

on the magnitude of scour in uniform flow.

The experiments are conducted in a 10-ft.

wide, 35-ft. long open channel with movable

sand bed. Scour patterns are observed and

analyzed.

"Effect of Length and Spacing of Spur Dikes

on Scour," by D. R. Joshi, M. S. thesis,

Civil Engineering Department, Lehigh Univ.,

1963.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE,

Agricultural Engineering Department

.

(4157) FURROW IRRIGATION IN SUGAR CANE.

ft)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project

Mr. James E. Wimberly, Agri. Engr. Dept.,

Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La. Experimental; applied research, master's

thesis

.

A study of infiltration rates and furrow

sizes for soil types in the sugar cane area.

Soil Type

Sandy Loam

Clay Loam

Clay

where

Equation

1.264 T = 0.098 D

T = 0.160 d

1 ' 294

T = 0.600 D

1 * 309

3 -0.520

j-0.549

-,-1.167

(h)

(4489)

u

T = Time elapsed, minutes,

D = Distance water front has advanced,

feet,

Q = Furrow stream inflow, gallons per

minute

.

The coefficients obtained for the three soil

types were developed from multiple regression

analyses based on 268 observations with multiple correlation coefficients above 0.95 for

each experiment. The prediction forms are valid

in the ranges 0 < D < 1000 ft., 0 < Q < 60

gallons per minute.

"Design of Furrow Irrigation for Sugar Cane",

James E. Wimberly, Paper No. 62-225, available

from American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Michigan.

SUBIRRIGATION WITH PERFORATED TUBES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Harry J. Braud, Jr., La. State University

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Baton Rouge,

Louisiana

.

Experimental; design and development.

The hydraulic behavior of small plastic

perforated tubes embedded in a soil medium for

subirrigation is being investigated. Flow at low Reynolds number Is utilized. Observations

are made of combined tube friction loss,

orifice head loss and hydrostatic pressures

resisting discharge from the perforations.

Discharge rates from drilled holes and slits are being studied.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should

be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of

Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of

Technology, Cambridge 39, Mass.

(307) MECHANICS OF STRATIFIED FLOW.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Tennessee Valley Authority.

Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

General studies on characteristics of flows

in which vertical density gradients are present. Present studies are concerned with

the performance of intake structures for

condensing water from the cool layer and

with the recirculation between the warm

water outlet and the cool water intake.

Experimental and analytical studies have

dealt with the limiting dimensions for

skimmer walls to insure maximum performance

with respect to withdrawals from the cool

water layer. It was also found that re- circulation of cooling water is dependent

on the design of the intake structures and

can be held to a minimum by proper dimensioning of these structures. The parameters governing the design are defined for

general use. "Control Structures in Stratified Flows," by

D. R. F. Harleman and Y. Goda, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report No. 54, May 1962.

"The Effect of Intake Design on Condenser

45
Water Recirculation," by D. R. F. Harleman

and J. M. Garrison, Hydrodynamics Lab.

Report No. 56, August 1962.

(1609) STUDY OF BEACH PROCESSES IN THE INSHORE AND

FORESHORE ZONES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of

Engineers

.

(c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Study of the surface profile and internal

kinematics of a shoaling oscillatory wave

up to and beyond the breaker.

(g) The theoretical phase is seeking an irrotational description of finite amplitude waves which yields mass transport and Is valid up to breaking on an impermeable

bottom of constant slope. The experimental

phase involves the measurement of wave profile and orbital velocities. An

orbital velocity probe utilizing a thermistor as the sensing element has been

developed.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH SUBMERGED AND

FLOATING BODIES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The purpose of the study is to determine

the wave reflecting and transmitting characteristics of different types of structures

suitable for application to floating or moored breakwaters

.

(g) Two problems are currently under investigation (1) A study of the effect of a gradual decrease of depth on a train of

shallow water surface waves. Reflection and

transmission coefficients are being measured

for various wave lengths and depths. Results are compared with existing theories.

Energy losses due to separation at corners

of the sloped bottom are believed to be

responsible for differences between theory

and experiment. (2) A new type of submerged breakwater consisting of an array of

open tubes with their axes parallel to the

direction of wave propagation is being

tested. Randomness of position and tube

length and total force on the array are being investigated in relation to the transmission coefficient of the breakwater.

(h) "The Effect of a Gradual Change of Depth on

a Train of Surface Waves," by M. L. Gagnon

and M. V. Bocco, Master's Thesis, MIT, June

1962.

"Characteristics of an Open-Tube Wave

Attenuation System," by A. W. Barnett,

Master's Thesis, MIT, June 1962.

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor Model

Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. W. Daily, Prof. P. S. Eagleson,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral theses).

(e) A study of the effect of body geometry and

support stiffness on the relationship

between wake structure and flow-induced

body vibration.

f) Inactive.

g) Flat plates are spring mounted in a water

tunnel. Plate vibration and turbulent wake

structure are measured. Moment coefficients

are obtained which define the nature of the

self -excitation experienced and allow

selection of system constants so that selfexcitation may be avoided in design.

(h) "The Effects of Trailing Edge Geometry and

Chord Length on the Early Wake of Stationary

Flat Plates," by P. S. Eagleson, J. W. Daily, and R. A. Grace, Hydrodynamics Lab.

Report No. 51, April 1962.

"Flow-Induced Vibration of Flat Plates - The Mechanism of Self-Excitation, " by P. S. Eagleson, J. W. Daily, and G. K. Noutsopoulos, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 58, February 1963.

(3443) COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE COMPLETE

TRANSIENT PROBLEM IN A HYDRO-POWER PLANT.

(b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Division,

Missouri River.

(c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor P. S. Eagleson.

d) Theoretical, field tests; applied research.

e) Development of a digital computer program

of general utility and proven validity for

performing design analyses involving the

response of hydro-power plant systems to load fluctuation.

(g) Assistance has been furnished the Corps of

Engineers in the planning and conduct of a comprehensive field test of Garrison Power

Plant and in the planning of similar tests

at Oahe Power Plant. The tests involve

measurement of all pertinent mechanical,

electrical, and hydraulic variables under

conditions of acceptance, rejection and

oscillation of load. Digital computer programs have been written for the problem of

surge tank stability and to yield the system

behavior under load rejection.

(h) "Stability of Restricted Orifice Surge Tanks

Studied by Digital Computer," by A. C. Tedrow, Master's Thesis, MIT, September 1962.

"Single Tee Loss Coefficients Applied to Double Surge Tanks With Restricted Orifices,"

by G. E. Hecker, Master's Thesis, MIT, Sept.

1962.

(3444) EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS

DAMPING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT

OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Investigation of the response of a harbor

to waves incident on the harbor opening,

with open ocean conditions simulated in a basin of finite size.

(g) The characteristics of the response of a rectangular harbor in the vicinity of the

lowest symmetrical resonant mode of oscillation are studied in a wave basin. The

problem is concerned with the modelling of a prototype system in the laboratory with

respect to the correct periods of resonant

oscillations. A non-dlsslpative model systan

consisting of a small rectangular harbor

directly connected to a larger wave basin

was studied first and theoretical and ex- perimental solutions were obtained. The

aspect of the coupling of harbor and wave

basin was found extremely important and

masked the true nature of resonance. Experimental Investigations are now in

progress to determine the degree to which

wave absorbers and filters must be applied

in the wave basin to simulate proper harboropen ocean conditions. Quantitative evaluation of the action of certain wave filters was attained by theory and experiment in

preliminary studies.

(h) "Wave-Induced Oscillations in Harbors: The

Problem of Coupling of Highly Reflective

Basins," by A. T. Ippen and F. Raichlen,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report No. 49, May

1962.

"Wave-Induced Oscillations in Harbors:

Effect of Energy Dissipation in Coupled

Basin Systems," by A. T. Ippen, F. Raichlen,

and R. K. Sullivan, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Report No. 52, July 1962.

(3748) DISPERSION IN POROUS '^DIAN AND WASTE WATER

RECHARGE.

(b) National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public

i

1

46
Health Service.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Professor N. H. Brooks, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39,

Mass

.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) An investigation into the mechanism and the

degree of dispersion of dissolved substances

in radial, confined flow through a porous

medium at velocities greater than the

linear, Darcy range of fluid resistance.

Results will be important to engineering

projects in the recharging of aquifers with

reclaimed waste water.

(g) The initial phase of this study first

investigated longitudinal and lateral

dispersion in steady, Darcy flow. Second,

the problem of salinity intrusion in con- fined aquifers with and without tidal

oscillations was studied theoretically and

verified experimentally. Currently,

longitudinal dispersion of dilute salt

concentrations in fine gravels is being

studied for Reynolds Numbers (based upon

particle diameter) varying from 1 to 500.

The dispersion coefficient is determined

from the change in the maximum amplitude

concentration of a harmonically varying

input concentration. This work is preliminary to the radial flow investigation

where the dispersion is initially governed

by non-linear or turbulent flow and subsequently is controlled by laminar (linear)

motion at large radii.

(h) "The Dynamics of Salt-Water Intrusion in

Porous Media" by D. R. F. Harleman and R. R. Rumer, Jr., Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report

No. 55, August 1962.

"Longitudinal Dispersion in Uniform Porous

Media," by D. R. F. Harleman, P. F. Mehlhorn,

and R. R. Rumer, Jr., Hydrodynamics Lab.

Report No. 57, August 1962.

(3749) RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept.

of the Army.

(c) Professor J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) Effect of superposed throughflows on boundary layers, secondary motions and

surface resistance of enclosed rotating

disks

.

(g) A qualitative survey of superposed throughflow effects has been completed. Quantitative measurements of torque and velocities

induced by the disk rotation are being made.

Unsteady periodicities disclosed in the

qualitative survey are being examined in

detail

.

(h) "Effect of Superposed Throughflows on Motion

Induced by Enclosed Rotating Disks," by

R. E. A. Arndt, Master's Thesis, MIT, June

1962.

"Enclosed Rotating Disks with Superposed

Throughflow: A Survey of Basic Effects," by

J. W. Dally and R. E. A. Arndt, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory Report No. 53, June 1962.

(3750) WAVE FORCES ON STRUCTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) The objective is the development of design

procedures for the dynamic displacement

response of the platform of a fixed offshore

structure acted upon by a regular wave train.

(g) The offshore structure considered consists

of a platform on four legs in a square con- figuration, with the waves impinging normal

to one side of the square. The procedure

_

of computation may be modified however for

other leg configurations and wave directions.

Morison's theory is used for drag forces

and McCamy-Fuchs diffraction theory for

for Inertia forces. Wave forces are expressed in terms of a Fourier series.

Dynamic displacements of the structure are computed by machine and checked by model

experiments for 32 cases. The ratios of

maximum theoretical to experimental displacements vary from about 0.5 to 1.7. The

largest waves were shown not necessarily

the most critical for the structure. Instead

the critical design wave is a function of

the ratio of wave frequency to the natural

frequency of the structure,

(h) "Wave-Induced Vibrations in Fixed Offshore

Structures," by W. C. Nolan and V. C. Honsinger, Master's Thesis, MIT, May 1962.

"Dynamic Analysis of Offshore Structures,"

by D. R. F. Harleman, W. C. Nolan, and V. C. Honsinger, 8th Conference on Coastal

Engineering, November 1962.

(4158) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE

FORMATION OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) Quantitative study of the mechanics of the

formation of longshore currents.

(g) Current experiments are studying the strength

of littoral currents generated on a straight,

plane impermeable beach as a function of

incident wave characteristics, beach rough- ness and beach slope.

(4159) INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF

COMPLEX WAVE FORMS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. J. W. Dally, Prof.

P. S. Eagleson.

d) Basic research facility.

e) Selection and assembly of an analog computer

for the calculation and plotting of corre- lation and spectrum functions. Design and

construction of a mechanical time delay

mechanism.

(g) Data are acquired on a portable, multichannel

FM tape transport. A second transport

permits frequency multiplication through re- recording and provides a 120-foot tape loop

capability for the repetitive analysis of

short records. Matched filters allow the

determination of cross power spectral

densities as well as the power spectral

density of a single signal. The tape loop

transport is being fitted with a mechanical

time delay mechanism for the determination

of correlation functions. Output of all

operational modes is through an x-y plotter.

(4160) MOTION OF SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW A FREE

SURFACE.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Professor J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge

39, Mass.

dl Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

e) An investigation of the interaction of a free surface and the turbulent wake generated by a moving body. The effect of a vertical density gradient on the mixing in

the wake is also being studied,

(g) Velocity distributions have been measured

at various distances behind a two-dimensional

body moving at different velocities and

various distances beneath the free surface In a homogeneous fluid. The drag has also been

measured. An image method has been developed

for predicting the velocity distribution in

the wake of a body moving near a free

surface or rigid boundary. Measured and

predicted velocity profiles are in good

agreement . The drag of the body was found

to increase with decreasing distance from

the free surface. The experiments are now being extended to include the effect of a

!

1

{

47
density gradient,

(h) "Free Surface Effects on the Two-Dimensional

Wake Behind a Plat Plate Normal to the

Direction of Motion," by F. R. Harty, Jr.,

Master's Thesis, MIT, September 1962.

(4646) RADIAL FREE SURFACE FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Professor A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

dl Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

e) The theory of the free surface sink and source flow Is being developed Including

standing waves - hydraulic Jumps.

(g) For certain super-critical ranges of flow

the two-dimensional equations of motion

have been solved with simplifying assumptions

and the resulting so-called "backwater

curves" have been verified experimentally in a previous study. The present investigation

is concerned with the solution of the

general differential equations without the

previous restrictions, which is possible,

however, only by numerical integration by

by means of machine computation. A number

of solutions have been obtained with the

special computer program devised for a variety of radial free surface flows. A method has also been developed to cover the

special case of the hydraulic Jump in radial

flow. An extensive experimental program has

been carried out to verify the theoretical

analysis.

(h) "Radial Free Surface Flow," by M. S. Higgins

and C. D. Sadler, Master's Thesis, MIT,

January 1963.

(4647) FREE SURFACE SHEARING FLOW OVER A WAVY

BOUNDARY.

(b) National Science Foundation Institutional

Grant.

(c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Prof. P. A. Drinker,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental.

e) An investigation of the distributions of

velocity and shear stress for a free

surface flow moving over a sinusoidalshaped bed.

(g) For supercritical flow, the surface profile

and velocity profiles at various positions

along the bed have been measured. Shear

stresses were calculated from the measured

velocity profiles. It was found that the

surface profile, shear stress distribution,

and perturbations of the velocity profile

each have a phase shift from the bottom

profile. This phase shift gives rise to a form drag on the wavy bottom. The perturbations of the velocity distribution,

due to variations in local mean depth and

velocity along the wavy bed, generate crosswaves, one cross-wave being formed by each

period of the bed. These cross-waves cause

a complex, three-dimensional surface profile.

(h) "An Investigation of Free Surface Shearing

Flows Over a Fixed Wavy Boundary," by 0. H. Shemdin, Master's Thesis, MIT, September

1962.

(4648) MECHANICS OF AERATION AND DISPERSION IN RIVER POLLUTION.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Public Health

Service.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Prof. N. H. Brooks,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) A study of the basic mechanism of transfer

of oxygen molecules from the atmosphere into

turbulent water and investigations into the

vertical diffusive transport and the longitudinal dispersive transport of the

dissolved oxygen in a flowing stream with

oxygen deficiency due to pollutants.

(g) In the first set of experiments turbulence

is being produced with oscillating screens

In a shallow tank of Initially deaerated

water, and the dissolved oxygen is measured

as a function of time and depth by means of

a specially built electro-chemical probe.

One of the objectives is to separate the

effects of the turbulence on the oxygen

transfer across the surface from the turbulent diffusion within the body of the fluid.

Theoretical solutions have been derived

which do not depend on one-dimensional

approximations

.

(h) Discussion by D. R. F. Harleman and E. R. Holley, Jr. of "Turbulent Diffusion and the

Reaeratlon Coefficient," by P. A. Krenkel

and G. T. Orlob, Journal of the Sanitary

Engineering Division, Proceedings, ASCE,

Vol. 88, No. SA6, pp. 109-116, November 1962.

(4649) TURBULENT TRANSFER MECHANICS OF FLUID

SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES.

(b) Pioneering Research Program, Institute of

Paper Chemistry.

(c) Professor J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Basic study of turbulent transfer mechanics

of liquid flows with particles in suspension.

(g) This is a follow-up of the work on characteristics of dilute fiber suspensions previously reported. In that project during

the last phase the role of the suspending

medium on modifying turbulent shear flow

was examined using nearly neutrally buoyant

rigid particles. One phase was examination

of the particle effects on response of ve- locity and total head probes. Initial ex- periments in the present study will Include

effects of particle shape and density

using uniform shear flows. Later extension

to non-uniform shear and shear-free

turbulence is planned.

(h) "Solid Particle Effects on Total Head and

Velocity Measurements in Suspensions," by

R. L. Hardison, Master's Thesis, MIT, Nov.

1962.

(4650) HURRICANE BARRIER STUDIES.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England,

Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Analytical; applied research.

e) Determination by digital computation of waves produced by storms in the vicinity, of

Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and selection

of design wave for hurricane barriers at the

entrance to the bay. Determination of

optimum geometry for the barriers.

(g) Numerical methods for processing wind data

and calculating wave generation and re- fraction have been set up and are being

programmed for the digital computer. A system analysis for determining optimum

geometry has been started.

(4651) REFRACTION OF TSUNAMI WAVES IN THE PRESENCE

OF OCEANIC ISLANDS.

bl U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Prof. L. N. Howard,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d} Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

e) Analytical and experimental study of tsunami

refraction using non-linear shallow water wave theory,

(g) Tsunami refraction problems are characterized by the fact that the wave lengths of

the wave train and the base diameter of a typical island are of the same order of

magnitude. Hence usual methods of analysis

assuming small wave lengths relative to the

refracting body are inadequate. A piston

type wave generator has been constructed in

a wide shallow channel capable of generating

a finite wave train simulating an open ocean

tsunami. Measurements of wave properties

on a two-dimensional island geometry are

!

48
being made for comparison with theory.

(4652) SORTING OP BEACH SEDIMENTS BY SHALLOW WATER

WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of

Engineers.

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Application of the mechanics of discrete

bed particle motion to the prediction of

equilibrium characteristics of natural sand

beaches.

f) Inactive.

g) Laboratory sand beaches having an initially

constant slope were allowed to deform to equilibrium under a given incident wave. Bed load mechanics were shown to provide an improved criterion for aggrading vs. degrading profile classification as well as other factors relating to artificial beach

nourishment and sediment sorting.

(h) "Laminar Damping of Oscillatory Waves," by

P. S. Eagleson, Proceedings ASCE, Journal of

Hydraulics Division, HY3, May 1962, Paper

No. 3152.

"Equilibrium Characteristics of Sand Beaches,"

by P. S. Eagleson, B. Glenne, and J. A. Dracup, Proceedings ASCE, Journal of Hydraulics Div., Jan. 1963, Paper No. 3387.

"Equilibrium Characteristics of a Movable

Bed Under a Standing Wave in Water," by

P. P. Goldstern, Batchelor's Thesis, MIT,

1962.

(4653) WAVE-GENERATED SEDIMENT RIPPLES.

(b) National Science Foundation Institutional

Grant

.

(c) Prof. J. P. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) Sediment ripples generated by long and

short gravity waves are being studied to determine the relation between the characteristics of the ripples, the bed material,

and the properties of the generating waves. Sediments of different sizes and specific

weights are being used. The effect of the

roughening of the boundary, due to ripple

formation, on the surface waves is also

being investigated.

(g) Ripple geometry has been found to be quite

sensitive to the characteristics of the

generating waves, and to the properties of

the bed material . The presence of even a small standing wave component, superimposed

on the translational waves will cause the

ripple characteristics to vary periodically

along the length of the wave tank.

(4654) A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. P. A. Drinker,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research.

(e) A research program to develop the general

characteristics of the flow of fluidsediment mixtures and of the interaction of

fluid flow with movable boundaries.

(g) A study of sediment transport by shear flow

in the annulus between two rotating drums

rather than by flow in a channel has been

initiated. A new experimental apparatus is

under design which replaces the commonly

employed longitudinal channel by an annular

channel between two rotating drums, In which

the normal gravitational field is replaced

by a centrifugal force field. With the

cylindrical drums rotating at different

relative speeds a large variety of flow

conditions can be established In the

"endless" annular channel, covering a wide

range of tractive forces on the sediment

deposited on the wall of the outer drum

under various modes of relative motion.

The difficult recirculation of sediment and

liquid necessary in conventional flumes is

thus avoided and uniform flow conditions seen assured.

(4655) ENTRAINMENT OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Prof. C. C. Ladd, Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A laboratory study of the factors that

determine the erodibillty of cohesive soils

by water.

(g) The soil properties of the sediment,

including the shear strength at very low

compactive stresses, are measured. The soil

is then placed in a recirculating laboratory

flume and critical velocity and shear stress, at which erosion Just begins, are measured.

Several clays are being investigated.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Mechanical Engineering.

(2807) THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY APPLIED TO COMPRESSIBIE

FLOW IN THE PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research and United States

Naval Underwater Ordnance Station.

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-459A, Ma3s.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) A study of time-varying two-dimensional

compressible flow with the goal of design

recommendations for partial admission turbine

blading, although the results are generally

applicable to time-varying two-dimensional

geometries.

(g) The water table simulating the gas partial

admission turbine has been revised and improved. New stereo-mapping cameras to record

time-varying water height have been designed,

fabricated, and tested. Feasibility studies

have been conducted of several experimental

apparati by means of which characteristics in the water table flow can be compared with gas turbine flow. A miniature piezo electric

transducer for turbine shroud and wheel implantation has been designed and is being fabricated.

Experimental studies of fixed-geometry nonaxi symmetric nozzle performance operative over

a wide pressure ratio has indicated novel designs which maximize the whirl component by

utilizing jet-deflection effect at off-desiga

pressure ratios.

(h) "photostereogrammetry Applied to Hydraulic

Analogue Studies of Unsteady Gas Flow," R. W. Mann, Proceedings of the ASME Symposium on Measurements in Unsteady Flow, May 1962.

"Stereophotogrammetry Applied to Hydraulic

Analogue Studies of Unsteady Gas Flow,"

Photogrammetric Engineering, Vol. XXVTII, No. 4, September, 1962.

"Off-Design Performance of Axisymmetric Nozzle

with Oblique Exit Planes," E. J. Rogers Thesis

(S.M.), Dept. of Mech. Engr., Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Cambridge, Mass.

"Partial-Admission Turbines," Gunnar 0. Ohlsson,

Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 29,

9, September 1962.

"Low Aspect Ratio Turbines," Gunnar 0. Ohlsson,

Paper No. 62-WA-38, ASME Winter Annual Meeting,

November 1962.

"Supersonic Turbines," Gunnar 0. Ohlsson, Paper

No. 62-WA-37, ASME Winter Annual Meeting,

November 1962.

"Cascade Performance From Tests with Wheel of Axial Outlet," by Gunnar 0. Ohlsson Paper No. 62-WA-36, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, November

1962.

"Friction Drag on Bladed Discs in Housings,"

R. W. Mann and C. H. Marston, Trans. ASME.,

s

!

!

49
121

Paper No. 61-HYD-5, May 1961, also in Journal

of Basic Engineering, Transactions of the

ASME, Series D, December 1961.

(3092) JET-PIPE CONTROL VALVES.

(b) U. S. Air Force and Kearfott, Division of

General Precision, Inc.

(c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Prof. S. Y. Lee, Dept.

of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Applied research, thesis Investigation.

An analytical and experimental study of the

steady-state and dynamic characteristics of

pneumatic, hot-gas and hydraulic Jet-pipe

control devices. An Investigation of the

effects of turbulent diffusion of the fluid

Jets of Jet-type devices and an associated

Investigation of the limitations of using

potential flow solutions to predict the

characteristics of Jet-type devices are Included in the overall study. Emphasis is on better understanding the fundamental

behavior of Jet-type devices,

(g) Experimental work conducted to date has

produced useful information concerning the

steady-state characteristics of conventional

hydraulic and pneumatic Jet-pipe valves.

Optimum design conditions have been es- tablished based on certain criteria of merit.

(3448) FLOW THROUGH CONTROL VALVE ORIFICES.

(b) U. S. Air Force, Chandler-Evans Corp., and

Hamilton Standard (Div. of United Aircraft).

(c) Prof. J. L. Shearer, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Experimental investigation of the characteristics of flow through fixed area and

variable area orifices with emphasis on resistance to fluid flow and the factors

that lead to being able to predict the

resistance characteristics over a wide range

of Reynolds Numbers.

(g) A large scale model study has been conducted

for short tube orifices with length-to-diameter ratios of 2 to 6 and over a diameter

Reynolds Number range of 300 to 25,000. An

empirical method has been developed for predicting the orifice discharge coefficient

over the range of variables tested. Unsteady

flow in seating type valves is also being

investigated.

(h) "Flow Characteristics of Short-Tube Hydraulic

Orifices," by D. J. Tapparo, Thesis (S.M.),

Dept. of Mechanical Eng'g., Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 1962.

"Transient Forces on Hydraulic Seating Type

Valves," by F. T. Murray, Thesis (S.M.),

Dept. of Mech. Eng'g., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 1961.

(3456) FLAME PROPAGATION AND STABILIZATION IN BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. T. Y. Toong, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral and master's theses.

(e) Basic study of mechanisms of flame propagation and stabilization in a laminar boundary layer adjacent to a heated plate.

(f) Completed.

(g) A critical test of the equilibrium theory of

flame stabilization in boundary layers has

been obtained by the measurement of propagation speed of a two-dimensional laminar

flame in these boundary layers.

A mechanism has been postulated and confirmed

experimentally to explain flame oscillations

in boundary layers

.

(h) "Flame Propagation in Laminar Boundary Layers,"

by T. Y. Toong, J. R. Kelly and W. S. Wu,

Ninth Symposium (international) on Combustion,

Academic Press, New York, in press.

"Further Study on Flame Stabilization in a Boundary Layer: A Mechanism of Flame Oscillations," by w. S. Wu and T. Y. Toong, Ninth

Symposium (International) on Combustion,

Academic Press, New York, in press.

(3758) FILM BOILING INSIDE OF TUBES

.

(d)

(e)

(4162)

(t>)

(c)

(g)

(h)

(4490)

®

(d)

(e)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. W. M. Rohsenow, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Experimental and Theoretical; Applied research

To be used for theses.

The investigation of heat transfer associate

with forced convection film boiling inside

horizontal and vertical tubes, which has been

carried on here for the past two years, is

being continued at the present time. In this

case the tube wall temperature Is hundreds of

degrees above the local boiling point causing

a vapor "film" to form between liquid and hot

tube wall. In a vertical tube a relatively

uniform film forms around the tube where the

liquid vapor interface appears to have a rough and randomly oscillating shape. The

difference between height times density In the

liquid vapor films appears to cause the vapor

to move up the tube much more rapidly than

the liquid. Reasonable success has been

achieved in predicting these flow rates and

associated heat transfer rates by writing the

momentum equation for the process. In most

cases the vapor flow seems to be turbulent.

The heat transfer rate is found both analytically and experimentally to be relatively In- sensitive to the inlet flow rate. During the

past year, the same process was investigated

in a horizontal tube. For the low quality

ranges investigated, the flow remained strat- ified. The vapor generated around the tube,

flows up to the top and then axially toward

the tube exit. Thus, the flow exhibits a stratified character. Here, too, a combination of the application of heat transfer re- lations and momentum equation led to a suc- cessful prediction of tube wall temperature

distribution in the electrically heated tube.

STABILITY OF HYDRAULIC VALVES.

Hamilton Standard Dlv., and United Aircraft

Corp.

Prof. S. Y. Lee, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Theoretical and experimental.

Study the phase and amplitude relationship

of several parameters of a control valve i.e. Force, Pressure, displacement, flow when the

valve is forced to vary according to a sinusoidal function of time. It is hoped

that by this study a better understanding

will be gained of chattering valves.

Apparatus was built. Considerable data

gathered. Result not entirely conclusive

but very promising.

"Transient Forces on Hydraulic Seating Type

Valves" by Murray Tuft, Thesis (S.M.) Dept.

of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of

Tech., Sept. 1961.

COOLING OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTROMAGNETS.

National Magnet Laboratory.

Prof. W. M. Rohsenow, Room 1-212, M.I.T.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Experimental; basic research. To be used

for theses.

The method of predicting heat transfer

associated with high velocity subcooled

liquid with boiling at the tube wall surface

Is being investigated. During the past year

this project has shown how superposition of

boiling and forced convection effects combine

to predict heat transfer rates. It also has

suggested and verified a theory for the heat

transfer conditions necessary for initial

nucleation--the conditions for beginning

boiling. In addition, it has gathered data

showing that the burnout heat flux Increases

as the tube diameter decreases, a result

which was not expected a priori. Currently

50
(h)

(4491)

e w 63 (c)

is

c." (d)

5

ct (e)

(g)

(4492)

8)

in

(4493)

j ill

(a)

(e)

12

(4494)

k

(d)

(e)

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this project is extending the investigation

of prediction of burnout heat fluxes into the

higher quality regions.

"Forced-Convection Surface-Boiling Heat

Transfer and Burnout in Tubes of Small

Diameter" by A. E. Bergles and W. M. Rohsenow, Technical Report No. 8767-21,

Engineering Projects Lab., M.I.T., May 1962.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OP COMPRESSED

LIQUID WATER.

Mass. Inst, of Tech. Mechanical Engineering

Department Research.

Prof. Joseph H. Keenan, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Room 1-208, Cambridge 39, Mass.

Analytical study of experimental data on water at subcritical temperatures. One

master's candidate now doing a thesis.

The purpose is to revise and extend the data

on liquid water in "Thermodynamic Properties

of Steam" by Keenan and Keyes.

An accurate study of the region of maximum

density was completed as a doctoral thesis

about four years ago. A tentative study of

temperatures from 0 to 320 degrees C was made in 1962.

PROPULSION DUE TO OSCILLATORY FIN MOTION.

Thesis research for doctoral degree.

Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39, Mass.

Experimental and theoretical.

Investigate shape and propulsion force for a flexible fin oscillating in a stream of fluid.

CAPILLARY TWO-PHASE FLOW.

National Magnet Laboratory.

Mr. P. Griffith, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Determine density pressure drop and flow

regime boundaries in capillary two-phase flow.

The low velocity flow regime when surface

forces exceed gravitational forces has been

investigated.

Almost completed.

Pressure drop, density and flow regimes

boundaries have been determined.

TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIME BOUNDARIES.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. P. Griffith, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Determine the limits on the slug flow, flow

regime as the velocity is increased.

Experimental and analytical work is proceeding

using a two-phase flow—flow regime detector.

STABILITY OF AXIAL MOTIONS IN A ROTATING FLUID.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39,

Mass

.

An experimental study for Master's Thesis.

An Investigation to determine the origin and

nature of the unusual instabilities which occur when a column of fluid flows axially through a cylinder of rotating fluid.

THE FORMATION OF BUBBLES IN A FLUIDIZED BED.

(4497)

ft!

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4498)

lil

(4163)

(*)

(o)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

perturbations

.

LOCAL VELOCITY MEASUREMENT IN AN INCOMPRESSIBLE

MHD FLOW.

WASD OF WADD.

Mr. Douglas A. East, Room 3-208, Mass. Inst,

of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Experimental; applied research, master's and

doctor's theses.

The work is a study of the behavior of three

types of probes to measure local fluid velocity in liquid metal MHD flows: the Pitot tube,

a miniature electromagnetic flowmeter and an aerofoil used as a two-dimensional Pitot tube

"Electromagnetic Fluid Velocity Measurement,"

by B. G. Brown; thesis for S.B. degree,

Mechanical Engineering, May 1962. (Request

for photo copy should be addressed to: Librarian, Engineering Library, Mass. Inst,

of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.).

USE OF ELECTROCHEM ILUM INESCENCE FOR VISUALIZING FLOW FIELDS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. George S. Springer, Room 3-264, Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

Experimental investigation; applied research.

By use of an electrochemical process a bright

glow is generated on the surface of the body,

displaying the flow at the boundary layer

without disturbing it.

The light Intensity distribution, controlled

by mass transfer, Indicates the heat transfer

on the surface of the body.

STABILITY OF LAMINAR FLOWS.

National Science Foundation - (1960-61),

Ford Foundation - ( 1961 -pre sent )

.

Prof. Edward F. Kurtz, Jr. Room 3-356, M.I.T. Cambridge, Massachusetts

Theoretical (experimental work planned for

the future); basic research.

Digital computer programs have been written

for obtaining solutions for the OrrSommerfeld equation, the equation governing

the disturbance -amplitude distribution in

plane parallel laminar flows. A study of

the stability of such flows over rigid sur- faces has been completed. The stability of

such flows over flexible boundaries is

presently being studied.

The stability of the Blaslus flow over a rigid flat plate has been treated, and the

results are in agreement with theoretical and

experimental results available. The stability of the free-convection boundary layer

has also been treated and has been found to

be stable for sufficiently low Reynolds

numbers. These results are in agreement with

existing experimental data.

"Computer-aided Analysis of Hydrodynamic

Stability," by E. F. Kurtz, Jr. and S. H. Crandall, Journal of Math, and Physics. To

be published.

of Mech. EnCambridge 39,

Laboratory project.

Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Dept

gineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech

Mass.

An experimental and analytical investigation

The purpose is to understand the origin of

bubbles within a uniformly fluidlzed bed (as

distinguished from bubbles formed at the bed

inlet)

.

Completed

.

The stability of small perturbations in the

bed void fraction was predicted analytically

and bubbles within the bed were observed to

originate from the growth of such small

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

(2561) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U.S. Soil Conservation

Service, U. S. Geological Survey, and Mass.

Water Resources Commission.

(c) Prof. George R. Hlggins, Engineering Research

Institute, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental-field and laboratory; for design of watershed yield, flood peak reduction

and general information.

(e) Mass curve studies for reservoir and watershed yield have been done for nearly all the

gaged streams in Massachusetts. Investigations to determine factors that affect

base flow are being conducted. These

include studies of soil types, drainage

density, surface cover, and others deemed

51
pertinent. The purpose of the study Is to

determine general Information for optimum

use of water resources of the state. Particular emphasis on recreational aspects

and low flow characteristics Is presently

being considered,

(h) Progress reports were submitted to the

University Research Council In 1959 and 1960.

A report for the Massachusetts Water

Resources Commission Is currently being

prepared.

(3766) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE STABILITY OF

STANDING (TRAPPED RING) VORTICES IN TWODIMENSIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of

Civil Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Using a Hele-Shaw table, a vortex is formed

in a cusp and the tendency of the vortex to remain in the cusp 1 s studied for various

free stream velocities past the cusp as well

as for various suction rates applied within

the cusp in accordance with a theory of

Ringleb.

(f ) Inactive.

(g) Using dye, experimental streamlines and

stagnation points agreed quite well with

theory with and without suction. A small

propeller was required to maintain the

vortex within the cusp due to the over- powering viscous effect; hence vortex sta- bility could not be studied.

(h) Master's thesis by H. Wang in preparation.

(4165) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Senior student honors project, Dr. E. E. Lindsey supervisor, Associate Dean of Engrg.,

University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) Effect of surface tension of pressure drop

and slip for two-phase flow; variation in

phase ratios along a pipe.

(4166) AGITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN LIQUID-LIQUID

SYSTEMS.

(b) National Science Foundation; University of

Massachusetts Research Council.

(c) Associate Dean E. E. Lindsey, Engineering

Research Institute, University of Mass.,

Amherst, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Two Immiscible or partly misclble liquids

are used. Dispersions are produced In a dynamometer agitator and particle sizes of

the sampled dispersion are measured by a light scattering technique. One thesis was concerned with developing the technique and

study in geometrically similar, baffled

tanks, another thesis with transient change

in drop sizes at the start of agitation.

Current project is to study variations in

geometry. Work is starting on development

of light-scattering probe to measure particle

size directly in the mixing tank.

(g) Primary peaks in the drop size distribution

occurred at 1 to 3 microns, secondary peaks

at about 30 microns. Drop size distribution is essentially identical in geometrically similar vessels of different size of

equal power/volume. There is a slight de- crease in size with increased agitator speed.

Comparison of two liquid systems indicates

drop size decreases with Increasing viscosity. Steady state drop size distribution

occurred in 30 to 60 minutes.

(h) "An Approach to Characterizing Agitation by

Dispersion Particle Size," by D. M. Sullivan and E. E. Lindsey, Industrial and

Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals Edition,

1, 87-93 (May 1962).

(4167) PRESSURE DROP ACROSS FITTINGS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Kenneth D. Cashln, Assoc. Prof, of

Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

d) Experimental; senior student honors project,

e) Pressure drop is measured for a number of

different pipe fittings placed in series and

at different spacings; effect of approaching

and leaving conditions Investigated.

(g) Experiments underway.

(4656) THE EFFECT OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID INJECTION

ON THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF A FLAT

PLATE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil

Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass.

dj Experimental; basic research,

e) A non-Newtonian fluid, obtained by mixing

guar gum with water, Is injected through

transverse slots cut in a flat plate into

the turbulent boundary layer. The flat

plate is immersed in clear water with a free

stream velocity U 0 . A barium titanate

crystal is Installed flush with the surface

of the plate a few inches downstream of the

slot and Is used to measure the intensity

of turbulence with and without injection of

the non-Newtonian fluid.

(4657) THE RESPONSE OF A DENSITY CURRENT TO A SINUSOIDAL PRESSURE PULSE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of

Civil Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A system of oscillatory waves is imposed on the upper layer of a two-layered system con- sisting of clear and saline water. The

response of the interface is observed in

terms of the frequency and amplitude of the

imposed waves at the free surface. The

amplitude of the interfaclal wave is seen

to increase in accordance with an lnvlscid

theory of Stokes. Conditions under which

mixing at the interface occurs are recorded

and are to be compared with existing

viscous theory for instability at the

interface

.

(h) Master's thesis by Chao-ho Sung In preparation.

(4658) THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS AND

HEAT EXCHANGERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dean George A. Marston, Engineering Research

Institute, University of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine the relationships between such

variables as core and tube diameter, tube

lattice and spacing, header height, etc.,

upon the individual flow per tube for a pressure vessel in which fluid is introduced

through a single radial line placed at the

base of the header.

f) Inactive.

h) "The Effects of Geometry on Fluid Flow

Characteristics in Nuclear Reactors," by

David Creamer, Master's thesis, 1960.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab.

(4659) TRANSVERSE INERTIA VARIATIONS OF SERIES 60

SHIP HULL FORMS.

1) Maritime Administration.

c) Professor R. B. Couch, 450 West Engineering

Building, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

;

!

1

52
(!)

(g)

(4660)

iil

if!

Experimental; design.

Five ship hulls covering the normal range

of fullness, are being designed and their

models tested for EHP and SHP . The designs have the same displacement, principal

dimensions, and sectional area curves as the Series 60 parents. Their transverse

sections of extreme "V" rather than the "U" form of the original parent series.

3 propeller tests, 4 EHP tests, and 2 SHP

tests are complete.

SCALE EFFECT AND BLOCKAGE EFFECT STUDIES ON

BARGE MODELS

.

Laboratory project.

Professor R. B. Couch, 450 West Engrg.

Building, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Experimental; basic research.

Studies on scale effect and tank blockage

effect of full forms.

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Dept. of

Civil Engineering.

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

ISI

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3775

8

(d

(e

(4169

C

(d

(e

(g

(h

Laboratory project.

Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept.,

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy,

Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and

critical depth of an imaginary open channel

having same dimensions as the weir opening.

Study produced a simple, accurate and quick

solution for plotting of M function. Re- lationship between the M function, and the

critical depth is logarithmic. This

greatly simplifies determination of critical

flow where the critical depth is known or vice versa. A relationship exists between

M function of channels of same shape but

different dimensions. The velocity of approach does not affect the relationship

between physical depth and crest depth.

VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING

BASIN.

Laboratory project.

Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

Tests being conducted on the terminal

effect of a 3/8 inch water jet on a cylindrical stilling basin to determine side

and bottom pressures, velocities and

energy dissipated.

INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL INTERNAL

SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

A scale model rockfill dam containing a vertical internal spillway was studied to determine factors affecting stage-discharge

relationships.

A correlation was found to exist between

discharge through the dam and height of

spillway, rock size, and head.

"Investigation of Vertical Internal Spillways," by Paul R. Munger, Master's Thesis,

Missouri School of Mines, 1961. (Available

on loan).

(d

(e

(h

(4662

(d

(e

(h

(4663

ft

(d

(e

(g

(h

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of

Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

The effect of some approximations used in

backwater calculations on the resulting

surface profile were studied by use of a digital computer. Also, several methods of

backwater computations were compared.

The results of this study indicated that the use of approximations is feasible for

curves above critical depth but are dependent on flow regime.

"A Comparison of Backwater Profile Computations," by A. C. H. Young, Master's

Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1962.

(Available on loan)

.

HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MISSOURI WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of

Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

This study was for the purpose of correlating

basin characteristics and mean annual flood

for Missouri watersheds having a drainage

area of less than ten square miles.

Suspended.

It was found that mean annual floods could

be predicted and correlated to known data

from forty-five Missouri watersheds by use

of a shape factor (AL^) and basin index

(AL2sV2).

"A Study of Small Watersheds Within the

State of Missouri," by Terrence E. Harbaugh,

Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines,

1962. (Available on loan).

FLOW THROUGH A ROCKFILL DAM.

Laboratory project.

Prof. P. R. Munger, Assistant Professor of

Civil Engineering, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

Model studies are being conducted on a rockfill dam with a sloping internal spillway to determine the characteristics of

flow through such dams.

Preliminary results Indicate a relation

exists between flow rate, head, core height

and rock size.

"Investigation of Flow Rates Through a Rock-,

fill Dam," by J. R. Bayless, Master's thesis,

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy,

1962.

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(4664)

(d)

EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER

BY SURFACE FT CODING METHODS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. C. Bowman, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept. Montana State College,

Bozeman, Montana.

This is a study to develop design criteria

for more efficient application of irrigation water by flooding method. This is

basic research at the present time, but will

be applied research immediately upon com- pletion of the first phase.

(4661) A COMPUTER STUDY OF BACKWATER COMPUTATIONS.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW

PAST BLUFF BODIES.

53
(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

Experimental and theoretical study of drag

and inertia In unsteady flow. Basic re- search for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

Primary objects of the research are: To

determine the growth and motion of vortices

behind two dimensional bluff bodies

subjected to unidirectional unsteady flow; to determine the various components of corre- sponding resistance; and to correlate a particular vortex configuration with the

Instantaneous resistance.

The forces predicted on the basis of the

moving and growing vortices are comparable

In magnitude to forces which are observed.

Resistance to unsteady flow is not to be

thought of as a mere Juxtaposition of resistances to steady flow augmented by an inertial force.

"Lift, Drag, and Added Mass Coefficients for

a Circular Cylinder Immersed in a Time

Dependent Fluid Flow," by T. Sarpkaya, J. Appl. Mechs., ASME Paper No. 62-WA-61, 1962

Winter Annual Meeting of ASME.

"Vortex Formation and Resistance in Unsteady

Flow," by T. Sarpkaya and C. J. Garrison, J. Appl. Mechs. ASME Paper No. 62-WA-62, 1962

Winter Annual Meeting of ASME.

MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW.

Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept of

the Army, (Durham)

.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

Experimental and theoretical basic research

for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

To understand the mechanism of turbulence

generation in pulsating viscous flow superposed on a steady and initially laminar flow

and to evaluate the resistance to fluid

motion.

Transition to turbulence takes place at much

lower Reynolds numbers. When the amplitude

ratio of the pulsating pressure gradient to steady one is not large, the maximum dissipation occurs at the wall. However, with

the increase of the amplitude ratio the

position of the maximum dissipation moves

into the flowing fluid and its distance

varies with time.

(3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS.

(3780)

(t>)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

ill

(d)

(e)

ill

(h)

Laboratory project.

Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219,

University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

Theoretical basic research; for master's

thesis

.

When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening, initial average ac- celeration is determined by the induced mass

of the fluid system. Since the equation of

the elastic wave propagagion cannot be solved

for the boundary conditions imposed, solution

of Laplace's equation is Joined to that obtained from the wave equation through the

application of the Schwartz-Christoffel

transformation and electrical analogy.

Completed.

The effect of Induced mass is most pronounced

particularly for short conduits. Average

times necessary for the reflection of an elastic wave from a given reservoir is

determined.

"Unsteady Flow of Fluids in Closed Systems,"

T. Sarpkaya, ASCE, J. of EM Div. EM3, Paper

No. 3154, June 1962. (See discussion and

closure in subsequent issues of the same Jour- nal .

)

[4486)

&

&

(g)

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

Experimental and theoretical basic research.

Study of the added mass of various objects

partly submerged In a liquid.

ANNULAR TWO-PHASE FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska,

Lincoln 8, Nebr.

Experimental and theoretical for Ph.D. Thesis.

Amplitude and frequencies of interfacial waves

are studied. The interfacial structure In- fluences the flow of gas in a manner similar

to that of a rough wall pipe.

The mean liquid film thickness increases with

Increase in flow rate at constant ga3 velocities; it decreases with an Increase In gas

velocity at constant liquid rate. Pressure

gradient in the gas stream exceeds that for a smooth pipe at the same Reynolds number (gas)

for gas velocities greater than some minimum

value

.

(4487) POTENTIAL FLOWS WITH UNISOTROPIC SINGULARITIES

(4488)

[3

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska,

Lincoln 8, Nebr.

Theoretical and for master's thesis.

Mathematical singularities used have unlsotroplc characteristics. Potential flows

resulting from the combinations of such singularities are studied.

A HEART PUMP THROUGH FLUID AMPLIFICATION.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, University of Nebraska,

Lincoln 8, Nebr.

Theoretical and experimental applied research

for master's thesis.

To develop a total heart pump through the use

of fluid-jet amplifiers and test it on certain animals.

A pump has been built and is operating

satisfactorily.

(4170) VIRTUAL MASS OF PARTLY SUBMERGED BODIES.

Laboratory project

.

Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic Lab.,

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company,

Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis

or propeller type runners, are tested for

power and efficiency at various speeds.

(124) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b} Laboratory project.

( d ) Expe rime ntal

.

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining

correction for various rates of flow. Meters

are tested at various rates of flow by

weighing tank method. Time is recorded

electronically by decade counters.

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

bl Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; for design data.

e) Scale ship models are towed to determine

effective horsepower, bare hull, required by

the ship. Because of their small size,

several models may be towed in a short

period of time thus allowing much preliminary

work to be done on the choice of lines.

Final lines are checked by David Taylor Model

Basin. To eliminate a large portion of this

preliminary testing, a schedule of systematic

models was arranged in which the beam-draft

54
ratio, the displacement-length ratio, and

the prismatic coefficient are varied over a wide range. Towing this set of models is

continuing and when completed will provide

design data for a standard offset series

covering a wide range.

(1132) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps are tested at constant

speeds for head developed, power consumption,

and efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted by

lowering the suction head to a point where

the developed head and efficiency break

down. Blade moments are measured by

installing electric resistance strain gages

on the pump blade stem. Shear strains are transmitted from the pump via a slip ring

assembly.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts. Tests were run to determine runaway speeds at low sigma values.

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested

with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the

flow visualization studies. Velocity and

pressure distribution studies are made

using a sensitive differential manometer.

The gate moments obtained from the pressure

distribution will be checked with a strain

gage dynamometer.

(3111) PUMP -TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Pump-turbine models are tested either as a pump or turbine on this test stand. Cavitation as well as performance tests on pump,

turbine or pump-turbine models can be made

on this facility. Provision has been made

to perform vane moment tests on adjustable

blade turbine runners at the same time as performance tests.

(3783) AIR CONTENT CAVITATION OP TURBINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study of cavitation of hydraulic turbines as affected by the air quantity contained in

the tunnel.

(3784) PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration of a small 3-hole cylindrical

search tube to determine accuracy as affected

by blockage, pipe wall, angularity, discharge and fabrication.

(3785) VELOCITY PROFILE IN TURBINE MODEL,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Determination of velocity distribution

through a two-dimensional turbine affected

by entrance angle, hub configuration, and

distributor height.

(3786) FLOW STRAIGHTENERS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) Testing of different shapes for the straightening of flow in short pipes.

(3787) ADDED MASS OF TURBINES. .

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) Determination of the effects of added mass

of a propeller on the efficiency and blade

moment step^up formulas from model to prototype

.

(4665) SOUND LEVEL TESTS ON HYDRAULIC MACHINERY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Hydrophones are placed In the discharge of

pump and turbine models under test in an

effort to obtain a fresh look at hydromachinery testing. Sound spectrum levels are plotted against several parameters In an effort to obtain correlation between the

characteristic shape of the sound level curves and the characteristic shape of

power and efficiency curves.

(4666) INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF HYDRAULIC

TURBINE OPERATING CONDITIONS ON POWER

SURGES.

bl Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) A plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is

tested to predict power swing rate and

magnitude in hydraulic turbine installations

as caused by draft tube vortex precession.

Air is used as a test medium and ammonium

chloride smoke for flow visualization.

Velocity and pressure distribution studies

are made In the draft tube using a 3-hole

cylindrical search tube and sensitive twofluid manometer.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

(2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRESSURE

DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE

BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grants from Texas Company and American

Chemical Society; laboratory project.

(c) Professor J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, New York University, Univ.

Heights, New York, 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The slow translational motion of dilute beds

of particles settling through viscous fluids

subjected to the influence of cylindrical

boundaries is being studied. This will

ultimately enable a theoretical prediction

of the effect of particle concentration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in

beds of particles.

(3474) HEAT TRANSFER AND CHEMICAL REACTION RELATIVE

TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

t) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York University, University Heights,

New York, 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) Analytical solution is developed by assuming

a model where fluid is flowing between two

concentric spheres which are maintained at different temperatures. The partial differential equations applicable are solved by

assuming power series solutions in temperature and in spherical co-ordinate 8 . The

results will be compared to existing data on heat and mass transfer in packed and fluldized

i

1

55
(h)

(4172)

beds

.

(3786) BOUNDARY LAYER MASS TRANSFER WITH HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS.

(b) Grants from American Chemical Society and

National Science Foundation; Laboratory

project

.

(c) Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engrg.,

New York University, University Heights,

New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

(e) This work includes a study of the rate of

gas-solid catalytic reactions in multiparticle systems. Using boundary layer

theory In conjunction with a model consisting

of a solid sphere inside a free-surface

spherical cell, the relationship between

rates of diffusion and rates of surfacecatalyzed reactions is developed.

(f) Completed.

(g) Theoretical results for chemically dilute

systems correlate existing mass transfer

data reasonably well. It was found that

molar convective transport to or from the

surface affects the mass transfer rate and

may give appreciably different results than

those obtained from film theory or the dilute

solution equation. A simple criterion is

set up to determine when the dilute solution

correlations can be used.

"Boundary Layer Mass Transport with Heterogeneous Catalysis," by C. L. Kusik and John

Happel, I & EC Fundamentals, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 163-172, August, 1962.

PRESSURE LOSS IN ORIFICE BAFFLED HEAT

EXCHANGERS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Robert 0. Parker, Department of

Chemical Engineering, New York University,

New York 53, New York.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

degree

.

(e) Project to determine pressure loss on the

shell side of orifice baffled, shell and

tube heat exchangers. Three exchangers are used in this experiment. All are exactly

alike except for the fact that one has no clearance between the tube and tube hole,

one has no clearance between the baffle and

the ID of shell, and one has clearances at both points. This study will determine the

effect of each flow stream, and the effect

of their interaction.

(4173) DETERMINATION OF THE STOKE 'S DRAG ON A PARTICLE FALLING IN AXISYMMETRIC FLOW IN A BOUNDED MEDIUM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg.,

New York University, New York 53, New York.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for master's

degree

.

(e) The purpose is to determine the effect of

the walls of a container on the Stoke 's drag of a particle falling In axlsymmetric

flow in a fluid. The shape of the container

is beaker- like.

(4174) THE PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL DUE TO A PARTICLE

SETTLING IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. Brenner, Dept. of Chemical Engrg.,

New York University, New York 53, New York.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

degree

.

(e) Experiments are designed to verify certain

theoretical relationships pertaining to the

dynamics of a particle in a viscous fluid.

Pressure differentials due to spheres

settling at low Reynolds numbers in a cylinder containing a viscous fluid will be

measured and correlated with particle drag.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(4667) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOWS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. M. Ameln, Department of Civil Engrg.,

North Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) An experimental investigation on translatory

motions with irregular profiles, on bore

formations and on the propagation of un- steady motions through non-uniform flows is

made in a glass-walled channel. The channel

is 14 ft. long, 2 ft. wide with adjustable

variable slope. The experimental results

are analyzed by the nonlinear shallow water

theory. The objective of the project is to seek improvements to the prevalent techniques for the computation of unsteady

flows and to provide experimental data for

further theoretical Investigations.

(4668) STUDY OF VORTEX MOTION IN WAKE FLOWS.

IS!

(d)

(e)

(4669)

Laboratory project.

Prof. Paul Harrawood, Department of Civil

Engineering, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, North Carolina.

Experimental and theoretical; doctoral

thesis

.

An Investigation of the eddy motions present

in the wakes of bluff bodies in a streaming

fluid, with particular attention given to the periodicity of eddy motions and to vortex strength.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF FLOW

IN CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

Laboratory project.

Professor Charles Smallwood, Jr., Dept. of

Civil Engrg., North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, North Carolina.

Experimental; master's thesis.

A semi -circular center-fed model basin was built with a transparent back for visual

examination of the flow pattern. A uranine

dye tracer was used to determine flow

through waves for the basin. Stability was measured by the reproducibility of the timeeffluent dye concentration waves. In an attempt to stabilize the flow radial baffles

were placed In the basin to reduce the angle

of divergence and to provide solid boundaries in the divergent flow.

Completed.

The baffles had no detectable effect. The

flow pattern was characterized by a shortcircuit along the tank bottom and a backflow in the upper portion of the tank.

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept

.

(3121)

13

it]

(g)

PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental; applied research.

The work Involves field testing to check the

durability of 4 to 10 mil black polyethylene

linings that have been in place over 2 years

in farm irrigation ditches.

Six and ten mil buried linings were in

excellent condition after two years of

service.

(3475) SURFACE DRAINAGE.

81

Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

56
(g)

:,

(4175)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak.

Field investigation; applied research.

Field ditches were constructed on college

farm to study improvements in drainage conditions. Snow accumulation in open drains was studied again.

An abnormally wet season prevented any work

on field ditch construction until the last

part of August. Spring thaw in surface

drains was at least 1 month later than in

past years, but snow accumulation pattern

was about the same as the previous year.

WATER INTAKE RATES AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF IRRIGABLE SOILS.

Joint laboratory project between Department

of Agricultural Engineering and Department

of Soils.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak.

Experimental, basic research, and Master's

thesis

.

Intake rates of Irrigated soils were measured by the Inflow-outflow method, the

double ring lnf iltrometer, and by the

Purdue sprinkling inf iltrometer . The change

in intake rates caused by land leveling,

tillage practices, seasonal change, and

compaction from farm machinery is being

studied. The physical and chemical properties and the moisture profile of the soil are being measured before, and after irrigations.

The Intake rate decreased slightly during

the Irrigation season. A lower rate was obtained with the double ring method than

with the Inflow-outflow method when

measuring intake rates on three year old

alfalfa plots.

"Water infiltration rates of an Irrigated

Soil," Jerome M. Schaack, unpublished MS

Thesis, North Dakota State University,

March 1962.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

(3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING.

151

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3792)

(5!

81

Northwestern Technological Institute.

Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.

Theoretical and analytical for doctoral and

masters theses.

The purpose Is to calculate the movement of

flood waves in prismatic and natural

channels. Finite difference equations based

on (a) method of characteristics and (b)

basic equations of momentum and continuity

are to be programmed separately for solution

on a digital computer.

It has been found best to use difference

equations along characteristics near the

upstream and downstream boundaries and a backward difference method based directly

on momentum and continuity equations and a rectangular grid for the region not near the

boundaries. Program found to give unstable

results.

Theses in preparation.

RESPONSE OF A BOILING CHANNEL TO INPUT

FLUCTUATIONS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. S. G. Bankoff, The Technological Inst.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Basic theoretical research; doctoral thesis.

An analog computer study of the response of

a boiling channel with saturated feed under

natural and forced circulation conditions to power and flow input fluctuations. The

basic momentum mass and energy balances are differenced in the height variable. The

only assumption is the applicability of the

variable density single fluid model.

(h)

(3793)

15!

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(3799)

I!)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(4670)

15!

Completed.

A frequency notch appears in the exit void

fraction and the power-exit void fraction

transfer function with four or more nodes,

and is not present with fewer nodes. It is

significant because all previous studies

have assumed axial lumping of the boiling

section. The propagation velocity of a density disturbance based upon the notch

frequency, is intermediate between the gas

and mixture average velocities.

Paper to be submitted to International

Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

TWO-PHASE FLOW STRUCTURE.

Argonne National Laboratory.

S. G. Bankoff, Chemical Engrg. Dept.,

Northwestern Tech. Inst. Experimental basic research, doctoral and

master 1 s theses.

Development of resistivity probe for determination of local void fraction, local

bubble frequency, and local bubble size

distributions in mercury-nitrogen flow, and

also an Impact probe for local liquid ve- locity measurement. Determination of flow

structure in mercury-nitrogen flow In vertical one inch pipe. Extension of the

probe to air-water flow, and determination

of air-water flow structure.

Mercury- nitrogen work completed. Air-water

work active.

Resolution of resistivity probe allows

Individual bubbles 0.1" diameter to be observed in mercury-nitrogen flow. Extensive

void fraction and velocity profiles obtained.

Slug length distributions, bubble frequency

spatial distributions, also obtained. Airwater probe looks quite promising.

Argonne Nat. Lab. report forthcoming. Ph.D.

thesis, L. G. Neal, Chemical Engineering

Department, Northwestern University.

FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES IN UNSTEADY

MOTION.

Northwestern Technological Institute.

Professor W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois.

Theoretical and experimental; for doctoral

thesis.

The purpose is to evaluate forces acting on accelerating submerged bodies in a fluid

and apply the results to the motion of the

snow and dust particles in the atmospheric

boundary layer. The theoretical Investigations included the determination of

the forces acting on arbitrarily accelerating

plates. Experiments have been completed on

a sphere oscillating in oil.

First phase completed. Second phase on motion that is not harmonic being analyzed.

The forces acting on an arbitrarily ac- celerating infinitely long plates have been

determined theoretically. Data on simple

harmonic motion up to a Reynolds number of

60 correlated in terms of velocity, ac- celeration and history coefficients.

Ph.D. Thesis completed Aug. 1962; paper under

preparation.

THE EFFECT OF SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS ON THE STABILITY OF FALLING LIQUID FILMS.

Northwestern University.

Mr. Stephen Whitaker, Chemical Engrg. Dept.,

Northwestern Tech. Inst., Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, Illinois.

Experimental

.

Small amounts of surface active agents are often used to suppress the ripples or waves

that tend to form on falling liquid films.

The presence of a surface active agent at a gas-liquid surface gives rise to three

phenomena: (a) lowered surface tension,

(b) increased surface viscosity, (c) the

possibility of surface tension gradients.

57
An experimental study Is being undertaken in

order to determine the role of these

phenomena in stabilizing falling liquid

films.

(4671) MAGNETOVISCOUS FLUID FLOW.

Kasugaya at the University of Notre Dame

in cooperation with Dr. S. Kolupalla. More

accurate formulas were derived and tables

of correction factors prepared.

IS)

121

(g)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Thomas P. Anderson, Gas Dynamics Lab.,

Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Experimental and theoretical basic research.

A study of the flow of a class of sus- pensions that exhibit marked changes in

effective viscosity under the Influence of

applied magnetic fields.

Preliminary experiments have been conducted

on a suspension of micron sized iron

particles in an oil base. Using a cylindrical geometry and an applied field of approximately 500 amp turns changes in viscosity of more than a factor 2 have been

measured. In addition it appears that the

fluid is non-Newtonian in character and the

effect is Influenced considerably by the

magnitude of the velocity.

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Department of Civil Engrg.

(3124

(c

(g

(3802

(g

(h

(3803

(g

(h

(4179

(4672

(g)

HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES.

Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.

Part 1, Early history of hydrometry, was published in 1960. Part II, Modern history

of hydrometry in the USA, is being prepared

for publication.

COMPONENT RUNNER FOR THE CURRENT METER.

Recent success in application for turbine

testing is evaluated.

A paper on measurement of angular and

pulsating flow presented at the Conference

on Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics at the

University of Western Australia, Nedlands,

by Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dec. 11, 1962, is to be published in the Proceedings of the

Conference

.

ANALOG SIMULATION OF DEFORMABLE

HYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARIES.

National Science Foundation.

Dr. A. G. Strandhagen, Dept. of Engineering

Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre

Dame, Indiana.

Theoretical and experimental.

Two-dimensional conducting sheet is used to simulate the flow past submerged bodies.

Both irrotational and cavity flow are considered.

Analog results are in agreement with several cases of cavitating hydrofoil flow.

Master's thesis completed by J. Sellers.

RIVER HYDROLOGY, SURVEY AND SELECTED

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Dr. S. Kolupalla, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

Search continues, manuscript is prepared,

publication is planned for December 1964.

THEORY OF THE HYDROMETRIC ROD.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Nobumasa Kasugaya, Prof, of Hydrology,

Chuo Univ., Civil Engineering Dept., Tokyo,

Japan.

Theoretical investigation, applied research.

Two problems solved under assumption of

velocity distribution according to the

logarithmic law and n-power parabolic law:

(1) Relationship between the measured velocity and the average velocity on a vertical in a river cross-section; (2) angle of inclination of a rod submerged In river.

Work carried out during a visit of Dr.

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(4673)

(4674)

8)

(e)

[4675)

(c)

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF UPSTREAM

FLOW DISTORTION AND ACCURACY OF ORIFICE

METERS.

American Gas Association.

Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, 206 West 18th Ave.,

The Ohio State University, Columbus 10,

Ohio.

STUDY OF UPSTREAM NON -UNIFORMITIES RELATED

TO FLUID METER PERFORMANCE.

National Science Foundation.

Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, 206 West 18th Ave.,

The Ohio State Univ., Columbus 10, Ohio.

To generalize the influence of and define

prediction methods to account for effects

of upstream non-uniformities on the performance of fluid meters.

CALIBRATION OF DIFFERENTIAL HEADMETERS.

Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State

University.

Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, 206 West 18th Ave.,

The Ohio State University, Columbus 10,

Ohio.

To provide service in the calibration of

orifice meters, venturies and nozzles for

Industry. Calibration of the meter is ac- complished by a volumetric method. The

calibrating fluid is water.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department

.

(2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station cooperative

with Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small

grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts,

modified by the addition of weir sills, are being used as runoff measuring devices.

(g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped

with weir sills completed. Ten year data

on precipitation and runoff completed.

(2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS

FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,

cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Two paired plastic lined ponds, designed

for evaporation research, are being used to study various aspects of evaporation re- duction by monomolecular films. Apparatus

has been developed for automatic application

of hexaoctadecanol slurry. Present research

is on the effects of wind on monolayers and

development and testing of methods of

alleviating adverse effects of wind.

(g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to 40$ have

been obtained in long duration tests using

slurry method of applying films. Curves

have been developed relating wind speed and

56
required film application rate. In current

research a system of floating barriers is

used to confine the monolayer to reduce

frequency of application. Various height/

spacing ratios have been tested. The effect of the barriers, with and without

monolayer, on evaporation is being studied.

(3804) THE HYDRAULICS OP CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture in cooperation with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil

and Water Conservation Research Div.

Southern Plains Branch, Stillwater, Okla.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used

to convey short duration flood flows from

small watersheds are constructed full size

on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic

laboratory. Plow tests are made on these

experimental channels to determine the

protective ability of various grasses

and to evaluate the flow friction factors

under different conditions of growth.

Perennial and annual grasses for the temporary

protection of newly constructed earth waterways are both considered in these studies.

Temporary liners of various fibers Including

jute, paper and glass are also tested.

(g) Manning's n values have been determined for

various grass species. The physical

characteristics of the vegetation and the

flow character both influence the flow

retardance factor so special design diagrams

have been prepared to aid in solving flow

problems under these conditions.

(4676) THE HYDRAULICS OP OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. P. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater,

Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of the basic relationships involved

in the hydraulics of overland flow. Now In

its initial phase, the research is being

done at the Stillwater outdoor hydraulic lab.

Test channels, 96 ft long will be subjected

to simulated rainfall of various intensities

and droplet sizes. The water surface profile

will be studied for transient and equilibrium

states for channels surfaced with cement

mortar and also for earth channels vegetated

with wheat.

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3805) INVESTIGATION OP SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads.

(c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Wave effects resulting from the Junction

of two supercritical, open channel flows

are being studied to determine the magnitude

and the location of the wave pile up on the

channel walls. Only rectangular channels

are presently being considered. Trapezoidal channels will be considered later.

(g) The prediction of wall pile-up.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, College of Engineering and Architecture,

University Park, Pennsylvania, Dr. John C. Johnson,

Director. Work done under Dr. G. P. Wislicenus,

Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Messrs. G. B. Gurney and T. E. Pelrce,

Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; developmental.

e) The problem concerns the measurement of

forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 feet per second,

pressure ranges of 3 to 60 pounds per square

inch absolute.

(g) Two four component (lift, axial force,

pitching and rolling moment) balances for use in water tunnels utilizing strain gaged

pre-tensioned flexure beams as the force

sensing devices have been in successful

operation for four years, A Planar Motion

Mechanism capable of imparting pitching and

heaving motions to models is now under con- struction and should be in operation in

March of 1963. The balance assolcated with

this mechanism will measure all the hydrodynamic stability coefficients required in

the equations of motion for a submerged

body with four (4) degrees of freedom.

These equations include the static, damping

and acceleration derivatives. A balance

which will measure unsteady forces on propulsors has been developed and successfully

tested.

(h) "An Analysis of Force Measurements," by

G. B. Gurney, M. S. Thesis, Department of

Engineering Mechanics, The Pennsylvania

State University, September 1962.

(3143) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

(b) Joint program of investigation with the

General Electric Company, the United States

Rubber Company and the Northrop Corporation

sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley and Mr. John McMahon,

Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental, basic research; theoretical

and applied research.

(e) Investigations into the application of

boundary layer control through suction and

compliant surfaces for underwater bodies.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the mechanism by

which an admissive boundary may reduce the

skin friction has been completed.

Experimental measurements of boundary layer

transition and thickness aft of the transition have been made for a number of flat

plates which were covered with a compliant

surface

.

(h) "Stability of Plane Couette Flow over an Admissive Boundary," by J. L. Lumley and

J. F. McMahon, Presented at American Physical

Society, November 1962, Norman, Oklahoma.

"Some Comments on Drag Reduction," American

Rocket Society, J. L. Lumley, ARS Preprint

#2642-62.

(3486) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental.

e) Using a constant temperature probe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers will

be investigated with particular attention to homogeneous grid-produced turbulence and

turbulent dispersion in a shear flow.

(g) Measurements have been taken in a small

water tunnel settling section determining

the effect of various screens and honeycombs

on turbulence

.

(h) "The Constant Temperature Hot-Thermistor

Anemometer," Symposium on Measurements in

Unsteady Flow, ASME Proceedings, May 21-23,

1962, pp. 75-82.

1

59
IS!

IJ1

(3487) FLOW DISTORTION FEEDING INTO A PROPELLER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. J. J. Elsenhuth, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Theoretical and experimental.

This is a study of the interaction effects

between control surfaces and a propeller

when the surfaces are located in front of

the propeller and feed a distorted flow into

It. The primary goal is to determine how

effectively the propeller cancels the forces

produced by the control surfaces.

(3488) FLOW OVER A BODY OF REVOLUTION WITH

STABILIZING SURFACES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. E. J. Rodgers, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) This study is directed toward the understanding of the flow conditions around a body of revolution with stabilizing fins

under conditions of pitch and/or yaw. The

eventual goal is to be able to predict more precisely the hydrodynamic coefficients

of such a body by virtue of a better

understanding of the flow conditions.

(3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

Dr. J. W. Holl, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental, analytical; basic research.

To investigate experimentally the cavitation

characteristics of a few simple (as regards

to vapor pressure and handling) liquids

under conditions occurring in space and

aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze

the results so that a reliable basis for

theory applicable to these conditions can be formulated.

A small high speed water tunnel having test

section velocities of 370 feet per second,

pressures to 1000 pounds per square inch,

temperatures to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, has

been constructed and has been in operation

since April of 1962.

(g) Preliminary tests of nozzles in the high

speed water tunnel have shown that critical

cavitation numbers increase with velocity.

This increase Is greater for nozzles with

an abrupt contour.

(h) "Experimental Investigations of Incipient

and Desinent Cavitation," by A. F. Lehman,

J. 0. Young, presented at ASME Aviation

and Space, Hydraulic, and Gas Turbine Conference, Los Angeles, March 3-7, 1963.

(4180) UNSTEADY FLOW INVESTIGATIONS AROUND AN

ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of

Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study of

unsteady forces acting on an ellipsoid of

revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers

and body attack angles. Instantaneous

values of forces and moments have been

measured for Reynolds numbers up to 10'

in a water tunnel with body attack angles

of zero, 5 and 10 degrees. Measurements

have been made with the ellipsoid performing

small oscillations in a direction normal to the main flow.

(4181) DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF TUNNEL BOUNDARIES

ON THE FORCES ACTING ON A MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of

Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. Thomas Peirce, Ordnance Research Lab.,

(g)

(4677)

(b)

(c)

Si

(h)

(4678)

(*)

(c)

(f)

(g)

University Park, Pennsylvania.

Theoretical and experimental.

Investigation of the errors introduced by

the physical boundaries of tunnel walls

on the measured forces on large models.

The Investigation covers both the axlally

symmetric case and when the models are at low angles of attack. Establishing the means for correcting these errors is also

a part of this investigation.

For the axially symmetric case the installation of a tunnel liner has produced satisfactory results.

THE INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL

UNSTEADY CAVITY FLOWS ABOUT FIXED SYMMETRIC

BLUFF BODIES.

Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of

Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

Dr. B. W. Mccormick, J. 0. Young, Ordnance

Research Laboratory, University Park,

Pennsylvania.

Experimental and theoretical

.

An investigation of the wake region

behind supercavitating, bluff, twodimensional body shapes will be undertaken

for the purpose of defining the flow characteristics and the variables which affect

fully developed, periodic, cavity flow.

"Preliminary Investigation of the Unsteady

Cavity and Wake Behind a Wedge at Zero

Angle of Attack," by J. 0. Young, TN 5.3410-07, January 18, 1962.

HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM FOR AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons and conducted under Dr.

C. L. Key, Asst. Director, Ordnance Research

Laboratory.

Messrs. H. M. Jensen and R. E. Kershaw,

Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania.

Experimental, applied development and design.

A high-performance hydraulic servomechanlsm

for control of rudders and elevators in an underwater missile system. Specific design

problems were instability caused by a reso- nant linkage and high-frequency oscillation

of the servovalve.

Design is complete and field tests will soon

be conducted.

Stability was achieved by increasing the

resonant frequency of the linkage, providing

hydraulic damping with a bypass orifice, and

lag-lead phase compensation in the servo amplifier. The high-frequency oscillation

was eliminated by increasing the diameter of

activator ports.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL

AND WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and

Purdue University. (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4276).

Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Field investigation; applied research.

The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which

effect erosion and infiltration. Research

Includes studies of tillage methods, crop

residue management, slope, soil type, crop

rotations, and intensity histograms.

"Crop Residues as Surface Mulches for Controlling Erosion on Sloping Land under

Intensive Cropping," by L. D. Meyer and J. V Mannering, ASAE Paper No. 62-714, 1962.

(c)

li)

(h)

60
(2597)

Si!

(2835)

SI

(h)

(2837)

(i)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(3490)

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Field Investigation; applied and basic

research.

The treatment of pond water by use of slow

sand and dlatomaceous earth filters is being

evaluated. Improved designs are under

investigation. The effects of algae growth

and coagulation-sedimentation methods on filtration processes are being studied.

"Automation of a Dlatomaceous Earth Water

Treatment System for Farmstead Use," by

K. J. Albrecht and E. J. Monke, ASAE Paper

No. 61-310, 1961.

"Dlatomaceous Earth Filtration of Pond

Water for Domestic Use," by E. J. Monke,

H. R. Wllke, L. G. Laudenschlager , and K. J. Albrecht, ASAE Paper No. 62-210, 1962.

"Use of Gypsum on the Flocculatlon Behavior

of Clays in an Aqueous Solution," by J. Doorenbos, M. S. thesis, Purdue Univ., 1962.

INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

(h)

3608)

(c)

THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Field investigation; applied research. ( Runoff is measured from 15 watersheds in five

different tillage systems. These systems

involve two surface soil treatments and

three subsoil treatments, including subsoil

fertilization and vertical mulching.

Hydrologlc analyses of these small watersheds are used to evaluate the effects of

tillage on soil moisture, crop growth and

yield, and runoff.

To be continued as part of another project.

"Some Observations on the Effect of

Vertical Mulching," by R. D. Frazier and

A. R. Bertrand, Indiana Acad, of Sci., Vol.

69, 1959.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE IN SANDY SOIL.

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Field investigation; applied research.

The water table in a sandy field is con- (g)

trolled from an adjacent supply ditch in

which the water level is kept high. Depths

to the water table are continuously measured

during the growing season at various distances

from the ditch and correlated with crop yield

data.

Suspended.

The maintenance of the water table at two

feet below the surface in Maumee fine sandy

loam significantly increased corn yields in

years when extended drought periods occurred

during the growing season. Based upon draw- (h)

down curves, a favorable water table level can

be maintained by ditches spaced 600 feet

apart

.

"Water Table Control on Maumee Fine Sandy

Loam," by W. D. Lembke, Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.,

Purdue Univ., (in press).

TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC USE

ON THE FARM.

(4182)

(.*)

(c)

IS

(4183)

Laboratory project.

Mr. L. F. Hugglns, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental; basic research. (4681)

Flow of water through a partially filled

transparent drain Is being observed on steep

slopes. Three regimes of flow occurring (b)

below a hydraulic Jump are being studied to determine their effect on the design of

circular drains.

"A Model Study of Flow in Steep Tile Drains,"

by W. D. Lembke, J. W. Delleur, and E. J. Monke, ASAE Paper No. 62-224, 1962.

DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR

ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv.,

USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl.

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4274).

Mr. Walter H. Wlschmeler, ARS-SWC, Agric.

Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette,

Indiana.

Experimental; development.

The relationships of numerous rainstorm

characteristics, topographic features, soil

characteristics and surface conditions to field runoff and soil erosion are being

evaluated from plot data obtained under

natural and/or simulated rainfall. Basic

plot and small watershed data on an individual storm basis have been assembled in an ARS central runoff and soil-loss data lab.

at Purdue Univ., from 24 states. The data

represent results of cooperative research

studies over the past 32 years at 47

locations.

An Improved soil-loss equation to help guide

farm planning for soil and water conservation was developed and published. Data for

locality evaluations of the rainfall factor

and the cropplng-management factor In the

equation have been disseminated in readyreference form. New data from plot studies

under natural rainfall and from studies unda?

simulated rainfall have been Included in con- tinuing investigations to improve the ac- curacy of the soil, topographic and practice

factors in the equation.

"Soil-Loss Estimation as a Tool in Soil and

Water Management Planning," by W. H. Wlschmeler and D. D. Smith, International

Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission on Land Erosion, Report No. 59, 1962.

"Erosion Rates and Contributing Factors in

Semi-Arid Regions," by W. H. Wlschmeler,

Proceedings of International Seminar on Water and Soil Utilization, Brookings, South

Dakota, July 1962, (in press).

THE MECHANICS OF EROSION OF RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and

Purdue University.

Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental; basic research.

The splash and runoff of simulated soil

particles from an area 0.6 meters wide by

3.0 meters long is being Investigated.

Variables during the initial phases include

particle size, inclination of slope, rate of

runoff, and simulated rainfall.

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF BLOUNT SILT LOAM.

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Field investigation; applied research.

Various spacings between parallel subsurface

drains are under investigation to determine

their effectiveness in water removal and

crop response. Continuous records of tile

discharge are being made and crop yields are determined at harvest time.

EVALUATION OF PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAINS AND

INSTALLATION EQUIPMENT IN MUCK SOILS.

Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

61
(c)

USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agrl.

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4271).

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.

Field investigation; applied research.

The primary purpose of this investigation is to determine the stability with time of

various cross-sectional types of plasticlined mole drains in muck soil. Secondary

objectives are concerned with the improvement

of the installation equipment.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(4165)

ft

(d)

(e)

ft

(h)

(4186)

(b)

(c)

ft

(g)

ANALYSIS OP THE DYNAMICS OF MOISTURE FLOW IN SOILS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of

Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied.

The flow of water to tube drains in stratified soils was evaluated theoretically by

an approximate method originally developed

in Russia. In a second study, a refined

non-Darcy flow equation was developed and

evaluated

.

Completed.

In the approximation analysis, the layered

system is considered in three special, mathematically degenerate cases, which then yield

the approximate flow rate . The approximate

values conformed reasonably well with values

found by essentially exact methods. The

approximation is widely applicable, and

yields good physical insight into many com- plex problems. In the second study, data

from the literature were analyzed from the

standpoint of non-Darcy behavior. In many

cases, it was found that the one-dimensional

flow velocity increased more than proportionally with the hydraulic gradient. This behavior could be described quite well with a 3-parameter equation, which contains Darcy's

law as a special case. "Approximate Water Flow Rates for Tube

Drains in Stratified Soils," by D. Swartzendruber, J. Geophys. Res. 67, No. 6,

Pages 2395-2402, 1962.

"Non-Darcy Flow Behavior in LiquidSaturated Porous Media," D. Swartzendruber, J. Geophys. Res. 67, No. 12, pp. 5205-5213, 1962.

MECHANISMS OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY DECREASE

IN WATER-SATURATED SOILS.

Laboratory project and Purdue Research

Foundation.

Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of

Agronomy, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

Experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

The effect of gases on the hydraulic con- ductivity of porous media was studied for

air and methane. The presence of entrapped

air was determined with a compression

technique.

As phenol-containing water was passed con- tinuously through quartz sand initially

wetted at atmospheric pressure, the hydraulic conductivity increased and reached

a plateau maximum. The compressibility of

the system, which reflects the entrapped

gaseous air content, decreased sharply at first, but continued to decrease slowly even during the plateau of hydraulic con- ductivity. When phenol was absent, the hydraulic conductivity reached a peak maximum

and thereafter declined. However, the com- pressibility still decreased sharply initially, and continued to decrease slowly. This

indicates that the eventual decline in hydraulic conductivity was not caused by a re- lease of gas from the permeating water.

The presence of dissolved methane in the

permeating water was found not to decrease

the hydraulic conductivity of sand during

prolonged flow. In fact, there was a slight

tendency for methane to increase the hydraulic conductivity, as compared with water

not containing methane.

(4679) FLOW LAWS FOR THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL.

ft

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(4680)

ft

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Dale Swartzendruber, Department of

Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental and theoretical; basic for

Ph.D. thesis.

The validity of Darcy's law for various

porous media, with and without clay, will be

studied for both saturated and partially

saturated media. One-dimensional flow ve- locity will be determined as a function of

driving gradient, at various constant water

contents. Mathematical relationships for

flow as a function of gradient will also be

sought

.

Assuming Darcy's law valid for unsaturated

soil water flow, along with soil capillary

potential as a unique function of moisture

content, implies direct proportionality

between one-dimensional flow velocity and

moisture gradient, for constant moisture

content. An analysis of this type was performed for the horizontal absorption of

water into a silty clay loam soil. Proportionality was found to hold at the

higher moisture contents, but not at the

lower moisture contents. Deviations were of

the type in which the flow velocity increased more than proportionally with the

hydrau 1 1 c grad1 ent

.

"Non-Darcy Behavior and the Flow of Water

in Unsaturated Soils," by D. Swartzendruber,

submitted to Soil Sci. Soc . Am. Proc.

THE EFFECT OF SUBSOIL TREATMENT ON SOIL

CONDITIONS, CROP GROWTH AND RUNOFF.

Laboratory project.

Dr. H. Kohnke, Agronomy Department, Purdue

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Field investigation, applied research.

Soli conditions, crop growth and peak rates

of runoff are measured on 15 watersheds under

three different systems of subsoil management. These treatments are: subsoil fertilization, vertical mulching and untreated

subsoil. It is the purpose to determine

what effects the subsoil treatments have on soil conditions, crop growth and runoff.

As long as vertical mulch channels stay open

at the soil surface, they reduce runoff

rates. Subsoil fertilization has a minor

effect on runoff.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Chemical Engineering Department.

(4188)

ft

(d)

(e)

SAMPLING OF HETEROGENEOUS FLUIDS IN FLOW.

American Petroleum Institute.

Mr. J. H. Rushton, School, of Chemical

Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.

Both an experimental and theoretical project.

Essentially an experimental project to which

basic fluid mechanics is applied. Proposals

for accurate methods of sampling in com- mercial type operations will be made at the

end of the program. Five Master theses have

been completed, several others will follow.

The work is for the purpose of developing

methods whereby the accuracy of sampling can

be maximized for heterogeneous materials

flowing through pipe lines. The flowing

fluids handled contain immiscible solids

and liquids. Work is done In several sizes

of pipes so that scale-up information will

be available.

Work is approximately 80$ completed.

For small quantities of solids and liquids

the vertical distribution in a horizontal

pipe has been determined for various rates

62
of flow. A technique has been devised to relate a sample at one point in the pipe to the average stream flowing in the pipe.

Isokinetic sampling is important, particularly for large sized particles and for

mixtures where the components vary widely

in density. It appears that satisfactory

results can be achieved by sampling between

a position one tiird pipe diameter above

the bottom of a horizontal pipe and the

center line, provided the sample is withdrawn at a velocity equal to the average

velocity of flow,

(h) Progress reports have been made to the

American Petroleum Institute. No printed

publications at this date.

(4190) CALCULATION OP COMPLETE BATCH SETTLING

BEHAVIOR FOR RIGID SPHERES IN A NEWTONIAN

FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Paul T. Shannon, School of Chemical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M. S. thesis.

(e) As part of a continuing study of the dynamic

behavior of multiparticle-fluid systems,

additional batch settling data on 66 n spherical glass beads in water was obtained

over a wide range of initial solids con- centrations. This work was done to confirm

previous results at different weight of

solids per unit area and to study closely

the rising concentration gradient predicted

by the theory.

(g) Solids flux plats based on the initial batch

settling rates were obtained by fitting third

and fourth order polynomial equations in

Initial reduced solids concentration (solids

cone. /solids density) to the experimental

settling rate data. A computer program was written to theoretically predict the entire

batch settling behavior of the slurries,

using only the Initial rate data, based on the postulate that the solids settling rate

is a function of the local solids concentration only. The rising concentration gradient

predicted by the theory was observed and

photographed and was as predicted.

The predicted total batch settling curves agreed within experimental uncertainty with

the experimental results. This validates

the basic postulate for systems of uniform

spheres in a Newtonian fluid. Minor deviations were attributed to small initial

concentration gradients and to particle

segregation.

(h) M. S. Thesis by E. P. Stroupe, Purdue Univ.,

January 1962.

M. S. Thesis by R. D. DeHaas, Purdue Univ.,

January 1963.

The first two of a series of articles based

on the work to date have been submitted for

publication in the I&EC Fundamentals Quarterly

Copies of these manuscripts can be secured

by I&EC subscribers from: Research Results

Service, I&EC, 1155 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Washington 6, D. C. "Batch and Continuous Thickening. Part I. Basic Theory. Solids Flux for Rigid

Spheres." Ms. No. 62-206, $4.00.

"Batch and Continuous Thickening. Part II. Prediction of Batch Settling Behavior.

Results for Rigid Spheres." Ms. No. 62-318,

$3.00.

(4662) SURFACE VELOCITIES OF LIQUID FILM IN CONCURRENT WETTED-WALL COLUMN

.

b} Department supported laboratory project,

c) Mr. W. H. Tucker, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,

d} Experimental; applied research, M.S. Thesis,

e) High velocity gas and liquid flowing downward

in a wetted-wall column. The surface velocity

of the liquid film is being measured to determine the nature of the momentum transfer

from the gas to the liquid phase.

(g) Preliminary results are being extended to non-aqueous liquids and liquids containing

surfactants.

(4683) RESIDENCE TIME STUDIES IN A CONCURRENT

WETTED WALL COLUMN.

b) Department supported laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. H. Tucker, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Experimental; applied research, M.S. thesis.

e) High velocity gas and liquid flowing downward in a wetted-wall column. The shear on the liquid surface by the high velocity gas causes mixing of the liquid film. Residence

time measurements were attempted to provide

a tool for measuring the effectiveness of

mixing, to replace mass transfer experiments.

f) Discontinued.

g) Experimental problems resulted in essentially

negative conclusions. Preliminary surface

velocity measurement appeared to be more

fruitful and these preliminary data provided

the basis for the next project.

(h) M.S. Thesis by L. Subbaiyan, Purdue Univ.,

January 1962.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and

Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

d) Experimental; for design and master's theses.

e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of

waterways under arch bridges, to provide a criterion for determining the proper clear

span of arch bridges so as to compensate for

the loss of efficiency at high flows, and to provide a method for computing the backwater

upstream of arch bridges, and indirect flood

discharge measurements.

(g) Preliminary small scale model investigation

has been completed. Large scale testing of

two and three dimensional semi -circular

and circular segment models in both smooth

and rough boundaries including a number of

skewed, eccentric and dual bridges have been

completed. The large scale tests were con- ducted in a tilting flume 5 ft. wide and

64 ft. long.

(h) "A Preliminary Model Investigation of Hydraulics of River Flow under Arch Bridges,"

by S. T. Husain, M.S. Thesis, January 1959.

"Hydraulics of River Flow Backwater Effects

of Semi-Circular Constrictions in a Smooth

Channel," by H. J. Owen, A. Sooky and S. T. Husain, M.S. Thesis, January, 1960.

"Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges,

Progress Report No. 3," by P. F. Biery and

J. W. Delleur, Joint Highway Research Proj.,

Purdue University, September 21, 1960.

"Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge

Constrictions,", by P. F. Biery, Master's

Thesis, Purdue University, January, 1961.

Discussion by P. F. Biery and J. W. Delleur

of paper "Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open

Channels," by W. W. Sayre and M. L. Albertscn

In Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol.

87, HY5, ASCE, September 1961.

"Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge Constrictions," by P. F. Biery and J. W. Delleur, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

Vol. 88, No. HY 2, ASCE, March 1962.

(2840) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE

FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation, Purdue Research

Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur and Dr. G. H. Toebes,

Hydraulic Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.,

!

!

I

63
SI

(g)

(h)

(2841)

i

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3146)

ft)

(d)

(e)

(3491)

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical and experimental.

Investigation of the mechanism of turbulence

in free surface flow. The analytical part

of the project will investigate Important

flow characteristics such as the spectrum

of turbulence, correlation of velocities In the turbulent field, degree of isotropy and

the various velocity functions in open

channel flow. The experimental portion of

the program will make tests coincident with

theoretical studies.

Hot-wire Instrumentation for liquids is

being used In the study of the mean and

fluctuating velocity components In partially

developed flow In small test flume of variable slope. Building of a larger test flume

is being completed. The flume has variable

longitudinal slope and changeable cross

section. The cross section may be rectangular or trapezoidal with different side

slopes.

"Secondary Flow in Straight Open Channels,"

by J. W. Delleur and D. S. McManus, 6th

Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics,

University of Texas, September, 1959.

"Mechanism of Turbulence In Free Surface

Flow," by J. W. Delleur, Progress Report

No. 1, July 1961.

STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR

HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA.

State Highway Department of Indiana.

Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Analysis and statistical investigation for

Ph.D. thesis.

The purpose of the research is to study the

hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square

miles throughout the State of Indiana, to improve the existing methods for estimating

the runoff from small watersheds, and to Improve the present methods of design of

highway drainage structures servicing small

watersheds. A statistical analysis by means

of the extreme values method has been

completed. Graphical relations which permit

derivation of peak flow as function of five

geomorphological parameters of the watershed

have been prepared. A synthetic instantaneous unit hydrograph has been developed

for Indiana. It is described by means of

two parameters which were evaluated in terms

of three geomorphological characteristics.

The design storm was based on the Weather

Bureau study of stories with different

durations and frequencies.

Runoff and rainfall data are being collected,

and runoff statistical and geomorphological

analysis has been completed.

HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM IN POROUS MEDIA.

Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D.

thesis

.

Analytical and experimental investigations

of the gravity flow field around horizontal

collector wells.

The-exact solution for gravity flow towards

a sink strip was derived. Slow convergence

of relaxation methods, utilizing a digital

computer necessitated the use of an hydraulic

model equipped with an electric free surface

probe. Results permitted the formulation of a discharge formula as well as a number of

design recommendations. A novel method for

increasing the well yield, called "vacuum

pumping", has been given.

NUMERICAL METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF HYDROMECHANICS PROBLEMS.

(b)

(c)

IS

(g)

(h)

(3492)

ft

\l\

(4191)

(t>)

(o)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4192)

(t>)

(c)

ftj

(g)

(4684)

(.*)

(e)

ft!

Laboratory project. Hydraulics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Analytical

.

The purpose of the research is to make available to the hydraulic engineers the mathematical tools which are normally beyond his

competence

.

The use of the calculus of variation in the

solution of laminar flow problems has been

Investigated. An approximate numerical

method of solution of laminar flow in non- circular conduits has been developed.

"Variational Methods in Fluid Dynamics," by

J. W. Delleur and A. A. Sooky, Journal of

the Engineering Mechanics Dlv., Vol. 87, No. EM 6, December, 1961.

TRANSIENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE SURFACE

IN A HOMOGENEOUS EARTH DAM.

Purdue Research Foundation.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering,

Department of Soil Mechanics, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Theoretical for Ph.D. thesis.

The study is aimed at the development of a rational treatment of the "rapid drawdown"

condition for the analysis of earth and

rockfill dams.

Completed.

Published by Geotechnique, (Dec. 1962).

MEANDER-FLOOD PLAIN MODEL.

Purdue Research Foundation; Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation and Research Div., U. S. Dept. of

Agriculture

.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Analytical and experimental research for

Ph.D. thesis.

The study is aimed at formulating bounds for

the overall energy losses occurring in flows

through meander-flood plain geometries and to increase the knowledge on the spatial distribution of energy dissipation for such

flow fields.

Several experimental stage-discharge re- lationships are available. A number of detailed measurements of the velocity distribution, direction of flow and free surface

topography have been in a 5' x 30' rigid bed

model with adjustable slope, side wall and

channel dimensions.

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF EAGLE CREEK

RESERVOIR SPILLWAY.

Dodson, Kinney and Linblom, consultants to the Indianapolis Flood Control District.

Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydraulic Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental, design.

The overflow spillway for Eagle Creek

reservoir near Indianapolis, with a design

discharge of 160,000 cfs is situated only

700 feet from a major Interstate Highway.

The road will at larger flow act as a broad

crested weir giving rise to an unusually

flat tailwater rating curve. Tests have led to several modifications of

the original design.

GROUNDWATER AND SEEPAGE.

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Textbook.

Presents an organized, self-contained development of groundwater and seepage theory.

64
Includes many works of Russian Investigators.

Numerous examples and problems presented.

Completed

.

"Ground Water and Seepage," by M. E. Harr,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y. , 1962.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FREE SURFACE FOR FLOW

AROUND PILING.

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. (4687)

Experimental and theoretical for M.S. Thesis.

The study is aimed at the development of a rational method of determining the locus of ( "b

)

the free surface for flow around piling and (c)

thus permit more reliable estimates of

factors of safety with respect to piping. (d)

(e)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(4499) AN INVESTIGATION OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATED

HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. E. Gibson, Dir., Control and Information Systems Lab., School of Electrical

Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. (4688)

(d) Experimental and analytical investigation;

basic research.

(e) Experimental work is being conducted to investigate the feasibility of a new type of pulse (b)

width modulating valve. In addition, some (c)

analytical work has been done to study the use

of a pulse width modulated valve in a dual

mode hydraulic servo. (d)

(g) Some analytical results have been obtained in

which mathematical models for the pulse width (e)

valve system have been derived. A method for

estimating transient responses of a system

with coulomb friction has been developed.

(h) "An Analysis of Pulse Width Modulated Hydraulic

Control Systems," D. E. Boddy, Control and In- formation Systems Laboratory memorandum CISL

62-19, School of Electrical Engineering,

Purdue Univ., 42 pages, Oct. 17, 1962.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(2374) MASS TRANSFER IN TWO-PHASE ANNULAR FLOW OF

LIQUIDS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Ph.D. degree. (h)

(e) This problem is concerned with the analytical and experimental study of the mass transfer from an annular liquid film on the

inside wall of a vertical circular tube to

a co-current gas flow in the core of the tube. (4689)

Systematic experiments will be conducted for

determining the effect of the rates of flow

of air and liquid, and the temperature difference between air and liquid upon the rate (b)

of mass transfer from the liquid film. (c)

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4686) FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN TUBES OF

ANNULAR CROSS-SECTION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

(e) The data on the turbulence structure of

fully-developed flow in circular pipes presented by J. Laufer and by V. A. Sandborn

and the similar data for flow between

parallel walls from J. Laufer and from G.

(4685)

Comte-Bellot are quite valuable in many

studies of turbulent shear flow. The purpose of this project is to obtain such data

on flow in annul!, the third type of channel

flow which in the steady, fully-developed

case can be described in terms of a single

spatial coordinate. It is hoped that also

some of the conflicts among previously

published velocity distributions can be re- solved.

FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. J. B. Jones, Prof, of Mechanical Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis.

The purpose of this investigation is to obtain knowledge of the relationships among

velocity distributions, secondary flows, and

turbulence characteristics in fully-developed incompressible flow in channels of

rectangular cross-section. In addition to the velocity and turbulence measurements,

local wall shear stresses are to be measured

by means of a thermal element.

EVALUATION OF INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT

BOUNDARY LAYER PREDICTION METHODS APPLIED

TO DIFFUSERS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. R. W. Fox, Assistant Prof, of Mechanical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

Analytical applied research for master's

thesis.

This study contains a summary of available

incompressible turbulent boundary layer prediction methods; their applicability to diffuser flows was investigated, and their

assumptions and empirical approximations

were considered and discussed. Several of

the methods were applied to two-dimensional

diffuser flows and the results were com- pared to available experimental data.

Completed.

Several prediction methods were found to give reasonable values of diffuser length

for first appreciable stall. Predicted

pressure recovery values were reasonable

although about 25 percent lower than those

given by available correlations of ex- perimental data for optimum pressure re- covery. The results of this study indicate

that pressure recoveries for non-separating

diffusers can be calculated with a reasonable degree of accuracy.

"Evaluation of Incompressible Turbulent

Boundary Layer Prediction Methods Applied

to Diffusers," by Alan T. McDonald, M.S.

Thesis, June 1962 (available on loan).

LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER ABOUT A SPINNING

AXISYMMETRIC BODY OF REVOLUTION AT A HIGH

VALUE OF ANGULAR VELOCITY.

Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Wellman, Assoc. Prof, of Mech.

Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

Analytical research for master's thesis.

At high values of angular velocity, previous

research has indicated that the standard

boundary layer equations do not accurately

predict the drag for a spinning body nor the

torque required to maintain rotation.

Modified boundary layer equations were developed by including in the circumferential

Navier-Stokes equation the largest of the

terms neglected in the conventional analysis. Integral equations of the azlmuthal

direction boundary layer equation and the

modified circumferential direction boundary

layer equation were formed. The potential

flow pressure gradient was assumed and a Pohlhauser fourth order velocity profile was used.

65
Boundary layer thicknesses were calculated

for both the conventional and the modified

equations as applied to a selected shape.

The solutions were obtained by numerical

integration using an RPC 4000 digital com- puter.

f) Completed.

g) The results Indicated a thicker azimuthal

boundary layer and a thinner circumferential

thickness, both of these effects being

greater near the maximum body diameter than near the nose. The thicker azimuthal

boundary layer confirmed previous experimental results of 0. Parr.

(h) "Laminar Boundary Layer about a Spinning

Axisymmetric Body of Revolution at a High

Value of Angular Velocity," Howard J. Deacon,

Jr. Master's thesis, January, 1963 (available on loan).

(4690) EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE INLET

LENGTH AND CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR

PULSATING FLOW IN RIGID TUBES.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. W. Fox, Assistant Prof, of Mech.

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The calculation of volume flow rates from

pressure gradient measurements in the

cardiovascular system are based on the as- sumptions of fully-developed laminar flow.

The purpose of this investigation is to determine experimentally the entrance length

and critical Reynolds number for pulsating

flow. Conflicting data are available as to the effect of pulsations on the critical

Reynolds number in tube flow. It is hoped

that visualization techniques employed will

shed some light on the mechanism of transition in tube flow. It is anticipated that

this work will also provide a point of

departure and reference point for additional

work on pulsating flow in elastic tubes.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory,

School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4197) FLUID LINE DYNAMICS.

b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

c) Mr. Raymond. E. . Goodson, "_Purdue University,

School of Mechanical Engineering, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental project;

Master'^ and Doctor's Thesis Research.

(e) The research work on fluid lines is being

done so as to establish mathematical models

for the dynamic response of fluid conduits.

Viscosity, boundary effects and line vibration are being considered in the analytical

work. Experimental Investigation is being

conducted by making frequency response runs

on fluid lines. A sinusoidal signal is

supplied to a valve controlling flow to a

line. Unsteady fluid pressure and flow are measured at the line inlet and outlet. The

theoretical work is then compared with the

experimental results. The effects of

bends, longitudinal vibration and different

diameters of pipes are being treated.

To facilitate analysis using the mathematical

models, approximations are being developed

which allow the partial differential e- quations describing the distributed flow of a line to be replaced by ordinary differential equations in time relating fluid

variables at two cross-sections of a line

separated by a distance L. These approximations Include viscosity and the effect of an elastic tube.

(g) The results indicate that the mathematical

models developed are valid to describe line

dynamics and that relatively simple approximations to line dynamics may be made

66

with certain restrictions,

(h) "Simplification of Hydraulic Line Dynamics

by Use of Infinite Products," by R. Oldenburger and R. E. Goodson, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers Paper No. 62-WA-55, 1962.

"Dynamic Response of Fluid Flow Through

Straight and Curved Lines," by A. F. D'Souza,

Ph.D. Thesis, Submitted to Purdue University

(Mechanical Engineering) January, 1963.

"Experimental Dynamic Response," by W. J. Roberts, M. S. Thesis in Mechanical Engrg.,

Submitted to Purdue University January, 1963. "Viscous and Boundary Effects in Fluid

Lines," by R. E. Goodson, Ph.D. Thesis in

Mechanical Engineering, Submitted to Purdue

University January, 1963.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA.

Inquiries concerning Projects 2144, 2603, 3153, 3164,

3499, 3502, 3819, 3822, 3824, 4199, 4200, 4201, 4202,

4203, 4206, 4207, 4209, and 4691 to 4700, inclusive

should be addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Miss.

River at Third Avenue S.E., Minneapolis 14, Minn.

Inquiries concerning Projects 111, 1168, and 2386,

which are conducted in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service, should be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer, Soil and

Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural

Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 194, which is

conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers

and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed

to Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon Colby, Federal

Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal

to the pipe diameter and a variable length

is currently being tested. The anti-vortex

device consists of a horizontal plate

supported above the crest of the drop inlet

by end piers. The characteristics, performance, losses, and pressures in the drop

inlet and on the antl-vortex plate are being

determined for various combinations of drop

inlet length, and height and overhang of the

anti-vortex plate. Water is used as the

model fluid to determine the performance

characteristics, and head-discharge re- lationships during flows of water-air

mixtures. For full flow, air is used as the

model fluid to determine the various energy

loss coefficients and the pressure coefficients.

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has

been developed, verified, and published.

Results of tests on many forms of the closed

conduit spillway entrance have been

published. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes may flow completely full even though

the outlet discharges freely. Generalized

methods for analysis and reporting of the

results have been developed. The use of

air as the model fluid has been verified by

comparing test results with those obtained

using water as the model fluid. The drop

inlet with the horizontal antl-vortex device

causes the spillway to act as a selfregulating siphon when the headpool level

approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation.

The height of the antl-vortex plate above the

!

i
drop inlet crest and the overhang of the

antl-vortex plate determine the effectiveness

of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For

one form of the inlet, tests have been made

to determine the crest loss coefficient, the

barrel entrance loss coefficient, the

pressures on the plate and the drop inlet,

the general performance of the inlet,

minimum and maximum permissible plate heights,

and the head-discharge relationship for plate

control. Variables have been the length of

the drop inlet, the barrel slope, and the

height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate.

The effect of sidewall thickness on the

crest loss coefficient remains to be determined for the two-way drop inlet with

horizontal flat floor.

(1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe

of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

(f) Suspended.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station in

cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip w. Manson, University of

Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minn.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

(e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different

sizes entering mains of different sizes at various angles. The laterals enter the main

at the centerllne. Additional tests have

been made with the crowns (or Inverts) of

both main and lateral in the same plane.

f) Completed.

g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge

Junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree increments from 15

degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral

and the main are completely full. The tests cover all possible combinations of discharge

in the lateral and in the main. Laterals

having areas 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/7, and 1/16

that of the main have been tested. A color

motion picture film entitled "Energy Losses

at Converging Pipe Junctions" has been

completed and is available. The 16 mm film

is 800 feet long.

(h) "Loss of Energy at Sharp-Edged Pipe

Junctions" by Fred W. Blaisdell and Philip

W. Manson. Submitted for publication.

(2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR

SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Studies will be made to develop a transition

and to determine the rules for its design.

The transition will be used to change the

flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are supercritical . (f) Suspended.

(2144) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF

HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

dl Experimental and analytical; basic research,

e) Investigation of the air entrainment

phenomenon of an artificially ventilated

hydrofoil of finite span in the vicinity of a free surface

.

(g) A semi-empirical expression has been

previously derived to predict the air re- quirements for a ventilated cavity in the

reentrant jet regime. The application of

this expression has been extended to include

foils of large camber also, such as foils

with trailing edge flaps. Non-rectangular

planforms were also investigated. Foils

with thick cavities operating near the free

surface exhibited no cavity pulsation or Instability whereas pulsation was observed

for thin cavities at high air flow rates.

(h) "Ventilated Cavities on Submerged ThreeDlmensional Hydrofoils, " Schiebe, F. R. Wetzel, J. M., St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 36, Series B. December 1961.

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy,

(dj Analytical and experimental applied research,

(e) Establishment of procedures for accoustically measuring the size and number of small

gas bubbles existing in water.

(g) Studies have validated the use of acoustic

attenuation as a measure of the presence of

gas bubbles in water. Continuing work will

develop an instrument for a specific water

tunnel application.

(h) Interim report in preparation.

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) The major interest is now in unsteady

supercavitating flow. Both material and

ventilated cavitation is under study.

Unsteady flows of various types are under

study experimentally in the free- jet water

tunnel: (1) Variation of cavity pressure

by adding air at variable rate; (2)

variation of body angle of attack; (3)

variation of free-stream velocity; and (4)

variation of ambient pressure. Theoretical

work on unsteady flows of symmetrical

bodies is also underway.

(h) "Pulsation of Ventilated Cavities," by C. S. Song, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 5, No.

4, pp. 8-20, March 1962.

"Unsteady, Symmetrical, Supercavitating

Flows Past a Thin Wedge in a Jet," by C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Technical Paper No. 34, Series B, 48 pp.,

January 1962.

"Unsteady, Symmetrical, Supercavitating Flows

Past a Thin Wedge in a Solid Wall Channel,"

by C. S. Song and F. Y. Tsai, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper

No. 38, Series B, 24 pp., June 1962.

"A Dynamometer for the Two-Dimensional FreeJet Water Tunnel Test Section," by E. Silberman and R. H. Daugherty, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper

No. 40, Series B, 18 pp., June 1962.

"A Note on the Linear Theory of TwoDimensional Separated Flows about Thin

Bodies," by C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 39,

Series B, 39 pp., August 1962.

(3164) SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Prediction and measurements of ultimate

depths of scour around known shape and size

of pier.

!

i

1

67
13

(h)

(3499)

IS)

i3

(h)

(3502)

(to)

(3819)

(to)

13

13

(h)

Completed.

Depth of scour around bridge piers of known

shape can be predicted with reasonable

accuracy utilizing Idealized flow pattern

and principles of sediment transport.

"A Theoretical and Experimental Determination

of the Erosion Pattern Caused by Obstructions

In an Alluvial Channel with Particular

Reference to Vertical Circular Cylindrical

Piers," by Zal S. Tarapore, Ph.D. Thesis,

University of Minnesota, February 1962.

(Available at University of Minnesota

Library)

.

STUDIES OF HYDROFOIL CONFIGURATIONS IN REGULAR WAVES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

Experimental, basic research.

Experimental Investigation of the heaving

and pitching motions of two hydrofoil con- figurations In regular head and following

seas. Completed.

Foil configurations consisted of various

arrangements of dihedral and flat foils.

The measured heave and pitch amplitudes

compared well with quasi-steady linearized

theory. Non-linearities had little effect

on the amplitudes of the oscillatory motions.

The major effect of non-linearities was to produce a steady downward component of heave

.

The measured component was in most cases greater than that derived from analog

computer solutions of the non-linear

equations.

"Longitudinal Motions and Stability of Two

Hydrofoil Systems Free to Heave and Pitch in

Regular Waves," by J. M. Wetzel, and W. H.

C. Maxwell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

Technical Paper No. 37, Series B, December

1961.

MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie,

Deacon, and Gourley, London; Government of

Pakistan.

Experimental; design and operation.

A 1:300 scale section model consisting of

half the control structure and basin and a 1:150 scale comprehensive model for study

of all important hydraulic features. A 1:216 scale section model consisting of two

control structure gates for study of

pressures and gate calibration. A 1:300

scale comprehensive approach model for study

of flow conditions in approach. Two 1:150

scale section models, one a detailed study

of pressures on baffle blocks, one a detailed study of waves on the basin side

walls. Typical dimension 3 of earth fill

dam spillway include a drop in water level

of 330 ft, and a design discharge of

1,100,000 cfs through a two-stage stilling

basin energy disslpator.

DESIGN STUDIES FOR SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RIVER

PROJECT.

Canada Department of Agriculture, Prairie

Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Regina,

Saskatchewan

.

Experimental; applied research.

Experimental studies of the preliminary design of components of the diversion tunnel

system and spillway system oX South

Saskatchewan River Project.

Completed.

Tests of the diversion system showed good

agreement between computed and measured

head-discharge curves. Other tests indicated that the design of the diversion and

spillway systems is sound but that some saving could be effected in the temporary

stilling basins and that the way the spillway stilling basin could be improved was by

lowering of the floor.

Reports to sponsor.

(3822) FLOW OVER VIBRATING PLATES.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental; applied research.

Studies on a water tunnel with one wall

externally excited into forced vibration to determine the effect of wall vibration on

the boundary layer.

Completed.

Theoretical analysis predicted no overall

effect except for very limber plates and

very low flow velocities. No effect was measurable experimentally for any conditions

tested.

"Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow over a Flat Plate Vibrating with Transverse

Standing Waves," by Albert G. Mercer, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical

Paper No. 41, Series B, September 1962.

13

(h)

(3824)

(e)

(f)

(4199)

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINED

FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Analytical and experimental investigation of

the air concentration, velocity distribution,

and surface roughness of water flow in steep

open channels, Ph.D. thesis.

Experimental investigation was carried out

on the SAF high velocity channel for slopes

up to 53 degrees. Velocities were measured

by means of a pi tot tube and high speed

photography. Air concentration was measured

by the SAP concentration meter. The surface

elevation was measured by a device which measures the average time the surface is

above a given elevation.

Experimental work completed.

GEOMETRY OF AIR CAVITIES IN A BOUNDARY LAYER.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental; basic research.

Experiments performed to observe the

geometry of the air cavity formed downstream

of wedges mounted on channel wall when air

is introduced through parts on downstream

face of the wedge . Geometry of cavity and

air demand will be observed in relation to wedge length and thickness for case of

single wedge and for a series of wedges at various longitudinal spacings. The ultimate

objective is to study drag reduction due to presence of air in boundary layer.

Active.

Cavity geometry obtained for single wedges

of 0 degrees, 2.5 degrees, and 5 degrees

semi -angle.

INVESTIGATION OF THE FORCES AND INTERFERENCE

EFFECT OF TANDEM FLAT HYDROFOILS.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Experimental basic research.

Investigation of the lift and drag forces

on the aft foil of a tandem hydrofoil con- figuration to determine the effect of the

downwash and wave generated by the forward

foil. Both non-cavitatlng and ventilated

foils were of interest.

The experimental work with noncavitating

foils has been completed. Satisfactory

agreement between theoretical and experimental downwash angles and surface wave profiles was obtained for a wide range of

foil separations. Force data were also

taken for the foil moving through a regular

wave train. Data agreed with quasi-steady

theory for small reduced frequencies, and

at the higher reduced frequencies con- sideration of unsteadiness effects Improved

the correlation. Results for ventilated

foils are not yet available.

"Tandem Interference Effects of Flat NonCavitating Hydrofoils," by J. M. Wetzel,

and W. H. C. Maxwell, St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 61,

May 1962.

(4201) GURI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT MODEL STUDIES.

(3

(4200)

b

( d )

[ e

)

(g)

(h)

68
00

13

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Corp.

Venezolano de Guayana.

Experimental, design and operation.

Preliminary study for the design of the

Guri Hydroelectric development on the Caroni

River, Venezuela using a 1:394 comprehensive

spillway model, 1:197 spillway section model

and a 1:197 comprehensive model. Studies

include spillway design, channel closure and

cofferdam studies.

(4202) MICRO BUBBLE STUDIES.

(e)

b

<

(h)

(4203)

(4206)

(h)

(4207]

(d)

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Analytical and experimental applied research.

Measurement of micro bubble structure of

laboratory and natural waters before and

after exposure to dynamic disturbances

characteristic of common forms of hydraulic

machinery with the ultimate objective of

correlating micro bubble structure with

critical cavitation performance.

"Gas Bubbles: Their Occurrence, Measurement,

and Influence in Cavitation Testing," by

John P. Ripken and John M. Killen, Symposium

on Cavitation and Hydraulic Machinery,

International Association for Hydraulic

Research, Sendai, Japan September 1962.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF AN OVERFALL FOUNDED ON

PERMEABLE SOILS.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis.

Stability of the hydraulic overfall founded

on limited depth of permeable soils, under

the influence of infiltering flow underneath

the structure, and also in the presence of

adverse surface flow conditions was studied.

Magnitude and direction of the exit velocity

is taken as the criterion for determining

the stability. Experimental work necessary

to support theoretical results was also

conducted.

Completed.

"Hydraulic Design of an Overfall Founded on Permeable Soils," by G. Subba Rao, Ph.D.

Thesis, University of Minnesota (available

through University of Minnesota Library),

June 1962.

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE

VARIATION OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION WITH TIME

IN A DECAYING VORTEX.

M. Sc. thesis study.

Completed.

Experiments were conducted in a circular

tank with tangential inflow and with outflow

through an outlet in the center of the tank

floor. Velocity distributions were measured by photographs of confetti streaks

for steady state vortices with different

discharges through the tank and with different outlet diameters. Unsteady state ve- locity distributions were also measured in

the same way for different instants after

flow through the tank was stopped. The

observed velocity profiles were compared

with theory. By this comparison values of

the kinematic eddy viscosity were estimated.

Values of kinematic eddy viscosity for

different runs were related by means of

Kolmogorof

f

1 s theory of turbulence.

"Experimental Study of Velocity Profiles in

a Decaying Turbulent Vortex," by H. R. Whiteley, thesis submitted to University of

Minnesota in partial fulfillment of re- quirements for M.S. in C.E. degree, 195 pp.,

March 1962.

THE INFLUENCE OF ENTRAINED GAS NUCLEI ON

THE CAVITATION NOISE SPECTRUM MEASURED ON

A TEST BODY IN A WATER TUNNEL.

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. R. Schiebe, Associate Scientist,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

Experimental, basic research, Master of

(h)

(4209)

(g)

(4691)

(b)

(4692)

f!)

IS)

Science thesis.

In this study the noise spectrum of cavitation was studied for cavitation which was slightly more developed than at incipience.

The free gas content of the tunnel water was varied from two parts per million to greater

than 300 parts per million by volume and

the effect noted on sound spectrums obtained

by hydrophones mounted on the tunnel wall

and In the test body in the immediate region

of the cavitation.

Completed.

Significant changes in the shape of the

noise spectrum were noted and explained.

The gas content of the nuclei reduces the

intensity of the cavity collapse. The un- cavitated nuclei In the surrounding water

scattered and attenuated the noise made by

the cavitating nuclei.

"The Influence of Entrained Gas Nuclei on the Cavitation Noise Spectrum on a Test

Body in a Water Tunnel," by F. R. Schiebe,

Masters thesis, University of Minnesota,

August 17, 1962.

THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ON

THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTR00SM0TIC PERMEABILITY

OF UNIFORM VERY FINE SANDS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

Accurately sized, narrow range, angular

quartz particles and spherical glass beads

were tightly placed in a permeameter with

reversible silver-silver chloride electrodes

at the ends of the test section. Streaming

potential, streaming current, electrical

resistivity of low conductivity liquid, and

filter velocity were precisely measured.

Studies include: (l) Flow retardation from

return electroosmosis; (2) analysis of

electroosmotic permeability factors with

respect to particle characteristics and

hydraulic permeability, and (3) comparisons

of streaming current and filter velocity at varying Reynolds numbers.

It has been found that the streaming currentpotential varies linearly with hydraulic

gradient to a slightly higher Reynolds

number than the filter velocity. Lack of

complete deaeration causes a larger re- duction in the filter velocity than the

streaming. When "boiling" action takes place

anomalous relations between the filter ve- locity and streaming current occur.

A STUDY OF DRAG REDUCTION BY THE USE OF

NON-NEWTONIAN BOUNDARY LAYER ADDITIVES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

Analytical and experimental applied research.

A study of boundary layer mechanics and re- sulting shear forces for high velocity pipe

flow of dilute water solutions possessing

non-Newtonian characteristics.

THE INTERFERENCE EFFECT OF SUPPORT BENTS ON

THE BACKWATER EFFECT OF SUBMERGED CYLINDERS

IN OPEN CHANNELS.

Project conducted for master's thesis.

Dr. Alvin G. Anderson, Professor, Civil

Engineering, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory, Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

Experimental, for master's thesis.

The problem of backwater arises in natural

and artificial waterways when a pipe crosses

a river beneath the surface. From preliminary tests, the backwater from support bents,

built from pairs of cylindrical vertical

pipes with wooden caps, and the backwater

from cylindrical pipes transverse to the

flow, cannot be added to give the backwater

effect of the bents and transverse pipe in

combination. It is my purpose to determine

some means of estimating this interference

effect.

69
(4693) JET FLAPS ON SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFX) ILS

FOR LIFT CONTROL.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experimental research will be conducted in

the free-Jet water tunnel with both natural

and artificial cavities. Jet momentum,

lift, drag and moment will be measured, and

the influence of the Jet on the cavity and

on the flow will be observed.

(4694) ANGAT PROJECT.

0>)

(4695)

(d)

(e)

(4696)

(4698)

00

12)

III

(4699)

(*>)

HI

Harza Engineering Co., Chicago; Engineering

and Development Corp. of the Philippines,

Manila; National Power Corporation, Manila.

Experimental; applied.

Experimental studies are being carried out on a 1:118 scale comprehensive model to verify proposed designs for the

spillway structure and achieve optimum dimensions for the various components.

A STUDY OF THE HYDRAULIC EXIT GRADIENT FOR

FLOW THROUGH A GRANULAR MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Harvard Aas, Junior Engineer, St.

Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. of

Minnesota, Minneapolis 14, Minn.

The project is for a master's thesis,

classified as basic research, with theoretical and experimental aspects.

The project deals with upwards flow through

a granular media. Materials used were basalt and concrete sand with sizes ranging

from 0.5 to 5 mm. The hydraulic conditions

present when the flow through the granular

bed transfers the bed from a dense to a fluidized state is studied.

THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL

UNSTEADY, SUPERCAVTTATED HYDROFOIL FLOWS

WITH FREE-SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Theoretical, basic research.

The main purpose is to find the unsteady

force and moment acting on a supercavltated

hydrofoil moving under a waving free surface.

(4697) KARNAFULI PROJECT.

Agency for International Development.

Experimental; applied research.

Experimental review of flow conditions

leading to partial failure of Karnafuli

Spillway. Study will involve measurements

of average and transient pressures in

spillway area plus experimental and analytical studies of impact forces caused by logs

passing over the spillway.

MANGLA DIVERSION OUTLET STUDIES.

Harza Engineering Co., Chicago; Binnie and

Partners, London; Government of Pakistan.

Experimental; design review.

Experimental studies were performed on a

1 : 144 scale comprehensive model and on a sectional model to assist in the review of

preliminary plans for the diversion outlet

structure at Mangla Dam. The outlet

structure is designed for a possible diversion discharge of 300,000 cfs.

Completed.

The preliminary design was considered to be

basically sound; further studies of the

rip-rap design and energy dissipation in

front of one tunnel were recommended.

FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CAVITATING BODY

IN A COMPRESSIBLE LIQUID MIXTURE.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Experimental, basic research.

Investigation of the force characteristics

(4700)

(b)

\i)

(g)

of a cavitating body in a flowing air-water

mixture.

OSCILLATORY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON

VENTILATED HYDROFOILS IN REGULAR WAVES.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

Experimental; basic research.

Investigation of the force characteristics

of a ventilated hydrofoil of finite span

with trailing edge flaps In both smooth and

rough water.

Experimental measurements were made in

smooth water of the lift and drag for ventilated, flapped foils for a number of flap

angles and cavitation numbers. Data extrapolated to zero cavitation number agreed

well with theory. The oscillatory forces on a restrained, ventilated foil moving through

a regular wave train were satisfactorily

predicted with quasi-steady theory for small

cavitation numbers. The agreement deteriorated somewhat at the higher cavitation

numbers

.

INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION

WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources, Personnel of

the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the

U. S. Geological Survey are actively engaged

on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon C. Colby,

Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Hennepin Island and Third Avenue S. E.,

Minneapolis 14, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Drawings and specifications are available

to facilitate the manufacture of suspendedsediment and bed-material samplers, particlesize analyzers and associated laboratory

equipment. Approved designs for the

measurement of suspended sediment include a single-stage sampler, 4-, 22- and 62-pound

samplers, and electrically-operated samplers

weighing 100 and 300 pounds. Samplers for

the measurement of bed material Include a piston type hand-operated sampler, a 30-

pound hand-line sampler, and a 100-pound

sampler for cable suspension. Additional

apparatus embrace a sediment sample splitter,

a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation tube for

size analyses, and a visual -accumulation

sedimentation tube with recording equipment

for particle size analyses of sands. The

primary objective of the current program is

the development of an instrument to automatically record suspended -sediment con- centrations in flowing streams.

(g) Field and laboratory tests have been con- tinued on intermittent pumping type samplers,

turbidimeters, and on electronic, ultrasonic

and nuclear sensing devices. Improvement In the design of pumping type samplers have

resulted from field tests by cooperating

agencies. Field tests of the nuclear density

probe will be continued in 1963. The design

of the sedimentation chamber for the ultrasonic device has been improved, and a turbidity meter using transmitted light is

being developed for measuring the concen- tration of particles suspended in a fluid.

A report by Gordon Flammer Is scheduled for

publication in 1963 in the U.S. Geological

Survey Bulletin 1141, under the heading

"Ultrasonic Measurement of Suspended Sediment". A progress report is being prepared

on electronic sensing of sediment. Report

No. 14, titled "Determination of Fluvial

Sediment Discharge," is being prepared for

publication in 1963.

(h) "The Single-stage Sampler for Suspended

70
Sediment," Report No. 13, 105 pages, 1961.

"Investigation of a Pumping Sampler with

Alternate Suspended-Sediment Handling

Systems," Report Q - Progress Report, 90

Pages, June 1962.

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OP OCEANOGRAPHY, University of

California.

(4500) A STUDY OF INTERNAL WAVES IN THE OCEAN.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles S. Cox, The Scripps Institution of

Oceanography, La Jolla, California.

(d) The project is theoretical, including field

Investigation and is basic research.

(4501) STUDY OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC TIDES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Frank Snodgrass, Institute of Geophysics

and Planetary Physics, Univ. of Calif., San

Diego, La Jolla, Calif.

(d) Basic research; both theoretical and field

investigation.

(e) For the last forty years the study of ocean

tides has been neglected. We are making use

of two recent developments to undertake this

study: (1) Pressure transducers capable of

measuring ocean tides to the nearest centimeter

in the open' sea, and (2) modern high-speed

computers capable (barely) of solving the

partial differential equation for tide generation, subject to realistic boundary conditions. We propose to make a combined attack,

with the theoretical approach serving to Indicate critical locations for the deep-sea

stations, and the recorded tides serving as

a guide to the underlying theory (particularly with respect to the dissipation hypothesis) . We propose, furthermore, to analyze very long

series of atmospheric pressure records for

minor lunar tidal constituents, as a means of

empirically establishing the resonance characteristics near twelve hours.

(4502) LONG RANGE OCEANOGRAPHY.

h) Office of Naval Research laboratory project,

c) Prof. Walter H. Munk, Assoc. Director, In- stitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics,

University of California, San Diego, La

Jolla, California.

(d) Basic research; both theoretical and field

investigation.

(e) Long ocean waves, with frequencies between

0.2 and 10 cycles per hour (cph), have been

recorded simultaneously at La Jolla on the

California coast and at San Clemente Island,

about 100 km seaward. The spectral power is

greatest at the lowest frequencies but re- mains fairly uniform (about x 10 cm /cph)

between 0.7 and 10 cph. Comparison of the

island and shore records shows that at the

lowest frequencies (below 0.7 cph) the two

records are consistently In phase and highly

coherent, as might be expected; whereas

above 0.7 cph they are out of phase, and the

coherence is low. The phase reversal Is fairly abrupt and suggests standing wave

patterns, with the implication that the coast

must be a good reflector. The failure of the

coherence to recover after phase reversal

suggests multiple modes, with an appreciable

fraction of energy associated with in-phase

modes even after most of the energy is out of

phase. It is inferred that the observed

waves are not only ones that cross the shelf

from the deep sea but that comparable energy

is present in "trapped" waves that have some- how been excited upon the shelf.

During the Chilean tsunami of 23 May 1960

precise readings were digitally recorded every

15 seconds by the La Jolla low-frequency wave

instrument . The tsunami remained above background for a week. The record gave a good

opportunity of measuring the decay of tsunami

energy as a function of frequency. Energy is

reduced by 1/e about once each half day. The

decay is somewhat more rapid at high frequencies and at high energy densities.

By virtue of having measured the background

spectrum and the dissipation spectrum we can now estimate the generation spectrum. It turns out that overtones of the frequency range

1 erg cm sec per unit frequency band must be

transferred to the ocean in order for the

spectrum to persist at the observed level.

The inferred rate of dissipation of the tsunami

agrees within a factor of 2 with the dissipation of tides as inferred from the motion

of the moon and sun. An attempt is made to Interpret physically

the observed decay time of tsunamis of approximately half day. For the Pacific Basin the

"collision time" (mean free path divided by

phase velocity) is of the same order as the

damping time, and this suggests a substantial

absorption during impact with the coastline.

The "diffusion time" is the time required for

the initial impulse to be sufficiently

scattered so that the wave energy is essen- tially homogeneous throughout the Pacific

basin and directionally isotropic. Apparently

this chaotic condition is approached after a couple of collisions. There is a sustained

leakage into the Indian and Atlantic Oceans

(largely via the Indian Ocean); under favorable circumstances the leakage energy should

be barely detectable In these other ocean basins

.

An important problem is to specify the geographic and physical processes responsible

for the dissipation of tsunami energy. Our

contribution to this problem is minor. One

feature that may have been overlooked is

that in the case of narrow entrances into

inland seas and harbors the "absorption

cross section" is likely to exceed by a

large factor the physical cross section of

the mouth, and under favorable circumstances

it may approach a wave length. There are many

other possible mechanisms for dissipation:

diffusion of energy into the porous rock of

volcanic Islands and coral reefs; dissipation

beneath the Antarctic ice sheet; etc. Some

of these are briefly discussed; the definitive

study remains to be done.

Perhaps the most important news is that the

digital tide recorder is now in operation. It records digitally every 5 minutes sea level

to the nearest .05mm and atmospheric pressure

to the nearest .1 dynes cm We have made considerable progress with our system of data analysis BOMM. Some description

was contained in last year's progress report

where we stated that the system was about half

completed. We now estimate that it is about

80$ completed.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, College of Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Civil Engrg.

Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia,

South Carolina.

(4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

b) Laboratory project.

d) General theoretical, experimental, and field

research

.

(e) Research on the theories of surface wave

origin and growth, on measurements in the

laboratory and in nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement.

Equipment has been assembled for telemetering and recording wave height, period, and

direction

.

(g) A lake shore receiving and recording station

is under construction.

!

i

S

71
(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES.

IS!

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

General theoretical, experimental, and

field research.

Research on beach slopes and contours, In the laboratory and In nature.

Elght-directlonal wave tank has been

completed.

[1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

(e)

(g)

(4701)

11

(e)

Laboratory project.

General theoretical, experimental, and

field research.

Rolling and pitching period and metacentric

height relationships are studied for

stationary and moving ships, in still water

and under wave action.

Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report.

THE EFFECT OF TIDES ON HARBORS, BAYS, AND

ESTUARIES.

Laboratory project.

General theoretical, experimental, and field

research.

A study of the scouring or shoaling effect

of tidal currents in South Carolina harbors

and estuaries.

of

SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of

Mechanical Sciences.

(3826) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP SLAMMING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department

Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6,

Texas

.

Theoretical; applied research.

Study of pressure distribution on bodies of

arbitrary cross-section entering a plane

water surface.

(3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of

Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6,

Texas.

Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

Present work includes the design, con- struction, and testing of flexible hydrofoil

models to obtain data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of

operating conditions.

"An Aerodynamic Analysis for Flutter in

Oseen-Type Viscous Flow," by W. H. Chu,

Jour. Aerospace Sci., Vol. 29, pp. 781-789,

July 1962.

Other Southwest Research Inst. Technical

reports

.

(4216) STUDIES OF FUEL SLOSHING.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Admin.,

Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of

Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio

6, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies of forces and moments in missile

fuel tanks resulting from sloshing motions

of fuel.

(h) "Some Notes on Liquid Sloshing in Compartmented Cylindrical Tanks," by H. N. Abramson, L. R. Garza and D. D. Kana, ARS

Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 978-980, June 1962.

"Liquid Sloshing in Spherical Tanks," by

(h)

(4217)

(t>)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4218)

(4702

(c

(d

(e

(4703

(b

(c

(d

(e

(h

H. N. Abramson, W. H. Chu and L. R. Garza,

ARS Journal (in press).

Two additional Southwest Research Institute

technical reports.

LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET TANKS.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, D. C. Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of

Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6,

Texas

.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

Studies of liquid dynamic behavior in

elastic tanks.

"Some Studies of Liquid Rotation and

Vortexing in Rocket Propellant Tanks," by

H. N. Abramson, W. H. Chu, L. R. Garza

and G. E. Ransleben, Jr., Tech. Rept. No. 1 December 1960 (also, NASA Technical Note

D-1212, January 1962. ) "A Discrepancy in the Published Results on Heat Transfer to Cryogenic Fluids," by W. Squire, Int. Jour, of Heat and Mass

Transfer, Vol. 3, p. 347, (1961).

"Breathing Vibrations of a Circular

Cylindrical Shell With an Internal Liquid,"

by U. S. Lindholm, D. D. Kana and H. N. Abramson, Jour. Aerospace Sci., Vol. 29, pp. 1052-1059, September 1962.

"Bending Vibrations of a Circular Cylindrical Shell Containing an Internal Liquid

With a Free Surface," by U. S. Lindholm,

W. H. Chu, D. D. Kana and H. N. Abramson,

Tech. Rept. No. 4, March 1962 (also, preprint

IAS Annual Meeting, January 1963).

One additional Southwest Research Institute

technical report.

LIQUID MOTION IN SPHERICAL TANKS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Wen-Hwa Chu, Senior Research Engineer,

Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest

Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road,

San Antonio 6, Texas.

Theoretical; applied research.

Analysis of liquid motion in spherical tank

of arbitrary depth and development of

equivalent mechanical analogy.

Completed.

"Liquid Sloshing in a Spherical Tank Filled

to an Arbitrary Depth," by Wen-Hwa Chu,

Southwest Research Institute Technical Rept.,

December 1962.

HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP ANTI-ROLL TANKS.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

Mr. John F. Dalzell, Senior Research

Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences,

Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra

Road, San Antonio 6, Texas.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

Studies of forces and damping effects in

passive anti-roll stabilization tanks for

ships.

VIBRATION OF SUBMERGED ELASTIC PLATES.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of

Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio

6, Texas.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

Study of the vibration characteristics of

elastic cantilever plates submerged in water. "Elastic Vibration Characteristics of

Cantilever Plates in Water," by U. S. Lindholm, D. D. Kana, W. H. Chu, and H. N. Abramson, Tech. Rept. No. 1, Contract

N0bs-86396(X), Southwest Research Institute,

72
August 1962.

(4704) VIBRATION OF HYDROFOIL STRUCTURES.

(c)

(d)

(e)

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

Mr. Guido E. Ransleben, Jr., Senior Research

Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences,

Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra

Road, San Antonio 6, Texas.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

Study of the vibration characteristics of

hydrofoil-type structures.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1946)

(g)

(h)

(2151

(2614

|

(g

(3507

R

(d

(e

(g)

SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

National Science Foundation.

Prof. Ray K. Linsley and N. H. Crawford,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, Calif.

Theoretical and field research.

A study of the runoff process with a view

to estimating the streamflow hydrograph

from rainfall and eventually by statistical means

.

A simplified mathematical treatment of non- equilibrium overland flow has been developed.

Studies on the computation of the hydrograph

from rainfall excess by use of fluid

mechanics and a statistical analysis of

soil-moisture frequency are underway. A conceptual model has been programmed for

the digital computer to permit synthesis of

continuous streamflow from hourly rainfall.

Testing and refinement of the model is

underway. Analysis of results to develop

procedures applicable to ungaged basins will

follow.

"Synthesis of Continuous Streamflow Hydrographs on a Digital Computer," by N. H. Crawford and R. K. Linsley, Tech. Rept.

No. 12, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford

University, July 1962.

MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Stanford University.

Experimental j engineer thesis.

Comparison of spillway performance and

design predictions.

Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states. Experimental work completed and analyzed;

thesis being written.

STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California.

Theoretical investigation; laboratory and

field studies; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

An attempt is being made to develop relations

between soil parameters and Infiltration

capacities. Investigation is being extended

to unsteady unsaturated flow through soils

as experienced in capillary rise, drainage,

and infiltration situations.

An analytic approach to the solution of

unsteady unsaturated flow in soils has been

developed. If the initial moisture condition and the hydraulic and capillary

(h)

(3508)

ill

13

(f)

(g)

characteristics of the soil are known, the

method permits prediction of the future

disposition of soil moisture. Experimental

equipment using a gamma source for moisture

content determination is under construction.

Thesis being written.

EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

U. S. Public Health Service.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California.

Laboratory and field investigations.

Field studies with Class A evaporation pans

have been employed to evaluate the evaporation reduction capabilities and biological

attrition resistances of various monomolecular films. In a full scale program at a

40 acre lake methods of application of the

film were investigated together with

the effect of the film on biota.

The research is being extended to a study of

evaporation from soils. The effect of

adding long-chain fatty alcohols to the soli

to reduce evaporation is being investigated.

Full scale field tests using hexadecanol on

a 40 acre lake during the summer of 1960

gave an evaporation reduction of 18 percent.

SUPE RCAVITATING HYDROFOIL THEORY.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

.

Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

The forces on supercavltatlng hydrofoils

having large curvature are being studied.

In addition studies are being conducted on

the effects of gravity and rotation on the

forces acting on supercavltatlng hydrofoils

and wedges.

Rotation and gravity have been shown to have

significant effects on forces acting in

supercavltatlng flows. Additional theoretical work in progress.

"A Linearized Theory for Rotational Supercavltatlng Flow," by Robert L. Street, Tech.

Rept. No. 16, Department of Civil Engr.,

Stanford University, 1962. Other reports in

preparation.

(4705) HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(ci Prof. Joseph B. Franzini.

(d) Theoretical investigation and experimental

program; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Several aspects of open-channel flow are under investigation including (1) velocity

and shear distribution in open channels

having different cross-sectional shapes,

(2) characteristics of flow in a channel

that simulates the cross-section of a river.

In particular, the case where supercritical

flow in the main channel section changes to

subcritical flow in the overbank- stage

section is being investigated.

(f) Analytic approach to (1) above Is underway.

A 50 ft. flume for (2) above has been built

and experimental work has commenced.

(4706) INVESTIGATION OF THIN -FILM LIQUID FLOW OVER

SOLID BODIES OF DIFFERENT SHAPE.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Joseph B. Franzini.

Theoretical and experimental investigation;

Ph.D. thesis.

The characteristics of thin-film liquid

flow over solid bodies (spheres, ellipsoids,

cones, cylinders, and composites) are being

investigated. In later stages of the

research it is anticipated that the results

from flow over single bodies will be applied

to packings so that the research can be

extended to the hydraulics of trickling

filters.

(4219)

(b)

(c)

SI

(g)

(h)

73
(f) Preliminary analysis for thln-fllm liquid

flow over spheres and ellipsoids has been

completed. Experimental rig is under con- struction.

(4707

[5

(d

(e

(g

(4708

\l

(d

(e

\l

(h

FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engr.,

Stanford Univ. Stanford, Calif.

Theoretical, basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

Analytic methods are being developed to determine the shape of the free surface on and up-stream of spillways.

Theoretical work is in progress.

SEEPAGE FROM CHANNELS AND RESERVOIRS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. B. Perry, Dept. of Civil Engr.,

Stanford, Calif.

Theoretical basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

To determine effects of variable permeability and three dimensional flow in seepage

problems

.

Completed.

First and second order perturbation

theories are given for seepage from ditches

and ponds through different types of soils.

"Hydrodynamics of Seepage from Channels and

Reservoirs," by Ahmed El-Amin El-Nimr,

Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engr.

Stanford University June 1962. Report in

preparation.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(2154) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS AND HIGH

SPEED SHIP FORMS.

ft)

ft!

(g)

(h)

(2155)

00

(c)

ft!

ONR and BuShips, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. Earl M. Uram, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

The development of a calculation method for

predicting ship motions in a seaway.

Investigation of hydrodynamic and motion

characteristics of high speed ship forms for

supercritical operation in search of con- siderable improvement of seakeeping qualities

and powering requirements.

Parametric studies utilizing analog and

digital computers of the stability, powering,

and design characteristics of a semisubmerged craft similar in nature to a shallow-running submarine incorporating a surface piercing hydrofoil system to provide

inherent heave, pitch and roll stability.

Towing tank tests of a model of the craft

are scheduled. An analytical study to determine the optimum drag configurations

for such semi -submerged vehicles is also

in progress. Calculations to determine ship

motions in quartering seas are planned.

"Research on High Speed Ship Forms," by

E. M. Uram, Fourth Symposium - Ship Behavior

at Sea, Stevens Institute of Technology,

June 1962.

SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL

HEADINGS TO WAVES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Mr. P. A. Lalangas, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

'Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

To investigate the coupled responses of ship

models at all headings to waves in order to

assist in the prediction of sea-keeping

qualities and to evaluate means of reducing

or controlling ship motions so as to increase sea speeds. Three specific

objectives are: (1) Extension of theoretical work on the lateral forces acting on spheroids at a free surface to cover the case of a thin ship. (2) Measurements of

sway force and yaw moment exerted by waves

on a completely restrained surface ship

model (Series 60, 0.60 block coefficient).

(3) Experimental investigation of the applicability of linear systems analysis

techniques to rolling and swaying motions

of a ship model In irregular long-crested

beam seas.

(g) Good agreement is shown between strip

theory calculations and measured forces and

moments exerted by waves on a completely

restrained surface ship model.

(h) "Measurements of the Mean Lateral Force and

Yawing Moment on a Series 60 Model In Oblique Regular Waves," by P . G. Spens and

P. A. Lalangas, Davidson Laboratory Report

880.

"Lateral and Vertical Forces and Moments on

a Restrained Series 60 Model at Zero Speed

In Oblique Regular Waves," by P. A. Lalangas,

Davidson Laboratory Report 920.

(2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

!2

00

(2393)

00

(c)

13

13

(2616)

(b)

(c)

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Mr. P. G. Spens, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, New Jersey.

Experimental and analytical; applied

research.

To determine the most desirable action of

controllable fins at the bow or stern of a ship to reduce pitching in regular and

irregular head seas. Completed.

Model tests have been made with servo- controlled oscillating stern fins, with

and without fixed bow fins, in regular and

irregular waves. It appears that the

reduction in extreme pitching motions in

irregular waves is of the same order as the pitch reduction in regular waves. For

a Mariner class ship, oscillating stern

fins give a pitch reduction of 2 degrees

(double amplitude) for an oscillating fin

force of about plus or minus 250 tons.

"Research on the Reduction of Pitching

Motions of Ships by Controllable Fins," by

Paul G. Spens, D. L. Report 913, July 1962.

MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Experimental and analytical; applied researda

Measurements of motions and external

bending moments and shear of a Jointed

model of a high-speed naval vessel underway

in irregular head waves of various degrees

of severity in a towing tank. Results

have been analyzed by cross- spectral

techniques to determine frequency response

functions, and indicate degree of applicability of superposition theory to ship

response in extreme seas. Completed.

"Some Further Experiments on the Application

of Linear Superposition Techniques to the

Responses of Destroyer Model in Extreme

Irregular Long-Crested Head Seas," by John

F. Dalzell, Davidson Laboratory Preliminary

Report 918, September 1962.

THE BLADE-FREQUENCY FORCE GENERATED BY A PROPELLER ON A BODY OF REVOLUTION.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic Division,

74
Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The purpose is to evaluate the importance

of the pulsating near field of the propeller

in generating vibratory forces on ships

and to determine the attenuation of these

forces with tip clearance and number of

blades. Case of axial propeller in water

has been evaluated. Case of offset

propeller near an infinitely long cylinder

has also been analyzed.

(g) Results indicate that small amplitude

vibratory force can be attributed to the

oscillating pressure field generated by an operating marine propeller.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS.

(b) Ship Structure Committee.

(c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Model tests were carried out to determine

midship bending moments in very steep waves. Objective is to determine if an upper limit

of wave bending moments exists. Six models

were tested over a moderate range of speeds

in waves of various lengths and several

heights.

(f) In final stage.

(g) Bending moment is found to be linear in waves of small and moderate steepness.

Nonllnearity with wave steepness of bending

moment appears with very high waves and

its nature varies with wave length and

model. No dramatic upper limits of midship

wave bending moment have been found.

(3830) RADIATION OF A MARINE PROPELLER PRESSURE

WAVE FROM ELASTIC PLATE AND CYLINDER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div.

and C. Y. Chen, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) The purpose is to evaluate the sound

pressure field radiated from the pulsating

boundary of an elastic plate and cylinder

when these are subjected to vibratory

pressures generated by a marine propeller.

This study will determine the extent of the

contribution of the elastic boundary in

amplifying the sound level generated by a propeller

(g) A formal solution for the case of an elastic cylinder has been obtained in the

transform plane. Expressions for the

velocity potential for the scattered and

reduced waves with the corresponding

pressure signals have been developed.

Limiting cases for the far-acoustic field

and near-hydrodynamic field are being considered. Calculations made for the farfield case indicate the pressure signal

obtained from the rigid body scattering

mechanism is the most important contribution

in the case of cylindrical beam whereas

the radiated component of the pressure is

the main contribution in the case of the

infinitely long elastic plate.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3832) FORMULATION OF EQUATIONS FOR SUBMARINE

TRAJECTORIES WITH SIX DEGREES OF FREEDOM.

b} David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. James White, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Equations of a very general nature are being formulated to study the transient

and steady state turning motion of deeply

submerged submarines.

f) Completed. Preliminary report in preparation.

g) Partial differential equations for the

motion of a deeply submerged submarine with

six degrees of freedom are being written in

accordance with the SNAME, "Nomenclature for

Treating the Motion of a Submerged Body

Through a Fluid". The hydrodynamlc forces

and moments will be expressed in terms of

third order Taylor series expansions which

contain all of the cross-coupling terms.

Particular emphasis is being placed on the

terms expressing roll instability due to yaw and pitch. The thrust exerted on the

submarine is to be expressed as a function

of speed of advance and propeller R.P.M. The effects of the interaction of bow

planes on stern planes, the effect of

propeller R.P.M. on stern plane effectiveness,

and the effect or changes in ballast are also included.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3833) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FLUTTER

OF SUBMERGED HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Navy Dept.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

Hoboken, N. J.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) To determine experimentally the conditions

for flutter of submerged hydrofoils and to compare theoretical and experimental

results

f) Completed.

g) Measured flutter speeds did not agree with

those predicted using aeroelastic flutter theory

for a two degree of freedom system in twodimensional flow. The predicted asymptotic

behavior of flutter speed with decreasing

density ratio was confirmed experimentally

but at lower values. Discrepancies were

found between the measured and predicted

decay rates from an initial disturbance at and below the flutter speeds, whereas the

measured and predicted response frequencies

and complex amplitude ratio were in agreement in all cases. The added mass forces

were found to be more accurately represented

by the theory than the circulatory forces.

(h) "Hydrofoil Flutter Phenomenon and Airfoil

Flutter Theory - Volume II: Center of

Gravity Location," by Charles J. Henry and

M. Ralhan All, Davidson Laboratory Report

911, July 1962.

(4220) ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF COURSE STABILITY

AND STEERING QUALITIES OF SHIPS.

bi David Taylor Model Basin.

c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Senior Research

Engineer, Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of

Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) Data available on 8 Taylor Series models are being reanalyzed in order to develop a rational method for estimating the course stability and steering qualities of ships.

(4221) UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOTIONS ON A HYDROFOIL

MOVING UNDER AN IRREGULAR SEA.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Mechanics

Branch, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div.

and Mr. Charles Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) To determine by model tests and basic

analytical studies the unsteady forces

acting on a fixed, non-cavitating, finiteaspect-ratio hydrofoil and the motions of

a single hydrofoil (elastically supported)

when submerged and moving under an irregular

i

i

i

75
seaway.

(4222) APPLICATION OP LIFTING SURFACE THEORY TO

MARINE PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Dept.

(c) Dr. J. Shiolrl, visiting scientist from

Tokyo University, and Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head

of Fluid Dynamics Division, Davidson Lab.,

Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To adapt the existing lifting-surface theory

of aerodynamics to the marine propeller

case and to study the resulting surface

integral equation for various chordwise and

spanwise loading distributions. The purpose

of this study is to evaluate the blade

loading more realistically In terms of the

geometric characteristics of the propeller and

the inflow conditions, since the loading Is immediately related to vibratory thrust and

torque, to ship vibration and to underwater

sound generators.

(g) The surface integral equation has been

derived and the case of a propeller represented by the Welsslnger three-dimensional

model has been considered. Calculations for

the evaluation of the kernel have been made

at various order of harmonics for sector

type blade at different blade ratios and

pitch of advance of a four-bladed propeller.

Results indicate that the overall correction

from the two-dimensional to three-dimensional

is much more pronounced in the stationary

case than in the unsteady flow case.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4223) MARINE PROPELLER NOISE DUE TO BLADE

THICKNESS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamic

Division and Miss W. R. Jacobs, Senior

Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To investigate theoretically the effect of

the propeller blade thickness on the pressure

signal for the acoustic and hydrodynamic

field cases.

(f) Discontinued due to lack of funds.

(4224) INFLUENCE OF AFTERBODY SHAPE ON ANGULAR

HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE WAKE OF SINGLE SCREW

SHIPS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director, Davidson Lab.,

Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analyses of existing wakes of 20 foot models

to determine the variation of 3rd, 4th and

5th blade angular harmonic coefficients with

hull shape. Theoretical analysis of

potential wake of thin ship forms having

U- and V-shaped stern sections.

(g) The approximate three-dimensional closed

form solution for the axial velocity ratios

in the wake at the propeller plane was determined and applied to the specific case

of U- and V-shaped body profiles. Using

thin ship theory, the approach consisted of

determination of the potential function for

a distribution of three-dimensional sources. The strength of the source system was assumed to be proportional to the slope at the ship surface. The forebody contribution was found by inspection to be

negligibly small. Free surface effects were neglected.

An exact and an approximate two-dimensional

closed form solution, obtained from the approximate three-dimensional treatment, was obtained and the axial velocity ratios com-

(4225)

(<?)

(4226)

(d)

(e)

puted in the wake at the plane of the

propeller.

Harmonic analyses of both the approximate

three-dimensional and approximate and

exact two-dimensional results at the plane

of the propeller were conducted, by means

of an IBM 1620 computer, to determine the

amplitude content of the second through

fifth harmonics.

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE PIERCING STRUTS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Manager, Applied

Mechanics Group, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Experimental; applied research.

To determine the total drag, side force and

spray drag component on vertical surface

piercing struts as a function of thickness

ratio; depth of submersion; angle of yaw

and leading edge radius.

Completed.

The combined effect of free surface and

lower tip on the residue drag (so-called

spray drag and tip drag) was found to de- crease with reduction of leading edge radius

and thickness ratio going down to a negative

effect for the lowest thickness and leading

edge radius used.

Side force measurements were made of one

strut model at different aspect ratios and

speeds and three yaw angles (a =0°, 3"

, 6°).

At the low aspect ratios used (0.5 to 3.0),

the side force slope

w

is found to be approximated by the empirical

relationship

act

• 36 + sra "Experimental Study of Surface Piercing

Struts," by Stephen Chen, Davidson Lab.

Report 930, December 1962.

INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-PIERCING FULLY

VENTILATED DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. P. Ward Brown, Chief of High Speed Craft

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

.

A continuing investigation aimed at providing basic design information on three-dimensional hydrofoils operating near

a water surface, under conditions of either

fully ventilated flow or fully cavitated

flow. To date the forces and moments on a series of surface piercing dihedral

hydrofoils have been measured and the

dynamics of systems employing such foils

has been studied, including the problem

of a hydrofoil Impacting on the water

surface and the stability of hydrofoil

craft

.

Analytical expressions for the forces and

moments on surface piercing fully ventilated

dihedral hydrofoils have been obtained and

confirmed experimentally. A theory covering

the impact phenomena of hydrofoils, and

particularly applicable to seaplanes, has

also been evolved and confirmed by

experiment. A parametric study of the

effect of system geometry on hydrofoil

system dynamic stability has been completed.

In order to check the stability theory a simple experimental free oscillation

technique has been developed and has been

used to obtain direct verification of the

theoretical expressions for the stability

derivatives. Forthcoming reports will

present the findings of the stability

76
investigation and will extend the data on forces and moments to include the effect of

sweep and taper,

(h) "Experimental Determination of SurfacePiercing, Fully Ventilated Hydrofoil Stability Derivatives by a Free Oscillation

Technique," by Gerard Fridsma and P. Ward

Brown, D. L. Report 897, November 1962.

"Hydrofoil Motions in Irregular Seas,"

by Richard P. Bernicker, D. L. Report 909,

November 1962.

(4227) SMOOTH WATER BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE-PIERCING

HYDROFOIL VESSEL.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics

Branch, Navy Dept.

(c) Mr. A. Strumpf , Head Underwater Weapons

Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study is

being made of the smooth water operation of

a 110-ton craft supported by a tandem set

of surface-piercing hydrofoils. The aim

of the study is to develop equations of

motion and obtain the hydrodynamic data

necessary to permit the behavior' of the

hydrofoil boat to be predicted in the case

of coupled six degree of freedom motions.

Previous work has been restricted mainly to the study of the pure pitching and heaving

motions of various types of hydrofoil

systems

In the experimental phase of the present

study, the rotating arm facility is being

used to measure three orthogonal forces

and three moments acting on each foil under

a variety of combinations of depth, pitch

angle, sideslip angle, roll angle, turning

angular velocity, Froude number, and control

surface angles. The results will yield

realistic hydrodynamic data that can be used

both in structural and motion analyses of

the system.

The steady turning performance of the

vehicle will be predicted theoretically and

compared with the experimental results.

General dynamic stability criteria will be

formulated and used to predict the stability

of the vehicle. Various types of motions of

the hydrofoil boat will be investigated

theoretically, making use of theoretical

and experimental force and moment data in

the predictions.

(g) The experimental results show that the lift

developed by the rear foil is reduced appreciably by the pressure of the forward

foil. The rear foil also ventilates under

design conditions. For the first time a number of hydrodynamic derivatives with

respect to turning angular velocity were obtained from the experimental test results.

(h) Progress Reports may be obtained through

Correspondent.

(4228) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The variation of flutter speed and

frequency will be found for a hydrofoil

connected to a free-free beam. The effects

of including varying numbers of modes for

beam and foil will be investigated. In addition, the effect of beam parameters will

be studied. The beam-foil system will, in

the final analysis, represent as close as possible a ship-rudder system.

(4229) THE BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER PROGRESSIVE AND

STANDING WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Physics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this work is to study energy

loss processes in shallow water waves. Theoretically, this is of interest because

unsteady viscous flows have received relatively little attention, particularly the case of an oscillatory flow with no mean

flow. Analytical and numerical solutions

of the non-linear Navier-Stokes equations

are under investigation. Laboratory measure- ments in the Stevens shallow water wave channel have been made of the wave attenuation coefficient of a progressive wave, the

bottom shear stress under a progressive wave, and the time decay of standing waves. Field

measurements of the bottom pressure and

bottom velocity in 40 foot depths have been

made off Block Island, R.I. These field

measurements provide the possibility of

determining the applicability of the laboratory measurements and the theoretical

studies to the geophysical problem of the

energy loss by ocean waves in shallow

coastal waters.

(g) It has been established in laboratory

experiments both at Stevens and MIT that

there is an attenuation coefficient for

shallow water waves that is in order-ofmagnltude agreement with simple theoretical

predictions. When examined in detail,

however, the measured attenuation is

slightly in excess of the prediction, by

about 40$. An analytical solution of the

Navier-Stokes equation after the start-up

of a progressive wave including the largest

terms in the non-linear convectlve ac- celeration has shown that these terms cannot

be responsible for the excess attenuation.

Ocean swell measurements of the bottom

pressure, potential velocity, boundary

layer velocity, and bottom shear stress

have shown agreement with predictions based

on existing potential and viscous flow

theories

(h) "Pressure-Velocity Correlations in Ocean

Swell," by S. J. Lukasik, et al, J. Geophys.

Res., 67 3575(A), (1962).

"Laminar Boundary Layer Under a Wave," by

C. E. Grosch, Phys. Fluids, 7 1163, (1962).

(4231) PREDICTION OF TRAJECTORIES OF AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

e) The main purpose of the study is to determine whether the observed underwater

flight of the Basic Finner Missile can be

predicted using equations of motion and

hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from

experiment or theory. The project is part

of a larger program, sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons, to verify present-day

trajectory prediction methods.

(f) Completed. Final report is to be

published.

(g) Trajectories could not be predicted

succe ssfiilly using hydrodynamic coefficients

obtained from the experimental data alone.

However, theoretical coefficients yielded

predictions which agreed well with the

observed (planar) motions. The computed

trajectories were particularly sensitive to changes in individual hydrodynamic static and damping rate coefficients. However, when

the values of these coefficients were kept

consistent with relations expressing their

physical interdependence, they could be

varied over fairly wide ranges without

appreciably affecting the predictions.

(h) "Prediction of Trajectories for an Underwater Missile," by Howard Dugoff, DL Report

77
No. 898, to be published.

(4709) SURFACE PIERCING HYDROFOIL FLUTTER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of

Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Measured and predicted flutter speeds will

be compared for a surface piercing hydrofoil

with two degrees of freedom.

(4710) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of

Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

New Jersey.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The variation of flutter speed and frequency will be found for a hydrofoil

connected to a free-free beam. The effects

of including varying numbers of modes for

beam and foil will be investigated. In addition, the effect of beam parameters will

be studied. The beam-foil system will, In the final analysis, represent as close as possible a ship-rudder system.

(4711) STUDY OF THE PROPELLER SINGING PHENOMENON.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St.,

Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To study the propeller singing phenomenon

as a self-excited vibration system composed

of the Karman vortex- shedding mechanism and

the propeller blade.

(4712) INTERFERENCE EFFECTS OF A SUBMERGED HYDROFOIL ON A SURFACE-PIERCING STRUT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. Y. Chey, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street,

Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) To conduct experimental and theoretical

studies on the mutual interference effects

between a submerged hydrofoil and a vertical

surface-piercing strut with respect to total lift, total drag, hydrofoil drag, side

force, roll moment, and inception of

ventilation.

(4713) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF PROPELLER- INDUCED

VIBRATORY PRESSURES ON SIMPLE SHIP SURFACES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. T. Kowalskl, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To measure the vibratory pressure signatures

of a marine propeller model operating in

uniform flow adjacent to a horizontal

circular cylinder representing a ship hull,

and to compare these results with theoretical predictions.

(4714) RESEARCH ON SHIP CONTROLLABILITY.

(b) Maritime Administration, U. S. Department

of Commerce.

(c) Mr. C. L. Crane, Davidson Laboratory,

Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To survey recent developments in the field

of steering and maneuvering of ships, thus

providing a basis for planning a long range

research program. An initial investigation,

now completed, covered the general steering

characteristics of the Series 60, 0.60

block coefficient hull form taken as representative of a typical high-speed cargo ship.

Future work will include (1) a model series

investigation to obtain the effects on controllability of systematic variations in

underwater hull and appendage characteristics, (2) full-scale steering and

maneuvering tests of a merchant ship in

calm water, and (3) model steering tests In quartering seas.

(g) Good agreement between the Series 60 model

free turning test results and predictions

based on force and moment derivatives from

rotating arm tests indicate that the linear

motion prediction method is a useful tool

for analyzing steering qualities. Frequency

response and harmonic analysis techniques

were used with the derivative results to predict model zig-zag maneuvers.

(h) "Research on Ship Controllability," by H. Eda and C. L. Crane, Part I: Survey and

Long Range Program, D. L. Report 922; Part

II: Steering Characteristics of the Series

60 (C b = 0.60), D. L. Report 923.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 23S7, 3524,

4234, 4235 and 4715 should be addressed to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ.

of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and

Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

d) Experimental.

e) Experimental determinations are made of the

flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity

distribution and surface profile will be

determined throughout the length of the

jump for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of the

jump in relation to the change in bottom

elevation will be varied over a broad range

in distinction to previous related investigations in which relative location of the

Jump was held constant.

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete and

have been published. For a given entering

Froude number lying between 2 and 8 three

types of jump may form, the type and its

longitudinal location depending only on the

relative downstream depth. The velocities

near the bottom below the drop are always

less than the mean velocity in the downstrean

channel for the jump type of maximum height.

Experimental measurements have been made on the related investigation for an abrupt rise

and report is being prepared.

(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

4 square mile and a 2 square mile portion of

the Waller Creek watershed are being made to

provide basic information for estimating

runoff from small urban watersheds in the

Southwest area. Two stream flow stations

and a rain gage net are in operation.

Studies of the correlation between runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the

drainage basin are being made by various

proposed methods to serve as a base for

i

78
comparison with the data as it is collected

from the stream,

(g) The records are now long enough to begin

comparing with peak discharge estimates previously given at least for short recurrence

intervals. A start is being made on this

analysis.

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE

RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE

SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field Investigation (thesis).

(e) For selected watersheds rainfall runoff

relations are being developed on a storm

by storm basis. Multiple correlation

diagrams, based on data before changes in

the watershed, have been developed and used

to compute runoff for later periods.

Comparison of these computed runoff values

with measured values is taken as an index

of the effect of watershed development.

(g) The first results were not conclusive

because of random error in the computed

values. Further studies are being made on another watershed with an improved method

which better accounts for the spacial

variation of rainfall.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE

OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

The University of Texas Research Institute.

Dr. Frank D. Masch, Department of Civil

Engineering, The University of Texas,

Austin 12, Texas.

Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

Exploratory tests have been made with two

different schemes, one with radially

outward flow between a circular disc and

the soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular Jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first

scheme it was not possible to obtain the

necessary precision of measurement at low scour rates, but with the second scheme

satisfactory measurements were obtained.

A correlation based on dimensional analysis

gave consistent results in evaluating the

relative scour resistance of several

materials. Apparatus has been fabricated

for a new test which permits direct evaluation of the shear stress at the soil

surface. In this test a cylindrical soil

sample is submerged in a transparent

concentric cylinder which can be rotated

at a controlled speed to generate a shear

stress on the soil surface. Attempts are being made to relate the scour resistance

to other measurable soil properties, and

finally to interpret the results in re- lation to field observations.'

(g) The apparatus to determine shear stress at the soil surface has been constructed and

calibrated, a test procedure has been

developed, and tests have been conducted

on soil samples.

(h) "Experiments on the Scour Resistance of

Cohesive Sediments," by W. L. Moore and

F. D. Masch, Jour. Geophysical Research.

Vol. 67, No. 4, April, 1962.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

(2874)

it!

Laboratory pro j e ct

Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

Analytical and field study.

Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying

directly into the Gulf of Mexico were

studied. Variations in the runoff values

for each stream were considered and these

trends compared with solar variations.

The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were correlated with the mean annual runoff.

Further correlations are being made with

different "lag" periods between solar

activity and surface runoff,

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of

runoff excess and deficiency is consistent

rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern

It appears that the locations of the centers

of runoff deficiency are following roughly

the same path that they did some 22 to 24

years previously. Correlation coefficients

of plus 0.2 to plus 0.5 are obtained for

selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated

with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double

sunspot cycle in which sunspot numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

(3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEPAGE IN NONHOMOGENEOUS, NON-ISOTROPIC SEDIMENTS.

b) Laboratory project,

dj Theoretical, basic.

e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is

applicable across a boundary between two

regions of different permeabilities. It is

believed that the method can be expanded

to apply to any specified non-homogeneous

and non-lsotropic condition. It is intended

that the solution be set up for computation

on an electronic computer and that selected

numerical solutions be checked against those

from an electrolytic tank.

(4234) EVAPORATION REDUCTION BY CONTROL OF

ADVECTED ENERGY.

(b) Partial sponsorship by the Lower Colorado

River Authority of Texas.

(d) A Master's thesis involving theoretical and

field Investigation.

(e) Measurements have been made to determine the

temperature field In Lake Travi s for the

1962-63 season. A method was developed to estimate the effect of withdrawing water

from near the lake surface. Monthly estimates of the resulting temperature field

and reduction in evaporation were made.

(4235) TWO-PHASE FLOW IN CONDUITS.

(g)

(4715)

Laboratory project.

Experimental master's thesis.

It is apparent that for a two-phase flow

system with a liquid and gas, many different types of flow are possible. This

Investigation explored the use of sound

measurements to detect the type of flow

present, in a metal pipe. Various types of

flow were established in a thin-walled

aluminum pipe, 1.66 I.D., with a transparent

plastic section at each end. Records of the

sound pattern were made with different

pick-ups and correlated with the visual observation of the flow type. Magnetic tape

records of the sound were also made.

Study of the recorded sound patterns re- vealed some identifiable characteristics

related to the type of two-phase flow in the

line. Additional work is needed to refine

techniques and try other sound pick-up and

recording methods.

CONTROL OF CROSS WAVES IN AN OPEN CHANNEL

DOWNSTREAM FROM A CURVE WITH SUPER-CRITICAL

FLOW.

Laboratory.

Various methods have been investigated for

controlling cross-waves In an open channel

downstream from a curve with super-critical

flow. A simple method that has not been

previously investigated is the design of

radius and deflection angle so that the

79
disturbance caused at the entrance to the curve will be cancelled by the one caused

at the end of the curve. Laboratory

studies were made to explore this method,

(g) Preliminary results Indicate that the curve

can be so proportional as to effectively

eliminate cross waves in the downstream

channel. The disturbance within the curve remains large as predicted by the work of

Ippen.

(4716) DRAG FORCES IN VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELDS.

(g)

(h)

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore,

Department of Civil Engineering, The Univ.

of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

The investigation is being conducted to

determine the effect of a velocity gradient

on the local and conventional drag coefficients for cylinders of varying L/D ratio

and at different Reynolds Numbers. The

study will be extended to other shapes.

Preliminary studies have demonstrated that

the velocity gradient along a cylinder affects the drag coefficient. The local drag

coefficient decreases along the cylinder In

the direction toward the end of the cylinder

where the velocity is high The reduction

in drag coefficient is related to a dlmensionless measure of the velocity

gradient along the cylinder.

"Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient Flow,"

by F. D. Masch and W. L. Moore, Jour. Hyd.

DIv., Proc. A.S.C.E., Vol. 86, No. HY 7,

July, 1960.

(4717) TWO-FLUID FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

II)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. L. R. Mack, Department of Civil

Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12,

Texas.

Theoretical; basic research.

The velocity distribution within and the

shape of the interface between two immiscible fluids of different densities

flowing through a uniform isotropic porous

medium toward a well is sought. This

problem is of interest in both petroleum

engineering and ground-water hydrology.

A method has been devised for satisfying

governing equations, including the nonlinear boundary conditions at the interface.

This method is applicable to both twodimensional and axisymmetric systems.

the

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment Sta.

(3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory and field project; Rocky Mt. Exp.

Sta.; U. S. Forest Service; Nat'l Sci. Found.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation; basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) A basic study of relationships involved in

flow in steep, rough channels where the

roughness is relatively an appreciable part

of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep or steeper than a slope

such that supercritical flow can occur in

connection with contractions caused by the

roughnesses. The work is basic, however,

it will have application to steep mountain

streams and to hydraulic structures.

The objective of the work is to relate

descriptive parameters describing the size

and configuration of the bed roughness to

slope, depth and discharge of channels of

this class. Studies began using simple bar

and cube roughness elements and have

progressed through the use of beds formed

by giving natural gravel elements of various

(g)

(h)

(3185)

CI

(d)

(e)

(3525)

size, gradation and intensity to the bed.

Detailed studies of bed geometry have been

made at nineteen natural stream sites.

Statistical parameters for measuring and

describing these configurations which have

hydraulic significance are being developed

following approaches suggested by the

laboratory studies. Piezometrlc-type stage

recorders have been set up at five sites

where discharge and slope will be measured

in order to test the significance of the

proposed bed parameters.

A laboratory model study is underway of the

mechanics of paving of steep rough streams

using a bed consisting of graded sand and

gravel elements. Slope and discharge will

be varied and observations as to the re- sulting stream channel development, paving,

depth and breadth of stream and configuration

of bed elements will be made.

A flume study of air entralnment in artificii

streams of the class covered by this project

is being planned.

Three sizes of graded gravel elements having

maximum sizes 4", 3" and 2" and three values

of intensity in the ratios of 1, 1/4 and

1/8 of maximum areal compaction were tested

under flume conditions. Some 500 runs led

to good correlations of the form

[kf (k)

1/3

'1 I «

for tranquil and tumbling regimes and to

V = C2

f i gDs

for rapid flow where a OJ ax are bed element size parameters 1 is a bed element

spacing parameter, D is a piezometric

average depth above mean bed elevation, and

f represents an experimentally developed

non-dimensional function.

Results of the field studies or of the model

studies of paving are not yet available.

Closing discussion of "Flume Studies of

Flow in Steep Rough Channels," by Dean F. Peterson and P. K. Mohanty. Journal of

Hydraulics Division. Proceedings of

American Society of Civil Engineers. V 88

(HY3) May 1962.

HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

Public Health Service.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental, theoretical; basic research;

Doctoral dissertation.

Hydrodynamlc and field study of movement of

water over a porous surface when intake

varies with time. Free surface and the rate

of advance are defined.

Differential equations have been obtained

defining the free surface and the rate of

advance. Solutions have been compared with

field measurement of the rate of advance.

The results are within ten percent of field

observations. High speed computers to obtain typical solutions will be used.

A companion study is based upon utilizing

empirical relationships as a foundation for

subsequent development of rate of advance

functions. The results compare well with

measured values.

MEASUREMENT OF FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL PIPE BY

THE COORDINATE METHOD.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental; theoretical; applied research.

The error involved in the conventional

method of measurement is shown to be large.

The coefficient has been defined and

parameters developed so that more accurate

60
measurements can be obtained in a quick,

easy method of water measurement

f) Completed.

h) A bulletin outlining field procedure to be

followed with the method is now being prepared .

(3527) DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST WATER LEVEL

RECORDER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

d) Experimental, development.

e) In general, the available instrumentation

for measuring fluctuation in water level

is costly. Most equipment is designed for

a wide range of application. However, many

areas require only a limited fluctuation in

water level. This is particularly true in

irrigation practice. Objective of the

project is to develop a low-cost recorder

which will fit these needs and thereby

permit a more extensive use.

(g) A water level recorder has been developed

which does meet the requirements and is now

being modified and adapted for commercial

production.

(3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE

ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Some theoretical and experimental work has

been performed on the attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a sediment suspension. However, prior work is

still very limited in scope, particularly

over certain loss regions. This study is

using a standard pulse technique to investigate a wide range of sediments both natural

and manufactured over the various loss

ranges. Of primary concern is the effect of

the various sediment properties on the

attenuation.

(g) Natural sediments have been completed and an

M. S. thesis has been prepared giving the

results. Manufactured sediments of known

properties are now being tested and a Ph.D.

dissertation will result from this study.

(h) A publication is now available on work done

previous to this project entitled, "Ultrasonic Measurement of Suspended Sediment,"

by Gordon H. Flammer, Geological Survey

Bulletin 1140A, December 1962. An M. S. thesis has been completed on the project and

is available under the following title:

"The Effect of the Properties of Natural

Sediments on the Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Plane Wave," by Yung-Huang Kuo. M. S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah,

1961.

(3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MARSHLANDS.

b) Utah State Fish and Game Dept.

c) Mr. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor Civil

and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigations; applied research,

Master's theses.

(e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to

Great Salt Lake have been developed and

improved by the State Fish and Game Dept.,

and the Federal Wildlife Service, as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available streams

flow from several of the major streams

flowing into these areas where the water is

impounded behina dikes to create habitat

suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of

water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese

utilize this area each year during their

migratory flights.

(g) The basic purpose of the study is to

determine the quantities of water necessary

for marshlands in order to maintain them in

a productive state,

(h) Several progress reports have been written.

(3843) A SHAPE AND FRICTION FACTOR RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN SMOOTH, RECTANGULAR, AND CIRCULAR

CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept.,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) This study has been made to determine a

shape factor relationship so that the

friction factors (Moody curves) for circular

pipes can be used with rectangular shaped

channels. To accomplish this, head loss

data has been taken, through a wide range of

Reynold's numbers, from a number of rectangular channels varying from approximately a

square to a channel approximately 3/8 inches

by 4 inches.

Only one material was used in constructing

the channels and the narrow dimension of the

channel was held constant.

Friction factor values for circular pipe

have often been used for shapes other than

circular; and for shapes that are not too

far from a circle . The error is appreciable however, for channels that are

far removed from a circle.

(f) Completed. Some difficulty was encountered

due to leakage with the equipment used.

Funds were not available to construct

suitable leakproof equipment and therefore

the results are somewhat Inconclusive due

to the leakage problem. Funds are being

sought for further study using adequate

apparatus.

(g) It is anticipated that this study will

result in more realistic friction factors

for rectangular channels.

(3844) THE REMOVAL OF HIGH TURBIDITY WITH RAPID

SAND FILTERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Elliot Rich, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research

for a master's thesis.

(e) A study of the efficiency of rapid sand

filtration was conducted under conditions of

varying initial turbidity and application

rate. The turbidity ranged from 50 to 400

parts per million and the flow rate from

.25 to 5.5 gal/min/ft2 of filter area. The

same sand 0.505 mm mean diameter, was used

in all the tests; and its depth was held

constant at 30 inches. The filter was

constructed from a plastic tube, 3-1/2

Inches in diameter to minimize wall effects,

and was equipped with an overflow so a constant head of 44 inches would be maintained above the sand.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results of this experiment indicates

that rapid sand filtration could be used

as a means of pretreating water if initial

turbidity is under 200 parts per million

and flow rate is maintained below 4 gallons

per minute per square foot . To obtain a

finished product with a turbidity under 10

parts per million or initial turbidities

greater than 200 parts per million multiple

filtration should be used with the effluent

from one filter being fed directly to the

next filter.

(3845) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, Utah State University, Logan,

1

f

81
Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) The purpose Is to establish techniques and

model-prototype laws so that watersheds can

be Intensively studied In a laboratory.

For this study, a small watershed is being

modeled in size, shape, and topography

encompassing provisions for varying the

permeability of the model's surface. Water

to represent precipitation in various patterns

will be applied over the model watershed.

By the nature of the proposed study, the

dominant factors influencing the characteristic shape of the run-off hydrography are:

1) Watershed shape; (2) rainfall Intensity;

3) rainfall duration; and (4) time element

being a function of a composition roughness

factor.

The study is divided into two phases. In

the first phase, the object is to simulate

the run-off hydrography using a physical

model with an Impervious surface. Thus, it

is known that the simulated hydrograph will

be distorted volumetrically. The second

phase has the added objective of an investigation of the relationship between infiltration and run-off.

(g) A better understanding of the parameters

influencing the rainfall-run-off relationship of arid southwestern watershed are being obtained. Ultimately, thi3 will

result in better design of structures built

to contain, convey, or bridge the run-off

water of this area.

Engineering Dept., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This work was undertaken to develop methods

of obtaining economical and reasonably

accurate determinations of watershed yield

where stream gaging records are not available. Certain relatively easily obtained

parameters characterizing the physical and

climatic factors have been correlated with

water yield for a number of watersheds having

good records of stream flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Regression equations have been developed for

estimating water yield from physical characteristics of basins In various regions of

Utah. Based on the developments of this

study, a water yield map for the entire

state of Utah is being prepared. The map,

equations and graphs should aid materially

in broadening the coverage of hydrologlc

information needed for first stage planning

of a long range state-wide nature.

(h) "A Method for Predicting Surface Run-Off fran

Watersheds with Limited Hydrographic Data,

by Roland W. Jeppson, Master's Thesis, Utah

State University, 1960.

"Methods for Predicting Mean Annual Water

Yields in Utah," by Jay M. Bagley, Roland W. Jeppson, Yin Auyeung, Cleve H. Milligan.

(Manuscript in preparation.)

(4237) EFFECT OF VARIOUS IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES ON

SOIL AERATION, SOIL STRUCTURE AND CROP

RESPONSE.

I

(3846) CONSTRUCTION OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACROSS

THE SALT FLATS NEAR WENDOVER, UTAH.

b) Utah State Road Commission.

c) Prof. Jerry E. Christiansen, Civil and

Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah.

(d) Field investigation for design and development of Interstate highway.

(e) The design and construction of an interstate

highway across the salt flats near Wendover,

Utah, poses a number of problems that require

solutions. This is one of the few places

in the world where a highway must be built

over a salt bed. The maintenance of the

present highway and railway that traverses

these salt flats has been difficult. It is

hoped that a better understanding of the

problem, based on extensive field and

laboratory investigations of materials on which the highway will be built, will result

in a design that will be relatively free of

maintenance problems. The objective,

therefore, is to fully determine the

characteristics of the salt bed and the

underlying soil materials to considerable

depth. The work completed to date has been

concerned primarily with the permeability of

the sub-soil materials to the flow of water.

Surprisingly, it has been found there are very permeable strata underlying the salt

.

These are of considerable concern because of

the movement of partially saturated solutions

through these permeable zones which tends to

dissolve and remove salt, resulting in uneven settlement of the roadway.

(g) A sound and economic design depends upon a complete knowledge of the materials involved.

Investigations should be of definite practical

value in determining the basic requirements

for the design and construction of the

multimillion dollar highway, which will be

built within the next few years. Economies

in design should result from the studies

being undertaken.

(h) Several progress reports have been written.

(4236) METHODS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL WATER

YIELDS IN UTAH.

(b) Utah Water and Power Board and Utah State

Engineer.

(c) Prof. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

(b) Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (State

Funded Project #591).

(c) Prof. Jack Keller, Utah Agricultural Expt.

Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Laboratory, experimental and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Where saturating rainfalls are infrequent

it appears likely that land productivity is

closely related to the effects of irrigation

on soil aeration and structure. With present

day irrigation technology, the design

engineer and irrigator have some degree of

control over both soil aeration and

structure; however, the extent of control

and effects on crop response have not been

determined.

This project proposes to develop criteria

(useful in the design and management of

irrigation systems) based on crop responses

as affected by soil aeration and structure.

A review of literature shows that bulk

structural tests such as capillary rise,

moisture release, modulus of rupture and

various permeability measurements have given

indexes that can be related to crop response.

In order to establish limits for the

proposed field investigations, it is the

intent that the first phase of the project

be a laboratory study of simulated field

irrigation techniques.

(g) The laboratory phase of the project is set up and in operation. A water applicator

which will produce uniform application rates

of from .02"/hr to 2"/hr with drop sizes

of 2 mm or 3 mm has been developed. The

present laboratory phase is the study of the

effect of water application rate on the

structural characteristics of several soils.

Water is applied in the surface of the soil

samples contained in 6" clay flower pots

fitted with porous tension cup bottoms and

air diffusion rings.

(h) Two progress reports have been written.

(4239) MECHANICS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

.

b) Laboratory.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) An analysis of water movement from the soil,

through the plant and into the atmosphere

i

82
is made using basic hydraulic properties of

flow. The mechanism of water transmission

within the plant is given particular

attention.

f) Completed.

h) "Mechanics of Evapotranspiration, " by David

W. Hendricks and Vaughn E. Hansen.

Publication pending. Journal and Transactions of American Society of Civil

Engineers, 1962.

(4240) THE INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS ON THE WATER AVAILABLE FOR DOWNWARD

MOVEMENT INTO THE SOIL.

(b) Western Soil and Water Research Project

with 12 western states collaborating through

U.S.D.A. and State Agricultural Experiment

Stations.

(c) Mr. C. H. Milligan, Head Civil and Irrigation

Department, Utah State University, Logan,

Utah.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. One M.S. degree candidate is

working on the project at present.

(e) The purpose of the project is to delineate

the characteristics of precipitation

including intensity, drop size, terminal

velocity, angle of attack, etc. which affect

interception and infiltration of the precipitation, and to find functional relationships which relate these characteristics to infiltration and interception.

(g) Project active but just getting underway.

(4241) IMPROVEMENT OF STREAMFLOW FORECASTING.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. C. H. Milligan, Head, Civil and Irrigation Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field; applied

research.

(e) The purpose of the project is to develop

procedures for utilization of antecedent

precipitation, temperature, soil moisture,

runoff, and snow survey data in the prediction of streamflow for the coming

irrigation season. The procedure is largely statistical and is

programmed for high speed computer solutions.

Trigonometric series are used to represent

trends in antecedent rainfall, temperature,

soil moisture, and streamflow.

The Fourier coefficients along with total

water content of the snow cover on a given

prediction date are correlated with runoff

by months. Regression coefficients

determined from data from the past are utilized in equations to complete the

predicted values.

(g) Results are promising but a longer record

is needed to test the validity of the

procedures.

(h) "The Use of Fourier Series in Streamflow

Forecasting," by C. H. Milligan, Proceedings

Western Snow Conference, 1956.

(4718) THE EFFECT OF PRONOUNCED BOTTOM CURVATURE

ON THE VELOCITY PROFILE IN A WIDE OPEN

CHANNEL.

b) Laboratory project.

o) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept .

,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research

for M.S. thesis.

(e) The nature of the project is to study the

distortion of a one-dimensional velocity

profile caused by significant streamline

curvature and to act as a pilot study in

setting up a research program whose ultimate

aim will be to discover the relationship

for the effect of streamline curvature on two and three dimensional velocity profiles.

Initially the distortion of a one dimensional velocity profile by a curved bed will

be studied. Based upon the results of this

simplified approach, studies will be

extended to two and three dimensional ve- locity profiles,

(g) The project has just been initiated, and no results are available.

(4719) FREE SURFACE FLOW AROUND A HEMISPHERICAL

ROUGHNESS ELEMENT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept.,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward

a Master's thesis.

(e) This study was made to gain further information on flow characteristics (primarily

drag) around a hemispherical roughness element where the element size is of the order

of the depth of the free surface flow. To

accomplish this, water surface data, ve- locity profile data and primarily drag data was taken for a range of Froude numbers.

The thesis attempts to answer certain

questions concerning the effects on a single large hemispherical roughness element in open channel flow. Of particular

Interest is the flow condition where the

element has an effect on the fluid surface

configuration.

An M.S. thesis is being prepared on this

project. This work, however, is considered

to be only preliminary to a continued

study of much wider proportions.

(g) The results of this investigation may be

summarized as follows: (1) The drag force

on the hemisphere is due primarily to wave drag in the Froude number range 0.35 to

2.50 and for submergence intervals v/k up

to 1.2. (2) At a given submergence interval

the coefficient of drag decreases as the

Froude number increases up to 1.5. (3) The

coefficient of drag is constant above a Froude number of 1.5 for all submergence

intervals. This constant value is approximately 0.2. (4) The drag coefficient in- creases with an increase in submergence in

the Froude number range up to 1.5. (5) The

relationship between the coefficient of

drag and the Froude number tends to become

linear as the submergence increases.

(h) An M.S. thesis is currently being prepared

under the following title, "Free Surface

Flow Around Hemispherical Roughness Element," by Dirk Van Woerden. M.S. Thesis,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1962.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory, Division of Industrial Research, Washington State University, Pullman,

Washington.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of, water and gas distribution

systems.

d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

e) Flow distributions have been made with the

Mcllroy Analyzer for over 50 cities, several

gas systems, an air system, a generator

cooling system, and several other unique

systems. Losses throughout the system are

obtained. Engineers use the analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and piping

additions or revisions.

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1.

id) Experimental; design.

(e) Hydraulic model studies on several problems

of design and operation have been

essentially completed. Construction

f

f

1

i

83
sequences, flshway design and operation,

spillway energy disslpators, spillway

capacity, downstream erosion and waves, and

spillway operation all underwent detailed

investigation on six hydraulic models over

a period of more than six years. Sound

motion picture films are now being prepared

on the use of the models.

(g) The energy dlssipator, consisting of a 14-foot high solid baffle a high slotted endsill and spillway nappe deflectors, adequately dissipated the energy in the spillway flow. Vortices ranging from 2 to 30

feet in diameter will not adversely affect

the spillway gates.

(h) "Flshway Models Rocky Reach Hydroelectric

Project," by Claud C. Lomax, Jr., Part II - Technical Report No. 9, Washington State

Institute of Technology, December 1958, 62

pages.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Spillway

Vortices Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Project,"

by Howard D. Copp, Research Report No. 61/9-31, Washington State Institute of

Technology, February 24, 1961, 37 pages.

(3534) WELLS HYDRO-COMBINE FLUME MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation,

id) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:23.3 scale model of a- section of the

spillway-power unit is undergoing tests to evaluate hydraulic characteristics of an unusual design for hydro-electric developments. Tests thus far completed indicate

that the power units or the spillway, when

operated as separate units, perform the same as conventional designs. When operated

simultaneously, the spillway flow is predominant. No harmful forced vibrations are anticipated, the spillway discharge coefficient is about the same as conventional

ogee spillways, and the spill increased the

operating head on the power units through a local tailwater depression.

(g) Tests on design details and spillway gate

vibrations are continuing.

(h) "Preliminary Report on Hydraulic Sectional

Model Studies, Wells Hydro-Combine," by

H. D. Copp, Research Report No. 62/9-128,

Washington State Institute of Technology,

October, 1962.

(3848) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) Metering flumes are being placed on several

streams within an experimental watershed in

southern Idaho. Desirable shapes, location

of head measuring taps, orientation and

elevation of invert of these flumes are being Investigated by hydraulic model. The

effect of flow rate, upstream and downstream

topography, and sediment deposition are con- sidered. Calibration of two metering devices have been completed by use of the

models and one prototype flume Is now con- structed.

(h) "Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed

Flume Calibration Studies," by George L. Bloomsburg and E. Roy Tinney, Interim Report to Agricultural Research Service,

Washington State Institute of Technology,

October 26, 1960, 11 pages.

(3849) FLOW IN NONCIRCULAR CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project supported In part by

Nat. Acad. Sciences grant to Dr. Jamil

Malalka

.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) The effect of cross-sectional shape on friction loss in the fully turbulent regions

were investigated by studying the flow

in circular, square, elliptical, rectangular,

and rhombic conduits.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Flow in Noncircular Conduits," by J.

Malaika, ASCE, Vol. 88, No. HY6, November,

1962.

"Flow in Noncircular Conduits," by J. Malalka, Bulletin No. 264, Washington State

Institute of Technology, June, 1962.

(4243) UMFQUA RIVER ESTUARY MODEL.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education and

Welfare

.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A highly distorted model (horizontal scale

1:3000, vertical scale 1:1000) of the Umpqua

River Estuary, including the confluence of

the Umpqua and Smith Rivers, has been con- structed, verified, and used for pollution

potential tests for various outfall locations and conditions.

Pollution tests were conducted under conditions of a relatively well-mixed salinity

distribution. Flushing tests were conducted

as well.

(f) Completed.

(g) Such highly distorted models satisfactorily

reproduce prototype data on tides and

salinity distribution. Model Indicated

significant effect of deep holes and river

confluences on dispersion of pollutants.

(h) "Umpqua Estuary Model Study," by John S. Gladwell and E. Roy Tinney, Bulletin 265,

Washington State Institute of Technology,

August, 1962.

(4244) SULTAN DAM NO. 1.

(bl R. W. Beck and Associates,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) Final tests were conducted in the 1:50

scale model of the Sultan Dam to determine

the best arrangement for the tunnel

spillway and morning-glory Intake. Data

were recorded to determine the spillway

rating curve pressure patterns and aeration

conditions. A total of 681 tests were

conducted in this model before a suitable

solution was found. The second stage tunnel

will have a capacity of 80,000 cfs.

(g) A two-stage tunnel spillway was found to be

satisfactory with the second stage formed

by adding a 38-ft. diameter shaft with a

new morning-glory intake.

(h) "Sultan Model Studies," (Spillway Model

Studies of the Sultan River Project, Dam

No. 1), Bulletin No. 263, by Manuel Th.

Arce and David T. Higgins, Washington State

Institute of Technology, December, 1962,

105 pages.

(4245) HYDRODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION,

bj Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Tests are being made on nappe deflectors

adjacent to spillway piers to obtain design

data and permit selection of this type of

energy dlssipator prior to experimental

testing in connection with a specific

application. This type of energy dlssipator has been used on Rocky Reach and

Noxon Rapids dams and Is being considered

for use at Chungju dam, in Korea.

f) Suspended.

g) Stilling basins can be considerably

shortened and raised with the use of nappe

deflectors.

(h) "Chungju Hydraulic Model Studies," by E. Roy Tinney and Manuel Th. Arce, Bulletin

No. 252, Washington State Institute of

Technology, February, 1961, pp. 10-14.

(4246) ROUND BUTTE TRI FURCA TI ON MODEL.

(To) Portland General Electric Company,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:23.7 scale model of a power penstock

trifurcatlon was constructed and investigated for head loss and undue structural

vibrations.

f

!

84
(h)

Completed.

Head losses were minimal, information

regarding structural vibration was used

In the structural design.

"Round Butte Penstock Trifurcation, " by- John S. Gladwell and E. Roy Tinney, Bulletin

No. 260, Wash. State Inst, of Tech., May 1962.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris

Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3853

(4720) PACKWOOD DROP STRUCTURE MODEL.

(3

(h)

R. W. Beck and Associates.

Experimental, design.

Model studies of the drop structure for

Packwood Hydroelectric Project were performed to determine the shape of the spillway

crest and its free-flow capacity. The prototype has a maximum capacity of 8000 cfs and

the model was constructed to a 1:20 scale.

Completed.

The original designs were modified to provide

better aeration and to stiffen the weir.

"Packwood Model Studies," by Manuel Th.

Arce, Research Report No. 62/9-12, Wash.

State Institute of Tech., October 12, 1962.

(4721) MODEL CALIBRATION OF ROCK ISLAND SPILLWAY.

fb) Public Utility District of Grant Co., Wash.

(d) Experimental; analytical.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the west section of

the Rock Island Dam spillway was constructed.

Tests are continuing to determine the

discharge coefficients for each bay as they may be Influenced by adjacent and

nearby bays, tailwater and apron elevations,

and distribution of flow approaching the

spillway discharges in connection with power

losses due to tailwater encroachment at Rock Island by the Wanapum pool,

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies for the Calibration

of the Rock Island Spillway," C. C. Lomax,

Interim Research Rpt. No. 62/9-110, Wash.

State Inst, of Tech., Sept. 13, 1962, 58 pp.

(4722) BOUNDARY COMPREHENSIVE MODEL.

(b) Bechtel - Leedshill.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:65 scale model of approximately 0.6

miles of the Pend Oreille River approximately the arch dam, forebay, and spillways

have been constructed. Investigations have

been concerned to date primarily with the

sluice ring orientation and approach channel

design. The sluice ring is particularly of concern because it must pass flows of approximately 280,000 cfs at a depth which

results in velocities of about 100 f.p.s.

(4723) BOUNDARY PROJECT SLUICEWAY MODEL.

(g)

(h

(4725

(g

(h

(4726

(b

(c

(d

(e

Bechtel Corporation.

Experimental; design.

A 1:25 scale model of low level sluiceways

has permitted experimental investigation of

sluiceway design and the determination of a suitable intake shape that will operate cavitation free, under heads up to 190 ft. Sluiceway gate vibration tests will be conducted.

The original intake shape, designed ac- cording to conventional procedures was not

cavitation free. A converging section formed

by a rising invert was found necessary.

(g

(4727

(b

(c

\i

(g

(h

(4724) WELLS COMPREHENSIVE MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:78 model of the Wells Hydrocombine has

been constructed to study erosion, waves, passage of migratory fish. Spillway capacity

and construction sequences since the power

house and spillway are combined Into one struc- ture several unique problems in design and

operation must be investigated. The model is

44 feet wide and 66 feet long and will pass

the equivalent of 1,300,000 cfs.

(4728

(b

(o

(d

(e

FLOW THROUGH AN ARRAY OF CYLINDERS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Ronald E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

Experimental; basic research.

Hydrodynamic forces are to be determined on one of a row of circular cylinders. Cylinder

spacing and orientation of the single row with respect to a uniform approach flow are

to be varied.

Suspended.

Proximity effects upon drag coefficients

have been determined for two cylinder row orientations for the case of laminar boundary layers on the cylinders

One M.S. Thesis completed (available on loan).

FLUID ENTRAINMENT THROUGH DISCRETE OPENINGS

IN SUBMERGED PIPELINES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

The mechanism of the entrainment of a fluid

from an infinite still reservoir through discrete ports into a conduit flowing full is to be studied experimentally and analytically.

Data have been obtained for single circular

ports of different sizes and various edge

configurations.

One M.S. Thesis completed (available on loani

A STUDY OF VELOCITY BARRIER DEVICE FOR

DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT BYPASS.

Columbia Fisheries Program Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland, Ore. Prof. H. S. Strausser, 317 Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

Experimental investigation; developmental

research.

The problem requires a structure which will

guide downstream migrant fish into a collection facility with a minimum obstruction

to flow. The methods under study utilize

velocity changes which would attract or repel the fish, thereby steering them into

a desired location.

No satisfactory results as yet.

A STUDY OF THE DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT BYPASS

FOR THE THREE-MILE DITCH, UMATILLA, OREGON.

Columbia Fisheries Program Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland, Ore. Prof. H. S. Strausser, 317 Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

Experimental investigation; developmental.

A fish bypass was designed to be placed at the terminus of a standard louver guiding

device. Device can be used on existing dam

structures without having to pass through

structure itself.

Completed.

The design developed is apparently working

satisfactorily under field conditions.

Unpublished report available on loan from

correspondent, H. S. Strausser.

THE INTERACTION EFFECTS OF FIXED SEMIIMMERSED CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITH A TRAIN OF

PROGRESSIVE OSCILLATORY WAVES IN A CHANNEL

OF FINITE DEPTH.

The exploratory work has been done supported

in part by an NDEA Fellowship. Proposals are being prepared to continue the work.

Prof. E. P. Richey, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Wash., Seattle 5, Washington.

Basic theoretical research with experimental

verification for a doctoral thesis.

The objective of the work is to obtain an analysis of the problem which can be used

to determine force components and coefficients of reflection and transmission.

85
(4729) DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT TO DETERMINE MINIMUM

VELOCITY TO ORIENT SMALL FISH.

b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.

c) Prof. J. C. Kent, 201 More Hall, Univ. of

Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

d) Experimental and basic research.

e) Flow through two channels Is held at constant depth and controlled at Identical

flow rates by use of orifices and differential manometers.

f) Completed.

g) The flow Is extremely uniform Indicating

practically no variation In velocity between

the two channels.

(h) "Discrimination of Low Water Velocity by

Juvenile Salmon," Technical Report to U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, No. 52., College of

Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle

5, Washington.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst.

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK

SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA.

(b) Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, Is contracting agency. Co-operating agency is

Alaska Forest Research Center, U. S. Forest

Service, Juneau, Alaska.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate

Professor, Fisheries Research Institute,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigation; basic and applied research,

including master's and doctoral thesis

research.

(e) To identify environmental factors causing

mortality of pink salmon embryos; (2) to gain a more complete understanding of interrelationships among spawning behavior,

physical and biological attributes of the

stream and spawning bed, and mortality of

embryos; (3) to determine how the quality

of the spawning bed environment as it

pertains to growth, development, and

mortality of embryos is affected by logging;

and (4) to determine criteria for the

improvement of natural spawning areas to increase production of juvenile salmon.

Included among active routine studies are hydrological conditions, intragravel water

quality, spawning bed quality, and channel

debris evaluation. Included among active

basic studies are composition and source of

suspended sediment and bed load, relationship between surface and intragravel water,

and sources of intragravel water.

(g) Methods have been developed for routine

field measurement of dissolved oxygen content

of intragravel water, gravel composition,

and mortality of salmon embryos.

Gravel shift has been identified as an Important natural cause of embryonic

mortality. A theoretical model of factors

controlling interchange between stream and

intragravel water has been proposed and

tested qualitatively.

(h) "A Method of Estimating Mortality of Pink

Salmon Eggs and Larvae," by William J. McNeil. Contribution No. 119, 28 pp. manuscript, (in press).

"Mortality of Pink and Chum Salmon Eggs

and Larvae in Southeast Alaska Streams," by

William J. McNeil. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of

Washington, Seattle, 270 pp., 1962.

(4247) IMPROVEMENT OF SALMON SPAWNING AREAS IN INDIAN CREEK, ALASKA.

(b) U.S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska,

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Research Associate

Professor, Fisheries Research Institute,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

Investigation basic and applied research,

Including thesis research.

(e) Artificial spawning areas have been con- structed on Indian Creek on Prince of Wales

Island within the Tongass National Forest,

Alaska. The project is to test the general

hydraulic considerations associated with

the design of improved pink salmon spawning areas in natural streams. Objectives of

the research program are to test the design

of artificial Improvements to salmon spawning

grounds. The problem is to determine if we can provide, at reasonable cost, small areas of stable permeable gravel in which

low water flow of stream will be concentrated

The evaluation of artificially constructed

channels will provide information of the

detailed requirements of spawning fish as well as the requirements of eggs and larvae.

Further information will be obtained on movement of bed material as no stream flow

regulation is provided.

(g) Data currently being analyzed.

(4730) DETERMINING CHANGES IN SIZE COMPOSITION IN STREAMBED MATERIAL IN LOGGED WATERSHEDS.

b) Institute of Forest Products.

c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Fisheries Hall #2,

University of Washington, Seattle 5, Wash.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; applied research for M.S. thesis.

(e) The research is to evaluate ecological

changes in salmon streams caused by deforestation. Soil erosion, subsequent

logging operations in a watershed, may cause large quantities of fine particles to be deposited in the beds of the streams

adjacent to logging areas. The presence of

fine materials reduces the permeability of

the stream and gravel thereby reducing the

rates of waterflow in the streambed and the

rate of exchange of inter-gravel water.

The rate of exchange between the intergravel and stream water limits the quality

of the inter-gravel environment of the

habitat for salmon eggs and larvae. The

results of the proposed investigation will

assist in determining if logging will

affect salmon production. The objectives of

the study are: (1) To evaluate the present

gravel sampling procedures and index of

streambed quality for salmon; (2) to determine the physical factors controlling the

size of the particles within the stream bed;

(3) determine if streambed composition can

be used to measure effects of logging on salmon

.

(g) Field data has been gathered. Analysis is

in process.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(149) THE EFFECT OF SUBMERGENCE ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

t) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research for M.S. degree.

(e) The effects of submergence on discharge of

large circular thin-plate weirs and orifices

and broad-crested weirs are being studied.

f) Suspended.

g) General correlation equations have been

developed for all thin-plate weirs, Parshall

Flumes, and one type of Ogee spillway.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

!

8 6
(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.

theses.

(e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes

1/4 inch to 2 inches. Pressure range

0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120

degrees P. Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000.

(f) Suspended.

(g) If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe

friction theory applies at high pressures.

The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow

when Nr = 2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at Nr = 150.

(1181) VORTEX FLOW PROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and

J. C. Stevens, Consulting Engineer, Portland,

Oregon

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vorticity on orifice discharge were studied over a wide range of

vorticity, head, and orifice size.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of inertial and

centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with

varying degrees of vorticity.

(h) "Vortex Plow through Horizontal Orifices,"

by J. C. Stevens and R. C. Kolf Trans. ASCE,

Vol 124, p. 871, 1959.

"The Vortex Chamber as an Automatic FlowControl Device," by R. C. Kolf and P. B. Ziellnski, Journal Hydraulics Dlv., ASCE,

December 1959.

(3539) THE EFFECT OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS AND

CONFIGURATION ON TURBULENCE LEVEL AND

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION.

b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) New instrumentation has been developed to measure turbulence levels In pipes and ducts.

The effects of boundary roughnesses on the

decay of extra turbulence caused by a variety of boundary configurations is being

studied.

(g) New equations have been developed for estimating losses due to combined and divided

flow.

(h) "Momentum and Energy changes In Disturbed

Laminar Flow," by S. Kar and J. R. Villemonte,

presented at Annual Conference of Hydraulics

Division of ASCE, August 1962.

(3540) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation in

cooperation with the Government of West

Bengal, India.

(c) Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wis.

(d) Experimental; design for M.S. thesis.

(e) A l/16-scale model of the inlet structure for

one of four axial flow pumps at the

Uttarbhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India)

has been made. Studies of Inlet flow

patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide variety of flow situations are being

made for the purpose of reducing the

cavitation threshold.

(f) Completed.

(g) Pressure coefficients were computed at 37

points on the model over a wide range of

flows.

(h) "Model studies of Inlet to Uttarbhag Pumping

Station," by C. K. Sarkar, J. R. Villemonte,

and S. Kar, Proceedings of Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, Indian Institute of

Science, Bangalone, January 1962.

(3541) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR

SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Washington,

D. C.

(c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemon

Hydraulics Laboratory, University of

Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) A versatile, transparent, 6-foot diameter

cylindrical basin has been constructed which

will permit model studies at depth to diameter ratios of 0.67 to 0.083. Flow

patterns and dispersion characteristics will

be observed over a wide range of overflow

rates. New instrumentation for measuring

small velocities and dispersion functions

are being developed.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics have been determined for a wide range of flows and inlet

and outlet situations. New criteria have

been developed.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Circular

Sedimentation Basins," by J. R. Villemonte

and G. A. Rohlich, Proceedings 17th Annual

Conference on Industrial Waste Treatment,

Purdue University, May 1962.

(3854) REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

b) The American Petroleum Inst.

c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Prof. J. R. Villemonte, Hydraulics Laboratory, Univ. of

Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

master's and doctoral theses.

(e) A transparent basin 5 feet wide, 10 feet lo

and 3 feet deep has been constructed.

Investigations will be made using various

sizes and spaclngs of the Stengel reaction

Jets at the entrance to the basin to determine the effects of jet inflow on the

hydraulic characteristics.

f) Completed.

g) Hydraulic characteristics for rectangular

basins with Reaction Jet Inlet devices were observed using a wide range of flows.

(h) Several unpublished M.S. theses.

(4251) CHANNEL DYNAMICS ABOVE GULLY CONTROL

STRUCTURES.

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

(c) Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, University of Wisconsin,

1513 University Aveue, Madison 5, Wisconsin.

(d) Theoretical study and field Investigation of

basic research in channel dynamics for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Data from field surveys of 44 gully control

structures in Southwestern Wisconsin have

been analyzed to develop procedures for

estimating quantitatively the dynamic

changes in channel profiles which occur when a gully control or sediment detention

structure Is built.

f) Completed.

g) An equation has been developed for the ratio

of the average deposition slope to the

original channel slope as a function of

past and present hydraulic and sediment

parameters.

(h) "Channel Dynamics Above Gully-Control

Structures," by D. A. Woolhlser, Univ. of

Wisconsin Ph.D. thesis.

(4252) PLOW OF A DENSITY STRATIFIED FLUID.

b) Laboratory Project.

c) Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Laboratory,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wise.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

i

87
Dynamic characteristics of compressible and

Incompressible density - stratified fluids,

are being investigated. Both steady and

unsteady flow problems relating to internal

gravity waves are Included in the study.

Linearized equations for steady, inviscid,

compressible flow in atmospheres with various density distribution have been developed

and solved for simple boundary configurations.

"The Steady-State Dynamics of an Ideal,

Density-Stratified Atmosphere," by P. L. Monkmeyer, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University,

1962.

THE EFFECT OF VISCOSITY OF DISCHARGE

THROUGH SPECIAL ORIFICES.

W. A. Kates Co., Deerfield, Illinois.

Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte, Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wise.

Experimental; applied research.

The variation of the orifice coefficient

with Reynolds number is being studied for a wide variety of slot orifices in cylindrical

surfaces.

UNIT HYDROGRAPH INVESTIGATIONS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, 1513 University Avenue,

Madison 5, Wisconsin.

Theoretical study and field investigation

of the unit hydrograph. Basic research for

Ph.D. thesis.

The dimenslonless unit hydrograph is being

used as a tool in the study of the basin

characteristics which affect the unit

hydrograph.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF RAINFALL ON THREE

BASINS IN NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN.

Laboratory project.

Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513

University Avenue, Madison 5, Wisconsin.

Experimental and theoretical with field

investigation; basic research for Ph.D.

thesis.

This study is to determine the relationships

existing between rainfall, stream runoff,

infiltration, groundwater, and evapotranspiration with respect to three drainage

basins in North Central Wisconsin which have

both similar and dissimilar soil types and

aquifers, based on published data.

FLOW BETWEEN CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS.

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and

Fairbanks Morse Co. Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wise.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for Ph.D. thesis.

Development of theory for increased resistance to axial flow due to rotation of

bounding cylinders, for turbulent flow

conditions; laboratory investigation of

functional resistance, torque requirements;

stability considerations and transition for

flow between concentric cylinders.

An approximate theory for increased

resistance to axial flow due to rotation

of bounding cylinders, for turbulent flow

has been developed.

MODEL STUDY OF A PROPOSED BARRAGE AT

MUSCODA, ON THE WISCONSIN RIVER.

Muscoda Development Corporation, Muscoda,

Wisconsin.

Prof. J. R. Vlllemonte and Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Laboratory, University

of Wisconsin, Madison 6, Wisconsin.

Experimental; applied research and design

for M.S. thesis.

A model study is underway to determine the

scour patterns and characteristics downstream of a proposed barrage across the

Wisconsin River at Muscoda. A second model

Is being constructed to study the stability

of the proposed rock fill section at key

locations

.

(4736) UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

13

Laboratory project.

Prof. P. L. Monkmeyer, Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Wisconsin, Madison 6,

Wisconsin.

Theoretical; basic research for M.S. thesis.

Computer solutions of a general nature are under Investigation for problems involving

unsteady, unconflned flow toward a well.

Graphical methods for application to specific

problems are being developed.

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

(4737)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(4738)

(*)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

GO

EXPERIMENTAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF ROTATING

SYSTEM

.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Alan J. Faller, WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass.

Experimental, theoretical, field investigations; basic research.

Hydrodynamics of rotating systems with

specific application as experimental models

of geophysical fluid circulation.

Determination of stability criteria of

Ekman boundary layer flows and application

of these results to oceanic and atmospheric

systems.

"The Development of Fluid Model Analogues

of Atmospheric Circulations," by Alan J. Faller, Final Report, Contract AF 19(604)-

4982, GRD, AFCRL.

"An Experimental Analogy to and Proposed

Explanation of Hurricane Spiral Bands," by

Alan J. Faller, Proc. 2nd Tech. Conf. on Hurricanes, Amer. Met. Soc. June 27-30, 1961,

Miami Beach, Florida.

"An Experimental Study of the Instability

of the Laminar Ekman Boundary Layer," by

Alan J. Faller, J. of Fluid Mech. (in press).

SYNOPTIC OCEANOGRAPHY - SURFACE EFFECTS.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

Mr. Raymond G. Stevens, Woods Hole

Oceanographlc Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

Experimental, field investigation, basic

research, doctoral dissertation.

Measurement of the directional spectrum of

wind generated gravity waves in the

generating area. Directional spectra have been measured in

Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and Panama

City, Florida.

"A Data Acquisition and Analysis System for

Oceanographlc Measurements," by D. D. Ketchum and R. G. Stevens, Marine Sciences

Instrumentation Vol. 1, Plenum Press, pp

55-60, 1962.

"A Fast Response Cup Anemometer for Measurement of Turbulent Wind Over the Ocean,

by Marine Sciences Instrumentation Vol. 2,

Plenum Press (In press).

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Leslie J. Hooper, Director,

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Folytechnic

Institute, Worcester 9, Mass.

(1963) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foxboro, Company, Foxboro, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

88
(e) Calibration of various sizes of magnetic flow

tubes (1" to 36" diameter).

(f) Test in progress.

(3859) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) B-I-F Industries, Providence, R. I. (dj Experimental, for design.

(e) Calibration of a variety of flow measuring

devices including flow nozzles, open flow

nozzles and venturl meters were calibrated.

Calibrations were at times performed in the

standard test loop and in some cases in a mock-up in place conditions.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4255) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Perm Meter Company, Philadelphia, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow

tubes from 2" to 48" in diameter.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4739) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.,

Boston, Mass.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1/50 scale model of a section of the

spillway was installed in the 3 foot glass

sided flume of the laboratory. Calibration

of the spillway and flood gates was performed. Tests were also conducted on a variety of apron designs for different

sections of the spillway.

(4740) CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.,

Boston, Mass.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) A 1/75 scale model of a reach of the North

Han River in the Republic of Korea is under

construction for the Korea Electric Co. The model will Include the spillway and

powerhouse as well as river topography up

and downstream of the development. Studies

will be made of the flow characteristics for

various operating conditions.

(g) Model under construction.

(4741) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(bl Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass.

id) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/80 scale model of the intake at the

upper reservoir will be constructed

including local topography near the intake.

The studies will involve the flow patterns

and possible surface disturbances in the

reservoir as well as the flow in the first

few diameters of the vertical shaft of the

Intake

(g) Model under construction.

(4742) RIO LAS DAMAS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Jackson and Moreland International Inc.,

Boston, Mass.

(d) A 1/20 scale model of a section of the

proposed spillway was constructed In the

two foot wooden flume at the laboratory.

Enough length was provided to accommodate

a stretch of the river upstream of the dam

and the apron and stilling basin pool on the downstream side. Tests involved the

performance of the spillway with various

flows and with stop logs in place at the

crest. Also studied was the apron design

and the adequacy of wing walls and rip-rap

bank protection downstream.

f) Completed,

h) Report completed.

(4743) HYDRAULIC CYCLONE.

b) Bird Machine Co., South Walpole, Mass.

d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Evaluation of the percentage breakup of

the flow between the two discharge paths

(accepts and rejects) in a cyclong type

separator was made. The flow pattern in

various sections of the machine was measured

in the course of the studies.

(g) Tests in progress.

(4744) FLOW DIFFUSER.

(b) Rice-Barton Corp., Worcester, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A variety of modifications to a standard

diffuser have been designed and tested with

the purpose of reducing the length while

maintaining or producing a uniform exit

velocity.

(g) Tests In progress.

(4745) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady,

New York.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A variety of flow measuring devices in all

stages of development have been calibrated.

Types included orifice plates, venturl

tubes and ultrasonic flowmeters (Gulton and

Narda Ultrasonics).

(g) Tests in progress.

(4746) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Hagan Chemicals and Controls, Inc.,

Pittsburgh, Perm.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) Calibration of a variety of sizes and

designs of flow nozzles.

(g) Tests in progress.

(4747) SCALE PIT.

(b) Morgan Construction Co., Worcester, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/12 scale model of a circular scale pit was constructed and tested. The tests were used to determine the effectiveness of the

pit in removing steel mill scale from the

wash water. In addition tests were con- ducted with a variety of floor configurations

In order to induce the scale to settle in

a pattern such as to facilitate removal.

(f) Completed.

(4748) FRICTIONAL LOSS IN PLASTIC PIPE.

(b) International Pipe and Ceramics Corp.,

Wharton, New Jersey.

(e) Sections of 8" and 12" PVC pipe were installed with instrumentation in the

laboratory line. Tests were conducted to determine head loss and friction coefficients for a full pipe as well as for the

pipe set at a number of slopes and flowing

partially full.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4749) DYNAMICS OF CAVITATION ON SPHERE.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design,

(e) An investigation and analysis were performed on the dynamic characteristics of a nonrotatlng sphere in cavitating flow. The

spheres were launched underwater at ve- locities between 60 and 130 feet per second

to produce the transient cavitating flow

behind the sphere. Observations of drag

coefficient, slope of cavity and the re- entrant jet were made during the study.

f ) Completed.

h) Master's Thesis entitled "The Dynamic

Characteristics of a Nonrotatlng Sphere in

Transient Cavitating Flow, " by Ronald D. Kangas, in our file at Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester, Mass.

(4750) LOW VELOCITY METER.

I

i

i

89
Laboratory project.

Experimental, for thesis.

The design of a flow meter capable of

measuring velocities in water by means of

a dynamic force sensor was carried out. Velocities in the range from 0.8 to 6 inches

per second were indicated by a strain gage

type of instrument. Instantaneous readings

and lnsensitivlty to water temperature are among the advantages. The Instrument was constructed and calibrated in the laboratory

calibration towing tank.

Completed

.

Master's Thesis entitled, "A Force-Velocity

Meter for Low Velocities," by Raymond L. George is on file at Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester, Mass.

(h)

;i8i9)

81

It]

(4751) LOW VELOCITY METER.

Laboratory project.

Experimental, for thesis.

The design of a low velocity thermistor

flowmeter with ambient temperature compensation was designed, constructed and tested.

The meter was designed to operate in water

flow at velocities from 0.04 to 0.5 feet

per second. Flow direction was indicated by

use of a matched pair of thermistors.

Completed.

"The Design and Operation of Low Velocity

Thermistor Flowmeter with Ambient Temperature Compensation," by Wallace C. Flower

is on file at Worcester Polytechnic Institute,

Worcester, Mass.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(21)

(d)

(e)

(23)

(d)

(e)

THE MECHANICS OF WATER DROPLET AND SPRAY

FORMATION FROM SPRINKLER NOZZLES.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. J. R. Davis, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of California, Davis, California.

Experimental; theoretical and laboratory

investigation.

Investigations to evaluate the causes of wave formation of the Jet, to evaluate. the

nature of the wave system, and to determine

the relation between turbulence in the

nozzle and the formation of discontinuous

water drops.

Completed.

Results include the development of the

electric needle technique for describing

the frequency, amplitude and wave length

of the wave system. The distance from the

nozzle to the point at which the Jet begins

to break up has been related to Weber

number and Reynold's number. For smooth

nozzles, Weber number appears to be the

only parameter.

HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. R. H. Burgy and Mr. D. C. Lewis, Dept.

of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis,

California.

Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

Hydrologic investigations of mountain watersheds are being conducted on pilot watersheds

in three areas of the state. Measurements

are being made of rainfall, surface runoff,

erosion, and groundwater storage and outflow.

The hydrologic effect of vegetative con- versions on the watersheds is under longrange study. Radioactive tracers are used

to study groundwater movement and depth of

rooting of trees. A neutron moisture meter

is used to measure moisture content in the

soil and rock above the water table. Micrometeorological techniques and equipment are being tested to provide an Independent

(h)

(d)

(e)

(4086)

Ri

(d)

(e)

evaluation of evapotranspiratlon 1'rom the

study watersheds.

"Water Use by Native Vegetation and Hydrologic Studies," by D. C. Lewis and R. H. Burgy, Annual Report No. 3, 1961-62, Dept.

of Irrigation, University of California,

Davis, California.

DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. J. N. Luthin and Mr. R. V. Worstell,

University of California, Davis, California.

Basic and applied research.

A study of glass fiber filter materials for

drains showed them satisfactory in preventing

soil particles from entering the drain and

in conducting water from the soil to the

cracks or perforations of the drain tube.

A study of sound transmission through soils

in relation to moisture content showed that

water films exert a load on the soil particles which increases the velocity of

sound transmission in the low moisture-tension ranges.

Data are being collected to evaluate the

capillary pressure behind the wetted front

to be used in an analysis of the seepage of

water from a cavity into a dry soil.

The four-electrode probe method is being

used to monitor soil salinity variations in

two field studies of saline reclamation as related to irrigation and drainage. Early

results indicate this method may become a useful tool.

The large drainage tank was filled with soil,

equipped with a system of primary instrumentation and two preliminary runs were made to test out the entire setup and

establish operating procedures. Some improvements are to be made but the tank is

operational for many studies.

"The Propagation of Elastic Waves in Unconsolidated Granular Media," by W. H. Brutsaert

Ph.D. Thesis, University of California,

Davis, California, 1962.

"Drainage Salinity Investigations in the

Five Points, Tranquillity Area, Fresno

County, California," by J. N. Luthin, J. Biggar, Report submitted to Bureau of

W.

Reclamation, U. S. Dept. Int. 1962. "An Investigation of Perforated Pipe and

Fiberglass Filters for Subsurface Drainage,"

by D. G. Watts, Master's Thesis, University

of California, Davis, California, 1962.

"Thick Fiberglass Filters for Subsurface

Drains," by D. G. Watts and J. N. Luthin,

Submitted for publication in Hilgardia, 1962.

(3866) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, Calif.

Experimental; laboratory and field investigation.

Rational approaches to defining the flow of

water in vegetative channels, dimensional

analyses and model studies of rate of water

advance in borders. Evaluations of criteria

for design of tail water return systems,

measurement of flow in small irrigation

streams, and evaluation of irrigation

efficiency concepts.

MISCIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE FLUID DISPLACEMENTS

IN RELATION TO SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN SOIL AND

OTHER POROUS MATERIAL.

California Agricultural Experiment Station.

Drs. J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen, Dept.

of Irrigation University of California,

Davis, California.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied.

The simultaneous transport of fluids and

solutes through porous media is under investigation. The mixing and spreading of the

fluids in the medium, the interaction of the

SO
fluids with each other and the medium have

been studied. The work will help define the

nature of the porous structure of materials,

and the coupling between velocity and diffusion In the dispersion process.

Leaching phenomena, disposal of industrial

and radioactive wastes, and the movement of

pesticides in soil water depend upon the

dispersion process.

(g) Mathematical models of dispersion previously

reported have been compared with experimental

data obtained from studies on soil, glass

beads, sandstone and sand columns. More

recently the effects of the density and

viscosity of the fluids on the mixing has

been studied using Cl36 and glass bead

medium. Leaching Phenomenon, disposal of

industrial and radioactive wastes and the

movement of pesticides in soil water involve

dispersion processes.

(h) "Miscible Displacement: II. Behavior of

Tracers," by J. W. Biggar, and D. R. Nielsen,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:125-128, 1962.

"Miscible Displacement: III. Theoretical

Considerations," by D. Ft. Nielsen, and J. W. Biggar, Soil Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26:216-

221, 1962.

"Some Comments on Molecular Diffusion and

Hydrodynamic Dispersion In Porous Media,"

by J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen, J. Geophys. Res. 67:3636, 1962.

(4087) DYNAMIC PROJECT PLANNING.

(ti) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

(d) Developmental design.

(e) This study is to develop an approach to the

engineering aspects of project planning

particularly adaptable for such areas where

(1) water requirements whether for irrigation

or other uses are supplied through pumping

from wells, and (2) where problems of increased cost of pumping due to lowering the

water wells, deterioration of water quality,

and/or reduction in yield of wells due to depletion of available ground water supply

occur.

(g) Detailed analysis has shown that dynamic

project planning is a satisfactory engineering technique when applied to situations

where development of water facilities is

undertaken for presently unused water

supplies in areas with a ground water

deficiency.

(4088) IRROTATIONAL PLOW OVER A VERTICAL, SHARPCRESTED WEIR.

(h) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Acting Assistant Professor, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical, basic research, In part for

doctoral dissertation.

(e) An integral equation has been derived for

the two-dimensional flow over a weir through

application of the methods of complex

variables and vorticity distribution. The

equation, representing satisfaction of the

constant-pressure condition on the free

surfaces, involves no approximations or linearizations. An iterative solution

similar to the Neumann treatment of

Fredholm integral equations has been developed and programmed for the IBM 7090

digital computer.

(4857) USE OP WELLS IN AREA DEVELOPMENT.

bl California Agricultural Experiment Station,

c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and field research including

doctoral thesis research.

(e) To consider the influence of a decreasing

discharge rate in developing a general

solution for unsteady flow to wells. Such

a solution is of importance in calculating

the transmlssibility and storage coefficients

of an aquifer from short-time pumping tests,

and in water supply and drainage problems

where seasonal water requirements vary or a certain schedule of pumping is to be followed.

Field tests are being used to check the

theory.

(g) A general analytical solution has been developed for unsteady flow of groundwater to a well having a decreasing discharge rate. A graphical solution has been proposed to determine the aquifer characteristics from

pumping test data. The graphical solution

requires the numerical computation and

tabulation of a mathematical function called

the "variable well function". Values of

this function have been determined.

(h) "Non-Steady Plow to a Well for Decreasing

Rate of Discharge," by M. Abu-Zied, Ph.D. in

Engineering Thesis, University of California,

Davis, California. Aug. 1962.

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE

MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) Experimental part was supported by the

National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. B. S. Browzln, Professor of Civil Engrg.,

The Catholic University of America, Wash. 17,

D. C.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by

a highly viscous liquid flowing between

closely spaced translucid plates on a number of models with geometric boundaries

representing various types of earth dams on impervious foundations and earth massives

crossed by open channels, when boundary

conditions are of transient character with

respect to the time.

Experimental part concerning earth dams and

earth massives on Impervious foundations

completed. The theoretical part of the

research completed for the case of rapid

drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theoretical research of cases of gradual drawdown, of non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater

condition, and the drawdown in canals is

progressing.

(g) An approximate function relating, by

dimensionless parameters, the shape and

the position of free surface of flow

through the earth dam, following rapid

reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the

dam was obtained theoretically and confirmed

by experiments.

(h) "Nonsteady-State Flow in Homogeneous Earth

Dams after Rapid Drawdown," Proceedings of

the Fifth International Conference on Soil

Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol.

II, p. 551, Paris 1961.

"Nichtstationare Sickerstromungen in

homogenen Erddammen und Erdkorpern," pp. 259,

Doctoral dissertation at the RhelnlschWestfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen.

The book Is available at the library of the

National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa

2, Ontario.

(3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE

GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. B. S. Browzln, Professor of Civil Engrg.,

The Catholic University of America, Wash. 17,

D. C.

d) Basic research.

e) Research is based on long range flow and

meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation

data on U.S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated In order to

obtain river regime characteristics.

f) Completed.

g) Classified discharges for long range gauging

1

i

1

1 91
(h)

stations are calculated. Characteristic

parameters for river classification of the area are obtained, water-balance in the basin

Is calculated; average, maximum and minimum

run-off for the period of available observations is analysed.

"On Classification of Rivers in the Great

Lakes-St. Lawrence Basin," Proceedings.

Fifth Conference on Great Lakes Research,

Toronto, Canada, April 9-10, 1962. p. 86.

Publ. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

"Runoff in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence

Basin, Including General Principles of River

Classification." Monograph in preparation.

UNIVERSITY OP MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg.

(3769) WAVE REFRACTION IN A TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL.

Laboratory project.

Prof. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engrg., College

of Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of the refraction of waves

which enter a trapezoidal channel from

deeper water.

Project completed.

Graphical procedure for applying Stoke'

s

equations to refraction developed. Analytical model for momentum transfer along wave

crests was derived.

Thesis on file in University of Michigan

library.

ROLL WAVES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engrg., Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of

Engrg., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of the characteristics of a wave generated by a disturbance at the

entrance to a channel.

Project completed.

The method of characteristics and the digital

computer were applied to the problem of the

generation and decay of a disturbance in

uniform flow.

Thesis on file in University of Michigan

library.

UNSTEADY GRAVITY FLOW OF LIQUIDS THROUGH

POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

Study of flow through porous media, for

cases of free surface flow with upstream

free surface varying with time.

Project completed.

Method of solution using method of characteristics and digital computer was developed

and checked.

Thesis on file in University of Michigan

library.

WATER HAMMER: RESONANCE IN TRIPLEX PUMP

SUCTION AND DISCHARGE LINES.

Union Pump Company.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

Theoretical determination of resonance-free

suction lines and experimental study of

actual transients.

PULSATILE FLOW THROUGH ARTERIES.

CI

13

(h)

National Institutes of Health.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

Computer simulation of portions of the

arterial tree; experimental studies of

energy dissipation in pulsatile flow

through distensible tubes.

"Pulsatile Pressure and Flow through

Distensible Vessels," Circulation Research,

in press.

(4860) WATER HAMMER: FAILURE OF PUMPS.

(4861)

(SI

(d)

(e)

(4862)

13

(d)

(e)

National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

University of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical

.

Study of water hammer in suction and discharge

lines of large pumping stations with multiple

pumps when one or more lose their power.

Dimenslonless, homologous complete characteristics used with computer program for

water hammer based on methods of characteristics.

WATER HAMMER, ITS EFFECT ON MINOR LOSSES.

National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

Investigation of effect of minor losses on water hammer pulses, the losses being developed from a series of closely-spaced

orifices. Transmission and reflection

coefficients obtained by theory; then

programmed into a water hammer solution for

the experimental set-up.

Experimental work completed.

Transmission and reflection due to a minor

loss of K V2 /2g each equal to K/2 V2/2g.

WATER HAMMER, LIQUID COLUMN SEPARATION.

National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

Study of shape of separated liquid free

surface in a horizontal pipe.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 67.

(2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING.

IS

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Field and laboratory project.

Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

Theoretical and field investigations;

applied research.

The project has three phases: (1) The

development of basic relations for planning pump drainage systems, (2) the study

of rates of drainage, and (3) the study

of factors affecting the efficiency.

Continuous measurements of farm tile flow

from mineral or organic soil are made, as well as precipitation amounts.

"Tile Flow and Power Use Data for Pump

Drainage Systems," by C. L. Larson and D. M. Manbeck. Trans, of the American Society of

Agricultural Engineers, 5(2) : 207-209, 1962.

(2576) CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF

92
SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

b) Field project.

c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1,

Minn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and

development

(e) The objectives of the project are: (1)

To study and develop inexpensive methods

for construction of shallow irrigation

wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability

and characteristics of various aquifers,

and (3) to survey and determine extent and

availability of shallow ground water sources

for irrigation in Minnesota.

(3470) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF IRRIGATION BOOMSPRINKLERS.

b) Field and laboratory project.

c) Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

(d) Primarily field Investigation; applied re- search.

(e) The objective of the project is to determine the effect of wind velocity, nozzle

arrangement, rotation speed and operating

pressure on the distribution from irrigation boom-sprinklers.

f) Completed.

h) "Effect of Wind Resistance on Rotational

Speed of Boom Sprinklers," by E. R. Allred

and R. E. Machmeier, Trans, of the American

Society of Agricultural Engineers, 5(2)218-

225, 1962.

"Operating Performance of a Boom Sprinkler,

by R. E. Machmeier and E. R. Allred, Trans,

of the American Society of Agricultural

Engineers, 5(2) : 220-225, 1962.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and

Oceanography.

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography

and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Prof, of

Oceanography, New York University, New York

53, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation in

deep water; nonlinear properties of

capillary and gravity waves in both Eulerian

and Lagrangian form. Observations of

temperature, humidity, and wind over the sea surface. Albedo measurements. Wind stress over the water surface. The prediction of

large scale oceanic circulations. Theoretical and observational studies of

turbulence in water. Diffusion studies.

(g) Models of random seas in Lagrangian form

have been developed that look promising.

Field work will be augmented by the

acquisition of a T-boat and additional

scientific equipment for it.

(h) "An Experiment in Numerical Forecasting in

Deep Water Ocean Waves," by L. Baer.

Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, June

15, 1962.

"Polarization of Sunlight Reflected from the

Sea Surface," by J. Pandolfo. Submitted to Jour, of Geophysical Research, April 1962.

"Some New Unsolved Problems in Connection

With Random Processes of Interest in Geophysics," by W. J. Pierson. Tech. Report,

New York University, under contract Nonr

285(03)

"Perturbation Analysis of the Navier-Stokes

Equations in Lagrangian Form with Selected

Linear Solutions," by W. J. Pierson. Jour.

Geophys. Res., vol. 67, no. 8, July 1962.

"The Average Horizontal Wind Driven Mass

Transport of the Atlantic for February as Obtained by Numerical Methods," by D. M. Garner, G. Neumann, and W. J. Pierson. Tech.

Report prepared for Office of Naval Research

under contract Nonr 285(03). New York

University, College of Engineering, Dec. 1962.

"Some Studies on the Ocean Circulation," by

D. M. Garner. Tech. Report under Contr.

Nonr 285(03), New York University, College

of Engineering, Oct. 1962.

ROBERT TAGGART INCORPORATED.

(4863) DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS ON HYDROPHONE OUTPUT

IN THE NEAR FIELD.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc.,

400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Measurements were made of the outputs of

two cyllndrically shaped hydrophones, 5/8"

and 2" diameter, whose bases formed the

active area. The hydrophones were mounted in

a closed trunk over a flat flexible plate

forming part of the wall of a rectangular

water tunnel. The distances between the

active face and the plate were 1/8", 1/4",

1/2", 1", 2" and 4", while the flow ve- locities through the main pipe ranged from

6 to 13 kts. These tests were conducted to determine whether a "distance" effect,

previously noted, could be reproduced in a laboratory facility.

f) Completed.

g) It was found that a relation did exist

between output levels and distance, the

higher level occurring at the closest

position. During the process of reducing the

data, there was some evidence of an "area" effect also, at least for the two closest

positions of the hydrophones.

(h) "Dimensional Effects on Hydrophone Output

in the Near Field," Report RT-5703 to David

Taylor Model Basin (Contract NObs 86122)

February 1963.

(4864) SEA-CHEST STRAINER PLATE SUCTION.

b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

c) Mr. Robert Taggart, Robert Taggart Inc.,

400 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Va.

di Experimental; applied research,

e) An investigation is being carried out in a

2" x 8" plastic water tunnel, to determine

the acoustic effects of the flow of water

through a model strainer plate. The plate

is mounted in a model sea-chest on the lower

wall of the tunnel and suction is applied

either by gravity or by an eductor operating

on a 40 psi system. All throttling and flow

control is effected by Flex valves to minimize noise.

Flush-mounted hydrophones and accelerometers

are used to determine the boundary-layer

pressure fluctuations and the acoustic

radiation at several locations near the

strainer plate, for various suction ratios,

(g) Preliminary results show that for the

suction ratios used, flush-mounted hydrophones of small active area are not sensitive

enough to measure radiated noise. On the

other hand, an accelerometer located in the

sea-chest indicated a definite rise in the

noise spectrum level with various suction

ratios

UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, Hydraulic Laboratory, Dept.

of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. William A. Miller, Jr., Acting

Head of Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Term.,

!

I

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!

93
Knoxville 16, Tenn.

(2619) BOUNDARY- ROUGHNESS EFFECTS UPON TURBULENT

PLOW.

(4865)

lb)

d

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic research.

Extended study of specific effects of

certain characteristics of roughnesselement geometry upon turbulent flow over

rough surfaces.

Suspended Indefinitely.

Measurement of resistance characteristics

and of velocity distributions have been made

for 35 patterns of depression, projection,

and rlng-and-groove roughness.

AN ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF

DEPRESSION-TYPE ROUGHNESS FOR TURBULENT FLOW

IN PIPES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for master's thesis.

Analysis and discussion of results of

experimental measurements of velocity

distribution and resistance characteristics

for cylindrical depression type roughness

elements; effect of various roughness

properties; comparisons.

Effects of size, spacing, roughness density

noted and evaluated.

Thesis to be available by August 1963.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. R. 0. Reid, Texas A and M College, College Station, Texas.

(4233) THE EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS AND SALINITY

REGIME OF SHALLOW WATER BAY SYSTEMS.

b) Nat'l. Science Foundation, Grant NSF-F 19780.

d) Analysis methodology; applied research.

e) The object is to develop a numerical model

which can reproduce the temporal changes in

the gross features of the salinity distribution

in a shallow bay in response to changes in

control factors and to determine changes In the variance spectrum of the detailed

features as related to the spectral statistics

of the control factors.

Initiated, Sept. 1961.

Studies being undertaken include evaluation

of the spectra and cross-spectra of salinity

and river discharge data for Lake

Pontchartrain, La., over a period of eleven

years. Also multiple regression techniques

have been employed to evaluate the effective

exchange coefficient between the bay and the

adjoining Gulf associated with tidal exchange,

(h) Dissertation by Mr. T. Sakou on the results

of the investigations is in preparation.

(4866) MODIFICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LONG WAVES

OVER VARIABLE BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, DA-49-055-CIV-ENG63-9.

Theoretical

.

The objective is to investigate the modification of free gravity waves in variable

depth, including reflection and transmission

aspects, especially considering those long wave phenomena where simple refraction theory

is inadequate.

Initiated, March 1963.

Of particular concern is the propagatlonal

aspects of a tsunami wave packet in the

vicinity of a continental shelf. Methods

are being developed to take into account

vertical acceleration which is usually

Ignored when treating long waves,

(h) Paper in preparation on "Variational

Formulation for Long Waves in Variable Depth,"

by R. 0. Reid and A. C. Vastano.

121

94
U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

CORN BELT BRANCH, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minn., Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

See Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research,

page 37.

(17 33) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Palls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, and 2386.

See also U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Soil and

Water Conservation Research Div., Southern

Plains Branch, Project No. 4335, and Illinois

State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory, and the Illinois State

Water Survey.

Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

3rd Ave. S. E., at Mississippi River,

Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Experimental; applied research for development and design.

Research dealing with the design, con- struction, and testing of structures for

conserving and controlling soil and water

are carried out. Studies during the past

year have been concerned with the two-way

drop inlet for closed conduit spillways.

The width of this drop inlet is equal to

the barrel diameter. Its length varies.

Water flows only over the two sides. The

end walls support a horizontal plate over

the drop inlet which acts as an anti-vortex

device. The overhang of the plate supports

a trash guard. Tests are conducted using

both water and air as the model fluid to determine the performance, loss coefficients,

and pressure coefficients for the drop inlet.

Cooperation with and co-ordination of the

tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Outdoor

Hydraulic Laboratory and the Illinois State

Water Survey is maintained.

If the anti-vortex plate is too low,

undesirable orifice flow will control the

discharge. If the anti-vortex plate is too

high, harmful vortices will form under the

plate. Rules for determining acceptable

plate heights have been determined. The

overhang of the plate must be greater than

a certain minimum to insure satisfactory

performance. The action of the two-way

drop inlet is that of a self-regulating

siphon. The tests using air agree with the

results obtained from the water tests and

are much easier to perform. Air is used as the model fluid only for the condition of

full conduit flow.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

See University of Illinois, Department of

Agricultural Engineering, page 34.

(4191) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW THROUGH MEANDER-FLOOD

PLAIN GEOMETRY.

See Purdue University, School of Civil

Engineering, page 64.

(4264) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co.

(c) Mr. K. E. Saxton, Hydraulic Engineer, 3230

University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin.

(4265)

w

(c)

\i]

(g)

(h)

(4266)

(b)

(c)

(g)

(4267)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

Field investigation and office analysis.

Various records of runoff, ground water,

precipitation and climatic factors, soil

moisture, land use, and agricultural

conditions and practices are maintained for

22 agricultural watersheds ranging in size

from 2.7 to 11,000 acres in the vicinity of

Lacrosse, Fennimore, Colby and at other

locations in Wisconsin. Analyses are made

to evaluate the factors affecting flood

flows, hydrograph characteristics, and the

yield of stream flow.

PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING

RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS ON THE

UN GLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

Laboratory project, cooperative with Ohio

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

Field investigation and office analysis.

To develop methods of characterizing

watershed precipitation related to runoff

rates and volumes and to evaluate "normalcy"

of sample periods.

Records of dense network of rain gages are being analyzed to determine network

specifications for characterizing rainfall

for runoff rates and volumes. Shielded and

tilted catchment surfaces of rain gages

have been installed in the field along with

wind recording apparatus for studying the

effect of wind on the rain gage catch and

how the latter evaluates the rainfall on sloping land surfaces of a single aspect.

"Seasonal and Areal Effects on Small

Watershed Streamflow," by J. L. McGuinness

and L. L. Harrold, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4327-4334, Oct. 1962.

SURFACE RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW STUDIES IN THE

UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

Field investigation and office analysis.

To evaluate the factors affecting the

volume of storm surface runoff and interflow

from various combinations of upland watershed

soil, cover, and treatment, and to study the

basic factors affecting the hydrograph of

these flows under various soil-cover

combinations

Work is continuing on these studies. Storm

flow totals from all unit source watersheds

along with specific watershed and climatic

parameters have been assembled for all the

major storm runoff periods of record.

Computer analysis of these data is being

made to test for parameter significance.

STUDIES OF RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS

IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

Field investigation and office analysis.

To determine how flows from incremental

areas combine to produce hydrographs of

stream flow on larger complex watersheds;

determine the effects of climate and

watershed characteristics on rates and

amounts of runoff; and develop methods for

predicting the magnitude and frequency of

flows from ungaged watersheds.

Work is continuing on these studies.

Preliminary analysis showed that the

summation of flow from incremental areas accounted for, at the best, only 70 percent

of the storm flow measured for the larger

complex watershed. Base flow was at a minl^

Interflow studies are being made to evaluate

the magnitude and timing of this quick

return flow as a factor in flood stream flow.

95
(4268)

00

(c)

(g)

Geologic Investigations of aquifers con- tributing to stream flow are Included In the study of the effects of watershed

characteristics and management of stream

flow. Their effect Is an Important factor, as runoff volumes Increase rapidly with

watershed size up to areas of 1,000 acres.

A small watershed has been thoroughly

Instrumented to Identify and evaluate

shallow-depth interflow,

(h) "Seasonal and Areal Effects on Small Watershed Streamflow," by J. L. McGuinness and

L. L. Harrold, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4327-

4334, Oct. 1962.

"Explanation of the Coshocton Watershed

Hydrology Research Station," Proc. 9th Nat'l

Watershed Congr., 104-115, Oct. 1962.

"Estimating Flood Volumes and Hydrographs

Corresponding to Peak Flows of Given Frequencies for Small Agricultural Watersheds,"

Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4341-4346, Oct. 1962.

STUDIES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY IN THE

UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

Field investigation and office analysis.

To evaluate ground-water and interflow

contributions to stream discharge of

agriculture watersheds and the recharge to

aquifers under various watershed and climatic

conditions.

Work is continuing on geologic mapping for

identifying and evaluating aquifer flow to stream discharge. Catchment areas of these

contributing aquifers is being mapped.

Studies of interflow have been started on

the upland watersheds to help account for

that storm flow at the complex watershed

runoff gages not measured as upland surface

runoff

.

(h) "Seasonal and Areal Effects on Small Watershed Streamflow," by J. L. McGuinness and

L. L. Harrold, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67:4327-

4334, October 1962.

(4269) MOISTURE REGIMES OF SOILS IN THE UNGLACIATED

ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

Field investigation and office analysis.

To maintain the soil moisture inventory of

agricultural watersheds; to evaluate the

effect thereon of soil, land use, and climate;

to develop methods of estimating soil

moisture quantities under various land use

and climatic conditions; and to determine

the influence of frozen soil and frost

structure on water movement

.

(g) Nuclear soil-moisture equipment is now providing good data on soil moisture down

to 90-inch depths. They show material

variations in moisture within a small

watershed. Presently, methods of evaluating

watershed soil moisture are being studied.

Effect of vegetation of different rooting

depths on soil moisture is being evaluated.

Deep-rooted crops extract moisture to depths

unaffected by shallow-rooted crops. In dry

seasons, the former consumes more water than

the latter, resulting in less percolation to ground water reservoirs. Lysimeters, 8 feet

deep and 1/500 acre area of undisturbed

soil record weight changes and percolation.

(h) "Errors in Evaluations of Dew Amounts by the

Coshocton Lysimeters," Bui. International

Assoc. Sc. Hydrol. Vol. II, No. 3, 73-74,

Sept. 1962.

"Some Aspects of Watershed Hydrology as Determined from Soil Moisture Data," Jour.

Geophy. Res. 67:3425-3435, October 1962.

(4270) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN IRRIGATION

00

(c)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4271)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(4273)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4274]

(b)

(c)

e

FURROWS.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. John F. Thornton, Agricultural Engineer,

Building T-12, University of Missouri,

Columbia, Missouri.

Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

The purpose of the study is to investigate

the hydraulics of flow in irrigation furrows,

as influenced by furrow shape, slope,

roughness, and rate of flow. Develop engineering techniques that will provide maximum

effective control and management of irrigation water.

The work is continuing on the basic hydraulic

aspects of flow in irrigation furrows to contribute to better understanding of furrow

irrigation and the ultimate achievement of more efficient use of water.

PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAIN STUDIES.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. James L. Fouss, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Ohio State

University, Columbus, Ohio.

Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

The purpose of these investigations is to improve plastic mole drainage techniques and

test the effectiveness of other surface

drainage systems. Tile, mole and other

sub-surface drainage systems are developed

and their effectiveness determined.

The work is continuing on improving plastic

mole drainage techniques and the effectiveness of other surface drainage systems.

"Plastic-Lined Mole Drains," by James L. Fouss and W. W. Donnan, Agricultural Engrg.,

Vol. 43, pp. 512-515, September 1962.

"A New Machine to Lay Plastic Drains," by

James L. Fouss, Civil Engineering, (In

Press)

.

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Lee Hermsmeier, Agricultural Engineer,

North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota.

Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

The purpose of these investigations is to develop engineering techniques that will

provide maximum effective control and

management of water. Techniques are developed for managing surface water flow

through land forming and surface drainage

systems. Tile, mole and other subsurface

drainage systems are developed and their

effectiveness determined.

Work is continuing on land forming and the

development of improved surface drainage

systems, the effectiveness of field

diversions, improved plastic mole drainage

techniques and effectiveness of other

subsurface drainage systems.

NATIONAL SUMMARIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF

RUNOFF AND SOIL-LOSS DATA.

See Purdue University, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept. No. (3808).

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. W. H. Wischmeler, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

Data analyses, applied research.

Objectives of the national data summarization

and analysis project are (1) to consolidate

all available past, current, and future

runoff, soil loss and related data in

standardized form to make them available for

96
application of current methods of hydrologic

and statistical analyses; (2) to analyze the

data on an over-all basis, with special

emphasis on identification and evaluation of

significant factor interactions; and (3) to develop bases for prediction of runoff

and soil losses from different landscapes

under various land use and management conditions. In analyses of the assembled data,

special emphasif is directed toward identification and evaluation of factors and interaction effects responsible for the frequent

wide differences in results of localized

studies at various locations. Over-all

results are reduced to charts and tables

readily usable by application technicians.

(g) Runoff, soil-loss and related data collected

since 1930 on 47 cooperative research

stations in 24 states have been assembled

and transferred in detail to punched cards

to facilitate organization, selection and

analyses and to provide a compact permanent

record. A rainfall-erosion index was

derived, and an improved soil-loss equation

was developed that is universally applicable

wherever locality evaluations of its component factors are available. Ready reference

information for locality evaluations of some of the factors has been completed.

Work on more accurate evaluations of the

other factors is in progress.

(h) "Soil-Loss Estimation as a Tool in Soil

and Water Management Planning," by W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith, International

Association of Scientific Hydrology,

Commission on Land Erosion, Report No. 59,

1962.

"Erosion Rates and Contributing Factors in

Semi -Arid Regions," by W. H. Wischmeier,

Proceedings of International Seminar on Water and Soil Utilization, Brookings, South

Dakota, July 1962. (In press).

"Soil Loss Prediction for the North Central

States," mimeographed report of SCS-ARS-AES

workshop held at Chicago, Illinois, Jan. 1962.

"Soil-Erodibility Evaluations for Soils on

the Runoff and Erosion Stations," by T. C. Olson and W. H. Wischmeier, Soil Science

Society of America Proceedings, (in Press)

"Storms and Soil Conservation," by W. H. Wischmeier, Journal of Soil and VJater Conservation, Vol. 17, pp. 55-59, 1962.

"Rainfall Erosion Potential," by W. H. Wischmeier, Agricultural Engineering, Vol.

43, pp. 212-215, 225, 1962.

(4275) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

See Purdue University, Agricultural Expt.

Station, Project No. (4182).

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Minnesota, Purdue and Iowa Agricultural

Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeier, Investigations

Leader, ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory investigations,

basic research.

(e) Investigations designed to obtain fundamental information on the mechanics of

rainfall, runoff, and erosion are carried

on at three locations in the Cornbelt.

C. K. Mutchler, ARS Agricultural Engineer

at the North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota, is using a drop

tower to investigate raindrop splash

patterns as affected by various degrees of

soil softness, surface irregularity and

surface detention. Single and multiple

drops of controlled sizes strike the

various targets after a free fall through

stagnant air from a height of 30 feet.

L. D. Meyer, ARS Agricultural Engineer at Purdue University, is investigating the

mechanics of soil particle movement under

thin films of water. Primary and interaction effects of particle size, slope, and

velocity of flow are being investigated.

Non-cohesive particles (glass beads) used in

the initial phase of the study will later be

replaced by sand and/or soil. Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, ARS Soil Scientist at Ames,

Iowa, is investigating the effects of

rainfall on surface conditions, erodibility,

and physical properties of various soils,

(h) "An Applicator for a Laboratory Rainfall

Simulator," by C. K. Mutchler and W. C. Moldenhauer, ASAE paper No. 62-718, 1962.

(4276) IMPROVED PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF

AND EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. V. Mannering, Soil Scientist, ARS,

Department of Agronomy, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the effects of soil properties, slope

characteristics, type and extent of canopy

cover, quantity and management of crop

residues, seedbed and tillage practices, and

various factor interactions on infiltration

and erosion. Replicated tests are conducted

on selected plots on Purdue-owned and

privately-owned farms in Indiana and adjoining states under simulated rainfall

applied with the ARS-Purdue "Rainulator"

(g) Investigations in 1962 included: (1) effects

of minimum-tillage practices for corn on infiltration and soil erosion; (2) determination of relative erodibllities of

various soils in Indiana; (3) effect of

rotation meadows on runoff and erosion from

successive years of corn following the

meadow; and (4) residual erosion-control

effectiveness of meadows on erodibility

of fallow soils.

(h) "Cut that Crust and Let the Water In," by

A. R. Bertrand and J. B. Mannering, Crops

and Soils, (In Press).

"Crop Residues as Surface Mulches for

Controlling Erosion on Sloping Land under

Intensive Cropping," by L. D. Meyer and

J. V. Mannering, Presented at ASAE Meeting,

Paper No. 62-714, 1962.

"The Effects of Various Rates of Surface

Mulch on Infiltration and Erosion," by

J. V. Mannering L. D. Meyer, Proceedings,

Soil Science Society of America, Vol. 27, pp. 84-86, 1963.

(427 7) SOIL ERODIBILITY DETERMINATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. T. C. Olson, Soil Scientist, and Mr.

W. H. Wischmeier, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field

investigations, basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of this study is to identify and

evaluate the soil properties and profile

characteristics which influence erodibility

of the soil and to combine these in a multiple regression equation. The equation

would serve to evaluate the soil -erodibility

factor of soils for use in the universal

erosion equation. Infiltration and soilloss measurements will be made on a broad

range of soils under identical simulated

rainstorms

(g) The relative erodibllities of certain soils

have been determined, but more data will be

needed to define the relationships needed

for the desired soil-erodibility prediction

equation. Studies are continuing.

(h) "The Erodibility of Some Indiana Soils,"

by T. C. Olson, J. V. Mannering and C. B. Johnson, Proceedings, Indiana Academy of

Science, 1962.

(4278) RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION RELATIONSHIPS.

97
(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. C. Johnson, Soil Scientist, 276

Davenport Hall, University of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The purpose of this study i« (1) to obtain

an experimental check on the computed

rainfall Intensity-kinetic energy relationship, and (2) to study the physical phenomena

and changes associated with the infiltration

of natural rain into soils. Three

replications of fallow and continuous corn

are under both hydrological and meteorological measurements.

(g) Data is being collected and analysis is in

progress.

(4279) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN IOWA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, Soil Scientist,

225 Agronomy Bldg., Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) To evaluate soil and crop management

practices in relation to water management

and erosion control on the major Iowa soils.

Runoff, soil loss and related data are being

taken on 65 fractional-acre plots under

natural rainfall.

(g) Consistent good management of abundant crop

residues has continued to prove very effective in reducing runoff and erosion, even from plots in continuous corn. Several significant treatment changes were introduced

on the plots in 1962.

(h) "Types of Erosion Damage," by W. C. Moldenhauer, Chapter 3 of FAO Soil Conservation Booklet, 1962.

"Soil and Water Losses," by W. C. Moldenhauer,

Western Iowa Experimental Farm Annual Progress Report.

"Soil Loss, Aggregation, Yields and Organic

Matter on Marshall Silt Loam as Affected by

Crop Management," by W. C. Moldenhauer,

prepared for submission to Soil Science

Society of America Proceedings, 1962.

(4280) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE SLOPING

LANDS OF WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. 0. E. Hays, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

872, Lacrosse, Wisconsin.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

information on the effects of the basic

factors (climatic, topographic, soil, cover, and management) on runoff and soil loss.

Hydrological and meteorological measurements

are made on 66 fractional-acre plots and two

small watersheds to evaluate the following

with respect to runoff and erosion: (1)

chemical treatments and interseeding

methods for pasture renovation; (2)

practices required to control erosion in corn following corn on steep slopes; (3)

Strip cropping; (4) different types of

seedbed for corn and small grain; (5)

keeping corn clean with the use of weedicldes; and (6) effect of degree of land

slope. A new farm purchased by the State near Lancaster will be utilized partially

for future investigations of runoff and

erosion problems on the following Fayette

soils

.

(g) On corn after hay, wheeltrack planting and

seedbed preparation with a field cultivator

each reduced runoff by 50 percent and soil

loss about 75 percent. Corn stover mulch

in corn following corn gave excellent

control of runoff and erosion on 16 percent

slope, Fayette soil. Interseeding legumes

in wide-row corn established meadows which

produced yields comparable to those es- tablished in small grain and greatly re- duced total rotation soil loss,

(h) "Corn Stover Mulch for Control of Runoff

and Erosion on Land Planted to Corn after

Corn," by R. E. Taylor and 0. E. Hays,

submitted to Soil Science Society of

America Proceedings.

(4281) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN THE MIDWEST

CLAYPANS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. F. Thornton, ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia,

Missouri

.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied

research.

(e) To evaluate effects of soil treatments,

tillage practices and supplemental irrigation

on runoff and erosion from Midwest Claypan

soils. Measurements of runoff, soil loss

and concomitant variables on a series of

fractional-acre plots and small watersheds

under natural rainfall are continuing.

(g) Fertilization adequate to produce high crop

yields and large quantities of plant residues greatly reduced the formerly serious

soil and water losses from sloping claypan

soils. Seedbed preparation by subtillage,

which left shredded cornstalks on or near

the surface, significantly reduced erosion

losses even from very high intensity storms.

(4282) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN MINNESOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. C. K. Mutchler and Mr. R. A. Young,

Agricultural Engineers, North Central Soil

Conservation Field Station, Morris, Minn.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

.

(e) Water and soil loss measurements under

natural rainfall are obtained from fallow,

continuous corn and rotation corn to characterize runoff and erosion on Barnes

silty clay loam in the North Central Region.

Simulated rainstorms applied with the

Rainulator in each of three cropstage

periods are used to evaluate the relationships of runoff and erosion to percent land

slope, shape of slope, row direction,

Intensive cropping, residue management,

tillage practices and other factors. Soil

and water losses resulting from thaw and

snow melt will also be measured and associated with cover and management.

(h) "Runoff Plot Design and Installation," by

C. K. Mutchler, USDA, ARS 41-79.

"Construction and Operation of a 16-Unlt

Rainulator," by L. F. Hermsmeier, L. D. Meyer, A. P. Barnett and R. A. Young, USDA,

ARS 41-62.

(4817) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN EASTERN SOUTH

DAKOTA

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. C. R. Umback, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS, South Dakota State College, Brookings,

South Dakota.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Water and soil loss measurements under

natural rainfall are obtained from fallow,

continuous corn, and continuous oats plots

to characterize runoff and erosion on the

Poinsett soils of Eastern South Dakota.

Simulated rainstorms applied with the

Rainulator in each of three cropstage

periods are used to evaluate the croppingmanagement factor in the erosion equation

for flax, sorghum, corn and oats grown in

various sequences in this general climatic

region. These studies are conducted on an experimental farm near Madison, which is

98
operated as a substation of the Morris,

Minnesota, field station.

(4818) INVESTIGATION OF VALIDITY OF DARCY PROPORTIONALITY IN FLOW OF WATER IN UNSATURATED

SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

South Dakota and Purdue Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. T. C. Olson, Soil Scientist, ARS, Dept.

of Agronomy, Furdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental; basic research. (Doctoral

thesis)

(e) The purpose of this study is to assess the

validity of Darcy's proportionality in unsaturated water flow through soil containing

varying amounts of clay. If non-Darcy behavior is found, the validity of a recently

proposed modified equation which uses three

parameters instead of one will be tested.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

NORTHEAST BRANCH, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland, Mr. W. W. Pate Branch Chief.

(3867) IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. Nick Jones, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia.

d) Field investigations.

e) The irrigation study seeks to determine the

effect of selected irrigation procedures on quality and yield of tobacco on Cecil soils

of the Piedmont plateau. Landforming to permit use of machinery, facilitate

irrigation, and provide for disposal of

surface water, are major objectives of the

drainage studies. Both meteorological and

hydrological measurements are made.

Landforming studies were conducted on Coastal Plains soils in eastern Virginia,

and on Piedmont Valley soils.

(f) The irrigation studies were initiated in

1961 and first records will be taken in

1962. Landforming studies for disposal of excess water in the Coastal Plains are essentially completed.

(4283) A STUDY OF FLOOD FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS

ON STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, N. Y.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) To determine the Important streamflow

qualities which materially affect the

intensity of attack upon the stream channel

periphery material and the variation

throughout the flow boundary of forces destructive to the channel periphery material.

Investigations are conducted on selected

natural reaches of Buffalo Creek and

tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora,

New York and on the Pequest River in Warren

County, New Jersey.

(4284) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR

CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21

South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop economical methods for streambank

stabilization through observation and

measurement of the effectiveness of various

99<

vegetal and structural measures in relation

to streamflow over a range of streamflow

conditions and channel geometry. Principal

investigations are conducted on Buffalo

Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of

East Aurora, New York.

(4285) CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLOOD ROUTING IN STEEP MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont,

Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil

Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) Studies on a 1.5-mile reach of the Sleepers

River channel involving determination of:

travel speed of controlled waves of different volumes; profiles of natural and

controlled waves of different volumes;

practical field methods of measuring the

friction slope of mountain channels; com- parisons between results obtained with flood

routing formulas and observed flood wave

data; and the relationship between channel

efficiency, flow duration curves, and

watershed morphology.

(4286) INFLUENCE OF SNOW AND FROZEN SOIL ON RUNOFF.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont

Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service and College of Technology

of the University of Vermont.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) This study on the 43-square mile Sleepers

River watershed is concerned with the

factors influencing the accumulation and

melting of snow; the relationship of frozen

soil to runoff; and the development of

methods for predicting runoff associated witti snow melt. Data are collected and analyzed

from snow courses, precipitation gages,

temperature records, heat budgets, soil

moisture, frost measurements and snow melt in conjunction with streamflow records

at nine stations in the subdivided watershed.

(4287) PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont,

Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil

Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) The purpose of this study is to develop a method for calculating average precipitation

on the 43-square mile Sleepers River

watershed and its subdivisions in relation

to elevation, storm source and direction;

to study the behavior of summer convective

storms in the northeast; and to provide

information 'on rainfall depth-area-duration

in relation to point rainfall in this part

of the northeast.

(4288) INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND LAND USE ON

STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont,

Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil

Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) Investigations of the influence of land use, climatic factors, and physical characteristics such as soils, geology, and topography

I

1

!

i
upon runoff rates and water yields from

the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed

and its important subdivisions to derive

relationships for predicting the hydrologlc

performance of ungaged watersheds in the

other parts of the physiographic area.

(4289) SUBSURFACE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN SLEEPERS RIVER WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

«>f Technology of the University of Vermont,

Vermont Water Conservation Board, and

Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) Development of procedures for separating

streamflow into components of surface runoff

and contributions from underlying aquifers

in the Sleepers River Watershed with con- sideration of the effects of vegetation and

evapo-transpiration on water yields.

(4290) GROUNDWATER ACCRETION AND MOVEMENT IN

RELATION TO WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont,

Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil

Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop information on ground water

accretion and movement as affected by land

use, soils, geology, and topography; and to

develop methods for predicting ground water

accretion and movement in relation to the

physical, hydraulic, and meteorological

characteristics of the 43-square mile

Sleepers River Watershed.

(4291) INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Expt. Sta., Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. J. B. Burford, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Department,

Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To provide additional knowledge concerning

the disposition of precipitation in

agricultural watersheds, and to develop procedures based upon watershed characteristics,

climatic factors, and various land use

practices for the prediction of flood peaks

and seasonal and annual water yields in

three physiographic areas. Hydrologlc,

geologic, soils, plant cover and cultural

data are being obtained on 4 unit source watersheds varying in size from 3.5 to 19.3 acres in the Appalachian Valleys and Ridges

and on 10 complex watersheds from 182 to

3,054 acres in the Appalachian Valleys

and Ridges, Blue Ridge Mountains, and the

Piedmont Plateau.

(g) The instrumentation for the 10 complex

watersheds la complete. Hydrologlc data

on all watersheds are being tabulated,

summarized, and analyzed as the data are being accumulated.

(4292) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHISELING SHALLOW

SHALE SOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN

VALLEYS AND RIDGES.

(b) Cooperative with West Virginia Agricultural

Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. V. 0. Shanholtz, Hydraulic Engineer,

409 Grant Avenue, Morgantown, West Virginia.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the effect of chiseling shallow shale

subsoil upon rainfall-runoff relationships

on small watersheds. Measurements for

calibration of four 10- acre watersheds have

been underway since the spring of 1958.

Two of the watersheds will be treated

following the calibration period.

(4293) MECHANICS OF EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with New

Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. S. Palmer, Agricultural Engineer,

University of New Hampshire, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., Durham, New Hampshire.

(d) Field and laboratory studies, both basic

and applied, for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these Investigations is:

(1) To determine the impact forces of

various size water drops in relation to the

nature of the soil surface, depth of water

layer, and soil type; and, (2) to investigate soil and water problems Involved in

gully formation and to develop more effective control measures.

(g) A laboratory apparatus has been designed for

producing raindrops of varying sizes and

frequencies. Gully development along river

terraces in New England is confined to a

period of about one week during the spring

thaw. Gully development apparently Is most serious with a combination of shallow

frost penetration and heavy runoff from snow melt. Installing dikes along the

terrace edge appears to be an effective

control measure.

(h) "Waterdrop Impactometer , " by R. S. Palmer,

Agricultural Engineering, Instrument News

Section, (in Press)

.

"Gullies of New England: Casual Factors,

Control, and Prevention," by R. S. Palmer,

presented at Winter Meeting of ASAE, Chicago,

Illinois, December 1962. "An Apparatus for Forming Water Drops," by

R. S. Palmer, USDA Production Research

Report No. 63, 28 pages, 1962.

"Gully Control in the Connecticut River

Valley," by R. S. Palmer, Journal of Soil

and Water Conservation, Vol. 17, page 82,

1962.

"Water Jet Break-up from Stainless Steel

Tubes," by R. S. Palmer, Agricultural Engrg.,

Vol. 43, pp. 456-457, 1962.

(4294) ERODIBILITY OF SOILS IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Maine

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Eliot Epstein, Soil Scientist, Univ. of

Maine, Orono, Maine.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations both

basic and applied for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to obtain fundamental information on the

erodibility of Northeast soils and to determine the interrelations of climate, cover (including rock fragments), runoff, and soil

loss

.

(g) Removal of rocks that Interfere with sorting

of potatoes by mechanical harvesters re- sulted in increased runoff and soil erosion

and decreased crop yields during the first

year of the study. Installations were completed on a laboratory rainfall simulator

where basic studies on soil erodibility are being initiated.

(h) "Design, Construction, and Calibration of a Laboratory Rainfall Simulator, " by Eliot

Epstein, presented at ASAE, North Atlantic

Section Meeting, Morgantown, W. Va., Aug.

1962.

(4295) TILLAGE PRACTICES AND DIVERSION TERRACES

FOR WATER AND EROSION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

New York Agricultural Experiment Station,

and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. George R. Free, Soil Scientist, Bailey

Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

!

100
d) Field Investigations.

e) The purpose of these investigations is to determine the inter-relation of tillage,

topography, climate, runoff and soil loss,

and to evaluate the effectiveness of

diversion terraces for controlling surface

and subsurface flow.

(g) Work is continuing on the effectiveness of

conventional, mulch and minimum tillage for

corn on runoff and erosion from slopes of

different steepness and length and on the

effect of diversion terraces on surface soil

moisture during critical crop growth stages

for several sloping soils having seepage

problems.

(4819) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE

PRACTICES IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) laboratory project cooperative with the

Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Joseph Bornstein, Agricultural Engineer,

University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.

(d) Field investigation both basic and applied

research.

(e) The purpose of this study is to develop and

evaluate drainage practices for sloping

lands of the Northeast. This involves

development of techniques for determining

directional components of subsurface water

flow before and after installation of

drainage treatments. Surface drainage

practices are instrumented to measure runoff

from rainfall and snowmelt

(f ) Instrumentation of this project has just

been completed. Preliminary piezometric

data are available.

(4820) HYDROGRAPH LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperative efforts on occasion.

(c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Director, Hydrograph

Laboratory, ARS, Beltsville, Md.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) The purposes of this project are to evolve

and test new concepts, theories and principles for understanding the hydrologic

processes on agricultural watersheds; to

test and adapt information from various

sources for application to water control

and related problems encountered in watershed engineering; to conduct special

analyses involving ARS data from more than

one Station or more than one Branch that

can be more adequately carried out at a central location which has available a full-time staff of scientists with specialized training in hydraulics, hydrology,

meteorology, and mathematics; and to provide

case assistance to field personnel detailed to the Laboratory for specific analyses

as requested by the field.

(g) The Hydrograph Laboratory, in cooperation

with the Central Technical Unit of the Soil

Conservation Service, is currently programming hydrologic computations for use with digital computers for design and

analysis of watershed protection programs.

Thus far, sub-programs have been derived

for the development of hydrographs from

known or assumed rainfall, the routing of

such hydrographs through reservoirs, and for

the summation of hydrographs tributary to a

reach. Working closely with the Engineering

Division of the Soil Conservation Service,

the Hydrograph Laboratory has made a study

of effective rainfall as influenced by

irrigation practice for key stations

selected over the nation. Further, a study

of average annual rainfall over the nation

resulted in a map indicating a measure of

the variation of annual rainfall about the mean for various locations. Studies of

Infiltration, runoff, and water yields are

on a continuing basis.

(h) "Estimating Dependable Annual Streamflow in

the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau," by

D. L. Brakensiek, ARS 41-56, November 1961.

"Effective Rainfall," by D. M. Hershfield,

Weekly Weather and Crop Bull., Nov. 12, 1962.

"Extreme Rainfall Relationships," by D. M. Hershfield, Jour, of the Hydraulics Div.,

Proc. of the ASCE, Vol. 8, No. HY-6.

"A Note on the Variability of Annual Rainfall," by D. M. Hershfield, Journal of

Applied Meteorology, December 1962, 3 pp. Closing Discussion of "Estimating the

Probable Maximum Frecipitation, " by D. M. Hershfield, Journal of the Hydraulics Div.,

Proc. of the ASCE, July 1962.

"A Concept for Infiltration Estimates in

Watershed Engineering," by H. N. Holtan,

ARS 41-51, October 1961.

"Field Manual for Research in Agricultural

Hydrology," Committee: H. N. Holtan, N. E. Minshall, L. L. Harrold, ARS, Agriculture

Handbook No. 224.

(4821) EFFECTIVENESS OF STREAMBANK STABILIZATION

AND PROTECTION MEASURES IN REDUCING

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21

South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations

e) To develop procedures for estimating

effectiveness of streambank stabilization

and other measures in reducing the sediment

discharge of a stream. It is postulated

that the total sediment load of a stream is

directly related to the mean concentration

of the suspended sediment for a flood series,

and that changes in time of the mean con- centration resulting from installation of

streambank stabilization measures are indicative of changes in total sediment load.

The streambank stabilization measures are being installed by Soil Conservation Service

as part of the authorized flood prevention

program in the Buffalo River watershed.

Measurements of suspended sediment load

concentration and of stream discharges are made for gill floods above a certain magnitude

(g) Preliminary analysis indicates that stream

stabilization works installed between 1953

and 1961 have reduced the suspended sediment

load of Buffalo Creek by about forty percent.

The suspended sediment load of adjacent

tributaries to Buffalo River with similar

but untreated streambank problems have increased ten percent during the same period.

(4822) A STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT OF COARSE-TEXTURED

BED MATERIAL OF A NEW" Y013K MOUNTAIN STREAM.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. F. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To relate the quantities of transported bed

materials to flood discharge rates and

durations, to determine applicability of

bed load equations in coarse material transport problems and, if appropriate, devise new or revised, relationships. A stream

reach and debris basin have been selected on

the Little Hoosic River near New York for

this study. Instrumentation of this site was completed in November 1962.

(4823) COMPILATION AND PUBLICATION OF SELECTED

HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Cooperative project with various State

Experiment Stations and Land Grant Colleges

and with the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. W. Hobbs, Hydraulic Engineer, Plant

Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

(d) Office assembling and processing of current

hydrologic data.

(e) To provide information on monthly precipitation and runoff, annual maximum discharges

and volumes of runoff, and selected runoff

101
events with associated data on rainfall, land

use, and antecedent conditions for all

current ARS research watersheds in the U. S. Hydrologic Data for I960 and 1961 are currently being assembled and processed for

publication. Hydrologic Data for 1962 and

subsequent years will be published annually,

(h) "Monthly Precipitation and Runoff from

Small Agricultural Watersheds in the United

States," for years 1923 through 1955 was published in a report by Agricultural

Research Service in June 1957.

"Annual Maximum Flows for Small Agricultural

Watersheds in the United States," for years

1923 through 1957 was published in a report

by Agricultural Research Service in June

1958.

"Selected Runoff Events for Small Agricultural Watersheds in the United States,"

for years 1933 to 1959 was published in a report by Agricultural Research Service in

January I960.

"1S56-195S Hydrologic Data for Experimental

Agricultural Watersheds in the United

States," will be published in 1963 as a Miscellaneous Publication of the U. S. Department of Agriculture

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Div.

NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH , P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins,

Colo., Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief.

(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE

RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

b) Laboratory project,

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field Investigation. Applied research.

e) A field investigation covering more than

200 square miles to determine possible

causes for a saline condition on a large area of land. Measurements consist of

water tables, artesian conditions, soil and

water physical and chemical data.

(g) Salt-affected soils are caused by high water

tables, poor drainage conditions and saline

artesian waters. High water tables are caused by precipitation. The salt source

is the Dakota sandstone artesian aquifer.

(h) "Jetting Equipment and Techniques in a Drainage and Salinity Study," by R. H.

MIckelson, L. C. Benz, C. W. Carlson and

F. M. Sandoval. Trans. ASAE 4(2): 222-228.

1961 (Reprints available from authors)

(4296) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL,

ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulic Laboratory, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental investigations; basic and

applied, portions used for masters and

doctoral theses.

(e) This study Is an experimental investigation

utilizing a tilting flume In which a small

channel 60-feet long is formed by natural

soil which is fixed in position against

movement by chemical spray. A variety of

roughness forms can be created on the bed.

The relation of roughness dimensions and

channel shape to flow resistance is determined for a range of channel slopes and

flow depths.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Relationships between resistance coefficients and measured roughness dimensions were developed for both laminar and turbulent flows. The transition between these

flows was found to occur at a Reynolds

number (RV/v) of 500 for these channels.

For low Reynolds number flows (Re less

than 500) over rough boundaries, normal flow

depth was proportional to discharge,

viscosity and roughness height and Inversely

proportional to roughness spacing and

channel slope. For turbulent flows, re- sistance was a logarithmic function of

roughness height and flow depth. The

standard deviation of bed elevation measure- ments was used in both cases to represent

the effective height of the nonuniform

roughness elements. Effects of roughness

spacing and channel shape on flow resistance

could not be detected for turbulent flows,

(h) "The Influence of a Rough Boundary on Laminar Flow," by Charles W. Huntley, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Colo. State Univ.,

86 p., June, 1961.

"Effects of Boundary Roughness and Channel

Shape on Resistance to Flow of Water in

Very Small Open Channels," E. Gordon Kruse,

Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado state Univ.,

198 p., August, 1962.

"The Hydraulics of Small, Rough Irrigation

Channels," E. Gordon Kruse, Submitted for

publication in Proceedings of the Fifth

Congress, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.

(4297) COOPERATIVE WATER YIELD PROCEDURES STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil

Conservation Service, USDA, and the Bureau

of Reclamation, USDI.

(c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, Rm. 505, Rudge and Guenzel Bldg.,

134 S. 12th Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

d) Office analyses, applied research.

e) To develop and test methods for use by field

engineers to evaluate the downstream effects

of upstream conservation use and treatment

of land on water yields of creeks and rivers.

The project is one purely of analytic

hydrology. The project uses available

hydrologic and other data wherever it is

available. It secures no new hydrologic

data such as streamflow data, climatic data,

or land-treatment data. The project is

nearing completion.

(g) To date it has been demonstrated that it

cannot be proved statistically significantly

that there are downstream effects on streamflow of upstream conservation treatment

and use of land, although it is axiomatic

that in subhumid to arid areas such

effects must exist. A rational method of

evaluating such effects has been developed

and tested. The method will be published

in an Agricultural Handbook of the study,

due late in 1963.

(h) "Transmission Losses in Natural Stream

Valleys^' Journal of the Hydraulics Div.,

ASCE, Vol. 88, No. HY5, Part 1, Sept. 1962.

(4298) COMPARISONS OF RATES AND AMOUNTS OF RUNOFF

FROM SMALL SINGLE-COVER WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations -- applied research.

e) To evaluate the effect of (1) different land use treatment and (2) different crops on the

runoff from single crop watersheds in the

Central Great Plains, as one of the significant factors influencing runoff from

complex watersheds. Replicate 4-acre single

crop watersheds in meadow, pasture, cultivated and eroded cultivated land seeded to grass are instrumented with recording rain

gages, flumes and waterstage recorders. Six

cultivated watersheds are in a wheat -sorghumfallow rotation. Mulch ( subsurface } tillage, on the contour, is practiced. Effects of

different crops and land uses on storm

runoff rates and amounts are determined by

analyzing hydrographs and histograms.

Seasonal, annual, and long time effects are determined by analyzing precipitation and

:

102
runoff data.

(g) During the 4-year period, 1958-1961, tentative figures show that the average runoff

from wheat- subtilled is 4.16 inches per

year, sorghum- subtllled 3.91 inches and

f allow-subtilled 4.77 inches. The runoff

from pasture land averaged 2.24 inches per

year and from native meadow only 0.70 inches.

In the 4-year period the yearly rainfall

varied from 20 inches to about 29 inches and

averaged about 25 inches which is only about

0.5 inches per year higher than the long

time average

(4299) RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS OF

LARGE MIXED-USE WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. A. Allis, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations — applied research.

(e) To determine characteristics of runoff from

large mixed-use watersheds as related to, or affected by, precipitation, channel storage,

transmission losses to valley alluvium,

time of concentration, stream gradient, and

watershed size. Three watersheds, in mixed

use, 481, 2086 and 3490 acres in size, are instrumented with rain gages, weirs, and

stage recorders for observing precipitation

and runoff. Transmission losses to valley

alluviums are estimated by use of gaged

outflow and estimates of inflow from unit

source areas of tributary land. These

latter estimates are based on gaged rainfall

on and runoff from small 4-acre single-use

source area watersheds. Hydrographs and

histograms are analyzed to obtain watershed

retention (infiltration) rates and

hydrograph characteristics.

(h) "Comparison of Storm Runoff Volumes," by

John A. Allis, Agr. Engr. 43:220-223, April

1962.

(4300) COMPARISON OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS

FROM CONSERVATION AND CONVENTIONALLY

FARMED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. F. J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 741, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations — applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of conservation

farming, land use, climate, and physiography

on rates and amounts of runoff and sediment

yields. Two 400-odd-acre watersheds, one conventionally farmed and the other con- servation farmed, are equipped with re- cording rain gages, weirs and stage recorders,

and sediment samplers, to, measure precipitation, runoff, and sediment yields. The

two watersheds were operated the same during

a calibration period from 1939 to 1947.

One was then treated by terracing, contour

tillage and seeding eroded cultivated land

to grass.

(g) An evaluation was made of the relationship

of the kinetic energy of a rainstorm and

other factors of rainfall and watershed

characteristics as means of estimating

sediment yields. The 4-year record, 1957-

1960, on watersheds W-3 and W-5 was used.

The analysis shows that on these complex

watersheds there are three important

factors to consider: (1) the interaction

energy intensity factor, (2) the antecedent

moisture condition, and (3) the season of

the year. The best single predictor of

sediment yield, of the factors examined, is

the term (Q + qp) that is, the volume of

runoff, in inches, plus peak rate of runoff

in inches per hour.

(h) "Rainfall Energy as Related to Sediment

Yield," by Frank J. Dragoun, Journal of

Geophysical Research, Volume 67, No. 4,

April 1962.

(4301) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OF GRAZING

AND RUNOFF AMOUNTS ON FINE-TEXTURED SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with South

Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hyd. Engr., Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Sta., Newell, S.Dak.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine the effects of light, moderate

and heavy grazing and other factors such as precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, soil

frost and snow accumulation, on rates and

amounts of runoff from fine-textured range

soils in southwestern South Dakota.

Replicated plots of about 2 acres in each

of the lightly, moderately and heavily

grazed pastures are instrumented to observe

runoff amounts (stage recorders and H-flumes)

rates and amounts of precipitation (recording

rain gages), soil moisture, soil frost and

vegetative conditions. The studies are being made on the South Dakota Range Experiment Station near Cotton wood, South Dakota.

(4302) MEDICINE CREEK WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil

Conservation Serv., U.S.G.S., Bu. of Reclamation and Neb. Agric. Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Room

505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 South 12th

Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and

analysis of data.

(e) Data from this southwestern Nebraska project

are being analyzed for the following

purposes: (1) To estimate the long-time

runoff and sediment yields from 8 years of

observed hydrologic watershed data; (2) to

determine if acquired runoff, sediment and

channel data will adhere to the existing

channel regime equations for six runoff

stations; and (3) to compile and prepare a publication indicating what data have been

collected as part of the cooperative investigations, and where these data may be found.

(g) The long-time sediment yields for the six

watersheds have been computed by three

different approaches. In each of these

methods, the observed runoff and sediment

data for 8 years were used for the projection

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4303) SEDIMENT YIELD AS RELATED TO GULLY AND

CHANNEL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service, and Nebraska and

Kansas Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Rm.

505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St.,

Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and

analysis of data.

(e) The objectives of this project are: (1)

To determine and relate rates of gully and

channel erosion to causal factors; (2) to

provide basic data on rates of land loss

and land depreciation due to gully erosion;

and (3) to develop criteria, based upon

hydrologic and physical factors, for estimating quantities of sediment derived from

gully erosion.

(4504) SABETHA LAKE WATERSHED SEDIMENTATION

STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and Kansas

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, Room

505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St.,

Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations and office analysis.

e) The objectives of this study are: (1) To

determine the amount, rate, and character of

the sediment yields from this 10-square

mile watershed in northeast Kansas; (2) to

103
relate sediment accumulation In the reservoir

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff

and other watershed characteristics.

(4305) TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Rm. 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th

Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a measure of the effectiveness of the structure

In retaining incoming sediment. Structures

need to be designed and built with different

degrees of trap efficiency, and information

Is needed so that the influencing parameters

can be adjusted to provide the desired trap

efficiency. In this study we are endeavoring to (1) collect and study data

from retarding-type reservoirs In order to determine those factors that influence trap

efficiency, and (2) derive and test methods

for predicting the trap efficiency of

retarding-type reservoirs.

(4306) SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN FLOODWATER

RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and State

Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Rm. 505 Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th

Street, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) This study was undertaken to improve the

design criteria for floodwater retarding-type

reservoirs by: (1) determining those factors

that influence sediment distribution and

evaluating their importance, and (2) deriving

and testing methods for predicting the

horizontal and/or vertical sediment distribution in floodwater retarding-type reservoirs. This is important in determining the

minimum elevation of the principal spillway

and the required original capacities of

various storage pools.

(4307) RESERVOIR FORMULAS AND THE VOLUME -WEIGHT OF

RESERVOIR SEDIMENT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and State

Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Helnemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Room 505, Rudge & Guenzel Bldg., 134 S. 12th St., Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Field and theoretical investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) This project provides criteria for more accurate determination of the sediment

yield of watersheds from reservoir survey

data. The investigations include: (1)

Refinement of survey procedures and methods

for determining reservoir capacities and

sediment volume from reservoir sedimentation

survey data: (2) explanation of variations

In the volume weight of reservoir sediment;

(3) recommendations on determination of the

total weight of reservoir sediment; and (4)

development of procedures for predicting

the volume-weight of sediment in a proposed conservation structure.

(g) Considerable progress has been made on a study of formulas and methods for computing

reservoir capacities and sediment volumes.

Reservoirs having very good basic detailed

surveys are being used to test various

methods and formulas. The most consistent

and reliable method for obtaining the

reservoir capacity is by determining the area between a well-defined stage-area

curve and the stage axis.

Sediment yield information should always

include a volume measurement and its volumeweight. Extensive studies have been started

to study the volume-weight of sediment In reservoirs. On Sabetha Reservoir In Kansas,

it was found that the volume-weight varies

depending on the location of sediment in

the reservoir, and also on the percent of

clay (2 microns or smaller; present In the

sediment

.

(h) "Volume-weight of Reservoir Sediment," by

H. G. Helnemann, U3DA, ARS, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division, Journal of

the Hydraulics Division Proceedings of the

American Society of Civil Engineers, Sept.

1962.

"Using the Gamma Probe to Determine the

Volume-Weight of Reservoir Sediment," by

H. G. Helnemann, USDA, ARS, Soli and Water

Conservation Research Division, Publication

No. 59 of the I.A.S.H. Commission of Land

Erosion, pp 411-423.

(4309) ISOLATION AND RELATIVE EVALUATION OF RUNOFF

PRODUCING POTENTIALS OF RANGE SITES OF

WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. A. R. Kuhlman, Botanist, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Newell,

South Dakota.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations -- applied research.

(e) To evaluate relative runoff producing potentials of principal range sites of Western

South Dakota including sandy, silty, shallow,

thin breaks, panspots, overflow, clayey, and

dense clay range sites as characteristic of

D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas in the Dakotas, Montana and

Wyoming. To evaluate relatively the same range sites by rainfall simulators. To

isolate vegetative factors such as standing

vegetation, mulch, root systems and soil

factors that cause differences in runoff from

different range sites.

(4310) WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FROM

RANGELAND WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hydraulic Engineer,

Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field Investigations, applied research.

e) To determine the frequency of water yields

of various amounts from rangeland watersheds

ranging in size from a few acres to 13,000

acres, and gross sediment yields (volumetric)

from the same watersheds, as representative

of the D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas in eastern Montana, Wyoming

and the Western Dakotas. Purposes of these

studies are to provide data on water yields

and information on which to estimate the

probable useful life of ponds and reservoirs

in the problem areas. The work Is being

done by gaging precipitation, measuring water yields In stockwater reservoirs, making

reservoir sedimentation surveys, and securing

data on watershed physical, topographic,

ecologic and grazing use factors.

(g) Early trends Indicate water yields from finetextured soils of the area are four times

those from medium-textured soils, and most

water yield from the medium-textured soils

results from snowmelt. Also, sediment yields

from the fine-textured soils are double

those from the medium-textured soils.

(4824) EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE FROM RANGELAND

STOCKPONDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. W. Neuberger, Hydraulic Engineer,

Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

104
Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To differentiate total stockpond water

dissipation into evaporation and seepage

and develop a basis for predicting expected

stockpond water losses. The purpose of this

study is to aid in the development of

practical methods to reduce losses of water

from stockponds to provide dependable water

supplied for livestock.

(g) No definite results at this time, although

stockponds on medium-textured soils show

annual water losses exceeded inflow over 80

percent of the time, resulting in dry ponds

nearly 50 percent of the time.

(4825) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and State Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Room 505, 134 South 12th Street, Lincoln

8, Nebraska.

(d) Field and theoretical investigations, and

office analyses.

(e) Numerous small reservoirs form the basis

for this study. The objectives of this

project are: (1) Determine the amounts,

rates, and character of sediment yields

from agricultural watersheds; and (2) relate

sediment accumulation in the reservoirs

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff,

watershed characteristics, and cultural

practices. Sediment yield and related information are important factors in the

planning and design of small reservoirs and

other conservation installations.

(4826) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIALLY

SATURATED POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Colorado Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Basic research.

e) Certain hydraulic characteristics of porous

media must be known for laboratory modeling

of complicated field problems involving

water movement in soils. Problems involving

flow of fluids in partially saturated soils

often cannot be solved except by inferences

derived from the performance of models. The

purpose of the study is to be able to predict from equations how any porous medium

will behave with respect to the functional

relationship between permeability, degree

of saturation (or fluid pressure) when

certain media properties are known. A thorough understanding of the way permeability Is effected by measurable properties

of porous media might eliminate the

necessity of selecting a porous medium by

trial for use in model studies.

(g) A theory showing how the variables capillary

pressure, water and air permeability are related to degree of saturation has been

developed. Methods and equipment have been

developed for measuring these variables using

steady state experiments. Verification of

the theory with experimental results has been

good. It appears that hydraulic properties

of partially saturated media can be described

by three parameters: the bubbling pressure,

P-^j a measure of the uniformity of the pores

in the medium, ti ; and the saturated permeability K.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Porous Media,"

by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey; Annual

Research Report 1960, 1961.

(4827) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN BORDER CHECK IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. 0. W. Howe, Scott s Bluff Experiment

Station, Route 2, Mitchell, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) This is a study of the operational characteristics of low-gradient border checks on

a medium textured soil. It involves

measurement of the efficiency of irrigation,

uniformity of distribution, effect of uneven

grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc., upon irrigation efficiency.

Soil moisture samples are taken before and

after irrigation at intervals in the length

of the run. Continuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations

throughout the set. The purpose is to obtain relationships regarding the effect of

crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, intake rate, on rate of advance of

irrigation water. Such relationships will

be useful in designing and operating lowgradient border check irrigation systems.

(g) Slopes of 0 to 0.05 percent gave highest

irrigation efficiencies, around 90 percent,

when crop retardance to the flow of water

was small. Slopes of 0.10 to 0.15 percent

were needed to offset the high retardance

caused by fully developed sugar beet

foliage

(h) "Operational Characteristics of Low Gradient

Border Checks on a Sandy Soil," by M. E. Jensen and 0. W. Howe. Proc. of the International Commission on Irrigation and

Drainage, Annual Bui. 1961. Reprints are

not available.

(4828) DESIGN DATA FOR LEVEL OR NEARLY LEVEL BENCH

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON HEAVY CLAY SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Niel A. Dimick, Agricultural Engineer,

Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

(d) Field investigations. Results will be used

for design purposes.

(e) This is a study of the operational characteristics of low-gradient border checks on a fine textured soil. It involves measurement

of the efficiency of irrigation, uniformity

of distribution, and effect of uneven grade,

kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc,

upon irrigation efficiency. Soil moisture

samples are taken before and after irrigation

at intervals in the length of the run. Continuous measurements are taken of depth of

water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to obtain relationships re- garding the effect of crop retardance, slope,

surface configuration, intake rate, on rate

of advance of irrigation water. Such relationships will be useful in designing and

operating low-gradient border check irrigation systems.

(g) No significant findings have been obtained

as yet since this project was just initiated

in 1962.

(4829) THE INFLUENCE OF RELIEF UPON VEGETATION, SOIL SALTS, AND WATER TABLES IN AN IMPERFECTLY

DRAINED GLACIO-LACUSTRINE SALINE AREA OF

INTERCONNECTING RIDGES AND DEPRESSIONS IN NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. M. Sandoval, Soli Scientist, U. S. Field Station, Mandan, North Dakota or Mr.

L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box

806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(&) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A field experiment of dimensions 450 x 800

feet in a ridge-depression micro-relief area where depressions are non- saline but ridges

highly saline. Purpose of study is to determine reasons for the differences in

salinity. Evaluated by measurements of

ground-water gradients and studies of water

s

105
chemistry and soil physical and chemical data.

(f) Completed. Data being compiled for publication . (g) Generally, greater leaching occurs In the

depressions owing to Impounded precipitation.

Artesian pressures are present but play a minor role.

(4830) THE EFFECTIVENESS AND FEASIBILITY OF LOWCOST SUBSURFACE, PLASTIC DRAINS IN A SALINE,

POORLY DRAINED AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(d) Field experiment; applied research.

(e; Experiment consists of nine lines, each

300 feet long, of either plastic tile or mole drains installed in a high water table

and saline area. Purpose of experiment is to evaluate effectiveness of shallow, closelyspaced, plastic tile in a saline area.

(4831) LAND FORMING ON SALT-AFFECTED LACUSTRINE SOILS

IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY HAVING AN INTERSECTING

MINOR RIDGE-DEPRESSION TYPE OF MICRORELIEF.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(d) Field experiment; applied research.

(e) Consists of four 5-acre plots under cultivation in a saline ridge-depression microrelief area. Two plots are leveled -- one having surface drainage, the other having

only Internal (tile) drainage (precipitation

is impounded) . One unleveled plot has

Internal drainage, the second one has none. Purpose of work is to determine effects of

land forming and tile drainage on saltaffected land.

(4832) A STUDY OF THE FALLING WATER TABLE, SOIL

MOISTURE, AND SOIL SALT TRANSLOCATION DURING

tFHB WINTER MONTHS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field experiment; basic research.

e) Experiment consists of two treatments (straw

mulch and fallow) each replicated 3 times.

Field plots are 60' x 60'. Measurements

obtained are; soil moisture (neutron method),

water tables, soil temperatures, freezing

depth, water and soil physical and chemical

data. Purpose of the experiment is to determine translocation of water table

waters which recede during the winter months.

(4833) RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A.

(b) Laboratory project, (joint project with Mr.

M. E. Jensen, Northwest Branch.)

(c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Agricultural Research

Service, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Analytical and theoretical; basic and

applied.

(e) Measurements of evapotranspiration rates

for one- to three-week periods made by USDA

personnel during the past 35 years have been

re-evaluated and selected data for field

and orchard crops are being related to solar

radiation and air temperature using an energy balance approach. Solar radiation

data for 20 locations in the V/estern U.S.A.

have been summarized and procedures developed

for estimating radiation for specific

periods. The resulting relationships can

be used for estimating evapotranspiration

for various crops.

(f) Near completion.

(h) "Estimating Evapotranspiration for Various

Crops Using Solar Radiation," by Marvin

E. Jensen and Howard R. Haise. Proc. 1962

Sprinkler Irrigation Association Open Tech.

Conference, March 4-6, 1962.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

NORTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho,

Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.),

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; applied research and design.

e) To determine the effect of sprinkler

pattern on field irrigation efficiency and

develop a method for calculation of field

water application efficiency for a sprinkler

system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity,

humidity, temperature, irrigation period,

and related factors. Another phase of this

project is to test typical sprinkler heads

for reproducibility of water distribution

pattern.

(g) Tests conducted to date Indicate that 90 percent of the water applied by the

sprinklers to the plots could be accounted

for in the catch cans and correction for

evaporation using the Frost-Schwalen

nomograph. Only 79 percent of the water

could be accounted for by the soil sampling

method when corrected for consumptive use

of plants and evaporation from the sprinkler

nozzle to the soil surface using the FrostSchwalen nomograph. The losses not ac- counted for above are being investigated.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic

research.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an irrigation border strip.

(3553) MECHANIZATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engr.,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; design and development.

e) To develop completely mechanized control

systems for surface irrigation.

(g) Gates which will check the flow of water in a head ditch for a controllable period of

time have been developed. These allow

a field to be irrigated a portion at a time.

When the flow of water into the head ditch

is stopped, these gates automatically reset

themselves and are ready for the next

irrigation. Automatic gates for pipeline

systems are also being developed.

(h) Patent application #192,609 "Sinking FloatOperated Irrigation Gate."

Patent application #199,546 "Automatic

Irrigation Gate .

(4311) FLOOD HYDROGRAFHS BY ELECTRONIC ANALOG.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

(d) Analytical, basic and applied.

(e) Further development and adaption of

electronic analog methods in the solution of

flood routing problems and the prediction of

flood hydrographs from agricultural and

Foothill range watersheds of the northwest.

(4312) WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS

OF NORTHWESTERN RANGE WATERSHEDS.

i

i

S

106
Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

Analytical

Regional analysis of water yield as affected

by climatic, topographic, geologic, soil,

land use and other characteristics and

conditions of rangeland watersheds in the

northwest

SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPHS AS INFLUENCED BY

CLIMATIC FACTORS AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Idaho.

Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

Analytical, basic and applied.

To develop Improved methods for estimating

daily hydrographs of streamflow from

mountainous watersheds where the supply is

from snowmelt and occasional rain and the

evolution of a regional map of snowmelt

design coefficients reflecting cover, geology

and soils, exposure, elevation, latitude,

, etc. •

PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORTHERN

SEMI-DESERT WATERSHED.

Laboratory project.

Joel E. Fletcher, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental, basic and applied.

The 93 square mile Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Owyhee County Idaho, has

recording ralngages to a density in excess

of one per square mile. From this network,

methods for evaluating rainfall amounts and

intensities for different areas are being

developed. Seasonal distribution with

respect to amounts, character, and areal

extent of precipitation are being measured.

It appears that such characteristics of the

thunderstorms as intensity, area, and

duration are similar to those of the con- vective storms of Arizona and New Mexico.

THE DESIGN OF SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER

SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.)

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental, applied research, design.

Determine water application patterns of

self-propelled sprinkler systems. Determine

the effect of wind on application patterns

of self-propelled sprinkler laterals, and

develop method of designing self-propelled

sprinkler laterals from theoretical

formulas.

Patterns of individual sprinklers making up

the self-propelled moving lateral have been

determined and are to be put together to see how the synthetic pattern compares with the

field pattern of the moving lateral

RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRAN SP IRATION

TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A.

Cooperative with Northern Plains Branch.

See page 106.

INFLUENCE OF PHOTO SCALE, VEGETATION,

TOPOGRAPHY, AND SNOW CONDITIONS ON PH0T0-

GRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SNOW COVER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental; basic and applied.

This project seeks to determine the feasibility of determining the quantity of snow stored in a snowpack on a selected area by

photogrammetric techniques and evaluate the

Influence of topography and vegetation on

(g)

(4835)

IS)

(4836)

ID

(4837;

81

l.j

(g)

(4838)

IS!

IS

(4839)

IS!

1=1

the accumulation and melting of snow. The

study of different photoscales on the

precision of estimate is included in the

project

Preliminary results indicate that a photogrammetric technique is very promising as a means for determining snow volume on areas

up to a few hundred acres.

LEAF AND CROWN AREA OF ARTEMESIA TRIDENTATA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. M. Smith, Range Conservationist,

P. 0. Box 27 24, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental: basic and applied research.

Develop methods of determining total leaf area for a given size-vigor classification

of A. trldentata. Determine the capacity

of these leaves to store precipitation,

intercept precipitation and to transpire.

Evaluate the effect of immediate vegetation

structure on leaf area of individual plants.

Since vegetation and soils on watersheds

act as reservoirs which receive, store and

discharge water, an understanding of their

individual performance in these capacities

is tantamount to an understanding of

watershed hydrology.

WATER BUDGET OF A UNIT SOURCE AREA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Joel E. Fletcher, Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Determine as fully as possible the fate of

water falling on a small representative

watershed throughout the year and estimate

evaporation and transpiration from readily

obtained instrumental and climatological

data. Such a general understanding of the

disposition of precipitation on an area is

basic to an understanding of the effects of

soils, geology, vegetation and climate.

FACTORS AFFECTING SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT

ON UNIT SOURCE AREAS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Charles F. Cooper, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Determine physical and meteorological factors

contributing to non-uniformity of snow ac- cumulation and melt in a shrub covered unit

source area in the sagebrush zone of Owyhee

County, Idaho.

Any improvement in the quantity or timing of

flow from snow fed streams by manipulation

of vegetation or other practices requires a thorough understanding of the behavior of snow under these conditions. Such information must be derived from research.

Instrumentation just partially installed.

A STUDY OF SURFACE WATER DIVERSIONS AND

RETURN FLOW IN REYNOLDS VALLEY.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Clifton W.. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

This Investigation is designed to find the

consumptive use of water by an upstream

irrigated area as it affects downstream

water supplies. All of the inflow to Reynolds Valley is measured as is the outflow

and general ground water levels.

GEOLOGIC CONTROL OF SUBSURFACE STORAGE AND

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF BASALT TERRANE.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Gordon R. Stephenson, Geologist, P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the hydrologlc effects of the basalts found

on Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed,

107
Owyhee County, Idaho. The objective Is approached by studying the water balance

on a closed basaltic basin,

(g) The basalts on Reynolds Creek are much

less permeable than those on the Snake River

plains.

(4840) THE DEVELOPMENT OP A PORTABLE IRRIGATION

SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

(b) Laboratory project. See project 4368, page

122.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.)

Agricultural Research Service, Box 2724,

Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To design a portable device that can be

used In the design and evaluation of

sprinkler Irrigation systems. To determine

procedures for the use of this device.

(g) This equipment has been used to measure the

intake rate of soil for sprinkler design.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

SOUTHERN BRANCH, University of Georgia, Athens,

Georgia, Mr. Russell Woodburn, Branch Chief.

(3669) FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Univ. of Miss, and Mississippi State Univ.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss.

(d) A Joint field and laboratory project - basic

and applied research.

(e) Detailed field measurements are made on selected natural water courses and flood

plains in the Yazoo River Basin and other

selected locations in Mississippi to delineate the variables of stream geometry,

bend and bank roughness factors, dune

migration, and stream hydraulics in terms

of sediment transport characteristics.

Laboratory studies in both 100-foot and

50-foot long flumes are carried out to

define significance of various factors under

controlled conditions. Acquired data are studied for adherence to existing regime

equations, tractive force concepts, re- sistance coefficients, and bed material

transport formulae, and to develop new or improved concepts and relationships.

(g) The existence of a discontinuity in the

stage-discharge relation under certain

conditions in sand-bed streams has been

established. Changes in channel conveyance

efficiency, occasioned by changes in bed

configuration have resulted in variances In water discharge of over 100 percent for

given water stages. Variations in Manning's

roughness coefficient from 0.015 to 0.035

during the course of a storm runoff event

have occurred, and for a given water

discharge on separate occasions the "n" value has been known to double. Similar

variations in the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient

have been noted. Proude numbers for floods

over plane beds or antidunes in the field

are less than Proude numbers computed from

comparable flow conditions in the laboratory

flumes; this difference in Froude numbers

is believed to be partly a function of depth.

(h) "Observations of Resistance Coefficients in

a Natural Channel," by Neil L. Coleman,

Proc. of International Symposium on Continental Erosion, IUGG, Bari, Italy,

September, 1962.

"DISCUSSION - Dual Channel Stream Monitor,"

by R. A. Stein, ASCE Proceedings, May, 1962.

(3870) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO

CHANNEL STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State University.

(c) Mr. C. R. Miller, Director, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) It is necessary for proper planning and

design of agricultural watershed conser- vation work to have knowledge of the extent

of aggradation or degradation that is

likely to occur with placement of structures

in alluvial channels. Studies of deposition

and scour as related to actual structures

at various locations in Mississippi, Georgia,

Wisconsin and other selected locations to

provide the needed field data are underway

to develop procedures and criteria useful in

predicting channel adjustments with

structural installations and accompanying

changes In sediment transport and flow

pattern.

(g) The degree of channel scour and channel

erosion rates are being determined in

connection with several structural

installations in Mississippi. Case histories

of over 70 gully control structures in

Wisconsin have been established.

(h) "Case Histories of Gully Control Structures

in Southwestern Wisconsin," by David A. Woolhiser and Carl R. Miller, ARS 41-60,

Agricultural Research Service, February, 1963.

"Upland Gully Sediment Production," by

C. R. Miller, Russell Woodburn, and H. R. Turner, Proc. of International Symposium on Continental Erosion, IUGG, Bari, Italy,

September, 1962.

(3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Miss.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) To better explain, by laboratory flume

experiments, the relationships between strean hydraulics and sediment transport which

generally occur in natural channels. Work

includes the testing and development of

sediment transport equations, means and

methods of total transport determination in

natural channels, and determination of the

relationship between the measured transport

by use of sediment samplers now in use and

the total bed material discharge.

(g) Flume studies indicate significant errors

in sand concentration are possible

depending upon relative position of sampler

nozzle to a dune front. Studies of various

type structures installed in a sand bed

channel that will permit total load measure- ments with minimum upstream and downstream

influence suggest the use of a Parshall

flume under certain conditions.

(h) "Effect of Sand Dunes on Sand Transport

Determinations by Use of Standard Samplers,"

by Dr. N. L. Coleman, Ole Miss Engineer,

Vol. 2, No. 4, May, 1962.

(4316) HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS RELATIVE TO CHANNEL

STABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) The determination of flood flow qualities in

selected reaches of Pigeon Roost Creek

Mississippi, and other streams in studies of

the resistance to erosion of streambank and

bed materials, and streambank vegetation.

Measurements of the boundary shear stresses

in curved channels as affected by bend

radius, bed angle, and Proude number.

!

108
(4317) PRINCIPLES OP STABLE CHANNELS IN COHESIVE

MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Earl H. Grissinger, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

e) Determination of: (l) The reasons for the

resisting ability of soil and streambank

materials to erosion by flowing water; (2)

the kinds of tests needed to measure the

resistance; and (3) the quantitative values

of the resistance for natural and synthetic

materials.

(g) A sample of the Grenada silt loam soil was mixed with various types and amounts of

clays and compacted to varying densities.

The molded samples were eroded by a constant

erosive force. The stability of cohesive

materials was found to be dependent upon

the type, Amount, and orientation of the

clay minerals; the bulk density and antecedent moisture of the sample; and the

temperature of the eroding water.

In general stability increased with increasing clay mineral content and with increasing density. Stability was greater

for the 2:1 type clay mixtures than for

the 1:1 type. The influences of antecedent

moisture and orientation upon stability

were dependent upon the type of clay

minerals present. Stability decreased with

increasing temperature of the eroding water.

(4318) METHODS OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) Includes: (1) Determination of the speeds

of motion and the requisite conditions for

beginning of motion of solid particles in

fluid flow for various flow, particle

quality, and boundary conditions in a laboratory study; (2) field investigations

on Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and

other streams of the resisting abilities of

bank and bed materials and bank vegetation

as determined by measured flood experiences

(this study is associated with the one on channel hydraulics); and (3) laboratory and

field study of the behavior of non-cohesive

stands and silts in a stream channel bank

for the conditions of lateral seepage flow

to the stream.

(g) A sand of narrow size range and median

diameter of 0.13 mm assumed angles of re- pose of 30 degrees and 19 degrees for the

conditions of submergence and non- submergence

respectively, under the simulated condition

of a high water table in a ditch bank.

This sand was stable for with near-vertical

banks in the field, when found with as little as 5 percent clay.

Small submerged spheres rolling with the

impetus of laminar sheet flow over a smooth bed, traveled at speeds equal to one-half the speeds of the water In their

vicinity.

(4319) SEDIMENT YIELDS AND CORRELATION WITH

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. R. F. Piest, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation project - applied

research.

(e) Analyses of hydrologic, hydraulic, land use,

soils, and physiographic characteristics of

agricultural watersheds (varying in size

from a fraction of an acre to 100 sq. mi.) are made to establish relationships with

sediment transport rates, amounts, and

delivery ratios. Establishment of methodology for determining long-time average

annual sediment yields from fragmental field

data, correlation of characteristics of the

basic runoff- sediment relation (sediment

rating curve) with affecting hydraulic and

hydrologic parameters, and evaluation of the

role of large storms as sediment contributors

are all basic objectives that will lead to better sediment yield prediction procedures.

(g) Data from Pigeon Roost Creek Basin, Miss.,

Indicates that sediment yields are highly

correlated with direct runoff. Variations

in unit direct runoff (and therefore unit

sediment) yields between watersheds of the

basin are marked. They have to some extent

been correlated with basin physiography

and land use. There are significant channel

transmission losses in streams of the basin.

(h) "Improved Management Reduces Soil and Water

Losses," by Coy W. Doty and Farris E. Dendy,

Mississippi Farm Research, Vol. 25, No. 4,

April, 1962.

(4320) SEDIMENT ORIGIN AND ROUTING IN A COMPLEX

WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) To develop and apply techniques, including

the use of radioisotopes and neutron

activation, for the identification of

sediment minerals. This information plus an evaluation of selected physical parameters

in study watersheds are to be used to develop concepts of soil susceptibility to detachment and transportation.

(g) Preliminary results are being evaluated.

No significant results are available.

(4321) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigation for

basic research and developmental work.

(e) To relate sediment accumulation In reservoirs to sediment yields, runoff, and

physical parameters of the watersheds. The

nature of the sediment, its origin, mineralogy, chemistry, and biology are studied in

relation to distribution and deposition

within the reservoir. Nuclear methods are used where applicable.

(g) A number of reservoirs have been periodically

surveyed for sediment accumulation. Nuclear

means of determining in situ densities have

been employed.

(h) "Determination of densities of reservoir

sediments in situ with a gamma probe," by

J. Roger McHenry, ARS Research Report

ARS 41-53, April, 1962.

"Determination of Sediment Density of Gamma

Attenuation," by J. Roger McHenry, ARS

41-61, Agricultural Research Service, Oct.,

1962.

(4322) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR UTILIZING

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE

MATERIALS FOR SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGY

RESEARCH

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

109
State University,

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist and

Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) To devise, develop, and utilize procedures

for "tagging" sediment particles with

radioisotopes and identifying same in the

laboratory and in the field. Results are

to be used in predicting sediment production,

transport and deposition.

(g) A satisfactory method has been developed

for "tagging" quartz sand particles with

scandlum-46, an energetic gamma emitter.

(h) "The Use of Radioactive Tracers in

Sedimentation Research," by J. Roger McHenry

and Leslie L. McDowell, Journal of

Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, pp. 1465-1471,

April, 1962.

(4323) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES

ON HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Georgia State Highway Dept., Soil Conservation Service USDA, the University of

Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations, and Bartow County, Georgia.

(c) Mr. E. G. Diseker, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 124, Cartersville, Georgia.

(d) Experimental, field; applied.

(e) Runoff and soil losses are measured from

three pairs of bare, roadbank plots

(approximately 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on Cecil

Clay subsoil using six H-flumes and

Coshocton vane samplers. Metal hub stakes

are used as an adjunct in determining bank

erosion, and for measuring deposition or scour from the flow channels. Over 30

different plants have been tested on 850

roadbank plots for erosion control.

(g) Bare bank losses have varied from 25 to 400

tons per year per acre for the past 5 years

depending on the rainfall, frost action,

bank aspect and slope. Bank aspect and

frost action have been major factors in the

erosion process. Banks facing northwest have

lost, on an average, 2.2 times as much soil

as those facing southeast. Plants which

have proved satisfactory for erosion control

are fescue, common Bermudagrass, lovegrass,

broomsedge, Pensacola and Wilmington

Bahiagrasses, crownvetch, sericea lespedeza,

honeysuckle and kudzu. For the establishment

of satisfactory cover on slopes 2:1 and

steeper, mulches were necessary particularly for the slowly developing plants such

as crownvetch and Bahiagrasses. For

maintenance of most plants, especially the

grasses, a timely application of fertilizer

is necessary. Previously outlined procedures to determine fertility requirements

for maintaining vegetation on roadside

areas in the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia

were put Into practice in the fall of 1962.

Studies to determine rates and amounts of

sediment delivery for selected storms at monthly intervals and annual production and

delivery from bare road banks in relation

to (1) rainfall intensity (2) antecedent

moisture and temperature conditions and (3)

face slope length with different aspects on Cecil type soils will begin in the spring of

1963. A study will be initiated in the

spring of 1963 to- determine sediment productions and delivery rates from fully

developed, mature stands of five different

representative plant species.

(h) "Mulch Aids in the Establishment of Roadside

Cover," by E. C. Richardson and E. G. Diseker, Crops and Soils Magazine, February

1961, Vol. 13, No. 5. "Erosion Rates and Control Methods on Highway Cuts," by E. G. Diseker and E. C. Richardson, ASAE Trans., Vol. 5, No. 2.

(4324) UTILIZATION OF TRITIUM IN WATERSHED

RESEARCH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, F. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research and development.

e) To devise, develop, test and apply tracer

techniques using tritium and other

radioisotopes in support of studies of soil

moisture and groundwater movement.

(g) Methods of high efficiency have been

developed using a liquid scintillation

counter. Preliminary laboratory studies

have shown the precision and accuracy of

the methods are adequate. Field testing

will be initiated.

(4325) RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. W. R. Hamon, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) To develop procedures for predicting flood

runoff, water yield and hydrograph

characteristics for ungaged upstream

watesheds. Runoff and precipitation are observed for the 117 square-mile Pigeon

Roost Creek Watershed in Northern Mississippi

Including 11 sub-watersheds, and for four

unit-source watersheds under 4 acres in

size. These data, accumulated over the past

four years, are being processed by computer

and analyzed to develop synthetic unit

hydrographs by incorporating antecedent soil

moisture and watershed factors. The

predicted hydrographs will be used to establish flow-duration curves.

(h) Hydrologic data releases are prepared yearly

with summaries of monthly precipitation and

runoff, tabulated annual maximum flows, and

detailed data for selected runoff events.

(4326) SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Agricultural Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) To study the hydraulic characteristics of

geologic strata and develop methods of

predicting ground water accretion and

movement; subsurface and ground water

contribution to streamflow from a knowledge

of geology, soils, topography, climate, land use and treatment of agricultural watersheds;

and to evaluate hydrogeologlc factors

governing transmission gains and losses in

stream channels. A portable drilling rig

is utilized to obtain geologic samples,

establish ground water observation wells, and

conduct permeability field tests,

(g) A map of the structural and stratigraphic

characteristics of Pigeon Roost Creek

Watershed is in preparation and seasonal

ground water contours are being developed.

Design and testing of a small well point

for field observations of permeability has

been completed.

(4327) MOISTURE REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. John Kozachyn, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To provide soil moisture data for the

i

! no
development of prediction techniques for

runoff and sediment production and to relate

the moisture regimes of agricultural

watersheds to soil, climate and vegetative

parameters. Field observations of soil

moisture to depths of 10 and 20 feet are obtained by the neutron probe method for

different cover, slope, and soil complexes,

(g) The superiority of the neutron probe

procedure over other available methods was established from laboratory and field tests.

A method of installing access tubes has

been perfected.

(4328) RELATION OP CLIMATE AND SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS

TO PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the

Central and Southern Florida Flood Control

District and the Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations, both

basic and applied for evaluating measured

environmental conditions.

(e) Laboratory and field procedures are employed

to determine moisture intake, retention and (4330

transmission characteristics of mineral and

organic soils. Controlled water table

studies in non-weighing lysimeters are (t> conducted to determine evapotranspiration, (c

crop growth, and soil physical properties as influenced by various water table depths. (d

Field and plot studies in organic soils are (e

conducted to determine soil subsidence.

(g) Root content of the plow layer (0-9") of a

St. Augustinegrass sod was much higher

over a 12-inch water table than over a

24- or 36-inch water table. Organic

residues of this root material markedly (g improved early growth of the subsequent

grain sorghum crop.

Average daily evapotranspiration of grain

sorghum, from November 1960 to June 1961, (4331

for 12-, 24-, and 36-inch water tables was

0.15, 0.10, and 0.09 of an inch respectively.

Evapotranspiration during the spring months (b was about twice that of the winter months

(h) "Installation and Operation of Non-weighing

Lysimeters" by W. H. Speir, Florida Agri- ( c cultural Experiment Station, Journal Series

No. 1629.

"Moisture Characteristics of Some Representative Soils of Florida," by E. H. Stewart, (d

D. P. Powell, and L. C. Hammond, USDA, ARS

41-63, 1962.

(4329) HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the

Central and Southern Florida Flood Control

District and The Florida Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, Attention:

W. H. Speir, Engineering Technician, P. 0.

Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.

(d) Experimental, field Investigations ; basic

and applied research.

(e) To collect, analyze, and correlate basic

hydrologic data on agricultural watersheds

ranging In size from 4,000 to 63,000 acres

in the Coastal Plain of Florida. To determine the Influence of climate, topography,

soils, geology, and land use on the rate and

volume of runoff and to evaluate the water

balance. To devise methods of interpreting

watershed characteristics as similitudes

related to physiography of other areas.

(g) For an unimproved 98-sq. mile watershed the

maximum daily discharge (Oct. 1956) was

2.28 inches-over-area with an instantaneous

peak rate of 70 c.f.s./sq. mile; and for the

16- sq. mile upper sub-basin the respective

rates were 3.14 inches and 158 c.f.s./sq.

mile. For an Improved 78 square mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Sept. 1960) was 2.37 inches-over-area with an

111

instantaneous peak rate of 66 c.f.s./sq.

mile. The ratio of runoff to rainfall has

averaged 0.47 for the artesian-irrigated

78 sq. mile watershed for the past 10 years;

0.34 for the 98 sq. mile unimproved watershed; and 0.27 for the 16 square mile sub

basin during the past 6 years. Total water

yield varied inversely with area on the

unimproved watersheds. For the 98 sq. mile

watershed base flow has averaged 72,

interflow 20, and overland flow 8 percent

of total stream flow. For the 78 sq. mile

watershed these flow components have aver- aged 83, 8, and 9 percent respectively.

For the 16 sq. mile watershed they averaged

38, 31, and 31 percent.

Potential evapotranspiration losses for

these basins were 78 percent of USWB pan

rates, and annual ET losses were the most

stable element in the hydrologic balance.

Soil moisture conditions In the vadose zone seemed to influence base flow rates as much

as ground water stages.

Observations will continue to ascertain the

effects of contemplated Watershed Protection

and Flood Prevention Programs.

RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN

LOAM SOILS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Coy W. Doty, North Mississippi Branch

Experiment Station, Holly Springs, Miss.

Experimental, field; basic and applied.

Rates and amounts of runoff and soil losses

are measured on plots with land of five

percent slope and degrees of ground cover ranging from continuous fallow to 2 years of

sod and one year of corn, and with contour versus up- and down-hill tillage.

Both water and soil losses are excessive on bare land, and are reduced as the degree of

ground cover is increased.

HYDRAULICS OF FARM WATER CONTROL IN THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

Mr. W. Campbell Little, Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Soil Conservation Field Station, Box 33, Watklnsville,

Georgia.

Experimental laboratory; basic and applied.

Basic research on the mechanics of erosion

and hydraulics of flow In individual crop rows and in terraced channels will be

developed for both terrace systems and Individual row systems for the different soils of the Piedmont.

Initial studies are underway.

SURFACE DRAINAGE — ROW LENGTHS AND GRADES

FOR REMOVAL AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE WATER

ON FORMED AGRICULTURAL LAND OF- THE

MISSISSIPPI DELTA.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana,

P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Approximately 80 acres of land have been

formed with four different slopes, In two

replications, of 0.1', 1.15', 0<2', and

0.25'. For each slope class, row lengths of

500', 700', 900', and 1,100'' will be used

to determine the maximum row length for

formed land as related to slope

Runoff, time-of-concentration, Infiltration,

soli temperature, and soil moisture data

will be gathered and correlated with

rainfall, wind humidity, and sunshine

radiation.

Future studies are contemplated to evaluate

flow characteristics of surface water In furrows on agricultural land. This
Information will be used to develop a furrow

cross-section with the best hydraulic characteristics.

(g) Established In full operation in 1962.

(4333) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR THE SOUTHERN

PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. A. P. Barnett or Mr. J. S. Rogers,

Agricultural Engineers, Southern Piedmont

Soil Conservation Field Station, Box 33,

Watkinsville, Georgia.

(d) Experimental field investigations, development and applied.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the interrelations of climate, soil,

topography, cover, management, row direction,

runoff, soil movement and loss from Southern

Piedmont soils. The work is conducted on fractional acre field plots under both

natural and simulated rainfall

.

The natural rainfall plot study includes six

cover, two row direction and three slope

steepness treatments on a total of 42 plots.

Total amounts of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual rainstorms. Meteorological data are also secured.

The rainfall simulator designed to apply rain

at 4, 2-1/2 and 1-1/4 inches per hour

simultaneously to three adjacent plots is

used to secure runoff and soil loss data

from specific soil, slope, crop, and management complexes through the application of

designed storms. These data will be used to evaluate their runoff and erosion control

effectiveness

.

(g) Progress is reported each year in Station

annual reports.

(4334) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR SOUTHERN

COASTAL PLAINS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer,

Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,

Tifton, Georgia.

d) Field investigations; applied, for design.

e) The purpose of these studies is to determine interrelations of climate, soil, land

cover, runoff and soil loss for Southern

Coastal Plain soils. The work is conducted

on 18 field plots, 1/20 acre in size, under

natural rainfall. There are four cover

treatments. Total amount of runoff and soil

loss are measured for individual storms

.

Meteorological data are also secured.

(g) Grass-based rotations and continuous corn have been evaluated, showing protective

effects of perennial grass sods and of

annual crop residues.

(4841) SURFACE WATER STORAGE AND SUPPLY ON FARMS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in

Georgia.

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer,

Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station,

Tifton, Georgia.

(d) Field investigation; applied for design and

development

.

(e) Purpose of the studies Is to determine pond

storage efficiency under various soil and

topographic conditions as affected by watershed yield, pond surface evaporation,

seepage Into and out of the impoundment,

farm use of storage, and related factors.

Initial study to be on one rather typical

farm pond in the coastal plain, with anticipation of extending the work to other

ponds.

(g) Study initiated in early 1962; expected to be fully operative on one pond in 1963.

(4842) SHALLOW WELLS AND IRRIGATION PITS FOR

IRRIGATION AND OTHER FARM WATER SUPPLY IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in

Georgia.

(c) Mr. G. N. Sparrow, Agricultural Engineer, Ga. Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga. (d) Field investigation; applied, for design and

development

.

(e) The purpose of the studies is to develop

criteria by which engineers and soil

scientists can classify sites for irrigation

pits, shallow wells, or other access to shallow ground water aquifers In the coastal

plains on the basis of topography and soils.

Initial study is concerned with excavated

irrigation pits, their adequacy of supply,

the relation of recharge to rainfall and

soils, and other related influences.

Investigations now involve 3 pits, each

under somewhat different soil and topographic situations.

(g) Studies initiated in early 1962; expected

to be fully operative on 3 irrigation pits

in 1963.

(4843) AN EFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE

LAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana

State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,

P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station.

d) Experimental applied research.

e) The present conventional system of sugarcane

land requires considerable land occupied by

ditches and is costly to maintain. Experimental work is underway to develop a more efficient drainage system which will consume

less land and be more economical to maintain.

This Is an adaptation of the cotton drainage

system to sugarcane.

(g) This system reduces the amount of land in

ditches from 4 to 7 percent with a $5.22

per acre per annum savings In cost of maintenance.

(h) "An Efficient Drainage System for Sugarcane

Land" by I. L. Saveson, USDA, ARS 41-72,

(In Press)

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, 804 Bryan Street, Amarillo,

Texas, Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief.

(3876) SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONSHIPS OF COTTON AS

AFFECTED BY SOIL MOISTURE REGIME.

(~b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. N. Namken, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box

267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation - applied research.

(e) This study provides information on the rate,

amount and pattern of soil moisture depletion by cotton as affected by the stage

of plant growth, the amount of available

moisture in the profile and the soil type.

(f) Completed.

(g) The rate, amount and pattern of soil moisture

depletion by cotton on two of the major

irrigated soils of the Lower Rio Grande

Valley (Willacy fine sandy loam and

Harlingen clay), were influenced by (1)

stage of plant maturity, (2) amount of

available water In the profile, and (3)

plant density. High rates of moisture depletion occurred during periods following

irrigations or appreciable rainfall.

Maximum depletion rates ranged from .16 in.

per day on the nonirrigated treatment to

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112
.45 inches per day on the high moisture

level treatments.

On Harlingen clay practically all soil

moisture depletion occurred from the first

two feet of the profile except in the dry

treatment where it was evident that plant

growth stopped once the available moisture

was depleted from this zone. In all treatments approximately 98 percent (by weight)

of the roots were confined to the top two

feet of the profile.

Frequent additions of water during the peak

bloom and boll development stages of plant

growth, either in the form of rainfall or supplemental irrigation, gave the most

efficient production of cotton on Harlingen

clay.

In the case of the Willacy fine sandy loam,

moisture was depleted from the entire 5 foot profile, and most efficient production

of cotton occurred when 1 to 2 supplemental

irrigations were applied during the peak

bloom and boll development stages of plant

growth

(h) "Effect of Irrigation Differentials and

Plant Spacings on Yield of Cotton on Harlingen Clay in the Lower Rio Grande

Valley," by C. J. Gerard and L. N. Namken,

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

Progress Report 2216, 8 pages, Oct. 26, 1961.

"Soil Moisture Depletion by Irrigated Cotton

as Influenced by Moisture Regime and Stage

of Plant Development," by M. Amemiya,

L. N. Namken and C. J. Gerard, Presented at

the Soil Science Society of America Annual

Meetings, 1961, (in press).

(3877) SOIL MOISTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR COTTON.

b} Laboratory project.

c) Mr. P. Earl Ross, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) A study to determine the most effective use

of a variable and limited supply of irrigation water for cotton production.

(g) From a four year study on a deep sandy clay

loam soil underlain with a 6-8 foot saline

water table it was concluded that soil

moisture in the upper two feet may be

reduced to 10-15 percent field capacity

with no significant reduction in yield.

(3879) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM

IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental and field investigation - applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to determine the

extent of salinity problems; characterize

and correlate the water table, soil, topographic and related measurable factors

associated with salinity problems in the

area.

(g) Extensive water table observations show a fluctuating seasonally high saline water

table beneath the area. The water table

and ground surfaces slope approximately

one foot per mile to the northeast in the

general direction of the Gulf Coast.

(3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE

FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The objectives are to obtain evidence on the generality of the parabolic moisture

distribution with respect to the interface

of extraction and to Interpret unsaturated

moisture flow in terms of molecular level

mechanisms of flow. The experimental

technique is that of inducing moisture flow

by various techniques at a series of

temperatures and measuring the flow rate.

The Arrhenius equation is applied to the

data and an activation energy calculated.

The activation energy is then interpreted

in terms of energy barriers to molecular

level flow mechanisms. The soil columns are sampled at the end of the runs to determine

the moisture distribution with respect to

the interface of extraction.

(g) The results to date indicate that the

resulting moisture distribution is a function

of peculiarities of the microdynamic flow

processes involved and independent of the

method of extraction.

(h) "Drying Patterns of a Sandy Clay Loam in

Relation to Possible Depths of Seeding,"

by Craig L. Wiegand, (accepted for publication in Agronomy Journal).

(3881) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) The evaporation of free water is being

studied under controlled conditions to:

(1) Obtain quantitative information on the

rate of evaporation of free water under

controlled atmospheric conditions; (2) measure the rate of evaporation of water as

a function of water temperature; and (3)

correlate the rate of evaporation with (a)

the saturation deficit of the atmosphere,

and (b) the fugacity of the water molecules.

Evaporation is being measured under all

combinations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees

C water temperature; 10, 20, 30, and 40

degrees C air temperature; and 30, 50, 70,

and 90$ relative humidity. Water temperature is controlled to plus or minus .1 degrees C, ambient temperature to plus or minus 1.0 degrees C, and relative humidity

to plus or minus 3$.

(g) Rates encountered range from condensation

at the rate of 1.1 cm. per day to evaporation at the rate of 4.4 cm. per day.

The evaporation and condensation rates

correlate closely with the vapor pressure

difference between the water surface and

the bulk air. The data indicate that the

rate of evaporation is more a function of

the capacity of air to take on moisture than

of the escaping tendency of the water

molecules.

The evaporation rate increases faster with

increasing water temperature than does the

vapor pressure of water itself. The

implication is that the latent heat of

vaporization, the energy barrier to evaporation, does not limit the evaporation rates

in this study.

(4335) THE HYDRAULICS OF STRUCTURES USED IN SOIL

AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division; Corn Belt

Branch, Project 1723, and Illinois State

Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0.

Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, applied

research for design.

(e) Experiments employ small scale models as well as full size structures tested under

simulated natural conditions to develop

designs for structures needed for soil

and water conservation. Closed conduit

spillway entrances including drop Inlets,

hood inlets, and orifice plates are tested.

Debris guards are tested using full size

structures to provide verification of the

small models.

1

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(b)

(c)

IS)

(b)

(c)

l.i

(g) Recent work included the testing of full

size pipe spillways with hood inlet

entrances. Diameters of pipe tested ranged

from 8 inches to 24 inches.

(4336) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF DEVICES FOR THE

MEASUREMENT OP RUNOFF.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Experimental, applied research.

The measuring devices tested are used in the

hydrology research program of the Agricultural Research Service. Sites for

runoff measuring stations are surveyed and

then modeled in the laboratory. Proposed

structures are placed in the model and

tested to develop a satisfactory design.

The final design is calibrated by model

tests. All current work is on specific

sites and no general experiments are done,

(g) Model calibrations were made during the

past year on a super-critical flow flume for

measuring discharge rates up to 6000 c.f .s.

(4337) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN VEGETATION LINED

CHANNELS.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Experimental, applied research.

Channels or portions of channels are built

full size on the outdoor hydraulic laboratory grounds. These are planted to the

vegetation being investigated and then

tested by flowing water at selected times.

Friction factors and permissible velocities

(or tractive force values) are determined.

In recent years the establishment phase of

vegetal channels has received the greater

emphasis. This has included the evaluation

of temporary, fabricated liners of Jute,

glass fiber, and asphalt,

(g) Friction factor values and permissible

velocities for vegetation lined waterways

which were found by this station now appear

in many publications, including the

"Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and

Water Conservation," SCS-TP-61.

HYDRAULICS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

Experimental, applied research.

Studies are made of unsteady flow phenomena

occurring in the runoff process. Included

are investigations of overland flow,

spatially varied unsteady flow In channels,

and flood wave movement in channels. The

initial phase of the study is an analytical

one utilizing existing knowledge and theory.

This phase will be followed by a large

scale outdoor laboratory study to test

hypotheses and evaluate coefficients,

(f) In construction phase.

(4339) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE RED PRAIRIE OF OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0.

Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for

design.

(e) Three watersheds, 17 acres, 92 acres, and

206 acres in size and covered with native

grass, are instrumented to measure rainfall

and runoff. Annual water yield as well as peak flood flows are determined. Selected

runoff events provide data for distribution

graphs or unit hydrograph development

.

(4338)

(b)

(c)

l.i

(g)

(4340)

(b)

(c)

lei

(4341)

(b)

(c)

lei

(4342)

(b)

(c)

I.

(4343)

(b)

(c)

lei

(4344)

(b)

(o)

lei

Data from 11 years of measurement are

on hand.

SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, MOVEMENT AND DEPOSITION IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

Field Investigation, applied research.

Suspended sediment sampling and total

sediment transport determinations are made

at selected tributary and main stream

locations In the Washita River Basin. These

samples are analyzed for size distribution.

STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND SEDIMENT

CONTROL WORKS IN CHANNELS OF THE WASHITA

RIVER BASIN.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

Field investigation, applied research.

Selected reaches of channels representing

different geologies, soils, and flow

regimes are being established for detailed

studies of stream channel morphology.

Information is being obtained on crosssections, slopes, thalweg lengths, alignments, vegetation, and bed and bank materials

Any control works are completely identified

as to location, orientation, shape, size, and

materials. Flow history will be recorded,

including both water and sediment. Changes

in channel conditions, or lack of change,

will be related to flow history and other

controlling factors for the development of

criteria for stable channel design.

PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING

RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE

WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

Field investigation, applied research.

A network of 170 recording precipitation

gages has been established on a 3-mile

grid in an 1100- square mile area in the

central portion of the Washita River Basin.

The precipitation characteristics will be

analyzed to determine and evaluate precipitation parameters useful in estimating

runoff

.

RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

Field Investigation, applied research.

Small watersheds generally not exceeding

100 acres in size, each representing a single

soil-cover combination are being instrumented

to measure rainfall, runoff, and soil

moisture. Information on the runoff

producing characteristics of the unit source areas will be useful in the development of

equations for predicting runoff from

ungaged complex watersheds.

RELATION OF INTEGRATED CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD

OF THE WASHITA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OKLA

.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0.

Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

Field investigation, applied research.

A reach of the Washita River extending

from Anadarko, Oklahoma, to Alex, Oklahoma,

114
has been selected for study. This reach

has a length of 80 river miles and a drainage area along this length of 1120

square miles. Gaging stations are being

established near the mouth of 20 tributaries

and at 6 sites along the main stem of the

Washita River in this reach. V.'atershed characteristics are being measured and

defined. The watershed land use and

structures development will be Inventoried

periodically. Flood peaks, total flow and

its rate-time distribution will be determined and related to climatic and land

factors

(4345) EXPLORATORY STUDY OP THE REGIMES OF WASHITA

RIVER MAIN STEM FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

dl Analysis of record, applied research,

e) The flow history of the Washita River,

Oklahoma, for the 10-year period 1941 to 1950 is being analyzed to: (1) Determine

parameters characterizing the regime flows

prior to developm3nt of upstream flood

abatement measures; and (2) establish a base for reference in defining any future

changes in flow regimes associated with

conservation and treatment programs in

tributary watersheds.

(4346) APUIFER-STREAMFLOW RELATIONS, GROUND WATER

BUDGET, WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 684, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The alluvia and underground flow system of

the Washita River Basin are being defined

by use of drilling equipment and existing

well logs. Permeability coefficients will

be determined and ground water observation

wells established. This is one part of a comprehensive research study of the total

water budget in a portion of the Washita

River Basin.

(4347) AN INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF

RELATIONSHIPS IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF THE

LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for

design.

(e) The project will provide data on runoff

volumes needed for the design of drainage

systems for the flat, coastal areas. A 3250-acre, non-leveled, dry land tract is

instrumented to measure rainfall and runoff.

Data are also obtained on land and soil

characteristics as well as the climatic

variables.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(4348) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING

RUNOFF FROM SELECTED AREAS IN TEXA.S.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Rain gage networks are established on the

Blacklands Experimental Watershed near

Riesel, Texas, and on the Edwards Plateau

near Sonora, Texas. Information is being

obtained on amounts, duration, seasonal

distribution, and other characteristics of

rainfall to the extent that the characteristics

influence runoff from agricultural watersheds.

(f) The work at Sonora, Texas, was initiated in

1961.

(4349) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS

TO STORM RUNOFF AND TO WATER YIELD FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLACKLANDS

OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

(d) Field Investigation, applied research.

(e) Thirty watersheds at the Blacklands Experimental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, varying

in size from approximately 3 acres to 5860 acres, have been equipped with precalibrated

flumes or with current meter rated weirs to measure runoff rates. Precipitation is meas- ured by recording rain gages. The land

factors are determined by periodic inventory

of crops, covers, and crop systems on the

land. Relationships between climatic and

land factors and the runoff produced are ana- lyzed to develop prediction methods for estimating storm peaks and water yields.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff,

maximum volumes of flow for selected periods

of time, and detailed data for selected

runoff events are reported annually. Several

analytical and interpretive reports have been

published.

(4350) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Twelve watersheds, approximately 3 acres in

size each, of single land use, crop or grass, are instrumented with H-type flumes to measure the runoff. The relationships between

the runoff and the associated precipitation

as influenced by the land characteristics

are investigated. These relationships will

facilitate the prediction of runoff from

ungaged watersheds composed of combination

of these single soil-cover, sub-watersheds

or unit source areas.

(h) Monthly summaries of rainfall and runoff,

maximum volumes of flow for selected periods

of time, and detailed data for selected

runoff events are reported annually.

(4351) SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE TEXAS BLACKLANDS AND THE EDWARDS

PLATEAU.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) At the Blacklands Experimental Watershed

near Riesel, Texas, sediment yield measure- ments have been or are being made on twenty-four plots or watersheds varying

in size from one-quarter to 5860 acres. These sediment yields are correlated with

precipitation, runoff, topography, soils,

land use, and conservation practices. The

data are analyzed to develop techniques and

procedures fqr estimating sediment yield and

sources from ungaged watersheds. On Lowry

Draw in the Edwards Plateau area near

Sonora, Texas, sediment range lines have

been established, in cooperation with Soil

Conservation Service, at two detention

reservoir sites with drainage areas of 4.38

and 16.85 square miles. In addition, ar- rangements have been made for sampling the

flow from the reservoir spillways.

(4352) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU AREA OF WEST CENTRAL

TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

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15!

Field investigation, applied research.

Five detention reservoirs in Lowrey Draw are equipped with water level recorders. Runoff

volumes are measured by volume change in the

reservoir. Rates of inflow can also be

determined. The watersheds above the

reservoirs range in size from 686 to 10787

acres. A current meter rated gaging station

will be placed at the outlet of the Lowrey

Draw watershed which has a drainage area of

48 square miles. A rain gage network will

determine the precipitation over the area.

In addition to the development of the

rainfall-runoff relationship for this area,

a study will be made of the disposition of

the water temporarily stored in the

reservoirs

.

EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA

OF OLD TILE DRAIN SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

Field investigation - applied research.

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of some old existing tile systems in draining

and leaching soils; to evaluate the

functioning of tile drains with and without

filter materials; and, to evaluate the

adequacy of tile drain design criteria.

Additional tile lines up to 30 years old

have been examined by excavating to the

buried lines. Detailed studies of the

salinity status of the soil between tile

lines and of drainage provided by tile

lines shows that most systems are only

partially effective. A pitot tube air

meter was fabricated and calibrated to meet

a need for a device to measure flows in

burled tile lines.

INFILTRATION RATES AND PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF

SALINITY.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Leon Lyles, Research Agricultural

Engineer, or Dr. Craig Wiegand, Research

Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco,

Texas

.

Field investigation; applied research.

The purpose of the work is to relate

infiltration rates to the occurrence of

salt-affected profiles. Infiltration

rates are to be determined on about a dozen salt affected and adjacent non-affected

profile pairs which have been chemically

and physically characterized. The infiltration rates will be related statistically

to the severity of salinization and to the

chemical and physical properties of the

profiles.

The infiltration rate during the 15 minute

to 5 hour time interval ranged from 0.35

to 3.96 inches per hour. Electrical

conductivity of saturation extracts from the

surface 3 inches of soil at these sites were 51 and 0.7 mmhos. per cm., respectively.

The multiple regression analysis relating

infiltration rate to the chemical and

physical properties of the profile is yet to be completed.

CONCENTRATIONS OF SALTS IN RAINWATER ACROSS

THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Leon Lyles, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

Field investigation - basic research.

The project was a rain water sampling study

to determine the quantity of salts present

in rain water of varying storm types at the

coast line and extending inland approximately 90 miles.

Completed.

A decrease in salt concentration of rainfall

was observed with distance inland. The rate

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of decline is a function of the logarithm of

the distance inland. The concentration of

individual Ions determined, except calcium,

follow the logarithmic relationship.

EFFECTS OF BENCHING AND TERRACING ON MOISTURE

CONSERVATION ON SLOPING HA ROLANDS OF THE

SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer,

Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

Field investigation, applied and design

research

.

1. To test the feasibility of altering the

configuration of the land to intercept,

spread, and infiltrate surface runoff in

contour basins. 2. To determine the extent

to which such intercepted runoff will add

to available soil moisture supplies and how

such additional soil moisture may best be

utilized for crop production. 3. To determine the relative value of the three

types of terrace systems, conservation

benching, graded,' and level closed end for

moisture conservation and crop production.

4. To measure runoff from well managed

contour farmed hardland soils.

It has been found that graded and level

terraces are equally effective in conserving

runoff water under semi-arid conditions

where 10 or 11 months of fallow precade

planting either wheat or grain sorghum. It has been found that the conservation bench

terrace system is superior to either graded

or level terraces In the conservation of

runoff water.

"Evaluation of the Zingg Conservation Bench

Terrace," by V. L. Hauser and M. B. Cox,

Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 462-464.

"A Comparison of Level and Graded Terraces

In the Southern High Plains," by V. L. Hauser, C. E. Van Doren, and J. S. Robins,

Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 75-77.

EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE ON

RUNOFF, EROSION, AND CROP YIELDS UNDER

BLACKLAND CONDITIONS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

Experimental - applied research.

Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12

field scale (1 1/2 acre) plots representing

a typical cultivated slope of Blackland

Prairie soils. The plots are in three

cropping systems with row cropping every

year, in alternate years, and every third

year. By taking soil moisture and crop

residue measurements, in the future the

interactions of varying climatic influences

with crops and management are determined as

a basis for determining runoff and erosion

on farms and watersheds.

Soil moisture is the dominant factor influencing runoff in the Blackland soils.

Erosion per unit of runoff is strongly

influenced by surface residues as well as live crop growth. Early stands of grain

sorghum are thick and by keeping residues on

the surface erosion from grain sorghum has

been about one-half as much as from corn or cotton and only slightly more than oats.

TESTING OF MATERIALS FOR IMPROVED SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

Experimental; applied research.

Laboratory tank studies will be made to

evaluate drainage materials with particular

emphasis on filters and new drain tube

materials. One or more field installations

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will be made In which drainage materials will

be compared and evaluated. Electric

analogue studies will be made for predicting

flow rates into tile lines.

Data are being taken but have not yet been

summarized.

SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONS OP IRRIGATED

COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH TO WATER TABLE.

Laboratory project.

Mr. L. N. Namken, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

Field investigation; applied research.

A set of thirty-six lysimeters, one meter

square and ten feet deep, are being utilized

to study the influence of soil moisture level,

water table depth and water table salt level

treatments on evapotranspiration, vegetative

growth and yield of cotton. The objectives

of the project are: (1) To determine the

contribution of a water table to the water

requirement of cotton; (2) to study soil

moisture use and extraction by cotton as influenced by various water table depths;

and (3) to study the effect of water table

salt concentration on salt movement and

moisture uptake by the cotton plant.

CROPPING SYSTEMS AND TILLAGE METHODS FOR

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION IN CONNECTION

WITH WHEAT PRODUCTION

Laboratory project.

Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma.

Field investigation; applied research.

Comparison of clean tillage versus stubble

mulch tillage on continuous wheat with and

without nitrogen fertilizer, and rotations

of three years wheat with three years

alfalfa. Plowing to 12 inches was done in

1955 to disrupt the plow pan on half of all

plots. The purpose of the project is to evaluate stubble mulch tillage and deep

plowing with different cultural practices

for increasing water infiltration, reducing

runoff, controlling erosion, and improving

crop production.

Deep plowing reduced runoff the first year

approximately 25$, the second year about

~LS% and the third year about 5%, the

following years there was no measurable

difference. There was no measurable difference in crop production. Spring application of nitrogen has materially reduced

runoff and increased wheat production.

Runoff is reduced by stubble mulch during

the fall season but not in the spring.

Runoff is reduced and wheat production is

increased the first and second years of

wheat following three years of alfalfa.

"Stubble Mulch and Other Cultural Practices

for Moisture Conservation and Wheat

Production at the Wheatland Conservation

Experiment Station, Cherokee, Okla.," by

Harley A. Daniel, Maurice B. Cox, and

Harry M. Elwell, USDA Production Research

Report No. 6, October 1956.

"Rainfall-runoff Relations on Wheatland,"

Maurice B. Cox, Agricultural Engineering,

Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 117-119, February 1956.

"Design of Plots Conforming to the Land

for Evaluating Moisture Conservation

Practices," by Harley A. Daniel, Maurice

B. Cox, Billy B. Tucker, and Frank G. Viets,

Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,

Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 347-350, May-June 1957.

"Effect of Land Treatment on Runoff at Cherokee, Oklahoma," by W. G. Knisel, M. B. Cox, and B. B. Tucker, Oklahoma Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin B-583.

EFFECT OF SURFACE CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT

ON RUNOFF, EROSION, CROP YIELDS, AND SOIL

PROPERTIES.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

ft)

(g)

(4848)

ft)

ft!

(f)

(4849)

ft!

(d)

(e)

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

Field investigation; applied research.

Eight individual terrace fields on characterized Blackland Prairie soils are managed by 2 tillage systems in a 2-year

rotation of cotton-wheat with crop growth

and yields and soil characteristics

determined, and with rainfall and runoff

gauging on 4 terraces.

Nine years of data show no consistent or significant difference between the runoff

from trash-mulch tillage versus clean,

conventional tillage.

GRADED FURROWS FOR REDUCING WATER EROSION.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

Field investigation; applied research.

Forty-inch furrows are planted on a 1 percent

grade. The amount of runoff and soil loss

from the furrows will be measured along

with rainfall intensities, soil moisture,

and surface residues. If the furrows carry

all the water that falls In them, the

recommended terrace spacing could be

increased.

Now being initiated.

EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE METHODS FOR THE

NONIRRIGATED AREA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE

VALLEY OF TEXAS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

or Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco,

Texas.

Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

The purpose of the study is to compare the

effectiveness and cost of Installation

operation and maintenance of three drainage

methods; open drain ditches, subsurface

drain tile, and drainage wells in reduction

of soil salinity and control of a ground

water table.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

SOUTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, Calif.,

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief.

[151)

w

(c)

ft!

LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

Utah State University and Bureau of

Reclamation.

Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan,

Utah.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Linings for irrigation canals and

reservoirs are being tested to develop more effective and lower cost methods of

reducing seepage losses in irrigation

systems. The investigation included: (1)

Evaluation of physical properties of lining

materials; (2) model testing of linings In

an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing

at selected sites to determine relative

durability under varying subgrade and

climatic conditions.

After over eight years both 8-mil vinyl and

polyethylene films installed as buried

linings are providing almost complete

seepage control. Four-mil films are becoming somewhat less effective as seepage

barriers but are still relatively watertight .

(2117) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF

SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

(g)

117
and Federal agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno,

Nevada.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

Applied research.

(e) To determine the consumptive use of water

by crops, phreatophytes, and other

vegetation, and net Irrigation supply re- quirements. To develop empirical formula

from cllmatologlcal and other data for determining rates of consumptive use.

(h) "Determining Consumptive Use and Irrigation

Requirements," by Harry F. Blaney and Wayne

D. Criddle, U.S.D.A. Tech. Bui. No. 1275.

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND

LAKES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with State

of California, counties and other agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno,

Nevada.

(d) Experimental; compilation and analysis of

data. Applied research.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from

reservoirs and lakes and develop empirical

formulas from cllmatologlcal data for

computing monthly evaporation. Cooperative

field measurements are being made of pan

evaporation at stations in California

ranging from near sea level in Santa Barbara

County to 9,194 feet elevation at Kaiser

Pass in the Sierra-Nevada Mountains.

(2181) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER FOR

IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer,

4816 East Shields Avenue, Fresno 3, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store imported water underground in quantity and of a qualty needed

in various locations. The objectives are:

(1) To determine the physical and chemical

characteristics of surface soil and substrata on selected recharge sites and to relate these characteristics to infiltration

and percolation rates, and to lateral

aquifer flow; (2) to determine the feasibility of recharge irrigation (deep percolation by heavy irrigation of crops) as a means of storing water underground; (3) to determine the effect on recharge of the

quality of water reaching the groundwater

table under selected site conditions, and

on the quality of the groundwater;

and (4) to prepare a recharge guide which

permits the evaluation of a site for

recharge, suggests methods and systems of

recharge to be used and indicates the

quality of groundwater that may be expected

as a result of recharge,

(h) "Effect of Filtering on Model Recharge

Wells," by Leonard Schiff, Proc. Amer. Soc.

Civil Engrs., IR 4, Dec. 1961.

"Ground Water Recharge Methods Based on Site Characteristics and on Sediment in

Flood Water," by Leonard Schiff, approved

by SWCRD for 1963 Tokyo meeting International

Commission on Irrigation and Drainage.

"The Hydraulic Conductivity of Selected

Uniform, Stratified and Mixed Sands with

Emphasis on Ground Water Recharge Problems,"

by Jerold J. Behnke and Leonard Schiff, in

press for Dec. 1962 AGU meeting.

"Effects of Prolonged Irrigation on Cotton,"

by E. E. Haskell, Jr. and W. C. Bianchi,

accepted for publication in Agronomy Journal.

"Ground VJater Recharge Hydrology, " Leonard

Schiff, submitted for Agronomy Monograph,

A.S.A.

"Ground Water Recharge and Storage," by D. C. Muckel and L. Schiff, submitted for

Agronomy Monograph, Chapter 8.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION

REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with the

Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS,

Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine surface-irrigation requirements

of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three soil

textures with constant water tables at various depths, and on well-drained soil in

the absence of a water table; to determine

the effect of plant growth stage on the rate

of water use by Lahontan alfalfa; to determine the relation between the use of water by alfalfa under various water table conditions, evaporation from porous atmometer

bulbs, and evaporation from a Weather Bureau

evaporation pan; and to evaluate the effects

of a fluctuating water table on the yield

and growth rate of alfalfa.

(g) The seasonal values Indicate that: (1) The

consumptive use and yield of alfalfa for the

non-irrigated treatments decreased as the

depth to water table Increased; (2) the

non-irrigated lysimeters show a lower

consumptive use and yield than the irrigated

lysimeters in most Instances; (3) the

consumptive use and yield of the drained

irrigated treatments are comparable to the

values measured for the eight-foot water

table, non-irrigated treatment; and (4) the

differences due to water table depth are less for the non-irrigated treatments.

Alfalfa plants, grown on a sandy loam soil, can stand submergence for three days without

a reduction in yield.

(h) "Equipment for Controlled Water Table Investigations," Rhys Tovey and W. C. Bianchi,

Transactions American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 126 and

127, 1961.

"Consumptive Use and Yield of Alfalfa Grown

in the Presence of Static Water Tables,"

Rhys Tovey. Submitted for Division approval; to be published as Nevada Agric . Exp. Sta.

Tech. Bui.

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE

AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer,

Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Field and applied research.

e) To determine the causes for drainage

problems in the study area, to develop

equipment and techniques suited to conditions

in the study area which will permit determining qualitative and, if possible,

quantitative relationships between causes for drainage problems in the study area and

in other similar areas; to develop physically and economically feasible methods of

correcting or alleviating problems in the

study area and in other similar areas.

(g) Canal seepage measurements are being ana- lyzed for relationship to high water table

build-up. Results of Investigative borings

are being compiled for determination of cor- rective drainage measures. Hydraulic con- ductivity and specific yield data are being

compiled for design of corrective drainage measures. Plastic lined mole drains are being studied as a possible economical

drainage problem. Well, piezometer, and

irrigation efficiency data are being com- piled for analyzing the cause for drainage

problems

.

(h) 'Experimental Plastic Drains in Nevada,"

by A. S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer, Nev.

Agri. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 228 (2nd Press).

(3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

California Agricultural Experiment Station,

118
Davis, California.

(c) Mr. D. C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno,

Nevada.

(d) Experimental and basic research and developmental . (e) This is a three dimension model study of

the hydraulics of Cylinder-type infiltrometer to determine the flow regime of this

device, the necessity for buffer cylinders,

the effect of diameter on its function, the

effect of methods and depths of placement

on results, the effect of location of less

permeable soil strata in relation to depth

of placement of inf lltrometer, and the

effect of various operational techniques on reliability of results.

f) Completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan

Utah.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) New methods and equipment for conveying and

applying irrigation water are being

developed. The hydraulic properties of layflat tubing are being studied and new materials are being evaluated to determine

their use in conveyance structures.

(g) Work continued on the design and testing of

a free-flowing hopper section for subgradeguided slipforms. The feature of the

hopper section which facilitates the flow

is a half conical section. This creates a diverging flow pattern that eliminates the

arching and bridging associated with flow

in hoppers of conventional design.

A gate valve has been developed and found

to provide an effective watertight diversion

structure. This gate promises to be low in

cost and simple to operate. A report on this valve is scheduled to be released in

the near future

(h) "New Slipform uses Free-Flow Hopper," by

Frank W. Haws and C. W. Lauritzen, Farm & Home Science, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 63-65,

Sept. 1962, publication of Utah State Univ.,

Agricultural Experiment Station.

"Standardization of Canal Cross Section,"

by C. W. Lauritzen, Seventh Indian Standards

Convention Proceedings, Calcutta, India.

"Hydraulics and Geometrical Relationships of

Lay-Flat Irrigation Tubing," by A. S. Humphreys and C. W. Lauritzen, USDA Tech.

Bulletin, (In Press).

(3558) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF THE SEDIMENT

SEALING PROCESS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Soil Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 8014,

University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine factors influencing sediment

penetration and retention involved with

sealing irrigation canals or reservoirs with

seepage transported bentonite, and to develop procedures to obtain effective seals.

Experimentation is being done with sands

placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches in

diameter and 2 feet long. Bentonite is

applied by dispersing it in the water,

percolation carries the bentonite down into

the sand profile. Numerous aspects con- cerning the chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of the bentonites, waters,

and sands will be evaluated.

(g) Investigations, to date, suggest that effective seals can be obtained within certain

unknown limitations.

(h) "The Apparent Swelling Behavior of Some

Moderately Dispersed Bentonites," by Myron

B. Rollins, Merrill J. Hallam, and Victor I. Myers. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer., Vol. 25, pp. 407-409, September - October 1961.

(3560) EVAPOTRANSP I RATION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW

VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno,

Nevada.

(e) To measure the evapo-transpiration of

meadow vegetation in the Humboldt Basin area which subsists primarily under shallow water

table conditions. The data will be used to determine areal use of ground waters by

native vegetation and phreatophytes and to develop methods of more efficient utilization

of those water supplies.

(g) Evapo-transplrational rates are being obtained

by water use measurements of meadow grasses

growing in plastic lysimeters. Vegetative

growth, soil moisture, water table, and

weather data are being collected to which

evapo-transpiration rates from tanks can be

related.

(h) "Plastic Membrane Tanks for Evapotranspiration Determinations," by A. S. Dylla and

Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineering, Vol.

43, No. 10, pp. 585, 1962.

(3868) MECHANISMS AND MATHEMATICS OF WATER MOVEMENT

IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Laboratory

Post Office Box 67 2, Riverside, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Improved techniques for measuring the water

transmitting properties of soils are being

sought. The effect of temperature on these

properties is being studied. A mathematical

treatment of evaporation of water from soil

is being developed and tested and the re- distribution of water in soil after infiltration is being studied experimentally.

(g) Equations predicting the rate of drying from

bare soil as a function of potential evaporation and soil water content haye been

developed and tested for nearly isothermal

conditions. A relatively rapid method for

measuring unsaturated conductivity in the

tensiometer range has been devised.

(h) "Unsaturated Conductivity and Dlffusivity

Measurements by a Constant Flux Method,"

W. R. Gradner, and F. J. Miklich. Soil Sci.

93: 271-274, 1962.

"Note on the Separation and Solution of

Diffusion Type Equations," by W. R. Gardner.

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 404, 1962.

"The Relation of External Evaporative Conditions to the Drying of Soils," by W. R. Gardner and D. I. Hillel. J. Geophy. Res.

67: 4319-4325, 1962.

(3872) DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe,

Arizona.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The objective of the study is the development of means for obtaining dynamic similarity in pipe elbow flow meters to permit the use of standard rating curves. ASA, class

125 cast iron 90 degrees flanged, 3

n long and

short radius elbows made by five different

manufacturers have been calibrated under

normal flow conditions. Magnitude of errors caused by flow disturbances from various

fittings and installations were determined.

Larger diameter cast iron elbows and different type elbows are being investigated.

(g) Comparison of rating curves for the 3-inch

cast iron elbows gave results within plus

or minus 3 percent under normal flow conditions.

i

!

i

i

1

119
(3873) GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR

COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Laurltzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanics Art, 130, Logan,

Utah.

d) Experimental and applied research.

e) There are areas in many regions where water

for livestock and even culinary uses Is scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable water

in the form of precipitation falls each

year. As an example, the precipitation on one acre of land in an 8-lnch rainfall area

amounts to 217,248 gallons. This is enough

to supply water to more than 200 head of

cattle for 100 days. This study includes

the development and testing of materials for

ground covers and storage facilities to be

used for the collection and storage of

water in low rainfall areas together with

the design and operation of these facilities.

(g) Tests of ground cover materials have shown

that butyl sheeting is highly satisfactory

for this purpose. It has good aging properties, is easy to install, and requires

minimum site preparation, although the material is relatively expensive. Asphaltcoated Jute fabrics are less expensive but more costly to install and probably have a shorter service life. After several years

of test, they are still effective and should

not be overlooked. A new high molecular

polymer asphalt blend structure, although

evaluated for less than a year, looks

promising and has the advantage of being low

In cost. Evaporation-free storage of water collected

from ground covers has been provided by

butyl bags at an ititial cost of less than

3 cents per gallon.

(h) "Trapping Water," by C. W. Laurltzen,

Western Livestock Journal, Pacific Slope

Edition, Vol. 40, No. 9, p. 24, January 1962.

"Graze More Range with New Water-Saving

Idea," by C. W. Laurltzen Ford Farming,

p. 22, 1962. Publication of Ford Motor

Company, Dearborn, Michigan.

"Capturing Precipitation," by C. W. Laurltzen,

Annual Bulletin, International Commission of

Irrigation and Drainage, (In Press)

.

(3874) INFLUENCE OF COLORADO RIVER WATER UPON

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE IN THE SAN JACINTO

BASIN, CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Luther B. Grass, Soil Chemist, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

d) Experimental.

e) A study of the use of Colorado River Water

for irrigation applicable to the intermediate

valley and plains areas of southern Calif,

is being conducted in two ways. First, in

1954 a group of key soil sampling stations were selected and sampled annually. The soil

analyses were compared with previous

analyses, annual rainfall patterns and

cropping practices. The second study,

initiated in 1960, encompasses a plot

program in which potatoes and grain are grown in a three-year rotation. One-half

of the plots were presalinized. Only sufficient water to supply evapotransplration

is applied to one group of plots, while to the second an excess of 20 percent evapotranspitation demands is applied.

(g) Key salinity trend stations have revealed

during the past ten years that soil salinity

has increased gradually in areas irrigated

with Colorado River water. Winter rainfall

has a very marked influence upon this rate

of accumulation. A winter of substantially

above normal rainfall will do much to leach

the accumulated salts from the soil.

However, on an average annual basis rainfall

is not a dependable means of leaching.

Consequently, the farm operation must

Include a leaching program as part of the

irrigation practice. The plot studies have,

in the first season, indicated the influence

of but moderate concentration of salts upon

productivity.

(4358) FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT AND ROUTING IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental, field investigation.

e) Water level recorders are located at 2,000-

foot intervals in a 3-mile reach of natural

channel. The reach has a gaging flume at

the Inlet and at the outlet, and major

tributary Inflow Is gaged. Flood waves generated by cloudburst type thunderstorms

are being studied.

(g) Only one moderately high discharge event

has occurred since the channel reach has

been instrumented (P = 1,000 c.f.s.). Topriding translatory waves moved through the

reach at velocities up to 25 feet per

second

.

(4359) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING

RUNOFF FROM SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic

research

.

(e) Raingage networks with densities of one recording gage per square mile are being

operated on the 58-square-mile Walnut Gulch

watershed in southeastern Arizona and the

67-square-mile Alamogordo Creek watershed

in northeastern New Mexico. The walnut

Gulch study is augmented by horizontalsearch 3-cm. radar. Objectives of the study

are to determine precipitation parameters

of importance in predicting runoff and

sediment yield, and to give particular

attention to the small area, highly intense,

convective summer thunderstorms typical of

the region,

(g) Return frequencies on the Walnut Gulch

watershed, computed from three years of

record for 55 ralngages, were identical

with those computed from 61 years of record

at a point located near the center of the

watershed. This indicates the convective

thunderstorms occur in a random fashion on the Walnut Gulch watershed. In consecutive

years (1960 and 1961), on the Alamogordo

Creek watershed, convective thunderstorms

occurred that had intensities for time

intervals through 20 minutes greater than

any reported by first order Weather Bureau

Stations in the United States. Identical

volumes of 3.09 inches were recorded in a 15-minute period for each event.

(4360) RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED

BY CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) On semiarid rangeland watersheds up to 43,000 acres in size, runoff measurements

are being maintained, and an attempt is

being made to relate water yield to climatic and watershed characteristics, and

to evaluate the effects of a range program

on rates and amounts of flood runoff and on

<

120
net water yields. A new design of critical

depth flume with capacities up to 18,500

cfs is being used to gage the flashy,

sediment-laden flows.

(g) On 5 Walnut Gulch watersheds ranging from

560 to 36,900 acres, water yield decreases

exponentially with the 0.3 power of the

watershed size. All of the water yields to date have occurred from June to September

as a result of intense convective thunderstorms. On the Alamogordo Creek Watershed

(43,000 acres), flow events originating on the central portion of the valley floor

cause a flat-top hydrograph with a sustained

peak lasting 2 to 3 huurs. It is believed

that this is caused by unusually large

valley storage located upstream from a channel discontinuity.

(h) "Field Performance of Large Critical Depth

Plumes for Measuring Runoff from Semiarid

Rangelands," by Osborn, H. B., Keppel, R. V.,

and Renard, K. G., ARS-41-69. In press.

(4361) THE ROLE OP VALLEY AND CHANNEL MATERIALS

AND VEGETATION IN THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural

Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil

Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. K. G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 213, Tombstone, Arizona.

d) Experimental, field investigation.

e) Measurements from tandem gaging stations are utilized to evaluate the losses that occur

as runoff traverses ephemeral stream

channels. Records from shallow wells show

depletion patterns of the transmission

loss water.

(g) Losses up to 25 acre feet per mile of

channel have been measured on one reach of

channel in a single flash flood. Preliminary evidence indicates that most of the

water is disposed of through evaporation or transpiration, and that little of it reaches

the regional water table.

(h) "Transmission Losses in Ephemeral Stream

Beds," by R. V. Keppel, and K. G. Renard,

Journal of the Hydraulics Div. ASCE HY 5 p. 60-68. May 1962.

"Performance of Local Aquifers as Influenced by Stream Transmission Losses and

Riprarian Vegetation," by K. G. Renard,

R. V. Keppel, and J. J. Hickey, Paper No. 62-705, presented at ASAE Winter Meeting,

December 1962.

(4362) THE HYDROLOGY OP SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OP SOIL AND

NATIVE VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Ariz,

and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service.

(c) Dr. J. L. Gardner, Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926,

Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research.

(e) Interrelations of soils and native vegetation as they influence water and sediment

yield are being evaluated on rangeland

watersheds of 100 to 43,000 acres in

Arizona and New Mexico. Supplementary to studies on entire watersheds, inf lltrometer

studies on 6 x 12' plots are in progress.

A primary objective of the inf lltrometer

studies is determination of parameters of

rangeland vegetation most effective in

evaluating its influences on runoff and

sediment production on watersheds.

(g) On the inf lltrometer plots, maximum runoff

is reached in about half the time on areas supporting brush as compared to those

supporting grass. On small watersheds above

stock tanks, average annual sediment production -- but not runoff — is logarithmically correlated with basal area of grass

cover.

(4363) HYDROLOGIC DATA REDUCTION WITH ANALOG-TODIGITAL CONVERTER.

(b) Laboratory projects, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; laboratory.

e) Hydrologic records in analog form are being

reduced to digital form by means of an automatic analog to digital converter.

Information lis transferred primarily from

rainfall charts to punched cards for future

computer programs.

(h) "Use of Chart Readers for Analog to Digital

Conversion of Hydrologic Data," by Herbert

B. Osborn, ARS-41-81. In press.

(4364) RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON UNIT SOURCE

WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY MICROCLIMATE, WATER BALANCE, SOIL AND VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research

(e) Runoff and sediment yields are being

measured from several small, single soil- cover subwatersheds located within larger

experimental watersheds having mixed soil- cover situations. Objectives are to evaluate the effects of various, soil-vegetation

complexes, microclimate and water balance

phases on local runoff and sediment production, and to identify and characterize

unit source-areas controlling the net storm

runoff and sediment yields of larger, more complex watersheds.

(g) Average annual sediment yield from small

predominantly grass-covered watersheds is

about 1%, by weight, of their water yield.

Sediment yield measured from predominantly

brush-covered watersheds ranges from around

2%, by weight, of water yield upward.

(4365) SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. K. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the relationship of sediment

production on unit source areas to sediment

yield from complex watersheds, (2) to adapt or develop methods for measuring

sediment concentrations from the silt-laden

ephemeral streams of the Southwest, (3) to determine the rates and influencing

factors in the sedimentation of stock

watering ponds and, (4) to develop methods

for reducing sediment yields from complex

rangeland watersheds. Laboratory investigations are being conducted using an electrical capacitance sensing element to measure sediment concentrations.

(4366) RAINFALL CONTRIBUTION TO GROUND WATER

SUPPLIES AT SELECTED SITES IN SANTA BARBARA

COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Santa

Barbara County Water Agency; U. S. Geological Survey; California State Department of

Water Resources; and U. S. Bureau of

Reclamation.

(c) Mr. G. P. Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0.

!

!

121
Box E, Lompoc, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) Soil moisture measurements (made with

neutron scattering moisture meters to

depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) to- gether with measurements of precipitation

and other climatological factors are being

made to determine how much, if any, of the

rainfall in certain ground water recharge

areas penetrates beyond the root zone. The

thirteen sites being studied represent

various cover, soil, and topographic con- ditions. Prom the data collected, evapotranspiration rates are determined. A study Is made of movement of water in

various soils to help determine net con- tribution to ground water recharge by

deeply penetrating rainwater.

f) Completed.

g) Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. This

migration of moisture in unsaturated soil

has been observed in all soils studied but

is most pronounced in sandy soil.

(h) Summarizing report of six years of field

observations is near completion.

(4367) CONSUMPTIVE USE OP WATER AS RELATED TO

PACIFIC COASTAL CLIMATIC INFLUENCE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Santa

Barbara County Water Agency; U. S. Geological Survey; California State Department of

Water Resources; and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation . (c) Mr. P. R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) Soil moisture and soil suction measurements

are made on land In native vegetation and

agricultural crops under central California

coastal and nearby environments. From these

and other data, evapotranspiration Is com- puted. Evapotranspiration values are compared with observations made at five

climate stations of USWB Class A type.

Objectives include basic information and

refinement of present methods of computing

evapotranspiration, for development of

improved management techniques for agricultural watersheds and associated ground

water basins along the coast.

fl Completed.

g) Rather marked increase in evapotranspiration

rates have been observed as distance

increases from four to twenty-eight miles

from the ocean. These rates are noticeably

related to measurable climatic factors,

(h) Summarizing report of six years of field

observations is near completion.

(4368) DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION

SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

(b) U. 3. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS,

Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) (1) To develop a portable device that can

be used in the design and evaluation of

sprinkler irrigation systems and (2) to determine procedures for the use of the

portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device In measuring soil intake rates,

sprinkler application rates and other

factors pertinent to the efficient design

of sprinkler irrigation systems.

(g) A portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device has been designed and constructed.

Tests show that the device works satisfactorily.

(h) "A Portable Irrigation Sprinkler Evaluation

Device," Rhys Tovey, paper presented at the

winter meeting of American Society of

Agricultural Engineers, Dec. 1961 and

submitted for publication in ASAE Journal

or Transactions. (Article based on ASAE

paper, published in March issue of Irrigation Engineering and Maintenance magazine).

(4850) WATERSHED RELATIONS TO RECHARGE OF DIRECTLY

ASSOCIATED GROUND WATER BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) Soil moisture measurements (made with

neutron scattering moisture meters to depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) together

with measurements of precipitation and other

climatological factors are being na de on a watershed near Lompoc, California, to determine how much, if any, of the rainfall in

certain areas penetrates beyond the root zone to recharge groundwater. The thirteen sites now being studied represent various cover,

soil, and topographic conditions. A study

is made of movement of water in various

soils to help determlre net contribution

to ground water recharge by deeply penetrating rainwater. A technique for predicting ground water recharge by deep penetration of rainwater is being developed

which will provide probability estimates of

seasonal recharge based site conditions and

climatological records.

(f) New project extending from No. 4366 (completed) . (g) Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. The magnitude of this migration is predictable and

amount of downward movement of moisture

through the root zone can be estimated

fairly accurately without the benefit of

periodic moisture determinations; provided

monthly precipitation data are available and

the range of available moisture in the root

zone is known.

(4851) WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LOSSES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, basic

and applied research.

(e) Measurements of soil moisture content are being made at 13 neutron scatter metering

sites on a watershed near Lompoc, Calif.

Soil suction is measured at one site by

tensiometers . Precipitation is measured

within a complex of four of the soil moisture

sites. Outside of the watershed, in a plot

(approx. one acre) of perennial ryegrass,

soil moisture data are obtained by an electronically weighing lysimeter, neutron

scatter meter, tensiometers and moisture

blocks. Soil temperature, soil heat flux,

drainage from the lysimeter, wind velocity

and direction, solar, total hemispherical,

and net radiation, albedo, air temperature

and humidity are measured in or near the

lysimeter. Most of this data is automatically recorded. Data is also obtained from

an adjoining USWB class A type climate

station, which contains extra Instruments

consisting of a hygrothermograph, spherical

atmometers, and recording rain gage. Purpose

of this work is to determine the relationship

between evapotranspiration and various climatic, soil, and plant influences as these

relationships affect watershed performance

with respect to net water yield.

(f ) New project extending from No. 4367

( completed)

.

(g) During the long dry season, brush oak trees,

!
(4852)

(.*)

(c)

S!

(4853)

w

(c)

(g)

4854)

(b)

(c)

8!

and grassweed ground cover use practically

all of the avialable soil moisture In their

root zones. This is to 20 feet or more in

the cases of brush and oak trees, and about

8 feet for grass-weed. Evapotranspiration

rates are highest in the spring following

the winter rains, because much of the available water is quickly used, decrease by midsummer to very low rates. The electronic

lysimeter was only recently installed, and no results are available at this time.

SEDIMENT SOURCES AND DELIVERY CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL

& SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

U. S. SCS, Calif. Water Resources Dept., and

the Calif. Agric. Experiment Station.

Mr. Fred J. Libby, Geologist, P. 0. Box E,

Lompoc, California.

Basic and applied research.

To determine sediment producing characteristics of agricultural watershed lands as related to their geology, climate, soils,

land use and treatment; their stream

sediment movement and depositional characteristics as related to hydraulic and hydrologic

influences; and to develop therefrom methods

for prediction of sediment deposition on agricultural flood plain areas and carried

into streams and reservoirs in central and

southern California.

SALINITY BALANCE INVESTIGATION OF CITRUS

IRRIGATION ON RESIDUAL SOILS, USING COLORADO

RIVER WATER.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service, and Riverside County (California) Flood Control Dist.

Mr. Sterling Davis, Drainage Engineer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

Experimental

The salinity of the soil and drainage water

from this watershed is compared with total

Colorado River water irrigation application

plus rainfall to determine the salinity

trends within a 1,000 acre watershed planted

primarily to citrus orchards. Granodiorite

rock underlying these soils minimizes loss

of effluent to deep percolation. Bi-annual

soil samplings are taken of selected sites

within the watershed. Intensive investigations including flow recorders, flumes,

and recording rain gages, were activated in

May 1961. The program was expanded In 1962

to include sufficiently large flumes to measure winter storm runoff. The project was established as a five-year program.

Preliminary observations have demonstrated

the capabilities of this research technique

in securing information on salinity trends

on a watershed-wide basis.

EFFECT ON TILE DRAINS OF MANGANESE AND IRON

SOLUBILITY IN SOILS.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

Mr. Luther Grass, Soil Chemist, P. 0. Box

629, Pomona, Calif.

Experimental.

A study to determine the ability of various

soils to yield ferrous or amanganous ions

in drainage effluent under varying conditions of reduction and pH and to develop

an index for classifying soils as to their

reduction potential. Tile line deposits of

manganese and ferric oxide now represent a serious threat to irrigated agriculture,

particularly in the Coachella and Imperial

Valleys of California. SCS and ARS technicians have collected and forwarded soil

samples from 11 locations throughout the

United States where this problem has been

observed in agricultural drain lines.

Apparatus has been set up in the laboratory

to subject these reduced conditions.

(4855) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBERGLASS MAT

MATERIALS AS FILTERS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Hollis Shull, Agri. Engr., Southwestern

Irrigation Field Station, Brawley, Calif.

d) Experimental.

e) A study is being conducted in the laboratory

to determine the water permeability of

fiberglass mat materials and to determine

their filtering characteristics. Sand and

gravel filter materials have been used for

many years as an envelope around agricultural drain tile lines. The purpose is to prevent silting of the lines and to provide

stability of tile alignment. In many irrigated areas where the drainage is needed,

sand and gravel materials are difficult to obtain. The use of fiberglass mat materials

offer an economical substitute.

(g) A laboratory device has been developed for use in testing all types and thicknesse s of fiberglass mat materials. Tests have

been run on a wide variety of materials.

(h) "An Electric Analog for Computing Agricultural Tube Drain Spacing," by Hollis

Shull. Instrument News Dept. Ag. Engineering

Journal - (In press).

"Self-propelled Agricultural Drain Line

Camera," by Hollis Shull. Agricultural

Research Magazine, October 1962.

"Hydraulic Characteristics of Glass Fiber

Mat Material," by Hollis Shull. Mimeographed progress report, November 1962.

(4856) STUDY OF PLASTIC LINED MOLE DRAINS.

(b)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Utah State University, and the U. S. Soil

Conservation Service.

Mr. Lyman Wil lard son, Agri. Engr., ARS,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

Experimental and applied field tests.

A study to determine the applicability of

shallow depth lined and unlined mole drains,

to develop methods of installation and to determine their durability and efficiency.

This project is part of a Branch wide study

of plastic lined mole drains. Field installations were completed in 1959 at sites in

Calif., Nev. and Utah. At Logan, Utah, 20

mole drains using several different types of

plastic liners have been under field observation. An additional 10,000 ft of plastic

has been purchased for installation in 1963.

Studies of the bearing strength and allowable bearing loads have been conducted in

the laboratory at Logan, Utah.

Observations of plastic lined mole drains

reveal that they will remain open and

function as drains if installed In fine

textured soils and if careful management is

practical after installation. In coarse textured soils, such as sands, fine sands,

and silts, the surrounding earth particles

migrate into the lines causing clogging or collapse

"Field and Laboratory Tests of Low Cost

Plastic Drains," by W. W. Donnan and V. S. Aronovlci. Journal Irrigation and Drainage

Division, ASCE, January 1963.

"Plastic Lined Mole Drains," by J . L. Fouss

and W. W. Donnan, Ag. Engineering Journal,

ASAE, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 512-515, Sept.

1962.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Central States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to R. D. Lane, Director, 111 Old

Federal Bldg., Columbus 15, Ohio.

(3563) SUBSURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN

HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS.

123
(g) Preliminary analyses of stormflow measure- ments on a forested watershed in east

central Ohio show that 50 to 90 percent of

the water falling on the surface of a 22 by

30 foot plot flowed out from the subsurface

layers within 4 to 6 hours after artificial (4

sprinkling. Rates and quantities of flow

from individual depths and from the entire

profile varied with intensity and duration

of simulated storms and with antecedent soilmoisture tension. Plow was most uniform

from the 24 to 36-inch zone, ranging from

0.22 to 0.30 inches per hour. Flow was only slightly less uniform from the some- what more permeable 16 to 24-inch zone. However, flow from the highly permeable,

upper 16 inches was quite erratic. Since

soil-moisture tension was zero at the 16-in.

depth, flow from depths lower than this was probably through a saturated medium.

Where soil-moisture tension was relatively

high before and during sprinklings, the

greatest quantities of flow were recorded

from the deeper zones, and little to no flow occurred from the intermediate depths.

This Indicates that the lowest zone over- lying a water-impeding stratum must be

wetted before flow will occur in the upper

soil zones. It appears that the impeding

layer is a controlling factor and that flow

from the shallower soil layers depends upon

the degree of wetness in the layers just

above the impeding stratum. No flow was recorded below 36-inches, probably because

of a layer of dense clay at that depth.

Plow recession from the deepest zone followed somewhat the same exponential type flow

pattern for all storms of 1 to 4-inches per

hour, but the flow from storms of 0.5-inch

per hour followed a different exponential

curve. For example, average recession of

subsurface stormflow from the 36-inch depth

during eleven storms in the 1 to 4-inch per

hour intensity class was described by the

exponential curve 0 = 0.247(e)-0.0205t. For seven storms in the 0. 5-inch per hour

intensity class the average recession curve from the 36-inch depth was of the form

Q = 0.155(e)-0.0t.

These preliminary analyses showed that in

most of the storms the antecedent hydraulic

head readings were relatively high. Therefore, antecedent soil-moisture tensions were relatively low. In those few sprinklings

where hydraulic head readings were low,

outflow was delayed and total outflow was

less than for those storms having moist

antecedent conditions.

Hydraulic head distribution graphs taken from

the multiple tensiometer readings during and

after sprinklings showed a rapid increase

In hydraulic head (with decreasing moisture

tension) throughout each storm. These

patterns of change in hydraulic head with

change in depth give an indication of the

direction of flow during the storm. For

example, a hydraulic gradient larger than

unity and accompanying a small depth change

indicates a great suction gradient. In relatively dry soils this might represent

the location of the wetting front.

During the two storms in the 1-inch per

hour class where sprinkling lasted 120 to

150 minutes, hydraulic gradients from the

4 to 16-inch depth dropped to zero. This

indicates a lack of a vertical driving

force in that range of depths because a zero hydraulic gradient represents hydrostatic equilibrium as well as pressure head

increasing with depth. Therefore, it is

less likely that the flow here will be predominantly vertical. Since flow will occur

against a pressure gradient if elevation

head is present, flow lines in this area may

be more or less lateral or somewhat parallel

to the plane of the flow- Impeding layer.

The two storms in the 1-inch per hour intensity class, where sprinkling lasted 120 to 150 minutes, showed a long drainage period

12*

in which the hydraulic gradient from the

4 to 16- inch depth was zero. Therefore,

lateral flow probably took place in this

zone during these two storms.

73) USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION EQUIPMENT FOR

MEASURING FOREST SOIL MOISTURE AND DENSITY.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Some newly developed equipment, operating on the principle of nuclear radiation, facilitates the measurement of soil moisture and

the soil's closely allied property —bulk

density. We now have a five-piece set of

this nuclear radiation equipment. We are investigating principles that will guide us

in the use of this equipment,

(g) Most of the information now available on the

subject of the sample size that is necessary

for determining a nuclear soil-moisture

meter's Impulse rate has been devoted

almost entirely to a purely theoretical

development of the sampling error of

radioactive decay measurements. A rather

strong departure of some of our empirical

results from certain of the assumptions

necessary in such a theoretical treatment

have caused us to reexamine the error

structure associated with our subsurface

nuclear moisture meter observations.

The observations treated herein were taken

at one point in a clay- loam soil that con- tained about 20 percent moisture by volume.

We made 20 observations for each of nine

different time periods: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40,

60, 120, and 300-seconds. The probe was a Model P-19 manufactured by the NuclearChicago Corporation. The results may or may not apply to other similar probes made

by this or any other manufacturer.

The length of observation, measured with a stop watch, introduced a reaction-time error

that increased rapidly in magnitude of

impulses per minute (i.p.m.) as the observation time dropped below 60-seconds. The

practical use of the standard deviation - time relation was found to be limited here

to the durations between 10 and 300-seconds.

With two or more observations the relation

can be used to determine the minimum length

of observation required to obtain an acceptably precise estimate of l.p.m.

Suppose: 1. From experience, i.p.m. is ex- pected to be in the neighborhood of 5,500

for the soil at hand. (The i.p.m. in this

study averaged about 5,500. Applicability

of the results to much higher or lower

averages is not yet known) . 2. That an allowable error or "half-conf idence"

interval (0.5 c.i.) of 10 percent, or 550

i.p.m., is deemed sufficiently precise for

the soil-moisture estimate that is to be

made. 3. That a sample size of two observations (n=2) is being considered and that

measurement probability theory is applicable

to impulse - rate observations of large

magnitude. (The "t" value for n-l=l degree

of freedom is 12.706 at the 5 percent level

of probability)

Then, expressing the standard deviation (s) as a function of length of observation in

seconds (X) we can substitute this function

for (s) in a basic statistical equation In order to arrive at an estimate of the

minimum length of observation period required.

0.5 C.I. = t s/ /n = t(35 + 1860/X)/ /nT

(The expression 35 + 1860 X approximates the

empirical (s) distribution within the

crucial range of 10 to 300 seconds. Now,

X = 1860 t/ £Vn (0.5 C.I.) - 35 t_J

= 1860 (12.706)/ /yZ (550) - 35 (12.706)_7

= 71 seconds.
Thus with two successive and Independent

observations at each depth in the soil,

each observation would have to be 71 seconds

long in order to meet the 10 percent error

limitation imposed. Considering the cost

of each observation, it may be more efficient to take three or four shorter observations at each depth rather than two

longer ones. Using appropriate (n) and (t)

values in the above equations we obtain:

n 2 3 4 x 71 10 6

Then, three observations of 10 seconds each

would total about one-fifth of the time

required for two of 71 seconds each, and

yet would meet the precision goal of 10

percent. The advantage of 4 over 3 is less.

It is also outside the usable range of the

function, s = 35 + 1860/x. Therefore,

an (n) of 3 instead of 1 should be used

even though it increases the recording and

computation time.

Note that X turns negative under certain

combinations of formula input, indicating

that the precision goal cannot be met under

the circumstances imposed. Independence of

sequential observations at one point is

assumed here although it is probably violated to a limited extent.

(4752) THE CHARACTERISTICS OP A CONIFEROUS PLANTATION THAT ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO TREE

GROWTH AND TO WATER AVAILABLE FOR STREAMFIOW.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigationsj basic

and applied research,

(e) This is an intensive soil-moisture study

initiated to discover some basic tree stand

characteristics that are closely related to

tree growth and to water available for

stream flow and to develop guides for field

use in managing forest plantations to obtain

optimum production of wood and water,

(g) In an attempt to bracket the minimum soilmoisture value occurring in a pine plantation in late autumn, seven sets of nuclear

soil-moisture meter readings were made

between September 12 and November 22, 1961 on 14 plots located in a pine plantation

approximately 17 years old and located in

east central Ohio. Preliminary analyses

showed no meaningful difference between the

totals of the seven sets of readings. Differences between sets separated by only 2 or

3 days were extremely small. Readings made near October 1 and 30 were lowest, those near September 15 were intermediate, and

those on November 21-22 were highest. This

suggests that soil-moisture depletion was

still in progress when sampling started,

that depletion continued until at least

October 1, and that soil-moisture recharge

began before November 20.

Cursory observations of the individual

measurements indicate that the bottoms of

the 9-foot 7-lnch deep nuclear meter access

tubes are 3 to 4-feet below maximum root

depth. Complete verification of this,

however, must await analyses that reveal

which depths show relatively little moisture

fluctuation.

(4753) FOREST RESTORATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ON STRIP MINED LANDS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigationsj basic

and applied research,

(e) Surface runoff on spoil banks, freshly

formed during strip mining in the Appalachian

coal fields, has a high soil erosion and

sediment transport potential. This seriously affects water quality and has other

deleterious effects on watersheds in which

coal is harvested. It is highly desirable

to establish a vegetative cover as quickly

as possible after mining disturbance in

order to minimize erosion and maintain water

quality. The purpose of this project is to develop practical surface mining me thods for

the rugged, forested watersheds of the

Appalachian coal field that will result in

a minimum of damage to soil, water, and

other resources and that will leave the

mined areas in the best possible condition

for restoration of these resources,

(g) Field work on the first phase of cur initial

study, the determination of fluff (expansion)

factor of overburden, overlying coal seams

in the Harlan (Kentucky) area is approximately 75 percent complete but the results

are not yet available.

A second study, strip mining effects upon

chemical characteristics of water in

Forester's Creek Watershed, Harlan County,

Kentucky, was initiated in June 1962. The

objectives of this exploratory study are:

(1) determine the chemical characteristics

of water in the stream of non-flood stage

for a one year period; and (2) show possible

changes in water quality for a period of

time after strip mining. Processing preliminary water samples for selected anions

and cations revealed some substances not

previously reported. NaHC03, for example,

made up nearly 80 percent of the total dissolved solids.

A third study, evaluation of some plant

species for late summer and fall seeding to give a quick cover on strip mine spoil banks, was initiated in Aug. 1962. Kentucky 31

Fescue, Balbo Rye, Italian Ryegrass, and

Hairy Winter Vetch were selected for sowing

at two-week intervals through August, Sept.,

and October on spoil banks from the Harlan

coal seam near Cawood, Kentucky.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Intermountaln Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed

to Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director, Intermountaln

Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(4754) FACTORS AFFECTING MAXIMUM SNOWPACK WATER

CONTENT IN A WESTERN WHITE PINE FOREST.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) A study of 4-years' data on snow accumulation

to determine effects of elevation, aspect,

and forest canopy density on the maximum

snowpack water content.

f) Completed.

g) Maximum snowpack water content in a small

white pine-forested watershed in northern

Idaho during four winters was related to elevation, aspect, and density of forest

canopy. Distribution of maximum snow water

content can be accurately described by an equation containing the first three power

functions of elevation, the first three

power functions of aspect, a linear function

of forest canopy density, a linear interaction between magnitude of snowfall from

year to year and elevation, and a linear

interaction between aspect and elevation.

These' nine variables account for 91.6 %

of the variance in snow water content with

a standard error of estimate of 2.8 inches.

Throughout its range from 2,700 to 5,500

feet, elevation accounted for an Increase of

30.1 inches of water content in the average

snowfall year. The effects of aspect

varied with elevation. The aspects on which

minimum and maximum water contents occurred

were, respectively, 165 and 11 degrees,

measured as azimuths from the north. At

2,700 feet, a change of aspect from 165 to

11 degrees resulted in an increase in snow water content of 4.3 inches, but at 5,500

i

i

125
feet the same shift in aspect effected an

18. 8-inch increase in snowpack water.

Snow water content was affected uniformly

by changes in the forest canopy regardless

of elevation, aspect, or magnitude of

snowfall. It Increased 4.2 inches with a change in canopy density from a completely

closed canopy (100-percent density) to a completely open condition (zero canopy) such

as would occur by clear cutting the timber.

The forest effect on snowpack water content

was related to known cumulative diameter and

basal area characteristics of white pine

stands. These relations showed that the

largest increases in snow water content

occurred with diameter and basal area reductions in the densest forest stands and

became smaller with comparable diameter and

basal area reductions in more open stands,

(h) "Elevation, Aspect, and Cover Effects on Maximum Snowpack Water Content in a Western

White Pine Forest," Paul E. Packer, Forest

Sci. 8(3): 225-235, 1962. Copies available

upon request to Station Director.

(4755) CRITERIA FOR LOCATING AND CONSTRUCTING ROADS

ON FOREST WATERSHEDS TO CONTROL EROSION AND

PREVENT SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Objectives of this study are: To develop

mathematical functional expressions of site

factors which represent or describe forces

that influence erosive cutting and sediment

movement which can be determined in the

field; determine which factors or forces

significantly Influence erosive cutting and

sediment movement; establish quantitative

relations for site variables Influencing

erosion and based upon these relations, determine road location and design standards

necessary to prevent sediment from reaching

streams, adjacent roads, or other areas

critical for producing high-quality water,

(g) Field work has been completed on 720 plots

located on six major soil groups, important

because of their instability or wide areal

extent, to determine which natural watershed

characteristics and which logging road

characteristics influence erosion and sediment movement. The soil groups include

soils derived from basalt, hard sediments

(slates and shales), andesite, granite,

glacial silt, and loess.

Distances that water flows down road surfaces

before causing erosion were found to depend

upon: (a) Two controllable road characteristics: (1) Proportion of road surface

material consisting of waterstable soil

aggregates larger than 2 mm. in diameter;

2) steepness of road surface gradient,

b) Three unalterable watershed characteristics: (1) Topographic position - whether

a road is on the upper, middle, or lower

portion of a sidehill slope; (2) aspect;

(3) steepness of slope above the road cut. Distances that sediment moves down slopes

below the outlets of road cross-drains were

used as a basis for defining the widths of

protective strips that are needed below

logging roads to prevent sediment from

reaching stream channels and other lowerlying developments that require protection.

These distances and hence the protective

strip widths required for sediment control

depend upon: (a) Four manageable watershed

characteristics: (1) Kind of obstruction

to sediment movement; (2) spacing between

obstructions; (3) distance from cross-drain

outlet to the first obstruction, and (4) fill

slope ground cover density.

(b) One unalterable watershed characteristic:

a proportion of water-stable aggregates

larger than 2 mm. in diameter on slopes

below roads.

(c) One controllable road characteristic:

cross-drain spacing.

(d) Age of roads.

Prom these relations, a series of graphs and

tables from which cross-drain spaclngs and

protective strip requirements can be obtained are being developed . These criteria

are applicable to locating logging roads

prior to construction to prevent sediment

production, and to the control of sediment

from previously constructed roads.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Lake States Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest

Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of

Minnesota, St. Paul 1, Minn., unless Indicated otherwise for a specific project.

(3887) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA

.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Tests the influence of forested bogs on streamflow and groundwater behavior. Three

major projects have been undertaken to date:

1) Studies of the effect of forest cover conditions on individual hydrologlc pro- cesses. This has Included the Impact of

soil-cover types on snow accumulation and

melt, soil freezing, and moisture regime.

2) Studies of forest bog hydrology on five

small forested swamp watersheds. Present

Instrumentation includes a recording well

and a series of 9 to 12 nonrecordlng wells

In each of 5 bogs, plus several upland wells

in adjacent mineral soil. Four swamp watersheds have been equipped with stream-gaging

stations, involving two 120 degree V-notch

weirs and three type "H" flumes. (3) Laboratory and field studies to evaluate the

hydrologlc and physical characteristics of

peat soils. Moisture characteristics of

undisturbed peat cores have been determined

with specially built pressure cells. The

hydraulic conductivity of several peat

materials is being tested using field piezometer and laboratory techniques.

(g) An analysis of the water content of the

snowpack in various types of forest and

logging practices Indicates that there is

prospect of a modest gain in early spring

water yield through forest cover manipulation, including cutting, thinning, and

type conversion.

A wide range of moisture contents has been

observed in different peat types. These

ranged from 332 to 3,529 percent on an ovendry basis, and from 83 to 99 percent by

volume. Bulk density of the peats studied

to date range from 0.028 to 0.249 grams per

c .c

.

Preliminary studies of ground-water characteristics in northern bogs shows two distinct

conditions. Some bogs have two distinct

water tables: (1) The water table in the

bog is perched on the surface, and (2) The

true water table is at a greater depth. In other bogs the bog water table and the true

water table are the same. The shallow bog

water table continues into the mineral

upland soils.

(h) "Where and How Will There be Water?" Sidney

Weitzman. Minnesota Conservation Volunteer

25 (145): 1-7, illus. 1962.

(3889) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFTLESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, with some aspects in

cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation Dept

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

.

(e) Major emphasis is given to methods of con- trolling runoff and erosion, including

1

1

126
gully stabilization through reforestation,

and other land-use treatments. Studies of

infiltration, soil-moisture movement and

storage on loessal soils under the impact of

grazing and other uses are planned. The

effect of land use and land treatments on springflow is also being investigated. In connection with this, ground-water divides

are being mapped by subsurface exploration.

A total of 28 water-measuring devices have

been installed on watersheds ranging from

about 2 to 55 acres in area. The devices

include 90 V-notch weirs, modified 2-foot

San Dimas flumes, and several sizes of

H-flumes. All are equipped with recording

instruments. Of the above devices, six are

at springs with permanent flow. A total of

30 wells up to 100 feet deep have been

drilled above one spring in an attempt to locate the water table divide.

(g) A study of springs on the Coulee Experimental Forest near La Crosse, Wis., shows

these exist in two distinct elevation levels.

The upper level springs (approximate elevation 1,030 feet) appear at a contact zone

of sandstone and an impermeable silt stone

and their hydrographs show rather uniform

flow throughout the year. The lower level

springs (approximate elevation 900 feet)

appear on sides of hills or points of ridges

with no apparent relationship of water-table

divide to topographic features. These

springs show much more fluctuation in their

hydrographs and have marked changes related

to precipitation, and inversely to atmospheric pressure and with seasonal variations

quite pronounced. Currently an attempt is

being made to delineate drainage areas feeding springs by a series of wells drilled

above a spring. In essence, it involves

finding the high points of water tables and

which do not conform very well with surface

topography.

(h) "Field Transport for the Neutron SoilMoisture Meter," Richard S. Sartz, Jour.

Soil and Water Conserv. 17(1) :27, illus.

1962.

"The Coulee Experimental Forest -- a New

Field Laboratory for Southwestern Wisconsin,"

Richard S. Sartz. Wis. Academy Review.

Vol. 9. No. 1, Winter 1962.

(3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER

MICHIGAN.

(b) Cooperative project with Fish Division,

Michigan Dept. of Conservation, Lansing,

Mich.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

(e) Two major projects have been undertaken to

date: 1) A major study is designed to determine the hydrology of ground-water

recharge and consumption in deep sandy soils

of the Udell Hills area in Michigan.

Installations to date include a series of

108 ground-water wells in deep morainal

areas and adjoining outwash plains; of these,

8 have automatic recorders. There are also

soil-moisture measurement stations with five

to seven levels of sampling. After the calibration period, the effect of cover manipulation — especially plantation establishment

and harvesting methods — on ground-water

recharge and use will be established. (2) A second major study is concerned with

streambank stabilization and the sediment

problem in streams flowing through these

sandy areas. Major objectives of this study

are (a) to determine the influence of land use upon sediment production, and (b) to evaluate the effect of streambank stabilization measures upon suspended sediment

loads. A total of 20 sampling stations have

been established on 11 streams,

(g) Early results from (1) were previously

reported. Additional analyses are underway.

Results from (2) indicate the loss from un- stabilized sandy streambanks averaged 12

inches of soil depth during spring 1961,

while on unstabillzed claybanks it was 1 inch of soil depth in the same period.

A comparison of sediment catch using the

automatic single-stage sampler and the integrated depth sampler was made at 20 sampling

stations on small streams. There was con- siderable variation between individual pairs

of observations. But on the average both the automatic sample and the integrated depth

sample were close to the mean sediment con- centration. For the single depth integrated samples, the mean was 8 p. p.m. higher

than the mean sediment concentrations. For the single-stage samples, it was 9 p. p.m.

below mean sediment concentrations. A chisquare test shows that single depthintegrated samples and single-stage automatic samples are satisfactory measures of

stream-sediment concentration for the

stream's sample, if the allowable error is

set at 45 p. p.m. and 50 p. p.m. respectively.

51

(e)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research

Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow

Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va., to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon

water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages,

(g) Following six years of record taking, and

analysis for calibration, treatment of one group of five watersheds was started in

May 1957 and completed In 1958. Analysis of

records of the first three after treatment

showed increases in annual flow — as much

as 5 inches in the Clearcut watershed the

year after treatment — and increases were

in relation to the amount of material cut. Most of the increases came in the growing

season From May to October 1959 they were

as follows:

Material

Type of cutting

Commercial clearcut

Diameter limit

Extensive selection

Intensive selection

removed

Mbd.-ft

per acre

8.5

4.2

3.7

1.7

Increase in flow

(inches) (percentage)

3.0

1.8

1.4

.3

111

53

33

9

(h)

Peak flow changes were small except on the

clearcut watershed where, on the average,

instantaneous peaks during the growing sea- son were increased by 21 percent. The

average dormant-season peak flow was not

affected. Increases in low flow were marked

and were related to the amount of timber

cut. Care in the logging operation was clearly reflected in water quality: maximum

turbidities ranged from 56,000 ppm on the

clearcut watershed, with unplanned skidroads

and without provisions for drainage, to 25

ppm on the intensive selection watershed

with carefully planned skidroads.

"Effect on Streamflow of Four Different

Forest Practices in the Allegheny Mountains,"

K. G. Reinhart, and A. R. Eschner. Jour.

Geophys. Res. 67: 2433-2445. 1962.

(2419) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK

12-7
(e)

(g)

(h)

(2910)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3567)

w

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3568)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4756)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(g)

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

The objective Is to determine the effect of

forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted In plots and experimental

watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West

Thornton, New Hampshire.

Six weirs have been built and climatic

stations established.

"Leaf Fall, Humus depth, and Soil Frost In

a Northern Hardwood Forest," by George Hart,

Raymond E. Leonard, and Robert S. Pierce.

Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. Research

Note 131, 3 pp. 1962.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING

RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

School of Forestry, Pa. State Univ. and the

Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

A cooperative study was started in 1957 to

determine the effect of forest cover and

treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow in the oak-hickory type in Pennsylvania, and to study associated and basic

soil-water relationships.

Six experimental watersheds have been selected weirs have been constructed, and

climatic stations established.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, BALTIMORE

WATERSHEDS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

Laboratory project In cooperation with the

Baltimore Bureau of Water Supply.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

A cooperative study started in 1958 to determine effect of growth of loblolly and

white pine in plantations on streamflow,

and to compare streamflow from watersheds

in conifer plantations with streamflow from

a hardwood- forest watershed.

Streamflow of three experimental watersheds

is being measured and a climatic station

has been established.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEWARK

WATERSHEDS, NEWFOUNDLAND, N.J.

Laboratory project in cooperation with the

Division of Water Supply of the City of

Newark, N. J.., Newfoundland, N. J. Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

A cooperative study to determine the

influence of selected treatments of forested

municipal watersheds on water supply.

Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds were built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging

and climatic measurements were started in the

spring of 1959.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SYRACUSE

UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK.

Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

This cooperative project was started in

1961 to determine quantitative relationships

of forest types and stand conditions to the

amount, timing, and quality of streamflow in

the Adirondacks, the glaciated Appalachian

Plateau, and the Catskills.

A problem analysis has been completed and

2 studies initiated: a study of snow deposition and melt under different forest

types and densities in the Appalachian

Plateau, and a study of long-time trends in

water yield from an Adirondack watershed to forest conditions.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director,

Northern Forest Experiment Station, Box 740, Juneau,

Alaska.

(2654)

(g)

(437?;

(f)

(4378)

EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA.

Laboratory.

Field investigation, applied.

This work is concerned with the relationships

between salmon spawning streams and timber

harvesting in Southeast Alaska. Work is

concentrated on 3 streams lying 40 miles

west of Ketchikan. Two of the watersheds

have been logged. The third watershed will

ramain unlogged.

Study is concentrated on factors which can exert a major Influence on pink and chum

salmon development and survival in a logged stream. During 1962 measurements or samples were taken of: 1) stream discharges;

2) stream temperatures; 3) stream channel

shift; 4) stream debris occurrence and

movement; 5) suspended sediment levels in

streams

.

Items 3) and 4) above were rephotographed

from the air during 1962.

Low elevation (1,000 ft.), vertical photographs taken from a helicopter prove to be

useful tools in examining the stream bed for

structural changes. The two years of com- parative photos (1961 vs. 1962) showed numerous gross changes in the stream bed.

Many areas of major change contained con- centrations of debris or log Jams. Seasons

of especially high stream flow (such as fall

1961) probably Introduce the major stream

bed changes, making them periodic rather

than continuous.

HISTORY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT IN A SALMON

STREAM IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA AND EFFECT ON

SALMON REPRODUCING ENVIRONMENT IN RIFFLE

GRAVELS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental, basic and applied aspects.

This is a study of some features of sus- pended sediment behavior in salmon streams.

Areas of chief concern are sediment dropout

from the stream and possible subsequent

flush-out from the stream bed. Four stream

riffles, each considered a potential chum

salmon spawning area, were selected for

study. One area is above a sector suitable

for hydraulic mining sediment into the

stream; the other 3 areas are downstream

from the sediment source. The latter were treatment areas while the upstream area

served as a control. The sediment entering

the stream was sampled immediately upstream

from the first treated riffle.

Stream bed gravels for each riffle were

sampled for composition and for dissolved

0 in the intra-gravel water. This was

done immediately before artificial siltation

(July 1961) and immediately after the

siltation was stopped (August 1961).

Gravel composition was re-samples in July

1962 to determine if previous fall-winter

freshets flushed the gravels, returning

them to the pre-sedimentation condition.

Completed.

EFFECTS OF LOG JAMS ON A STREAMBED.

Laboratory project.

Experimental, with both basic and applied

aspects.

128
(e) Study in cooperation with the Fisheries

Research Institute of the University of

Washington to determine the effects of log

jams on pink and chum salmon spawning beds.

Log jams were installed at two locations on a study stream. In addition to being mapped

in planimetric and topographic detail, the

stream bed areas were sampled to determine

gravel composition and dissolved oxygen

level before jam construction. Perforated

ping-pong balls were also buried at 4 depths

at a number of points in each area to determine the depth of bedload scouring.

In May 1962 all features of study were re- measured or resampled.

f) Completed.

g) Pall high flows of 1961 reworked the stream

bed regions of the two log jams. Unusually

high stream flows of October 1961 washed

both jams out, leaving the stream beds in a reworked condition. The jams have acted to clean the stream bed gravels in their

vicinity. This may be due to increased local

velocities which stimulate stream bed move- ment in the area. Clean gravels indicate

a better salmon producing environment.

However,, the advantage of gravel cleanness

to salmon eggs, larvae, or fry is thought

to be outweighed by the danger of salmon

mortality due to stream bed instability

associated with log jams.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta., P. 0. Box

3141, Portland 8, Oregon.

(4757) WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASH,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Field studies in ponderosa pine and mixedconifer forests and forest-ranges on the

east slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon

and Washington: Erosion in forests and

ranges: (1) Sediment production from Swauk

sandstone-ponderosa pine; (2) sediment production from grazed pine-fir-larch ranges,

Blue Mountains; (3) stimulation of seeded

and natural grass cover by fertilization - Swauk sandstone soils; (4) relation of

parent material and vegetative cover to

organic matter, aggregation, pH, and bulk

density of forest-range soils - eastern

Washington; (5) effect of climate on development of soils from identical parent

rock. Evapotranspitation: Includes

studies with the overall objective of measuring factors which affect distribution and

use of water in forests and related ranges:

(1) Measurement of solar energy in a pine

forest; (2) seasonal changes in soil

moisture under a lodgepole pine forest;

3) measurements of moisture use by plants;

4) effect of removing brush and tree

growth in three experimental watersheds on water yield (Entiat watershed study, in

calibration stage — no treatment yet applied); (5) water-holding capacity and

drying rates for humus types characteristic

of ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests - east

side of the Cascade Range.

(g) In Mission Creek near Wenatchee, Wash.,

measurements on three small drainages have

shown that Swauk sandstone soils have eroded

at the rate of 1.5 to 2.0 tons per acre per

year over a 4-year period. Stimulating the

development of an adequate cover of vegetation on bare areas seems to be one of the

most promising means of controlling such

rapid soil movement. Broadcast application

of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous

has resulted in significant increases in

growth of native vegetation on depleted

Swauk sandstone sites. Six years after

establishment, plots fertilized in spring

1957 still show a 155-percent increase in

production of air-dry vegetative material.

A study of the characteristics of soils from

basalts, granodiorite and Swauk sandstone

shows a pattern of increasing erosion

hazard with increasing depth for soils

from all three parent materials. Increasing

erosion hazard is inversely related to organic matter content. Land treatment

appears to have a greater influence on the

stability of all three soils than inherent

characteristics derived from their parent

materials

Measurements of streamflow from three

experimental watersheds in the Entiat River

drainage indicate that small tributary river

systems on the east side of the Cascade

Range may provide a greater part of total

annual yield than at first thought. Flow

of all three watersheds is well sustained

during dry summer periods

(h) "Lodgepole Pine Rooting Habits in the Blue

Mountains of Northeastern Oregon," by

Daniel M. Bishop, Ecology Vol. 43(1):

140-142.

(4758) WATERSHED LOGGING METHODS AND STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project with some phases in co- operation with City of Portland, Bureau of

Water Works and Oregon State University.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

(e) Research is conducted at three field

locations in the Cascade Range of western

Oregon: Bull Run watershed (domestic supply area for Portland), H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and South Umpqua Experimental

Forest. Studies are confined to two forest

types representing major segments of the

remaining old-growth forests of the Pacific

Northwest: (1) Douglas-fir, western

hemlock, western redcedar, and (2) Douglasfir, sugar pine. Investigations represent

an initial effort to study precipitation

runoff, erosion, and soil moisture in

undisturbed stands, and to follow changes

caused by several methods of logging.

Included are studies in four categories:

(1) Soil movement on logged land and an evaluation of effectiveness of grass seeding

on roadbanks; (2) changes in water quality

resulting from roadbuildlng, two methods of

cable logging, two degrees of forest removal — 25 percent and 100 percent -- and slash

burning; (3) changes in streamflow caused

by clear cutting and partial cutting in

groups of varying size on matched watersheds

in old-growth Douglas-fir and sugar pine-fir.

Pretreatment measurements are still being

made to provide statistical basis for

treatment evaluation; (4) soil moisture

movement and disposition and the role of

vegetation in evapotranspiration, including measure of seasonal changes in soil moisture

under a Douglas-fir stand, vertical movement

of water in Douglas-fir soils, rainfall

interception by crowns of old-growth Douglasfir soils, rainfall interception by crowns

of old-growth Douglas-fir, and changes in

plant succession following logging and

slash burning,

(g) Roads constructed in 1959 in one of the

experimental watersheds (250 acres) at H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest continue to affect streamflow and runoff. For three

consecutive years since construction, late- summer flows have been increased in measurable amounts. Analytical methods used so far have failed to indicate changes in peak

flows. Sediment movement caused by road

construction still exceeds that of adjacent

control watersheds, although the roads are not being used. A study of the effect of

grass seeding on road cuts shows that this measure will curtail erosion from bank

!

128
surfaces. Soil washed from the test plot

decreased from a rate of 12.7 tons per acre

to 2.3 tons per acre annually after a stand

of grass covered the soli. Surface runoff,

however, showed an increase, evidently

caused by the thatched-roof effect of the

matted grass cover. Water contained in the

top 4 feet of soil under mature Douglas-fir

forests varies considerably with season of

the year. During the first 45 days of the

growing season of 1961, water was removed

from the top 4 feet of soil at an average

rate of 0.10 inch per day. This rate

dropped to 0.02 inch per day as the reservoir of available water dwindled. Samples

taken below 4 feet suggest that a con- siderable part of the water used by vegetation during the late summer comes from

depths below 4 feet. Samples also show the

soil to be exceptionally porous. Mean bulk

densities from 0.66 to 0.71 gms/cc indicate

that approximately 75 percent of the total

volume is pore space. Under dense stands

of old-growth Douglas-fir and associated

species, throughfall averages 76 percent of

gross summer precipitation. A relationship

of throughfall (T) to storm size (P), ex- pressed by the formula

T = 0.8318 - 0.0466

accounts for 95 percent of the variation in

throughfall. In application, this relationship indicates that more throughfall results

from one large storm than from an equal

amount of precipitation received from

several small storms. Throughfall In winter

months increases to an average of 86 percent,

compared with 76 percent in summer months.

Stemflow does not result in significant

increases in the net precipitation received

on the forest floor in a mature Douglas-fir

forest

.

(h) "First Year Effects of Timber Removal on Soil Moisture," by Nedavla Bethlahmy.

Internatl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Vol. VII (2),

pp. 34-39, illus. June 1962.

"Logging Methods in Relation to Streamflow

and Erosion," by E. G. Dunford. Fifth

World Forestry Congress Proc. Vol. 3, pp. 1703-1708. (August 29-Sept. 10, 1960) 1962.

"Grass Seeding as a Control for Roadbank

Erosion," by A. G. Wollum II. Pac . NW. Forest & Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note 218,

5 pp., illus. June 1962.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station.

(261) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA

.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific

Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) purposes are 1) to determine how watersheds

function: what happens to the precipitation,

and how water and soil movement are influenced by conditions of vegetation, soil

,

geology, and topography; and 2) to develop

methods of watershed management, including

treatment of areas denuded by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable water and

satisfactory flood runoff and soil erosion

control

.

Principal work center is the 17,000-acre

San Dimas Experimental Forest situated in

the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started

by lightning in July 1960 consumed the

vegetation, mostly brush, on 90 percent of

the area and destroyed or damaged many of

the research Installations. Immediately

after the fire a major emergency research

program was started to test the effectlvene

of various measures used to reduce flood

runoff and erosion on the denuded watersheds.

These rehabilitation measures Include

seeding grasses and mustard singly and in

combination with physical treatments such as wattling, channel barriers and contour

terraces. The tests are being made on 38

watersheds of 2 to 90 acres each, equipped

to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge

and suspended sediment. Twenty-five have

basins to measure bedload. Studies of

hydrologlc processes and tests of applied

management methods to increase water yield

through vegetative type conversion in

progress before the fire are being continued.

(g) A study of the interception losses of

rainfall on annual grasses was conducted

during the hydrologlc years '60, '61, and

•62. Twenty-five storms totaling 9.80

inches of precipitation were measured. We

found that, In nature, a good proportion of

the annual precipitation falls on grass in

its lower stages of development. For a year with an average distribution of

storms the interception loss on a grass

cover would be 6.5 percent while 11.1

percent would be lost from a chaparral

cover. Data were collected from four major storms

in the study of methods aimed at reducing

post-fire erosion and flood peaks. The

regression analysis used explained about 80

percent of the variation in the data.

Highest flood peaks were observed in watersheds which had no physical treatment.

Peaks from the watersheds with channel

barriers were almost as high as the

untreated watersheds. Peaks from the watersheds with contour trenches and side slope

stabilization with barley wattling were

about half as high as those mentioned above.

Watersheds seeded to a low density of

perennial grasses had consistently higher

flood peaks than watersheds with other

vegetative treatments or unseeded.

Debris yields from watersheds without

physical erosion control measures averaged

36 cubic yards per acre. The side slope

stabilized watersheds yielded about 29

percent of this amount, the contour

trenched watersheds - 36 percent and the

channel stabilized watersheds - 67 percent.

The high level annual grass seeding watersheds also showed substantially lower

yields than the watersheds with other

vegetative treatments. The contour trenches

which were necessarily under-designed be- cause of the steepness of our watersheds

were overtopped in two storms. This re- sulted in considerable erosion and increased the height of flood peaks.

(h) "What's Happening at San Dimas?" R. P. Crouse and L. W. Hill, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station. Misc.

Paper No. 68, 4 pp., illus. 1962.

(2415) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The aim Is to develop a hydrologlc base for

land management decisions. The hydrologlc

effects of wild fires, attempts of conversion

of brush lands to grass, and logging and

other land uses are to be evaluated.

Regional analyses of sources of water yield,

floods, and sedimentation for California

wildlands are being studied. Present studies

emphasize development of methods for management of high elevation snow packs for yield

and control of water, and methods for watershed management in California's Lower

i

130
Conifer Zone.

Major works are centered in Berkeley with

25 studies being conducted throughout

northern California in the headwaters of the

Kings, American, Yuba, Truckee, and Feather

Rivers, and in Casper Creek Basin near Ft. Bragg. At the Teakettle watersheds in the

headwaters of the Kings River Basin, five

small watersheds have been under calibration

for six years; road construction as a watershed treatment is being installed. In the

Onion Creek watersheds in the headwaters of

the American River Basin, five streams are being gaged and sediment is being measured.

In the headwaters of the Yuba River, Castle

Creek Itself and two small tributaries are being gaged and sediment measurements taken.

In the Donner Ridge burn in the Truckee

Basin, 21 small tributaries are being

studied -- maximum discharges measured and

sediment and water quality sampled. In the

Miller Creek watershed In the headwaters

of the Feather River a practical sized test

of logging for water production has been

applied. At most of the above, concomitant measures of snow accumulation and melt and

soil moisture depletion are being taken.

In the area of the Central Sierra Snow

Laboratory studies include the tests of the

applicability of gamma and neutron probes in

measuring the hydrologic characteristics of snow, the use of suppressants in retarding

evaporation from snow and soil, and evapotranspiration from brush and tree sites.

Basic studies include those of microclimate

and heat budget of forest stands,

(g) In forest openings created by logging, soil

moisture savings are likely to continue for

16 years. This Is the main conclusion from

the study in the sub-alpine forest near the

Central Sierra Snow Laboratory. Soil

moisture depletion in openings created by

logging in 1946, 1950, 1955, and 1959 were

measured, together with moisture losses in

the surrounding forest. At the period of

maximum soil moisture depletion, 1-year-old

openings had 7 inches more soil moisture per

4-foot soil depth than did the surrounding

forest. These 7 Inches of water represent

the moisture saving for stream flow as a result of logging. In openings five years

old, the savings had dropped to 2.9 inches;

after ten years, to 1.2 Inches and after

12 years to 0.7 inches. The projection of

the regression indicates that summer soil

moisture savings will reach zero, 16 years

after logging.

Rapid measurement of hydrologic characteristics of snow pack which may permit more

accurate appraisal and prediction of delivery of snow-melt water may be possible

using gamma and neutron probes. Commercially available probes with gamma and

neutron sources (Nuclear-Chicago, P-20 and

P-19 probes) were tested for the ability to measure snow density, ice lenses, and the

thermal quality (free water) of the individual layers in the snow pack. Usable

regressions of snow density (D) at each

depth, measured gravimetrlcally and with

neutron counts (Cn) and gamma counts (Cg)

in CPM in the snow pack were obtained.

Snow density ranged from 12 to 60 percent.

Improvement in regressions were obtained by

using the counts 6 inches above (Cna or Cga)

and the counts 6 Inches below (Cnb or Cgb) as well as the counts at the points. The

relationship of snow density (D) in percent

to gamma and neutron counts are given by

these equations. For gamma probe at depths

- 18 Inches, D = 11.8 + 0.022 Cg2 - 0.722

(Cga - Cg) - 1.03 (Cgb - Cg); for depth of

12 inches, D = - 2.7 + 1.25 Cg + 0.50

(Cgb - Cg); and for depth of 6 Inches, D = - 2.6 + 1.33 Cg + 1.39 (Cgb - Cg)

Standard errors of estimates were 3.4, 2.3,

and 3.4 percent. For the neutron probe at depth > 12 inches, D=9.1 + 6.25 Cn - 0.052 Cn2 ; and for depth of 6 inches, D =

2.2 + 12.3 Cn - 1.00 Cn2 + 2.9 (Cna - Cn)+

11.2 (Cnb - Cn). Standard error of estimates were 3.6 and 2.2 percent. Counts in

water for these probes, with aluminum access

tubes were 15,900 and 44,400 CPM for the

neutron and gamma probes, respectively. In measuring surface snow density with the

gamma probe we found it essential to extend

the aluminum access tube at least 12 inches above the snow. Ice lenses in the snow were readily detectable by shifts In the neutron probe counts; neutron counts

would increase markedly at the occurrence

of ice; gamma counts were only slightly

affected. In a study of changes in the

thermal quality of snow pack throughout the

day and from day to day, neutron counts were directly related to the percentage of

Ice In the snow, as contrasted with free

water. The ratio of gamma to neutron counts

reflects differences in thermal quality for

two successive days with Identical average

snow density (56 percent) but with thermal

qualities of 82 and 95 percent.

Summer soil moisture losses and winter

surface evaporation from snow pack at high

elevation sites were reduced by the addition of the suppressant hexadecanol . Hexadecanol was applied to the soil surface of

1/15 acre plots of bare soil, brush, and

red fir forest. The hexadecanol was applied to 17 natural sites, the applications being at rates of 35, 130, and 680

pounds per acre. In fully vegetated sites

of red fir and natural brush, indicated

reductions in the loss were small, ranging

from 0.2 to 0.3 Inches for the total summer. At sites where vegetation had been removed

by bulldozing or In which natural bare

ground occurred, reductions in evaporation

of treated sites was 0.3 to 1.0 inch.

Application of hexadecanol to the snow surface decreased evaporation by as much

as 50 percent. Without the hexadecanol, the

evaporation rates ranged from 0.012 to 0.039

inch per day; with 20 to 30 pounds per acre

of hexadecanol, the rates were 0.006 to 0.016 per day.

Measurements of evaporation from snow under

various topographic and forest conditions

for the years 1958-1960, were summarized

and evaporation for the Castle Creek

watershed, elevation 7,500 feet, was com- puted. Evaporation ranged from 0.5 inch

under dense forest on the valley floor to 3.1 inches in large openings on exposed

ridges. Average evaporation for the four

square mile Castle Creek Basin was computed

as 2.0 inches depth. Average annual precipitation for Castle Creek is 74 inches

per year, so snow evaporation is about 2.7

percent of total precipitation,

(h) "Progress Report, 1961-62, Cooperative

Watershed Management Research in the Lower

Conifer Zone of California," by Walt Hopkins

and K. R. Bowden. Pac. SW For. and Range

Expt. Sta. 10 pp. 1962.

"Snow Evaporation from a Forested Watershed in the Central Sierra, Nevada," by

Allan J. West, Jour. For. 60 ( 7 ): 481-484,

1962.

"Inter-disciplinary Aspects of Forest

Microclimatology, " by D. H. Miller,

Symposium papers, 10th Pac. Sci. Congress,

Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 324, (Abstract),

1961

"Variation of Soil Erodiblllty with Geology,

Geographic Zone, Elevation, and Vegetation

Type in Northern California Wildlands," by

Johnnie E. Andre', and Henry W. Anderson.

Jour. Geophys. Res. 66(10) :3351-58, 1961.

"Larger Meltwater Flows Come Later," by A. Court. Pac. Sw For. and Range Expt. Sta.

Res Note 189, 8 pp. Sept. 1961.

"Tests of Models for Soil Moisture Depletion

at Forest Sites in the Sierra Nevada," by

Kenneth R. Knoerr. Pac. Sw For. and Range

Expt. Sta. File Rpt.

"Counting Times Required with Soil Moisture

130l
Probes," by R. A. Merrlam and K. R. Knoerr.

Soil Scl. 92(6) :394-95, 1961.

"A Model for Evaluating Wlldland Management

for Flood Prevention," by Henry W. Anderson.

Pac. Sw For. and Range Expt. Sta. Tech.

paper 69, 19 pp. 1962.

"How a Logging Operation can Affect Streamflow," by R. M. Rice and J. R. Wallis. For. Industries 89 (ll):38-40, 1962.

"Current Research on Sedimentation and

Erosion in California Wlldlands," by Henry

W. Anderson. Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol

.

Publ. No. 59:173-182, 1962.

"Fourth Progress Report, 1960-1961, Cooperative Snow Management Research," by Henry W. Anderson and L. G. Richards. Pac. SW For. and Range Expt. Sta. pp. 141-204, 1961.

"Measures of Streamflow Timing," by Arnold

Court, Jour. Geophy. Res. 67 ( 11 ): 4335-4340,

1962.

"Measurement of Snow Pack Profiles with

Radioactive Sources," by LLoyd W. Gay.

30th Annual West. Snow Conf. Proc . pp. 14-

19, 1962.

"Snow in Trees -- Where does it go?" by

David H. Miller, 30th Annual West. Snow

Conf. Proc. pp. 21-27, 1962.

(4759) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HAWAII.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Keith Arnold, Director, Pacific Southwest

Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The aim is to develop a hydrologlc and

meteorological base for making land management decisions in Hawaii which may effect

water yield, water quality and floods.

Hydrologlc effects of conversion of native

vegetation to urban areas, to grass land, to commercial timber stands, and to cultivated

lands are to be evaluated. Present studies

emphasize appraisal of the hydrologlc

characteristics of the island soils, including soil erodibility and soil moisture

storage and losses.

Major work center is in Honolulu with three

studies actively underway. Field measurements of soil moisture, and physical ana- lysis of soil to determine soil moisture

constants, have been made for soils representing 10 great soil groups in the state of

Hawaii. Samples were obtained from the

surface 12 inches of soil at 34 sites distributed in the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, and

Oahu. Periodic sampling of soil moisture

under stands of various tree, brush, and

grass species has been made at two sites near Honolulu and at one site in the

Waianae range, all on Oahu.

Rainfall runoff relations in two small watersheds are being studied using data collected

by the State Division of Forestry in the

years 1951 to 1955. Differences involving

watershed covers of niuhl fern, planted

trees, and burned-over fern are being

evaluated.

(g) Difference in soil properties among great

soil groups were found to be associated with

forest cover, cultivation, pasture, and idle

grass land. Soils In Hawaii were found to be

fine textured and composed mostly of

colloidal clay and organic particles. Forest

soils, as contrasted to the soils in

cultivated and in idle lands, had soil

structure which favored infiltration and

percolation of water. Forest soils were

found to have highest average total pore

volume, available water capacity, and volume

of large pores. Pasture and forest soils

have the highest average organic matter

content. Sampling of erodibility of soils

of Hawaii shows wide variation in the

erodibility of soils developed under a single

geologic rock type (basalt).

Frequent rainfall in Hawaii minimizes the

opportunity for determining evapotransplratlon by soil moisture measurements.

However, studies at six sites in the dryer

part of Oahu have shown differences in soil

moisture deficit associated with various

tree, grass and brush species. In a five

month period mid-April to mid-September,

1962, soil moisture deficits from 6 1/2 to

8 1/2 inches developed under tree species

despite the occurrence of 7 1/2 to 10 Inches

of rain in the period. Deficits under

brush were greater than under grass; soil

moisture loss for the three month period

mid-July to mid-September, 1962, was from 2 to 5 Inches greater under brush than grass.

Runoff measured as streamflow from experimental watersheds on Oahu was rather small

and variable. Average runoff for the

period 1951 to 1955 for tree covered watershed was only on inch per year. Year to year variation in runoff was found to be

high. For an Uluhl fern-covered watershed,

for example, yearly runoff ranged from as little as 0.3 inch to as much as 3.0 Inches

per year, in the short period 1951 to 1955.

(h) "Watershed Management Research in Hawaii's

Wildlands," by Henry W. Anderson, Walt

Hopkins, and Robert E. Nelson, Pac. SW For. and Range Expt. Sta., Tech. Paper No. 75,

15 pp., illustrated, 1962.

"Soil Moisture and Soil Strength Characteristics of Five Hawaiian Soils," Pac. SW For. and Range Expt. Sta. Res. Note No. 184,

8 pp. illus.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER

HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine

and spruce-fir forests and of the management

of these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water,

largely from stored snow. The purpose Is

to solve problems In the management of

forested watersheds of the high altitude

zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum

yields of usable water,

(g) The following table summarizes water yields

from the Fool Creek watershed since timber

harvesting:

Predicted Actual

Year Period of Record Yield Yield Increase

acre feet

1956 5/3 - 10/12 666 922 254

1957 5/23 - 9/30 1158 1358 200

1958 5/6 - 9/30 673 798 125

1959 5/8 - 9/30 620 806 186

1960 4/23 - 8/24 656 882 226

1961 5/6 - 9/30 520 640 120

1962 4/19 - 9/5 1020 1130 110

(h) "Watershed Management in the Rocky Mountain

Alpine and Subalpine Zones," M. Martinelll,

Jr., Arid Land Symposium, AAAS Proc. Dec. 1962. (In preparation).

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by waterhed vegetation; to determine the influence of various types of

forest and grassland vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment

such as grazing and timber harvest, on

i

132
streamflow, water use, water loss, and

erosion and sediment yield; and to determine

for phreatophytlc vegetation (water-loving

plants) the amount of water used, methods

for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with more useful plants;

and for mixed conifer and chaparral types

of vegetation to determine the hydrologic

characteristics of natural watersheds and

the effect of cover modification upon water

yields, soil stability and other resource

values. At Sierra Ancha Experimental

Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall,

runoff, and erosion are measured on three

watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation type

at high elevation, on two watersheds in the

ponderosa-chaparral type, and from four

watersheds In the grassland-chaparral type

at intermediate elevations, and on nine

small watersheds in the semidesert-chaparral

type at low elevations. Water use by

different types of plants in various soils

Is studied on eleven large lysimeters.

Three watersheds have been established

on the ponderosa pine type, three in the

mixed-conifer type, and two watersheds in

the high (9300-foot elevation) grassland

type (measuring weirs currently under con- struction) . Effect of frost on water yields

(surface runoff and soil moisture accretion)

is studied on small grass, aspen and mixed

conifer plots. Soils from grass, aspen and

mixed conifer plots are being laboratory

tested for hydrologic characteristics.

Soil moisture is followed with a neutron

probe. Gaging stations for four watersheds

in the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds and

and another cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental

studies are determining the proper use of

chemicals, fire, and mechanical treatment

for manipulating shrub in the type.

Interception, moisture use, and factors

affecting water yield are being tested in

Utah and alligator juniper forests on the

Beaver Creek Project, south of Flagstaff,

Arizona. Ecology of Tamarlx pentandra and

other phreatophytes is under investigation.

Germination, seedling survival, sprouting

ability, and rate of spread studies were

continued. A field apparatus employing

plastic tents, a ventilating system, and a wet-dry bulb hygrometer has been developed

and used for detailed measurements of ( evapotranspiration of phreatophytes.

In pine-fir watersheds at Workman Creek,

elevations 6590 to 7724 feet, two timberharvest treatments have been completed.

Test of individual tree selection resulted

in no significant change in water yield,

but clear cutting of one-third of a watershed and planting to grass resulted in a significant increase in water yields the

second year after treatment during an above

average water yield year. The third year's

data almost exactly duplicated the first

year's data. Both these years were dry and

streamflow of 1.4 inches compared to an estimated streamflow of .9 inches were not

large enough for statistical significance

for individual events. Preliminary data for

the fourth year indicates near average water

yield, and increases due to treatment con- sistent with previous years.

During February 1962, temperatures were higher than average and runoff from snow melt occurred on experimental watersheds

below about 8500-foot elevation. In spite

of significant runoff, 1009& snow cover on north slopes was maintained throughout

February. On south slopes, however, snow cover decreased to about 30$ on grass-covered

areas and 50$ on timbered areas which seems

to indicate that south slopes were important

contributors to water yields. During this

February runoff, a recorder equipped watertable well at 9300-foot elevation showed a good rise and diurnal fluctuations were similar to the temperature curve, highest in

the afternoon and lowest near midnight. The

effect of clipping treatments on Tamarlx

pentandra was tested during the 1962 growing

season. Sprouts from previously cut plants

clipped every 2-, 4-, and 8-week Intervals

and control plants clipped only in Sept.

resulted in survivals of 14, 44, 42, and 92$,

respectively, at the end of the growing season. Increase in unit water yield of a burned and sprayed over a burned but un- sprayed chaparral watershed about 5 months

after the second annual chemical treatment.

By the first full water year following the

second treatment, a significant increase

(4.30 inches) in runoff occurred compared to the unsprayed control watershed. A con- trolled fall chaparral burn following

chemical dessication of foliage resulted in

92.6$ reduction in crown canopy cover but

only a 28.7$ reduction in litter. Post-fire

litter was 4.85 tons per acre air dry basis,

(h) "A Simple Device for Measuring Fluctuations

in Shallow Ground-Water Wells," by Howard

L. Gary, Research Note 68, 2 pp., (Processed)

"Measuring transpiration of undisturbed

tamarisk shrubs," John P. Decker, William G. Gaylor and Frank D. Cole, Plant Physiology

37: 393-397, May 1962.

"Water Relations of Plant Communities as a Management Factor in Western Watersheds,"

John P. Decker, Science 138, (3539): 532-533.

October 26, 1962.

"Taxonomlc notes on Tamarlx pentandra in

Arizona," Jerome S. Horton and John E. Flood,

Southwestern Naturalist 7(1): 23-28, June

1962.

"Preliminary Results of Effect of Forest Tree Removal on Water Yields and Sedimentation —

Workman Creek Experimental Watersheds,

In Watershed and Related Management Problems1,' Lowell R. Rich, Ariz. Watershed Symposium

Proc. 4: 13-16, illus. (Processed.)

"Surface Runoff and Erosion in the Lower

Chaparral Zone - Arizona," Station Paper 66,

35 pp., illus. (Processed.)

"The Workman Creek Experimental Watershed,"

H. G. Reynolds and J. A. West, Station Paper

65, 18 pp. illus.

"Preliminary Hydrologic effects of Wildfire

in Chaparral," G. E. Glendening, C. P. Pase

and P. Ingebo, Fifth Ann. Ariz. Watershed

Symp. Proc. September 1961.

969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project. Some work in cooperation

with Bureau of Land Management and Geological

Survey

d) Applied research.

e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located

about 8 miles north of the San Luis community

and west of the Rio Puerco main channel provide the study area. Water and sediment

inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed

by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and

amounts of vegetation changes are periodically

measured over the watersheds. Ten years of

data have been collected under cattle

grazing during a 5 1/2-6 month overwinter

period (November 1 to April 30)

Evaluation of soil ripping (Jayhawker) on surface runoff, erosion, and vegetation.

Surface runoff plots (64), 10' x 31', are Installed on a north and south aspect and

upper and lower slopes representing

different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez

drainage. Precipitation, runoff, and

sediment are measured.

To obtain information on factors effecting

rates of snowpack ablation and correlation

to relative water yields from several

vegetation zones in high altitude watersheds

133
In New Mexico. Plastic membrane

lysimeters 50 square feet In size and In batteries of three were Installed In open areas and In spruce-fir forests on north

and south slopes,

(g) Grazing use by cattle has averaged 54% on the key species alkali sacaton and only 34#

on the less preferred galleta species.

Fencing and variation in class of cattle have

had a pronounced effect on the grazing

pattern

.

Soil ripping with the Jayhawker resulted in

about 96-97% reduction In surface runoff

during the first rainy season. By the end

of the third year of study this reduction

had declined to 81-87#.

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY,

SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b| Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (1) Soil moisture effects of thinning dense

ponderosa pine. (2) Control of runoff and

soil erosion by seeded and native vegetation of the 1959 Deadwood Burn. (3)

Development of a diversion type sampler

for continuous measurement of sediment and

runoff in small streams. (4) Runoff from

grazed and protected Kentucky bluegrass

range In relation to soil compaction. (5)

Water yield and sediment production in

relation to standard forest management

practices.

(f) Items 1, 2, 3, and 5 active; item 4 temporarily suspended.

(g) Due to soil moisture carryover from a wet

year, thinned pine (post-pole size) on a deep soil, used more water In each of three

successively drier years than did dense

unthinned pine. Difference in total use, about 2 Inches the first year, had dropped

tc about 0.2 inch in the third due to reduction in year-to-year carryover. The

trend reversed in the wet year Just passed.

The thinned pine has used less moisture

than the unthinned and there is substantially greater amount of stored moisture

for carryover into next year under the

thinned than the unthinned pine.

Increasing density of seeded and native vegetation on the 1959 Deadwood Burn is effectively controlling runoff and soil

erosion. Plots continue to produce more

runoff from snowmelt on frozen ground than summer storm runoff. Amounts of summer

storm runoff and sediment are much more

closely related to total amount of precipitation per storm in excess of 0.03 inch per

five minutes than total precipitation depth.

(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) Calibration of watersheds prior to treatment.

Additional small watersheds have been gaged,

making a total of 12 in the ponderosa pine

type, 3 in the alligator Juniper type, and

3 in the Utah Juniper type — all under

2,000 acres. Two large pine watersheds

(about 10,000 acres) are also being calibrated. One of the Utah Juniper watersheds

will be treated in 1963; treatment will

consist of Juniper eradication followed by

seeding to grass. Calibration units are "flow periods" which are flows from individual storms.

(g) Intensive sediment measurements have been

started on one small pine watershed and one small Utah Juniper watershed. Total

sediment yield will be estimated for flow

periods, seasons and years. Large sediment

sizes will be caught in an artificial Im- poundment and small sizes will be caught in a series of splitters which sample outflow

through the impoundment spillway. In a

test installation on a 1.100 acre pine

watershed the spring runoff in 1962 deposited

only 638 pounds of sediment in the Impoundment; most of the outflow carried less than

100 p. p.m. of suspended sediment. Sediment

in the impoundment was B0% organic (pine

needles, leaves, etc.) and 20% mineral

(14% sand, 47^silt, 3'J% clay).

(3569) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE,

WYOMING.

lb) Laboratory project.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) The objectives of the study are to determine

the effects of big sagebrush on total runoff

from snowmelt, snow accumulation and storage

pattern. Three high elevation sagebrush

watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in western

Wyoming provide the study area. V-notch we gage the runoff, and suspended sediment

samples are taken periodically. Snowpack Is sampled along permanent transects and at random points. Precipitation is sampled by

a network of recording and non-recording

gages.

The objective of this study Is to determine

the soil moisture withdrawal pattern under

natural stands of big sagebrush, and the

effect of sagebrush eradication on moisture

withdrawal. Four 0.1 acre plots on an east

and a west exposure have been established

within high elevation sagebrush type in

western Wyoming. Sagebrush on two of the

plots on each exposure has been eradicated

spraying. Soil moisture samples are taken

periodically to trace moisture withdrawal

under each condition. Study to evaluate

the comparative efficiencies, in terms of

water stored in accumulated snow, of tandem

4-foot slatted snow fences erected at different spacing intervals on open windswept slopes In southeast Wyoming. Study

to evaluate the effects of inducing snow accumulation on a watershed through use of

artificial barriers. Three experimental

grassland-type drainages, 88 to 144 acres, have been selected for the study area In southeastern Wyoming where snow transport

by wind commonly occurs. V-notch weirs are installed to measure water yield. Snowpack

is sampled in areas of natural accumulation

along permanent transects. Summer precipitation is sampled by a network of

recording and nonrecordlng gages,

(g) Peak snowpack In the spring of 1962 was 150

percent greater than the 1961 snowpack.

Snowmelt was rapid with peak flows being

reached approximately 10 days after melt

began. Maximum observed suspended sediment

load, near peak flow, was 109 p. p.m.

Coarse sediment data indicate bed load movement at a rate of 0.0021 ac. ft./sq. mi.

of experimental drainage area. 1962 was the first year following spraying

on the treated plots. On six sampling dates

no significant differences were found in the

moisture levels of the 0-6 foot soil layer

on treated and untreated plots. On the

eastern exposure treated plots withdrew 2.74

inches of moisture compared to 3.78 inches

on the untreated plots. While no significant difference in total herbage production was found, grass production on the

treated plots Increased 48$ while forb production decreased markedly. During the

winter 1961-62, eight slatted snow fences

placed on upland areas In tandem at intervals

of 325 feet saturated. Resultant snowdrifts were 4.5 feet high, extended an average of

106 feet downwind from the fence, and con- tained about 110 cubic feet of water, snow- pack equivalent, per lineal foot of fence.

Trials for efficient snow fence spacings in

small natural drainages are continuing.

Installations necessary to the study were completed during the summer of 1962 and

calibration began. Peak snowpack data

collected in the spring of 1962 show that an average of only 1.1 inches of water,

134
snowpack equivalent, accumulates naturally

on the experimental drainages.

(3895) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALPINE

HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field Investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose is: 1) To correlate snowdrift

Intensity with meteorological and terrain

features; 2) to measure the amount and

vertical distribution of snow carried by the

wind in an area of moderately rough terrain;

3) To determine important features associated

with the deposition of snow; 4) to determine

the effect of slat and wire fencing on the

accumulation of snow in selected natural

catchments in the alpine portion of Loveland

Basin, Colorado, and to test the relative

effectiveness of this type of fence at two

locations in the same general area; and

5) to test several types of wind barriers

in alpine conditions,

(g) Data have been taken on the effect of slat

and wire snow fencing on the accumulation

of snow in six selected natural alpine

catchments. One catchment along the main

ridge showed a very large increase in snow

due to the fence. At the other catchments,

one showed an increase, two showed little

net change, and two were used as control

areas.

(3896) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, PORT COLLINS,

COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Field plot to observe the adaptability and

growth characteristics of twenty-three tree

shrub and twenty-six grass and forb species

for further testing on critical erosion

sites.

Research to find the influences of mechanical watershed rehabilitation measures on the microclimate and other site factors in

the southern Rocky Mountains. To determine

the effect of range conditions and related

factors on sediment production and runoff

on three mountain grassland watersheds in

western Colorado. Range condition is being

measured by means of 20 or more 3-step

transects on each watershed. Ninety degree

V-notch weirs are used to gage the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to 272 acres. Water samples are taken several

times daily during snowmelt and periods of

storm runoff for determination of suspended

sediment; bedload is measured in the weir

ponds.

(g) This year, as in 1961, moisture was favorable for plant growth at the plot. This

resulted in only minor increases in mortality

over 1961. The outstanding shrub was Sambucus neomexicana which grew to heights

of 7 feet and diameters of 6 feet from basal

shoots and produced by far the greatest

weight of litter. Annual forbs did poorly

this second season while the biennial

Melilotus clovers were the superior species

at the grass and forb plot. Agropyron

trachycaulum was observed to be one of the

best perennial grasses in regard to growth

and litter produced.

Ground cover index shows a strong corre- lation with both peak suspended sediment

concentration (parts per million) and peak

discharge (cubic feet per second per

square mile) . Suspended sediment concen- trations have been as high as 6820 p. p.m.,

and peak discharge has been as high as 96

c . s.m.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use and information.

(c) Dr. Thomas F. McLintock, Director, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville,

North Carolina.

(d) General investigations of forest influences

in the southeastern United States, with

primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic

research on watershed processes and related

application in watershed management.

(e) Basic research into forest hydrologic pro- cesses from the precipitation of water over

an area until it leaves the watershed as streamflow or evapotranspiration. Demonstrations of several cover types and land

management practices and their effect upon

water yield, quality and flow characteristics . Development of watershed management methods

pertinent to the region and cooperative

trials and demonstrations of these methods.

Most of the experimental and hydrologic

data are collected on the 5600-acre Coweeta

Hydrologic Laboratory, located in the zone of maximum precipitation for the eastern

United States (Nantahala Range of the south- ern Applachians) . The basic hydrologic

gaging network at the Coweeta Hydrologic

Laboratory, near Franklin, N. C, Includes

1 multiple and 11 unit watersheds currently

active and 19 standby watersheds on which

up to 27 years of continuous streamflow

records and a cumulative total of more than

670 years are available on drainages

ranging from 4 acres to 8 square miles, 12

recording and 23 standard rain gages, 1 recording hygrothermograph, 1 metering

anemometer, 2 recording anemometers and

wind vanes, 1 evaporation pan, and 2 recording pyrheliometers . An additional 44

rain gages of various types are currently

being used for special studies. Occasional

water samples are collected from selected

watersheds for quality analysis on a storm

period basis. Soil moisture is measured in

the field with tenslometers and 2 neutron

scattering devices servicing a network of some 60 access tubes. A small laboratory

equipped for soil and plant physical analysis and instrument repair is on the area. Most recording devices are of the charttrace type with exception of one analogto-digital streamflow recorder. Much of

the data is being reduced from chart traces

to punch cards by an Oscar-K chart reader

with subsequent computation and analysis by

computers at the National Weather Records

Center In Asheville, N. C. Supplementing

the plant-soil-water studies at Coweeta Is

a research unit located in the piedmont at Union, S. C. Current soil moisture studies

include development of field measurement

techniques for moisture investigations by

the neutron method, comparative water use requirements of cover types, moisture

recharge and depletion investigations, and

depth of moisture withdrawal by representative cover types. Research facilities are largely Inactive at the present time but

Include 4 unit watersheds, a rain gage

network, and a standard Weather Bureau

weather station plus a neutron scattering

device and numerous plots for soli moisture

study (now active). All projects are to be

carried to completion through analysis of

data, preparation of reports, and publication of technical articles. Research

studies (Coweeta and Union) include: 1)

evapotranspiration from forest land, hydrologic effects of reducing basal area; 2)

evapotranspiration and water yield from

different types of forest cover; 3) soilwater balance as related to recharge,

drainage, and evapotranspiration; 4) source, volume, and timing of stormflows from small

mountain watersheds; 5) energy balance,

precipitation, and evapotranspiration on

135
slopes and how modified by cover and

physiography; 6) soil moisture depletion

by drainage and transpiration from deep

forest plots covered with plastic film; 7)

Internal water balance of' forest trees

under natural and Induced drought conditions; e) Interception by forest litter

cover; 9) soil moisture storage and movement on steep slopes; and 10) a pilot study

testing multiple uses such as water, timber

recreation, and wildlife on a 360-acre watershed. Wetland research, recently

Inaugurated at Charleston, South Carolina,

Involves studies of the effects of drainage

and other management practices on the water

regime and timber growth and survival.

Planned work will attempt to classify

wetland forest sites as regards hydrologic

characteristics and management potential,

Identify the factors affecting coastal plain

hydrology, and evaluate changes in wildlife

habitat resulting from modification of water

regimes.

(g) Past cutting experiments at Coweeta have

resulted in 6 to 16 inches of increased

water yield the first year following 100$

reduction in basal area of the hardwood

forest cover. As the forest vegetation

recovered after cutting, these Increases in

yield dropped off at a rate approximately

linear with the logarithm of time, indicating that as the coppice forest matured

evapotranspiration returned to precutting

levels. A 23-acre watershed was recently

converted from forest to grass in an attempt

to compare evapotranspiration from these two cover types. After 3 growing seasons no significant differences in water use have

been detected. The study continues to determine if grass is actually using as much

water as forest or if some watershed factor

Is complicating results. Mature forest

trees on two 50-foot square plastic covered

plots were defoliated late In June. At that time drainage from the covered soil

had virtually ceased and trees were fully

leaved out. No further loss of soil

moisture occurred on the defoliated plots,

but on an adjacent control plot losses con- tinued until leaf fall in September.

Methods for measuring leaf -water deficits

and leaf -water potential in the forest were

improved. Forest vegetation In the

southern Appalachian highlands was shown to exhibit as a rule only minor deficits in

the internal water balance. Average noon- time diffusion pressure deficits of forest

leaves during the summer of 1961 was only

about 5 atmospheres. Interception of

rainfall by litter under a hardwood forest

accounted for about 2 to 4 Inches of water

per year. Litter interception appears

greater during the leafless dormant season

than during the growing season. A 3 x 3 x 45-foot column of soil inclined at 40

percent in concrete box drained after

soaking for 145 days before outflow became

so low that it could no longer be measured.

After, the first 5 days, outflow was entirely from unsaturated soil. These results

strongly support the theory that baseflow

at Coweeta is largely from unsaturated

soil moisture draining slowly from slopes

above stream channels.

(h) "The Annual Range of Soil Moisture under

High Rainfall in the Southern Appalachians,"

by J. D. Helvey and John D. Hewlett, J. of

Forestry 60(7): 485-486, July 1962.

"Variance of Nuclear Moisture Measurements,"

by James E. Douglass, Station Paper No.

143, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station,

Asheville, N. C.

"A Method for Determining the Slope of

Neutron Moisture Meter Calibration Curves,"

by James E. Douglass, Station Paper No. 154

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station,

Asheville, N. C. "Moisture and Energy Conditions within a Sloping Soil Mass During Drainage," by

John D. Hewlett and Alden R. Hlbbert, to be

published in Journal of Geophysical Research

February 1963.

"Instrumental and Soli Moisture Variance

using the Neutron Scattering Method," by

John D. Hewlett, James E. Douglass, and

Jerome L. Clutter, to be published in Soil

Science

.

"The Measurement of water Deficits In Broadleaf Plants," by John D. Hewlett and

Paul J. Kramer, to be published in

Frotoplasma

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. P. A. Briegleb, Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, T-10210 Federal Bldg.,

701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans 12, Louisiana.

(2914) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD

RESEARCH CENTER, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with Soil

Conservation Service, Agricultural Research

Service, and University of Mississippi.

(d) Field Investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest

and potential forest lands; basic and

applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments,

two to four acres each, were installed in

batteries of three to determine runoff and

erosion from old fields, depleted upland

hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature

upland plne-hardwoods . Treatments are deferred until after a suitable calibration

period. Related studies Include restoration

of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water

relationships.

(g) Data collection on all watersheds was con- tinued. Indications of continuing improvement in effectiveness of some watershed

covers have necessitated further deferment

of planned watershed treatments. Runoff

and sediment production continues to be

related to cover type.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON

RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations on effects of forest

type and condition on timing of flows in

streams of the Ozark-Ouachita uplands; basic

and applied research,

(e) Runoff and sediment from three small

mountain watersheds are measured currently.

Cover conditions will be changed after an adequate calibration period. Related

studies of soil moisture and erosion are continuing.

(g) A guage was devised for detailed measurement

of erosion from watershed lands.

(h) "Soli Erosion Gauge," C. Mesavage and J. L. Smith. Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 17(2):

71, 1962.

U. S. ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board,

5201 Little Falls Road, N.W., Wash. 16, D. C.

(181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OP

MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined

experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in

height in a prototype tank; the waves will

be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale In small

laboratory tanks (to determine scale effects)

136
for various median diameter and specific

gravity sediments,

(g) Additional tests were made using crushed coal

of average specific gravity 1.5 (modeled by

the settling velocity relationship to give

corresponding characteristics of material

tested in the large tank) . Observed material

movement and profile changes corresponded

basically to the large scale results in the

prototype tank, although the coal slope

deteriorated somewhat faster. A partial

explanation for differences is the wide

range of specific gravities of individual

coal particles. Tests for a few selected

storm waves were made in the large tank

with waves from 2 to 5.5 feet in height

using a sand of 0.4-mm. median diameter.

The profiles obtained in these tests may

be compared with those obtained earlier

with 0.2-mm. sand to indicate differences

in rates of scour and degree of protection

with different sized material.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the

characteristics of ocean waves, a number of

electrical recording wave gages have been

installed in coastal waters and these records

are analyzed for significant height and

period, and wave spectra.

(g) The new relay type wave gage has proved

to be superior to the parallel and series

types of step resistance wave gages. This

type gage has been installed for the Beach

Erosion Board at Virginia Beach, Va.,

Buzzards Bay, Mass. (Coast Guard Tower),

and Atlantic City, N. J. Plans are in

progress for replacing the wave gages at Naples, Fla., and Huntington Beach, Calif,

with relay type gages. Reinstallation of

the wave recording station at Palm Beach,

Fla. is also planned for 1963. Additional

gages on other Coast Guard light towers are planned for installation in 1963. Magnetic

tape recorders for recording ocean waves

have been installed on all Beach Erosion

Board wave gages. These records are being

analyzed on a wave spectrum analyzer In the

Board's laboratory. Certain improvements

were made in interpreting the record for

average height, energy, and peak height.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS,

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping

sand past inlets and to determine the

applicability of the methods in stabilization

of beaches adjacent to inlets. Data are being procured on the effect to the shoreline

of sand by-passing operations at Port

Hueneme, California and Lake Worth Inlet, Fla.

and on the effect to the shoreline of a new harbor constructed at Ventura,

California. This latter harbor involves an offshore detached breakwater along with

entrance Jetties to the new harbor. Data at the three locations include periodic hydrographic surveys south and north of the inlet, wave data, sand samples, detailed records of

pumping operations, and detailed records of

entrance channel maintenance. A general study

is being made of the possibility of adapting

commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive

source to the discharge line to measure

quantity of material pumped in by-passing

operations.

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b| Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of

beaches by artificial means. The present

continuing phase of this general study

involves the measurement of a natural beach

slope and attempts to determine Its response

to the forces normally Incident upon the

shore such as wave height and period, angle

of wave approach, tide, and direction and

magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative Importance of the

forces or combinations of forces may be

evaluated.

(g) Computing machine techniques have been

applied to the statistical evaluation of the

importance of the forces and of the parameters. Preliminary results indicate that wave height and wave period are more

Important although, in general, the data

used in the analyses were too sparse and too

statistically noisy to achieve definite

results.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION

GAGES.

(bl Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; development.

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use In securing accurate records

of wave characteristics. (See also Project

660)

(g) Two relay type wave gages were fabricated for use by the Walla Walla District, Corps of

Engineers. These gages are unique in that

they Include an automatic wave height con- trolled programmer. This programmer activates the wave recording apparatus only when waves of two previously selected heights

are present, thus precluding the recording

of waves with low or negligible heights.

The height selectors are adjustable In height and also in length of recording period

for each height. A long period wave re- cording station (100-seconds thru 15-mlnute

wave periods) was fabricated for use in

Hilo, Hawaii. This gage was designed to obtain wave data on waves and surges causing

ship and port damage in Hilo Harbor. Four wave gages and magnetic tape recorders were furnished the Los Angeles District, Corps of

Engineers, for use in the Playa Del Rey Boat

Basin. The gages are needed to obtain information relative to boats and dock installation damage caused by waves entering

the basin from the Pacific Ocean. A wave

gage was furnished (loaned to) the City of

Detroit, Michigan, for measurement of waves

in small boat harbors caused by large ocean vessels underway in adjacent channel areas. Three staff type wave gages were installed

at Port Hueneme, Calif., replacing pressure

type gages. Magnetic tape recorders are used with these wave gages.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN ON THE RATE OF

LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of

littoral drift passing a groin system.

Initial tests consist of waves generated at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach with

measurement of material movement being made

at the downdrift end. The tests planned for

the immediate future, as have the current

season tests, will continue to emphasize

the task of collecting and establishing

reliable calibration data on the relationship

between the littoral transport rate and the wave characteristics. These generalized

(not to specific model scale) studies are being made in the Shore Processes Test Basin

of the Beach Erosion Board. They will

Include tests of waves up to about 1 foot

in height and wave periods of 1.25 to 4.00

seconds

(g) A total of seven littoral transport tests

have been completed this year. These tests

may be conveniently grouped into the following four categories: (1) sand feeder

137
calibration tests - Intended to determine the

optimum position (vertical and horizontal)

of the sand feeder; (2) transverse or parasite wave tests designed to eliminate trans- verse waves which possibly have adverse

effects on the littoral transport test results; (3) radioactive feasibility, tests

to determine the feasibility of measuring the

littoral transport by monitoring the progress

of an Initial injection of radioactive sand as it is displaced from the injection area

by the action of waves, and (4) miscellaneous

or liaison data collection and testing,

using SPTB facility and equipment.

Results from the sand feeder calibration

tests shows that the magnitude of the

vertical spacing between the still water

level and the sand feeder mouth affects the

amount of sand fed in the presence of waves. Sand feeding curves, in general, showed

that the higher the feeder was placed above

the still water level, the greater was the

amount of sand fed. This test result does

not of itself select a specific or optimum

feeder elevation for a given wave condition,

but it does provide useful data which may

aid a particular selection of feeder elevation. The variability of wave heights

measured along the toe of the beach slope

confirm the presence of a transverse wave,

or basin oscillation. Installation of a splitter wall 1/4 basin width upbeach of

the down-beach training wall reduced the

magnitude and increased the frequency of wave height variability as measured along

the wave crest. Results from the tracer

feasibility tests were confined mainly to

the development of methods, techniques, and

procedures. The information gained will

guide the design of a more sophisticated

test having the specific purpose and a definite plan for measuring (estimating) by use of radioactive or fluorescent tracers

the magnitude of the littoral transport

rate. Additional work Included the measurement and tabulation of wave height, wave

period, and eccentric setting for use in

preparing calibration curves for the Shore

Processes Testing Basin wave machines,

(h) "Laboratory Determination of Littoral

Transport Rates" by R. P. Savage, Proceedings Separate No. 3128, Journal Waterways

and Harbors Division, American Society of

Civil Engineers, WW2, May 1962.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OP THE ATLANTIC COAST OF

NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLANDVIRGINIA SHORE LINE PROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO

CAPE CHARLES.

lt>) Laboratory project.

(di Field investigations; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Reports

to consist of three chapters: geomorphology

and shoreline histories, littoral forces,

and littoral materials. Subject matter to

Include physiography, geological development

of the shore region, sources of littoral

material, waves, tides or water level

fluctuations, current physical characteristics of the littoral materials, interrelation of sedimentary properties, relation

of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, and changes

in shoreline configuration.

(g) The Delaware-Maryland-Virginia shoreline

from Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles is

currently under study. Data compilation

for this reach is essentially completed and

the report is under preparation.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Design.

(e) To supplement and revise the Beach Erosion

Board's Technical Report No. 4, "Shore

Protection Planning and Design" as new data

and techniques are developed for use in the

solution of coastal engineering problems,

(g) This report was reprinted in October 1961.

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICA LLY NOURISHED AND

CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(bl Laboratory project.

(di Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to restore or nourish a beach sector and

the effect of the fill on adjacent shores.

A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined

.

(g) Study is underway of data collected at Seaside Park, Sherwood Island State Park,

and Hammonasset, Conn.; Key West, Fla.; and

Presque Isle, Pa.

(2659) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF WAVE FORCES ON PILING,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

(e) To determine nature and magnitude of forces

on piles.

f) Suspended.

h) A report on some of the data was presented

at the ASCE meeting at Houston in February

1962.

(2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN SUSPENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS).

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the relationship between wave, water, and sand characteristics, and the

amount of material maintained in suspension

and, hence, available for longshore transport by currents.

(g) A vacuum pump-type suspended sediment

sampler has been used to collect suspended

sand samples under various laboratory conditions of waves, water temperature, and sand.

A pump type sampler has been used to collect

suspended sediment samples in the Beach

Erosion Board large wave tank In conjunction

with other tests (Items 181 and 4764 - last

item) . Some of these samples have been

analyzed and compiled. Tests using an eductor to collect suspended sediment

samples were also carried out and showed that

the eductor could be used in place of a pump

to make suspended sediment collections in

the large wave tank. The advantage of the

eductor is that only the intake nozzle and

piping need be placed in the water. All

other equipment (filter, case, meter etc.) can be positioned above and completely out

of the water. Modifications to the vacuum

pump suspended sampling apparatus for use

In laboratory wave tanks are continuing.

Fabrication of six cylindrical receptacles

(3 bronze, 3 plexiglass) for use In sus- pended sediment collection have been com- pleted. These receptacles replace a square

cross-section receptacle formerly used. The new receptacle provides greater efficiency

in sample collection and extraction, and a saving in replacement costs.

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

for various waves for different types of

shore structures. Effect of both structure

roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Relatively large scale data (wave heights

about 3 feet) have been taken on a 1 on

1 1/2 slope rubble mound structure, with a cover layer of (75-lb.) quadripods. Some

data using waves 2 to 5.5 feet high have

also been obtained on smooth 1 on 15 beach

slopes, the beach material having a median

diameter of 0.4 millmeters. Curves

i

133
presenting run-up data for use in deep inland

reservoirs have been prepared, embodying

within them an average scale correction

factor, and published by ASCE. The Joint

distribution of wave height and wave period,

for a fully developed sea, as developed by

Bretschneider, has been used to obtain the

distribution of relative wave run-ups in a

sea condition, and also the distribution of

actual run-up. This latter distribution

turns out to be essentially identical with

the wave height distribution as developed

by Putts, Longuet-Higglns, and others (at

least for conditions examined) . As such,

it appears that about 15% of the run-ups

exceed the run-up of the significant wave, about \% of run-ups will be 1.5 times R1/3

and that about 1 in 1,000 will be 2 times

R1/3. This analysis has been made only for

the case of relatively deep water fronting

a structure (i.e., d/Ho greater than 3) and

for a fully developed sea, though it has

been extended to include normal generating

areas. A graphical method was developed

for checking the design height of protective

dunes or beach fills which are to be con- structed along an existing shoreline. The

method involves computing a "critical profile"

which, when plotted on transparent paper, can be overlaid on field profile plots to

determine if run-up from expected waves will

exceed the structure height,

(h) "Freeboard Allowances for Waves in Inland

Reservoirs" by Thorndike Saville, Jr., E.

W. McClendon, and A. L. Cochran; Proc. of

the American Society of Civil Engineers,

Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Div.,

WW2, Separate No. 3138, May 1962.

"An Approximation of the Wave Run-up Frequency Distribution" by Thorndike Saville,

Jr.; Proc. of the Eighth International

Conference on Coastal Engineering, Council

on Wave Research, Engineering Foundation

(in press)

A Graphical Method for Checking the Design

Height of Structures Subjected to Wave

Run-up" by R. P. Savage, Bulletin of the

Beach Erosion Board, Vol. 16, 1962.

(3226) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES.

(b| Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To relate increase in water level at the

shore due to wave action alone, to the incident wave characteristics and shore hydrography.

(g) Additional tests have been made on a 1 on

10 slope and a 1 on 6 slope. Tests in

general indicate a wave set-up at the shoreline of about 10$ to 20$ of the wave height

for profiles. The earlier indication of

reduced set-up for slopes 1 on 6 or steeper

may be in error and may have resulted from

insufficient measurements near the still

water line.

(3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; research.

(e) A natural or simulated sediment on or in

which a radioisotope has been incorporated was placed in a strip across a sandy beach

in the Shore Processes Test Basin. Waves

and wave induced currents transported the

labelled particles, and periodically the

beach and offshore zone was monitored with

appropriate detection instruments. In this manner a time-space of the labelled particles was determined. From this history and

other data it is hoped to develop further

information concerning the mechanics of

particles and littoral movement. Experience

gained from the laboratory testing program

will be utilized when field testing is

undertaken.

(g) Two laboratory tests were completed during

the late summer of 1962. It was found that

the sediments moved alongshore and also

toward deeper water. The transport may have

been pulsating in character. A possible

onshore-offshore oscillatory motion was also

noted.

(h) "Laboratory Applications of Radioisotopic

Tracers to Follow Beach Sediments," by

Norman E. Taney, Proceedings of the Eighth

International Conference on Coastal Engrg.,

Council on Wave Research- Engineering Foundation (in press).

(3898) SCOUR CAUSED BY WAVES STRIKING SEAWALLS OR

BULKHEADS.

(bl Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of waves acting against

a vertical bulkhead on a sand beach in

eroding or building up a beach.

(g) Work has been continued on analysis of the

data obtained last year.

(4760) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DUNE BUILDING WITH

SAND FENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The experimental study consists of the con- struction of various types and arrangements

of sand fences to determine the fence type

and arrangement most effective in building

a dune by trapping and holding wind-blown

sand. Slat-type snow fencing and locally

constructed brush fencing have been used in

straight, straight-with-side spurs, and

zigzag configurations. The study is being

conducted on the Outer Banks of North

Carolina between Cape Hatteras and Cape

Lookout

(g) The study indicates that brush fencing of

sufficient density traps about 5% more sand

than slat-type fencing, and that the straignt

fencing configuration traps and holds as much, or more, sand than either the straightwith-side spurs or zigzag configuration.

(h) "Experimental Dune Building on the Outer

Banks of North Carolina" by Rudolph P. Savage, Shore and Beach, Vol. 30, No. 2,

October 1962.

"Experimental Study of Dune Building with

Sand Fences," by Rudolph P. Savage, Proc.

of the Eighth Conference on Coastal Engrg.,

Mexico City, 1962 (in press).

(4761) EVALUATION OF A STREAM OUTLET STRUCTURE

(SAND PLUG OPENING DEVICE).

(b) Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. of

Agriculture

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A laboratory study was made on the effectiveness of a sand plug opening device.

The device was designed to aid stream

floods in breaking through ocean formed

sand plugs in the seaward exits of streams

before the stream floods reach an elevation

high enough to cause flooding damage inland

of the sand plug. In general, the stream

flood cannot be allowed to ride high enough

to overtop the plug.

f) Completed.

g) A 1 to 20 scale model of the proposed

structure was made and tested. The structure

worked as predicted; however, the study left

some doubt as to whether the structure would

cause the sand plug to erode quickly enough

to prevent flooding when the stream flood

rose from plus 2 ft. MSL to plus 6 ft. MSL

in 13 minutes. Flooding was assumed to occur at stream elevations greater than plus

6 ft. MSL.

(h) Report submitted to the Soil Conservation

Service.

(4762) CORRELATION OF STORM WAVE ATTACK AND BEACH

EROSION.

(b) Corps of Engineers.

i

139
(d) Field and office investigation to develop

quantitative correlation between storm

violence and shore erosion.

(e) Repetitive profiles are taken at selected

beach areas. The storm wave action between

surveys is analyzed and correlations between

the wave action and observed profile changes

are established.

Repetitive profile lines were established in

November 1962 at nine locations between

Delaware Bay and Cape Cod. These profiles

are re surveyed at weekly or bi-weekly

intervals. Storm wave action is measured

by the Beach Erosion Board Ocean Wave gages,

and storm surges by U.S.C. & O.S. tide gages.

(4763) OFFSHORE SAND SOURCES.

(g)

(4764)

00

IS!

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research.

To develop data on offshore deposits of

material along the U. S. coasts that could

be used In beach fill or nourishment

projects.

Map study has been made to locate possible

source areas. A pilot operation utilizing

a "sparker" type sounder to indicate depth

of deposit was carried out off the Florida

coast. Plans for a dredging operation

using a dredge with pump-out capability are underway to study feasibility and costs.

MODEL TESTS - PROPOSED LOS ANGELES - SANTA

MONICA CAUSEWAY.

Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army (for State of California).

Experimental; basic research.

An offshore sand barrier has been proposed

for a causeway across a portion of Santa

Monica Bay. One proposal involves a rock

barrier, submerged perhaps 15 feet (to prevent damage to swimmers and small craft) to

hold the seaward end of the sand barrier.

It thus eliminates the large quantity of

sand otherwise necessary to form the toe of

the sand barrier. A few large scale (waves

3-6 feet in height) tests have been made to

give an indication of possible quantity of scour shoreward of the rock barrier induced

by it, and the relative proportion of this scour material which might be moved seaward across the rock barrier crest and become

unavailable for further nourishment and

protection of the sand barrier.

Essentially completed.

Final report to the Los Angeles District is

underway.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

PORTLAND, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2662, 3577, 3578,

3899, 4379, 4503, 4504, and 4505 should be addressed

to the District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Walla Walla, Building 602, City-County Airport,

Walla Walla, Washington.

(403)

00

(c)

\i)

MODEL STUDY OF LOOKOUT POINT SPILLWAY, MIDDLE

FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER, OREGON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5,

Oregon

.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland 5, Oregon.

Experimental; for design.

Approximately 2000 ft. of forebay area upstream from the dam, a 2200-ft. section of

250-ft.-high earth embankment, the 1900-ft.-

long, uncontrolled side-channel spillway

with 725-ft.-long ogee and 150-ft.-wide

stilling basin, and 2400 ft. of downstream

river bed were reproduced in a l:72-scale

model. Later a gravity spillway 149 ft. wide

having 5 talnter-type crest gates was tested

(h)

(2662)

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(h)

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(g)

in the model.

Tests have been completed.

Suitable designs were developed for all

elements of the spillway and stilling basin.

"Spillway and Stilling Basin for Lookout

Point Dam, Middle Fork Wllllamette River,

Oregon," U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville

Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. Report No. 42-1,

December 1962. (Available on loan.) Final

report covering tests on the gravity

spillway and regulating outlets.

GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineering District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model constructed to an undistorted scale of 1:80 reproduces the Columbia

River bed from Mile 213.7 to 216.8. The dam

axis is at Mile 215.6. The original

structures layout consists of a straight,

20-bay, gravity-type spillway controlled by

50- by 58.5-ft. tainter gates, a powerhouse

for 20 Kaplan turbines (initial Installation

10 units), an 86- by 675-ft. navigation lock

having a maximum lift of 113 ft., a concrete

nonoverflow section, rock-fill abutments,

and facilities for passing anadromous fish over the dam. Cofferdams having steel cells

in the river legs and earth-and-rock shore

connections are designed to withstand river

flows to 700,000 cfs during first- and

second-stage construction periods and 300,000

cfs during third-stage diversion. Purposes

of the model study are to check the structures

alinement and flow conditions affecting power

generation, cofferdam placement, and fish

passage

.

Tests have been completed.

Satisfactory designs were developed for

both the first- and second- step cofferdams

as a result of tests made in the model.

Although flow patterns adjacent to the main

structures were fairly satisfactory, re- alignment of the downstream approach channel

improved conditions for navigation, and

extension of a training wall between the

spillway and powerhouse reduced a possible

hazard for fish migrating upstream. Detailed studies of powerhouse tailrace

alignments, south fishway entrance, and a pumphouse to provide auxiliary attraction

water for the powerhouse fish collection

system were made. Additional tests with

a revised second-step cofferdam, right bank

fills adjacent to and upstream from the

navigation lock, highway detour fill, and

extended river side downstream lock guard

wall indicated that flow conditions

adjacent to these elements would be satisfactory. Alternative methods for effecting

the transition between the first and

second-step cofferdams, and various proposals for constructing portions of the

second-step cofferdam in successive lowwater seasons were investigated during 1962.

Final report is in preparation.

GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL DAM,

SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(< U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

An undistorted, fixed-bed, 1:100- scale model

reproduced approximately 2.4 miles of Snake

River bed and overbank topography at the dam

site. The dam axis is 41.5 river miles

upstream from the confluence of the Snake and

Columbia Rivers and about 60 miles from the

city of Pasco, Washington, Studies were made

to determine flow conditions during various

construction stages and after completion of

the project.

After verification of the model, studies of

successive construction stages were made.

It was found that proposed limits for

140
(3578)

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(3899)

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(3900)

00

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it!

cavation along the right bank were inadequate, revisions in alignment and height of

first-step cofferdam cells were needed, and

problems concerning fish passage would arise

during each phase of construction. Numerous

conferences and demonstrations held on the

model helped solve problems regarding fish

migrations. Pinal designs for all features

of the project were developed. Operational

tests of the final design are in progress.

MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR JOHN DAY DAM,

COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

An existing l:10-scale fish ladder model is

being used for tests of the 24-ft-wide, 1-on10 sloped fish ladders for John Day Dam. Velocities, flow patterns, and surge characteristics were determined for typical fixed

weirs of several alternative designs. A design was developed for a l-on-10 flshway

in which flow conditions will be comparable

to those in a 24-ft-wide fish ladder sloped

1 on 16. Then the model was revised to include the north fishway exit, orifice

control section, fish counting station, and

eight typical weirs. , Orifice sizes for non- overflow bulkheads in the orifice control

section (two orifices per bulkhead) were

adjusted to provide a uniform drop between

successive pools for an 11-ft variation in

forebay level. Flow conditions with a third

orifice on the center line of each typical

weir (adopted design) were investigated.

Tests of the counting station for the south

shore fish ladder are In progress.

MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LOWER MONUMENTAL

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

The 1 :42.47-scale model includes a 3-bay

section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling

basin. Tests were made to evaluate hydraulic performance of the proposed spillway and to develop revisions in design that

would increase performance or reduce con- struction and maintenance costs.

Tests have been completed.

Satisfactory designs for spillway crest,

piers, abutments, and stilling basin were

derived; pressure data and discharge rating

curves for free and gated flows were determined with and without a simulated powerhouse structure in place. With a maximum

head of approximately 65 ft, an abutment

coefficient of 0.0335 was indicated for a half pier adjacent to the powerhouse,

whereas a value of 0.0365 was derived for

the opposite abutment.

Final report is in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF D0WNPULL FORCES ON EMERGENCY

CLOSURE GATES.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Plttock Block,

Portland 5, Oregon.

Experimental; applied research.

This is a general study of various sluice

coaster gate bottom and lip shapes, and

includes downpull and discharge measurements

as affected by angle of gate bottom, length

of gate lip extension, control valve opening,

number of control valves operated, and

condition of air vents (open or closed). A l:25-scale model reproduces a level approach

to an intake tower with vertical headwall

normal to intake center line, two three-sided

bellmouth intakes, a 20-ft.-wide by 22-ft.-

high emergency gate (tractor type), two

lO-ft.-wide by 15-ft.-high control valves

12

(h)

(4379)

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00

(4380)

00

(c)

(g)

(tainter), and a 22-ft.-diam. outlet tunnel.

Hydraulic downpull forces are computed from

pressures at 21 critical locations on the

emergency gate.

Tests have been completed.

Downpull forces were measured on a tractortype emergency closure gate with bottom beam

sloped 30, 37.5, and 45 degrees and with lip

extensions of 0, 3.5, 8, and 12 in. under

heads between 50 and 300 ft. Downpull forces were highest with the 30-degree bottom and

lowest with the 45-degree bottom. Although

lip extensions reduced the downpull, their

effectiveness decreased as the bottom slope was Increased.

Final report is scheduled for publication in

1963.

MODEL STUDY OF LOWER MONUMENTAL NAVIGATION

LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

A l:25-scale model reproduces a typical 86-

by 675-ft. lock chamber, split lateral filling and emptying system, river outlet for

emptying system, and portions of the upstream

and downstream approach channels. The model

forebay includes the short nonoverflow

section between spillway and navigation lock,

and two adjacent spillway bays to permit

investigation of vortex action over the

staggered Intake manifolds when filling the

lock with or without spillway flow.

Tests have been completed.

Studies indicated that vortex action occurred over the right intake of original design

(Plan A) during a portion of the filling

operation, whereas eddy currents along the

left guard wall were dissipated before they

could Join into a vortex. Additional tests

led to the development of a satisfactory

intake design (Plan I). No vortices formed

under any method of operation with steady

flow into the lock chamber. No dimples

which indicated incipient vortex formation

in the model were apparent during filling

operation at an initial head of 117 ft

(maximum lock Inflow increased 10 percent)

when the spillway was closed, when both

intakes were open, or when the river wall

intake was closed. Intermittent dimples

formed when the spillway flow averaged

10,000 cfs per bay and when the land wall

intake was closed.

Final report is in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR GREEN PETER DAM,

MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, OREGON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, 628 Plttock Block, Portland 5,

Oregon.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Plttock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

Experimental; for design.

A l:50-scale model includes 1540 ft. of the

forebay area, the 2-bay spillway and flanking

abutments, outlet conduits, stilling basin,

powerhouse tailrace, and approximately 1620

ft. of river channel downstream from the

project. The spillway model will be used to determine the adequacy of the stilling basin

design, the spillway crest, pier, and abutment

details, the location of tainter gate

trunnions and outlet eyebrows, and will provide data needed for design of a training

wall between the powerhouse tailrace and the

stilling basin.

Improved designs for the abutments, training

walls, and stilling basin were developed.

Model tests of the fish ladder auxiliary

water pump intake locations, fish ladder

entrance, and flow conditions in the powerhouse tailrace were made with minimum and

maximum powerhouse discharges of 950 and

4200 cfs, respectively. Studies to determine

141
the best method for coordinated operation of

the project (spillway, powerhouse, and fish

facilities) will be completed In 1963.

(4381) TESTS OF RUBBER MITER GATE BOTTOM SEALS FOR

PANAMA CANAL.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps

of Engineers, Seattle Washington.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Seattle, 1519 South Alaskan Way, Seattle 4,

Washington.

Experimental; for design.

The Panama Canal miter gates vary in height

from 47.3 to 62.0 ft., and the head on closed

gates ranges from 0 to 60.0 ft. The miter

gate sills were originally built of timber

beams supported continuously on iron angles

in the concrete. The gate leaves carried a timber bumper that fitted closely against the

timber sill to form a bottom seal. It Is proposed that the timber bumpers will be

replaced by butting-type rubber seals attached

along a bottom girder on the downstream side

of each miter gate. The proposed rubber seal

"floats" between a continuous upper seal

plate and l-ft.-long lower angle brackets

spaced 2 ft. apart. The rubber seal is

retained by 1-in. bolts through 4-in.-dlam

holes spaced on 4-ft. centers in the seal web.

Five-ft-long sections of three types of

proposed rubber seals were tested in a pressure tank to determine: (a) the head

differential required to seat the seal

against the sill plate; (b) leakage of seal

at various heads from just seating to a maximum of 80 ft; (c) effect of changing

1/4-in. clearance between the proposed

angle-bracket seal supports; (d) effect of

irregularities in straightness of rubber

seal and sill plate, and of simulated debris

between seal and sill; (e) head required to cause "blow by" between gate leaf and sill;

and (f) effect of increasing rubber seal

flotation by adding polyvinyl chloride

unicellular foam to the rubber seal core holes.

Tests have been completed.

The head required to move an unrestrained

seal into seating position against the upper

seal plate and downstream miter gate sill

varied from 0.2 to 0.5 ft. All the seal

specimens tested were satisfactory when free

of surface irregularities along the sealing

surfaces. For a differential head of 5 ft,

leakage varied from 0.003 cfs per lineal ft

of straight seal to 0.030 cfs when the

center of an unstressed seal was warped

3/8 in. from a taut line between opposite

ends of the 5-ft-long test section. Although

leakage past all seals in a seated position

was negligible when the head exceeded 25 ft,

surface Imperfections increased leakage approximately eight times at the higher heads,

(h) "Miter Gate Seals, Panama Canal Locks,"

U. S. Army Engineer Bonneville Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Report No. 111-1,

December 1962, (Available on loan.)

(4503) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDERS FOR LOWER

MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e; Data were obtained on a l:10-scale model

of the 16-ft-wide, l-on-10 sloped south

fish ladder for Lower Monumental Dam. The

model included a 55-pool tangent with 10-ftlong pools, 6-ft-high weirs with two 18-

by 18-in. orifices spaced 3 ft from the

walls, and John Day-type weir crests. A 6-ft-long nonoverflow baffle with fins projecting 1.5 ft upstream from each end was centered In the ladder on top of each weir.

The general purposes of the study were to determine surge characteristics, to establish a discharge rating curve, and to measure velocities in the typical pools.

fa

12

(h)

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(g)

(4505)

(*)

IS!

(g)

(4506)

(b)

(c)

Tests have been completed.

There was no visual or measurable surge

action in the fish ladder for simulated

heads of from 3.2 to 18.0 in. Flow was

stable and no unsatisfactory condition was noted except through the transition from

plunging to full shooting flow (83.0 to 95.5 cfs). Flow patterns within the typical pools were satisfactory and reasonably

symmetrical from pool to pool.

Final report is in preparation.

GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE LOCK

AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla, Corps

of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model constructed to an un- dlstorted scale ratio of 1:100 reproduces the

Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topography between river miles 68.3 and 71.6.

The dam axis Is at mile 70.3. The original

layout consists of a straight, 8-bay,

gravity-type spillway controlled by 50-

by 59-ft talnter gates, a powerhouse for six

Kaplan turbines (initial installation three

units), an 86- by 675-ft navigation lock

having a maximum lift of 101 ft, concrete

nonoverflow sections, rockflll abutments,

and facilities for passing migratory fish over the dam. The Initial power installation

will produce 405,000 kilowatts. Purposes of

the model are to check the structures layout

and flow conditions affecting cofferdam

placement, power generation, navigation, and

fish passage.

The model was constructed and verification

studies were completed during 1962.

MODEL STUDY OF FISHWAY DIFFUSERS FOR LOWER

MONUMENTAL DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

Experimental; for design.

An existing l:8-scale fishway dlffuser model was revised so that two diffusion chambers were supplied by a single riser from the

conduit. Included In the model were diffusers 3 and 4 and the common distribution

well, the supply conduit, and a portion of

the 16-ft-wide south shore fish ladder that

carried all flow which passed through the

diffusion chambers. In the original design,

a 7-in.-wide control orifice was located

3.5 ft above the diffuser well floor, and

1.5-ft-high ports admitted flow into the

respective diffusion chambers. The information desired from this model include:

the orifice size required to provide 48 cfs

through each diffuser with a head of 2 ft

(supply conduit grade line minus tailwater

elevation), a submergence of 4 ft (supply

conduit grade line minus elevation of

downstream weir adjacent to diffuser 3),

and a conduit flow of 500 cfs; a family of

rating curves for heads of from 0.5 ft to 6.0 ft and various submergences; and the

effect on diffuser discharge of varying the

conduit flow from about 50 cfs (only one diffuser) to 750 cfs while a constant head

is maintained on the test diffuser.

Two diffuser floor plans and 12 orifice

arrangements have been tested in an effort

to obtain uniform distribution of diffuser

flow into the fish ladder.

MODEL STUDY OF FINGERLING COLLECTOR FOR

GREEN PETER DAM, MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, ORE.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers Portland, Oregon.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.

Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5,

Oregon.

Experimental; for design.

Two undistorted hydraulic models are being

used for studies of facilities for downstream

142
migrant flngerling salmon and steelhead trout at Green Peter Dam. The proposed

facility is composed of an entrance horn,

vertical adjustable-height riser, separator,

flow distribution control device, trough,

flexible hose, transverse pipe system, and

outlet pipe followed by a flume into the

tailwater. The collector will be located on

the upstream face of the dam at the focal

point of reservoir- discharge. Its 20-fthigh horn will collect fish near the water

surface with a minimum submergence over its

top of 5 ft and a maximum submergence at its

bottom of 40 ft. About 200 cfs will enter

the horn and carry migrating fish inward,

upward, and across a separator screen ( a 10- by 20-ft perforated plate) covering

the compartmented flow distribution device

through which from 190 to 194 cfs will pass

vertically into a collector well and then be

pumped back to the reservoir. Pish in the

remaining 6 to 10 cfs will be carried from

the separator screen through a flexible hose

attached to laterals through the dam and

thence by open channel flow to the tailrace.

A trash boom at the upstream face of the

dam will prevent small floating and suspended

debris from entering the flngerling collector. Two-ft-wide sections of prototype and

model separator plates were tested in a flume model as the first step in determining model-prototype similitude relationships. The model perforated plate that

reproduced flow conditions over the prototype plate in the most satisfactory manner

was used in a l:4-scale model of the entire

flngerling collector. Tests of different

distributor bar spacings, trough floor

designs, deflector locations, and separator

slopes are progressing in the l:4-scale

model

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OP ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(194) A STUDY OP METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with

St. Anthony Palls Hydraulic Laboratory. See

St. Anthony Palls Hydraulic Laboratory, page

70.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION,

CORPS OF ENGINEERS.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,

P. 0. Box 631, Vlcksburg, Miss.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

dl Experimental; for design,

e) The project provides for construction and

operation of a model of the Mississippi

River watershed including the Missouri, Ohio,

Tennessee, Cumberland, and Arkansas Rivers

and their principal tributaries. The model

area comprises 200 acres and reproduces

1,250,000 square miles of the Mississippi

Basin. The topography of the streams and

flood plains is being reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000 and vertical scale

of 1:100. All existing and proposed floodcontrol reservoirs, dikes, floodwalls, and

other pertinent works will be reproduced in

the portion constructed of concrete. The

completed construction in concrete consists

of the Upper Mississippi River from Hannibal,

Missouri, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the

Missouri River from Sioux City, Iowa, to the

mouth; the Ohio River from Louisville, Kentucky, to the mouth; the Tennessee River

from Pickwick Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth;

the Cumberland River from Old Hickory Dam,

Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Arkansas

River from Blackburn Dam Site, Oklahoma, to the mouth. Water- surface elevations are measured by electrically operated stage

devices with the recorders located In central

control buildings. Streamflow is introduced

and controlled by automatic instruments

called inflow controllers. The model was designed to aid in the development of

coordinated basinwide plan : for flood control

and operation of flood-control structures.

(g) The extent of model operation each year Is determined by the testing programs directed

by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and

Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions

and Districts that have operable sections on the model . The model was operated as an integrated unit for comprehensive (basinwide)

tests: tests were conducted of the 1937,

1943, 1945, and 1950 floods using the

actual floods with present-day conditions and

the same floods without reservoir modification

and with modification by the existing reser- voirs and those scheduled for completion in

the near future (approximately 1970), and

with ultimate reservoir modification. Tests

were conducted to verify the Memphis, Term.,

to Vlcksburg, Mississippi, reach to the 1945

and 1950 floods. Tests were completed for

the U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River,

to assist in determining the roughness conditions that will exist in the Barkley and

Cheatham Reservoirs after completion of

Barkley Dam. Tests of the 1937 and Standard

Project Floods with and without reservoir

modification and the 1962 flood were con- ducted on the Cumberland River for the

Nashville District of the Ohio River Division.

(h) "The Ohio River Hypothetical Flood OR-1,

Mississippi Basin Model Report 43-1, Feb.

1962.

"Verification of Sioux CIty-to-Mouth Reach,

Missouri River and Tributaries, 1952 and 1951

Floods," Mississippi Basin Model Report 12-2,

June 1962.

"Mississippi River Hypothetical Flood 52A,"

Mississippi Basin Model Report 31-4, Sept.

1962, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station. (Available on loan.)

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The cavitation characteristics of such eleme

as baffle piers, steps in stilling basins,

spillway and conduit gate slots, and offset

Joints are studied in either a vacuum tank

or a variable-pressure, closed-jet water

tunnel. The investigation includes a review

of literature to evaluate the many variables

that affect cavitation results. A highvelocity water facility is being used to study resistance of concrete and protective

coatings to cavitation.

(g) The degree of cavitation damage to concrete

specimens is related directly to the com- pressive strength of the concrete.

Variables investigated include watercement ratio and type of aggregate.

(994) EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) This is a general study to determine the

hydraulic effects of various types and degrees

of model scale distortion on velocity distribution and other hydraulic conditions, with

the ultimate aim of establishing limits of

permissible distortion for the various types

of models. Tests are in progress of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend

!

143
(999)

(b)

(1002)

0>)

(1004)

(1211)

DO

(h)

(1474)

00

(S)

with provisions for changing the vertical

scale to provide a distortion of 0 to 10. (h)

STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; applied research. (1467)

Rubble-mound structures are studied in a 5- by 4- by 119-foot and 12.5- by 4- by 119- (b)

foot wave flumes to develop formulas, supported by experimental data, from which the

design of safe and economical breakwaters

can be determined. In addition to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons, tribars, and

other specially molded armor units are being

studied.

EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES ON

HARBOR WAVE ACTION MODELS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. (g) Experimental; applied research.

Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor

model basins to obtain Information that will

allow more accurate determination of optimum

scales for wave models, and the effects of

different scales and operating techniques on the accuracy of model results. The efficiency

of flexible-element wave filters Is being

investigated to facilitate continuous operation of wave flumes. Resonant chambers

for harbor entrances and attenuation of waves

in a three-dimensional model are being

studied.

INSTRUMENTATION.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; development.

Various types of measurement and control

equipment for use In hydraulic studies are being developed. These include equipment for

measuring subsurface currents, for operation

of a model boat by remote control and for

measuring model lock tow hawser forces. The

development of miscellaneous model and field

measuring instruments was continued as the

need arose.

MODEL STUDY OF H00SIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS,

MASSACHUSETTS.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydraulic

design for improvement of certain sections

of the North and South Branches of Hoosic

River in North Adams, Massachusetts, and to determine whether changes should be made for

safety, increased efficiency, or economy.

The flow In the major portion of these

channels will be below critical depth. The

model was used to check such design features

as channel allnement, transitions, superelevation In bends, characteristics of weirs,

stilling basins, drop structures, the treatment of intakes and outlets, wall heights,

and elevations of bridges.

Completed.

Improvements in flow conditions were effected

by several changes in the design of the

overall project. A serious problem occurred

at the Junction of the North and South

Branches because of unequal distribution of (g)

energy in the flow entering the stilling

basin below the junction. A dividing wall was installed in the stilling basin to form

two basins, each designed for the flow that

would pass through it. Various alterations

were made to permit the capacity discharge to pass under several bridges. Of particular

interest was verification of the procedure

used for determining superelevation in bends.

The maximum velocity of the flow entering a bend was found to be the controlling factor

(h)

(1475)

in determining optimum superelevation.

"Flood-Control Project, Hoosic River, North

Adams, Massachusetts; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-338,

Report 2, June 1962. (Available on loan.)

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. Analytical (model and prototype); for design.

A general study to develop, analyze, and

disseminate to Army Corps of Engineers

establishments hydraulic design criteria to ensure adequate capacity, economy of design

and construction, and safe and satisfactory

operation of large hydraulic structures.

Criteria are developed from model and prototype tests relating to the design of

spillways, outlet works, gates and valves,

channels, and navigation structures.

An analytical study of flow In open channels

resulted in a graphical solution for subcritical, supercritical, and pulsating flow.

A single chart permits determination of

channel capacity and identifies the type of

flow. Studies of river diversion methods,

outlet tunnel gate transitions, and spillway

energy losses resulted in design data pertinent to the development of Hydraulic Design

Criteria charts.

"Types of Flow in Open Channels," U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Misc.

Paper No. 2-498, June 1962, In cooperation

with the U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile,

Alabama. (Available on loan).

OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; applied research.

A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various

elements upon these forces was conducted in

a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide was reproduced with provisions for varying

the length up to 600 feet on each side of

the gate. Forces required for operation of

miter gates were measured for variations of

the following elements: gate leaves, speeds

and accelerations of operation, submerged

depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances,

chamber lengths, and non synchronous operation

of gate leaves. Variations in the type

linkage driving the gate were also investigated.

Final report in preparation.

SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; applied research.

This study was conducted to aid in developing

design criteria for pumping plants that depend on development of siphonic action in the

discharge side of the pumps in order to yield the required discharge. Full-size

models of a 6-Inch and 12-inch plastic discharge line were tested. Variables investigated during the tests were: rates of flow,

water levels in the discharge side of the

pumps, slope and length of the riverward leg,

and venting conditions at the crown. The tests indicated that for each plan tested

there was a minimum flow below which siphonic

action would not fully develop. This minimum

flow appeared to be dependent upon the diameter, length, and slope of the riverward leg.

The priming time was divided into two Intervals

based on pressures at the crown. The positive

phase (during which crown pressures were above atmospheric) depended upon the discharge,

tailwater, crown venting condition, length of

line and diameter as well as the characteristics of the pump. The negative phase (period

144
!.4

i

(b)

12)

during which crown pressures were less than

atmospheric) depended on the velocity of flow

during the priming period, head, length, slope

and diameter of the riverward leg. Only the

sloping portion of the riverward leg was effective in determining the minimum Initial

priming velocity and length of the negative

phase; vertical extensions had no effect. The

equation developed from the model data to determine the minimum initial velocity re- quired to achieve a full prime is:

0.161 vmin 0.362 > L/D

'sin 9

Field data obtained on discharge lines for 21 pumping plants with diamteres ranging from 12

to 72 inches indicate satisfactory verification

of the minimum initial velocities computed by

this formula,

(h) Pinal report in preparation.

(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(b) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of

Engineers (correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. J.B. Tiffany, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.).

Experimental; applied research.

To determine the effects of salinity and

related phenomena on the vertical distribution

of currents and shoaling characteristics in

estuaries, tests are being made in a lucite

flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75

foot wide. One end of the flume is connected

to a 25-f oot-square tidal basin in which any

desired tide can be produced and in which the

salinity can be controlled. The opposite

end is connected to a fresh-water source. Combinations of flume roughness, tidal range,

tidal period, source salinity, mean depth,

and fresh-water inflow are studied. Additional tests to define diffusion characteristics were completed and the results are being analyzed.

(1987) RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d} Experimental; applied research.

(e) The study of erosion characteristics of

various sizes of riprap and gravel material

is being performed with a view to securing

adequate protection at minimum cost . Measurements of velocity and depth at which move- ment of material begins will be made. At

present, tests are being conducted on various

sizes of riprap below a high structure, a low navigation-type structure, and the crown

of a rock embankment to determine the flow

characteristics at which movement occurs.

(g) Test results Indicate that relations between

upper pool elevation, gate opening, tallwater

elevation, and unit discharge may be used in

relating the conditions where the various / sizes of riprap fail. Data are being analyzed

in an effort to generalize the test results.

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research.

A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures

can be varied to simulate normally experienced

summer and winter temperatures, is being

used to investigate the effects of water

temperature on streambed forms and roughness

of various types of bed materials. Preliminary tests with fine sand have been com- pleted and tests with crushed coal undertaken.

(2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

145

(f)

(2673)

(b)

(h)

2678)

(b)

Experimental; for design.

The investigation was conducted in a model

which reproduced the following: 1) that

portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on the north to Wassaw Sound on the south;

2) the Savannah River and its flood plain to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and

3) that portion of the Intracoastal Waterway

which crosses the area included in the model.

The model was of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800

horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic

tide generators were used to reproduce tides

and tidal currents throughout the harbor,

and salt water was used in the model ocean

to reproduce the effects of density difference

on current velocities and distributions.

Shoaling studies were made by injecting

finely ground gllsonite into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed

in the prototype, following which the effects

of proposed improvement plans on shoaling

patterns were observed and evaluated. Studies

were also made of the effects of proposed

improvement plans on dispersion and dilution

of contaminants discharged into the harbor.

Refinements of plans for reducing and localizing shoaling were tested. The results of

recently completed tests are being analyzed.

Tests resumed; preparation of Section 3 of

final report in progress.

MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM,

CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29.4 to 32.2, the lock, dam,

and powerhouse, was used to investigate flow

characteristics in the approaches to the

lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the riverward downstream lock wall Including the

culvert manifold which discharges into the

spillway stilling basin, five spillway bays,

324 feet of approach channel, and 596 feet

of exit channel, was used to Investigate

flow characteristics in the stilling basin

and exit channel . The emergency lock gate was studied in a 1:25 model which reproduced

the gate, gate sill, and portions of the

upstream lock approach and the lock chamber

downstream from the gate. This model was used to determine: 1) hydraulic forces on and stability of the emergency gate under

various flows including free flow over' the

lock miter sill; 2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions; 3) gate wheel

reactions and sill roller reactions at given positions; and 4) head loss through

the bridge decking.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, McALPINE

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduced a sixmile reach of the Ohio River including

adjacent overbank areas, the locks and dam

structures, and all bridges and other

structures that might affect flow conditions.

Purposes of the model study were to: determine

the effects of location, size, and allnement

of the dam on stages and currents In the

upper pool; determine the effects of location,

size, and alinement of a new approach

channel on navigation and surge conditions;

determine the best location for a new navigable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad

bridge; determine a method of operating the

dam for optimum navigation conditions; study

navigation conditions in the lower approach

as affected by flow through dam, powerhouse,
(h)

(2660)

(b)

(g)

and lock-Emptying system; and provide a means

for navigation Interests to satisfy themselves

as to the acceptability of the proposed plan

by observing the model in operation.

Pinal report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT

BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Boston, Massachusetts.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and

1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of the

Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide generator

reproduces normal tides throughout the model,

and a separate, manually operated generator

reproduces hurricane tides of the desired

characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous

barrier plans for prevention of hurricanetide damage have been proposed. The relative

and absolute effectiveness of these plans in

reducing hurricane-tide elevations throughout

the bay system were determined and the effects

of the best plan on such important factors

as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity,

and shoaling for normal conditions were

investigated. Fresh water only is used in

the model during tests of the proposed

barrier plans, but both salt and fresh water

are used in tests to determine the effects

of barrier plans on all significant factors

for normal conditions. Model appurtenances

consist of automatic tide gages to record

both hurricane -tide and normal-tide elevations at critical points, recording

salinity meters, recording dye meters for

observing pollution and/or flushing

characteristics, current velocity meters,

and equipment for simulating shoaling of the

channels and other navigation facilities.

The results of supplemental tests Indicate

that a lower bay barrier plan can be dslgned

which is acceptable to the Navy and which

will afford most of the desired protection

from hurricane surges. However the results

of the study to date indicate that some further modification to the structure may

be necessary in the interest of safe navigation by small boats.

SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; applied research.

Tests are being conducted by the Beach

Erosion Board, under the supervision of the

Waterways Experiment Station, to investigate

the effects of model scale on the results of

experimentally determined criteria for the

design of rubble-mound breakwaters. Stability

tests are being made of a breakwater slope

of 1 on 1-1/2 using wave periods of 2.61,

3.75, 7.87, and 11.33 seconds. Tests in the

Beach Erosion Board wave flume (15 feet by 20

feet by 635 feet) are being conducted using

a linear scale of 7.5 to 1 based on the

tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment

Station 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume.

Stability tests have also been conducted in

the Waterways Experiment Station small wave

flume (1 foot by 1.5 feet by 94 feet) using

a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted

in the 5- by 4- by 119-foot wave flume.

Therefore, data on the stability of rubblemound breakwaters will be available for

three different linear scales, 0.5 to 1,

1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data from the

Beach Erosion Board wave flume will be

correlated with data from the Waterways

Experiment Station flumes. Tests are being

conducted using rough quarrystone and

concrete quadripods.

(2685) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY,

(b)

(2681)

(b)

in

!2

(h)

(2925)

(b)

i)

(2931)

(b)

(h)

(3236)

(b)

DULUTH -SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul Minnesota.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:150 fixed-bed model was used that reproduced all the navigation approach channel

and harbor breakwater structures as well as the Inner-harbor dock area serving Superior,

Wisconsin, and also included sufficient

adjacent lake and shoreline areas to permit

reproduction of storm waves from all

critical directions. Investigations were

made: to evaluate the wind-wave problems

that cause ship damage in the vicinity of

Superior Entry, and to develop the most effective remedy for navigation and docking

hazards now experienced.

Completed.

Final analysis of test results indicates that

a detached breakwater 900 feet long, the out

limit of which is 300 feet southeast of the

center line of the navigation approach channe

2,100 feet lakeward of the navigation entranc

will provide adequate protection to the inner

harbor against wave action.

"Wave Action and Breakwater Location, DuluthSuperior Harbor," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report,

In publication. (Available on loan.)

ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; development.

Various types of acoustic flowmeter equipment

for discharge measurement in closed rectangular and circular conduits are being investigated for proposed field application in

large conduits and tunnels. Both line and

point transducers are being evaluated.

MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Loulsana.

Experimental; for design.

To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (Jetty extensions, channel

reallnements, and contraction works) in eliminating or reducing the periodic maintenance

now required in order for deep-draft vessels

to navigate the Jetty and bar channels of

Southwest Pass, the lower 12 miles of the

Pass and the adjacent area of the Gulf of

Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model

to scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and

1:100 vertically. Tides, tidal currents,

littoral currents, and wave action in the

Gulf of Mexico, and saltwater and freshwater

flows in Southwest Pass and the bar channel were reproduced In the model. Shoaling

studies were made by introducing various

mixtures of plastic materials into the model

to simulate prototype shoaling materials and

thus reproduce in the model the patterns and

distribution of shoaling that occur in the

prototype.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM,

MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA. i

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for deslgh.

A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the

Monongahela River and the locks and dam

structures, was used to study approach conditions under various river flows and methods

of operation of control gates; to determine

effects of design modifications; to develop

modifications required to overcome any

146
12

undesirable conditions; and to demonstrate to navigation Interests the acceptability

of the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3241) STUDY OP SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH-SUPERIOR

HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers,

St. Paul, Minnesota.

id) Analytical; for design,

e) Water-stage and current-velocity records

obtained from gages in Duluth-Superior Harbor

were analyzed to determine whether seiches

are the cause of strong, unpredictable

currents in the entrances to the harbor which

have caused hazardous navigation conditions

in the area, and to provide information

needed to design a hydraulic model if use of

a model to study the problem is indicated.

Completed.

It was concluded that: (1) Hazardous currents

in the entrance channels are caused by Lake

Superior seiches with periods greater than

the fundamental resonant period of a free

oscillation in the harbor. (2) No independent

seiche oscillations occurred in the harbor

during the period of record. (3) The currentvelocity indicators in use during the period

of record did not reflect reliably the mean, midchannel velocity. (4) It was impossible

to determine whether a correlation exists

between current magnitude and direction in

the entrance channels and ship-maneuvering

difficulties because of lack of data.

"Seiches and Currents in Duluth-Superior

Harbor, June-November 1958; Analytical

Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Miscellaneous

Paper No. 2-502, June 1962. (Available on

loan.

)

MODEL STUDY OP CONNEAUT HARBOR, LAKE ERIE,

OHIO.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

Experimental; for design.

Conneaut Harbor consists of a triangularshaped outer harbor protected by east and

west breakwaters which converge to form a 600-foot-wide navigation opening, and a rectangular-shaped inner harbor with a 200-

foot-wide entrance formed by east and west

piers. A 1:125 model was used to determine

the optimum length of east breakwater

extension and optimum alignment and length

of the east pier required to provide better

navigation conditions at the inner-harbor

entrance without increasing wave action In the inner harbor, and optimum length of

detached breakwater needed to protect the

outer-harbor entrance and satisfy anchorage

requirements at the inner-harbor docks. The

model was equipped with a wave generator

that produced storm waves from all critical

directions, and a circulating system that

permitted simulation of currents through and

past the harbor caused by seiches.

!f ) Completed,

g) Results of the investigation show that (1)

the east breakwater should be extended to

shore to reduce currents at the entrance to the inner harbor to an acceptable level, (2)

the east pier should either be removed or shortened and realigned parallel to the west

pier to provide a satisfactory width of

navigation entrance without permitting increased wave action in the inner harbor,

(3) a detached breakwater 900 feet long is

necessary if the wave criterion for good

anchorage at the docks is to be met.

(h) "Improvement of Navigation Conditions,

Conneaut Harbor, Ohio; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report,

(h)

(3242)

(D)

13

(3243)

(D)

is

(f)

(g)

(3581)

(b)

ID

fa

(3582)

0>)

IS

in publication. (Available on loan.)

MODEL STUDY OP LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4,

M0N0NGAHELA RIVER.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures was used to determine the effects of modifications to the existing locks and dam on navigation conditions, and to develop

modifications required to overcome any

undesirable conditions.

Additional tests completed; final report in

preparation.

The last series of tests showed that additions

of concrete cells at the end of the upper

guard wall would tend to Improve navigation conditions with the existing locks and

reconstructed dam.

MODEL STUDY OP LAKE PONTCHARTRAIN, LOUISIANA.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana.

Experimental; for design.

The investigation was conducted in a fixedbed model that reproduced to scales of

1:2,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

Mississippi Sound west of Grand Island, and

Lakes Borgne, Pontchartraln, and Maurepas,

together with significant tributaries. The

model reproduced the tides, tidal currents,

salinities, and freshwater discharges of the

prototype. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of proposed hurricanesurge control structures across the con- nections between Lake Borgne and Lake

Pontchartraln upon the hydraulic and salinity

regimens of the area landward from the

structures.

Tests completed; final report in preparation.

Test results Indicate that the proposed

gated control structures in the Rigolets and

Chef Menteur Passes, which would reduce the

existing cross-sectional area of the passes

by about 75 percent, would have no significant effects on the present salinity regimen

of the lakes or on the passage of floods

when the Bonnet Carre Spillway is in operation.

ARKANSAS RIVER CHANNEL MODEL.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

Experimental; for design.

The Arkansas River project has as one of its

major aims the development of river navigation from the Mississippi River to the

general area of Tulsa, Oklahoma. The

Arkansas River channel model was of the

movable-bed type with a horizontal scale of

1:150 and a vertical scale of 1:36, and

reproduced a typical reach of the Arkansas

River between miles 140.0 and 151.1. The

model study constituted an idealized experimental approach to the solution of sedimentation problems involved in the canalization of the Arkansas River and was designed

to investigate problems typical of, and to provide results generally applicable to the

development and maintenance of a navigable

channel on the river.

Completed.

Principal conclusions derived from the study

were: (1) A dredged cut without an appreciable reduction in the river's sediment load

or the addition of regulatory works would

only temporarily affect channel conditions.

(2) Regulating structures to increase the

radius of curvature of bends would tend to provide a more uniform channel cross section

147
and Improve channel alignment over crossings.

(3) Controlling depths and the alignment of

the channel over a crossing could be improved by the proper design of the lower

reach of the upstream bend. (4) Longitudinal

groins would be effective In fixing the

location and alignment of the channel over crossings, and would produce some deepening

of the channel over the crossings,

(h) "Development and Maintenance of Navigation

Channel, Arkansas River, Arkansas and

Oklahoma; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-608, August

1962. (Available on loan.)

(3584) MODEL STUDIES OP RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES

RIVER, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Disrict, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois,

d} Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:50 model that reproduced 900 feet of the

approach channel above the spillway, an 825-foot-wide section along the dam, the

spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and 575

feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:16 model

that reproduced one conduit and a 16-footwide portion of the spillway and stilling

basin were used to study flow conditions in

the approach, particularly at the abutments,

to verify stilling basin and training wall

design, to evaluate reduction in conduit

flow during combined operation, to

determine the need for armor plate at the outlet portal, and to study the effects of

deflectors above the conduit outlet portals.

(g) The general model provided information on spillway capacity as affected by abutment

changes; velocities in the approach, particularly against the dam; optimum basin elevation consistent with safety and economy;

basin elements of minimum size; and bottom

velocities in the exit channel.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

dl Experimental; for design,

e) To develop improved dragheads designed to

attain a greater rate of intake of solids

when dredging mud and silt mixtures (soft

materials) and dredging densely packed, fine

sand (hard material), an investigation is

being conducted in a 60- by 10-foot flume

containing various types of bed material.

The draghead and suction line, constructed to

a scale of 1:6, are connected to a suction

pump mounted on a double carriage that provides travel, both longitudinally and transversely, along the top of the flume,

(g) For dredging In sand, it was concluded that:

(1) no correlation can be made between the

performance of a draghead pumping water and

dredging a sand-water mixture; (2) the

length and shape of the grate perimeter are

of prime importance since the primary

"digging" capability results from the relatively high-velocity flow entering around

the perimeter; (3) the grate area, formerly

considered important, is relatively unimportant since it was found to be larger

than required on all dragheads in use as well as on those of a practicable type

tested; and (4) dragheads should be rectangular In plan, as wide as possible and only

about 3 feet long, with a relatively thin

grate perimeter held 1 to 3 inches off the

sand bed.

(3587) MODEL STUDIES OF JOHN REDMOND DAM, GRAND

RIVER, KANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa,

Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 model that reproduced 2,900 feet of the approach channel above the spillway, the

spillway, stilling basin, and 2,450 feet of

the outlet channel, and a 1:36 model that

reproduced one full bay and two half bays of

the spillway and the stilling basin were used to study flow conditions In the shallow,

curved spillway approach channel; to verify

capacity of the structure and adequacy of

the stilling basin and exit channel; and to determine minimum requirements for training

walls.

(f} Completed.

(g) The model study showed that the desired

spillway capacity could be obtained by

deepening the approach channel 15 feet for

200 feet upstream of the weir, revising the

weir profile, and Installing a stub dike at the right abutment. A satisfactory stilling

basin was developed at the desired elevation,

consisting of a horizontal apron with two rows of baffle piers and an end sill. At

the design discharge, natural tailwater provided 87 percent of the optimum depth for a hydraulic Jump. Exit channel excavation was reduced by contracting the channel width

beginning 250 feet below the end sill. The

tops of the stilling basin training walls

were lower than required to contain the design discharge; however, the only harmful

effect from flow overtopping the training

walls was eddy action along the left spillway

embankment toe. A 250-f oot-long stub dike

set back from the left training wall satisfactorily reduced velocities along the

embankment and would be less costly than

higher training walls.

(h) "Spillway for John Redmond Dam, Grand (Neosho)

River, Kansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-611, Nov. 1962. (Available on loan.)

(3588) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, BIG BEND RESERVOIR,

MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:60 model, reproducing 2,400 feet of the

curved approach channel, the spillway and

stilling basin, and 1,000 feet of the exit

channel, was used to determine: (1) velocity

and flow characteristics in the approach

channel and chute on weir discharges; and

(3) stilling basin behavior with tailwater

depths insufficient for ideal performance of a hydraulic Jump-type basin, and exit channel

velocity and scour data.

f) Completed.

g) In the spillway approach, realignment of a

spur dike and installation of elliptical

abutment walls corrected turbulent flow conditions in the spillway bays adjacent to the

right abutment. Also minimum excavation in

the approach area was determined. The spillway weir and chute were satisfactory. A stilling basin was developed in which 12-foothigh baffle piers eliminated spray action and

resulted in satisfactory flow in the basin.

Return walls of two different designs were developed that improved flow conditions below

the stilling basin.

(h) "Spillway for Big Bend Dam, Missouri River,

South Dakota; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-605, June 1962.

(Available on loan.)

(3590) EFFECTS OF HURRICANE BARRIER ON NAVIGATION

CONDITIONS IN EAST PASSAGE, NARRAGANSETT

BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

i

s

148
d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:150 model is being used to determine the

effects of tidal and hurricane surge currents, waves, and winds on the operation of an aircraft carrier in East Passage. A barrier

across East Passage has been proposed to limit the quantity of water entering

Narragansett Bay from hurricane surge, and

the model study will examine ship navigation

conditions with respect to barrier location

and its navigation opening. A self-propelled, (h)

radio-controlled, model aircraft carrier,

dynamically similar to its prototype, is (3597)

being used in the tests.

(g) Plume tests are being conducted to de- (b)

termine the design of a barrier opening

which would have the desired flow characteristics. Tests are being conducted to (d)

establish the current patterns and magni- (e)

tudes which would affect navigation. Tests

showed that an aircraft carrier can satisfactorily maneuver in all storm conditions

up to and including the 1938 hurricane,

with hurricane tide currents up to 12 knots,

if the barrier is constructed. The

currents resulting from astronomical tides

are being studied.

(3592) MODEL STUDY OF TYPICAL NAVIGATION DAM,

ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas,

d} Experimental; for design,

e) The Arkansas River multipurpose project

includes the development of river navigation

from the Mississippi River to the general

area of Tulsa. Present plans for navigation

include construction of several navigation

locks and dams. The purposes of the model

study were to investigate various problems

that occur in the vicinity of the structures.

The Investigation was conducted on a movablebed model constructed to linear scales of

1:120 horizontally and 1:40 vertically, (f)

reproducing a 5-mile reach of a typical (g)

stream having characteristics generally similar to reaches of the Arkansas River, including a typical Arkansas River lock and dam

structure.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(3596) HYDRAULIC STUDIES FOR IMPACT ENERGY

DISSIPATOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

dl Experimental; applied research.

e) A general Investigation to determine the

energy loss coefficient of an impact energy

dissipator of variable height and depth for

varying slopes, diameters, and energy of

flows of the Incoming pipe was conducted on

a 1 .0-f oot-diameter impact energy dissipator. (h)

The dissipator consisted of a vertical section

of circular pipe affixed to the outlet end (3598)

of a storm drainage outfall, termed a stilling well. The energy of the influx was determined from measurements of the discharge (b)

and the hydraulic gradient, and the energy of

the efflux from measurements of the water (d)

surface above the top of the well. The slope (e)

and size of the incoming pipe were varied to determine the effect of each upon the energy

dissipated. For a particular slope and

diameter of the incoming pipe and a particular height and depth of the dissipator above

the Invert of the incoming pipe, the relative

energy content of the efflux to the influx

was determined for a range of Reynolds

numbers to ascertain the effect of Reynolds

number upon the energy loss In the dissipator.

f) Tests completed.

g) Test results Indicate that there Is an opti- mum depth of the stilling well below the

invert of the incoming pipe, dependent on the

slope of the Incoming pipe. Limited tests

indicated that there is also an optimum

height of the well above the pipe Invert for

each given set of conditions. In regard to energy dissipation, test results show that

the smaller the ratio of the diameter of the

incoming pipe to that of the stilling well

and the flatter the slope of the incoming

pipe, the greater the value of the energy

loss coefficient. The energy loss coefficient

is less for full pipe flow than for partial

pipe flow.

Final report in preparation.

CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads,

Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Experimental; applied research.

This is a general investigation to determine

a resistance coefficient and the law of

velocity distribution for flow In structuralplate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test

section reproducing a 5-f oot-diameter

standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:4 was tested in order to obtain additional data

on the resistance coefficient and velocity

distribution and to correlate model work with

full-scale tests. Fiber-glass test sections

reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-f ootdiameter structural-plate pipe at scales of

1:2.2, 1:8, and 1:16, respectively, were tested to determine the effect of relative

roughness upon the resistance coefficient

and velocity distribution. The hydraulic

gradient and the energy loss through 20- to 80-dlameter lengths of test section were established by piezometers located at 5-foot

Intervals. These piezometers were 1/8

inch in diameter, on center of the crests of

the corrugations, and four in number around

the periphery of the pipe. Velocity traverses were made by means of calibrated pitot

tubes at several locations along the test

section for determination of the velocity

distribution.

Tests completed.

Tests conducted on the model reproducing

standard corrugations at a scale of 1:4

have been completed and the results of

tests for a range of Reynolds numbers

from 4 x lO^ to 2 x 106 agree favorably

with results of full-scale studies made

at Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory. Re- sults of tests on the models simulating

5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-f oot-diameter

structural-plate pipes indicate maximum

Manning's "n" of 0.033, 0.032, and 0.030,

respectively. Velocity distribution data

in an overlapping range of wall Reynolds

numbers in the models of a 5-foot- and

10-foot-diameter pipe yielded a mean flow

equation or law of velocity distribution

from which the roughness factor for any

size structural plate pipe can be computed.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDIES OF CONTAMINATION DISPERSION IN ESTUARIES.

Nuclear Projects Office, Maritime Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Experimental: applied research.

The increasing use of nuclear reactors in the

production of automotive power, both on land

and sea, presents new problems pertaining to the dispersal of radioactive waste released

either accidentally or purposely into rivers,

estuaries, and harbors. The Maritime

Administration is concerned with the probable

dispersion patterns of radioactive matter

that might be released in accidents involving

nuclear-powered ships. A series of tests was made on several existing models of

important estuaries, including the Delaware

River, Narragansett Bay, New YorkHarbor,

and San Francisco Bay, in order to obtain

data, from which dispersion effects could be

computed. Tides, tidal currents, salinities,

and fresh-water flow were reproduced for all

149
tests. Methylene blue chloride dye was used

to simulate contamination, and the dye

releases were generally made at the most

adverse time of tide in relation to the

potential upstream spread of the contaminant.

Water samples were obtained periodically

throughout contaminated area for spectrophotometer analysis, and in addition, meters

which automatically measured and recorded

dye concentrations were in continuous operation at strategic locations. Results

obtained are expressed as percentages of the

initial concentration,

f) Completed.

h) "Contamination Dispersion in Estuaries,

San Francisco Bay; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- periment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-332. Report 4, August 1962. (Available on loan.

)

(3902) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OP SEDIMENT,

GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The movement of sediment in the vicinity of

the Galveston Bay jetty was investigated by

use of radioactive gold-impregnated glass.

The glass was ground to the particle size of

the natural sediment. In the first series

of tests, the activated, gold-impregnated

glass was deposited at three locations on the

north side of the jetty, and the paths of the

particles were traced by Instruments from a small boat . Readings were procured over a period of about one week. It was expected

that the tidal action, littoral current, and

wind waves would move the material around the

end of the Jetty and/or through the jetty.

In a second series of tests, the tracer

material was deposited at five additional

locations north of the north jetty. These

locations extended the area under study beyond

the end of the jetty.

(g) In the first series of tests, some of the

radioactive material passed through a small

boat opening in the jetty, and further tests were needed to determine whether any material

passes around the end of the Jetty. In the

second series of tests, the bulk of material

deposited near the end of the jetty swept

around the end into the ship channel and was randomly distributed over the area between the

jetties.

(3903) MODEL STUDY OP TSUNAMIS AT HILO HARBOR,

HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A fixed-bed hydraulic model is proposed to

determine the optimum plan of protection for

Hilo Harbor from attack by tsunamis. This

model will be used to investigate the effects

of different plans of construction on the

reduction of damage to the city of Hilo from

tsunamis, and to determine the stability of

the proposed breakwater under tsunami attack.

The model will also be used to investigate

surge action and damaging ship motion in the

vicinity of the piers.

(g) Design of model is in progress. A pilot

model study to Investigate model distortion

and scale effects is being conducted.

(3905) KELLEYS ISLAND HARBOR STUDY, LAKE ERIE, OHIO.

(b) State of Ohio.

(d) Analytical; for design.

(e) An analytical study was conducted to determine

the characteristics of short-period wind

waves which occur at the site of the proposed Kelleys Island harbor of refuge. Deepwater waves were charted into the position

150

of the harbor entrance by use of refraction

diagrams. The resulting data were used to determine the optimum allnement of the

navigation opening, and the need for, and

approximate length of a protecting breakwater:

(f) Final report in preparation.

(3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND

OAHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, Missouri River, and District

Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha,

Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

design.

(e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of power

plant transients at Garrison Dam have been

made to evaluate results of a comprehensive

digital computer study made by the sponsoring

offices, and to determine extent to which

operation corresponds to design in order to develop a solution of the entire problem of

power plant transients, with primary emphasis

on governing stability. For different plant

loadings, instantaneous pressure values at a number of locations in the power tunnel, the

surge tank system, turbine scroll case, and

draft tube were obtained simultaneously with

instantaneous values of tunnel velocity,

reservoir and tallwater elevations, turbine

speed and gate opening, power output and

other elements (including governor system).

Pressure and water level were measured with

electrical pressure transducers, velocities

with pressure transducers mounted in probes

projecting into the flow, and mechanical and

electrical values with appropriate transducers. Measurements were recorded on about

90 channels of oscillograph and magnetic tape

recorders. Tests at Oahe Dam will be made

in the spring of 1963.

(g) Approximately 150,000 data points have been

digitized from about 10 miles of multichannel

oscillograph charts. These data are being

analyzed by the sponsoring offices.

(3907) SHOALING PROCESSES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The annual cost to the Federal Government of

maintaining navigable channels in tidal

waterways is estimated to be of the order of

$60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers Committee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded

that a thorough study of shoaling processes

in tidal waterways would lead to improvements

in channel design, dredging, and spoiling

practices, and other maintenance techniques

which would reduce this large expenditure.

The Committee concludes that the following

program of research is essential in arriving

at the objective of reducing maintenance

cost: (1) Flume studies to determine the

basic laws involved in the movement and

deposition of muddy sediments; (2) flume

studies to determine effects of repetitive

scour and deposition on sedimentation; (3)

the development of techniques for using

radioactive tracers for observing the movement and deposition of sediments In nature;

(4) the development of a simple and accurate

instrument for ln-place measurement of turbidity; (5) a study of the physical, chemical,

and hydraulic factors involved in the stabilization of deposits in navigable channels;

(6) determination of the effects of flobulation on shoaling; (7) prototype studies

aimed at correlation of sedimentation phenomena in tidal waterways with physical, chemical, hydraulic, salinity, and other significant factors; and (8) classification of the

sediments which constitute all major repetitive shoals in tidal waterways. Item (1) was completed under terms of a contract between

the University of California and the U. S. Army Engineer District, San Francisco, and

!

i
all pertinent reports have been published;

item (2) is presently inactive; item (3)

is in active status by the U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station and

U. S. Army Engineer Districts, Galveston and

Wilmington; item (4) is presently inactive;

item (5) is being investigated under terms

of a contract between the University of Calif,

and the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Ex- periment Station; item (6) is under study

by the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics and

the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station; and items (7) and (8) are in

progress by the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. No definite con- clusions have yet been reached as a result

of these studies.

(3908) ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION MODEL.

(SI

(b)

ft)

(h)

(b)

(s)

(3912)

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model reproducing to scales of

1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically

about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near

the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers,

57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 miles

of the lower White River, and the major

portion of the White-Arkansas River backwater

area was used for the investigation. The

model was used to demonstrate alternate

routes for the entrance to the Arkansas River

navigation project, flow patterns, nature of

overbank flow, effect of Arkansas-White

Cutoff, and problems related to the location

and alignment of the navigation entrance to

the Arkansas River from the Mississippi

River.

Final report in preparation.

(3911) MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

Experimental; for design.

The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale

ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, reproduces about 800 square miles

of prototype area, including all of Matagorda

Bay, part of the connecting bay system, and

a portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by one primary tide generator and

one secondary tide generator, and fresh-water

discharges of tributaries, together with the

rainfall over the area, are introduced by

means of weirs and flowmeters. Salt water Is used in the model gulf to reproduce the

prototype salinity regimen, and provisions

have been made for the injection of silt in

the model for measurements of deposits on

the bed of the model. Studies will be made

to determine: (1) The best location for the

entrance channel; (2) the best route for the

channel from the entrance to Point Comfort;

(3) such protective works as may be required

in the interests of navigation and maintenance of the channel; and (4) the effects of

the deep-draft navigation channel on the

salinity regimen of the bay system.

Test results Indicate that proposed channel

route C Is superior to any of the other

channel routes tested. Tests to determine

the optimum Jetty arrangement at the channel

entrance have been completed; the optimum

arrangement of spoil disposal areas inside

the bay has been developed on the basis of

model tests, and the effects of the project

on the hydraulic and salinity regimens of the

bay have been determined.

MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(3913)

13

(h)

(3914)

(b)

(h)

(3915)

(b)

(h)

(3916)

Experimental; for design.

A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of

1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

reproduces about 174.5 square miles of prototype area, Including a small portion of

Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf of

Mexico extending 8 miles north of the north

Jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south Jetty,

and offshore to about the 50-foot contour of

depth. Tides, tidal currents, littoral

currents, and wave action in the Gulf of

Mexico are reproduced. Studies are being

made to determine: (1) Plans for relocation

and stabilization of the Jetty channel on an allnement and depth suitable for navigation

of supertankers; (2) means of protecting the

north Jetty from undermining action of tidal

currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of the

relocated and deepened Jetty (Inner bar)

channel and plans for minimizing shoaling;

and (4) shoaling characteristics of the

deepened outer bar channel. Verification

of bed movement and deposition has been

accomplished, and the model is ready for

testing proposed improvement plans.

MODEL STUDY OF GULF OUTLET CHANNEL,

LOUISIANA.

District Egineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers,

New Orleans, Louisiana.

Experimental; for design.

The Investigation is being conducted in a fixed-bed extension of the Lake Pontchartrain

model and In conjunction with that model

study. Reproduced is that area eastward

of New Orleans to Breton Sound and south of

Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne to include

the connecting waterways between those

lakes and the Gulf Outlet Channel, now under construction. Scales are 1:2,000 horizontal and 1:100 vertical. Tides, tidal

currents, salinities, and water exchange

through the connecting waterways are simulated. Purpose of the study was to determine

the effect of the channel on the salinity

regimens of Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne,

which will be connected to the channel by

existing waterways.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING

LOCK, McALPINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 model which reproduced the filling and

emptying system was used to develop feasible

modifications which will improve prototype

performance.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING VALLEY

PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

Experimental;- for design.

A 1:12 model reproducing successively three

typical drop structures, adjacent overbank

areas, and 300 feet of the approach and exit areas was used to examine the hydraulic

performance of the drop structures, which

will vary in width from 6 to 33 feet and have

drop heights of 5 and 10 feet.

Tests completed.

Families of curves were developed to permit selection of drop structure design

based on drop and discharge conditions. A satisfactory plan for the placement of riprap

material in the vicinity of the structure was

developed.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF OAHE RESERVOIR SPILLWAY,

151
MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha

Nebraska

.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1 : 50 model reproduced the remote, gated

control structure which will serve as the

spillway, along with approximately 3,000 feet

of approach and exit channel. The model

study was intended to: (1) Indicate head

losses through structure and In channel, and

provide data on flow patterns and velocities;

(2) verify discharge data for gate bays; and

(3) develop design of stilling basin, and of

transition from stilling basin to sloped

sides of exit channel.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests are made on various elements of spillways to develop improved designs and to better define values of coefficients used

in design formulas. A series of tests Is being conducted on low weirs to determine

optimum shape from a consideration of discharge coefficients and pressures.

(g) The desirability of a weir crest shape

tangent to the upstream face of the weir

was established. This applies to weirs with

sloping or vertical upstream faces. A design procedure for developing the shape for

the upstream quadrant of the crest of a weir

with a vertical upstream face was developed.

This procedure results In an elliptical

shape with axes depending on height of weir

and expected head.

(3918) MODEL TESTS FOR TYPICAL FLOOD- AND WATERCONTROL STRUCTURE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Jacksonville, Corps of Engineers,

Jacksonville, Florida.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 model, reproducing 384 feet of the

approach channel, an 81.33-foot-wide

3-bay structure, the spillway, stilling

basin, and 192 feet of the outlet channel, was used to determine the discharge coefficient and flow conditions of similar project structures having various approach

and exit channel elevations for both con- trolled and uncontrolled flows.

(T) Final report in preparation.

(g) As expected, results Indicated that the

greater the depth of approach and/or difference In elevation between weir crest and

exit channel, the greater the discharge

coefficient for all flow conditions. The

effects of both on the discharge coefficients

are shown by means of graphical plots. Ex- pressions describing free and submerged

controlled and uncontrolled flow conditions

and parameters that will define the limits

of each of the four possible flow conditions

were determined.

(3919) MODEL STUDY OF ALLEGHENY DAM, ALLEGHENY

RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 model reproduced a 375-foot-wide

section of the approach, the entire spillway and portions of each abutment, the six

low-level sluices and two high-level sluices,

the stilling basin, and a 425-foot-wlde

section of the exit channel. The model

provided a means for determining sluice

design, spray wall heights, and stilling

basin design. Weir calibration data and

pressures were determined.

f) Completed.

g) Tests Indicated that the maximum expected

discharge (140,000 cfs) would be satisfactorily passed by the spillway and six lowlevel sluices at a head of 29 feet. The

high-level sluices (to be used to draw warm water off top of reservoir in summer), discharging through the spillway spray walls

with their major axes parallel to the spillway slope, effectively spread flow across the

spillway weir. A horizontal low-level sluice

with flared exit and tetrahedral deflector

provided good flow distribution in the basin.

The stilling basin effected satisfactory

energy dissipation with the apron raised 3 feet and the height of the baffle piers decreased 3 feet.

(h) "Spillway and Sluices, Allegheny Dam,

Allegheny River, Pennsylvania and New York;

Hydraulic Model Investigation," U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report, in publication. (Available on loan .

)

(4382) HYDRAULIC PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Field investigations for applied research

and design.

(e) The hydraulic prototype testing program of

the Corps of Engineers is coordinated for

complete coverage of needed testing, prevention of unnecessary duplication of testing

facilities and tests, recommendations of

installations at projects where physical and

hydraulic conditions will be suitable for

obtaining data, and Investigation of prototype hydraulic performance. Personnel and

equipment are made available to Corps of

Engineers Districts conducting hydraulic

field tests. Assistance also Is given in

planning test facilities, analyzing data,

and preparing reports.

(g) Surface profiles and vertical velocity

profiles were measured in the chute spillway at Fort Randall Dam for discharges

giving uniform flow depths of 2.2 to 3.4

feet and velocities of 35 to 45 feet per

second, piezometric pressures were obtained

along a tunnel approximately 19 feet In diameter at Oahe Dam for average velocities

between 10 and 60 feet per second, and lock

hawser stresses for a 9,300-ton tow were measured during filling and emptying operations at Jackson Lock. (See also item 4397

on McAlpine Lock emergency gate, Item 3906

on power plant transients tests, and Item

2925 on ultrasonic flow measurement.)

(h) "Flow Characteristics in Flood-Control Tunnel

10, Fort Randall Dam, Missouri River, South

Dakota; Hydraulic Prototype Tests," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report, in publication. (Available

on loan.)

(4383) MODEL STUDY OF TURTLE CREEK CHANNEL

IMPROVEMENT, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To evaluate proposed channel improvements

and determine the necessity for raising

bridges and modifying piers and abutments,

a 1:50 model reproducing the lower 7,700

feet of Turtle Creek channel was used. The

model included provisions for testing plans

with the existing and improved channels In the lower, 1,500-foot reach of the channel.

(h) Final report In preparation.

(4384) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PROCTOR RESERVOIR,

LEON RIVER, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

!

152
(g)

(h)

(4385)

(b)

(4386)

13

Experimental j for design.

A 1:40 model reproducing a center bay and

adjacent half bays of the spillway and

stilling basin, and 400 feet of approach

and exit areas, was used to verify the weir

coefficients by means of head-discharge

relations and pressure measurements on the

spillway, and to determine the effect of

varying the depth of approach and the weir

shape on these conditions. Results will be

used for other projects with similar weir

shapes.

Decreasing depth of approach increased weir

coefficients slightly; however, pier con- traction coefficients were also increased.

Making crest shape tangent to upstream face

of weir increased weir coefficients. Cover

plates were used over the bulkhead slots to reduce negative pressures in this area. Pinal report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OP BELLEVILLE LOCKS AND DAM,

OHIO RIVER, OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, west Virginia.

Experimental j for design.

The project Involves construction of a nonnavigable-type dam with parallel locks;

the main lock will be 1,200 feet by 110

feet' and the auxiliary lock 600 feet by 110

feet. A 1:120 fixed-bed model reproducing

about 3 miles of the river was used to study

navigation conditions in the lock approaches

and the effects of the structures on flood

stages.

Suspended.

With the original design, currents hazardous

to navigation formed in the upper approach

to the locks. Shifting of the locks landward and Increasing the number of gate bays

in the dam tended to improve navigation

conditions in the upper approach. No serious

navigation difficulties were indicated in

the lower approach to the locks.

MODEL STUDY OP HOLT LOCK AND DAM, WARRIOR

RIVER, ALABAMA.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile,

Alabama.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:80 model, reproducing the structures,

4,800 feet of the approach channel and

4,800 feet of the exit channel, was used to study flow conditions in the lock approaches

and in the approach and exit channels for all

arrangements of the structures. A 1:36

section model reproducing one full bay and

two adjacent half bays of the spillway and

stilling basin was utilized for studies

of the adequacy of the weir and stilling

basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 800

feet of the lock approach channel, intake

manifolds, the 670-foot lock chamber,

culverts, bottom laterals, outlet stilling

basin, and 730 feet of the downstream exit

channel was used to study various types of

filling and emptying systems to determine

the most advantageous system from the

standpoints of rate of operations, degree of

turbulence, and economy. A 1:15 model of

a culvert valve was used to study proposed

valve designs.

Tests completed.

The 1:80 general model indicated the

overall arrangement and location of the

structures to be generally satisfactory;

installation of a 300-foot-long dike in

the downstream river channel afforded some Improvement in flow conditions in the lower

lock approach. Tests on the 1:36 section

model Indicated that the 80-foot-long

apron-type basin can be replaced with a small 20-foot-radlus bucket. In the 1:25

lock model the original design laterals

were revised for better flow distribution

(h)

(4387)

(h)

(4388)

(b)

between the 12 ports. The bottom middlethird lateral system was found to be

feasible. Increasing the spacing between

the laterals in this system improved its

performance. The final design middle-third

system consisted of 12 laterals spaced on 17-foot centers with the first lateral 237

feet below the upstream miter gate pintle.

A satisfactory split lateral filling system was also developed, consisting of 12

laterals divided into two groups of six

each at 17-foot centers. The land-wall

group began 177 feet from the upstream miter

gate pintle and river-wall group began 401

feet from the upper miter gate pintle. A vertically framed culvert valve was developed in 1:15 valve model.

Pinal report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF WILLOW SPRINGS AND SAG

JUNCTION DIVERSIONS, CHICAGO SANITARY AND

SHIP CANAL, ILLINOIS.

Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Experimental; for design.

Tests were conducted on two 1:60 models,

reproducing the diversion channels and a portion of the Sanitary and Ship Canal

at each location, to determine the effect

of crosscurrents on navigation and to verify or further develop the hydraulic

design of the diversion channels and appurtenant hydraulic structures. A 1:16

section model was used for study of control

structures.

Tests completed.

Strong crosscurrents In the canal adjacent

to the Willow Springs diversion were improved by adjusting the heights of the

curtain walls in the bridge bays to obtain

equal distribution of flow through the

bridge. Design capacity of the Willow

Springs diversion can be met with only

seven gate bays while ten are provided.

Design capacity of the Sag Junction diversion can be met with the seven gate

bays provided in the original design. Satisfactory flow distribution obtained through

the diversion bridge and control structure

at Sag Junction as well as satisfactory

navigation conditions in the Sanitary

Canal . Operation data were obtained for

a full range of hydraulic conditions on both diversion studies. Single gate hydraulic conditions and stilling basin action

below the control gates were studied in the

section model

Final report in preparation.

SECTION MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 6,

ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 section model, reproducing a 5-foot

depth of approach channel, one 60-foot gate

bay and two adjacent half bays, the spillway

stilling basin, and outlet channel, is being

used to determine the optimum parabolic shape

of the downstream face of the gate sill, the

dimensions and elevation of the stilling

basin, the shape of the gate piers, the spillway rating curves with full and partially

opened gates, and the minimum riprap requirements for various elevations of the exit

channel

Tests completed; final report in preparation.

Tests regarding shape of the gate piers indicated that either the semicircular or ogival

pier nose was satisfactory; however, the

ogival pier nose yielded a slightly greater

value of the discharge coefficient. Tests on the parabolic gate sill shape based on the

trajectory of a free jet showed that a parabola based on a 10-foot head rather

than the original 24-foot head would result

153
In desirable basin action under all expected

conditions. This allows a 13.5-foot re- duction in length of gate sill without seri- ous negative pressures. Tests indicated

that the apron elevation, within the limits

investigated, had no effect on the discharge

characteristics of the structure. Expressions

describing free and submerged controlled and

uncontrolled flow conditions were determined.

Tests of stilling basin performance were conducted for a wide range of pool and tallwater elevations. The optimum slope of scour below the stilling basin was indicated to be

1 on 6. In tests to determine the stability

of 18-, 24-, and 36-lnch maximum size riprap, the relations between tailwater elevation and gate opening at which each of the

protective stone sizes failed for heads of

15 and 30 feet were determined,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4389) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, LORAIN HARBOR,

OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:125 fixed-bed model was used to determine the Influence of storm wave action and

attendant currents in causing navigation

hazards at Lorain Harbor which is located at the mouth of Black River on the south shore

of Lake Erie. The model reproduced about

8.3 square miles including all the area within the harbor and sufficient adjacent

lake area to permit reproduction of waves

from all critical directions. Waves are generated in the model by a 60-foot-long

plunger-type wave machine and wave heights

were measured electrically by an oscillograph.

f) Completed.

g) Five of the ten improvement plans tested met

the wave-height and current-velocity criteria

selected for the navigation entrance and

mooring area of the harbor. The recommended

plan, selected from these five on the basis

of economy, provides for a 2,250-foot-long

detached breakwater and the removal of 300

feet of the existing east breakwater.

(h) "Detached Breakwater and Improved Navigation

Entrance, Lorain Harbor, Lorain, Ohio," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report, in publication. (Available

on loan.)

(4390) MODEL STUDY OF CANNELTON LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO

RIVER, INDIANA AND KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project involves the construction of a nonnavigable dam with parallel locks, the

main lock to have clear dimensions of 1270

by 110 feet and an auxiliary lock, 600 by

110 feet. A 1:120 model reproducing about

9 miles of the river is used for

investigation of navigation conditions In

the lock approaches, effects of the structures

on flood stages, to obtain data for development of rating curves, and to determine the

effect of powerhouse installation on flow

and navigation conditions. A 1:25 model,

reproducing 500 feet of the lock approach

channel, intake manifolds, the 1270-foot

lock chamber, culvert, sidewall port

manifolds, outlets, and 200 feet of the

downstream exit channel is being used to

determine the suitability of a sidewall

port filling system under heads and submergences which will obtain at the Cannelton

and Belleville Locks, Ohio River.

(g) Tests on the 1:120 general model indicated

that velocities in the upper lock approach

would tend to be high and downbound tows

would experience difficulty In approaching

the locks because of the velocity and

alignment of currents in the approach.

Plans were developed which would reduce ve- locities In the upper approach and minimize

the tendency for tows to be moved rlverward

of the guard wall. A submerglble-type gate

placed next to the locks would tend to pass

little drift and ice since most of the flow

through the ports tends to move over the

gate. Lock emptying outlets without

stilling basins would tend to produce a strong

eddy In the lower lock approach which would be objectionable to navigation during low flows.

Initial tests in the 1:25 model indicate

that a feasible sidewall port arrangement

can be developed.

(4391) MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 3, ARKANSAS

RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas,

d) Experimental; for design,

ej A movable-bed model reproducing about 13

miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent

overbank area, constructed to a scale of

1 to 120 horizontally and 1 to 80 vertically,

Is being used to determine the suitability of

the proposed site for the lock and dam

structure, the effects of proposed regulating

works in the vicinity including a cutoff,

and modifications which might be required to provide adequate channel depths in the lock

approaches and safe navigation conditions

with minimum maintenance,

(g) Results Indicate that the regulating

structures as originally designed with the

cutoff downstream would not eliminate the

tendency for the channel to meander at the

proposed lock and dam site. Installation

of the lock and dam in a long straight reach

would produce considerable shoaling upstream

and tend to develop a wide shallow channel.

The channel in the lower lock approach would

tend to shoal rapidly and might require

continuous maintenance; this tendency would

be reduced appreciably with a wing dike at the end of the lower guard wall.

(4392) EXTENSION OF LA GUARDIA FIELD RUNWAY, NEW

YORK.

(b) Port of New York Authority.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing New York Harbor model is being

used for tests to determine the effects of

certain proposed fills in East River, for the

purpose of extending the North-South runway

at La Guardia Airport, on the hydraulic and

flushing characteristics of the surrounding

areas

.

(g) Preliminary tests indicate that a solution

satisfactory to all interests has not been

found; supplemental tests have been planned

and will be undertaken in the near future.

(4393) MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF SOUTH JETTY,

SIUSLAW RIVER, OREGON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Stability tests were conducted In two wave flumes 119 feet long, 5 feet deep, and 4 feet wide on section models of the Jetty

constructed to a linear scale of 1:50 to determine experimental coefficients (K& ) in the Waterways Experiment Station breakwater

stability equation for design of repairs of

the south Jetty at the river mouth. Design

criteria were also desired for both the head

and trunk of the structure for the conditions

of (1) waves breaking directly on the

structure, (2) special placement by crane of

selected long-axis stones above low tide,

(3) angles of wave attack of 0 and 90 degrees,

and (4) pell-mell placement by crane of

cover-layer stones from toe of jetty to

i

i

1

i

154
(h)

(4395)

(4396)

(4397)

13

(h)

(4398)

(b)

crest. Final report In preparation.

DISPERSION STUDIES IN NEW YORK HARBOR MODEL.

Interstate Sanitation Committee.

Experimental; for design.

The existing New York model Is being used for

a comprehensive study of the diffusion

patterns from most of the major sewer outfalls in New York Harbor. Model tests are conducted using conservative fluorescent dyes

as tracers, and the results will be used for

planning the construction of additional

sewage treatment facilities. Results are being analyzed by the Interstate Sanitation

Commission.

MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

Experimental; for design.

The model reproduces the lower 52 miles

of the Columbia River and pertinent offshore

areas to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal

currents, density currents, waves, and other

phenomena significant to the movement and

deposition of sediments are reproduced

and studied. Some portions of the model

are of the fixed-bed type, while other

portions are of the movable-bed type.

Hydraulic adjustment of the model has been

accomplished and preliminary tests have just

been undertaken.

McALPINE LOCKS EMERGENCY GATE PROTOTYPE TESTS.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engrs., Louisville, Ky.

Experimental; for design.

Prototype measurements of the forces acting

on the downstream leaf of a two-leaf, vertical-lift emergency gate (531 kips dry weight) were made to determine acceptability of the

gate under flowing water conditions. Measurements included tension in the dead end of

the hoist fall lines, gate-end elevations,

and gate vibration. The prototype downpull

and gate vibration were compared with the

results of a model study.

Data analysis completed.

A maximum hydraulic downpull force of 310

kips was measured in the prototype as compared with 225 kips in the model study of

a similar installation. Structural differences between the model and prototype may

account for the difference in downpull.

Maximum prototype vibration was about O.lg

with about 0. 1-inch displacement.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF AMISTAD DAM SPILLWAY, RIO

GRANDE.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:70 model reproducing one-half of the

river for a distance of 1,500 feet upstream

and 2,500 feet downstream, one powerhouse,

and one-half of the 975-f oot-wide, 16-bay

structure including the spillway and stilling

basin is being used to determine spillway

rating curves, flow conditions at the abutments and training walls, pressures on weir

crest, lateral pressures on pier subjected

to unbalanced flow, and stilling basin

action. A 1:20 section model reproducing

two of the irrigation conduits and the

portion of the stilling basin into which

they discharge, one powerhouse and tailrace,

and about 500 feet of exit channel is being

used to investigate the adequacy of the

stilling basin for releases from the conduits

(g)

(4399)

(b)

13

(h)

(4593)

00

iii

and the flow conditions in the power tailrace . Test results verify the adequacy of the

spillway to pass the design flood of

1,550,000 cubic feet per second.

Spillway rating curves have been compiled

and lateral pressures on the gate piers

subjected to unbalanced flows determined.

Hydrostatic pressures on the spillway crest

have been determined and indicate that no serious cavitation damage should occur. Satisfactory designs for both a conventional,

horizontal apron and a double- stage-type

stilling basin have been determined. A design incorporating intakes in several gate

piers, penstocks and power generating

facilities in the structure, and conduits

discharging onto the downstream portion of

the spillway is being considered.

MODEL STUDY OF STABILITY OF BREAKWATER,

TSOYING HARBOR, TAIWAN.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Okinawa, Corps of Engineers, San

Francisco, California.

Experimental; for design.

Stability tests were conducted in a concrete wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet

wide, and 4 feet deep on section models of

the breakwater constructed to linear

scales of 1:47.6 and 1:58.6 and to obtain

data from which alternate designs could be

developed for construction of the proposed

breakwater. Design criteria for both the

head and trunk of the breakwater were desired. Cover layers of both quarrystones

and quadrlpod armor units were tested.

Tests were also conducted to show the

effects of roughness of quarrystones, and

the effects on stability of placing the

quarrystones by hand as compared to placing

them pell-mell.

Tests completed.

Test results indicated that the stability

of breakwater sections constructed of quarrystone cover layers is more dependent upon

the roughness and shape of the stone used

than upon the method of placing the stones

in the cover layers. Breakwater head and

trunk sections constructed of 25- to 35-ton

quarrystones would be stable for the 27-foot

design wave height. For these conditions the

slopes of the head and trunk sections were

1:4.5 and 1:3.5, respectively. Breakwater

head and trunk sections, constructed of 32-

ton quadrlpods, would be stable for the design wave height of 27 feet. For these

conditions, variable width berms were used

in the design, and the effective side slope

of the trunk and the head section was 1:6.

Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDIES OF MILLERS FERRY LOCK AND DAM,

ALABAMA RIVER, ALABAMA.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.

Experimental; for design.

The project will include a nonnavigable dam

with a gated and an overflow section, a lock on the left bank having clear dimensions

of 600 by 84 feet, and a powerhouse. A 1:100 model, reproducing about 3.1 miles

of river, will be used to investigate navigation conditions through an existing

bridge and in the lock approaches, the effects of the structures on flood stages, and

the effects of powerhouse operations on navigation conditions. A 1:50 model of a section of the gated portion of the dam,

reproducing 600 feet of the approach

channel, a 50-foot -wide gate bay with piers

and 28.5 feet of each adjacent gate bay, a 125-foot-wide section of the stilling basin,

and 700 feet of the exit area, is being used

to determine flow characteristics over the

spillway and verify the adequacy of the

stilling basin design.

155
(4594) MODEL STUDY OP SPILLWAY, SHELBYVILLE DAM,

KASKASKIA RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis,

Ml ssourl

.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:40 model that reproduces the spillway

and allied structures, a portion of the

earth embankment on each side of the spillway, 1,550 feet of the approach channel,

and 1,150 feet of the exit channel is being

used to study flow conditions at the spillway, to study the overall hydraulic performance of the spillway and outlets to the

sluices, and to verify chute and stilling

basin designs.

(g) The high unit discharge combined with lateral

flow at the abutments caused severe surging

at the abutments and reduction in capacity.

The surging at the abutments was eliminated

and capacity increased by revising the

abutment nose shape, and Installing spur

dikes on the upstream embankment near the

abutments.

(4595) MODEL STUDY OP COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM,

OUACHITA RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg,

Mississippi

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves construction of a cutoff channel about 5,600 feet long with a bottom width of 582 feet, a gated structure

(consisting of five talnter gates each 50

feet wide and 26 feet high) located about

midway of the cutoff, a 150-foot-wlde

navigable pass on the right of the dam, and

a 600- by 84-foot lock on the left. A 1:100 model, reproducing about 2.6 miles of

the river, was used to investigate navigation

conditions in the approaches to the lock and

navigable pass, and the effects of the

structures on flood stages.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Tests indicated that the width of the navigable pass should be increased to eliminate

the danger of tows hitting the abutment pier

of the gated structure, and that the number

of dam gates could be reduced to four without

affecting navigation conditions or producing

excessive backwater effect.

(4596) MODEL STUDY OF OVERFLOW EMBANKMENTS FOR LOW

HEAD DAM ON ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock,

Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:4 model reproducing a 40-foot-wide

section including 90 feet of approach channel,

an embankment with upstream and downstream

slopes of 1 on 3 and 1 on 4, respectively,

and crown widths of 20 and 35 feet, and 100

feet of exit channel was used to verify the

adequacy of proposed designs utilizing four

gradations of riprap on the downstream slope

of both an access and nonaccess type overflow

embankment for unit discharges ranging from

10 to 60 cubic feet per second per foot width.

(T) Tests completed.

(g) Relations between headwater and tailwater

elevations, with respect to the crown, where

each of the four types of protective stone

failed for the range of unit discharges investigated were determined. Data are being

analyzed in an effort to generalize the test

results

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4597) MODEL STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR OUTLET

CONDUIT, MISSISSINEWA DAM, MISSISSINEWA RIVER,

INDIANA

.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Tests were conducted on a 1:24 model, re- producing 125 feet of the downstream end of

the 16-f oot-dlameter outlet conduit, the

outlet portal, energy disslpator, and 250

feet of the exit channel, to study the adequacy of the proposed Impact device In dissipating the energy of flows ranging from 500

to 9,000 cfs. An Impact device was selected

for study because it would require minimum

rock excavation and sldewall protection for

the conduit and downstream slope of dam.

f) Completed.

g) Tests were conducted of the original and six

other basin designs; the letter Involved the use of impact sills, baffle piers, and an end sill. The original impact device could

not be made to perform satisfactorily. A two-stage hydraulic Jump-type basin which

provided adequate energy dissipation was developed. This basin is recommended for

use only if economic studies clearly Indicate

it to be preferable to a single-stage con- ventional hydraulic Jump-type basin.

(h) "Energy Disslpator, Mlsslssinewa Dam Outlet

Conduit, Mlsslssinewa River, Indiana;

Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-536, October 1962.

(Available on loan.)

(4598) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, CAYUGA INLET,

ITHACA, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:20 model, reproducing 300 feet of the

approach channel, the drop structure, and

about 400 feet of the exit channel, is being

used to confirm the suitability of the drop

structure, and if indicated, to develop

advantageous modifications thereto. Of

particular concern is the magnitude of

channel velocities below the structure.

(g) Tests indicate that the length of the

structure can be reduced and baffle piers

will not be required in the basin. A 3-foot

sill was added to the weir crest to prevent

critical head loss in the upstream channel.

(4599) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURES, LITTLE

SIOUX RIVER, LITTLE SIOUX, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 model, reproducing about 600 feet of

the approach channel, the control structure,

and 1,000 feet of the exit channel, is being

used to study the placement of riprap

materials in the vicinity of the structure.

Tests are also concerned with the discharge

capacity of the proposed structure.

(g) Tests indicate that stone sizes in the

original riprap plan were larger than necessary and smaller sizes could be used with a resulting saving in construction costs. The

capacity of the control structure was found

to be adequate.

(4600) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, CAPE

FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Wilmington, Corps of Engineers, Wilmington,

North Carolina.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The movement of material from dredge spoil areas was investigated using labeled sediment

to determine if spoil material moves Into the

wharf areas at Sunny Point Army Terminal.

The sediment was labeled using auric chloride

(Gold-198) solution adsorbed on existing

sediment. Material was placed at four locations under two extreme tide conditions.

Movement of sediments was observed for two

weeks using instruments on a small boat.

!

156
(h)

(4601)

0>)

l.'l

(4602)

4603)

(b)

(g)

Tests completed.

Evidences of labeled sediments were found

in the problem area after each of the four

placements, Indicating the need for remedial measures

Pinal report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF POLLUTION, CONEY ISLAND

CREEK, NEW YORK.

New York City Department of Health, New

York, New York.

Experimental ; for design.

An existing model of New York Harbor is

being used to investigate diffusion patterns

from sewage treatment plant outfalls and

combination sewer and storm outfalls with

special attention to contamination of

bathing beaches and other recreational

facilities. Plans for diverting pollution

away from certain critical areas are also

being investigated.

LOCK FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

A 1:15 valve model used to develop the

vertically framed Holt Lock valve was utilized to compare the performance of this

valve with that of the McNary type valve.

The Holt valve was 12.5 by 12.5 feet and the

McNary valve was 11 feet wide by 12 feet

high. Therefore, for tests of the McNary

valve the valve was expanded to 12.5 by

12.5 feet by additions of 1.5 feet In width

and 0.5 foot in height to the center portions

of the valve.

The Holt valve, which allows free circulation

along the upstream side of the skin plate,

performed best. The range of total hoist

loads for the Holt valve was about half

those of the McNary valve. Hoist loads for

the McNary valves were less that the dry

weight of the valve throughout the entire

range of valve openings; thus, the hydraulic

forces acting on the valve tended to open

it. These uplift forces are considered high.

Loading the interior of the McNary valve with

water (between the double skin plates)

indicated that the hydraulic forces are independent of the valve being filled with water.

Variations in total hoist load for the McNary

and Holt valves were not more than 6 kips

throughout the range of opening. Maximum

variations in the total hoist load for the

McNary valve were improved at valve openings

between 7 and 12 feet by filling the interior

of the valve and trunnion arms with water.

MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM

FOR LOW-LIFT LOCKS, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock,

Arkansas, and other interested Corps of

Engineers offices.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:25 model, reproducing 700 feet of lock

approach channel, intake manifolds, a 670-

foot-long lock chamber, culvert, sldewall

port manifolds, outlet manifold, and 700 feet

of downstream channel is being used to determine an optimum port arrangement for the

filling and emptying system for low-lift

locks. An intake is to be developed for use

in all tests. Then optimum shape, size,

number, spacing, and location of the ports

in the lock chamber as related to culvert size

will be determined for a full range of heads

and submergences. The Little Rock District

is sponsoring the first phase of the tests in

which a 12- by 12-foot culvert will be used.

Tests of other size culverts will be sponsored by interested Corps of Engineers offices

for the purpose of standardizing lock design

for 600- by 110-foot locks.

Tests with a satisfactory port design

(4604)

(b)

ft!

(4605)

[Si

(h)

installed at 24-, 26-, 28-, and 32-foot cent : in the lock chamber walls indicated that with

28-foot spacing turbulence appears to be well

distributed across the lock chamber. A location at least 70 feet below the filling valves was selected for positioning the first port of

the culvert manifold due to pressure conditions and low tailwater accompanying head

conditions

MODEL STUDY OF INTAKE AND FLOOD-CONTROL

OUTLET, DEGRAY DAM, CADDO RIVER, ARKANSAS.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:23 model that will reproduce the intake

tower and a portion of the reservoir, the

diversion tunnel, stilling basin, and 240

feet of the exit channel will be used to develop a conventional hydraulic jump-type

stilling basin. At the conclusion of the

diversion tests, the flood-control and power

tunnels will be installed and flow through

the intake tower, elbow, tunnels, junction,

and at the flow-control device at the end

of the flood-control tunnel will be studied.

MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATER, KAHULUI HARBOR,

HAWAII.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Honolulu, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu,

Hawaii

Experimental; for design.

Stability tests were conducted in a concrete

wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet wide,

and 4 feet deep, on section models of both

the east and west breakwater heads, and

sections of the trunk of the east breakwater

constructed to a linear scale of 1:68.5 to develop designs for repair of the damaged

breakwater heads and trunks. Tests con- ducted were concerned with the stability of

35- and 50-ton tribars.

Tests completed.

Stability tests indicated that a repair

section consisting of a cover layer of

30-ton tribars placed pell-mell over the

existing slopes of the trunk of the east

breakwater would be adequate to withstand

the attack of waves 34 feet in height. It was found that a repair section consisting

of a cover layer of 50-ton tribars from plus

20 feet mllw down to -20 feet mllw, and 35-

ton tribars from -20 feet mllw down to the

toe of the slope, would be adequate to withstand the attack of the 34-foot-high waves

on the heads of both the east and west

breakwaters. For these conditions the slope

of the repaired head sections was about 1:3.

Final report In preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS.

Cooperative with Johns Hopkins University.

See page 42.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

Cooperative with University of Illinois.

See page 35.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

Cooperative with National Bureau of Standards.

See page 158.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

Cooperative with Purdue University. See

page 63.

157
(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

Cooperative with U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. See page 149.

(3805) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulln, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of effect of compliancy of

boundaries on a turbulent flow with a view

toward possible damping of turbulence and

potential reduction In wall shear stress.

Cooperative with Oregon State College. See

page 59.

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE

STORM DRAIN.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 19.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 22.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

(1478) WIND WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental

studies of (1) wind tides (setup), (2)

growth of wind waves, and (3) surface

traction of wind on wavy surfaces.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of

various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of Improved design.

(2436) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(di Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine augmented dissipation of

hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in

various fluids,

(h) "Friction at Menisci on Hydrophobic Surfaces,"

by G. H. Keulegan and M. R. Brockman, (In

press)

.

(3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of inertia and drag coefficients of cylinders and plates when

subjected to a varying monotonically varying flow.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4400) MOTION AROUND A BODY IN A STRATIFIED FLUID.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research,

(e) A study is made of the internal waves produced by the horizontal motion of threedimensional objects of revolution through

a stably stratified liquid.

(4891) WAVE PROPAGATION IN A TURBULENT LIQUID.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Dr. G. Kulln, Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A study is being made of additional gravity

wave damping due to turbulence.

(4892) TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW THROUGH COMPLIANT

WALLED TUBES.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

as Indicated, should be addressed to Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologlc Services Division, Weather

Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivation of

reliable procedures for estimating evaporation

from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and

land surfaces, utilizing readily available

meteorological data and pan evaporation observations.

(g) Major emphasis during Fiscal Year 1963

will be devoted to the evapotransplratlon

study to develop a basic accounting method

for estimating soil moisture deficiency.

It is proposed to compute potential evapotransplratlon from meteorological factors

for a number of first-order Weather Bureau

stations to facilitate field testing of

the technique to river forecasting. The

computations of potential evapotransplratlon

and the accounting are accomplished by IBM -1620 computer.

The Commission for Instruments and Methods

of Observations of the World Meteorological

Organization has recommended that comparisons between several types of evaporation

pans be conducted by Member Nations to assist

in selection of an internationally standard

evaporation instrument. It is planned to conduct tests of .several pans (including

Russian GGI-3000) AT at 3 or 4 climatologlcajdifferent locations in the United States.

The Installation of the fourteen Class A pan evaporation stations at various elevations (4800 to 8900 feet) on the windward

and lee side of the Wasatch Range near

Farmington, Utah was completed in June of

1962. Radiation and humidity observations

will be made at several of the pan sites.

The purpose of the project is to study the

effect of elevation, aspect and exposure on evaporation. Analysis will be initiated

when 1963 data become available.

(1744) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio River

Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio, Upper Ohio River

Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna and

Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.; Middle

and Upper Mississippi River Basin, St. Louis,

Mo.; Arkansas and Red River Basins, Tulsa,

Okla.; New England and Hudson River Basins,

Hartford, Conn.; South Atlantic and East

Gulf River Basins, Augusta, Ga.; West Gulf

Drainage Basins, Ft. Worth, Tex.; and

Middle Atlantic River Basins, Washington, D.C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation

and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these Investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures for

all ranges of flow for various streams of

each basin. Procedures include: (1) Rainfallrunoff relations Involving consideration of

the physics of soli moisture, vegetative

reception, transpiration, evaporation and

geological features of the basins; (2) snow- melt forecasting relations involving con- sideration of the physics of snow and heat

1

158
transferj (3) unit hydrographs; and (4)

streamflow routing procedures, based upon

adaptations of basic hydraulic principles,

using electronic or mechanical analogues.

Studies have been initiated at several of the

Centers to develop procedures for forecasting

the formation and breakup of ice on rivers.

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points. Refinement and modification

of procedures due to reservoir construction

and channel improvements are a continuing

project. Results of the first year's operation of the Port Worth River Forecast Center

have been most encouraging for the application of high speed electronic computer

(IBM 1610) for river forecast procedure

development and in forecasting operations.

It is planned to equip the new River Forecast

Center at Sacramento, Calif, with an IBM- 1620 computer.

(h) "Weather and Water Resources," by M. A. Kohler, presented at Water Resources

Symposium, University of Alabama, October

1962.

(1745) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field offices

River Forecast Center - Portland, Oreg.,

Water Supply Forecast Unit - Salt Lake City,

Utah, River Forecast Center - Kansas City,

Mo., River Forecast Center - Sacramento,

Calif., River Forecast Center - Windsor

Locks, Connecticut.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation

and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the

development of precipitation-runoff relations

for water supply forecasting utilizing

statistical methods to correlate precipitation during the winter with runoff during

the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for

nearly 400 points in the United States.

These forecasts of water-year and residual

flow are released in Monthly Water Supply

Forecast Bulletins, January through May.

This research program is of a continuing

nature designed to improve and extend the

present forecasting service.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION.

(b} Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3-,

6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for

automatic recording rain-gage stations, by

states.

(f) Discontinued.

(h) Twenty-seven states completed and published

as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper

No. 15.

(2437) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of

Agriculture.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design

criteria in estimating required capacities

of hydraulic structures. Work includes:

(1) Development of a generalized relationship between depth, area, duration and

frequency for areas up to 400 square miles,

durations of 20 minutes to 24 hours, and

return periods from 1 to 100 years; (2)

development of a generalized portrayal of the

probable maximum precipitation for areas up

to 400 square miles, and durations up to 24

hours in the United States; and (3) combination of (1) and (2) for Hawaiian Islands

and Alaska.

(h) "A General Relation between Frequency and

Duration of Precipitation," by L. L. Weiss,

Monthly Weather Review, vol. 90, no. 3, pp.

87-88, U. S. Weather Bureau, March 1962.

2438)

13

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(2943)

81

(e)

(g)

(3251)

(b)

(d)

(e)

"An Empirical Comparison of the Predictive

Value of Three Extreme Value Procedures,"

by D. M. Hershfield, Journal of Geophysical

Research, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1535-1542,

April 1962.

"Rainfall-Frequency Atlas of the Hawiian

Islands for Areas to 200 Square Miles,

Durations to 24 Hours, and Return Periods

from 1 to 100 years," Technical Paper No.

43, U. S. Weather Bureau (in press).

STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

Laboratory projects.

Mr. D. Lee Harris, Office of Meteorological

Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington

25, D. C. Theoretical and field Investigation;

basic and applied research.

The differences between the observed and

predicted tides during storms are being

studied with the goal of improving the

accuracy of storm tide forecasting.

Empirical methods of forecasting these

inundations are being developed and used In the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm

warning service. Continued improvement

in these forecasts is expected to result

from this research.

"The Equivalence between Certain Statistical

Prediction Methods and Linearized Dynamical

Methods," by D. Lee Harris, Monthly Weather

Review, vol. 90, No. 8, pn. 331-340, Aug.

1962.

"Wave Patterns in Tropical Cyclones," by

D. Lee Harris, Mariners Weather Log, vol.

6, No. 5, pp. 156-160, Sept. 1962.

"A Regression Model for the Prediction of

Storm Surges on Lake Erie," by D. Lee Harris

and Aldo Angelo, Proceedings of the Fifth

Conference on Great Lakes Research, Great

Lakes Research Division University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, (in press).

"Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm

Surge," by D. Lee Harris, Weather Bureau

Technical Paper, (in preparation, 1962).

METEOROLOGICAL RADAR TRANSPONDER (MRT)

REPORTING RAINFALL.

FOR

Laboratory project

Field investigation; development and operation.

A compact device, consisting of a tipping

bucket rain gage and transponder, that can

be installed In relatively remote areas

at an average distance of 70 miles from the

radar and up to 140 miles with a mountaintop installation. Activated by a signal from

the radar, the MRT transmits a pulsed signal

which appears in Binary code on the radar

scope Indicating the accrued amounts of

precipitation. Investigations are con- tinuing for application to reporting of river

and tide stage, and snow water-equivalent

data.

MRT-1 now operational, 30 MRT-2's being

installed within range of Weather Bureau

weather search radars.

PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED

BY WSR-57 RADAR.

Laboratory project at Weather Bureau Office

in Sacramento, Calif.

Theoretical and field investigation,

operation and applied research.

Studies are being made to relate, within

100 N.M. of the radar, the intensity and

duration of weather echoes with observed

rainfall. Estimates of rainfall can be

determined by use of the calibrated attenuators on the radar and converting these

db values to theoretical rainfall rates by

means of a rainfall rate-echo intensity

graph. This use of radar has application

to flood forecasting, water supply forecasting and will also be used to determine

a radar range correction value.

159
(g) Data being collected.

(3601) STUDY OP TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL

BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,

Calif.

(d) Experimental; development and applied

research.

(e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave

length radar signals over a fixed course and

relating it to the measured precipitation

along the path of the radar beam, a relationship can be established enabling

an instrument (specifications being written)

to monitor areas above damsites and small

headwaters for the purpose of averting

downstream interests to heavy rainfall.

(g) Over a path of 3.25 KM radar attenuation

has been successfully correlated with

observed rainfall. Incremental measurements

of .10 inch/hour were made the radar attenuation determinations of rainfall varying

an average of plus or minus .10 with ex- tremes of plus .25 in 10 minute periods.

(h) "Study of Techniques for Measuring Rainfall

by Reference to Radar Attenuation," by

Ronald T. H. Collis, under Weather Bureau

Contract 10271, Stanford Research Inst.

(Project 3367), Menlo Park, Calif., June

1962.

(3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES.

bl Laboratory project,

d) Field Investigation; operation and

applied research,

(e) The flood forecasting procedures used by

the Weather Bureau are primarily based on discharge. However, the flood warnings to be of any value must be in terms of stage

(or elevation). This is accomplished by

use of U. S. Geological Survey rating

curves relating discharge to stage. Rating

curves are defined only to the maximum

observed stage of record. Therefore, it

is imperative to devise a reliable method

of extending rating curves in order to issue accurate stage predictions for the

record breaking flood,

(g) Progress is slow due to the difficulty in

obtaining the required stream cross- section

data.

(3920) FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A device employing a Helipot (multi-turn

potentiometer) operated by a float or connected to an existing river gage and

linked by wire or radio to an observation

point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles

by radio). A reading is obtained by

balancing the resistance in the system with

a similar unit at the observation point.

May be operated on AC or DC power.

(g) Initial field installations of units linked

by land lines now operational; radio link

still under development.

(3921) PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE

PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING

CAPABILITY.

(t) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A twenty-inch capacity, weighing-type

battery-operated precipitation gage providing a punched tape record which can

be machine processed, capable of over one month's unattended operation. Gage so designated that data can be telemetered

through use of a "black box" attached to recording mechanism,

(g) Initial gage built and undergoing laboratory tests. Additional gages for testing

being procured. Installation and field

testing to begin early 1963.

(4401) BINARY-DECIMAL TRANSMITTER FOR USE WITH

ANA LOG -DIGITAL RECORDER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Fischer & Porter Co.

d) Experimental; design development.

e) Black-box attachment for Analog-Digital

Recorder (ADR) permitting interrogation by

telephone or radio of river stage data.

(g) Initial installations undergoing field test.

(4402) RADAR PRECIPITATION INTEGRATOR.

(b) Laboratory project In cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park,

Calif.

(d) Experimental and field Investigation,

applied research and development.

(e) A system for reporting accrued precipitation,

using six levels of Intensity of the log

receiver of the weather search radar, by

quantizing and recording the received signal

from a preselected grid to provide a pulsed

digital readout. The presentation is made

on a series of electro-mechanical counters,

set in a map corresponding to the 140 grid

locations, in units of depth. Because of the

pulsed digital nature of the readout, It is

possible to transmit it by narrow bandwidth

links. An evaluation of the system is

scheduled for 1963 over a dense network of

recording rain gages operated by the Agricultural Research Service near Norman, Okla.

The operational capability of the system will

also be tested at the Weather Bureau's

recently established Radar Research Lab.,

University of Oklahoma Research Park, Norman,

Oklahoma.

(h) "Monthly Status Reports 1-6, Construction

of Prototype," by Ronald T. H. Collis, under

Weather Bureau contract 10282, Stanford

Research Inst., August 1962.

(4403) PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION AND SNOWMELT

CRITERIA FOR SELECTED WATER SHEDS IN ALASKA.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army.

(di Applied research and design.

(e) Estimates of probable maximum precipitation,

maximum snowpack, and maximum snowmelt

factors including temperature, dew point,

wind and solar radiation,

(h) Completed preliminary estimates for Yukon

River above Rampart dam site and two smaller

basins. Reports unpublished.

(4765) THE ANARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT.

(b) Laboratory project (supported by National

Science Foundation).

(c) Mr. F. Ostapoff, Polar Meteorological Research Project, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash.

25, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied.

(e) Attempts have been made to assess quantitatively the meridional and vertical velocity

components of the Antarctic Circumpolar

Current, an important problem in the study

of oceanic circulation around Antartica

and its interaction with the atmosphere.

(g) Transverse and vertical velocity components were computed from hydrographic data along

meridional cross-sections through the

Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Results

indicate the existence of a well-defined

convergence zone lying north of the primary

polar front

.

(h) "On Frictionally Induced Transverse Velocity

Components in the Antarctic Circumpolar

Current," by F. Ostapoff, unpublished

manuscript, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1962.

(4766) OCEAN -ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION.

b) Laboratory Project.

c) Dr. Kirk Bryan, General Circulation Research

160
(g)

(h)

4767]

18

ft!

Laboratory, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash. 25,

D. C. Experimental, theoretical; basic.

As part of the fundamental investigation of

atmospheric processes by the General

Circulation Research Laboratory, work has

been initiated to study the large-scale

aspects of the interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere. The problem of the

response of a simplified ocean model to

wind stress was chosen as a starting point.

Numerical solutions for this problem incorporate a much more detailed treatment of

the non-linear terms than has been possible

In previous studies. Model and boundary

refinements will be made to check whether

the results could be explained by aspects

other than the pattern of wind stress. Preliminary conclusions drawn from calculations indicate that details of the observed pattern of wind stress are very important for explaining many features of the

Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Systems.

"Measurements of Meridional Heat Transport

by Ocean Currents," by K. Bryan, Journal of

Geophysical Research, vol. 67, No. 9, pp. 3403-3414, Aug. 1962.

PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION IN THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

Applied research and design.

Estimates of probable maximum precipitation

for durations up to 24 hours for the

Hawaiian Islands.

Completed.

"Probable Maximum Precipitation in the

Hawaiian Islands," U. S. Weather Bureau,

Hydrometeorological Report No. 39, in

preparation

(c

SI

(h)

4768) STORM WINDPLOW OVER CALIFORNIA.

Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

Applied research.

Determine windflow in precipitation storms

for purposes of estimating design storms

and forecasting precipitation.

Completed.

"Airflow on the Windward Side of a Large

Ridge," Vance A. Myers, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67:11, pp. 4267-4291,

October 1962.

"Three-Dimensional Windflow and Resulting

Precipitation in a Northern California Storm,"

Vance A. Myers and George A. Lott, in preparation.

(2689)

ft!

(d)

(e)

(h)

. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

ftj

121

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geol . Surv., Wash.

25, D.C.

Applied research.

Preparation of electric flow net models

using graphite paper, conductive paints,

resistor grids, etc.

ft

(d)

(e)

(h)

2444) REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER.

ft!

ft!

IS

Laboratory project.

Mr. E.G. Barron, U.S. Geol. Surv., Columbus 12,

Ohio.

Experimental; development.

Purpose is to design a vane-type rotor that

Is little affected by vertical velocity com- ponents or proximity to the water surface.

Completed.

Rotors made from different metals were

tested in calibration flume. Berylium-copper

selected as best. Several meters prepared

for field use.

(g)

Laboratory project.

Mr. J.F. Poland, U.S. Geological Survey,

Sacramento, California.

Field investigation; basic and applied reseaib

To determine the principles and factors

Involved in the strain, deformation, and com- paction of water-bearing rocks resulting chiefly

from changes in hydrologic environment.

"X-ray Diffractometer Method for Measuring

Preferred Orientation in Clays," by R. H. Meade, in Geological Survey Research 1961:

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B, pp. 273-276.

"Compaction of Montorillonite-rich Sediments

in Western Fresno County, California," by

R. H. Meade, in Geological Survey Research

1961: U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper

424-D, pp. 89-92.

"Compaction of an Aquifer System Computed

from Consolidation Tests and Decline in

Artesian Head," by R. E. Miller, in Geol.

Survey Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 424-B, pp. 54-58.

"The Coefficient of Storage in a Region of

Major Subsidence Caused by Compaction of an Aquifer System," by J. F. Poland, in Geol.

Survey Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey

Prof. Paper 424-B, pp. 52-54.

"Relation of Volumetric Shrinkage to Clay

Content of Sediments from the San Joaquin

Valley, California;" by A. I. Johnson and

D. A. Morris: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 450-B, p. B43-B44.

"Hydrologic and Physical Properties of

Water-Bearing Deposits from Core Holes in the

Tulare Wasco Area, Calfornia," by A. I. Johnson and R. P. Moston, (in final review).

"Hydrologic and Physical Properties of WaterBearing Deposits from Core Holes in the

Santa Clara Valley, California," by R. P. Moston and A. I. Johnson, (in review).

DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF SALTFRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., U.S. Geol. Surv.,

Tallahassee, Florida.

Field and laboratory investigation; basic and

applied research.

To determine the factors affecting the distribution of salt water in coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

"Transitory Movements of the Salt-water Front

in an Extensive Artesian Aquifer," by H. R. Henry, in Geological Survey Research 1962:

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, pp. 87-89.

(2694) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project

Prof. C.E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute of

Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

Library search, re-analysis and correlation of published data, and original research.

A comprehensive study of the discharge characteristics of practical forms of weirs and

spillways. Objectives include the publication,

in generalized form, of available experimental

data

"Discharge Characteristics of Round Crested

Weirs," by D. B. Jones, U. S. Geological

Survey Water-Supply Paper (in preparation).

(2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL STREAMS.

2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Chintu Lai, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Purpose is to develop a mathematical system

that describes the flow pattern and related

channel characteristics for a tidal stream,

and to develop methods for determining the

discharge in the reach.

Basic partial differential equations for

tidal flow were derived. These equations

were transformed into characteristics

equations and then organized into difference

equations suitable for electronic digital

161
computer. Trial runs have Indicated satisfactory results.

(2699) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(2948) ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY-STATE

GROUND-WATER PLOW PROBLEMS.

(b)

(c

)

(d)

(e)

19

(2702)

IS)

IS!

(g)

(h)

(2703)

AO

(c)

(d)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Mr. H.J. Tracy, U.S. Geol . Surv., Atlanta 8,Ga.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A comprehensive laboratory study of uniform

flow In open channels.

Completed.

"Resistance Coefficients and Velocity

Distribution - Smooth Prismatic Channels,"

by C. M. Lester and W. W. Emmett, U. S. Geological Survey Water-supply Paper

(In preparation).

ROUGHNESS AND WATER SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey, Colorado

State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Basic and applied research.

A study of mechanics of flow In alluvial

channels using a large recirculating laboratory

flume . Based upon a laboratory study and

field studies, relationships which describe

flow In alluvial channels are being developed.

The study has been completed for six (6) bed

materials. Regimes of flow, forms of bed

roughness, resistance to flow relations, and

sediment transport relations have been

developed for the six sizes of sand investigated.

The grain roughness of sands investigated

was found to equal d86» A uniform bed ma- terial having a given median diameter will

develop a rougher boundary and will be less

susceptible to transport than a nonuniform

bed material having the same median diameter.

The gradation coefficient ( a = 1/2 /

-

d85/d50 +

d50/di5 7) of bed material in sand channel

streamshas an average value of 1.60. This

value is approached in flumes also. The

presence of fine-grained material in pipes

or channels affects sediment transport and

resistance to flow by a factor not entirely

explained by consideration of conventional

viscosity effects.

"The Effect of Bed Roughness on Depth-Discharge Relations in Alluvial Channels," by

D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geological Survey Water-supply Paper 1498-

E, 1962.

"The Variable Depth Discharge Relation in

Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and W. L. Haushild, U. S. Geol.

Survey Professional Paper 424-C, pp. 45-47,

1961.

"The Significance of the Fall Velocity and

the Effective Fall Diameter of Bed Materials,"

by W. L. Haushild, D. B. Simons, and E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geological Survey Prof.

Paper 424-D, pp. 17-20, 1961.

"Qualitative Effects of Temperature on Flow

Phenomena in Alluvial Channels," by D. W. Hubbell and Khalid Al-Shaikh All, U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, pp. 21-23, 1961.

"Boundary Form and Resistance to Flow in

Alluvial Channels," by E. V. Richardson,

D. B. Simons, and W. L. Haushild, Bulletin

of th$ International Association of Scientific Hydrology. VII Annee, No. 1, pp. 48-52, 1962.

EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

Cooperative with Bureau of Reclamation and

Texas A. and M. College.

Mr. G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geol. Surv., Denver,

Colorado.

Field investigation continued during the

year.

"Relationships for Computing Long-Wave

Radiation from a Water Surface," by G. E. Koberg, U. S. Geological Survey Water-Supply

Paper (in preparation).

IS! Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver,

Colo.

Theoretical study and Instrument development.

Use of a variable-resistance gird analyzer in

analyzing steady-state ground-water flow

problems in which the transmlssiblllty varies

in space.

(h) "An Electric Analog of Three-Dlmenslonal

Flow to Wells and its Application to Unconfined Aquifers," by R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geol. Survey Water- Supply Paper 1536-H

( in press)

.

"Calculation of Resistance and Error In an Electric Analog of Steady Flow hrough

Non-homogeneous Aquifers," by R. W. Stallman,

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544-G

(In press)

.

(2949)

IS!

ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument development.

The objective is to measure the average velocity in a natural channel by acoustic means,

(g) Further testing of instruments in the field

being done.

(2950) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project

.

Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D.C.

Basic research.

Field and laboratory studies, original and

other investigations will be analyzed in ternB of sediment movement, channel roughness, shea*

distribution in channel prism and other effects on shape of natural channels.

Sand channel reach with controlled flow on the Rio Grande below El Paso selected for

concentrated study.

CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Field investigation; basic research.

In an ephemeral stream (arroya), measurements

are being made on the following: Stress on rocks during a flow; movement and location of

rocks after flow; extent of scour and fill;

movement of bars; changes in cross sections

at certain locations; erosion on slopes; mass movement of soils; and soil wash,

(g) Report In preparation. Paper on downstream

scour and fill to be presented at Second

National Conference on Sedimentation in Jan.

1963.

(3254) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Dr. N. Yotsukura, USGS, Washington 25, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

research.

(e) To measure dispersion and relate dispersal

patterns to stream- channel geometry, fluid

properties, and flow characteristics.

(g) Numerical solution for turbulent dispersion

equations obtained for short distances downstream from injection point. Analog simulation was investigated. Background study

of dispersion in a steady non-uniform flow

yielded a one -dimensional dispersion equation

which can be solved numerically.

(h) "Turbulent Dispersion In a Steady Uniform

Flow - Allenspark Flume," by N. Yotsukura,

is in review.

(3255) ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER.

IS)

IS!

(g)

(3253)

IS!

IS!

162
Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Columbus 12, Ohio. (3263)

Experimental; instrument design.

To redesign, adapt, and repackage the electro- (b)

magnetic flow meter now used by the U. S. Navy (c) to measure velocity in open channels.

Discontinued.

EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION ON OPEN

CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J. Davidian, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

To determine the effect of bed roughness on open channel flow by increasing the concen- trations of 3/16-inch cubes cemented to the

flume floors.

Completed.

"Roughness Concentration Effects on Flow over Hydrodynamical Rough Surfaces," by H.

J. Koloseus and J. Davidian, U. S. Geol

Survey Water-supply Paper (in preparation).

"Free Surface Instability Correlations," by

H. J. Koloseus and J. Davidian, U. S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper (in Preparation)

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF

COARSE SEDIMENTS.

Laboratory project.

D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Analytical; applied research.

A review of the types of equipment currently

used to measure sediment moving as bed load

and the preparation of a report covering

criteria for sampler design and use. Completed.

"Apparatus and Techniques for Measuring

Bed-Load," by D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geol.

Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1748 (to be

released in 1963).

SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo.

Laboratory and field Investigation; applied

research.

Laboratory model and field comparative study

of techniques and of various commercially

available instruments for measuring soil

moisture. New equipment may also be designed

as result of study.

Field and laboratory calibrations of neutron

meter, tenslometers, moisture blocks and

sampling equipment . Evaluation of neutron

meter. Design of small-diameter fast-response

tensiometer. Library research.

"Measurement of Soil Moisture Under Field

Conditions," by A. I. Johnson, U.S. Geol.

Survey Water-Supply Paper 1619-U.

MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(3264)

ft!

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory study.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory,

U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo., or

Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., Research Engineer, U.S.

Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Floria.

Experimental; applied research.

Model study is being used to study diffusion

at the interface between fresh and salt water.

Variable movement of interface simulates

effects of various amplitudes and periods of

tidal action.

Completed.

Design and construct plastic model and con- ductivity - recording equipment; one test run with f lne-sand-size glass beads and two

test runs on medium sand completed.

"Dispersion with Oscillating Flow in a Granular Material" by W. K. Kulp; U. S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D25-D28.

PERMEABILITY.

Cooperative with the State of California.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo, or Mr. Fred Kunkel, District Geologist,

U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif.

Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

Theoretical, laboratory and field study of

permeability and related properties such as transmlsslbility, capillary conductivity,

relative permeability, unsaturated flow and

flow-drainage relationships, as related to

soil moisture and ground-water movement.

Evaluation of existing, and possible development of new methods for determining

these properties.

Library research in progress.

SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

TECHNIQUES.

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo

Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration

equipment and techniques, such as gamma

ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity and

conductivity loggers, temperature loggers,

power augers and core samplers, for solving

ground water occurrence problems

Portable temperature logger nearly com- pleted; core samplers designed and commercial

models procured and compared under field

conditions; power augering equipment and

techniques evaluated; evaluation in progress

of gamma-ray conductivity and temperature

logging equipment for salt-water encroachment and waste disposal problems. Library

research in progress.

"Selected References on Laboratory and Field

Methods in Ground -Water Hydrology," by A. I. Johnson, (in review).

"Use of Inflatable Packers in Multiple-Zone

Testing of Water Wells," by F. C. Koopman,

J. H. Irwin, and E. D. Jenkins: U. S. Geol.

Survey Prof. Paper 450-B, p. B108-B109.

INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

Laboratory model study of infiltration of

fluids from surface pits into a thick un- saturated zone above the water table.

Completed.

Model tank designed and constructed; several

test runs with beads of different particle

size completed; library research; test runs photographed by slide and movie.

Silent, color, lapse-time movie on second,

third and fourth phase of model study com- pleted.

"Model study of Infiltration into layer

Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and A.

I. Johnson: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file

report (1960).

"Vadose Flow In Layered and Nonlayered Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr., and A. I. Johnson; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof, i-aper

450-C p. C142-C143.

"Model Study of Vadose Flow Through Porous

Media," by W. K. Kulp and others: U. S. Geol. Survey (in review).

(3603) SURFACE FOLLOWER.

(h)

(3265)

13

ft]

li)

(h)

ft! Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey,

163
(Ji

IS

(3604)

(51

\i]

(g)

(h)

(3605)

13

(3923)

in

IS

(g)

(3924)

(II

(3

(3929)

[cjd

)

I e

)

Columbus 12, Ohio.

Experimental; design.

The surface follower Is designed to operate

a recorder while following the level of the

water In a 2-inch vertical pipe. A switch

in a "float" closes either the up or down

circuit which rotates a drum raising or lowering the float. A shaft input recorder is

coupled to the drum.

Completed.

Units produced for field operation.

TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES BY PLUVIAL

SEDIMENT.

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

Field investigation; basic research.

Study of dispersion, transportation, and con- centration of radionuclides by stream sediments for representative hydrologic and

geologic environments.

Statistical theory of homogeneous turbulence

appears to have useful application in the

study of lateral turbulent diffusion in

alluvial channels. The scale and intensity

of lateral turbulence components at the

surface of an alluvial channel can be estimated using small polyethylene particles

floating on the surface. Usability of radioactive tracer techniques for the study of the

dispersion and transport of contaminated

bed-material particles was studied further

and appears entirely feasible.

"Uptake and Transport of Radionuclides by

Stream Sediments," by W. w. Sayre, H. P. Guy, and A. R. Chamberlain, U. S. Geol.

Survey Professional Paper 433-A (to be re- leased early 1963).

MINERALOGY OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS.

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. V. C. Kennedy, U. S. Geological Surv.,

Denver, Colo.

Laboratory and field investigations.

Study of the mineralogy and cation-exchange

capacity of fluvial sediments for typical

hydrologic and geologic environments.

Completed.

Project report in preparation.

DISTRIBUTION OF BOUNDARY SHEAR IN OPEN

CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project

.

Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geol. Survey, Wash.

25, D.C.

Experimental; applied research.

Shear plates will be used in a flume to measure boundary shear in open-channel

flow. If an accurate measure is obtained,

the indirect methods of shear determination

will be evaluated.

Series of runs in flume have been made at

various Froude number and depths of flow.

Data being analyzed and report in preparation.

GAGING FLOW THROUGH TURBINES.

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geol. Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

To develop a method of rating turbines with

use of radioisotopes as a tracer similar to "salt dilution" method.

Completed.

Final report in preparation.

USE OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS IN HYDROLOGIC STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. J. Schneider, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C.

Field investigations; applied research.

Objective Is to determine possible relationships between basin characteristics and low

stream flow for areal studies; and establish

criteria for depicting streams on topographic

maps to meet needs in hydrologic Investigations,

(f) Completed.

(h) "Portrayal of Drainage and Vegetation on Topographic Maps" by W. J. Schneider and

J. C. Goodlett, U. S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report, June 1962.

(3930) FLOODS FROM SMALL AREAS.

!b) Laboratory project,

c) Mr. W. D. Mitchell, USGS, Champaign, 111.

d) Field investigation; applied research,

e) Purpose is to provide information and develop

methods to solve small basin drainage

structure design problems.

(3931) SOURCE OF BASE FLOW OF STREAMS.

ioj

(II

(g)

(3933)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. N. Cameron, U. S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Ga.

Field investigation; applied research.

Purpose Is to define the source, amount and

distribution of base flow of streams.

Geologic and hydrologic data collected in

Yellow River Basin in Georgia is being

analyzed and a report Is in preparation.

EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN HYDROLOGY.

Laboratory project.

Dr. N. C. Matalas, USGS, Wash. 25, D.C.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

(1) To define the spectral properties between

tree ring series from Western North America,

and (2) to define the relations among the

moments of transformed and untransformed

random variables in the case of fractional

power and logarithmic transforms.

Completed.

(1) Power spectra analyses showed that the

generating process of tree ring series can be

approximated by a second order autoregressive

process. Cross-power spectra analyses showed

that the coherence between the series was uniform over all frequencies. The cross- correlation between tree ring series decreases

exponentially with distance. This decrease

also occurs with temperature and precipitation series. The precipitation and tree

ring correlations decrease at approximately

the same rate with an increase in distance;

however, the temperature correlation decreases

at a slower rate.

(2) By means of Taylor series expansions, the

moments of transformed random variables

(fractional power and logarithmic transforms) were related to the moments of the untransformed random variables. The moments of each

order for the transformed random variables

were shown to be functions of the sum of the

moments of all orders of the untransformed

random variables.

"Probability Distribution of Low-Flows," by

N. C. Matalas, 1962, U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 434-A (in press).

"Autocorrelation of Rainfall and Streamflow

Minlmums," by N. C. Matalas, 1962, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 434-B

(in press)

.

"Statistics of a Runoff -Precipitation Relation," by N. C. Matalas, 1963, U. S. Geol.

Survey Professional Paper 434-D.

"Information Content of the Mean," by N. C. Matalas and W. B. Langbein, 1962, Journal of

Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, No. 9, Aug.

1962.

"Statistical Properties of Tree Ring Data,"

by N. C. Matalas, 1962, International Assoc.

of Scientific Hydrology, No. 2, June 1962.

"Spectra Analyses of Tree Ring Series from

Western North America," 1962, by N. C. Matalas

(In preparation)

.

Relation Between Moments of Transformed

164
(3935)

Pi

It]

(g)

(3939)

13

if)

(g)

(3943)

(3944)

(g)

(3946)

(3947)

Random Variables, for both the Fractional

Power and the Logarithmic Transform," 1962,

by N. C. Matalas (in preparation).

FLOOD PLAIN ZONING IN SUBURBAN AREAS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. G. Anderson, USGS, 300 South Payne

St., Fairfax, Virginia.

Field Investigation; applied research.

To determine magnitude and frequency of

flood discharges from records of short

duration and develop a method to describe

the water- surface profile for a flood of a given frequency at all points along the

stream channel.

Field data being evaluated; report in

preparation.

STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER,

TENNESSEE.

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. P.H. Carrigan, U. S. Geological Survey,

Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Field investigation; applied research.

Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive

study of the entry, movement, location and

fate of radioactive wastes discharged into

the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory.

Laboratory flume study conducted in addition

to field investigations.

USE OF PRECIPITATION RECORDS IN EXTENDING

STREAMFLOW DATA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. 0. R. Martin, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. Field Investigation; applied research.

Objective is to develop a practicable method

of using the precipitation records to augment

short-term streamflow records and to test

the extent of the improvement in reliability.

Completed.

Open-file report being processed.

AUTOMATIC COMPUTATION OF DAILY DISCHARGE

RECORDS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. L. Isherwood, USGS, Wash. 25, D. C. Experimental; operation systems.

To develop a practical system of collecting

records of river stages in a form suitable

for automatic computation through a high

speed computer with print out acceptable

for offset reproduction.

Digital recorder program operational for 260

gaging sites; records processed routinely

on magnetic tape, suitable for offset reproduction.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF GROUND-WATER

DISCHARGE AREAS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. B. LeGrand, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Through geologic and hydrologlc observations and Inferences hypothetical piezometric maps are to be prepared in the

environs of stream valleys. Various types

of hydrogeology settings are being studied

so that a specific stream can be compared

with its prototype.

PROBLEMS OF CONTRASTING GROUND-WATER MEDIA

IN CONSOLIDATED ROCKS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. E. LeGrand, USGS Survey, Wash. 25, D.C. Basic research.

Porous granular material overlies Jointed

consolidated rock in many parts of the earth,

resulting in two contrasting types of media

through which water moves. Description of

media and hydrologlc ramifications with

(h)

(3948)

(h)

(3949)

(g)

variable geologic conditions and with

variable head changes in the plezometric

surface are considered for the composite

frame work.

"Perspective on Problems of Hydrogeology,"

by H. E. LeGrand, Geological Society of

America Bulletin, V. 73, pp. 1147-1152,

Sept. 1962.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PARAMETERS IN SAND BED

STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Carl F. Nordin, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Field and office research.

Field and theoretical investigation of

sediment transportation in sand bed streams.

Specifically included are hydraulic and

sediment data for the Rio Grande.

"Particle-Size Distribution of Stream-Bed

Material in the Middle Rio Grande Basin,

New Mexico," by C. F. Nordin, Jr. and J. K. Culbertson, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-C, pp. 323-326, 1961.

FACTORS AFFECTING BED-MATERIAL DISCHARGE OF

SAND BED STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. B. R. Colby, USGS, Lincoln, Nebr.

Field and office research.

Field and theoretical investigation of

bed-material discharge of sand bed streams

utilizing available sediment-load data for

a range of width/depth ratios.

Concentration differences calculated by a velocity-weighted method and by a method

involving the ratio of the weight of sediment

in motion above a unit area of the bed to the

weight of the water- sediment mixture above

the same unit area, are usually large. The

depth of sand deposited instantaneously on a stream bed, even from high flows, is usually

very small. Scour and fill in reaches or at cross sections of sand-bed streams are basically related to continuity of discharge

of sediment of particle sizes in the streambed.

(3952) STUDY OF MECHANICS OF HILLSLOPE EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(cj Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo,

id) Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

mechanics of the erosion of hillslopes under

various physical conditions, and to appraise

the relative influence of each factor involved in hillslope erosion in semiarid and

arid environments. Studies Include quantitative measurements of hillslope erosion,

and to the extent possible, measurements of

the contributing or related factors. Such

information is needed to determine the

amount of sediment derived from hillslopes

and to provide guidance in planning erosion

control measures. Studies are in progress

in several areas in eastern and western

Colorado and western Utah.

The study has been expanded to cover areas of

different geology and topography.

"Erosion on Miniature Pediments in Badlands

National Monument, South Dakota," by S. A. Schumm, Geological Society of America Bulletin

v. 73, pp. 719-724, June 1962.

"Disparity Between Modern Rates of Denudation

and Orogeny," by S. A. Schumm, U. S. Geol.

Survey Professional Paper 454-H, in process

of publication.

(3953) BASIC RESEARCH IN VEGETATION AND HYDROLOGY.

(i>) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. S. Sigafoos, USGS, Arlington, Va.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

interrelationship between vegetation and

geomorphic processes by comparing qualitative

(g)

(h)

165
differences In distribution and form of

plants with selected geologic and hydrologlc

variables. This comparison is prerequisite

to establishment of methods to measure

botanical parameters quantitatively. The

immediate objectives will be to identify and

map species limited to flood plains, to adjoining uplands, to alluvial fans,

terraces, coves and ridges; to study relation

ship between forest development and flood

frequency, and to determine the effect of

land use upon changes in vegetation.

g) Four reports in preparation or scheduled.

h) "Vegetation in Relation to Flood Frequency near Washington, D. C," by R. S. Sigafoos,

In Geological Survey Research, 1961, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 424-C,

pp. 248-250.

"Influence of Strip Mining on the Hydrologlc

Environment of Parts of Beaver Creek Basin,

Kentucky 1955-59," by R. S. Sigafoos, In Forest and Forest Development, by C. R. Collier and others, U. S. Geological Survey

Professional Paper 427-B, in process of

publication.

(3954) CHARACTERISTICS OF GLACIER-FED STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. K. Fahnestock, USGS, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

channel characteristics of streams below

active glaciers, especially those carrying

substantial amounts of debris which is sorted

and transported by meltwater. It should

assist developing an understanding of glacial

outwash deposits, both present and past, in

other areas. This study should also add to both the knowledge of the Influence of

diurnal fluctuations in flow on the characteristics of alluvial channels and to the

knowledge of long term response of stream

channels to glacier fluctuations. The project

is carried on at White River below Emmons

Glacier, Mt . Rainier, Wash., flume studies (g) are carried out at Colorado State University.

(3955) DOWNSTREAM EFFECT OF DAMS, DIVERSIONS AND

IRRIGATION DRAINS ON ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. M.G. Wolman, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Md.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of the project is to determine

the downstream effect the above types of

structures exert on alluvial channels. All

available data are to be gathered and

summarized on channel surveys before and

after construction. This will be accomplish

ed insofar as possible by correspondence

with State, Federal, and local agencies.

(g) Report in preparation.

(3956) LONG-TERM HYDR0LOGIC TRENDS AS INDICATED

BY GLACIERS. (g)

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M.F. Meier, USGS, Tacoma, Washington. (3959)

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project Is to learn (b) more of the mechanics of glaciers and to (c)

relate Ice thickness, velocity, slope, (e)

surface water flow, streamline inclination,

and ablation. The hydrology of alpine

basins, including snow fields and Icecovered areas, is important because of the

relation of climate, precipitation, snow melt and storage effects on the water

resources of northern and high-elevation

areas. The project consists of a basic

research study in fundamental problems of

glacier regime, studies of long-term fluctuations in hydrologlc factors, and relations

between climatic and hydrologlc factors.

Comparisons will be made between the regime

nourishment factors and activity of two

similar valley glaciers located in different

(3957)

(3958)

(b)

(c)

> d< (e)

climatic environments. Primary study area: South Cascade Glacier, Washington.

Several reports In preparation.

"Glaciological Investigations on South

Cascade Glacier," by W. V. Tangborn, The

Mountaineer, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1962.

"Recent Variations in Mass Net Budgets of

Glaciers in Western North America," by M. F. Meier and A. S. Post, In Commission of Snow

and Ice, International Association of

Scientific Hydrology Publication No. 58, pp. 63-77, 1962.

THE HYDROLOGY OF A PORTION OF THE HUMBOLDT

RIVER VALLEY.

State of Nevada and U. 3. Bureau of Reclamation.

Mr. T.W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

Field investigation.

The purpose of this project is to determine

how the available water in Humboldt River

valley might better be utilized. The

following hydrologlc data will be collected

and studied: (1) Runoff characteristics

and magnitude of use of surface waters;

(2) the specific yield of sediments in the

flood plain and the magnitude and extent

of water-level fluctuations in the groundwater reservoir; (3) the use of water by

greasewood and willows; (4) variations in

chemical quality of the water in the flood

plain; (5) amount of underflow at Comus and

Rose Creek to be determined by means of

pumping tests of exploratory holes; and

(6) amount of ground water from tributary

valleys, to be determined on the basis of

chemical analyses and low-flow measurements.

The General Hydrology Branch has furnished

the project leader and will determine the

amount of water used by greasewood and

willows by use of tanks (lysimeters) similar to those used in the Buckeye project.

Site is near Wlnnemucca, Nevada, in the

Humboldt River Valley.

Eight evapotranspirometers were Installed

during the 1961 season. These will be used

for measuring water use as follows: two for

greasewood, three for willow, and three for

rabbltbrush.

THE EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON SLOPE MORPHOLOGY.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo.

Field investigation.

The purpose of this project is to determine

the morphologic and hydrologlc differences

existing among slopes of various exposures

and to measure the resulting effects on erosion, soil moisture, and vegetational

cover. Also, the effect of differential

exposure on drainage-basin evolution will

be investigated. Sites for study are several selected small areas in Wyoming,

Colorado, and New Mexico.

A report on certain phases of project in

preparation.

LONG-TERM CHRONOLOGIES ON HYDROLOGIC EVENTS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. D. Simons, USGS, Tacoma, Washington.

The purpose of this project is to provide

information on flood and drought frequencies

and other critical hydrologlc events from

the history of major river basins. Data

will be sought to evaluate long-term

fluctuation in water supply to determine

whether or not there has been either an upward or downward trend during the last

2 or 3 centuries. Such data will include

crop records, news items, historical

records, tree-ring data and lake levels.

Efforts will be made to obtain useful data

from anthropological research studies in

the Pacific Northwest. This study would

provide additional knowlege on probable

frequency and duration of critical hydrologlc

166
events especially droughts for each major

river basin. The first investigation would

be in the Columbia River basin.

(3961) USE OP WATER BY SALTCEDAR.

b) Bureau of Reclamation.

c) Dr. T. E. A. vanHylckama, USGS, Phoenix,

Arizona.

(e) The purpose of this project is to measure

the use of ground water by saltcedar in

evapotranspirometers and to evaluate these

data against those obtained by energy

budget and mass transfer methods. Estimates can then be made of the quantity of

water salvageable by control or eradication of saltcedar. Large evapotranspirometers have been constructed in an environment of saltcedar and planted at the same density as in the surrounding

area. The use of water from these tanks

will be measured and the effect of maintaining ground water at different levels

studied.

(g) Preliminary data on water use were presented

at the Pacific S. W. regional meeting of the

American Geophysical Union in Tucson, Arizona,

in January 1962. It is expected that preliminary data on mass transfer and energy

budget methodology can be published at the

end of the calendar year 1962. A report on growth arid development of saltcedar as affected by access to soil moisture is in

preparation.

(3962) RESEARCH IN PHREATOPHYTES.

fb) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. T. W. Robinson, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to estimate

with reasonable accuracy the quantity

and quality of the ground water consumptively

wasted and to evaluate the quantity and

quality of the water that can be salvaged

by control or eradication of the phreatophyte

The fields of study involved in attaining

these objectives are: (1) A knowledge of

the habitats and life-cycle characteristics

of problem phreatophyte sj (2) the factors

that control their growth, development, and

occurrence; (3) the factors that affect

their use of ground water; and (4) ecomonlc

methods for effecting salvage of the water

consumptively wasted by phreatophyte s

Among others, data are needed on occurrence,

which requires mapping of areas and density

of growth; relations of occurrence to the

quality of the ground water; depth of root

penetration; effects of phreatophytes on flood-plain erosion and sedimentary processes; and the annual water consumption

for different depths to the water table

under different climatic conditions, by

species.

(h) "Introduction, Spread and Areal Extent of

Saltcedar in Western United States," by T. W. Robinson, to be published as U. S. Geol.

Survey Hydrologic Atlas.

(3963) EVAPOTRANSPI RATION THEORY AND MEASUREMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. 0. E. Leppanen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to study the

physical processes involved in evapotranspiration and to develop techniques and

equipment for measuring evapotranspiration.

The studies encompass an analysis of the

physical forces and differential equations

describing the transport of momentum, latent

heat of evaporation, energy, water vapor,

and possibly carbon dioxide in the earth's

surface in order to develop practical

techniques and instruments for the measurement of evapotranspiration.

(g) Final report in preparation.

(3965) HYDROLOGIC EFFECT OF VEGETATION MODIFICATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. M. Myriek, USGS, Tuscon, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the change in water yield produced by the

vegetation modification and to develop a more comprehensible understanding of the

function of vegetation, within the hydrologic

regime, under semlarid conditions. Substitution of short-rooted grass for deeprooted trees is the basis for this study.

The study has been divided into two parts;

(1) The determination of the changes in

water yield produced by a pinon- juniper

eradication program on a drainage area of

200 square miles; and (2) the intensive study

of 2 pairs of small watersheds to evaluate

the hydrologic processes involved and

alterations that occur as a result of

vegetation modification. Correlations of

runoff, using precipitation will be used

for (1). In part (2) an attempt will be

made to evaluate the major portions of the

hydrologic cycle and" to define the interrelationships. Study site is Carrizo and

Corduroy Creek basins in the Fort Apache

Indian Reservation, Arizona.

(g) Soil moisture, soil tension, precipitation,

and surface-water data have been collected.

Data being analyzed and reports in preparation.

(3966) EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTIC OF

FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY AND HYDRAULICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. A. Schumm, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to collect

data on the physical properties of sediments

forming the perimeter of alluvial channels,

and to determine the effect of sediment

type on fluvial morphology and hydraulics.

The physical and chemical properties of

alluvial materials and their relations to

and effects upon fluvial morphology are not

well enough understood and require considerable research. Basic data are collected at about 200 cross-sectional sites on as many

as possible of the following: channel shape,

dimensions, gradient, pattern, and roughness;

channel and bank vegetation; stream discharge;

velocity of flow; suspended and bed sediment

loads; and the types of sediment forming

the cross-sectional perimeter of the channels.

(h) "Recent Flood-Plain Formation along the

Cimarron River in Kansas," by S. A. Schumm,

U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper

424-B, pp. 112-114, 1961.

"The Sinuosity of Alluvial Rivers on the

Great Plains," by S. A. Schumm, to be

published in the Geological Society of

America Bulletin.

(3968) STUDY OF CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOODPLAIN AGGRADATION, TUSAYAN WASHES, ARIZONA.

!b) Laboratory project,

c) Mr. R.F. Hadley, USGS, Denver, Colo,

dl Field investigation,

e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the physical and hydraulic factors that

control channel characteristics in aggrading

and degrading alluvial channels in the

semlarid and arid Southwest. An understanding of these processes is needed In order to plan conservation practices in a logical and economic fashion. The project

includes study of aggradation occurring

naturally as well as aggradation induced

by channel structures. Studies are in the

drainage basins of Polacca, Oralbi, Jeddito,

Dinnebito Washes, all tributary to Little

Colorado River near Winslow In northeastern

Arizona,

(g) Report in preparation.

167
(3969) GENERAL STUDIES OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. R. F. Hadley and Mr. N. J. King, USGS,

Denver, Colo.

d) Field Investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to Investigate the basic processes of erosion in a semiarld and arid environment. Studies

fall into three general groups: (1) Quantitative measurements of gully growth, channel

widening, and channel erosion; (2) measure- ments of rates of upland erosion; and (3)

detailed studies of a particular erosion

process in a selected area. The quantitative

measurements will be utilized to aid in

design of soil and water conservation

measures. Studies are being made in several areas In Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico,

and Arizona.

(3970) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. 0. Waananen, USGS, Menlo Park, Calif,

id) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of changes in land use associated with development of suburban,

industrial and urban communities; also

Included Is a study of hydrologic problems

in storm drainage in urban areas. Changes

in land use associated with urban development

affect local hydrologic factors such as runoff, flood frequency, recharge, channel

stability, sediment production and the interrelationship between surface and ground

water. Data on stream flow, precipitation,

soil moisture and related hydrologic and

climatologic data, topographic effects, and

geologic, soils, and ecologlc information,

together with documentation of changes in

land use as they occur, are needed for

proper evaluation. The study area, San

Francisqulto Basin at Stanford University,

Palo Alto, California.

(3971) THE HYDROLOGY OF PRAIRIE POTHOLES, NORTH

DAKOTA.

(b) Research Section of Bureau of Sport Fisheries

and Wildlife.

(c) Mr. Wm. S. Eisenlohr, Jr., U.S.G.S., Denver,

Colo.

(g) Collection of data continued on the original

group of potholes and several others were

selected and instrumented.

(h) "A Description of the Hydrologic Investigations of Prairie Potholes," by J. B. Shjeflo, U. S. Geological Survey Circular

472, in process of publication.

(3972) STUDY OF WATER APPLICATION AND USE ON A RANGE WATERSPREADER IN NORTHEASTERN

MONTANA

.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McOueen, and

Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the use of a waterspreader on forage yields.

Little information is available on amounts

of water applied to and used by waterspreaders or on the amounts of water needed

for successful waterspreaders . As water

becomes more in demand, information on the

efficiency of water used by waterspreaders

becomes increasingly important. Water

applied to the spreader is measured by means

of a water-stage recorder which determines

the duration of flow through a pipe into the

spreader and by means of a rain gage. Plant

measurements are being made by the Montana

Agricultural Experiment Station. Study site

is the Willow Creek area near Fort Peck,

Mont

.

(g) Data on soil moisture storage and use have

been obtained for three years (1959-61)

when water was applied to the spreader.

Analyses are being made of the differences

in storage and use on the three major soilvegetation types Included In the spreader,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3975) STUDY OF EFFECTS OF GRAZING IN BADGER WASH

AREA, COLORADO.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Land Management, Reclamation,

Forest Service, and Fish and Wildlife

Service

.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of grazing exclusion in regard

to improving vegetation, and reducing

damaging floods, upstream erosion and downstream sedimentation. This study was planned and started in 1953 as a cooperative

undertaking between the Bureau of Land

Management, Forest Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and the Survey. Studies by the Fish

and Wildlife Service started a year later.

The study by agreement is to run for 20

years. Twenty reservoirs were constructed

and records of runoff and sediment are collected on each. The study area is

divided into four pairs of areas each with

a dam and reservoir. One of each pair is

fenced to exclude grazing and the other is

left open. Study area is about 8 miles

northwest of Mack, Mesa County, Colorado,

(h) "Hydrologic and Biotic Characteristics of

Grazed and Ungrazed Watersheds of the Badger

Wash Basin in Western Colorado, 1953-58," by

G. C. Lusby, G. T. Turner, J. R. Tompson and

V. H. Reid, U. S. Geological Survey Watersupply Paper 1532-B, in process of publication.

(3976) EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT BARRIER ON SHEEP

CREEK, NEAR TROPIC, UTAH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. C. Lusby, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this study is to test the

effectiveness of treatment methods to reduce

the high sediment contribution of the Paria

River and similar streams. In addition to land-treatment practices, which will be

carried out by the Forest Service, National

Park Service, Bureau of Land Management and

Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of

Reclamation has constructed a small barrier

on Sheep Creek. The Survey is to measure

the effect of this barrier on runoff and

sediment at a site about 7 miles southwest

of Tropic, Utah.

(g) A dam was constructed on Sheep Creek in 1960

and sediment samplers were Installed in the

channel upstream from the dam and in the

spillway. Runoff during the 1960 water year

was very low, but in 1961 runoff occurred

several times in relatively large amounts.

Sediment deposition in the reservoir and

channel upstream in 1961 was appreciable.

(h) Report In preparation.

(397 7) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. W. Kennon and Mr. R. W. Stallman,

USGS, Oklahoma City 2, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) During recent years there has been a great

increase in the number of small reservoirs

being constructed for stock water supply,

irrigation, flood control, recreation, and

other uses. The purpose of this project is to evaluate this type of construction in

terms of its effect on the hydrology of the

area. Similar work has been done in other

parts of the West.

(3978) EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL TREATMENTS ON ARID

LANDS IN WESTERN UNITED STATES.

:

!

168
b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen, and Mr.

R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

dl Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to determine

the effects of different mechanical treatments on arid lands. Several small basins

on land administered by the Bureau of Land

Management in central Montana, eastern New

Mexico, and western Colorado, are the study

sites. Some reservoirs have been, and

others are to be constructed in each of these

basins, and runoff and sediment yield is

being and has been determined before treatments are applied. Among the treatments

applied after precalibration are the following: spike-tooth pitting, eccentric-disc

pitting, and contour furrowing (with furrow

intervals determined on the basis of computed

furrow water-storage capacity). Other

measurements made would include: vegetation

kinds and quantities before and after treatment, soil-moisture storage and seasonal and

annual change s

(g) Reports have been submitted for publication

in the Journal of Range Management

(397 9) GENERAL EVALUATION OF SOIL AND MOISTURE

TREATMENT PRACTICES.

(b) Laboratory Investigation.

(c) Mr. K. R. Melin, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(dl Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to appraise

the structures and treatment practices used

in soil moisture conservation to determine

their effectiveness in accomplishing the

purposes for which they were designed. The

field studies include maintenance of

records on runoff, erosion and sedimentation

to determine the effects of the structures

or practices at several areas in Colorado,

Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Montana, and New

Mexico.

(3980) HYDROLOGY OF DEATH VALLEY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. T. W. Robinson and Mr. C. B. Hunt, U.

S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado.

d) Field investigation.

e) The purpose of this report is to study the

various phases of the hydrology of Death

Valley. Data on evaporation, wind movement,

humidity and temperature are being obtained

under informal agreement with the National

Park Service. Relations of plants to salinity and effects of salinity on evapotranspiration also are being investigated.

(g) Report on the hydrology of Death Valley

in preparation.

(3981) PLEISTOCENE LAKES OF THE GREAT BASIN.

(b) Nevada State Engineers.

(c) Mr. C. T. Snyder, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, California.

(d} Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to prepare

a map based on data gathered during Soil and

Moisture Conservation investigations showing

the Pleistocene Lakes in the Great Basin

area. Further refinements can now be made to Lakes Lahounta and Bonneville and the associated smaller lakes that existed concurrently.

An additional large Pleistocene lake recently

discovered Is included.

(g) Map and report In preparation.

(h) "The Pleistocene Lake in Spring Valley,

Nevada, and Its Climatic Implications," by

C. T. Synder and W. B. Langbein, Journal of

Geophysical Research, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 2385 - 2394, June 1962.

"A Hydrologic Classification of Valleys In the Great Basin Western United States,"

by C. T. Snyder, Bulletin of the International

Association of Scientific Hydrology VII

Annee, No. 3, pp. 53-59, 1962.

(3982) INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ION DISTRIBUTION

AND WATER MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND THE ASSOCIATED VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this study Is to obtain information basic to Improvement of water use and

vegetation yields on arid lands. These data

are needed to evaluate the potential of

treatment practices proposed on an extensive

scale on the public domain. This study

emphasizes the investigation of soil chemistry

as it affects the swelling or shrinkage of

soils and may have as great an effect of

hydrologic characteristics as texture. Study

areas are in several locations on public

lands in several western states.

f) Completed.

g) Field work on this project largely completed;

laboratory work partially completed; data

evaluation and preparation of reports in

progress.

(3983) DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING

SITES FOR FLOOD WATER SPREADING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. F. Miller, USGS, Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to determine

field criteria with which to evaluate potential sites before making relatively large

expenditures for further developments.

Examinations made to date on spreaders in

several localities suggest that in addition

to adequacy of water available the infiltration characteristics and moisture-holding

capacity of the soils are important factors.

The kinds and quantities of vegetation growing where water collects naturally on similar soils on or near proposed sites may be

a useful indicator of the potentiality of the

site after water is applied.

f) Completed.

g) Report in preparation.

(3984) WATER AND SOIL RELATIONSHIPS AS INDICATED BY

PLANT SPECIES OR PLANT COMMUNITIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. F. A. Branson, Mr. I. S. McQueen and Mr.

R. F. Miller, U; S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

d) Field Investigation.

e) The purpose of this project is to determine

whether or not phonological development of

vegetation differs for communities having

the same macroclimate but different soils.

Plants have been used as Indicators of con- ditions, processes and uses for many years.

Where plants can be used as indicators of

soil conditions, expensive measurements of

physical and chemical properties can be re- duced. Plant species or communities may be

used as indicators of potential production

to be expected from land management and

treatment practices. Research sites are near Golden, Colorado. Other sites will be

selected.

(g) Preliminary work and some mapping has been

accomplished.

(h) "Soil Moisture Under Juniper and Pinyon Compared with Moisture under Grasslands in

Arizona," by R. F. Miller, F. A. Branson,

I. S. McQueen, and R. C. Culler, U. S. Geol.

Survey Professional Paper 424-B, pp. 233-235,

1961.

(4404) EROSION, SEDIMENTATION, AND LAND-FORM

DEVELOPMENT IN ARID AND SEMIARID RE- GIONS.

bl Laboratory project.

c) Messrs, Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller,

and Irel S. McQueen, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colo,

(d) Field investigation; both basic and applied

I

i

!

!

;

1

169
(e)

(4405)

(d)

(e)

(4406)

(b

( c ) d

(e)

(3

(h)

research.

Purpose Is to ascertain the causes and

forces that separate soil and/or rock

particles from their sources, and to study

the resultant land forms for geomorphlc

analyses. Field study areas have been

selected In several western States, and a primary field research station ha3 been

established at the Warbonnet Ranch, 13 miles

north of Harrison, Nebr., where all factors

relating to erosion and sedimentation are being measured both automatically by

specialized recording instruments and manually. The Warbonnet research station has

been established for a minimum 10-year

project life.

PIPING, AN EROSIONAL PHENOMENON IN CERTAIN

SILTY SOILS OF ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS.

Laboratory project.

Messrs. Garald G. Parker, Reuben C. Miller,

and Irel S. McQueen, USGS, Denver, Colo.

Field investigation; both basic and applied

research.

Purpose is to ascertain the causes of piping

and thus enable field engineers and geologists to control this form of destructive

erosion. Soils chemistry and physiology

will be thoroughly investigated, the atmospheric and other environmental factors

related to piping will be determined, and

long-term (10 years, at least) observational

records will be kept on several areas where

piping is a prominent form of erosion.

Primary study areas are near Chinle and

Cameron in Arizona; Cuba, New Mexico; and

Panqultch, Utah.

TECHNIQUES FOR UTILIZATION OF SEDIMENT

RECONNAISSANCE DATA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. P. Guy, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

Theoretical analyses; applied research.

Examination of quantitative relationships

between sediment yield and environment for

basin and regions in eastern United States

and development of techniques for translating

minimum, pertinent sediment observations

into an adequate quantitative description of

sediment behavior in selected basins.

Suspended.

Water discharge is the most important independent variable for explaining storm-tostorm variation in sediment concentration.

"Sediment in Small Reservoirs Due to Urbanization," by H. P. Guy and G. E. Ferguson,

Jour, of Hydr. Div., Proc. ASCE, HY2,

pp. 27-37, 1962.

(g)

lng the flow field; observe effects of

boundary roughness, channel geometry, and

flow conditions on turbulent field; and define the relations of the turbulence

spectrum and diffusion patterns.

Laboratory evaluation of instrumentation

underway.

(4410) BANK SEEPAGE DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. E. C. Pogge, U. S. Geological Survey,

Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for

doctoral thesis.

(e) Purpose is to understand the mechanics of

seepage flow Into and from bank storage

along a channel in response to movement of

flood waves through a channel reach.

(g) Program expanded to Include study of origin

of base flow. Objective now to determine

interrelationships between ground and surface

water for understanding hydrologlc characteristics of streams. Observation well and

stream gaging stations Installed In small

study basin in Central Iowa. Additional

wells installed in Missouri Valley for pumptest determination of hydraulic characteristics of outwash aquifer.

(4411) LIQUID MOVEMENT IN CLAYS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. H. W. Olsen, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

Experimental and theoretical study; basic

research

.

To study the nature of liquid movement

through clays in response to gradients of

electrical potential, Ionic concentration,

and temperature; and to relate the movement

to such factors as the mineraloglcal and

chemical composition of the clay and pore

liquid.

(4769) INSTRUMENTATION FOR EVAPORATION STUDIES.

(g)

Laboratory project.

Mr. C. R. Daum, USGS, Denver, Colorado.

Experimental; instrument design.

Primary purpose is to develop instrumentation

for measuring components of the energy

budget.

Heat-flow and radiation equipment have been

developed and are being tested in the field

in conjunction with evaporation and evaporation suppression studies.

(4770) EROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY.

(4408) ANALOG MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA.

ib)

Laboratory project,

c) Mr. John Shen, USGS, Phoenix, Arizona,

d) Basic and applied research,

e) Investigation of applicability of analog

computer technique to solve problems

involving either hydrologlc data in general

or surface-water flow in particular.

(g) Results to date indicate concept and

approach are valid. Additional methods and

instrumentation being investigated.

(h) "A Method of Determining the Storage-Outflow

Characteristics for Nonlinear Reservoirs,"

by John Shen; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.

Paper 450-E, article 232, 1962.

"An Analog Solution to Turbulent Diffusion

Equation in Open Channel," by John Shen;

U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-E, article

233, 1962.

(4409) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Carter, USGS, Washington 25, D.C.

id) Experimental, theoretical; basic research,

(e) Develop necessary Instrumentation; compare

Eulerlan and Lagraugian methods of express1:1

(g)

Laboratory project.

Mr. A. V. Jopling, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Basic and applied research.

Purpose is to study erodiblllty characteristics of cohesive materials under a fluid

shearing stress and correlate them with

physio-chemical properties of the material.

Literature research undertaken and laboratory facilities established.

(4771) FLOW THROUGH SPUR DIKES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. R. Wright, USGS, Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Model study; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to study discharge coefficients

and velocity distribution for flow through

man-made constrictions with spur dikes.

(4772) MODEL T RECORDER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio.

Experimental instrument development.

Purpose was to develop an instrument easy

and quick to install that would provide

picture of stream recession.

Completed.

Self contained unit designed that fits on a

170
(4773)

ft

(4174)

(b

(c)

Id]

(e)

(g)

ib)

o)

dj

e)

(2

(4776)

R!

(f

)

g

h

(4778)

8!

(d)

(e)

3 inch pipe. Number produced for field use.

TYPE "A" RECORDER (CREST STAGE GAGE).

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument development.

Purpose was to design an inexpensive

recorder to provide a supplementary record

during peak stages.

Completed.

Self contained unit designed for installation on 3 inch pipe. Has a disk that com- pletes one revolution per day and has 2 ranges (10' or 20'). It is accurate to within plus or minus 0.05'. Number fabricated for field use.

ADAPTATION OP DIGITAL RECORDER FOR

MEASURING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument design.

The purpose is to obtain hydrologic data

in a form suitable for automatic computation.

Recorder has been adapted for use on a rain

gage. Several rain collectors have been

produced and completed. Set-ups are being

tested in the field.

(4775) LVDT - MANOMETERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, USGS, Columbus, Ohio.

Experimental; instrument development.

This instrument was designed to measure very low velocity heads.

Completed.

LVDT (linear variable differential transformers) was adapted for use with the differential manometer to measure small

changes in pressure. Several prepared for

field evaluation.

OPTICAL CURRENT METER.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Winchell Smith, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, Calif.

Field investigation; Instrument development.

To measure surface velocities in swift or debris-laden streams without immersing

equipment. The meter works on the stroboscopic principle whereby the rotation of a series of mirrors may be varied to apparently

stop the surface motion of a stream.

Completed.

Meter has been field tested successfully.

"Optical current meter," by Winchell

Smith, U. S. Geological Survey and G. F. Bailey, Agricultural Research Service, J. of the Hydraulics Division, American Society

of Civil Engineers, Volume 88, no HY 5,

pages 13-22, September 1962.

(4777) NATURAL WATER LOSS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J. R. Crlppen, U. S. Geological Survey,

Los Angeles, Calif.

Field investigation; applied research.

To relate average annual natural water loss

to climatological and geological factors.

The parameters used are potential evapotranspiration (as determined from evaporation pan data), annual precipitation, and

surficial rock types.

Completed.

Final report in preparation.

LOW-FLOW FREQUENCY OF ILLINOIS STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. William D. Mitchell, District Engineer,

SW, 605 Nell St., Champaign, 111.

Field investigation; development, and

applied research.

An analysis of streamflow data to determine

low-flow characteristics of Illinois

(g)

(g)

(4780)

[5!

1.1

(g)

(4783)

13

(d)

(e)

(h)

streams on a frequency basis. Regional

curves applicable to short term or intermittent records will be developed.

Techniques have been developed and curves

are being applied to test data.

(4779) LARGE-SCALE ROUGHNESS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J. Davldlan, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Field investigation; applied research.

Purpose is to study energy losses produced

by large-scale roughness resulting from

channel alignment and configuration.

Available data compiled and background

literature searched.

SNOWMELT HYDROLOGY OF A SIERRA NEVADA

STREAM.

Laboratory project.

Mr. S. E. Rantz, U. S. Geological Survey,

Menlo Park, Calif.

Field investigation; applied research.

To use physical laws of heat transfer and

hydrologic routing procedures to predict

daily snowmelt runoff from a mountain watershed. Daily amounts of radiation melt, con- vection melt, condensation melt, rain melt,

and ground melt are first computed from

hydrometeorologlcal observations. These

melt components are then totalled and

routed to the gaging station.

Completed.

Method was tested successfully by recon- structing the daily discharge hydrographs

for the North Yuba River during 3 snowmelt

seasons. Final report in preparation.

(4781) THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKES.

ib)

Laboratory project,

c) Mr. M. D. Hale, USGS, Indianapolis, Ind.

d) Field investigation; applied research,

e) Purpose is to study (1) lake temperatures

and their relations with hydrometeorologic

conditions, (2) energy required to maintain

isothermal conditions, (3) methods of

eliminating temperature stratification,

(4) changes in water quality (BOD), biota,

and evaporation as a result of elimination

of thermocline.

(g) Small lake in Northeastern Indiana selected

for study. Instrumentation of study now

underway.

(4782) WATER MANAGEMENT.

Laboratory project.

Mr. C. W. Reck, USGS, Washington 25, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

Purpose is to develop hydrologic principles

and methods of water-resources appraisal

that can be used for water management.

Initial concepts and controlling factors

have been evolved. Field sites are being

investigated for testing of concepts.

APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF MULTIPHASE

FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colo.

Applied research in the measurement of

moisture movement in unsaturated materials.

Includes study of methods for measuring, In

the field significant parameters related to flow in unsaturated material; and determining the nature of flow by laboratory madels.

"Multiphase Fluids in Porous Media - A Review and Discussion of Selected Literature

Pertinent to Hydrologic Studies," by R. W. Stallman, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

411-E (in press)

"Relation Between Storage Changes at the

Water Table and Observed Water-level Changes,"

by R. W. Stallman, in Geological Survey

Research 1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof.

171
Paper 424-B, p. 39-40.

"Preliminary Design of an Electric Analog

of Liquid Flow In the Unsaturated Zone," by

R. W. Stallman, In Geological Survey Research

1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-B,

p 60-63.

"New Equipment for Measurements In the

Unsaturated Zone," by R. W. Stallman, and

R. P. Moston, In Geological Survey Research

1961: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-C,

p. 363-365.

(4784) FLOW LOSSES IN EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperating Agent - Bureau of Land Management.

(c) Mr. R. F. Hadley, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colo.

(d) Field investigation, basic research.

(e) Measurement of surface flow losses In an ephemeral stream channel and determination of

whether or not the absorbed water reaches a ground-water reservor will be evaluated

on the San Ysldro Wash in Sandoval County,

New Mexico. Secondly, these studies will

furnish an opportunity to determine changes

in channel and hydraulic geometry in a "losing" reach of channel,

(g) Construction is now in progress on two

gaging stations and channel controls.

(4785) THE VIGIL NETWORK.

(g)

'4786)

It]

[Si

(g)

(h)

(4787)

81

(4)

(e)

(h)

(4788)

(b)

(cj

SI

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Dr. L. B. Leopold, U.S.G.S., Washington 25,

D. C. Field investigation; basic research.

To determine the changes with time on a number of small watersheds (from 1 to 10

square miles) in the vegetation, the channels,

the biota, and the overall landscape.

Progress has been made on choosslng a series of

small watersheds along a line or transect

stretching in an east-west direction between

the major mountain masses on the North

American continent. Later it is hoped to have a similar series of watersheds in a north- south line through the central part

of the United States where the topography

is relatively flat. The north-south transect,

then would give a representation of the

effect of latitude uninfluenced by major

differences in Topography.

EVALUATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FEATURES CONCERNING GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. E. LeGrand, U.S.G.S., Washington 25,

D. C. Field investigation; basic research.

To put into hydrologlc perspective the

various problems of ground-water contamination. To identify and classify both the

contamination problems and their major

geologic settings.

Progress is being made on classifying the

hydrogeologic framework in which contamination occurs. "Graphic Evaluation of Hydrogeologic Factors

in the Management of Radioactive Waste,"

Proceeding Second A.E.C. Working Meeting - Ground Disposal of Radioactive Wastes - Chalk

River, Canada, U.S. Dept. Commerce TZD 7628,

pp. 67-76, 1962.

MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Aklo Ogata, U. S. Geological Survey,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

Experimental and theoretical study; basic

research.

Theoretical and laboratory study of microscopic and macroscopic aspects of flow

through porous media.

"Transverse Diffusion in Saturated Isotropic

Granular Media," by Akio Ogata, 1961, U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 411-B, 8 p.

"A Solution of the Differential Equation of

Longitudinal Dispersion in Porous Media,"

(4789)

B!

(g)

by Aklo Ogata, and R. B. Banks, 1961, U.S.

Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 411-A, 7 p.

FLOW PHENOMENA AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN STREAMS WITH HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF FINE MATERIAL.

Graduate project in cooperation with U. S. Geol. Survey.

Mr. Carl F. Nordln, Jr., University of New

Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Field investigation; applied research.

Study of transport parameters in ephemeral

streams transporting high concentrations of

fine sediment.

Velocity varies logarithmically with

distance from the stream bed. Concentration

distribution for several size classes of

sand can be described by a conventional distribution equation if the fall velocity of

the sand is corrected for the influence of

the fine sediment. "Armoring" of the stream

bed with clay affects the availability of

sand.

"Formation and Deposition of Clay Balls,

Rio Puerco, New Mexico," by C. F. Nordln,

Jr., and W. F. Curtis, U. S. Geological

Survey Professional Paper 450-B, pp. 37-40.

Report on sediment transport parameters in

review.

THE EFFECT OF PHREATOPHYTE CLEARING, MIDDLE

GILA RIVER VALLEY, SAN CARLOS INDIAN RESERVATION, ARIZONA.

Laboratory.

Mr. R. C. Culler, U.S. Geological Survey,

Tucson, Arizona.

Field investigation, basic research.

To evaluate the change in evapotransplratlon

produced by the eradication of phreatophytes

and the substitution of a beneficial vegetation. A water budget evaluation will be

made of 16 miles of the flood plain of the

Gila River, within the San Carlos Indian

Reservation, Arizona. The water budget will

be kept with the phreatophytes undisturbed

for the calendar years 1963 to 1966. In 1967 the phreatophytes will be removed and a suitable replacement vegetation will be

established. From 1967 to 1970 the water

budget will be evaluated for the replacement

vegetation.

Four gaging stations were installed on the

Gila River in 1962. Installation of observation wells and soil moisture meter access

pipes was started.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF MINES,

Morgantown Coal Research Center.

(4436) FLOW PROPERTIES OF COAL-WATER SLURRIES.

(c)

Si

(g)

(h)

(4790)

Laboratory project —information for general

public use.

Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director, Morgantown Coal Research Center, Morgantown, West

Virginia.

Experimental; applied research.

The object of the project Is to establish

friction factor-Reynolds number relationships

for coal-water slurries of various concen- trations with coals of different ranks and

size analyses. Work is being done with 1/2

inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch pipes. Data are processed on an IBM-1620 computer.

Preliminary results show a change in Theological classification at or above 45 percent coal concentrations.

"Aqueous Slurries of Coal and Granular Materials; A Bibliography," by L. F. Wllmot,

W. R. Huff and W. E. Crockett, Bureau of

Mines Inf. Circ. (in process of publication,

1963)

.

DIELECTRIC SEPARATION OF PARTICLES FROM

SUSPENSIONS OF FINE COAL IN OIL.

172
ill

Laboratory project. (e) Dr. L. L. Hirst, Research Director, Morgantown,

Coal Research Center, Morgantown, w. Va.

(d) Experimental; applied research for a M.S.

thesis at West Virginia University.

(e) The purpose of the project is to explore the

feasibility of separating solid particles in

nonpolar liquids by the application on a nonuniform electric field to a flowing stream

of the suspension and in particular the

separation in an oil vehicle of fine coal from

its ash constituents.

(g) Capacitance cells have been constructed for

determining the dielectric constants of the

solids fractions and the oils in the

suspensions. (h)

12

U. S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OP

RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Assistant Commissioner and Chief

Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal

Center, Denver 25, Colorado.

(2457) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED

AND EARTH -LINED CANALS.

(e) Three field test reaches have been selected

for study and for verification of laboratory

studies in order to establish critical

tractive force criteria for design of canals.

A laboratory flume is being calibrated for

determining tractive forces that erode soil

in terms of standard soil properties.

(h) "Tractive Force Studies of Cohesive Soils

for Design of Earth Canals," by E. J. Carlson and P. "F." Enger — Paper presented

at Eleventh Hydraulics Division Conference

of the ASCE, Davis, California, August 15-17,

1962.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS.

(e) A soil classified as a fine silt having

practically no cohesive qualities was

subjected to surface water waves generated in

a laboratory flume to determine its resistance to erosion.

f) Tests completed.

g) The relationship of bank erosion to wave

length, wave period, wave height, and time of

exposure to waves was determined.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

f) Tests in progress.

h) Report to be prepared.

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES.

f) Present phase completed.

gj Losses for a variety of conventional, open,

broken-back transitions were found to be

0.6 to 0.7 for outlet service and 0.4

for Inlet service. Scour was slightly

reduced with the closed conduit transitions,

(h) "Progress Report 1 -- Research Studies on Inlet and Outlet Transitions for Small

Canals," by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch

Report No. Hyd-492, July 1962.

A 1:20 movable bed hydraulic model was used

to determine a satisfactory method for re- ducing the quantity of coarse sediments

entering a canal headworks. A partial

verification with the prototype was obtained,

then various discharges were tested.

Tests completed.

Three systems were found which resulted in

satisfactory conditions. The three methods

found included guide vanes, an inverted

siphon, and a flume containing a sluicing

arrangement. The model indicated that at certain discharges approximately 90 percent

of the coarse sediments could be prevented

from entering the canal

"Hydraulic Model Study to Determine a Sediment Control Arrangement for Socorro

Main Canal Headworks, San Acacia Diversion

Dam—Middle Rio Grande Project, New Mexico,"

by P. "F." Enger, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-479, March 1962.

(3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING

STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES.

(f) Laboratory tests completed, field data to be analyzed progressively as obtained.

(h) "Control of Alluvial Rivers by Steel Jetties,"

by E. J. Carlson and R. A. Dodge, Jr., proceedings of the ASCE, Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, Volume 88, No. WW4, November 1962.

(3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS—EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA.

f) Tests and data analyses completed,

h) Results to be presented in revised editions

of Bureau of Reclamation Engineering Monograph No. 7, "Friction Factors for Large

Conduits Flowing Full," by J. N. Bradley and

L. R. Thompson (report In preparation)

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES.

(h) Additional reports to be prepared.

(3609) TWIN BUTTES OUTLET WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURES.

(?) Completed.

(h) "Aerodynamic Model Studies of the Outlet

Works Intake Structures for Twin Buttes

Dam — San Angelo Project, Texas," by D. Colgate, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd470, August 1962.

(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR.

f) Single weir investigation completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES.

(b| Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Radial gates are used extensively in irrigation systems for discharge and water sur- face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of

flow passing the gated structure be known.

Literature research resulted in an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the

gate capacity with unsubmerged flow.

(g) Extensive model and prototype radial gate

data were obtained from the TVA Hydraulic

Laboratory. The data are being analyzed to verify the proposed discharge formula and

to extend the scope of presently available

information

i

i

I

i

1

(3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION- -HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY. (3613) COMPOUND WEIR STUDIES,

(d) Experimental; for design. (f) Tests completed.

173
(g) Head-discharge relationships are presented

for compound weirs. All compound weirs had

a common 1-foot-deep 90 degree V-notch with

following combinations; Sides vertical from

top of notch, 1-foot and 2-foot horizontal

extensions from top of notch to vertical

sides, and 1-foot and 2-foot 15 degree

upward sloping extensions from top of notch

to vertical sides. Certain generalizations

were drawn from the analysis of the test data

but these should be confirmed by further

testing before weirs other than those Investigated are used in critical situations.

(h) "Compound Weir Study," by J. M. Bergmann,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-505,

March 1962.

(3614) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OP SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS.

(3985)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied

A fixed-bed, hydraulic

constructed to determl

of reduction in scour unlined channels due t A Preston Tube has bee

being used to measure

the curved portion of

channel

.

Tests in progress.

research and design.

model has been

ne the possibility

and deposition in

o secondary currents,

n constructed and is

boundary shear along

the trapezoidal model

81

(e)

(h)

(3988)

!3

(h)

13

(h)

(3990)

DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE-LINED

CANALS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research and design.

This study is for the purpose of exploring

the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the

relationship of boundary surface resistance

to the cumulative resistance of crossings,

inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local

items in concrete-lined canals of different

sizes, shapes, and grades. This study is

part of a program to explain why design

procedures used successfully for small and

medium sizes of canals may not be adequate

for large concrete-lined canals on flat

slopes.

Report on field Investigations in preparation.

YELLOWTAIL DAM OUTLET WORKS.

Completed.

A satisfactory structure was developed that

provided good operation over the full range

of extreme tailwater variations.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Yellowtail Dam

Outlet Works," (Final Studies) by T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-482,

February 1962.

(3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY.

Completed.

The following were developed during the study:

width and alinement of the approach channel;

length and shape of the pier at the gate

section; discharge calibration; curvature of

the tunnel trajectory approaching the combination flip bucket stilling basin; length,

depth, and shape of the flip bucket basin;

and riprap requirements downstream from basin.

Report in preparation.

BAFFLED APRON FOR GRAVITY FLOW BYPASS-

WILLARD CANAL PUMPING PLANT NO. 1.

Completed.

Previous tests have shown that for satisfactory operation of an apron on a 2:1 slope

with baffle piers 3 feet high, the spacing of

the rows should be 6 feet measured along the

slopes. Tests conducted on drops with slopes

of 3:1 and 4-1/2:1 showed that the vertical

fall distance between rows of baffle piers

is constant, thus allowing greater spacing

(h)

(3991)

m

(h)

(3994)

between rows of piers for aprons on flatter

slopes.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Baffled Apron

Drops, Willard Canal Pumping Plant No. 1, Weber Basin Project, Utah," by T. J. Rhone,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-490, July

1962.

SEDIMENT TESTS ON PROTOTYPE DIVERSION DAMSKANSAS RIVER BA SIN - -NEBRA SKA -KAN SA S

.

Data obtained in the field have been partial!

analyzed.

Report in preparation.

HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE BLOCK

PRESSURES.

(h)

(3995)

Laboratory project.

Tests in progress.

The minimum subatmospheric pressures on a square-edge chute block, whose height and

width are equal to the depth of the approaching flow, are related to tailwater depth for

a range of approach velocities. Also,

minimum pressures on a baffle pier will be

related to tailwater depth for a range of

approach velocities.

Progress report in preparation.

LABORATORY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EQUILIBRIUM

BEACH PROFILE FOR FIGARDEN RESERVOIR SITECENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT, CALIFORNIA.

A sloping beach composed of sand (mean

diameter 0.57 mm, similar to Figarden

Reservoir material) was placed in the wave

channel. This test section was subjected

to wave action and the equilibrium beach

slope determined. The purpose of this

study was to obtain information helpful In determining the amount of right-of-way

required for Figarden Reservoir.

Completed.

The equilibrium beach slope was approximately

1:10. Interrelationship of dimensionless

parameters was determined for this soil and

is useful in predicting beach encroachment

by waves.

(h) "Laboratory Study to Determine the

Equilibrium Beach Profile for Figarden

Reservoir—Central Valley Project, Calif.,"

by R. A. Dodge, Jr., Hydraulics Branch

Report No. Hyd-475, July 1962.

(3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES.

(f) Tests in progress,

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(4412) OROVILLE DAM DIVERSION TUNNELS AND TAILRACE.

13

13

California Department of Water Resources.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:54.63 scale hydraulic model was used to study complex, high-velocity diversion flows

in the two 36-foot-diameter, 4,500-foot-long

tunnels and to study surge characteristics

of the underground power house whose draft

tubes connect to the downstream portion of

the tunnels to form the tailrace. A 1:46.6

scale air model was used to evaluate various

passage configurations for connecting the

draft tubes to the tunnels to obtain minimum

losses

.

Completed.

Flow and pressure conditions were satisfactory in the bellmouth inlets, tunnels,

and outlet portals for diversion flows.

Better river channel flow conditions were obtained with a higher guide wall on the

right side of Outlet Portal 1, and with the

channel upstream from the portals filled to the downstream face of the dam. Other

improvements in the river, such as guide

walls and the removal of rock outcrops, were

not necessary or economically feasible. The

design of the complex tail-race system for

the underground powerhouse satisfactorily

174
controlled surging for all possible load

acceptance or load rejection cycles,

(h) Reports in preparation.

(4413) OROVILLE DAM TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS.

(b) California Department of Water Resources,

id) Experimental; for design,

(e) A 1:18 scale model of the tunnel plug

outlet works was used to determine the

appurtenant structures necessary in the

35-foot-dlameter tunnel to adequately

dissipate the high energy flow from two

54-inch Howell-Bunger valves discharging

under a 670-foot head.

f) Completed.

g) A design was developed which adequately

dissipates the high energy flows from two

54-inch Howell-Bunger valves, each discharging 2,700 cfs under a head of 670 feet.

The valves are placed 3 feet above the

tunnel centerline, and the appurtenances

consist of a deflector ring around the

inside of the tunnel and two rows of baffle

piers on the Invert downstream.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4414) WANSHIP DAM VERTICAL STILLING WELLS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Laboratory tests were made to determine the

required depth of two vertical stilling

wells having corner fillets and a sleevetype valve which seats on a pedestal in the

center of the well floor.

f) Completed.

g) A water depth of 9.3 feet is sufficient to produce a smooth water surface in a well

6 by 6 feet, operating at a maximum design

discharge of 16.7 cubic feet per second under

total design heads up to 118 feet. A water

depth of 11.8 feet is required in the same

size well without corner fillets. Water

depths and heads are measured from the top

of the pedestal.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Wanship

Dam Vertical Stilling Wells, Weber Basin

Project, Utah," byH. T. Falvey, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-481, January 1962.

(4415) PISH PROTECTIVE FACILITIES- -TRACY PUMPING

PLANT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:6.3 scale model was used to determine

modifications for the existing secondary

fish screen structure to eliminate the largescale turbulences and eddies which produced

unnecessary fish mortalities.

f) Completed.

g) An effective closed-conduit type expanding

section was created in the structure by

divider walls and a top cover so that smooth

eddyless flow occurred without regions where

fish could be entrapped.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Secondary

Louver Structure — Fish Protective

Facilities -- Tracy Pumping Plant — Central

Valley Project, California," by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch Report No Hyd-480,

September 1961.

(4416) BLUE MESA DAM SPILLWAY.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:32.78 scale model was used to study the

radial gate controlled 'ntake, inclined

tunnel, and the flip bucKet for flows up to 33,650 cfs discharging at a velocity of

113 feet per second at the outlet portal.

f) Tests completed.

g) The approach channel shape, tunnel transition

section at the intake, inclined tunnel, ver- tical bend in tunnel, and flip bucket were

developed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4417) FONTENELLE DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24.7 scale model was used to investigate the flow from three 11-footdiameter circular conduits discharging

through top- seal radial gates into three

14-f oot-dlameter horseshoe conduits leading

to a common stilling basin. Eventually, a 10-foot-dlameter power penstock will be

installed in the right horseshoe conduit

with a bifurcation and slide-gate controlled

bypass located at the start of the stilling

basin chute. Studies were made to develop

the bypass structure so that the stilling

basin derived for the original structure

would be equally satisfactory for the

modified structure.

f) Completed.

g) Satisfactory flow conditions were obtained

in the original structure and the most

favorable alinement for the bypass structure was determined. Pressure distribution and

head loss measurements were also obtained

in the bifurcation structure.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Fontanelle

Dam Outlet Works, Seedskadee Project,

Wyoming," by T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch

Report No. Hyd-487, August 1962.

(4418) SANFORD DAM SPILLWAY AND FLOOD CONTROL

OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:46.42 scale model was used to study

hydraulic characteristics for two features,

the morning-glory spillway and flood control

outlet works. Hydraulic characteristics of

the entrances, chutes, and stilling basins were studied. Also, the influence one feature has upon the other during simultaneous

operation was investigated for various flow

conditions.

f) Completed.

g) Tapered dividing piers, at the outlet portal

of the flood control, outlet works, were modified to eliminate overtopping of the

side walls and improve poor flow distribution on the chute during asymmetrical gate

operation. Combination crest piers and

guide vanes were developed for the morningglory spillway entrance to reduce the size

of the vortex and improve the tunnel flow

conditions. No changes or additions were necessary for the remaining features of the

design

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Sanford Dam

Spillway and Flood Control Outlet Works,"

by D. L. King, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-491, December 1962.

(4419) WHISKEYTOWN DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:32.78 scale model was constructed to study

the morning-glory intake, the vertical tunnel

bend, the straight tunnel, the flip bucket,

and the downstream river channel for flows up to 28,450 cfs discharging with a maximum

velocity of 96 feet per second at the outlet

portal

f) Completed.

g) The following were developed during the study:

Guide vanes for the crest, a deflector and air

vent for the vertical bend, shape of the flip

bucket, discharge channel alinement, and head

discharge relationships for the spillway.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Whiskeytown Dam

Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-498, January 1963.

(4420) FONTANELLE DAM SPILLWAY.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Experimental; for design.

!

!

!

!

!

175
(e) A 1:30 scale model was used to Investigate

the design of a double side-channel spillway

discharging into a sloping chute and

hysraullc Jump stilling basin.

r) Completed.

g) Minor modifications were made to the sloping

chute between the spillway and stilling

basin, otherwise the design was found to be

satisfactory,

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Pontanelle Dam

Spillway, Seedskadee Project, Wyoming," by

T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch Report No.

Hyd-486, February 1962.

(4421) SEDIMENT CONTROL AT DIVERSIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) Various devices are being studied to develop

ways of reducing the amount of bed sediment

entering canals.

f) Continuing.

g) Several arrangements of bottom and surface

guide vanes were tested, and their

effectiveness in reducing sediment intake

into a canal diverted from a large rive" was

compared.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Tests of Bottom and Surface

Guide Vanes to Control Sediment Inflow Into

a Canal Headworks," by P. "PL' Enger,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-499,

August 1962.

(4423) RELATION OF SEDIMENT SUSPENSION AND SCOUR

TO CHANNEL HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS.

(f) Suspended.

(4424) EQUILIBRIUM BEACH PROFILES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine equilibrium beach profile in

terms of soil properties and in terms of waves expected at a reservoir site.

(f) Model has been constructed.

(4425) WATER-COLUMN SEPARATION.

b) Division of Design Project. «

d) Theoretical and field Investigation;

applied research,

(e) Field tests are being UBed to check theoretical developments designed to predict

completely the hydraulic transient con- ditions occurring during separation and

rejoining of water columns occurring during

separation and rejoining of water columns

in pump discharge lines.

(g) Peak pressures higher than predicted were measured in the field.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4791) HIGH -VELOCITY JET ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS,

(b) Laboratory study.

Id) Experimental; for operation and maintenance,

(e) A 100-fps, 1-inch-diameter Jet was impinged

at 45 degrees on protective coverings proposed for application on concrete surfaces

to be subjected to high-velocity flow with

sediment laden water.

f) Completed.

g) All protective coatings tested, in which

the surface was unbroken, withstood the jet

for 4 hours. All coatings tested in which a broken or cut surface extended to the cen- crete were ripped from the concrete test

blocks in less than 5 minutes.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4792) CANADIAN RIVER AQUEDUCT CHECK TOWERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory tests are being made to determine

the hydraulic losses and air-entrainment

potential of check towers to be installed

in the 125-mlle-long Canadian River Aqueduct.

The towers and aqueduct are to be so designed that the tops of each tower are slightly below the hydraulic gradient. Preliminary studies are with a 90 degree vertl-. cal bend from the conduit alinement, a rising leg, a 180 degree return bend, a descending leg, and a 90 degree vertical berd to return the conduit to the main conduit

alinement. The inside diameter of the check

tower is the same as the conduit,

(f) Tests in progress.

(4793) ROTATING DISK- -PA INT TEST APPARATUS.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental; development.

(e) A test apparatus consisting of four disks,

each rotating in a separate chamber, was constructed and tested. Protective coatings

will be applied to the disks and to the walls

of each chamber, to evaluate the coating's

resistance to flowing water.

f) Completed.

g) Water velocity and path charts have been

prepared for both the rotating disks and the

chamber walls.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4794) VERTICAL STILLING WELL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The purpose is to obtain the optimum size,

depth, and internal configuration of vertical

stilling wells for high-head discharges.

The test installation is a model with a 4- by 4-foot-square well 6 feet deep, followed

by a canal with a 4-foot bottom width and

1:1.5 side slopes. One-quarter of the

symmetrical floor is equipped with piezometers to measure changes in pressure distribution with changes in internal well con- figuration or with downspout length to well

depth ratios.

(f) Initial testing presently underway.

(4795) SUCTION ELBOWS FOR LARGE PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; research and design.

(e) The purpose is to make a comparative analysis

of two suction elbows involving 135 degrees

of turn rather than the usual 90 degrees.

Tests are being made with 1:9.187 scale

model elbows having 8-Inch outlet diameters.

One .elbow is based on the concept of RV being

constant, and the other is based on the concept of a constant radius centerline. The cross sectional areas of both elbows decrease

in the downstream direction. Use of elbows

with 135 degrees of turning results in a shallower forebay with cost saving due to decreased excavation. The shallower forebay

prevents "pooling" of water in the forebay

and provides a more efficient design because

the kinetic energy of the canal flow Is maintained. Sediment deposits which often occur in the forebay will also be decreased.

(g) Both elbows show a high degree of efficiency;

however, design simplicity dictates the use

of the elbow based on a constant radius

centerline. The velocity distribution at the location of the pump impeller is excellent and the energy loss from forebay to impeller station is 0.01 h^ . (h) Report in preparation.

(47 96) CULVERT HYDRAULICS.

(b) Library research project,

(dj Re searchj for design.

(e) A library study was conducted to determine

present knowledge of culvert hydraulics, to compile an annotated bibliography of publications on the subject, and to prepare a summary of research still needed In specific areas

.

f) Completed.

g) Considerable data are presently available,

!

i

I

1

! 176
(h)

(4797]

b)

Id)

(h)

(4796)

but many areas still need further study. On

the basis of present information, a comprehensive design manual could be prepared.

During this preparation, areas where additional study is needed would become clearly

delineated.

"Culvert Hydraulics —A Library Study," by

H. T. Palvey, Hydraulics Branch Report No.

Hyd-489, April 1962.

HYDRAULIC STUDIES OP A 3-INCH QUICK-OPENING

SLOW-CLOSING AIR VALVE.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 3-inch prototype valve was tested to determine its hydraulic characteristics and

the effects of design modifications on its

speed of closure under low-line pressures.

Completed

The speed of closure under very low-line

pressure was increased by adding a standpipe to the valve waste line. The

speed of closure under normal operating heads

remained unchanged. Counterweights of more appropriate size would help in adjusting the

opening and closing characteristics of the

valves.

"Hydraulic Studies of a 3-inch Quick-opening

Slow-closing Air Valve," by H . T. Falvey,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-488, June

1962.

DOWNPULL STUDIES OP FIXED-WHEEL GATE FOR

RED BLUFF DIVERSION DAM.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

1:18.6 model studies were conducted to determine downpull forces on 18- by 60-foot,

upstream seal, fixed-wheel gates for free

and submerged flow conditions.

Tests completed.

To reduce downpull during submerged operation

the conventional solid-web beams on the

downstream face of the gate were replaced

with open bow trusses. A combination of

weighing and pressure techniques was used

to measure total downpull and to separate

it into the forces acting on certain

parts of the gate.

Report in preparation.

SAN LUIS DAM SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:14.83 scale model was used to study

the morning-glory spillway intake, vertical

shaft, and vertical bend for flows up to 3,000 cfs, dropping approximately 100 feet

through the inlet and vertical shaft.

Tests completed.

A deflector, with air vent and guide vanes, was developed for the vertical bend.

Report in preparation.

SAN LUIS DAM FOREBAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:21.91 scale model is being constructed

to study the morning-glory inlet, vertical

bend, and stilling basin for flows up to 3,600 cfs flowing at approximately 50 feet

per second at the tunnel exit portal.

(4801) NORTON DAM SPILLWAY.

(h)

(4802)

b

I e )

(h)

(4799)

(h)

(4800)

b)

( d

( e

HI

(f)

[4803)

(h)

i£)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:42 scale model was used to investigate

hydraulic features of the spillway structure.

This included size and shape of spillway

piers and approach walls, placement of radial

gates, flow distribution on the chute, and

stilling basin performance.

Tests completed.

Satisfactory flow conditions in the crest

(h)

(4806)

(b)

section were obtained by modifying the

approach walls and spillway piers. Counterweight arms of the radial gates were modified to prevent flow from impinging on the

counterweights. Sidewalls of the spillway

chute were slightly modified to prevent

overtopping during unsymmetrical gate operations. Performance of the stilling basin

was found to be satisfactory for all operating conditions.

"Hydraulic Model Studies on Norton Dam

Spillway, Missouri River Basin Project,

Kansas," by W. P. Meyer and T. J. Rhone,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-493, Nov.

1962.

STUDIES ON ORIFICES FOR AUTOMATIC RADIAL

GATE CONTROLS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A study to determine flow characteristics

and coefficient of discharge of 1-inch and

3-inch orifices in floatwell intakes of

automatic radial-gate controls. Studies

will be made with orifices in horizontal and

vertical planes, in nonstandard settings, with

different approach and exit conditions at heads from 1 to 100 feet.

Tests in progress.

BULLY CREEK DAM- -BULLY CREEK OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:6.75 scale model was used to determine

the energy-dissipating efficiency of the

hydraulic jump stilling basin and to observe

the flow conditions, on the chute downstream

from the high-pressure slide gate, in the

stilling basin, and in the channel downstream.

Completed.

All features of the design were found to be

acceptable. Hydraulic jump data for other

than design head and discharge were recorded

for use in future designs.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Bully Creek DamBully Creek Outlet Works," by D. L. King,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-494, Jan.

1963.

(4804) BULLY CREEK DAM -- CANAL OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:9.75 scale model was used to study the

hydraulic operating characteristics of the

slide gate controlled canal outlet works

including the chute, hydraulic Jump stilling

basin, and a portion of the canal.

Completed.

All features of the design were found to be

acceptable. Hydraulic jump research data

were recorded for use in future designs.

"Hydraulic Model Studies of Bully Creek Dam

Canal Outlet Works," by D. L. King, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-495, January 1963.

(4805) CAUSEY DAM OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:11 scale model was used to observe

hydraulic performance of the slide gate

controlled outlet works. The features

included: Symmetrical wye branch upstream

from gates, chute, hydraulic Jump stilling

basin, and a portion of the downstream river

channel

Completed.

All features of the design were found to be

acceptable. Pressures and head losses in the wye branch were determined and hydraulic

jump data were taken for use in future designs.

Report in preparation.

NORTON DAM OUTLET WORKS.

Laboratory project.

177
(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8.75 scale model Is being constructed

to study the hydraulic characteristics of

the chute and stilling basin for the slide

gate controlled outlet works.

(4807) MORROW POINT DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to aid

in the development of the unusual design of

the spillway and outlet works for the thinarch concrete dam. The original design,

consisting of a free overfall spillway and

an outlet works located near the bottom of

the dam, was abandoned because of un- desirable flow conditions in the artificially formed stilling pool at the base of

the dam. The present design includes four

fixed-wheel gate controlled conduits near the

top of the dam which pass the combined

spillway and outlet works discharge of

38,100 cfs, allowing it to fall approximately 400 feet to the stilling pool.

(f) Tests in progress.

(4808) JOES VALLEY DAM SPILLWAY.

b)

d

e )

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:20.29 scale model is being constructed

to study hydraulic features of the morningglory spillway. The model will include the

spillway entrance, a portion of the

reservoir topography surrounding the

entrance, vertical bends, and a portion of

the horizontal tunnel.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Commanding Officer and Director,

David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7, D.C.

(710)

fS)

(e)

(f)

RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVERBOARD DISCHARGES.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

Investigations to determine the characteristics of injection scoops and discharges

to provide design data for use in design of

future ships in both high and low speed

range s

.

Discontinued.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

IS

(e)

(g)

(h)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

Research is being conducted on the mechanism

and effects of cavitation phenomena in real

and ideal fluids. (1) Linearized theory is

being applied to determine cavity shapes and

forces in steady flows. (2) Experimental

studies of the growth of cavities on hydrofoils are to be made in both steady and

unsteady flows (see project #3284).

A better correlation between theoretically

and experimentally determined cavity shape

has been achieved by modifying linearized

cavitation theory to include surface tension

effects.

"Surface Tension and Free Surface Effects in

Steady Two-Dimensional Cavity Flow About

Slender Bodies," by S. H. Schot, TMB Report

1566 (January 1962)

.

(17 78) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of

(g)

underwater noise associated with various

hydrodynamic phenomena such as cavitation,

bubble oscillation, turbulence and splashing.

Particular attention is now being given to measurement of spectra and space-time corre- lations of pressure fluctuations on walls

adjacent to turbulent flows, such as flat

plate boundary layer flows and fully turbulent pipe flows.

Experimental and theoretical studies have

been made of noise produced by cavitation,

splashing, oscillating air bubbles, and

turbulence

.

[1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

d) Theoretical research.

e) Development of a suitable method for the

mathematical determination of ship lines

which can be applied to a wide variety of

ship forms especially to those of modern

design.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathematical fairing of graphical lines. This

Is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the

development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical basic research.

Computations and measurements of the pressure

distribution and impact forces on the

bottoms of slamming ships for the purpose

of developing design criteria to effect

their reduction.

A theory which is applicable to almost any

practical ship forebody section has been

developed for determining impact force and

pressures on a ship's bottom during slamming.

The theory was applied to three different

ship forms ranging from extreme U to ex- treme V and pressures, forces and impulse

were compared. A comparison of the theory

with two dimensional drop tests using the

V-form was also included.

"Hydrodynamic Impact With Application to Ship Slamming," by K. M. Ochl and M. D. Bledsoe, presented at the Fourth Symposium

on Naval Hydrodynamics, August 1962.

SERIES 60 - PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

David Taylor Model Basin and Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Experimental basic research.

Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces on a series of models with variations

in stern shape.

The instrumentation and test techniques

for measuring the propeller induced vibratory forces on a single screw ship model

has been developed sufficiently to obtain

repetitive results. Although there is insufficient information available to permit

extrapolation to full scale forces, com- parison of test results of models of similar

type and dimensions appears valid. During

the past year tests were conducted of a series of 3 models, based on the 0.70 Cb

series 60 parent form, with variations in

stern section shape from U to V. Measurement of instantaneous pressure has

been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN

and on the hull of a 30-foot model of that

vessel. Preliminary data indicates that

the model measurements when similarly

extrapolated also produce higher values

than were measured on board ship.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

jbj Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(h)

(2019)

(b)

li]

(g)

Hydrodynamic research.

178
(e) A mathematical study of the forces and

moments acting on bodies due to the proximity of a free surface. The studies include both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in

which there are disturbances originating at

a distance. Experiments are being con- ducted to verify the theoretical developments.

(g) Methods were developed for computing the

forces and moments acting on bodies of

revolution, both due to waves generated

by the body itself and to regular trains

of waves. Experiments with a spheroid

moving under waves largely confirmed the

theory except in following seas. The

damping forces on a submerged translating

ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of

its six degrees of freedom have been

developed theoretically. The effect of

tank walls has been evaluated theoretically

as well.

(h) "Wave Resistance of a Moving Pressure Distribution in a Canal", by J. N. Newman and F. A. Poole, Schiff stechnik Band 9, Heft 45, Jan.

1962, Reprinted as TMB Report 1619.

"The Coupled Damping Coefficients of a Symmetric Ship," by R. Tinman and J. N. Newman, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 5,

No. 4, March 1962.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b| Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A theoretical and experimental study of

factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships,

for the purpose of developing procedures

for predicting their motion. The work is

oriented in four directions: (1) Finding

the equations of motion of a ship in a seaway, with the forces obtained from solutions

of the boundary value potential problem.

This approach will provide equations which

are valid for transient as well as steadystate oscillatory conditions. (2) Validification of the more common technique of

assuming that the longitudinal plane motions

can be described by a system of linear second

order differential equations with constant

frequency dependent coefficients. The

coefficients in the equations of motion are determined experimentally, as well as the

forces on restrained models in regular waves.

The motions of a free model can then be com- puted and compared with experiments to

determine the validity of the theory. (3)

Analytical and experimental studies of the

damping of ship motions by free surface

effects. (4) Determination of the form of a set of equations for the motions of a ship

which are more reasonable physically than

the second order constant-coefficient

equations. Such equations will be derived

in a heuristic manner, and certain parameters

will be determined experimentally. The

resulting equations should be valid for

transient and steady- state sinisoidal motions.

(g) A restrained ship model has been towed in

regular waves and the force and moment

induced by the waves has been measured. Comparison of these data with calculations

based on the Froude-Krylov hypothesis shows

only qualitative agreement. Calculation of

damping coefficients has been completed for

Series 60 model, yielding generally excellent agreement with forced oscillation

experiments. A mathematically defined model

has been oscillated in pitch and in heave

over a range of frequencies and forward

speeds, to determine the coefficients for the

assumed second order equations of motion.

Equations of motion for the oscillating ship

have been obtained which remove the necessity

for frequency dependent coefficients. These

equations include convolution integrals over

the past history of the motion, and are com- pletely general.

(h) "The Impulse Response Function and Ship

Motion," by W. E. Cummins, Schiff stechnik,

9 Band, 47 Heft, June 1962.

"Polynomial Representation and Damping of

Series 60 Hull Forms," by J. Gerritsma,

J. E. Kerwin, J. N. Newman, International

Shipbuilding Progress, July 1962.

(2231) HYDRODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research,

(e) Research on methods for analyzing and predicting the frictional resistance of arbitrarily rough surfaces such as the painted

surfaces of ship hulls. The geometrical

characteristics are to be correlated with the hydrodynamic characteristics.

(g) A new roughness profilometer has been built

for use in curved surfaces and which is integrated into a magnetic tape recording system.

A theoretical method has been devised for

predicting the full scale resistance of

arbitrarily rough surfaces from tests if

model plates with the actual roughness. A high speed towing rig is under design and

construction for these tests.

(h) "The Frictional Resistance and Turbulent

Boundary Layer of Rough Surfaces," by P. S. Granville, Journal of Ship Research, Vol.

2, No. 3, December 1958.

(2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship

hull. Full scale trials were conducted

during several crossings of the North

Atlantic. Speed reduction, ship motion

stresses and slamming pressures were investigated.

f) Completed.

g) The motion and stress data obtained for

special maneuvers conducted on each of the

ships in approximately a State 5 sea have

been analyzed and a comparative evaluation

made for this particular oceanographic

condition. Data obtained in all sea conditions have been analyzed and a final report

comparing the two ships has been completed

and is in review.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line

theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades.

(g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods.

(2462) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To determine the mechanism of occurrence and basic properties of horizontal hull

vibrations induced by anti-pitching fins.

f) Completed.

g) To clarify the mechanism whereby the trans- verse vibrations are induced, a fiberglass

model of the Mariner was tested and the fin

loading, model motions and hull vibrations

recorded. The effect of position of the

fin along the hull on the vibration was

studied. It was found that the vibrations

are the result of an impact on the fin

and/or bow due to collapse of a cavity

and/or slamming. A 22 foot model was also

tested on which the pressure distribution

on the bow was measured along with the

other variables mentioned above.

(h) "Model Experiments with Bow Anti-Pitching

Fins," by G. P. Stefun, TMB Report 1118.

(2463) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SURFACES.

179
12

(h)

(2470)

(e)

(2471)

(e)

$

(h)

(2472)

(to)

a

David Taylor Model Basin; laboratory project.

Experimental investigation; basic research.

Determine the aerodynamic characteristics

of a family of low aspect-ratio control sur- faces which can be used by the designer of

submarines and surface ships. Phase I Is an investigation of a family of all movable

control surfaces. Phase II is an investigation of the same family with plain flaps

of different chord length.

Phase I, Completed: phase II, Completed.

The results of Phase I indicate that many of

the aerodynamic characteristics of low

aspect ratio surfaces can be accurately predicted from lifting surface theory. The

aerodynamic characteristics for an NACA 0015,

aspect-ratio 2, movable control surface with

30, 40 and 50 percent flaps were obtained

at the University of Maryland Wind Tunnel.

The tests were conducted for the David Taylor

Model Basin under U. S. Navy contract.

Forces and moments for the complete control

surfaces were obtained in the first part of

the test. Forces and moments for the flap

portion of the control surfaces were obtained in the second part of the test.

The results of Phase I and comparisons with

lifting surface theory are presented in

TMB Report 933.

The results of the Phase II tests are presented in University of Maryland Wind

Tunnel Report No. 268, December 1959.

CAVITY RESONANCE.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the excitations of cavity resonance by

fluid flow.

Studies to determine the mechanism of

excitation of the cavity resonance by fluid

flow past orifice will be undertaken. The

experimental Investigation will employ the

low turbulence wind tunnel and circulating

water channel. The amplitude of pressure

fluctuations in the cavity will be investigated as function of the size, shape and

number of orifices, as well as the turbulence characteristics in the boundary layer

flow.

Discontinued.

"Flow-Induced Cavity Resonance In Viscous

Compressible and Incompressible Fluids," by

W. H. Dunham, presented at the Fourth

Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Ship

Propulsion and Hydroelasticity, Washington,

D. C. August 1962. Published in ONR

Preprint ARC- 73, Vol. 3.

THEORY OF CONTRAROTATING PROPELLERS.

Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships.

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search.

Studies of the theory of contrarotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity. Open water and water tunnel tests

to determine, experimentally, the effect

of various propeller parameters.

Inactive

.

Application to open water and wake adapted

propellers. Latest experiments have shown

the performance to be insensitive to spacing between propellers so long as they

are operated at their design spacing.

"The Design of Contrarotating Propellers

Using Lerbs 1 Theory," by W. B. Morgan,

SNAME Trans., Vol. 68-1966.

COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN.

David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference

.

Experimental testing; basic research.

The investigation was authorized by the

International Committee on "Scale Effect

(g)

(h)

(g)

(2970)

(f)

(2971)

on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion

Factors," as part of the international

cooperative test program in ship basins.

The International Committee will compare

the results from the various basins and pre- sent a report to the coming International

Conference. The tests will be carried out with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped

with different kinds of stimulators. The

friction corrections will be calculated by

the various basins according to their

methods

.

The specified program of model testing has

been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done

before the evaluation work can proceed.

Results have been reported to the International Towing Conference. A TMB Report is

being prepared comparing TMB results with

those of other basins.

(27 29) HULL FORM RESEARCH WITH A FLEXIBLE MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any shape

of section area curve is to be developed

first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as tp, t^, Cpp, Cp^, Lg,

Lxj Xp, X/y, etc., upon resistance will be

systematically investigated by using this

flexible model.

Inactive

.

The flexible model has been built and ex- perimental test work begun. Thirty resist- ance tests have been conducted during the

past fiscal year. Preliminary work with

this flexible model indicates its adaptability for this work is satisfactory. An

analysis of the test results has not been

completed.

(2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental; applied research.

The frictional resistance of a "new" plate

consisting of a special molecular coating

will be compared with the frictional re- sistance of a hydraullcally smooth brass

plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate.

The test equipment will be designed and

constructed to study wave and spray formation for the determination of the true

wetted surface. The plate will be tested

with maximum speed of 15.0 knots and with

various stimulation devices.

The Nikuradsi coated plates have been tested.

Significant resistance differences between

coated and non-coated plates have been

measured on a coated brass plate and an un- coated aluminum plate. Since the contours

of the leading and trailing edges of the

two plates vary considerably doubt is

raised at whether the coating or the difference in the contours caused the resistance

differences. A stainless steel plate having

the same contours and the coated brass

plate has been constructed and tested.

STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND

FAIRED CABLES.

David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental investigation; basic research.

Measure the tangential and normal hydrodynamic forces acting on a long cylinder

towed at various angles to the stream over a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will be

made with various degrees of roughness

simulating stranded cable, and various

trailing-type fairing designs.

Discontinued

.

FULL SCALE TRIALS AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION

.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

180
(d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of

existing test data.

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the

selection of the proper correlation allowance

( A Cp) to be used in model calculations.

Model tests have "been conducted and past

correlations have been re-analyzed such that

a total of 54 correlations have been com- pleted. An analysis of this data has begun.

(g) Analysis of the completed correlations on

the basis of SHP has been done. Further

analysis on the basis of other parameters

is progressing.

(h) A paper entitled, "Ship Standardization

Trial Performance and Correlation with Model

Predictions," by J. B. Hadler, C. J. Wilson

and A. L. Beal was presented to the Chesapeake

Section of the Society of Naval Architects

and Marine Engineers on 7 December 1961.

This paper was selected for publication in

the Transactions of the Society in Volume

70, 1962. A classified report supplementing

the data in this paper will be prepared.

(3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS.

15!

(e)

(g)

(h)

8!

(e)

(g)

(3286)

k

(e)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

The purpose of this work is to provide

hydrofoil design criteria to the Bureau of

Ships to be used in designing high speed,

seagoing hydrofoil craft. The objective is to determine the steady and unsteady forces

on hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching

oscillations of the foil and due to encounters with regular head and following

waves on the foil when operated in proximity

to the free water surface. Both fully

wetted and cavitatlng foil conditions are being studied. This work is related to Hydroelasticity (Reference No. 3285) and

Cavitation (Reference No. 711) studies.

Two large hydrofoil models with internal

dynamometers in midspan stations, a large

pitch-heave oscillator to drive the foils

and a digital data recording system are being assembled to experimentally measure

the unsteady loads on the oscillating foils.

An IBM 7090 program was written to compute

the unsteady lift and pitching moment on an oscillating, fully-wetted hydrofoil based

on the classical aerodynamic theory. Dimensional loads on the model foil were calculated as well as the dlmensionless loads

for a wide range of reduced frequency,

amplitude and pitch axis location. Another

IBM 7090 program has been written to predict

unsteady loads on supercavltating foils

based on the theory of I. C. Woods.

"The Unsteady Lift Force on a Restrained

Hydrofoil in Regular Waves," by J. M. Steele,

Jr., and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report 1408

(in preparation)

Calculated Hydrodynamlc Loads on an Oscillating Hydrofoil," by T. J Langan and

D. Coder, TMB Report 1695 (in review).

(3285) HYDROELASTICITY PROBLEMS.

Bureau of Ships j David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and Theoretical Applied

Research.

Investigations to determine the conditions

which produce hydroelastic instability of

oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The effects

of speed, frequencies, mass distribution,

cavitation, free surface and waves on the

system stability will be studied. This work

is reAated to Unsteady Hydrofoils (Reference

No. 3284 and Cavitation Studies, Reference

No. 711).

Critical flutter speeds and frequencies of a two-dimensional, two-degree-of-freedom

hydrofoil with cavitation and near the water

surface will be found experimentally by use

of a flutter dynamometer, which is under

construction.

(h) "Hydroelastic Instability of a Control

Surface," by D. A. Jewell and M. E. McCormick;

TMB Report 1442, December 1961.

"A Simplified Analysis of the Hydroelastic

Instability of a Three-Dimensional Hydrofoil," by M. E. McCormick, TMB Report

1555 (in review)

SUPERCAVTTATING PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds including improved

section shapes for good operating characteristics and better strength capability.

Theoretical series for preliminary design

purposes have been computed and published.

Crashback and windmilling performance has

been experimentally obtained. Experiments

with a controllable pitch supercavltating

propeller have confirmed the feasibility of

this type of propulsion device,

(h) "Backing Characteristics of Supercavltating

Propellers," by R. Hecker, and N. McDonald,

TMB Report 1604.

"Windmilling and Locked Shaft Performance of

Supercavltating Propellers," by R. Hecker,

TMB Report 1625.

"Steady-State Tests for the Determination

of the Crashback and Crashahead Performance

of Supercavltating Propellers," by N. McDonald and R. Hecker, TMB Report 1629.

"Supercavltating Propeller Performance," by

E. Venning, Jr., LCDR USN and W. L. Haberman,

Paper to annual meeting of SNAME, November

1962.

"TMB 2, 3 and 4-Bladed Supercavltating

Propeller Series," by E. Caster, TMB Report

1637, December 1962.

(3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES

60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE, POWERING, WAKE

DISTRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCED

VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime

Administration.

(d) Experimental testing and evaluation of data

for basic research.

(e) Models representing specific variations in

stern shapes and designed for special

instrumentation installation will be built.

The basic design will be the Series 60, 0.70

Block Coefficient Parent. Six other forms

will be derived having systematic changes

in section shapes (from V to extreme U) and

for variation in waterline endings (from

fine to blunt). An attempt will be made to develop formulation to mathematically express

the stern variations from the parent.

(g) The basic model has been constructed and

powering data has been obtained.

(h) "Effect of Hull Modifications on Resistance

and Propulsion Characteristics of a Series

60 Stern,

(3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR

MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS.

(bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A new seakeeping test facility is now in

operation. Techniques for generating irregular short-crested seas and measuring the

response of ship models at oblique headings

is under development.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the

ability to produce oblique waves. Programming to individual wavemakers results

in generation of confused seas of almost

any nature. The rectangular basin offers

opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even in cross seas. Problems in analysis involve determination

of the seaway (in the tank) as a function

of frequency and direction. Ship motions

in confused seas will be random in nature

181
and will be analyzed by spectrum methods,

(h) "SPLASHNIK The David Taylor Model Basin

Disposable Wave Buoy," by W. Marks and R. G. Tuckerman, TMB Report 1423.

(3617) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

13

(e)

(g)

(h)

David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

.

Studies and design of ventilated propellers

for operation at intermediate speeds.

Experiments on the use of tripping wedge and

tripping wire have been performed. The wedge

appears to be no better than the wire and causes a loss in performance. Work on measurements of ventilated cavities is

progressing.

"Performance of a Ventilated Propeller," by

W. B. Morgan, Paper presented at American

Towing Tank Conference, Berkeley, Calif.,

August 1959.

13

(e)

is!

(4426)

(3619) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

S3

(e)

(g)

(h)

(3621)

(h)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

Theoretical and experimental studies of

performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

Experimental work has been completed for

cycloidal blade motion over a range of

pitch ratios with 2, 3, and 6 blades and

with blades of various types, for ahead

thrust. Future work will deal with measurement of steering forces, determination of

cavitation performance and performance with

pitch ratios greater than pi.

"Performance of Vertical Axis (Cycloidal)

Propellers Calculated by Taniguchi's

Method," by W. Haberman and E. E. Harley,

TMB Report 1564, November 1961.

STUDY OF BENDING MOMENTS OF A SHIP MODEL

MOVING IN WAVES.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

To provide ship designers with more exact

information concerning the magnitude of

bending moment and shear forces in a ship

moving in waves. Completed.

Bending moment about the transverse axis and

vertical shear forces were measured experimentally in regular head seas and results

compared with analytical calculations of

motions bending moments and shear forces.

The above work was supplemented by additional tests in regular following waves. "Experimental Determination of Bending

Moments and Shear Forces in a Multi-Segmented

Ship Model Moving in Waves," by Z. George

Wachnik and Frank M. Schwartz.

(3622) FLUCTUATING FLOWS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Investigations are being made of the fluctuating hydrodynamic forces on a body in a moving stream. The nature of the vortex

shedding will be studied by obtaining a frequency spectrum of the transverse forces.

(f) Suspended.

(3999) SHIP WAKE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of instrumentation for

measuring turbulent velocities and thermal

microstructure in ship wakes. Measurements

will be made to determine the rate of decay

and dispersion of wakes.

(f) Discontinued.

(4000) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL.

(g)

(h)

(4427)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

Investigations Into feasibility of achieving

drag reduction by boundary layer control in

applications to naval hydrodynamics. Tests

are to be made on flat plates with flexible

coatings which delay transition to turbulent

flow. Other methods are also being studied.

Towing rig under design and construction.

"The Boundary Layer and Prlctional Resistance

of Flat Plates In Non-Newtonian Fluids," by

P. S. Granville, Journal of Ship Research,

Vol. 6, No. 2, October 1962.

DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW WAVE DRAG HULL FORM - SERIES 64.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Basic research.

To establish a series of basic hull forms

which can be used as a guide to evaluate the

merit of future high speed ship designs.

The basic test work has been completed.

Thirty three models were tested for re- sistance including 4 defining the parent

form and 2 catamarans. The basic series covers the following range of coefficients

Cg from 0.35 to 0.55 at constant Cp of 0.63,

B/H from 2 to 4, A /(l/100) 3 from 15 to 55. Analysis of data has begun.

Basic models have been constructed and tested

for resistance. It is planned to expand this

series to obtain data as to the effect of

LCB position and Cp variation.

A paper to be presented to the Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Is contemplated. An unclassified report will

also be published.

A METHOD OF CALCULATING SPINDLE TORQUE OF

CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method of calculating the spindle torque cf a controllable pitch propeller over the com- plete range of operating conditions and a theoretical investigation of the effect of

various design parameters upon spindle torquj In order to calculate spindle torque at off

design conditions, the off design performance

of the controllable pitch propeller must firt

be determined.

(g) A method of calculating the spindle torque

at design conditions has been completed. The geometric problem of determing the effective

distortion of blade sections at off design

pitch settings has been solved. The solution

has been programmed for the 7090 Computer.

(4428) COMPUTER SOLUTIONS OF FREE SURFACE FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dj Hydrodynamic research.

(e) The potential problem of a translating body

oscillating on the free surface will be

solved directly on a digital computer by

distributing pulsating sources over the

surface of the body and calculating the

required source density. The individual

source potentials are chosen to satisfy the

free surface boundary condition.

(g) The integral equations for source density

have been formulated for the case of twodimensional bodies with no forward speed.

The numerical analysis and programming have

been largely completed for this case.

(4429) LATERAL FORCES.

fb) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

id) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) The lateral force on a translating body which

vertically cuts the free surface is being

formulated theoretically. Two special cases

are included: (a) If the draft is large

compared to the length, the body is a strut

with angle of attack. (b) If the draft is

182
very small, the body corresponds to a yawed

thin ship.

(g) An integral equation has been derived for the

density of a surface distribution of dipoles,

such that the boundary conditons are satisfied.

(4609) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN PRESSURE

GRADIENTS ON ROUGH SURFACES.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research,

(e) Research in behavior of turbulent boundary

layers in pressure gradients leading to separation. Initial roughnesses will be screens of various gages fastened to wall

of wind tunnel. Velocity surveys and

turbulence measurements will be performed,

(g) Equipment and apparatus being assembled and

readied.

(4810) SHIP WAKE SIMULATION STUDIES.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) To produce ship wake distributions in a variable pressure water tunnel in order to determine the performance of propellers in

non-uniform wake flows.

(g) A theoretical method has been obtained for

determining the wire grid geometry necessary

to produce arbitrary, steady, three-dimensional flows. Simple experimental confirmation of the method has been obtained.

(h) "Steady, Moderately Sheared, Three-Dimensional Plow Past Nonuniform Wire Grids in

a Duct," by J. H. McCarthy to be published

in 1963.

(4811) STEADY-STATE FORCES ON SUPERCAVITATING AND

VENTILATED HYDROFOILS.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) To study the steady-state lift and drag

characteristics of supercaaltating hydrofoil

configurations for application to hydrofoil

craft and supercavitatlng propeller design.

(g) Experimental determination of the lift and

drag of various three-dimensional supercavitatlng hydrofoils is in progress. These

include foils with 2-term, 5-term and flatfaced sections. The effects of aspect-ratio

and taper are being investigated. Ventilation by blowing air through holes in the

suction surface of the foil is used to extend the range of cavitation number.

Future research Includes the determination

of two-dimensional lift and drag, studies

of flap configurations and measurement of the

interaction of tandem and cascade foils.

(h) "Experimental Determination of the Forces

on Supercavitatlng Hydrofoils with Internal

Ventilation," by N. L. Ficken, Jr. and G. F. Dobay, Proc. of National Meeting of IAS on Hydrofoils and Aerospace Sciences, Sept.

1962.

(4812) PROPELLER AND BODY INTERACTION.

(bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Study and development of design criteria for

determining propulsion characteristics of

submerged bodies and hydrofoil- supported

craft

(g) Axial clearance between a submerged body of

revolution and a stern propeller has been

optimized on the basis of propulsive coefficient. A method has been developed for

computing thrust deduction for submerged

hydrofoil-propeller arrangements.

(h) "Thrust Deduction Due to a Propeller Behind

a Hydrofoil," by John L. Beveridge, TMB

Report 1603, October 1962.

(4813) INVESTIGATION OF DUCTED PROPELLERS.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) To develop a design method for ducted

propellers and to conduct a parametric study

of ducted propeller performance.

(g) A theory of the ducted propeller with finite

number of blades has been developed. From

this theory a design method will be developed and then a parametric study of ducted

propeller performance will be conducted.

(h) "Theory of the Annular Airfoil and Ducted

Propellers," by W. B. Morgan, Fourth

Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Office of

Naval Research, 1962.

(4814) POWERING IN WAVES.

(bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(dl Experimental.

(e) To determine the powering characteristics

and speed loss of ships in waves by con- ducting model tests in regular and irregular waves. Limitations of present procedures for predicting power and speed loss

in a seaway from tests in regular waves

will be determined and new techniques will

be developed where necessary.

(4815) PARAMETRIC STUDIES.

(bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To provide basic information from which the

most suitable destroyer form for high

sustained sea speeds in a seaway can be

established. Model tests will be conducted

in regular and Irregular seas using a series

of models for which the significant geometric

parameters are systematically varied.

Motions and powering increase in waves will

be studied.

(4816) FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SHIP ROLLING.

(bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Though extensive studies of rolling have

"been made in recent years, a great deal

remains to be learned concerning the fundamental properties of rolling for both

surface ships and submarines. Areas which

require additional research are (1) applicability of superposition principle for

rolling motion especially in short crested

waves, (2) unstable rolling motion in o- blique regular and in irregular waves, (3)

nonlinear roll behavior in rough seas, etc.

In order to clarify the fundamental nature

of rolling, model tests will be conducted in

regular and irregular waves at various

heading angles. Parameters significant for

roll will be investigated.

For sponsored projects see the following:

(3026) Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function Wave Steepness . 12

36861 Nonlinear Coupled Ship Motions. 13

4570) Pressure Distribution on Semi-Submerged

Oscillating Bodies . 13

(4099) Wake Characteristics for Bodies of

Revolution. 18

(81) Mathematical Analysis of Pressure

Distribution. 37

20911 Research on Ship Theory 38

4677) The Investigation of Two-Dimensional

Unsteady Cavity Flows About Fixed

Symmetric Bluff Bodies . 60

26031 Water Tunnel Air Content Studies. 67

3499) Studies of Hydrofoil Configurations

in Regular Waves. 68

(4199) Geometry of Air Cavities in a Boundary Layer. 68

42021 Micro Bubble Studies. 69

4691) A Study of Drag Reduction by the Use

of Non-Newtonian Boundary Layer Additives. 69

(2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 46

!

i

183
(4696)

(4699)

'4219)

(2155)

(2390)

(2616)

(3830)

(3832)

(3833)

(4220)

(4222)

(4224)

(4225)

(4228)

(4709)

(4711)

(4713)

(4716)

(4863)

Theoretical Investigation of TwoDlmenslonal Unsteady, Supercavitated

Hydrofoil Flows with Free-Surface

Boundary Conditions.

Force Characteristics of a Cavltatlng

Body in a Compressible Liquid Mixture.

Supercavitating Hydrofoil Theory.

Seakeeplng Qualities of Ships at all

Headings to Waves.

Controlled Fins for Reducing Ship

Pitching.

The Blade-Frequency Force Generated by

a Propeller on a Body of Revolution.

Radiation of a Marine Propeller Pressure

Wave From Elastic Plate and Cylinder.

Formulation of Equations for Submarine

Trajectories with Six Degrees of Freedom.

Experimental and Analytical Study of

Submerged Hydrofoils.

Analytical Investigation of Course

Stability and Steering Qualities

of Ships.

Application of Lifting Surface Theory

to Marine Propellers.

Influence of Afterbody Shape on Angular Harmonic Contrast of the Wake

of Single Screw Ships.

Investigation of Surface Piercing

Struts.

Flutter of Hydrofoils on Flexible

Structures.

Surface Piercing Hydrofoil Flutter.

Study of the Propeller Singing

Phenomena.

Experimental Study of PropellerInduced Vibratory Pressures on Simple Ship Surfaces.

Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient

Fields.

Dimensional Effects on Hydrophone

Output in the Near Field.

70

70

73

74

74

74

75

75

75

75

76

76

76

77

78

78

78

80

93

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND

TURBINE LABORATORY.

(3623)

(i>5

(c)

(g)

(3624)

(c)

HIGH PRESSURE -TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

CALIBRATION.

Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory)

.

Mr. J. W. Murdock, Associate Technical

Director for Applied Physics Division, Naval

Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phila. Naval

Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; applied research.

A facility is available for calibrating with

water at pressures and temperatures up to 2500 psl and 600 F respectively. Capacity

is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and temperature and greater at lower pressures and

temperatures. After flowing through the

metering section the water is cooled and

weighed. The facility is also used to investigate and verify orifice meter coefficients at pressures and temperatures above

those at which the coefficients in use were established. A number of flow meters which measure the flow in nuclear reactor loops

have been calibrated.

A limited amount of test data indicate good

agreement between orifice flow rates obtained

by calibration at high pressures and temperatures and those obtained by extrapolating

from cold water calibrations. Other meter

tests show the need to include suitable

corrections for change in shape, size,

density, etc.

INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS.

Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard;

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory)

.

Mr. J. W. Murdock, Kead, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab.,

Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pa. Experimental, applied research.

The 90 degree elbow has been proposed for

metering flew in shipboard systems. This

type meter is attractive since the use of an existing olbow would not require any

changes to the piping and would impose no additional pressure drop on the system. In addition, the elbow can meter reverse flow.

The chief drawbacks are large variation in

elbows and the lack of an exact relationship

between flow and differential pressure.

Testing was limited to the long turn 90

degree, type A elbows of Specification

MIL-F-1183 to establish criteria for th^ir

Installation and use.

(g) When certain standards are imposed on the

fabrication and measurement of the elbows

and a specified means of computing flow Is used, a measurement tolerance of 4 percent

can be expected. In control applications the. elbow meter was found to have a square root

transfer function and a repeatability of 0.^1

(4001) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER FLOW TESTS.

(h)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East

Forty-Seventh Street, New York 17, New York.

Experimental; applied research.

Although the ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters has sponsored many fundamental

research programs dealing with the development of basic constants used with primary

elements, hardly any of this work has been

done on steam flow at high pressures and

temperatures. Neither has research been dore on high temperature water flow. Analysis

of many tests Indicate that the basic

calibrations obtained with low temperature

water (air and gas) could be extrapolated

with high accuracy to the measurement of

high pressure and temperature steam and

water flow provided suitable corrections were made for the change in the shape and size of

the primary element, the pipe and the fluid.

This procedure has been experimentally

verified for steam up to 2000 psi and 1050 F and for water to 2500 psi and 600 F. Completed.

Nozzles and orifices were calibrated with

water at 240 F, 2200 psia, and with steam at 1050 F, 2000 psia. Pipe Reynolds numbers

averaged 600,000 for the water and 4,000,000.

for the steam. Coefficients were generally

in agreement with ASME predicted coefficients

Two and a quarter percent (2 1/4$) chromemolybdenum steel proved unsatisfactory for

the steam nozzles showing rusting and

pitting after less than 10 hours. Type 430

stainless steel was substituted and was satisfactory.

Test results reported to ASME as: "Flow

Meter Calibrations for the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers Research Committee

on Fluid Meters," by C. Gregory, 31 Oct.

1962. ASME has not published results.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY.

(4867) THE HYDROBALLISTICS OF WATER ENTRY.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic and

applied research.

(e) The purpose is to study high velocity water

entry as related directly or indirectly to the behavior of missiles. The study

includes the stability and forces during

the entry, cavity development and pressure,

and the missile trajectory. A wide range

of developmental and research configurations

and of esperimental conditions are investigated. Guns are used to launch models into

a tank equipped for operation at various

pressures.

184
U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

(3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS.

0>)

(c)

Si

(g)

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordance Test Station,

Attn: T. G. Lang or A. G. Fabula, Code

P5006, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena

8, California.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

The hydrodynamic lift, drag, pitching

moment and pressure distribution are studied

on hydrofoils of various cross- sections

from which gas is exhausted through ports

of varying shape and location. The results

are applicable to torpedoes as a simple means of varying control forces on stabilizing fins and a new type of propeller blade

cross-section.

To minimize tunnel blockage effect which

restricts the cavity number to higher values

than can be obtained in unbounded flow, tests

have been made in the Free-Surface Water

Tunnel at Caltech. Theory has been developed to consider the blockage effects in the

closed test section of the High-Speed Water

Tunnel, and a previous disagreement of

theory and experiment has been found to be

mainly due to the manner of determining the

experimental cavity number.

"Water Tunnel Tests of Three Vented

Hydrofoils in Two-Dimensional Flow," by

T. G. Lang and D. A. Daybell, J. Ship Res.

5, 3, pp 1-15 (1961)

"Thin Airfoil Theory Applied to Hydrofoils

with a Single Finite Cavity and Arbitrary

Free-Streamline Detachment," by A. G. Fabula

J. Fluid Mech. 12, 2, pp 227-240 (1962).

"Free-Surface Water Tunnel Tests of an Uncambered Base-Vented Parabolic Hydrofoil

of Aspect Ratio One," by T. G. Lang and

D. A. Daybell, NAVWEPS Report 7920, Sept.

1962.

"Comparison of Theory and Experiment for

Vented Hydrofoils, Part 1: Analysis; Part

2, Tablesi' by A. G. Fabula, NAVWEPS Report

7941 (in two parts separately bound), in

press.

"Choked Flow About Vented or Cavitating

Hydrofoils," by A. G. Fabula, submitted to the Annual Meeting of the ASME, November

1963.

(4002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT.

(h)

(g)

(4430)

III

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California.

Experimental; basic research.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate

qualitatively the inherent value of slender

body theory in predicting the underwater and; water exit behavior of an underwater launched

missile in the presence of various sea states

The experimental fully-wetted flight and

water-exit behavior of a blunt-based axisymmetric missile traveling in a standing

wave are simulated on an analogue computer

using motion equations derived from slender

body theory. The analytical approach is

supplemented by introducing experimental

hydrodynamic coefficients and transverse

drag terms. The results of the simulation

are compared graphically with the experimental behavior to illustrate an upper limit

of the accuracy to be expected of slender

body theory.

ROTATING CYLINDER CONTROL.

Laboratory project.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: John D. Brooks, Code P8040,

3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

Experimental; applied research.

The purpose of the study was to investigate

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(c)

(g)

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the effect on the hydrodynamic forces of a rotating cylinder placed at the leading or trailing edge of a hydrofoil. A model was constructed and tested in a water tunnel.

Completed.

It was found that lift equivalent to about

1/2 degree angle of attack was obtained with

the cylinder in the forward position, and

lift equivalent to 9 degrees angle of attack

with the cylinder in the rear position.

"The Effect of a Rotating Cylinder at the

Leading and Trailing edges of a Hydrofoil,"

by J. D. Brooks, NAVWEPS 8042, ( in publication) .

DUCTED PROPELLER DESIGN.

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta.,

Attn: Mr. J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074,

3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

Theoretical; applied research.

An improved ducted propeller design method

includes an application of Lerb's method,

used in propeller design, to account for

non-uniformity of flow due to the boundary

layer. The influence of a tapered afterbody

on the ring wing boundary condition is also

being investigated.

A propeller program using Lerb's method is

available on an IBM 7090 computer which will

account for the non-uniformity of flow in a ducted propeller system. By means of an iterative process the program gives the

ducted propeller Inflow velocities corres- ponding to the boundary layer and pitch angle

variations across the propeller- shed vortex

sheet

Future efforts will concern the various

aspects of ducted propeller programming for

an IBM 7090 computer. It is hoped that this

will ultimately lead to the availability of

a complete computer program for a specific

ducted propeller design method.

NON -NEWTON IAN FLUIDS.

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the

Navy.

Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: A. G. Fabula, P5006, 3202 E. Foothill

Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

Experimental; basic research.

The turbulent flow characteristics of

dilute solutions of various high polymers

are being studied to understand why they

often display anomalous flow behavior, apparently related to turbulence suppression

by long molecules.

The anomalous behavior has been found to occur also at very low concentrations, if

mechanical degradation is avoided. Tests of

homologous polymers of different molecular

weight at high Reynolds numbers suggest a dependence .of the turbulence suppression upon

molecular dimensions in a manner similar to

the dependence upon molecular weight of

intrinsic viscosity and critical concentration, which are measured at low Reynolds

numbers

"Turbulent Flow Properties of Dilute

Solutions of Linear Polymers," by A. G. Fabula, Research Note submitted to the

Physics of Fluids.

FLUID AMPLIFIERS.

Laboratory project.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,,

Attn: J. D. Brooks, Code P8040, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena, California.

Experimental, applied research.

Studies are being conducted of the performance of a model fluid amplifier, which

is so constructed that the physical dimensions, orifice sizes, etc., can be

varied over a wide range. The amplification

and efficiency are being optimized as a function of these physical parameters for

this particular amplifier design..

18S
(4870)

i

13

(g)

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$

DETERMINATION OK POTENTIAL STREAM FUNCTION

VALUES.

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: Mr. William A. Mlddleton, Code P8074,

3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

Theoretical; applied research.

The perturbation stream function value is

found for an arbitrary point In space due

to an arbitrary body In axlsymmetrlc flow.

This Is accomplished by utilizing a ring- source distribution to describe the body.

The perturbation values are found by solving a line Integral numerically which has an integrand involving complete elliptic

integrals of the first and third kinds.

The results of the theoretical analysis is

being compared with the exact solution of the

prolate spheroid.

BASE-VENTED PROPELLER.

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: Mr. Gerald G. Mosteller, Code P8074,

3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

Experimental; applied research.

The purpose of this project is to develop a wake adapted propeller to operate silently

and efficiently at rpm's and forward

velocities where conventional propellers

would cavitate.

To avoid cavitation noise under these conditions and at inherent off design angles of

attack caused by circumferential velocity

variations, the local cavitation number along

the blade sections had to be low and the

leading edge radius large. The basic blade

section which filled these requirements was

a semi-ellipse for 2/3 of the chord followed

by a parallel section cut-off perpendicular

to the mean chord. Lift was developed by

camber. The form drag of the blade was minimized by ejecting air into the base cavity.

The propeller was tested in the ORL water

tunnel at Pennsylvania State Univ. Its maxi- mum efficiency was 86% when operating at an advance ratio of 1.18. The cavitation number

based on free stream velocity was 1.05 and

the base gas flow ratio (volume flow/volume

swept out by trailing edge) was 0.066.

A NAVWEPS Report is in preparation.

A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYERS BASED ON THE LAW OF THE WALL AND THE

LAW OF THE WAKE.

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena

8, California.

Theoretical; applied research.

A method for computing turbulent boundary

layers based on the law of the wall and

Coles' law of wake Is under development.

This method is applicable to two dimensional

bodies and to bodies of revolution in axialsymmetric flow where the boundary layer

thickness is not necessarily small compared

to the body radius. A simultaneous solution

of the momentum integral equation and the

energy integral equation is carried out assuming the mean velocity profiles are given by a universal, two-parameter representation as suggested by Coles. The

computational procedure will be programmed

for an IBM 7090 computer.

RING WING LOADINGS.

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074,

3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

Theoretical; applied research.

A survey of loadings on ring wings at an angle of attack with cross flow central body

effeefcs- revealed significant work by J.

welsslnger. Application of Welssinger's

basic techniques in addition to a development of the moment due to axial forces re- sulting from an arbitrary symmetric ring wlr?

camber line, in contrast to Welssinger's

circular arc, gave significant results for

the effective wing moment and position of

the aerodynamic center.

For a ring wing used as a control surface it

is useful to know the effective position of

the aerodynamic center. A specific threedimensional ring wing shape with a half cone angle of 6 degrees and a central body wing

radius ratio of 0.58 locates the effective

aerodynamic center one tenth of a chord

length from the leading edge as compared to an aerodynamic center one quarter of chord

length from the leading edge for twodimensional thin airfoils.

A current area of investigation Involves the

Influence of a tapered afterbody, with a doublet representation, on wing loadings for

non-axisymmetric flow. A tapered afterbody,

with a line source representation, is also

being studied to determine its possible influence on the axial suction force. If the

change in the value of the suction force temi

appears to have significance, there may be

significant change in the wing's effective

moment and aerodynamic center.

U. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH

.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

(15481 Special Problems in Hydrodynamics. 6 (27 53) Hydraulic Breakwater. 9 (3677) Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine. 11 (3687) Pressure Distributions, Added-Mass,

and Damping Coefficients for Cylinders

Oscillating in a Free Surface. 13

(4083) Dynamic Interaction Between Ships. 13

(4084) Ships of Minimum Resistance. 13

(4085) Effect upon Wave Resistance of the

Initial Acceleration of Ship Models. 13

(4093) Vibratory Motions of Floating Bodies. 14

(4112) The Discharge of Major Western Rivers

in Relation to the General Circulation

of the Atmosphere. 20

(4616) Water Cycle (General Hydraulic Characteristics of Western North America) . 22

(73) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing

Water. 37

(79) Cavitation. 37

(81) Mathematical Analyses of Pressure

Distribution. 37

(1875) Characteristics of Stable Eddies. 38

(2091) Research on Ship Theory. 38

(2541) Development of Instruments for use

in Analyzing Aperiodic Signals. 38

(27 92) The Decay of Turbulence in a ZeroMomentum Wake . 38

(3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux. 39

(3429) Jet with Transverse Pressure Gradient. 39

(4149) Drag of Supercavitating Bodies of

Revolution. 40

(2801) Interaction of Waves with Submerged

and Floating Bodies. 46

(2802) Experimental Study of Wake Mechanics. 46

(3444) Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous

Damping on the Amplitude of Resonant

Oscillations in Harbors. 46

(4158) Experimental and Analytical Study of

the Formation of Longshore Currents. 47 (4160) Motion of Submerged Bodies Below a Free Surface. 47 (4655) Entrainment of Cohesive Sediments. 49

(2807) The Hydraulic Analogy Applied to Compressible Flow in the Partial Admission Turbine. 49

(4494) Two-Phase Flow Regime Boundaries. 51

(2144) Experimental and Analytical Studies

of Hydrofoils. 67

(3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation

Numbers. 67

(3822) Flow over Vibrating Plates. 68

186
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(4700

(4502

(2154

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(4229

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(3120

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(2436

(3250)

(4400)

(4891)

(4892)

Project

Investigation of the Forces and Interference Effect of Tandem Plat Hydrofoils.

Oscillatory Lift and Drag Forces on Ventilated Hydrofoils in Regular Waves.

Long Range Oceanography.

Investigation of Ship Motions and High

Speed Ship Forms.

Unsteady Forces and Motions on a Hydrofoil Moving Under an Irregular Sea.

Experimental and Analytical Study of

Flutter of Submerged Hydrofoils.

Investigation of Surface-Piercing Fully

Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils.

Smooth Water Behavior of Surface - Piercing Hydrofoil Vessel.

The Boundary Layer Under Progressive

and Standing Waves.

Interference Effects of a Submerged

Hydrofoil on a Surface-Piercing Strut.

Experimental Hydrodynamics of Rotating

System.

Synoptic Oceanography -- Surface Effects.

Office of Naval Research Atmosphere

Interaction and Wave Project.

Wind Waves.

Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials.

Inertial Forces in Unsteady Flow.

Motion Around a Body in a Stratified

Fluid.

Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Liquid.

Turbulent Shear Flow Through Compliant

Walled Tubes.

Page

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70

71

74

75

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76

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TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director, TVA

Engineering Laboratory, P. 0. Box 37, Norrls, Tenn.

lil

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING

RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

Development

Transistorized radio components operating

from nickel cadmium batteries charged by

solar cells will be used. Data in binary

coded decimal form will be transmitted by

audio tone pulses. Long-term, unattended

operation is a primary consideration in

design.

(g) Design work continued with emphasis being

placed on rain and stream gage digital transducers and associated electronics. Two

types of transducers are being considered:

(1) a direct pressure to digital unit, and

(2) a shaft position to digital encoder.

:(4439) DENSITY UNDERFLOW WITHDRAWAL STRUCTURES.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A three-dimensional model was used to develop

the basic relationship Involved in the

design of skimmer wall structures used to insure the withdrawal of the bottom layer

in a two-layered, density stratified

reservoir

(f) Laboratory study completed.

(g) Design curves were developed which will permit design of structures which will insure

withdrawal of only the bottom layer or of

withdrawal of the bottom layer plus 1 percent, 2 percent or 5 percent of the flow

from the top layer.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4440) INTERNAL DENSITY CURRENTS CREATED BY WITHDRAWAL FROM A STRATIFIED RESERVOIR.

(b) This was a cooperative study with the U.S.

Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army District,

Walla Walla, Engineering Division, Planning

and Reports Branch, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Theoretical evaluation of field data.

(e) A study of several years of temperature

soundings taken in TVA 1 s Fontana Reservoir

was made in an attempt to determine the thickII

(h)

(4441)

(d)

(e)

(s)

(4442)

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121

(h)

(4875)

ness of the withdrawal layer when water is

withdrawn from a deep, thermally stratified

reservoir at an intermediate elevation.

Study completed.

A plausible curve was developed, based on a theoretical analysis and established from

the field data.

"Internal Density Currents Created by Withdrawal From a Stratified Reservoir," TVA

Engineering Laboratory, 1962, Norris, Tenn.

MEASUREMENT OF KAPLAN TURBINE DISCHARGES US3N

OTT COMPONENT CURRENT METERS.

Equipment development and field measurement

operation.

A measuring technique is being developed with

which the flows through Kaplan type turbines

can be accurately measured by use of Ott

component type current meters which can vertically traverse the flow at the turbine

intake gate slots. These measurements, made

at several fixed discharges, will be used to calibrate Winter-Kennedy scroll case pressure

taps. The Winter-Kennedy taps will then be

used, with suitable measuring equipment, to determine the discharge for any turbine loading.

The carriage framework upon which the Ott

component type current meters will be mounted

along with their associated lifting devices,

and the necessary recording instrumentation

has been designed, constructed and field

tested. Development of the actual measuring

techniques is now in progress.

NEW WHEELER LOCK CULVERT ENTRANCE MODEL.

Experimental; for design.

1:25 scale model studies are being conducted

to develop acceptable flow conditions in the area of the new Wheeler lock culvert entranc

A prior study has been outmoded by the

failure of the Wheeler auxiliary lock and

subsequent design revisions.

Laboratory study completed.

Internal reports Issued.

WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT UNIT 8, AIR DUCT

STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.

Velocity distribution and pressure loss

studies were conducted on a 1:16 scale model

of the air ducts from the air inlet to the

forced draft fans.

Model testing completed.

Tests on the original duct design disclosed

that without bend vaning there was very poor

velocity distribution with attendant poor

operation of the air flow meter and pulsations in the intakes to the two forced draft

fans. Vaning of the original duct design

resulted in elimination of the adverse effects but increased the draft losses to nearly double those used in determining the

fan capacity. The undesirable flow con- ditions and excessive draft losses were eliminated by the removal of the 90 degree

inlet bend, the replacement of the 90 degree

elbow immediately upstream from the fan

distribution section with two 45 degree meter

bends, and development of proper vaning for

each bend.

Report in preparation.

WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT UNIT 8, GAS DUCT

STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.

Model studies were conducted on a 1;:16 scale

model of the section of the gas duct running

from the air pre-heater through the electrostatic precipitator.

Model testing completed.

A base test with no vaning in the duct indicated excessive head-loss and poor velocity

distribution throughout the test reach. The

studies disclosed that the poor operation

stemed directly from the geometric

187
is

(h)

(4877)

configuration of the duct work upstream and

downstream from the precipitator. Conditions

were Improved by development of proper vanlng

and Installing a perforated plate upstream

from the precipitator,

(h) Internal reports Issued.

(4876) BULL RUN STEAM PLANT, SMOKE STACK CONFIGURATION.

Experimental; for design.

A study was made to determine the effects

on the effective stack discharge height of

two proposed designs for the top of an 800

foot stack. Two different configurations

were studied; a straight cylindrical exit

section and a quasi- venturl exit section.

Both configurations represented the top

140 feet of the stack. Model studies were conducted utilizing a 1:8 scale model. The

results were obtained by comparison of the

diffusion characteristics of the two outlet

configurations. Related studies to determine

the effect of reducing the stack exit diameter from 28 feet to 22.5 feet while

maintaining the same stack discharge and to develop a computational procedure for com- puting the internal pressure at the base of

the stack were also carried out. Laboratory work completed.

Results of the tests showed the cylindrical

exit section as compared to the quaslventuri exit section was considerably more effective in carrying the gases to a higher altitude. The reduced diameter stack was only slightly more effective in delivering

the effluent stack gases to a higher elevation

above the stack top.

Internal reports in preparation.

JOHNSONVILLE STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT TESTS.

Experimental; for design.

Studies were made on a 1:14 scale model to

determine the cause of excessive head losses

which were occurring in the air ducts for

the 1,100,000 lb/hr boilers and to develop

the modifications required to minimize the

head losses in the system. An improvement in

the velocity distribution of air through the

pre-heater was also required.

Laboratory model studies completed.

Head loss was reduced by the use of vanes and

by internal modifications to the duct shapes.

A loss equal to the reduction attainable by

vaning was caused by internal struts. The

velocity distribution in the air pre-heater

was greatly Improved by internal duct

modifications to the duct immediately

upstream from the pre-heater.

Internal report issued.

PARADISE STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT STUDIES.

Experimental; for design.

Model studies were conducted on a 1:8 scale

model of the forced draft blower and the

appurtenent duct work beginning with the fan

silencers and extending through the first

pass of a four pass tubular pre-heater to:

(1) obtain uniform velocity distribution

into the pre-heater, and (2) reduce head

loss in the duct system.

K4879) EFFECT OF INTAKE DESIGN ON CONDENSING WATER

RECIRCULATION

.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) Laboratory tests were conducted to establish

the relationships which control recirculation

in an industrial cooling water system in

which water is withdrawn from a river or canal, heated and then returned to the river.

The studies presupposed the exi stance of a skimmer wall structure across the intake

canal and an underwater dam immediately

downstream from the intake canal. The intake

and discharge canals were at right angles to

the river.

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|(4878)

13

III

(h)

(4880)

Study completed.

The results show the limitations within

which the recirculation through a stream

plant located on a river can be satisfactorily

controlled by properly designed skimmer wall

and underwater dam control structures.

"The Effect of Intake Design on Cooling

Water Recirculation for Steam Plants," by

Jack M. Garrison, S.M. Thesis, 1962, Mass.

Inst, of Technology Library, Cambridge, Mass.

VIBRATION STUDIES OF STEAM PLANT AIR AND GAS

DUCTS.

Experimental; for basic and applied research.

Studies are being made to extend our knowledge relating to flow Induced duct

vibrations and to apply the findings to present and future installations. Duct

vibrations which are believed to stem from

the highly turbulent flows created by the

forced draft fans and by the various duct

configurations have been experienced in the

duct work of some plants. These turbulent

conditions create pressure fluctuations

which could lead to wall vibrations.

DIFFUSION AND EXCHANGE OF HEAT DISCHARGED

INTO RIVERS AND LAKES.

Experimental; for basic and applied research.

Studies are now underway to establish the

laws governing heat diffusion and heat

energy exchange with the surroundings in

river reaches downstream from steam plant

outlets. The study will consist of field

and laboratory tests and analytical analyses

using the heat energy budget method to correlate the pertinent hydraulic and heat

parameters with the field and laboratory

data.

(4882) GUNTERSVILLE MAIN LOCK INTAKE DESIGN.

(4881)

HI

151 Experimental; for design.

The Intake facilities for the 100 foot

wide x 600 foot long, 45 foot lift, new lock are of the multiple opening type

located in an extension of the two lock

walls. The design is being studied by

means of a 1:24 scale model to determine (1)

if each entrance Opening carries its share

of the discharge, and (2) that no objectionable vortices occur.

(4883) GUNTERSVILLE MAIN LOCK DISCHARGE STRUCTURES.

Experimental; for design.

The discharge structures for the 110 foot

wide x 600 foot long, 45 foot lift, new

lock are to be located immediately below

the downstream miter gate and will consist

of multiple horizontal openings across the

width of the approach channel at river bed

level. Each culvert will have its own discharge system. The 1:24 scale model tests are to determine the actual outlet configuration required to furnish satisfactory

navigation conditions near the outlet area.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to Mr. James Smallshaw, Chief, Hydraulic Data Branch,

Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

HI

(h)

Field investigation; applied research.

To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of

evaporation from pans at six locations in

Basin, together with standard meteorological

readings

.

Results published in monthly and annual

bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee

River Basin" (Project 768).
(768) FRECIFITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other

weather phenomena for purposes of water

dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc.

(h) Monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation

in Tennessee River Basin."

(769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

d) Field investigation; basic research.

e) Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs

throughout the year are determined by

soundings, and by continuous recording gages

in natural streams.

(771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

d) Field investigations; design.

e) Weirs are placed In main galleries and

drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability.

(779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms

with upward adjustments of controlling

factors to maximum limits as applied to the

Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies.

(780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

d) Theoretical; operation.

e) By analysis of current records of stream

discharge, the volumes of runoff in groundwater and channel storage are determined for

use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs,

(g) Results reported monthly and weekly within

the orgainzation.

(785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and

sounded, volumetric samples are collected and

analyzed, quantity and distribution of sediment are computed to determine deposition by

stream, probable life of reservoir, effect

of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs,

and probable sedimentation in future reser- voirs .

3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN

NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and

Engineering.

(d) To determine water-land relationships for

some of the principal soils used for agricultural purposes in western North Carolina

under important vegetative covers. Observations include rainfall, runoff, solimoisture, potential evapotranspiratlon, and

actual evapotranspiratlon.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four

covers on four small watersheds and a separate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a fifth watershed.

(f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop,

alfalfa, have been discontinued.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

reports on the project.

(h) "Effects of Single Crop Covers on Runoff,"

by C. B. England and E. H. Lesesne, Journal

of Soil and Water Conservation, Volume 17,

No. 1, pp. 11-12, January-February 1962.

"Evapotranspiratlon Research in Western

North Carolina," by C. B. England and E. H. Lesesne, Agricultural Engineering, pp. 526-

528, September 1962.

(3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and

Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm development program designed to give the

optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended

and deposited sediment are observed, periodic

soils-land-use and inventories are made and

records of income summaries and public and

private investments are maintained.

(e) Project activities are divided into calibration, action, and evaluation phases.

(f) Agricultural economics portion of project

terminated June 30, 1962; hydrologic portion

terminated September 30, 1962.

(g) Results are summarized in annual reports on the project. A final comprehensive report is1 In preparation.

(3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

(d) To study the effect of changes in the

vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of

cultivation on the hydrologic factors of

runoff and soil erosion.

(e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover Indexes.

(f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting

which will be accomplished in 1963.

(g) During the 24-year period 1935-1958, the

forest cover Improvement in the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection with, no measurable change in water yield, no change in volume of either surface runoff

or ground-water runoff, marked reduction in summer peak rates of discharge with lesser

reduction in winter rates, a prolongation of

the period of draining of surface runoff

from the channel system, and a 96 percent

reduction in the sediment load.

(3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and ero- sion control measures.

(e) Continuous record from 1941 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads.

(f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting

which will be accomplished in 1963.

(g) During the 20-year period 1941-1960, the cover improvement and erosion control in the

watershed resulted in a decrease in surface

runoff volumes and an increase in groundwater discharges, marked reductions in summer and winter peak flood discharges, a reduction in overland surface velocities, a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system, an appreciable decrease in water yield, and a

96 percent reduction in sediment load.

(h) "Reforestation and Erosion Control Influences!

upon the Hydrology of the Pine Tree Branch

Watershed, 1941-1960," TVA Report.

(4011) NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with U.S.

Forest Service.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the effects of normal, highstandard National Forest Multiple-use

management upon the hydrology of the area. Observations include rainfall, runoff, air

and water temperature, and humidity.

Timber inventories, soil surveys, wildlife

i

169
(g)

Inventories, and evaluations of soil disturbances will be made. Project activities

are divided Into calibration, development,

and evaluation phases.

Results will be published in annual reports.

A report covering the period June 1960

through September 1961 was published in

April 1962 for distribution to cooperating

agencies.

(4884) UPPER BEAR CREEK EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT.

(b) TVA Tributary Area Development project

cooperative with U. S. Forest Service and

Auburn University.

(d) Quantitative determination of the effect of

soil type, slope, and vegetative cover upon

runoff, peak discharge, and erosion on small

watersheds progressing to large watersheds.

Development of procedures to make data

usable In projecting effects from small

watersheds to larger drainage areas and to transfer results of the study to ungaged

areas

.

(e) Four general types of land cover and use will

be considered In the study of the watersheds

that progress downstream from areas of

several hundred acres through intermediatesized watersheds to a drainage area of 143

square miles.

(f) Approximately half of the stream gaging

stations, sediment samplers, and ralngages

were Installed by November 1962. The re- maining installations will be completed over

a period of several years.

(g) Results will be published in annual reports.

190
H. G. ACRES & COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. P. H. Jonker, Head, Hydraulic

Department, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Consulting Engineers, Niagara Falls, Canada.

(4446)

12

(h)

(4552)

13

(h)

(4553)

(b)

(h)

(4554)

(h)

DIVERSION TUNNEL MODEL TESTS FOR MANICOUAGAN

NO. 2, HYDRO ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

Experimental; design.

Tests were continued on the 1:110 scale model

of the diversion tunnels, to determine the

most suitable shape and alignment of the

conduits to ensure free flowing tunnels for

a wide range of discharges. The two tunnels

are required to pass 500,000 cords of logs

in a three-month period. Extensive tests

were carried out to study both the formation

and the removal of log jams in these tunnels.

Tests completed.

The test results indicated that log jams are likely to occur during low flows in locations

where the velocity is extremely low or where

the velocity is reversed. It was found that

the intake and the bends in the alignment

of the tunnel were potentially dangerous and

that logs should be passed only when the

flow exceeds a certain critical value.

Reports in process of preparation.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF DIVERSION TUNNEL CLOSURE

BY BLASTING A ROCK PLUG INSIDE THE TUNNEL.

Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

Experimental; design.

The feasibility of diversion tunnel closure

by blasting a section of the tunnel roof was investigated in a 1:50 scale model.

Completed.

The model tests indicated that the erosion on the downstream slope prevented the formation

of a stable rockfill section. This erosion was caused by both the seepage through

rockfill and by the back surge of the flowing

water in the tunnel.

Report in preparation.

MODEL TESTS OF A TWO-STAGE STILLING BASIN.

Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation

Authority.

Experimental; design.

The outflow from a flood control dam is

discharged by means of pipes or culverts.

The energy of the high-velocity jets must be

dissipated to prevent scour of the river

valley downstream. Tests were performed on

a 1:57.6 scale model to determine the

dimensions of a two-stage stilling basin.

Completed.

The model test indicated the importance of

providing suitable piers between the individual culverts discharging into the primary

stilling basin. The dimensions of both the

primary and the secondary stilling basins were

determined experimentally In the model. The

model test indicated that all major dimensions

of the stilling basin were determined by the

asymmetrical flow conditions which occur when

only one or two of the culverts were operating.

Report submitted to client.

MODEL TESTS OF A SUBMERSIBLE SECTOR GATE.

Manitoba Department of Agriculture and Conservation.

Experimental; design.

A submersible sector gate with a diameter of

42 feet was tested in a 1:50 scale model to determine the relative merits of submersible

gates of this size using upstream or downstream hinges. The test program included the

determination of the discharge characteristics,

the location of zones of low pressure, the

magnitude and frequency of pressure fluctuations on the downstream skin plate and the

design of the downstream bucket to give

optimum energy dissipation,

(g) The results to date Indicate the feasibility

of a submersible sector gate with upstream

hinges. The maximum pressure fluctuation on

the downstream skin plate was found to be

approximately eight feet. This fluctuation

can be decreased substantially by rounding

the top section of the gate. This rounding

however resulted in large negative pressures

which were found to be low enough to cause both cavitation and lifting of the gate.

(4555) MODEL TESTS OF A SUBMERSIBLE CONTROL GATE.

0

Dominion Bridge Company Limited.

Experimental; design.

Model tests were carried out on a 1:24 scale

model of a submersible, fish belly type,

control gate to determine: (1) The torque

for various operating conditions; (2) the

nappe form; (3) the effectiveness of nappe

aerations; (4) the magnitude and frequency

of pressure fluctuations; and (5) the discharge rating curve of the final design.

Completed.

Report submitted to client.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(4885) PIPE LINE TRANSPORT OF FLUIDIZED SOLIDS.

II)

(d)

(e)

12

(h)

(4886)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

University of Alberta.

Mr. R. W. Ansley, Department of Civil Engrg.,

University of Alberta.

Laboratory experiments In 1" and 2" diameter

pipes carrying solids water slurries.

Study the effect of particle. size on the

pipe line transport of fluidized solids.

Laboratory experiments continuing.

Homogeneous slurries of fine mineral matter

and water effectively decrease the critical

velocity (the velocity at which solids

settle on the pipe walls) for sand transport.

"The Effect of Fines on the Pipeline Flow

of Sand-Water Mixtures," C. D. D. Howard.

M.Sc. Thesis, 1962.

ACTIVE BED-LOAD PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

AND REGIME SLOPE ANALYSIS IN A GRAVEL RIVER.

Alberta Government Dept. of Water Resources

and University of Alberta.

Mr. R. E. Bailey, Chief Engineer, Dept. of

Water Resources, Government of Alberta.

Field experiments; basic and applied reseaich

master's thesis. Minor supplementary lab.

experiments.

Study stone size distribution in active

portion of river bed gravel. Verify

practical applicability of regime slope

formula analysis to steep reaches of gravel

river during low flow. Test utility of such

analysis for future geomorphic surveys.

Regime analyses to be extended as routine to other rivers.

Active gravel bed found to have logarithmic

normal grain size distribution. Tentative

rule suggested for determining median size

of active portion of total gravel. Approximate relation obtained between bed factor

at vanishingly small bed-load charge and

median size of active gravel portion.

Regime slope analysis at low discharge

found satisfactory under certain limitations

of slope and discharge and size of gravel

relative to depth.

"Regime Relations in a Gravel Reach of the

Red Deer River, Alberta," by M. A. Qureshi,

M.Sc. thesis 1962. Copies obtainable from

item (c)

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

(4451) HEAD LOSS IN SPHERICAL WYES,

(b) Laboratory project.

191
(c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of British Columbia.

d) Applied research.

e) The spherical wye due to its small dimensions is particularly suitable as a wyebranch in large penstocks under high head.

A Luclte model was constructed to measure the

head losses in the spherical wye. The inside

diameters of the main pipe, the sphere and

the branch pipes were 5 1/4, 5.85 and 3 3/4

inch respectively. The angle between

branches was 90 degrees. Several modifications of the wye, such as tapered outlets

and rounded corners were tested.

(g) Report in preparation.

(4507) NEW HIGHWAY BRIDGE OVER THE COLUMBIA RIVER

AT KINNAIRD, BRITISH COLUMBIA.

(b) Hydraulic laboratory studies cooperative

with Choukalos, Woodbum and Mckenzie, Ltd.,

Consulting Engineers, Vancouver, B.C., for

the Department of Highways, Province of

British Columbia.

(c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of British Columbia, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to aid in the design of

the pier foundations and the rock protection

for the river bed around the piers.

(e) A model of one of the piers was investigated.

It was proposed to support the pier pedestals

on a pile grillage driven into the river bed.

Special features in the geometry of the

proposed piers, combined with their skewness

with the flow, made it necessary to investigate flow patterns along with potential riverbed scour. The model pier (scale 1:100) was installed in the large concrete flume In the

hydraulic laboratory, and rested on a bed of

sand of suitable grade. Various flows, and

corresponding water depths, including a flood

having a probable recurrence interval of

1,000 years, were Imposed.

f) Completed.

g) The study provided the consulting engineers

with the information they required.

(h) A report was submitted to the Consulting

Engineers, and copies were forwarded to the

Bridge Engineer's Office, Department of

Highways, Province of British Columbia.

fcCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, Department of Civil Engineering.

{4043) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF

BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS

AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS.

(b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department,

Inspection Division.

(c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique,

2500 Marle-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26,

Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A full scale three-story plumbing system

has been erected In the Hydrodynamics

Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique. The

diameter of the pluvial column, the soil

stack and the drain is 4 inches. The drain

has many sections of pyrex glass to permit

observations at critical points. A system

of valves and of cross-connections on the

vents lends to various combinations of tests.

The back-water valves have a transparent

lucite cover to enable visual observations.

As air entralnment seems to have a great

importance on the venting capacity, the rate

of air entrained in the vertical columns is

measured at the inlet by means of a hotwire air-meter. Various flooding conditions

of the public sewers are simulated by a tank

in which the water level can be controlled

by gate valves. This research is aimed at determining whether back-water valves can offer home dwellers a reliable protection

against flooding due to any overload of

combined sewers. If this method is not —satisfactory^ an improved design of plumbing

system may be suggested.

f) Temporarily suspended.

g) The mechanism of air entralnment has been

studied and tests have revealed the best

position for some of the vents.

(h) Interim report to be submitted in February

1963.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO,

Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer,

Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University

Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO

IRISHMAN'S POINT.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of St. Lawrence

River between Ogdensburg and Lelshman's

Point, a distance of 16.1 miles, was con- structed to determine the design of channel

enlargements, the location of the Iroquois

Control Dam and a plan of river control

during construction of the St. Lawrence

Power Project. The locations and conditions

for a series of six ice booms for ice con- trol were determined.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model Is still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the criteria stipulated by the International Joint Commission with respect to

navigation and ice-forming velocities and

the seaway navigation channel was located.

The optimum arrangements and location for

the Iroquois Control Dam was determined. A plan of river control during construction

was developed. Log booms for ice control

have been successful since their installation in the prototype.

(3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDEN ISLAND

REACH.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 7.9 miles of the

river between the towns of Iroquois and

Morrisburg, was constructed to determine the

design of channel enlargements and a plan of

river control during construction of the St.

Lawrence Power Project.

fl Work is completed and model removed,

g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the Ice-forming criteria stipulated by

International Joint Commission and a satisfactory Seaway Navigation channel was located. A plan of river control during

construction was developed.

(3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND

CLOSURE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development, and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 13.8 miles from

Cat Island to below the powerhouses was con- structed to develop plans for dewaterlng the

Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and to investigate conditions during the various

stages of their construction.

f) Work is completed and model removed.

g) Dewaterlng diversion channels were designed

in detail and a plan of construction developed to preserve the necessary water levels

for existing navigation and ensure adequate

i

f

!

192
discharge capacity in the various stages of

construction. Velocities in the Seaway

Channel were also investigated. The Power

Pool filling operation was investigated in

detail.

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA.

Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of the

State of New York.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:160 x 1:80 scale model reproducing 2.5

miles of the St. Lawrence River from above

the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, has

been constructed to develop the design of an economic tailrace improvement and a suitable

dewatering scheme.

Work is completed and model removed.

An economic tailrace enlargement was developed in the model . A cofferdammlng plan to dewater much of the enlargement area was

devised and the velocities at various stages

observed. A plan for disposal of dredged

material behind a dyke adjacent to the work

area was developed.

(3643) HEADGATE MODEL.

(3333)

Si

0

12

13

Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; as applied research.

A 1:24 scale model of the St. Lawrence

powerhouse headgate and inlet water passage

was built to investigate the hydraulic forces

on gates with upstream and downstream skin

plates under conditions of horizontal and

sloping floors and submerged and free

discharge conditions.

Work is completed and model removed.

A series of curves was developed from which

hydraulic downpull forces may be determined

for several types of gates and gate

Installations for use in preliminary designs.

(3644) OTTER RAPIDS GENERATING STATION MODEL.

Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:72 scale comprehensive model of the

sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and

downstream river channels has been con- structed to determine the dewatering

arrangement for construction, velocities at and along cofferdams, height location and

slope of high water channel sluiceway training walls, the rating of the diversion ports

and the sluiceways and the tailrace channel

enlargement.

Work is completed and model removed.

The dewatering plans were developed and

tested in the model. The calibration and

performance of the four tunnel diversion

ports for use during construction were

determined. The design and operational use

of the sluiceways in the high water channel were tested.

(4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

id) Experimental; for design and operation,

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model

reproducing five miles of the Niagara River

from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts

is being used to determine the operational

characteristics of the Niagara River Control

Structure under developed conditions. This

model was previously used to investigate

the remedial works necessary for the Preservation and Enhancement of Niagara Falls and

for the location of the intakes and necessary river improvements of both Ontario

Hydro and the Power Authority of the State

of New York. To fully realize the terms of

the 1950 Niagara Treaty, additional remedial

works have been designed. These include a five-gate extension to the existing 13-gate

control structure as well as a system con- taining an upstream accelerating wall, a downstream training wall and overflow weir

for the safe passage of ice past the various

intakes along the Canadian shore of the

river above the Palls. The sequence of con- struction of these works and the conditions

during their construction were determined

in the model. Rating of the structure under

cofferdammed conditions was obtained. An

echo- sounding survey with electronic fixing

was made in the field in 1962 and portions

of the model re-contoured. Certain river

improvements were designed and executed to assist in the passage of ice floes.

(4453) LITTLE LONG GENERATING STATION INTAKE MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model of a bell-mouthed water

passage from the dam to the circular penstock and scroll case was built. The con- figuration of the bell mouth was determined

and the design of the bay-window type trash

racks upstream of the dam face. Piezometer

tap locations were investigated for future

prototype Gibson test efficiency tests.

(f) Work is completed and model removed.

(4454)

(f)

ONTARIO POWER GENERATING STATION

AND WEIR MODEL.

INTAKE

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:50 scale model was built of the Ontario

Power outer forebay intake wall and a portion of the downstream training wall and

overflow weir, which are a part of the

extension to the Niagara River additional

remedial works. The design of the weir and

wall as developed In the distorted Niagara

Model was checked in this natural scale model

(f) Work is completed but model is still active.

(4455) ARROW LAKES DAM - COLUMBIA RIVER.

b) British Columbia Power Commission,

dj Experimental; for design and operation,

e) An 1:80 scale model of the Arrow Lakes and

dam and environs was built to determine the

detailed location and adequacy of the water

passages in a concrete structure and the

energy-dissipating works necessary to ensure

the protection of an associated earth dam.

A 1:50 scale model was tested in a flume to determine the hydraulic design of the tunnel

ports in the concrete structure and to develop the associated energy-dissipating work.,

Rating of these ports was obtained as well as! the hydraulic loadings on the port gates. A 1:60 scale model of one of the four sluiceways is being tested in the flume to determi

the rating of the sluice and the hydraulic

loadings on the sluice gate. Piezometers ara being used to determine under varying conditions of flow, the rollway pressures as well

as the pressures at selected locations in tha energy-dissipating bucket and associated

tooth-like projections of the dissipator.

(4508) LITTLE LONG MAIN DAM MODEL.

Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design and operation.

A 1:80 natural scale model was constructed

of the main dam containing two submerged

tunnel ports and five sluiceways with

staggered sill elevations. Discharge capacities of these components were determined

as well as several schemes of closure in

raising the head pond. Conditions downstream of the structure at several access bridge piers were studied.

Work is essentially completed, but model is

still active.

(4509) HARMON GENERATING STATION MODEL.

Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design and operation.

A 1:80 natural scale model was constructed

of the main dam, two submerged ports and two

sluiceways. A diversion channel was 193
designed with associated cofferdams for use during construction. Capacities of ports

and sluices were determined. Location of

downstream access bridge piers was determined. A ski-Jump type energy dlsslpator

for the sluiceways was also designed,

(f) Model Is still active.

(4510) DOUGLAS POINT CIRCULATION MODEL.

(b) Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.

(dj Experimental; for operation.

(e) A 1:100 vertically and 1:500 horizontally

scale model was constructed of an area one- and-a-half miles by three miles of Lake

Huron in the vicinity of the Douglas Point

nuclear plant intake and outfall. The circulation of the cooling water from the

outfall with respect to the intake was investigated with littoral drifts of different velocities and opposite directions, as well as no drift.

(4511) CLAIREVILLE DAM MODEL.

(b) Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation

Authority.

(d) Experimental j for design

(e) A 1:40 natural scale model of the dam and

its environs was built and the capacity and

rating of the five sluiceways determined.

Schemes of various energy dissipators were investigated and a design recommended.

(f) Work is complete, but model is still active.

(g) Sluiceway capacity was determined and a scheme of energy dissipation -developed.

(4512) WESTERLY WATER PURIFICATION PLANT MODEL.

(bj The municipality of Metropolitan Toronto,

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8 plastic model of one of the bays of a water purification plant is being constructed.

It contains the main manifold with its associated laterals and the filter and backwash

cycles will be checked to ensure as uniform

a distribution of flow as possible through

the lateral beds. This will be accomplished

by experimenting with the size of the

openings in the main manifold.

(f) Model is under construction.

iLASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD.

(4456) VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF CURRENT RECORDER,

bj Laboratory Project.

d) Experimental - development of instrument for

hydrographic and oceanographic research for

acquisition of datum in computable form

(punched tape)

.

(e) Recording of velocity by impulse counter for

propeller type current-meter. Recording of

direction by reading an encoder monitorized

by a marine compass. Instrument must be:

1) rugged, 2) simple and easy to maintain,

3) very low power drain for long periods,

(recording up to 6 months under ice),

(g) Prototype routine tests equivalent to 2 years

without failure have been carried out. Tests

at sea expected to be carried out in 1963.

Depth up to 2000 feet. Patent pending.

(4458) PEACE RIVER - PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DEVELOPMENT.

(b) British Columbia Electric and I.P.E.C.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; design,

(e) A 1/100 scale model was constructed to determine the practicability of the hydraulic

design of the three diversion tunnels proposed.

Studies include: approach channel, intake

tunnels, discharge capacity, energy dissipating works with movable bed and cofferdamming of the river,

f ) Completed.

h) Reports submitted to sponsor.

(4459) DUNCAN LAKE PROJECT.

(b) Montreal Engineering and B.C.P.C.

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/48 scale model used to study the best

design of the outlet works for the diversion

tunnels and of the downstream discharge

channel in order to minimize erosion, ensure stability of the structures and prevent

deposition of material near the tallrace of

the powerhouse,

fj Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4513) MEILLEUR - ATLANTIOUE. SEWAGE REGULATOR.

(bj City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Study of a flow meter for domestic and flood

waters combined with an automatic sewage

regulator.

The regulator Includes upstream and downstream water level controls,

fj Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4514) DRAINAGE OF THE SOUTH WATERSHED OF THE CITY

OF MONTREAL.

(b) City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Hydraulic study of a new sewer network

draining the domestic and flood waters of

the southern watershed of the Town of

Montreal

.

Provision has been made for the future purification of domestic water,

f ) Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4515) ANTHES - IMPERIAL PIPE.

(bj Anthes Imperial,

(dj Experimental.

(ej Full scale measurements of the friction coefficient of a 6-inch pipe coated with special

paint intended to protect the pipe

.

Results were extrapolated to include larger

and smaller pipe sizes.

f) Completed.

h; Report submitted to sponsor.

(4516) GROS CACOUNA HARBOUR.

(b) Public Works Department.

(dj Theoretical and experimental: design.

(e) A study of the arrival of waves In the

harbour was carried out by using wave diagrams. Then a 1/100 scale model was built

to study the protection of the harbour

against penetration of swell,

f j Completed.

h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4517) MONTREAL - SOREL SHIP CHANNEL.

(bl Department of Transport.

(dj Theoretical and experimental: design.

(e) Two models representing a section of the

St. Lawrence River from Laprairie Basin

including Montreal Harbour to Sorel Islands were built at a scale 1/150 vertically and

1/600 horizontally.

The purpose of the model was to study the

improvement of navigation in this section of

the St. Lawrence River.

(4518) BAY OF FUNDY.

(b) New Brunswick Government,

(dj Theoretical: design.

(e) Study carried out in collaboration with

H. G. Acres and The Foundation Engineering of Canada.

The aim of this study was to appraise the

possibilities of tidal power in the Bay of

Fundy.

f ) Completed.

g) Report submitted to sponsor.

i

i

;

!

194
(4519)

(b)

(d)

e

(4520)

(4521)

(4524)

ft)) Id)

I e 1

SWIFT RAPIDS LOCK.

Department of Transport.

Theoretical and experimental; design.

A 1/20 scale model of this lock, which forms

part of the Trent River navigation facilities, was used to determine filling and emptying

conditions, intake and outlet flow characteristics as well as the hydraulic flow conditions along the whole water conducting

circuit

MANICOUAGAN POWER PLANT

OUTLETS.

SITE 5 BOTTOM

Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

Theoretical; design.

Hydraulic design of the bottom outlet intended

to work under a maximum head of 500 feet. The

major design criterion was to avoid cavitation.

(g)

(h)

(4546)

00

(d)

(e)

MANICOUAGAN POWER PLANT

OUTLETS

SITE 5 BOTTOM

Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

Experimental; design. A 1/60 scale model was built to study the

best design of the bottom outlet with regard

to the erosion downstream of the structures.

This model is also used for pressure measure- ments on the structures.

(4522) BRAZEAU OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Dominion Bridge.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Study on a 1/36 scale model of the hydraulic

forces and possibility of vibration of the

gate during the starting operations of the

turbine - pump.

Forces and vibrations are directly measured

by force transducers.

(4523) PERFORATED BREAKWATERS.

Laboratory project.

Basic research.

Theoretical and model study of swell re- flexion against vertical perforated breakwaters. Comparison with Clapotis and Rubble

Mound breakwaters reflective action.

CARILLON POWER PLANT

THE SPILLWAY.

SCOURS DOWNSTREAM OF

Quebec Hydroelectric Commission.

Experimental; operation.

Tests on the 1/110 scale general model have

been carried out to reproduce scours found

downstream of the prototype spillway and

which seemed to be due to a geological fault

in the rock.

An operating programme has to be recommended

in order to avoid further scours.

UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor E. Kuiper, Department of

Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Fort Carry,

Manitoba, Canada.

(4547) FAIRFORD RIVER CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS.

(b) Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba.

(d) Experimental project to aid in the design of

the most economical channel improvements.

(e) The channel excavation at the Fairford River,

where it drains Lake Manitoba, is part of an engineering project to control the levels of

Lake Manitoba. The purpose of the model

study was to determine how the hydraulic

effectiveness of the channel design could be

improved. The model had a horizontal scale

of 1:1200 and a vertical scale of 1:36 and

included approximately 5000 feet of river

channel

(~f) Completed.

(g)

(4549)

w

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4550)

(e)

13

It was found from the model study that the

originally proposed excavation could be

reduced by 55,000 cubic yards, without re- ducing the hydraulic effectiveness of the

channel improvements.

"Fairford River Channel Improvements" Report

No. 1, Hydraulics Laboratory, University of

Manitoba.

SOUTH SASKATCHEWAN RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration,

Regina.

Experimental project to determine nature of

deposition of sediment.

The upper 80 miles of the South Saskatchewan

Reservoir were reproduced as a length ratio

of 1:15,000; a width ratio of 1:1500; and a depth ratio of 1:40; resulting in a model

that was 30 feet long, 4 feet wide and 3 feet

deep. The model was operated in accordance

with the prototype fluctuations in discharge,

sediment transport and reservoir level. The

purpose of the tests was to study the pattern

of deposition in longitudinal direction.

Testing is completed on deposition of sand.

The model is now being used for tests in the

deposition pattern of sand and silt, which

are simulated in the model by sand and grains

of plastic.

It was found that the slope of the delta

surface between the upper and lower reservoir

levels approximates the slope of the river

bed. The slope below is substantially steeper.

The slope above follows the backwater curve towards normal depth.

"South Saskatchewan River Reservoir Sedimentation," by R. W. Newbury. Part requirement for degree of M.Sc. from University of

Manitoba.

RED RIVER FLOODWAY OUTLET MODEL.

Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba

and H. G. Acres and Company, Niagara Falls.

Experimental project to aid in the design of

the outlet structure of the Red River Floodway.

The lower end of the Floodway, the fixed-crest

drop structure and the junction with the Red

River channel were reproduced at a horizontal

scale of 1:100 and a vertical scale of 1:100,

resulting in a model of 30 x 60 feet. Different designs of the drop structure and

different plans of excavation were investigated

for different discharges In order to find the

most economical design that would keep ve- locities below erosive capacity. The bed

material was uniform sand with a diameter of

approximately 1 mm. Test completed.

Test indicated that the drop structure could

be designed much simpler than was originally

proposed. The tail race channel between the

drop- structure and the Red River will be of

approximately the same dimensions as the

Floodway, while the side slopes will be

protected by rip rap.

Report under preparation.

RED RIVER FLOODWAY INLET MODEL.

Water Control Branch, Province of Manitoba.

Experimental project to aid in the design of

the Inlet works of the Red River Floodway.

The upper end of the Floodway, the control

dam with drum gates, and two miles of Red

River Channel were reproduced at a horizontal

scale of 1:120 and a vertical scale of 1:60,

resulting in a model of 40 x 160 feet. Different designs of the floodway inlet and different plans of rip rap protection were investigated for different discharges. Tests were

also conducted with surface ice (cakes of wai)

to determine the likelihood of an ice Jam at the point of intake.

Tests completed.

Tests indicated the most satisfactory elevation and width of the floodway entrance; and

the extent of rip rap required downstream- of

195
(h)

(4551)

IS!

(e)

(f)

the control dam.

Report under preparation.

MEANDERING OF ALLUVIAL RIVERS.

University of Manitoba.

Basic research In the hydraulics laboratory

towards a masters degree.

Collecting pertinent Information from the

literature and foreign hydraulic laboratories.

Verifying some of this Information under the

presently available laboratory conditions.

Pursuing the investigation into areas that

are ill understood such as the helicoidal

movement of water and sediment in riverbends.

Recently started.

(4465) SPILLWAY.

Ill

Shawinlgan Engineering Co., Ltd., Montreal.

Experimental; for design data.

A 1/60 scale model of a side channel spillway, designed to pass flood water about a proposed power plant, was used to verify the

spillway capacity and study flow conditions

downstream of the powerhouse. A number of

modifications were made to reduce turbulence.

Completed.

A report has been Issued to the sponsor.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering

and Applied Mechanics.

(4545)

H)

(4546)

8)

(d)

(e)

BREAKUP OF SOLITARY WAVE.

Laboratory project.

Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering

and Applied Mechanics, McGill University,

Montreal 2, P.Q., Canada.

Experimental; basic research.

Examination of disintegration of a solitary wave in shallow water on encountering deep

water.

CAVITATION AT HIGH -HEAD SLUICE GATES.

and

2,

Laboratory project.

Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of' Civil Engrg.

Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal

P. Q., Canada.

Experimental; applied research, for Master's

degree

.

Study of pressure fluctuations on wall behind

an obstruction which produces cavitation.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director,

Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Researcn

Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(4047) BAIE COMEAU, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada,

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) This harbour is located on the north shore

of the Gulf of St. Lawrence where it is ex- posed to strong wave action. A new design

of perforated vertical -wall breakwater, developed in the laboratory, is being con- structed as a 1000-ft. extension to an ex- isting wharf. Field data on waves and

stresses in the perforated wall are being

obtained in co-operation with the Division

of Building Research.

(g) The breakwater extension is nearing completion and wave recording equipment is being

installed.

(h) A report will be prepared when wave and stress

data are available.

(4464) RUSTICO HARBOUR, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) This harbour is located in an area of strong

littoral drift and, as a result, the entrance

is subject to shoaling. The main problem is

to stabilize the width and increase the depth

of the approach channel. A 1:150 by 1:30

tidal wave model, using crushed bakelite as a bed material, has been constructed to study

remedial measures,

(g) A preliminary design of control structure has

been made and tests are continuing to study

the final details.

(4466) AIR BUBBLERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) Laboratory experiments have been performed

to determine the circulation Induced by air

bubblers in homogeneous and stratified water. Field measurements have been made in two

Arctic inlets in which air bubblers were operating.

(g) Additional field measurements with Improved

equipment will be taken during the freezeup period in the Fall of 1962 to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics and

energy budget in an Artie inlet.

(h) "Winter Regime of a Tidal Inlet in the Artie

and the Use of Air Bubbler for the Protection

of Dock Structures", by S. Ince. Paper was presented to the Eighth Conference on Coastal

Engineering in Mexico City, November 5-9,

1962.

(4525) FORMATION OF ICE IN RIVERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; field Investigations.

(e) Temperature measurements were taken at a number of locations in the St. Lawrence River

below Kingston, during the Winter and early

Spring of 1961-62, to obtain information on

the heat losses.

(g) Improved temperature measuring equipment has

been installed at 15 locations in the St. Lawrence River between Kingston and Sorel,

and water temperatures will be obtained at approximately bi-weekly intervals during the

winter of 1962-63.

(h) "A Preliminary Temperature Survey of the St. Lawrence River from Kingston to Beauharnois,

February 22-24, 1961" Internal Memoranda HY-8

and HY-42 "A Note on the Density Structure cf the St. Lawrence River at Kingston," by S. Ince, have been prepared.

(4526) CHANDLER HARBOUR WHARF.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) A scale model of a wharf, protected by a rock-filled breakwater, was tested in a wave flume to determine the stability in waves. The tests showed that some modifications to the original design were desirable.

Completed.

A new control was made for a flap-type wave- maker so that waves of constant height but

random frequency could be generated. The ef- fect of random frequency waves on the breakwater was different from groups of waves of

constant frequency.

Design data have been issued to the sponsor.

fa

(h)

(4527) TIDE PROPAGATION IN AN ESTUARY.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental

.

A study of the tide range in the lower Fraser River indicated that it was greatly Influenced

by a number of restrictions, many of which had

been constructed to increase local depths. .It has been proposed that it would be preferable

to remove a number of these restrictions and

rely on the increased flushing action of the

tides to maintain the channels. A 1:1440 by

1:144 fixed-bed model of the entire tidal area is being constructed to study the effect

196'
(s)

of removing certain restrictions and making

other improvements.

The model is nearing completion.

(4528) EFFECT OF EARTH'S ROTATION ON RIVER FLOW,

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental.

Considerations of gravity and Coriolis forces

acting in fast-flowing, straight rivers of

small slope indicate that considerable

spiral flow is possible. Measurements with

directional current meters in a section of

the St. Lawrence River confirmed this. A small rotating table is being constructed to study flow in channels in a rotating system.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

(2492)

(g)

(h)

(2740)

81

HI

(g)

(3363)

• 13

IS!

is!

(3658)

ft)

RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Wither spoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental; applied research.

The relationship of precipitation and snow- melt to runoff characteristics on four water- sheds of 20 acres each, under various land use practices, is being evaluated.

Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass-legume cover is greater than from

watersheds plowed during the winter season. Negligible surface runoff from watershed in

trees and pasture.

Discussion by D. F. Witherspoon "Hydrologic

Design of Culverts" by Ven T. Chow. Journ.

of Hydraulics Paper No. 3071, March 1962,

published in Proc. ASCE Vol. 88 HY5, Sept.

1962.

MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAINAGE

OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL.

Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

Discharge measurements from lateral tile

drains in Brookston clay soil are being made

to determine the proper drainage coefficient

to use in the design of main tile drains and

to determine the effect of lateral tile

drain spacing on the drainage rate. Two

additional lateral drains were installed in

the fall of 1960.

Preliminary frequency analyses have been made

on runoff data collected over a 5-year period.

HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL.

Laboratory project.

Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

The study is being carried out to establish

criteria to be used in the development and

operation of a water control program for

organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish a hydrologic water balance for the field area by

measuring, recording, and analyzing so far

as possible the evaporation, seepage, transpiration, precipitation, water table elevation and ground water discharge through

tile drains.

Data collection continuing.

Thesis in preparation.

THE RESISTIVITY METHOD OF GROUND WATER

PROSPECTING.

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

The objective is to Investigate the application of the resistivity method to subsurface exploration for ground water under

(g)

(h)

(3660)

i

(3662

(g

(4052

B

(.*

(e

(g

(h

(4053

B

(h

(4054

4u

the geological conditions found In southern

Ontario.

The resistivity method was successfully used

in investigation of a pre-glacial valley as

a possible source of ground water.

"Resistivity Survey of the Twelve and

Sixteen Mile Creek Watersheds" by G. Wessels.

M.S. A. thesis on file In Massey Library,

Ontario Agricultural College.

RAINFALL-DEPTH -AREA-INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS

IN CENTRAL ONTARIO.

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

A dense network of standard and recording

rain gages has been established in the Guelph area with the cooperation of the Meteorololcg

ical Branch, Department of Transport. The

network is over an area of approximately 12

square miles with an average gage density of

1 per square mile. The purpose of this study

is to obtain detailed information on summer precipitation characteristics for use in the

hydrologic design for small drainage basins.

Analysis of data shows that for 8 years

intensity-frequency relationships are diffeib

from nearby stations with longer record.

POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CONSUMPTIVE

USE OF WATER BY CROPS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. K. M. King, Department of Soils, Ontario

Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can.

Field investigations; basic research.

The purpose of this investigation is to evali

ate the factors influencing evapotranspiratin

by the use of a specially designed floating

lysimeter. Study is being conducted on the

effect of soil moisture on the heat budget

and evapotranspiration for crops.

Data analysis is continuing.

COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural Colleg

Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental and field investigation; applied

research.

This study is being made to determine the

effect of several cover materials on soil

movement and water discharged into a tile

drain. Laboratory studies of some relatively new glass fiber materials have been completed

and a field experiment based on those results was installed in the fall of 1960.

Yearly sampling of sediment from drains at th field experimental site are being continued

but no conclusions can be drawn as yet.

"Cover Materials for Tile Drains," by F. R. Hore and H. C. Tiwari. Can. Agric. Eng. Vol

No. 1, Jan. 1962.

THE WATER YIELD OF SWAMP AREAS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; Master's thesis.

A watershed of approximately 900 acres con- taining a swamp area Is being studied to determine the relationship between watershed

characteristics and water yield.

Discontinued.

Analysis of three years data of rainfall

runoff and water levels In the study watersha shows the swamp to be a result of a ground

water outcrop.

"Relationship of Ground Water Levels to StreamfloM from a Swamp" by R. K. Rai. K.SA

thesis on file In Massey Library. Ontario

Agricultural College.

RUNOFF FROM FLA1 LAND.

Laooratory ^project in ^cooperation with Water

1*7
(c)

81

Resources Division, Department of Northern

Affairs and National Resources.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

Several 2 to 10 square mile flat watersheds

of fine-textured soils are to be studied to determine the relationship between precipitation, snowmelt, watershed characterisltcs

and runoff. Hydrologic data on this type of

watershed is being sought for the establishment of criteria for the design of hydraulic

structures. The Installation of gaging

stations and the survey of watershed boundaries is continuing.

(4055) EVAPORATION FROM A SNOW SURFACE.

81

8i

(g)

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Wltherspoon, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

Snow evaporation will be measured from a floating lysimeter and basic equations for

the heat budget over a snow surface will

be developed for estimating snow evaporation

and snowmelt. These data will be used in a water balance for experimental watersheds in

the Guelph area. Equipment has been designed and constructed.

Data will be collected during 1962-63.

(4467) DRAIN FLOW STUDIES.

8!

81

Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental; basic research and development.

The object of this research is to study the

fundamental nature of flow through multiple

openings in an underdrain with the view

towards development of satisfactory design

criteria for the openings.

Inactive

.

A review of literature has been made and a few preliminary investigations have been made

in the laboratory.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, Hydraulic

Laboratories

.

(3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE

HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

81

8!

(h)

(3666)

81

(d)

(e)

If)

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental and field; basic and applied.

Field and laboratory: 3-dimensional model

of Cobourg Harbour.

"A Model Investigation of Cobourg Harbour,"

by B. Le Mehaute and J. I. Collins, Queen's

Civil Engineering Report No. 17.

"Wind and Waves at Cobourg, Lake Ontario,"

by A. Brebner and B. Le Mehaute, Cueen's

Civil Engineering Report No. 19 (Available

from (c).)

"On the Accuracy of Various Methods of Predicting Wave Climates for Limited Fetches,"

by Dr. A. Brebner, Queen's Civil Engineering

Report No. 22. (Available from (c).)

CRITICAL MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES FOR

PARTICLES OF VARIOUS SIZES.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental laboratory investigation for

doctoral thesis by J. I. Collins.

Work extended in an attempt to uncover

relationships for superposed currents on mass transport characteristics.

Inactive

.

(4057) THE TRANSPORT OF LOGS OR SUSPENDED SOLIDS

THROUGH PIPELINES.

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ont., Canada.

(d) Laboratory investigation but to almost fullsize scale.

(e) The head losses associated with two-phase

flow of wood-chips and water.

(g) Wood-chips pumped through 400 ft. of 4" line

with good success.

(h) "An Introduction to Aqueous Hydraulic

Conveyance of Solids in Pipe-lines," by Dr.

A. Brebner, Queen's Civil Engineering Report

No. 21. (Available from (c).)

(4468) CRITERIA FOR THE INCIDENCE OF TURBULENCE.

It]

(4529)

81

I

8!

(4530)

8)

8!

(g)

National Research Council.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's Univ., Kinston,

Ont., Canada.

Basic research.

An apparatus to produce plane Couette flow

is used. Both shear Intensity and distance

between boundaries are independently variable

THE STABILITY OF RUBBLE MOUND FOUNDATIONS

FOR VERTICAL BREAKWATERS.

National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Ontario, Canada.

Applied research to model scales.

To establish criteria for the stability of

rubble mound foundation subjected to wave action

.

Discontinued.

8th International Congress on Coastal Engrg.,

Mexico City, November 1962, or Queen's Civil

Engineering Report No. 23. (Available from

(c).)

THE VERTICAL PUMPING OF MINE PRODUCTS.

Ontario Mining Association.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Applied research In laboratory.

To establish co-relation between head losses

in vertical pumping and particle size, specific gravity, concentration, etc. Work commencing.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

8!

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

Experimental; applied research for master's

theses

.

A long-term research carried out with a view

to systematizing discharge characteristics

for spillways having various pier spacings

and proportions.

A computer project is being undertaken to review all numerical work and to utilize

appropriate statistical procedures in the

function-fitting.

Significant correlations obtained via special

plotting techniques.

Report in preparation.

(3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

8i

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

Critical analysis of the hydraulic radius

concept and the effect of cross-section

geometry on the resistance to flow in con- duits. Detailed evaluation of mean flow

parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities, and wall shear

stresses. The channel under study was 70

feet long and had a variable rectangular

cross-section of 3 x 1, 3, 9 inches,

198
respectively, and used air as the fluid medium.

f) First project completed.

g) Friction coefficients plotted as function of

bulk Reynolds number exhibit a trend similar

to but not identical with the circular pipe

resistance law. The local velocities

correlate well in the form of the inner law

provided the local shear velocity is used.

The appropriate velocity scale for the outer

law correlation is the average shear

velocity, but this correlation is not established for Reynolds numbers below 10 . Static pressures increase toward the center

of the ducts.

(h) "The Effect of Cross-Section Geometry upon

the Resistance to Flow in Conduits," by

H. J. Leutheusser, Ph.D. thesis, University

of Toronto, October 1961.

"Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Ducts," by

H. J. Leutheusser, Journal of Hyd. Div.,

May, 1963.

(3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES.

b) Laboratory project.

cj Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada,

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for Master's thesis.

(e)) A jet of air is injected at various angles

into a uniform cross-flow. From photographs

of the jet containing smoke, and velocities

determined with a hot-wire anemometer the

shape of the jet and the pattern of dispersion

are being studied.

(g) Momentum equations yield parametric relationships for the shape of the jet which have

been used to define the path of a jet

injected at 90 degrees to the cross-flow.

Experiments are in progress with Jets

entering at other angles.

(h) "The Round Turbulent Jet in a Cross-wind,"

by J. F. Keffer, Ph. D. thesis, University

of Toronto, April, 1962.

(4064) EFFECT OF GROINS ON LITTORAL TRANSPORT.

b} Laboratory project.

c) Prof. G . Ross Lord, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research

for master's thesis.

(e) The motions of individual sediment particles

of various sizes and densities were studied

on a solid plane beach of 1:10 slope at 45

degrees to the wave direction. Direction and

magnitude of the particle velocities and

the effect of groins upon particle motion

were studied.

(g) Wave induced currents have been analyzed

and compared with experimental results. After

minimizing the effects of nearshore circulation, equations are derived for littoral

transport velocities of spherical particles

for the given beach and wave configuration.

Modification of existing refraction theories

is proposed.

(h) Report in preparation.

((4065) EFFECTS OF VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION ON -WIND LOADS ON BUILDINGS.

(ib) Division of Building Research, National

Research Council of Canada.

:(<e)) Prof. W. D, Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

((<&)) Experimental^ applied research for design

information,

((e)) A velocity distribution similar to that J.n the atmosphere has been created in a wind

tunnel. Pressure distributions and flow

patterns around typical building shapes have

ibeen measured.

(g) !For tall buildings tthe pressure distribution

<c>n frontal surfaces reflects the distribution

©if stagnation pressure but the wake pressure' Is uniform. On low buildings an upstream

separation zone is foamed and as a result

the pressure on all surfaces is relatively

uniform.

(h) "Pressure Distribution on a Cube Immersed in a Boundary Layer," by G. H. Robertson,

M.A.Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, May

1962.

"Effect of Velocity Distribution on Wind Load on a Tall Building," by W. D. Baines, Dept.

of Mechanical Engineering Technical Publication, TP6203, June 1962.

"Measurements of Pressure Fluctuation on a Cube in Constant and Boundary- Layer Velocity

Fields," by J. F. Keffer and W. D. Baines,

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Technical Publication, TP6204, October 1962.

"Effect of Velocity Distribution on Wind

Loads on Walls and Low Buildings," by G. F. Hamilton, Department of Mechanical Engrg.

Technical Publication, TP6205, November 1962.

(4469) DIFFUSION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY IN NONCIRCULAR DUCTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) The origin of secondary currents in turbulent flow In square, rectangular and elliptical ducts have been studied by experimental

determination of the local rates of production, diffusion and convection of longitudinal vorticity. The role of the currents

In the convection of mean flow momentum and

heat are being studied.

(g) The secondary flows are the result of steep

Reynolds stress gradients near the bisectors

of the corners In angular ducts and lines of

minimum radius of curvature in an elliptical

duct. The circulation is limited by the

Viscous stresses close to the wall surfaces.

(h) "The Production and Diffusion of Vorticity

in Channel Plow," by E. Brundrett, Ph.D.

thesis, University of Toronto, April 1963.

(4470) CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT WALL JETS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. W, D. Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) The flow in a two-dimensional wall jet is

being Studied to determine the conditions

under twhich flow similarity is maintained

at successive stations-

(g) A jet impinging on a wall at inclination up

to 15 degrees from tangency has been found

to hare similar characteristics to the

simple jet. Only the position of the

virtual origin changes. A jet moving along

a parous wall has markedly different characteristics.

(h) "The Two-Dimensional Turbulent Wall Jet on

an Inclined Plane," toy K. Mcllroy, M.A.Sc.

thesis, University of Toronto, October 1962.

'{4471) WIND- INDUCED CURRENTS IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

((<c) .Prof. W. D. Baines, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

((d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

((e) The mean flow and turbulent field induced by

an air flow over a shallow tank of water

have been measured. Three cases have been

studied: constant depth, shoaling depth,

and contracted width.

(g) The mean and turbulent velocities are proportional to the shear velocity imposed

toy the air flow.

(h) "Wind Induced Water Currents," by D. J. Knapp, M.A.Sc. thesis, University of

Toronto, May 1962.

(4472) SURGES IN AIR VENTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto 5, Canada.

S

I

i

199
d) Experimental; applied research for M.S. thesis

e) Investigation of mixed regime conditions due

to sudden discharge changes in a horizontal

conduit equipped with air vent and surge tank.

(g) Experimental, photographic and computer data

have been assembled in the mixed-regime

analysis for head-gate closure and for

conduit refilling. Significant data have

been established on the surge front profile

and the phenomenon of air-entrapment.

(h) "Transient Hydraulic Phenomena In a Horizontal Conduit — Air Vent -- Surge Tank

Supply System," by R. Abel, M.A.Sc. thesis,

University of Toronto, September 1962.

(4473) OUTLET STRUCTURE OF PROPOSED WILDWOOD DAM NEAR ST. MARYS, ONTARIO.

(b) M. M. Dillon and Co., London, Ontario, for

Upper Thames River Conservation Authority.

(c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of

Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Model investigation of optimum discharge

capacity and energy dissipation. Evaluation

of scouring tendencies at toe of dam.

(f) Completed.

(4887) WOODBRIDGE CHANNEL IMPROVEMENTS.

(b) J. F. MacLaren Associates, Toronto, Ontario,

for Metropolitan Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.

(c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of

Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada..

(d) Experimental, applied research for design.

(e) Model investigation of two drop structures.

(f) Completed.

(4868) HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN AN AIR VENT - SURGE

TANK ASSEMBLY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of

Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental, basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Using an existing small-scale replica of a schematic penstock-inlet, air entralnment

and pressure conditions due to various

modes of gate and valve closure are being

investigated.

(4889) UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN SHORT, CLOSED

CONDUITS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of

Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical, basic research

for master's thesis.

(e) Various cases of unsteady (oscillating)

laminar flow as encountered in typical

viscous damping devices are being investigated.

(4890) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW OF FLUID-SEDIMENT

MIXTURES

.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of

Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) Evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients, static pressures,

velocities and wall shear stresses In closed conduits.

I

!

200
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

cylinders (2265)

spheres (3432)

Air duct studies

Widows Creek Steam Plant Unit 8 (4874)

Air entrainment

pipes (1303)

Apparatus

portable irrigation sprinkler (4368)..

rainfall similator (2596)

sediment sampler (194)

spray formation (2730)

surface follower (3603)

turbulence incidence (4468)

water tunnel (79) wave formation (2730) wave gages (977)

Backwater studies (4661)

Baffle piers

basic research (993)

cavitation (993)

Beach fills (2195)

Beachfills (4763)

Beaches

artificial (976)

artificial (3995)

by-passing sand, inlets (975)

equilibrium profile (181)

erosion (4126)

erosion (4762)

erosion, So. Lake Worth (4474)

littoral movement (3897)

particle movement (3897)

profiles (3724)

profiles (4424) l wave action (181) wave action (529) wave action (660) wave action (1609) wave action (16311 wave run-up (4155)

Bibliography

river hydrology (4179)

Boundary layer

along interfaces (3674)

shear (3674)

stability (3674)

turbulence (3674)

Boundary layer development

effect vibrations (3822)

Boundary layer research (3788)

Boundary shear stress (2770)

Breakwaters

floating (3022)

hydraulic (27 53).^.

Kahului Harbor, Hawaii (4605)

movable (2801)

rockfilled (4526)

rubble-mound (999)

rubbl e -mound ( 268 1 ) . .

rubble-mound' (4529)

vertical perforated (4523)

vertical wall (4153)

Bubbles

fluidlzed bed (4496)

vapor (1548)

Bubble studies (4202)

Canals

gravity flow bypass (3990)

Irrigation, Bentonite sealing (3704)..

irrigation

linings (151)

linings (151)

linings (1859)

linings

seepage ( 1859)

sediment control (4421)

Canals, concrete-lined

discharge capacity (3985)

Cavitation (3153)

Cavitation

basic research (993)

basic research

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (1548)

David Taylor Model Basin (711)....,

Iowa State Univ. (79)

Waterways Experiment Station (993),

Cavitation

9 concrete surface irregularities (3278) 173

39 dynamics of on sphere (4749) 89

formation and collapse (4082) 12

187 gate slots (993) 143

noise (1778) 178

7 noise spectrum (4207) 69

offset joints (993) 143

122 offsets (3278) 173

60 pipe bends (993) 143

70 sluice gates (79) 37

180 sluice gates (4546) 196

163 stilling basin steps (993) 143

198 turbines

37 models (1133) 55

180 water tunnel (79) 37

137 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 143

53 Cavity resonance (2470) 180

Channel improvement

143 Pairford River (4547) 195

143 flood control

138 Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 144

140 Middle Miss. River (236) 143

Montreal-Sorel (4517) 194

137 Ogden Island Reach, St. Lawrence River(3325) 192

174 St. Lawrence River (3324) 192

137 shoaling processes (3907) 150

136 Turtle Creek (4383) 152

24 Willow Springs (4387) 153

139 Woodbridge (4887) 200

25 Channel stabilization (4284) 99

139 Channel stabilization

139 Washita River Basin (4341) 114

24 Channels

IT'S alluvial (2505) 9 136 cohesive materials (4317) 109

8 conservation linings (1723) 95

137 conservation linings (3804J 59

46 critical flow (4542) 36

7J; effect flood flows (4283) 99

ephemeral stream flow losses (4784) 172

fluctuations (3792) 57 seepage flow (4410) 170

stability (4316) 108

stabilization (4318) 109

subcritical flows (3400) 17 Mr subcritical flows (4296) 102

10 thalweg profiles (4263) 86

thalweg profile studies (4251) 87

r° Channels

l?° trapezoidal (4560) 40 15 vegetation lined (4337) 114

water- sediment movement (2707) 162

^ Channels, alluvial

_f aggradation (3870) 108

.L aggradation (3968) 167 TM

bed roughness (2514) 16

|

9 ° degradation (3870) 108

degradation (3968) 167

1*° dunes and antidunes (4161) 43

198 effect dams (3955) 166

19? effect diversion (3955) 166

45 effect irrigation drains (3955) 166

flood waves (4358) 120

b^ hydraulics of (3034) 15

J? meandering (4551) 196

by roughness (2702) 162

Channels, curved

* mean flow characteristics (4148) 40 10 subcritical flow (3614) 174

7 turbulence characteristics (4148) 40

rr.1 Channels, steep

-4q surface characteristic (3824) 68

Cllmatological data

Colorado (4610) 21 Coefficients

1 hydrophobic disks and plates (2436) 158

. _ . Conduits

* circular, exit transitions (2543) 44

° Conduits, closed

.._ laminar flow (4889).., 200

l 45 mean flow parameters (4890) 200

Conduits

6 exit pressure distributions (2543) 44

178 pressure surges (3203) 14

37 two-phase flow (4235) 79

143 Conduits, noncircular, friction loss (3849) 84

201

. J
Conduits, noncircular

secondary currents (4531) 23

Conduits, pressure

friction factors (3275) 173

Contamination dispersion

rivers, harbors, and estuaries (3598) 49

Convection, forced

film boiling (3758) 50

Coriolls

effect river flow (4528) 197

Corrosion

plumbing (49) 14

Culvert entrances

Wheeler Lock (4442) 187

Culverts

design criteria (4796) 176

discharge characteristics (2435) 158

drop inlet (111) 66

Culverts, box

energy dlssipators (4537) 36

Currents

Anarctlc Circumpolar (4765) 160

effect bridge alinement (4476) 25

longshore, formation (4158) 47 wind-induced (4471) 199

Cylinders

accelerated motion (2265) 9 oscillating (3687) 13

Dams

gallery drainage (771) 189

Dams, rockfill

flow (4663) 53

Density current studies (4657) 52

Density currents

sedimentation (307) 45

shallow water bay systems (4233) 94

tidal estuaries (1986) 145

Diffusion

atmospheric (3398) 17 atmospheric (3708) 18

jet (3081) 42

particles in fluid (1331) 26

salt water (3261) 163

Diffusion studies (4094) 14

Disks, rotating

resistance of (3749) 47 Dlssipators

design (3596) 149

design (4074) 7 design (4245) 84

Distillation, sea water (1554) 8 Distribution systems

arterial (4143) 37

Drag

skin friction (3143) 59

supercavltating bodies (4149) 40

Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 9 Drag forces

velocity gradient fields (4716) 80

Drag reduction (4000) ie2

Drag reduction (4199) 68

Drag reduction (4556) 24 Drag reduction

high velocity pipe flow (4691) 69

Drag resistance

piers (4147) 40

Drain flow openings

design criteria (4467) 198

Drain tile

depth and spacing (2330) 40

discharge measurements (2740) 197

flow characteristics (3490) 61

gravel filters (4114) 20

junction losses (1929) 67

sediment deposition (3490) 61

sediment movement (3490) 61 cover material (4052) 197

Drainage, by pumping (2350) 92

Drainage

galleries, dams (771) 189

irrigated lands (1819) 90

salt affected soils (483l) 106

subsurface (4183) 61

subsurface (4273)....,.. 96

subsurface (4844) 116

surface (3475) a 56

surface (3745) 43

surface 13867) 99

surface (4067) 5

Drainage

surface (4273) 96

Drainage, surface

Mississippi Delta (4332) ill

Drainage basin studies (3421) 33

Drainage Improvement, surface (2333) 41

Drainage methods

nonlrrigated areas of Lower Rio

Grande Valley (4849) U7

Drainage practices

development of techniques (4819) 101

Drainage systems

design (2504) 7 design (4271) 36

design criteria (4353) 116

efficiency (4843) 112

Montreal (4514) 1S4

operation criteria (4353) 116

Drains

plastic lined (4681) 62

plastic lined (4856) 123

Drains, filter

operational characteristics (3060) 35

Drains, subsurface

plastic (4830) 106

Ducts

head losses (4877) (4878) 188

Ducts, noncircular

diffusion momentum and energy (4469) 199

Dunes (4760) 139

Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875).... 37

Embankments (291) 25

Energy losses, bends (3441) 44

Erosion

arid regions (4404) 169

forest U757) 129

ranges (4757) 129

semiarld regions (4404) 169

sea level fluctuations (4129) 25

Erosion control (4755) 126

Erosion research (4293) 100

Erosion research

arid regions (3969) 168

beaches, Florida (4479) 25

canals, earth lined (2457) 173

canals, unlined (2457) 173

clay (4770) 170

control of (4276) 97 eastern South Dakota (4282) (4817) 98 effects tillage (2597) 61

effect vegetation (261) 130

Florida inlets ('3413) 24 Florida shores (4130) 25

forest influences (380) 135

forest influences (657) 132

hillslopes (3952) 165

hillslopes (4323) 110

Iowa (4279) 98

Lake Michigan (1863) 34

midwest claypans (4281) 98

Minnesota (4282) 98

mountain watersheds (261) 130

Mullet Key (4126) 24

Northeast soils (4294) 100

piping phenomenon (4405) 170

profile characteristics (4277) 97 rainfall (4182) 61

rainfall (4275) 97 range management (27) 7 runoff (4275) (4276) 97 sediment yield (4303) 103

semiarid regions (3969) 168

semidesert vegetation (657) 132

sheet runoff (4182) 61

soil (3424) 34

soil properties (4277) 97 southern Piedmont (4333) 112

water (4848) 117

water control (4295) 100

Wisconsin (4280) 98

Evaporation (4632) 3 Evaporation

evapotranspiration (3662) 197

Illinois (555) 31

measurement (1015) 158

measurement (3881) 113

measurement ?4636) 4 measurement (4638) 5 porous media (4115) 21

202
Evaporation

rangeland stookponds (4824) 104

reduction (2828) (3508) 75

reduction (4634) 4 reservoirs (765) 188

reservoirs (2180) 118

suppression, reservoirs (2703) 162

watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) 188

Evaporation studies

instrumentation (4769) 170

Evapotranspiration

measurement (3963) 167

measurement (4138) 33

measurement (4636) 4 measurement (4833) 106

mechanics of (4239) 82

Pacific coast (4367) 122

theory (3963) 167

watersheds, Central and So. Calif. (4851)... 122

Filtering

sand (3844) 81

Filters (25351 32

Filters (2837) 61

Filters

fiberglass (4855) 123

Fish ladders

dams

John Day (3578) 144

Fishway model study

Three-mile ditch, Umatilla, Oregon (4727) 85

Fi shways

minimum velocity (4729) 86

velocity barrier (4726) 85

Flashboards

dynamic forces (3068) 38

Flood control

electric flood model (3385) 10

rivers

Mississippi Basin (236) 143

structure design (3930) 164

Flood forecasting

rating curves (3602) 160

Flood plane zoning

suburban areas (3935) 165

Flood routing (3476) 57 Flood routing (4565) 12

Flood wave studies (4101) 19

Flow

accelerated (3740) 39

accelerated (3782) 54

cavity (467 7) 61

fluctuating (3622) 182

free surface (4719) 83

free surface, disturbed (3414) 26

free surface shearing (4647) 48

free surface sink (4646) 48

free surface source (4646) 48

granular media (4695) 70 laminar (4588) 29

multiphase (4763) 171

non-Newtonian (3390) 14

pulsating (3689) 14 pulsating (4859) 92

river under arch bridges (2839) 63

rotating cylinders (4734) 88

single and two-phase in tube (2374) 65

solid-liquid mixtures (3692) 14 solid-liquid mixtures (4096) 15

thin-film liquid (4706) 74 two-phase (4165) 52

turbulent boundary- layer (4142) 36

unsteady free surface (4667) 56

Flow, annular, two-phase (4486) 54

Flow, divided

mechanics of (3743) 43

Flow, laminar

tubes (4591) 29

Flow, nonlsothermal

vertical tubes (4589) 29

Flow, overland

hydraulics of (4676) 59

Flow, pulsating

tubes (4690) 66

Flow, turbulent, shear (4892) 158

Flow, turbulent, vorticity (4568) 12

Flow, two-phase

capillary (4493) 51

horizontal pipe (4590) 29

regime boundaries (4494) 51

Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 158

Flow development, secondary (4586) 28

Flow diffuser (4744) 89

Flow distribution patterns (4577) 27 Flow fields, visualization (4498) 51

Flow junctions (3742) 44

Flow measurement (2925) 146

Flow measurement techniques (4485) 6

Flow problems

vascular system (4643) 43

Flow separation

geometric characteristics (4151) 43

Flow stability

branched tubes (4559) 37

two rotating cylinders (4641) 43

Flow studies partially saturated (4627) 2 Flow studies, Washita River (4345) 115

Fluidization, sand beds (3669) 6

Fluid flow

hydraulics of (4081) 11

mechanics of (4123) 23

Fluid mechanics

educational films (3739) 39

Flumes, metering, calibration (3848) 84

Forces

free surface (4428) 182

lateral (4429) 182

submerged bodies (3799) 57 wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 59

Gates

cavitation (993) 143

downpull forces (4798) 177

lock (1474) 144

pressure distribution (4146) 40

miter, Panama Canal (4381) 142

Ground water

accretion (4326) 110

accretion and movement (4290) 100

aquifers (4268) 96

aquifers, evaluation (3733) 33

aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 161

acquifer productivity (3731) 33

aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689)... 161

aquifer-streamflow relation (4346) 115

Arkansas (2255) 5 artificial recharge (559) 31

artificial recharge (2255) 1 artificial recharge (3676) n

Chicago area (1335) 31

contamination (4786) 172

contrasting media (3947) 165

development of theory (4684) 64

drawdown condition (3492) . . . 63

East St. Louis area (561) 31

electric flow net (1221) 161

electronic analog model (4544) 36

exploration (3658) 197

flow in sediments (3524) 79

flow problems (2948) 162

fluctuations (821) 15

inventory (4622) 1 movement (4326) no

movement by tracer (4628) 2 movement, model studies (4630) 3 occurrence problems (3264) 163

Peoria Area, 111. (560) 31

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 37

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 37

recharge (4635) 4 recharge basins (4850) 122

Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 102

reservoir characteristics (4106) 19 resource evaluation (4536) 34

Santa Barbara County (4366) 121

studies of western desert, U.A.R. (4631)... 3

Tennessee Valley (780) 189

unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4268) 96

water table control (2835) 61

wells, evaluation (3733) 33

Ground-water basin

hydrologic characteristics (4624) 2 Ground-water storage (3263) 163

Harbor improvement

Bale Comeau, Que. (4047) 196

Rustico Harbour (4464) 196

Savannah, Ga. (2428) 145

Harbor models

scale effects (1002) 144 wave protection (4516) 194

Harbor study, Kelly 1 s Island, Lake Erie (3905) . 150

Head loss, spherical wyes (4451) 191

203
Heat exchange (4881) 188

Heat transfer (4587) 28

Heat transfer

fluldlzed beds (3474) 55

packed beds (3474) 55

Highway drainage

culverts (111) 66

culverts (1591) 35

embankments (291) 25

Hydraulic control systems

valves (2335) 41

valves (4499) 65

Hydraulic cyclone (47A3) 89

Hydraulic jump (2161) 78

Hydraulic Jump (3994) 174

Hydraulic Jump (4540) 36

Hydraulic prototype tests (4382) 152

Hydrodynamlc forces, cylinders (3853) 85

Hydrodynamlc forces

oscillating bodies (4570) 13

vibrating body (4573) 15

Hydrodynamics (4642) 43

Hydrodynamics

rotating systems (4737) 88

Hydrofoil structures

vibration of (4704) 73

Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (3803) 58

design criteria (3284) 181

flutter (4228) 77 flutter on flexible structures (4710) 78

forced ventilation (3295) 185

forces on (4200) 68

interference effects (4200) 68

interference effects (4712) 78

longitudinal stability (3499) 68

measured flutter speed (4709) 78

predicted flutter speed (4709) 78

rotating cylinder control (4430) 185

study (2144) 67

supercavitatlng (4219) . 75

supercavitatlng (4693) (4696) 70

supercavitatlng (4811) 183

surface-piercing (4227) 77 three-dimensional (4226) 76

unsteady forces and motions (4221) 75

ventilated (4700) 70

ventilated (4811) 183

Hydrofoils, models, testing (3828) 72

Hydrofoils, submerged

flutter studies (3833) 75

Hydrograph laboratory (4820) 101

Hydrologic characteristics

organic soil (3363) 197

Hydrologic data (4774) 171

Hydrologic data

compilation and publication of (4823) 101

reduction (4363) 121

telemetering (3056) 30

Hydrologic studies (3929) 164-

Jlydrologic studies

Colorado (3958) 166

Death Valley (3980) 169

effects urbanization (3970) 168

flood frequency (3953) 165

forest development (3953) 165

Humboldt River Valley (3957) 166

Missouri watersheds (4662) 53

New Mexico (3958) 166

Pacific Northwest (3959) 166

semi-arid watersheds (4361) 121

Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 78

water yield (3965) 167

Wyoming (3958) 166

fydrology, analytical (4297) 102

ydrology

research (4322) 109

statistical procedures(3933) 164

hydromechanics problems

numerical solution (3491) 64

Infiltration

soil (1058) 7 soil (3265) 163

Infiltration studies (3507) 75

jEnlets

canal (3267) 173

culverts (111) 66

navigation Improvement (4475) 25

Instruments

cro ot otago gage- ( 4775) ...

.

-; — 171

Instruments

current meter (3802) 58

LVDT-manometer (4475) 171

nuclear radiation equipment (4373) 124

pltot-tube calibration (3784) 55

precipitation gage, weighing-type (3921)... 160

pressure cells (1004) 144

pressure fluctuation (2541) 38

radar precipitation integrator (4402) 160

radar raingage (2943) 159

radio gages, rainfall (3629) 187

radio gages, stream (3629) 187

recorder (4772) 170

river gage, float-type (3920) 160

soil moisture (3260) 163

velocity meter (1004) 144

water level recorder (3527) 81 wave gage (660) 137 wave gage (977) 137 wave gage ( 1004 ) 144

Intakes

Little Long Generating Station (4453) 193

Ontario Power Generating Station (4454).... 193

Twin Buttes (3609) 173

Interfacial effects

density stratification (4145) 40

Irrigation

application rates (4664) 53

canals, bentonite sealing (3558) 119

canals, linings (3121) 56

control systems, mechanized (3553) 106

design sprinkler systems (4315) 107

drainage studies (1723) 95

drainage studies (1819) 90

drainage studies (2651) 118

effect techniques (4237) 62

efficiencies (2786) 30

efficiencies (3550) 106

farm structures (3556) 119

flow characteristics (4270) 96

furrow (4157) 45

hydraulics of (4066) 5 intake rates (4175) 57 radial gates (3612) 173

sprinklers (3470) 93

sprinkler (4620) 1 sprinkler (4621) 1 sprinkler, portable (4840) 108

sprinkling systems (21) 90

surface (3185) 80

surface (3867) 99

surface, hydraulics of (3552) 106

underground perforated tubes (4489) 45

water control (3418) 30

water measurements (2650) 118

water supply (23) (27) 90

water supply(4842) 112

Irrigation systems

design data (4828) 105

efficiency (4827) 105

Irrigation systems

surface (3866) 90

Jets (3854) 87

Jets

axi symmetrical flow (3395) 17 high-velocity (4791) 176

mixing (3429) 39

submerged (4071) 6 turbulent (4152) 43

wall, turbulent (4470) 199

Jetties

current patterns (4483) 25

effect littoral drift (2190) 137

effect wave action (529) 7 effectiveness (3271) 173

Sluslaw River, Oregon (4393) 154

Laminar flow

liquids (4095) 15

Locks

discharge structures (4883) 188

emergency gates

McAlpine Locks (4397) 155

filling, emptying systems

Arkansas River Dam No. 6 (4388) 153

Arkansas River Dam No. 3 (4391) 154 Barkley Dam (2673) 145

Belleville, Ohio (4385) 153

Cannelton, Ohio River (4390) 154

low lift (4603) 157

Lower Monumental, Snake River (4379).... 141

204
LOGK.S filling and emptying systems

Maxwell Dam (3236) 146

McAlpine, Ohio River (2678) 145

McAlpine Locks Ohio River (3914) 151

Monogahela River (3243) 147

Swift Rapids (4519) 195

valve studies (4602) 157

intake design (4882) 188

John Day (2662) 140

miter gates (4474) 144

Magnetohydrodynamics (4497) 51

Measurement

piezometric (4578) 27 Meteorological observations (2760) 16

Meters

calibration (124) 54

calibration (1963) 88

calibration (3859) 89

calibration (4255) . (4256) 89

calibration, differential (4675) 59

current

development (4629) 3 direction recording (4456) 194

optical (4776) 171

redesign Price. (2444) 161

velocity recording (4456) 194

elbow (3624) 184

elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 119

flow (1963) 88

flow

domestic and flood waters (4513) 194

electromagnetic (3255) 162

thermistor (4751) 90

ultrasonic (2949) 162

flow nozzles (4745) (4746) 89

fluid,

effect upstream nonuniformities (4674)... 59

high pressure-temperature (3623) 184

low velocity (4750) 89

Model distortion (994) 143

Model laws, inlets (4481) 25

Model laws, scale effects, harbors (1002) 144

Model studies

Arkansas River

navigation dam (3592) 149

Arkansas River Channel (3582) 147

Arkansas River navigation entrance (3908)... 151

barrage at Muscoda (4735) 88

Chong Pyong Hydroelectric project (4740).... 89

Chong Pyong Spillway (4739) 89

Columbia Lock and Dam (4595) 156

Columbia River (4396) 155

Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (3242) 147

control structures, Little Sioux River(4599) 156

Cornwall Reservoir (4741) 89

dams

Allegheny River, Pa. (3919) 152

DeGray (4604) 157

Little (4508) 193

Millers Perry Lock (4593) 155

Oroville (4412) 174

Snake River (357 7) 140

Warrior River, Ala. (4386) 153

diversion tunnel

Manicouagan 2 (4446) 191

Douglas Point, Lake Huron (4510) 194

drop structure (4720) 85

drop structure, Cayuga Inlet (4598) 156

Duluth - Superior Harbor (3241) 147

energy dissipator

Misslssinewa Dam (4597) 157

fingerling collector (4506) 142

fish ladders Monumental Dam (4503) 142

fishway diffusers (4505) 142

Galveston Bay (3912) 151

generating station, Otter Rapids (3644) 193

Grui Hydroelectric Project (4201) 68

Gulf Outlet Channel, La. (3913) 151

Harman Generating Station (4509) 193

head gates (3643) 193

head losses in bends (3441) 44

hurricane structures, Lake Pontchartrain,

Louisiana (3581) 147

inlet structures, Uttarbhag Pumping

Station (3540) 87

Little Goose Lock and Dam (4504) 142

Matagorda Bay (3911) 151

meander-flood plain (4191) 64

Niagara River control structure (4026) 193

Model studies

overflow embankments (4596) 156

Peace River (4458) 194

Pend Oreille River (4722) 85

pollution, Coney Island Creek (4601) 157

Red River floodway inlet (4550) 195

Red River floodway outlet (4549) 195

Rio Las Damas Hydroelectric Project (4742). 89

Round Butte (4246) 84

St. Lawrence River dewatering and

closure area (3326) 192

Sarasota Bay (3722) 24 settling basins (4484) 6 sluicegates, downpull forces (3900) 141

spillways

Oahe Reservoir Mo. River, So. Dak. (3916) 151

tailrace Improvement

St. Lawrence River (3333) 193

Umpqua River Estuary (4243) 84

watershed, arid (3845) 81 wave action

Lorain Harbor, Ohio (4389) 154

Model tests

gas duct, Widows Creek Steam Plant

Unit 8 (4875) 187

gates, control (4555) 191

hydraulic turbines (4666) 55 scour (4764) 140

sector gate (4554) 191

spillways, general tests (3917) 152

stilling basin, two-stage (4553) 190

Wells Hydrocombine (4724) 85

Model verification

prototype confirmation (1467) 144

Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631).... 83

Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 146

Moisture flow

dynamics of (4185) 62

Moisture regimes (4327) 110

Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 166

Nozzles, annular (3677) 11 Open channels

boundary shear distribution (3923) 164

control cross waves (4715) 79

effect roughness (3256) 163

flow problems (4076) 7 free surface effect (3737) 35

hydraulics of (4705) 73

influence of roughnesses (4581) 28

junctions (3805) 59

roughness (3003 198

roughness (3183) 80

secondary motion (3725) 26

stability (3253) 162

turbulent diffusion (4409) 170

uniform flow (2529) 26

uniform flow (2699) 162

unsteady flow (4338) 114

velocity distribution (2083) 36

velocity profile (4718) 83

Orifice meters (4673) 59

Orifice studies

high head (3996) 174

Orifices

basic research (149) 86

calibration (4745) (4746) 89

constant head turnout (3274) 173

control valve (3448) 50

design criteria (2470) 180

discharge measurements (2285) 23

discharge measurements (4731) 88

radial gate controls (4802) 177

segmental (4623) 2 two-dimensional (4576) 27 vortex flow (1181) 87

Outlet works

dams

Bully Creek (4803) 177

Bully Creek (4804) 177

Causey (4805) 177

Pontenelle (4417) 175

Mangla (4698) 70

Morrow Point (4807) 178

Norton (4806) 177

Oroville (4413) 175

Sanford (4418) 175

Yellowtail (3988) 174

Wildwood (4473) 200

Duncan Lake Project (4459) 194

gate vibrations (4522)...-.- 195

205
Outlet works

hydraulic forces (4522) 195

Manlcouagan Power Plant (4520) 195

Outlets

canal (3267) 173

pipe, cantllevered (1168) 67

Particle entrainment (3670) 6

Particle transport (4612) 22 Percolation studies, California (2181) 118

Pipe fittings

cavitation (993) 143

pressure drop (4167) 52

Pipe flow (4725) 85

Pipes

cavitation (993) 143

corrosion, prevention (4135) 33

flow, fluidized solids (4885) 191

flow measurement (3525) 80

flow of mixtures, liquid-solid (2275) 14 flow stralghteners (3786) 55

friction coefficient (4515) 194

friction

high pressure (956) 86

roughness (2619) 94

steady and unsteady states (2614) 73

friction losses (3747) 44

networks (1689) 63

sand-water mixtures (4564) 12

surges ( 1303) 7 turbulent flow (4640) 22

turbulent flow (4865) 94

vapor-cavity formation (4575) 27 Pipes, corrugated

roughness study (3597) 149

Pipes, plastic

frictional loss (4748) 89

plumbing

backflow prevention (49) 14

backflow prevention (4043) 192

corrosion (49) 14

cross-connections (49) 14

fixtures (49) 14

Porous media (3030) 91 Porous media (4203) 69

Porous media (4611) 21 Porous media

clay suspension (4563) 12

dispersion, mechanics of (3748) 46

flow (3212) 118

flow (3386) 10

flow (4080) 11

flow (4787) 172

fluid collector systems (3146) 64

fluid displacements (4086) 90

hydraulic characteristics (4826) 105

turbulent flow (4068) 5 unsteady flow (4736) 88

unsteady gravity flow (4168) 92

porous medium

two-fluid flow (4717) 80

precipitation

disposition, small watersheds (4836) 107

maximum, Hawaiian Islands (4767) 161

maximum, Yukon Basin (4403) 160

Precipitation distribution

Illinois Basins (4537) 34_

Pressure distribution, basic research (79) 37

Propellers

based vented (4871) 187

blade loading (4222) 76

blade thickness (4223) 76

ducted (4813) 183

flow distortion (3487) 60

nonuniform wake flows (4810) 183

singing phenomenon (4711) 78

sound level generation (3830) 75

spindle torque (4427) 182

supercavltating (3286) 181

transient forces (2616) 74 ventilated (3617) 182

Propellers, ducted

research (4434) 185

Propellers, theory

lifting (2237) 179

Propellers, vertical axis,

performance characteristics (3619) 182

Prototype check tests

Garrison Dam (3906) 150

Oahe Dam (3906) 150

Pump systems, dredge (4156) 45

Pumps

centrifugal (3746) 44 dredge (3084) 44 dredge, design (4154) 44 Impeller design (3442) 44 Jet, for sediment (3673) 10

tests (1132) 55 tests (3111) 55

water-column separation (4425) 176

dredging, hopper draghead (3586) 148

Rainfall

angle of attack (4240) 83

collection and storage (3873) 120

depth-area-intensity (3660) 197

drop size (4240) 83

intensity (3058) 32

intensity (3424) 34

intensity (4240) 83

intensity-kinetic energy relationshlp(4278) 97 maximum (779) 189

maximum (1751) 158

maximum (2788) 32

rainfall -runoff (68) 37

rainfall-runoff (768) 189

rainfall-runoff (856) 42 rainfall-runoff (2162) 78 rainfall -runoff (2561) 51

rainfall-runoff (3808) 61

rainfall-runoff (4054) 197

rainfall-runoff (4108) 19

rainfall-runoff (4348) 115

rainfall-runoff (4352) 115

rainfal 1 -runoff , lower Rio

Grande Valley (4347) 115

rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 79

records (2534) 32

records (4567) 12

salt concentrations (4355) 116

Tennessee River Basin (768) 189

Tennessee River Basin (779) 189

Rainfall measurements

radar (3601) 160

Rainfall

research

intensity (3251) 159

Intensity (3419) 32

North Central Wisconsin (4733) 88

Southern California (261) 130

uniform supply (4539) 36

United States (2437) 159

terminal velocity (4240) 83

Range management practices (27) 7 Reservoirs

evaporation (765) 188

evaporation (2180) ne

evaporation (4234) 79

evaporation, retardation (2532) 32

hydrologic effects (3977) 168

internal density currents (4440) 187

retarding-type (4305) 104

retardlng-type (4306) 104

sediment distribution (4306) 104

sedimentation (4307) 104

sedimentation, measurements (2334) 41

sedimentation studies (4825) 105

silting

Illinois (552) 31

temperature gaging (769) 189

Tennessee River (785) 189

skimmer wall structures (4439) 187

Resistance coefficient

friction factor (3843) 81

River regime characteristics (3031) 91

Roughness

artificial channels (2950) 162

artificial surfaces (2328) 38

effect of water temperature (1988) 145

large scale (4779) 171

Runoff

amounts

complex watersheds

(4330) m

(4360) 120

conservation farmed watersheds (4300) 103

control (4323) no

conventionally farmed watersheds (4300).... 103

denudation effects (23) 90

denudation effects (27) 7 Eastern South Dakota (4282) 98

effect of forest (377) 132

effect snow melt (4286) 99

effects tillage (2597) 61

206
Runoff

floods (2795)

infiltration determinations (2795)....

loss measurement (4357)

measuring devices (4336)

midwest claypans (4281)

Minnesota (4282)

mixed-use watersheds (4299)

precipitation characteristics (4342)..

prediction (4325)

rainfall -runoff (856)

rainfall-runoff (1744)

rainfall-runoff (1745)

rainfall-runoff (2162)

rainfall-runoff (2331)

rainfall -runoff (2334)

rainfall-runoff (2795)

rainfall-runoff (4325)

rainfall-runoff relations (2397)

rangeland (4301)

rates (4298)

rates (4330)

semi-arid watersheds (4359)

small areas (1946)

small areas (2316)

small watersheds (2492)

small watersheds (2841)

streams (3522)

urban areas (856)

Washita River Basin (4343) (4344)

water management, Iowa (4279)

watersheds (4344)

watersheds

Idaho (1862)

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66)

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68)

Tennessee River Valley (780)

Wisconsin (4280)

Runoff hydrograph

influence of channel hydraulics (4532)

Runoff measurement

Blacklands of Texas (4350)

watersheds (4350)

Runoff studies

coastal plains soils (4334)

Eastern South Dakota (4817)

southern Piedmont (4333)

Salt Infiltration

soil profiles (4354)

Sand traps

design (3384)

Scour

bridge piers (3164)

bridge piers (4507)

bridges (4626)

bulkheads (3898)

downstream of spillway (4524)

mechanics of (4617)

seawalls (3898)

Sediment

bed load, measurement (3257)

data, utilization of (4406)

delivery and sources (4852)

fluorescent tracing (4127)

radioactive tracer tests (3902)

radioactive tracer tests (4600)

reduction sediment load (4821)

routing (4320)

Sediment barrier

Sheep Creek, Utah (3976)

Sediment, cohesive

scour resistance (2874)

Sediment control

canals (4421)

Sediment diffusion (3738)

Sediment measurement

rangeland watersheds (4310)

Sediment movement

nearshore (4077)

Sediment, particle-size

distribution (3431)

Sediment particles

movement (4625)

velocities (4064)

Sediment research

diversion dams

Kansas River Basin (3991)

Sediment ripples

wave-generated (4653)

Sediment, suspended

Washita River Basin, Okla. (4340)

Sediment transport (3675) 10

38 Sediment transport (3871) 108

38 Sediment transport

116 artificial channels (2950) 162

114 ephemeral streams (4788) 172

98 natural channels (2950) 162

98 natural streams (3671) 6 103 permeable bed (4574) 26

114 research (4654) 49

110 Rio Grande River, El Paso (4614) 22

42 Sediment transportation (2748) 6

158 Sediment transportation (4076) 7 159 Sediment transportation

78 beaches (529) 8 41 bed load, wave action, effect (1823) 9 41 coarse material (4822) 101

38 density currents (307) 45

110 low rates (4075) 7 79 measurement (194) 70

103 sand bed streams (3948) 165

102 suspended load behavior (4377) 128

111 suspended load, measurement (194) 70

120 Sedimentation (307) 45

75 Sedimentation (3604) (3605) 164

34 Sedimentation (4190) 63

197 Sedimentation

64 arid regions (4404) 169

79 control of (4755) 126

42 research (4322) 109

114 reservoirs (552) 31

98 reservoirs (785) 189

114 reservoirs (4321) 109

semiarid regions (4404) 169

29 So. Saskatchewan Reservoir (4548) 195

37 velocity of particles (2583) 55

37 waves (2660) 138

189 Sedimentation basins (3541) 87

98 Sedimentation basins

flow stability (4669) 56

23 Sedimentation studies

Sabetha Lake watershed (4304) 103

115 Sediments, beach

115 sorting of (4652) 49

Sediments, cohesive

112 entrainment (4655) 49

98 Seepage

112 canal linings (1859) 29

channels (4708) 74 116 development of theory (4684) 64

rangeland stockponds (4824) 104

10 reservoirs (4708) 74

soil sediments (1859) 29

67 streams (3428) 39

192 Servomechanisms (3207) 41

2 Servomechanisms (3435) (3436) 41 139 Sewer outfalls

195 ocean (3678) 11

22 Sewerage systems

139 design criteria (3438) 42

Ships

163 bending moment (2393) 74

170 bending moments (3516) 75

123 bending moments (3621) 182

24 control surfaces (2463) 179

150 controllability research (4714) 78

156 design (2472).. 180

101 forces (2091) 38

109 forces, on bodies (2229) 178

hull form design (4426) 182

168 hull form research (2729) 180

hull form research (4659) 52

79 hulls (3685) 13

hydrofoil supported (4812) 183

176 injection scoops (710) 178

39 mathematical lines (1783) 178

model testing facility (3292) 181

104 motion (2091) 38

motion (2154) (2155) 74

11 motion (2462) 179

motion (3686) 13

39 motion (4083) 13

motion (4816) 183

2 pitching (2390) 74

199 propellers

contra-rotating (2471) 180

resistance (3026) 12

174 resistance

frictional (2231) 179

49 models (901) 54

seaworthiness (2230) (2235) 179

114 slamming (1786) 178

207
Ships

slamming (3685) 13

slamming, hydrodynamics of (3826) 72

stability (1907) 72

stability (4220) 75

vibration (2019) 178

vibratory pressures (4713) 78

wake characteristics (3999) 182 wave resistance (4084) (4085) 13 wave tests (1907) 72

Shore processes (2192) 138

Shore protection

methods, techniques (2193) 138

structures (529) 8

structures (4477) 25

Silting

harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364).. 198

reservoirs, Tennessee Valley (785) 189

reservoirs, Illinois (552) 31

Siphons

pumping plants (1475) 144

Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 37

Lockport (3425) 35

Sluiceways

dams

San Acacia (3270) 173

Claireville (4511) 194

design (4723) 85

Slurries

coal -water (4436) 172

Snow surveys (3895) 135

Snow surveys (4834) 107

Snow surveys

accumulation (4837) 107

Colorado (55) 15

melt (4837) 107

melt runoff (4780) 171

runoff forecasting (55) 15

Snowmelt, maximum

Yukon Basin (4403) 160

Soil moisture

conservation (3979) 169

effect denudation (23) 90

effect timber cutting (377) 132

forest influences (380) 135

forest Influences (657) 132

measurement ( 261 ) 130

movement (1058 ) 7 movement (3079) 40

movement (4619) 1 semi-desert vegetation (657) 132

Southern California (261) 130

Soil moisture level

effect on evapotranspiration (4845) 117

Soil moisture regimes

unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4269) 96

Soil moisture study (4752) 125

Spheres

accelerated motion (3432) 39

Spillways

basic research (1584) 26

Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 148

calibration, Rock Island Dam (4721) 85

dams

Amistad (4398) 155

Angat (4694) 70

Blue Mesa (4416) 175

Chief Joseph (3085) 44

Flaming Gorge (2960) 173

Pontenelle (4420) 175

Glen Canyon (2719) 173

Joes Valley (4808) 178

John Redmond (3587) 148

Lower Monumental (3899) 141

Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 68

Morrow Point (4807) 178

Norton (4801) 177

Peters (2151) 75

Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 148

Sanford (4418) 175

San Luis (4799) 177

Shelbyville (4594) 156

Sultan No. 1 (4244) 84

Wells (3534) 84

Whiskeytown (4419) 175

Yellowtall (3989) 174

discharge characteristics (2694) 161

drop design (1865) 31

Spillways

free surface flow (4707) 74 gated, discharge characteristics (4131).... 26

Green Peter Dam (4380) 141

Kamafuli (4697) 70 Lookout Point (403) 140

Proctor Reservoir (4384) 152

reservoirs, Eagle Creek (4192) 64

side channel (4465) 196

South Saskatchewan River Project (3819).... 68

vertical, internal (4169) 53

weir type (1298) 198

Sprinkling systems

Jets, distribution (21) 90 Spur dikes

design criteria (3086) 44 design criteria (4645) 45

discharge coefficients (477l) 170

velocity distribution (4771) 170

Stilling basins

Big Bend Reservoir (3588) 148

dams

John Redmond (3587) 148

San Luis (4800) 177

dimensions (2959) 173

effects water Jet (3775) 53

erosion below (1987) 145

Stilling wells

Wanship Dam (4414) 175

Stratified flow (4561) 7 Stratified flow

mechanics of (307) 45

Stratified fluids, flow (4252) 87 Stream gaging

Tennessee Valley (769) 189

Stream morphology (4615) 22

Streamflow

data analysis (4778) 171

Streamflow forecasts (1744) (1745) 159

Streamflow forecasts, improvement (4241) 83

Streamflow, low flows

duration (3420) 32

frequency (3420) 32

Streamflow predictions (4313) 107

Streams

channel hydraulics (4285) 99

discharge patterns (3949) 165

discharge records (2695) 161

dispersal patterns (3254) 162

effects logging (3535) 66

flood routing (4285) 99

glacier-fed (3954) 166

stage discharge

Iowa (67) 37

Structures

conservation (1723) 95

conservation (2789) 34

conservation (4335) 113

drainage (2789) 34

fish screens (4415) 175

flood control (3918) 152

stream outlet (4761) 139

water control (3918) 144

Structures, drop

Gering Valley, Nebr (3915) 151

Surface water

storage, farms (4841) 112

supply, farms (4841) 112

Surges (4472) 199

Surges

pipes (1303) 7 Tidal flow

bays (4701) 72

estuaries (4701) 72

harbors (4701) 72

Tidal power

Bay of Pundy (4518) 194

Tides

atmospheric (4501) 71 estuary (4527) 196

oceanic (4501) 71

Narragansett Bay (2680) 146

storm and hurricane (3412) 23

storm prediction (2438) 159

Transition, supercritical velocities (2386)... 67

Transpiration retardation (3732) 33

Tubes (3689) 14

Tunnel boundaries

effect on measured forces (4181) 60

208
Tunnels, diversion

closure (4552) 19}

Tunnels

dam diversion (4412) 174

water air content (2603) 67

Turbines

cavitation (1133) 55

cavitation (3783) ; 55

discharge measurements (4441) 187

flow gaging (3924) 164

model tests (123) 54

model tests (2582) 55

performance (123) 54

tests (3111) 55

tests (3787) 55

unsteady two-dimensional flow (2807) 49

velocity profile (3785) 55

Turbulence

decay (2792) 38

high level (4098) 18

measurement, apparatus (73) 37

mechanism (2536) 36

mechanism of (2840) 63

mechanism of (4582) 28

rough surfaces (3427) 36

structure (4582) 28

structure of (4606) 21 water measurements (3486) 59

Turbulence entrainment (3670) 6

Turbulence, generation

pulsating viscous flow (3780) 54

Turbulence intensity,

measurement of (4656) 52

Turbulence levels

measurement of (3539) 87

Turbulence measurements

computer techniques (4533) 30 wave analyzer (4534) 30

Turbulent boundary layers

computation method (4872) 186

rough surfaces (4809) 183

Turbulent flow

annular tubes (4686) 65

liquids (4095) 15

rectangular channels (4687) 65

Turbulent transfer mechanics (4649) 48

Unsteady Plow (4180) 60

Valves

air (4797) 176

jet-pipe (3092) 50

stability of (4162) 50

Velocities

mass-transport (3666) 198

Velocity distribution

effect roughness (3539) 87

decaying vortex (4206) 69

Velocity measurement (3074) 39

Velocity measurement

electro-magnetic (73) 37

hot-wire (73) 37

Velocity profiles

horizontal (4583) 28

microscopic studies (4557) 23

vertical (4583) 28

Virtual mass (3782) 54

Virtual mass partly submerged bodies (4170) 54

Vortex formation (3776) 53

Vortex motion (4579) 27 Vortex motion

wake flows (4668) 56

Vortex shedding (2802) 46

Vortex stretching (4579) 27 Vortices, standing (3766) 52

Water

structure of (4569) 12

Water conservation (3057) 30

Water conservation facilities

designs (4356) 116

Water conservation practices (4274) 96

Water conservation practices (4846) 117

Water consumption

residential (3437) 42

Water, consumptive use Idaho (4535) 30

irrigated crops (2177)... 117

vegetation (3560) 119

Water content

snowpack (4754) 125

Water control, southern Piedmont (4331) 113

Water control facilities, design (1723) 55

Water cycle (4616) 22

Water distribution systems (4538) 36

Water entry

high velocity (4867) 184

Water exit

ellipsoidal bodies (4002) 185

Water flow tests

high pressure (4001) 184

Water hammer (4860) 92

Water hammer (4861) 92

Water hammer (4862) (4858) 92

Water loss

natural (4777) 171

Water management

hydrologic principles (4782) 171

subsoil (3563) 123

Water measurement

irrigation (23) 90

northwestern range watersheds (4312) 106

rangeland watersheds (4310) 104

stream flow (67) 31

technique development (3124) 58

Water movement

flow laws (4679) 62

recharge installations (4592) 40

unsaturated soils (3868) 119

Water resources system (4543) 36

Water resources engineering (4572) 15

Water

surface

characteristics (3059) 32

diversions (4838) 107

return flow (4838) 107

Water table

falling (4832) 106

Water tunnel

isotropic-turbulence (4580) 27 Water use arid regions (3982) 169

industrial (3734) 33

Water utilization (769) 189

Watersheds

precipitation characteristics (4265) 95

Watershed management

Arizona (657) 132

Arkansas (3225) 136

Baltimore, Md. (3567) 128

Beaver Creek (2913) 134

Continental Divide (377) 132

Hawaii (4759) 132

Laramie, Wyo. (3569) 134

Michigan (3890) 127

Newark, N. J. (3568) 128

New Mexico (1969) 133

Northern California (2415) 130

Northern Minn. (3887) 126

Oregon (4758) 129

Pennsylvania (2910) 128

research (2658) 134

research (4680) 62

Southeastern United States (380) 135

Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 126

Southern California (261) 130

strip mined lands. (4753) 125

Syracuse University (4756) 128

Tallahatchee Research Center (2914) 136

Watershed management research

Fort Collins, Colo. (3896) 135

Watershed studies

Blacklands of Texas (4349) 115

Blacklands of Texas (4351) 115

central Florida (4329) Ill

effects logging (2654) 128

forest influences (377) 132

forest influences (380) 135

forest influences (1188) 127

hydrologic cycle (2162) 78

Illinois (552) 31

Illinois (657) 132

Illinois (2316) 34

management ( 261 ) 130

management (4319) 109 mean annual water yields, Utah (4236) 82

Medicine Creek (4302) 103

North Fork Citico Creek (4011) 189

Oklahoma (2365) 58

Parker Branch (3307) 189

Pine Tree (3309) 189

prediction method (4287) 99
Watershed studies

Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 37

Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 37

Red Prairie of Okla. (4339) 114 Reynolds Creek (4314) 107

runoff yields (4364) 121

sediment movement (4365) 121

sediment yields (4364) 12)

semi-arid

Arizona (4362) 121

New Mexico (4362) 121

Sleepers river (4286) 99

Sleepers river (4289) 100

southern Florida (4329) Ill

swamp area (4053) 197

Tennessee River Valley (768) (780) 189

tracer techniques (4324) 110

turbulence structure (4110) 20

unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4266) (4267). 95

Upper Bear Creek (4884) 190

Virginia (4291) 100

W.Va. Appalachian Valleys and Ridges (4292). 100

White Hollow (3308) 189

White Mountains. N. H. (2419) 127

Wisconsin (4264) 95

Yazoo River, Miss. (3869) 108

Wave action

beaches (181) 136

beaches (529) 8 beaches (660) 137

beaches (1609) 46

beaches (1631) 72 breakwaters

harbors, Duluth-Superlor (2685) 146

rubble-mound (999) 144

East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) 148

erosion, beaches (4762) 139

Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903) 150

inlet (4124) 24

San Nicolas Harbor (4125) 24

shore protection works (529) 8

tave barriers (4650) 48 ave forces

harbors (3444) 46

inlets (3444) 46

moored objects (3750) 47 Wave propagation

turbulent liquid (4891) 158

Wave setup

beaches (3228) 139

Wave studies (3120) 93 Waves

forces, submerged structures (2659) 138 forces, submerged structures (4728; 85 gravity (4866) ji Internal (4400) >. 158 measuring techniques (2261)

progressive (4566) 12 reflected (4639) 22 refraction (3769) 92 reproduction of (3029) 12 roll (3770) 92 run-up, shore structures (2661) 138 short crested (4128) 24 tsunami (4651) 48 ultrasonic (3528) eo gravity, reflections (4644) 45 gravity, wind generated (4738) 86 ocean, Internal (4500) 71 shallow water, energy losses (4229)

solitary, breakup (4545) 196

surface, characteristics, observed (660)... 137 surface, gages (977) 137 surface, generation (4) 71 surface, generation (1478) 158

Weirs (3613) 173

Weirs

basic research (149) 86

basic research (319) 53 basic research (1584) 26 discharge characteristics (2694) 161 sharp crested (2324) 38

Weirs, adjustable

discharge capacity (3611) 173

Weirs, sharp-crested

flow (4088) 91 Wells

construction (2576) 92 shallow (4842) 112 stilling (4794) 176

unsteady flow (4857) 91 Wind patterns (4609) 21 Wind velocity (4102) 19 Wind and water behavior (3051) 24 Wind waves canals (2953) 173

generation (4607) 21 research (4607) 21 Windflow, storm

California (4768) 161

210
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of. Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front

cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Electrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage. Absolute Electrical Measurements.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering

Metrology. Mass and Volume.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical PhysicsRadiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nueleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research. Crystal Chemistry.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls.

Polymers. Macromolecules: Synthesis and Structure. Polymer Chemistry. Polymer Physics. Polymer Characterization. Polymer Evaluation and Testing. Applied Polymer Standards and Research. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Engineering Metallurgy. Metal Reactions. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Inorganic Solids. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Solid State Chemistry. Crystal Growth. Physical Properties.

Crystallography.

Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials.

Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Metallic Building Materials.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Far Ultraviolet Physics. Solid State Physics. Electron

Physics. Atomic Physics. Plasma Spectroscopy.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation.

Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Elementary Processes. Mass Spectrometry. Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry.

OflBce of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLO.

CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Cryogenic Processes. Cryogenic Properties of Solids. Cryogenic Technical Services. Properties of Cryogenic

Fluids.

CENTRAL RADIO PROPAGATION LABORATORY

Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere ResearchPrediction Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings

Research.

Troposphere and Space Telecommunications. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric

Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Spectrum Utilization Research. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere

Physics.

Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Fre- quency Utilization. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Radiodetermination.

Upper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. High Latitude Ionosphere Physics.

Ionosphere and Exosphere Scatter. Airglow and Aurora. Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.

RADIO STANDARDS LABORATORY

Radio Standards Physics. Frequency and Time Disseminations. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Fre- quency and Time-Interval Standards. Radio Plasma. Microwave Physics.

Radio Standards Engineering. High Frequency Electrical Standards. High Frequency Calibration Services. High

Frequency Impedance Standards. Microwave Calibration Services. Microwave Circuit Standards. Low Fre- quency Calibration Services.

Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics-NBS Group (Univ. of Colo.).
Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958,

1959, and 1962. Project reports cover work done at 80 private or State

laboratories in the United States, 28 Federal laboratories, and 12 Canadian

laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200

subjects in the field.

Order

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951,

190 pages. Price : $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952,

200 pages. Price $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953,

215 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954,

207 pages. Price '$1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956,

216 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958,

168 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 227, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1959,

188 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 245, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1962,

196 pages. Price: $1.00.